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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chaucerian and Other Pieces, edited by Walter Skeat
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
-
-
-Title: Chaucerian and Other Pieces
-       Being a Supplement to the Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer
-
-Editor: Walter Skeat
-
-Release Date: July 11, 2013 [EBook #43195]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAUCERIAN AND OTHER PIECES ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43195 ***
 
 Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
 are listed at the end of the text.
@@ -85,64 +56,64 @@ PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
 
 CONTENTS.
 
-  INTRODUCTION.--� 1. Works appended to those of Chaucer in various
-  editions. � 2. Thynne's collection in 1532. _A Praise of Women._
-  _The Lamentation of Mary Magdalen._ _The Remedy of Love._ � 3. Other
+  INTRODUCTION.--§ 1. Works appended to those of Chaucer in various
+  editions. § 2. Thynne's collection in 1532. _A Praise of Women._
+  _The Lamentation of Mary Magdalen._ _The Remedy of Love._ § 3. Other
   non-Chaucerian pieces. _The Craft of Lovers._ _A Balade._ _The Ten
   Commandments of Love._ _The Nine Ladies Worthy._ _Virelai._ _The
   Judgement of Paris._ _A Balade pleasaunte._ _Another Balade._ _The
-  Court of Love._ � 4. Additions by Speght. _Chaucer's Dream._ _Eight
-  Goodly Questions._ � 5. Editions and MSS. consulted. � 6.
-  Authorities for the pieces here printed. � 7. I. THE TESTAMENT OF
-  LOVE. � 8. The acrostic found in it. Name of the author. � 9. Fate
-  of Thomas Usk. � 10. Idea of the work. � 11. The author's
-  plagiarisms from Chaucer. � 12. How he stole a passage from The
-  House of Fame. � 13. Borrowings from Troilus and Piers Plowman.
-  � 14. The author's inaccuracies. � 15. The title; and the meaning
-  of Margaret. � 16. Plan of the work. � 17. Outline of Book I. � 18.
-  Outline of Book II. � 19. Outline of Book III. � 20. II. THE
-  PLOWMANS TALE. � 21. Never supposed to be Chaucer's. � 22. Written
-  by the author of The Ploughmans Crede. � 23. III. JACK UPLAND. � 24.
-  Date, A.D. 1402. � 25. Traces of two texts. � 26. Not originally
-  written in alliterative verse. � 27. IV. THE PRAISE OF PEACE. By John
-  Gower. � 28. The Trentham MS. � 29. Date, A.D. 1399. � 30. V. THE
-  LETTER OF CUPID. By Thomas Hoccleve. � 31. VI. TWO BALADES. By Thomas
-  Hoccleve. � 32. VII. A MORAL BALADE. By Henry Scogan. Date, about
-  1407. � 33. The supper at the Vintry. � 34. VIII. THE COMPLAINT OF
-  THE BLACK KNIGHT. By John Lydgate. � 35. His quotations from Chaucer's
-  version of the Romaunt of the Rose. Date, about 1402. � 36. IX. THE
-  FLOUR OF CURTESYE. By John Lydgate. Date, about 1401. � 37. X. A BALADE
-  IN COMMENDATION OF OUR LADY. By John Lydgate. � 38. A new stanza and
-  a new MS. � 39. XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY. By John Lydgate. � 40. XII.
-  BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL. By John Lydgate. � 41. XIII. BEWARE OF
-  DOUBLENESS. By John Lydgate. � 42. XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN, &c.
-  By John Lydgate. � 43. XV. THREE SAYINGS. By John Lydgate. � 44. XVI.
+  Court of Love._ § 4. Additions by Speght. _Chaucer's Dream._ _Eight
+  Goodly Questions._ § 5. Editions and MSS. consulted. § 6.
+  Authorities for the pieces here printed. § 7. I. THE TESTAMENT OF
+  LOVE. § 8. The acrostic found in it. Name of the author. § 9. Fate
+  of Thomas Usk. § 10. Idea of the work. § 11. The author's
+  plagiarisms from Chaucer. § 12. How he stole a passage from The
+  House of Fame. § 13. Borrowings from Troilus and Piers Plowman.
+  § 14. The author's inaccuracies. § 15. The title; and the meaning
+  of Margaret. § 16. Plan of the work. § 17. Outline of Book I. § 18.
+  Outline of Book II. § 19. Outline of Book III. § 20. II. THE
+  PLOWMANS TALE. § 21. Never supposed to be Chaucer's. § 22. Written
+  by the author of The Ploughmans Crede. § 23. III. JACK UPLAND. § 24.
+  Date, A.D. 1402. § 25. Traces of two texts. § 26. Not originally
+  written in alliterative verse. § 27. IV. THE PRAISE OF PEACE. By John
+  Gower. § 28. The Trentham MS. § 29. Date, A.D. 1399. § 30. V. THE
+  LETTER OF CUPID. By Thomas Hoccleve. § 31. VI. TWO BALADES. By Thomas
+  Hoccleve. § 32. VII. A MORAL BALADE. By Henry Scogan. Date, about
+  1407. § 33. The supper at the Vintry. § 34. VIII. THE COMPLAINT OF
+  THE BLACK KNIGHT. By John Lydgate. § 35. His quotations from Chaucer's
+  version of the Romaunt of the Rose. Date, about 1402. § 36. IX. THE
+  FLOUR OF CURTESYE. By John Lydgate. Date, about 1401. § 37. X. A BALADE
+  IN COMMENDATION OF OUR LADY. By John Lydgate. § 38. A new stanza and
+  a new MS. § 39. XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY. By John Lydgate. § 40. XII.
+  BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL. By John Lydgate. § 41. XIII. BEWARE OF
+  DOUBLENESS. By John Lydgate. § 42. XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN, &c.
+  By John Lydgate. § 43. XV. THREE SAYINGS. By John Lydgate. § 44. XVI.
   LA BELLE DAME SANS MERCY. By Sir Richard Ros. Date, about 1460.
-  � 45. Apparently in the Leicestershire dialect. � 46. Alan Chartier.
-  � 47. Thynne's text and the MSS. � 48. XVII. THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
-  By Robert Henryson. Date, about 1460. � 49. XVIII. THE CUCKOO AND THE
-  NIGHTINGALE. Probably by Sir Thomas Clanvowe. � 50. The queen at
-  Woodstock; about A.D. 1403. � 51. Clanvowe's excessive use of the
-  final _-e_. � 52. His partiality for 'headless' lines. � 53. Milton's
-  Sonnet to the Nightingale. � 54. XIX. ENVOY TO ALISON. Not by Clanvowe.
-  � 55. XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF. By the authoress of The Assembly
-  of Ladies. � 56. The former is the earlier poem. Neither of them is
-  by Chaucer. � 57. Variations from Chaucer's usages. � 58. Examination
-  of the Rimes. � 59. Change in pronunciation. � 60. Gower on the
-  Flower and the Leaf. � 61. XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES. By the
-  authoress of The Flower and the Leaf. � 62. Ordering of a medieval
-  household. � 63. XXII. A GOODLY BALADE. By John Lydgate. Imperfect.
-  � 64. XXIII. GO FORTH, KING. By John Lydgate. � 65. _Duodecim
-  Abusiones._ � 66. XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE. First printed in 1561.
-  � 67. Tyrwhitt's plan for a Glossary to the Canterbury Tales. � 68.
+  § 45. Apparently in the Leicestershire dialect. § 46. Alan Chartier.
+  § 47. Thynne's text and the MSS. § 48. XVII. THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
+  By Robert Henryson. Date, about 1460. § 49. XVIII. THE CUCKOO AND THE
+  NIGHTINGALE. Probably by Sir Thomas Clanvowe. § 50. The queen at
+  Woodstock; about A.D. 1403. § 51. Clanvowe's excessive use of the
+  final _-e_. § 52. His partiality for 'headless' lines. § 53. Milton's
+  Sonnet to the Nightingale. § 54. XIX. ENVOY TO ALISON. Not by Clanvowe.
+  § 55. XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF. By the authoress of The Assembly
+  of Ladies. § 56. The former is the earlier poem. Neither of them is
+  by Chaucer. § 57. Variations from Chaucer's usages. § 58. Examination
+  of the Rimes. § 59. Change in pronunciation. § 60. Gower on the
+  Flower and the Leaf. § 61. XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES. By the
+  authoress of The Flower and the Leaf. § 62. Ordering of a medieval
+  household. § 63. XXII. A GOODLY BALADE. By John Lydgate. Imperfect.
+  § 64. XXIII. GO FORTH, KING. By John Lydgate. § 65. _Duodecim
+  Abusiones._ § 66. XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE. First printed in 1561.
+  § 67. Tyrwhitt's plan for a Glossary to the Canterbury Tales. § 68.
   Moxon's edition of Chaucer; establishing an erroneous canon of
-  Chaucer's Works. � 69. How to draw up such a canon correctly. � 70.
-  The Court of Love discussed. � 71. The Trinity MS. and the language.
-  � 72. Artificiality of the archaisms affected. � 73. Examination of
-  the Rimes. � 74. Comparison with Chaucerian English. � 75. The
-  Courts of Love. � 76. Pieces numbered XXV-XXIX. � 77. Twelve
-  authors (at least) distinguished in the present volume. � 78.
-  There are probably four more. � 79. Improvements in the present      PAGE
+  Chaucer's Works. § 69. How to draw up such a canon correctly. § 70.
+  The Court of Love discussed. § 71. The Trinity MS. and the language.
+  § 72. Artificiality of the archaisms affected. § 73. Examination of
+  the Rimes. § 74. Comparison with Chaucerian English. § 75. The
+  Courts of Love. § 76. Pieces numbered XXV-XXIX. § 77. Twelve
+  authors (at least) distinguished in the present volume. § 78.
+  There are probably four more. § 79. Improvements in the present      PAGE
   edition                                                                ix
 
        I. THOMAS USK: THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE.
@@ -225,7 +196,7 @@ ERRATA AND ADDENDA
 P. 26, l. 45. _For_ conuersion _read_ conversion.
 
 P. 32, l. 38. Mr. Bradley suggests that _maistresse_ is a misprint of
-Thynne's for _maistres secr�_, i.e. master's secret; alluding to John of
+Thynne's for _maistres secrè_, i.e. master's secret; alluding to John of
 Northampton.
 
 P. 33, l. 75. _For_ may it be sayd in that thinge 'this man thou demest,
@@ -240,7 +211,7 @@ means _Ham_, for which the Vulgate has _Cham_.
 
 P. 153, l. 187. _Insert a hyphen in_ gold-mastling.
 
-P. 163, l. 520. _For_ punishments _read_ punish�ments. (_See_ note.)
+P. 163, l. 520. _For_ punishments _read_ punishëments. (_See_ note.)
 
 P. 180, l. 1050. _For_ [ful] _read_ [not]. (_See_ note.)
 
@@ -248,7 +219,7 @@ P. 186, l. 1231. End the line with a semicolon.
 
 P. 192, l. 36. _Insert a mark of interrogation after_ speketh of.
 
-P. 206, l. 27. _For_ request [the] _read_ request�. (_See_ note.)
+P. 206, l. 27. _For_ request [the] _read_ requestë. (_See_ note.)
 
 P. 213, l. 294. _For_ men _perhaps read_ pees. (_See_ note.)
 
@@ -273,7 +244,7 @@ P. 478; note to l. 47. _For_ taken from _read_ compare.
 
 INTRODUCTION
 
-� 1. The following pieces are selected, as being the most important, from
+§ 1. The following pieces are selected, as being the most important, from
 among the very numerous ones which have been appended to Chaucer's works in
 various editions.
 
@@ -309,7 +280,7 @@ of Curtesie,' and who first assigned a title (ascribing the poem to _dan
 Ihon lidgat_) to the poem beginning 'Consider wel'; see no. 40 (vol. i. p.
 33).
 
-� 2. It is clear that Thynne's intention was to print a collection of
+§ 2. It is clear that Thynne's intention was to print a collection of
 poems, including all he could find of Chaucer and anything else of a
 similar character that he could lay his hands on[1]. In other words, the
 collection was, from the beginning, a collection of the Works of Chaucer
@@ -362,7 +333,7 @@ Lydgate's; and probably the third is his also. It is no great matter.
 No. 41 (vol. i. p. 33) was also first printed by Stowe. To save words, I
 have printed it below, at p. 450, from the original MS.
 
-� 3. I now consider the non-Chaucerian pieces in Part II. of Stowe's
+§ 3. I now consider the non-Chaucerian pieces in Part II. of Stowe's
 Edition (see vol. i. p. 33). Of these, nos. 45, 50, 56, and 59 are here
 reprinted.
 
@@ -465,7 +436,7 @@ No. 59. _The Court of Love._ Printed below, at p. 409.
 No. 60 is a genuine poem; and no. 61 is Lydgate's Story of Thebes. And here
 Stowe's performance ceases.
 
-� 4. The subsequent additions made by Speght are discussed in vol. i. pp.
+§ 4. The subsequent additions made by Speght are discussed in vol. i. pp.
 43-46. Of these, The Flower and the Leaf, Jack Upland, and Hoccleve's poem
 to Henry V, are here reprinted; and Chaucer's ABC is genuine. He also
 reprinted the Sayings at p. 450. The pieces not reprinted here are
@@ -511,7 +482,7 @@ from the first seven lines of a poem by Ausonius, printed in Walker's
 _Corpus Poetarum Latinorum_, with the title Eorundem Septem Sapientum
 Sententiae. This English version is quite in Lydgate's style.
 
-� 5. EDITIONS AND MSS. CONSULTED.
+§ 5. EDITIONS AND MSS. CONSULTED.
 
 I have repeatedly explained that there were but four black-letter editions
 of Collected Works before Speght's; and these I call Thynne's first edition
@@ -593,7 +564,7 @@ Phillipps 8151.--VI. (See Hoccleve's Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 1.)
 
 Ashburnham 133.--V. (See the same, p. xxvii.)
 
-� 6. Conversely, I here give the authorities from which each piece is
+§ 6. Conversely, I here give the authorities from which each piece is
 derived. For further comments on some of them, see the separate
 introductions to each piece below.
 
@@ -665,7 +636,7 @@ XXIX. _In Praise of Chaucer_ (7).--Stowe (1561); Trin. R. 3. 19.
 
        *       *       *       *       *
 
-� 7. I. THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE; BY THOMAS USK.
+§ 7. I. THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE; BY THOMAS USK.
 
 Of this piece no MS. copy has been discovered. The only authority is
 Thynne's edition of 1532, whence all later editions have been copied more
@@ -724,7 +695,7 @@ is only denoted by frequent sloping strokes and full stops, which are not
 always inserted in the right places. And I have broken up the chapters into
 convenient paragraphs.
 
-� 8. A very curious point about this piece is the fact which I was the
+§ 8. A very curious point about this piece is the fact which I was the
 first to observe, viz. that the initial letters of the various chapters
 were certainly intended to form an acrostic. Unfortunately, Thynne did not
 perceive this design, and has certainly begun some of the chapters either
@@ -802,7 +773,7 @@ fol. 360, back, col. 2, l. 9).
 
 (7) Lastly, the text reverts to the true order, at p. 143, l. 46, with the
 words:--greatest wisdom (Th. fol. 360, back, col. 2, l. 9. as before). See
-The Athen�um, no. 3615, Feb. 6, 1897.
+The Athenæum, no. 3615, Feb. 6, 1897.
 
 It is not difficult to account for this somewhat confusing dislocation. It
 is clear that the original MS. was written on quires of the usual size,
@@ -838,7 +809,7 @@ hereafter mercifully keep and defend him in good plight.' The whole tone of
 the treatise shews that he is writing to justify himself, and thinks that
 he has succeeded. But a stern doom was close at hand.
 
-� 9. The truth is that the attempts of Godwin and others to make the
+§ 9. The truth is that the attempts of Godwin and others to make the
 autobiographical statements of the author fit into the life of Chaucer,
 have quite led the critics out of the right track. That the author was
 _not_ Chaucer is perfectly obvious to every one who reads the passage in
@@ -902,7 +873,7 @@ without design that the poet, in his House of Fame, took occasion to let
 the world know how he devoted his leisure time to other than political
 subjects.
 
-� 10. Some of the events of his life are alluded to by Usk in the present
+§ 10. Some of the events of his life are alluded to by Usk in the present
 treatise. He justifies his betrayal of Northampton (p. 26, ll. 53-103, p.
 28, ll. 116-201), and is grateful for the king's pardon (p. 60, ll. 120-4).
 He refers to his first imprisonment (p. 60, l. 104), and tells us that he
@@ -938,7 +909,7 @@ abbreviations, expansions, and other disfigurements; but sometimes without
 any alteration at all. A few examples will suffice, as a large number of
 parallel passages are duly pointed out in the Notes.
 
-� 11. In Chaucer's Boethius (bk. i. pr. 3. 10), when Philosophy, the
+§ 11. In Chaucer's Boethius (bk. i. pr. 3. 10), when Philosophy, the
 heavenly visitant, comes to comfort the writer, her first words are:--'_O
 my norry_, sholde I forsaken thee now?' In the Testament (p. 10, l. 37),
 Heavenly Love commences her consolations with the same exclamation:--'_O my
@@ -980,7 +951,7 @@ anywhere troubled himself to consult the Latin original. Indeed, it is
 possible to correct errors in the text by help of Chaucer's version; see
 the last note on p. 461.
 
-� 12. We get the clearest idea of the author's method by observing his
+§ 12. We get the clearest idea of the author's method by observing his
 treatment of the House of Fame, 269-359. It is worth while to quote the
 whole passage:--
 
@@ -1001,7 +972,7 @@ whole passage:--
   _Or fals_, or prevy, or double was ...              285
   Therfor I wol seye a proverbe,
   That "he that fully knoweth th'erbe                 290
-  May saufly leye hit to his y�" ...
+  May saufly leye hit to his yë" ...
   Allas! is every man thus trewe,
   That every yere wolde have a newe, ...
   As thus: of _oon_ he wolde _have fame_,             305
@@ -1035,7 +1006,7 @@ occurs over the leaf, on p. 56, at l. 115, and again at p. 22, ll. 44-45!
 Surely, this is nothing but book-making, and the art of it does not seem to
 be difficult.
 
-� 13. The author expressly acknowledges his admiration of Troilus (p. 140,
+§ 13. The author expressly acknowledges his admiration of Troilus (p. 140,
 l. 292); and it is easy to see his indebtedness to that poem. He copies
 Chaucer's curious mistake as to Styx being a pit (p. 3, l. 80, and the
 note). He adopts the words _let-game_ (p. 18, l. 124) and _wiver_ (p. 129,
@@ -1043,7 +1014,7 @@ l. 27). He quotes a whole line from Troilus at p. 27, l. 78 (see note); and
 spoils another one at p. 34, ch. viii. l. 5, a third at p. 80, l. 116, and
 a fourth at p. 128, ch. vii. l. 2. We can see whence he took his allusion
 to 'playing raket,' and to the dock and nettle, at p. 13, ll. 166, 167; and
-the phrase to 'pype with an yv�-lefe' at p. 134, l. 50.
+the phrase to 'pype with an yvè-lefe' at p. 134, l. 50.
 
 It is further observable that he had read a later text of Piers Plowman
 with some care, but he seems to quote it from memory, as at p. 18, l. 153,
@@ -1053,17 +1024,17 @@ It is probable that he thence adopted the words _legistres_ and _skleren_;
 for which see the Glossary, and consult the Notes for the references which
 are there given.
 
-� 14. The author is frequently guilty of gross inaccuracies. He seems to
+§ 14. The author is frequently guilty of gross inaccuracies. He seems to
 confuse Cain with Ham (p. 52, ll. 107, 109), but _Cayn_, says Mr. Bradley,
 may be Thynne's misprint for _Cam_, i.e. Ham. He certainly confuses
-Perdiccas with Arrhid�us (p. 52, l. 116). He speaks of the _eighth_ year,
+Perdiccas with Arrhidæus (p. 52, l. 116). He speaks of the _eighth_ year,
 instead of the _seventh_, as being a sabbatical year, and actually declares
 that the ordinary week contains _seven_ working-days (p. 24, ll. 102-104)!
 He tells us that Sunday begins 'at the first hour after noon (!) on
 Saturday' (p. 82, l. 163). Hence it is not to be wondered at that some of
 his arguments and illustrations are quite unintelligible.
 
-� 15. The title of the work, viz. THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE, readily reminds us
+§ 15. The title of the work, viz. THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE, readily reminds us
 of the passage in Gower already quoted in vol. iii. p. xliii., in which the
 goddess Venus proposes that Chaucer should write 'his testament of love,'
 in order 'to sette an ende of alle his werke.' I have already explained
@@ -1098,7 +1069,7 @@ approach to such an ideal is at p. 94, l. 114, where we are told that the
 jewel which he hopes to attain is as precious a pearl as a woman is by
 nature.
 
-� 16. It hardly seems worth while to give a detailed analysis of the whole
+§ 16. It hardly seems worth while to give a detailed analysis of the whole
 piece. An analysis of the First Book (which is, on the whole, the best) is
 given by Professor Morley; and the hints which I have already given as to
 the character and situation of the author will enable the reader to regard
@@ -1121,7 +1092,7 @@ dropped. 'A sly servant in his own help is often much commended'; and this
 being understood, he proceeds to help himself accordingly, as has already
 been explained.
 
-� 17. BOOK I: CH. I. In Chapter I, he describes his misery, and hopes that
+§ 17. BOOK I: CH. I. In Chapter I, he describes his misery, and hopes that
 the dice will turn, and implores the help of Margaret, here used
 (apparently) to typify the grace of God. He represents himself as being in
 prison, in imitation of Boethius; but I suspect that, _in the present
@@ -1171,7 +1142,7 @@ CH. X. The author complains of his hard fortune; he has lost his goods and
 has been deprived of his office. Love explains that adversity teaches
 salutary lessons, and that the true riches may still be his own.
 
-� 18. BOOK II. In the first chapter (or Prologue) of the Second Book, he
+§ 18. BOOK II. In the first chapter (or Prologue) of the Second Book, he
 again discusses the object of his work. In Chapter II, Love sings him a
 Latin song, introducing complaints against the clergy such as frequently
 occur in Piers the Plowman. In Chapter III, we find a discourse on
@@ -1183,7 +1154,7 @@ imitated or copied. The last three chapters recount the excellences of
 Margaret, which in many passages refers rather to the visible Church than
 to divine Grace.
 
-� 19. BOOK III. The first chapter is again introductory, explaining why the
+§ 19. BOOK III. The first chapter is again introductory, explaining why the
 number of Books is three. 'The Margaret in virtue is likened to Philosophy,
 with her three kinds.' It is remarkable that this Third Book, which is
 dedicated to Joy, is the dullest of the three, being largely taken up with
@@ -1194,7 +1165,7 @@ such grace is to be attained. Chapter IX recurs to the subject of
 predestination; after which the work comes to a formal conclusion, with
 excuses for its various imperfections.
 
-� 20. II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
+§ 20. II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
 
 This piece does not appear in Thynne's first edition of 1532, but occurs,
 for the first time, in the second edition of 1542, where it is added at the
@@ -1237,7 +1208,7 @@ this piece, printed separately by Thomas Godfray (about 1535), on twenty
 leaves; of which only one copy is known, viz. that at Britwell. There is
 also a late print of it in the Bodleian Library, dated 1606.
 
-� 21. It is needless to discuss the possibility that Chaucer wrote this
+§ 21. It is needless to discuss the possibility that Chaucer wrote this
 Tale, as it is absent from all the MSS.; and it does not appear that the
 ascription of it to him was taken seriously. It is obvious, from the
 introductory Prologue (p. 147), that the author never intended his work to
@@ -1260,7 +1231,7 @@ thing:--
 I do not know why Mr. Wright, when reprinting this piece, omitted the
 Prologue. It is a pity that half of the sixth stanza is missing.
 
-� 22. At l. 1065 we meet with a most important statement:--
+§ 22. At l. 1065 we meet with a most important statement:--
 
  'Of freres I have told before
   In a making of a Crede.'
@@ -1285,7 +1256,7 @@ expression, some of which I here lay before the reader.
   At marketts and myracles, we         Market-beters, and medling make
     medleth us nevere (107).             (871).
 
-  For we buldeth a burw[gh], a brod    And builde als brode as a cit�
+  For we buldeth a burw[gh], a brod    And builde als brode as a citè
     and a large (118).                   (743).
 
   portreid and peint (121).            I-paynted and portred (135).
@@ -1373,7 +1344,7 @@ clearly suggested to Dryden his discussion between the Hind and the
 Panther. His choice of quadrupeds in place of birds is certainly no
 improvement.
 
-� 23. III. JACK UPLAND.
+§ 23. III. JACK UPLAND.
 
 Of this piece, no MS. copy is known. It is usually said to have been first
 printed by Speght, in his second edition of Chaucer's Works in 1602; but I
@@ -1382,12 +1353,12 @@ of Caius College, Cambridge, to which my attention was drawn by a note in
 Hazlitt's Bibliographer's Handbook. This copy, here taken as the basis of
 my text, and collated with Speght, is a small book consisting of only 16
 leaves. The title-page contains the following words, within a square
-border. � Jack vp Lande | Compyled by the | famous Geoffrey | Chaucer. |
-Ezechielis. xiii. | � Wo be vnto you that | dishonour me to me (_sic_) peo
+border. ¶ Jack vp Lande | Compyled by the | famous Geoffrey | Chaucer. |
+Ezechielis. xiii. | ¶ Wo be vnto you that | dishonour me to me (_sic_) peo
 | ple for an handful of bar | lye & for a pece of bread. | Cum priuilegio |
 Regali.
 
-At the end of the treatise is the colophon: � Prynted for Ihon Gough. Cum
+At the end of the treatise is the colophon: ¶ Prynted for Ihon Gough. Cum
 Priuilegio Regali.
 
 Hazlitt conjectures that it was printed about 1540. I think we may safely
@@ -1400,7 +1371,7 @@ corresponds with Coverdale's version of the Bible, the first edition of
 which appeared in that year.
 
 The text of Jack Upland, in the Caius College copy, has the following
-heading, in small type:--'� These b[=e] the lewed questions of Freres rytes
+heading, in small type:--'¶ These b[=e] the lewed questions of Freres rytes
 and obseruaunces the whych they chargen more than Goddes lawe, and therfore
 men shulden not gyue hem what so they beggen, tyll they hadden answered and
 clerely assoyled these questions.'
@@ -1410,7 +1381,7 @@ regards sense and spelling, I have not given his inferior readings and
 errors. In a very few places, Speght furnishes some obvious corrections;
 and in such instances his readings are noted.
 
-� 24. A very convenient reprint of Speght's text is given in Wright's
+§ 24. A very convenient reprint of Speght's text is given in Wright's
 edition of Political Poems and Songs (Record Series), vol. ii. p. 16. In
 the same volume, p. 39, is printed a reply to Jack Upland's questions by a
 friar who facetiously calls himself Friar Daw Topias, though it appears
@@ -1430,7 +1401,7 @@ at Tyburn for being concerned in a plot against the life of Henry IV. We
 may, accordingly, safely refer all three pieces to the year 1402; shortly
 after Chaucer's death.
 
-� 25. It is also tolerably clear that there must have been two texts of
+§ 25. It is also tolerably clear that there must have been two texts of
 'Jack Upland,' an earlier and a later one. The earlier one, of which we
 have no copy, can easily be traced by help of Friar Daw's reply, as he
 quotes all that is material point by point. It only extended as far as the
@@ -1455,7 +1426,7 @@ i.e. an amended and extended copy, which has been reasonably well
 preserved. It is more correct than the Plowmans Tale, and very much more
 correct than the Testament of Love.
 
-� 26. Mr. Wright further imagines that Jack Upland's rejoinder to Friar
+§ 26. Mr. Wright further imagines that Jack Upland's rejoinder to Friar
 Daw's reply, which he prints from 'a contemporary MS. in the Bodleian
 Library at Oxford, MS. Digby 41,' was also originally in alliterative
 verse. This supposition is almost as gratuitous as the former; for,
@@ -1474,7 +1445,7 @@ Introduction, pp. xii-xxiv, where he will find an excellent summary of the
 arguments adduced on both sides. There is a slight notice of Jack Upland in
 Morley's English Writers, vi. 234.
 
-� 27. IV. JOHN GOWER: THE PRAISE OF PEACE.
+§ 27. IV. JOHN GOWER: THE PRAISE OF PEACE.
 
 In Morley's English Writers, iv. 157, this poem is entitled 'De Pacis
 Commendatione,' on MS. authority (see p. 216). Mr. E. B. Nicholson, who has
@@ -1483,7 +1454,7 @@ which I have gladly adopted. I am much obliged to Mr. Nicholson for his
 assistance in various ways; and, in particular, for the generous loan of
 his own transcript of this poem.
 
-� 28. In Todd's Illustrations of Gower and Chaucer, p. 95, is a notice of a
+§ 28. In Todd's Illustrations of Gower and Chaucer, p. 95, is a notice of a
 MS. 'in the present Marquis of Stafford's library at Trentham,' which had
 been previously described in Warton's Hist. of E. Poetry as being 'in Lord
 Gower's library.' Mr. Wright alludes to it as 'a contemporary MS. in the
@@ -1523,7 +1494,7 @@ hexameters. (7) Gower's Latin verses on his blindness, beginning--
 
 See Todd and Warton for more minute particulars.
 
-� 29. The poem itself may safely be dated in the end of 1399, for reasons
+§ 29. The poem itself may safely be dated in the end of 1399, for reasons
 given in the note to l. 393. It is of some interest, as being Gower's last
 poem in English, and the spirit of it is excellent, though it contains no
 very striking lines. We have not much of Gower's work in the form of
@@ -1537,7 +1508,7 @@ We may compare with this poem the stanzas in praise of peace in Hoccleve's
 De Regimine Principum, quoted in Morley's English Writers (1890), vol. vi.
 pp. 131-2.
 
-� 30. V. THOMAS HOCCLEVE: THE LETTER OF CUPID.
+§ 30. V. THOMAS HOCCLEVE: THE LETTER OF CUPID.
 
 This poem needs little discussion. It is known to be Hoccleve's; see Dr.
 Furnivall's edition of Hoccleve's Minor Poems, E. E. T. S., 1892, p. 72. As
@@ -1562,7 +1533,7 @@ of his text.
 There is also a poor and late copy in the Bannatyne MS., at fol. 269; see
 the print of it for the Hunterian Club, 1879; p. 783.
 
-� 31. VI. THE SAME: TWO BALADES.
+§ 31. VI. THE SAME: TWO BALADES.
 
 These two Balades, also by Hoccleve, were composed at the same time. The
 former is addressed to King Henry V, and the latter to the Knights of the
@@ -1588,7 +1559,7 @@ here the stanza itself:--
   That he were of, nat sholde hardy be
   For to despute of the feith openly;
   And ther-upon sundry peynes sette he,
-  That peril sholde eschu�d be therby.'
+  That peril sholde eschuëd be therby.'
                   Minor Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 14.
 
 Compare with this the fourth stanza of Balade I.
@@ -1602,7 +1573,7 @@ with the earliest printed text, that of 1542. There is, indeed, another MS.
 copy of the poem in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge (R. 3. 15);
 but it is only a late copy made from the printed book.
 
-� 32. VII. HENRY SCOGAN: A MORAL BALADE.
+§ 32. VII. HENRY SCOGAN: A MORAL BALADE.
 
 The heading to this poem is from MS. Ashmole 59; it is, unfortunately,
 somewhat obscure. It is, of course, not contemporaneous with the poem, but
@@ -1636,7 +1607,7 @@ The four sons of Henry IV were Henry, prince of Wales, born at Monmouth in
 born in 1390, created duke of Bedford in 1415; and Humphrey, born in 1391,
 created duke of Gloucester in 1414.
 
-� 33. The expression _at a souper of feorthe merchande_ is difficult, and I
+§ 33. The expression _at a souper of feorthe merchande_ is difficult, and I
 can only guess at the sense. _Feorthe_ is Shirley's spelling of _ferthe_,
 i.e. fourth. _Merchande_ is probably equivalent to O.F. _marchandie_ or
 _marchandise_. Godefroy gives an example of the latter in the sense of
@@ -1670,7 +1641,7 @@ Of this piece there are two early printed copies, one by Caxton, and one by
 Thynne (1532); and two MSS., Ashmole 59 and Harl. 2251. It is remarkable
 that the printed copies are better than the MSS. as regards readings.
 
-� 34. VIII. THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT.
+§ 34. VIII. THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT.
 
 Such is the title in Thynne's edition (1532). In MS. F. (Fairfax 16), it is
 entitled--'Complaynte of a Loveres Lyfe'; and there is a printed edition
@@ -1698,9 +1669,9 @@ renders the authorship certain; and the ascription is fully confirmed by
 strong internal evidence. Much of it is in Lydgate's best manner, and his
 imitation of Chaucer is, in places, very close; while, at the same time, it
 is easy to point out non-Chaucerian rimes, such as _whyte_, _brighte_, 2;
-_pitously_, _malady_ (Ch. _malady�_), 137; _felyngly_, _malady_, 188;
+_pitously_, _malady_ (Ch. _maladyë_), 137; _felyngly_, _malady_, 188;
 _mente_, _diligent_, 246; _grace_, _alas_, 529; _seyn_, _payn_ (Ch.
-_peyn�_), 568; _diurnal_, _fal_, (Ch. _falle_), 590; _payn_, _agayn_, 650;
+_peynë_), 568; _diurnal_, _fal_, (Ch. _falle_), 590; _payn_, _agayn_, 650;
 _queen_ (Ch. _quene_), _seen_, 674. Besides which, there are two mere
 assonances in two consecutive stanzas, viz. _forjuged_, _excused_, 274; and
 _wreke_, _clepe_, 284. The occurrence of this pair of assonances is quite
@@ -1722,14 +1693,14 @@ the imitator in the management of verse and rhyme, and especially in the
 diffusiveness of the story and the monotony even of the most important
 parts.'
 
-� 35. Lydgate's reminiscences of Chaucer are often interesting. In
+§ 35. Lydgate's reminiscences of Chaucer are often interesting. In
 particular, we should observe the passages suggested by the Roman de la
 Rose in ll. 36-112; for we are at once reminded of Chaucer's _own version_
 of it, as preserved in Fragment A of the Romaunt. After noticing that he
 uses _costey_ (36) for the F. _costoiant_, where Chaucer has _costeying_
 (134); and _attempre_ (57) where Chaucer has _attempre_ (131), though one
 French text has _atrempee_, it is startling to find him reproducing (80)
-Chaucer's very phrase _And softe as velu�t_ (R. R. 1420), where the French
+Chaucer's very phrase _And softe as veluët_ (R. R. 1420), where the French
 original has nothing corresponding either to _soft_ or to _velvet_! This
 clearly shews that Lydgate was acquainted with Fragment A of the English
 version, and believed that version to be Chaucer's; for otherwise he would
@@ -1745,7 +1716,7 @@ edition by E. Krausser (Halle, 1896) reached me after my text was printed.
 His text (from MS. F.) has much the same readings, and is accompanied by a
 full Introduction and eleven pages of useful notes.
 
-� 36. IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
+§ 36. IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
 
 This piece has no author's name prefixed to it in the first three editions;
 but in the fourth edition by Stowe, printed in 1561, the title is: 'The
@@ -1769,7 +1740,7 @@ of the Legend, the Complaint of Mars, and the Parliament of Foules.
 The Envoy presents a very early example of the four-line stanza, similar to
 that employed in Gray's famous Elegy.
 
-� 37. X. A BALADE IN COMMENDATION OF OUR LADY.
+§ 37. X. A BALADE IN COMMENDATION OF OUR LADY.
 
 This piece is attributed to 'Lidegate of Bury' in the Ashmole MS. no. 59;
 and the ascription is obviously correct. It abounds with evident marks of
@@ -1781,12 +1752,12 @@ perhaps worth while to add that we have thus an independent testimony for
 the genuineness of that poem.
 
 As an illustration of Lydgate's verse, I may notice the additional syllable
-after the c�sura, which too often clogs his lines. Thus in l. 8 we must
+after the cæsura, which too often clogs his lines. Thus in l. 8 we must
 group the syllables thus:--
 
-Wheref�r : now pl�ynly : I w�l : my st�l� : dr�ss�. Similarly, we find
-_l�cour_ in l. 13, _p�t�_ (18), _l�ving_ (24), _b�m�s_ (25), _g�nning_
-(31), _m�rcy_ (33), _g�rden_ (36), &c., all occupying places where a
+Wherefór : now pláynly : I wól : my stýlë : dréssë. Similarly, we find
+_lícour_ in l. 13, _pítè_ (18), _líving_ (24), _bémës_ (25), _gínning_
+(31), _mércy_ (33), _gárden_ (36), &c., all occupying places where a
 monosyllable would have been more acceptable.
 
 The poem is strongly marked by alliteration, shewing that the poet (usually
@@ -1798,7 +1769,7 @@ only guess it to belong to the middle period of his career; say, the reign
 of Henry V. We have not yet obtained sufficient data for the arrangement of
 Lydgate's poems.
 
-� 38. Lines 121-127 are here printed for the first time. In the old
+§ 38. Lines 121-127 are here printed for the first time. In the old
 editions, l. 120 is succeeded by l. 128, with the result that _Sion_ (120)
 would not rime with _set afere_ (129); but the scribe of the Ashmole MS.
 was equal to the emergency, for he altered l. 129 so as to make it end with
@@ -1839,7 +1810,7 @@ All the printed editions print the next piece as if it _formed a part_ of
 the present one; but they have absolutely no point in common beyond the
 fact of having a common authorship.
 
-� 39. XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.
+§ 39. XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.
 
 In all the old editions, this piece forms part of the preceding, though it
 is obviously distinct from it, when attention is once drawn to the fact.
@@ -1881,7 +1852,7 @@ of Henry VI into London in Feb. 1432.
 
 Some resemblances to Chaucer are pointed out in the Notes. The most
 interesting circumstance about this poem is that the author quotes, at the
-end of his third stanza, the first line of 'Merciles Beaut�'; this is a
+end of his third stanza, the first line of 'Merciles Beautè'; this is a
 strong point in favour of the attribution of that poem to his master.
 
 This piece is distinguished from the preceding by the difference of its
@@ -1891,7 +1862,7 @@ Ashmole 59 and MS. Sloane 1212, both of which contain the preceding piece.
 The two poems may have been brought together, in the MS. which Thynne
 followed, by the accident of being written about the same time.
 
-� 40. XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.
+§ 40. XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.
 
 The title of this piece in Stowe's edition stands as follows: 'A balade of
 good counseile, translated out of Latin verses into Englishe, by dan Iohn
@@ -1906,7 +1877,7 @@ himself.
 
 He transgresses one of Chaucer's canons in ll. 79-82; where he rimes
 _hardy_ with _foly_ and _flatery_. The two latter words are, in Chaucer,
-_foly-�_ and _flatery-�_, and never rime with a word like _hardy_, which
+_foly-ë_ and _flatery-ë_, and never rime with a word like _hardy_, which
 has no final _-e_.
 
 Lydgate is very fond of what may be called _catalogues_; he begins by
@@ -1926,7 +1897,7 @@ Helen had not much to do with holiness. Two of the stanzas (71-7 and
 only. Indeed, MS. H. (Harl. 2251) is the sole authority for the former of
 these two stanzas.
 
-� 41. XIII. BEWARE OF DOUBLENESS.
+§ 41. XIII. BEWARE OF DOUBLENESS.
 
 This is a favourable example of Lydgate's better style; and is written with
 unusual smoothness, owing to the shortness of the lines. It was first
@@ -1939,7 +1910,7 @@ comma; and _lombes_ appears, accordingly, in all former editions, with a
 comma after it. What sense readers have hitherto made of this line, I am at
 a loss to conjecture.
 
-� 42. XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN, ETC.
+§ 42. XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN, ETC.
 
 First printed by Stowe in 1561, from the MS. in Trinity College Library,
 marked R. 3. 19, which I have used in preference to the printed edition.
@@ -1966,7 +1937,7 @@ becoming archaic towards the middle of the fifteenth century.
 Two variations upon the last stanza occur in the Bannatyne MS., fol. 258,
 back; see the print by the Hunterian Club, 1879, pp. 754, 755.
 
-� 43. XV. THREE SAYINGS.
+§ 43. XV. THREE SAYINGS.
 
 First printed by Stowe; I know of no MS. copy. The first two Sayings are
 attributed to Lydgate; so we may as well credit him with the third. The
@@ -1980,7 +1951,7 @@ to Thynne in 'Part I' of Stowe's edition. See nos. 28, 29, 30 in vol. i. p.
 32. Stowe introduced them _in order to fill a blank half-column_ between
 nos. 27 and 31.
 
-� 44. XVI. LA BELLE DAME SANS MERCY.
+§ 44. XVI. LA BELLE DAME SANS MERCY.
 
 First printed in Thynne's Chaucer (1532). Tyrwhitt first pointed out that
 it could not possibly be his, seeing that Alan Chartier's poem with the
@@ -1995,9 +1966,9 @@ but it can hardly have been written before 1410, when the poet was only
 twenty-four years old; and the date of the translation must be later still.
 But we are not wholly left to conjecture in this matter. A short notice of
 Sir Richard Ros appeared in Englische Studien, X. 206, written by H.
-Gr�hler, who refers us to his dissertation 'Ueber Richard Ros'
-mittelenglische �bersetzung des gedichtes von Alain Chartier La Belle Dame
-sans Mercy,' published at Breslau in 1886; of which Dr. Gr�hler has most
+Gröhler, who refers us to his dissertation 'Ueber Richard Ros'
+mittelenglische übersetzung des gedichtes von Alain Chartier La Belle Dame
+sans Mercy,' published at Breslau in 1886; of which Dr. Gröhler has most
 obligingly sent me a copy, whence several of my Notes have been derived. He
 tells us, in this article, that his dissertation was founded on the copy of
 the poem in MS. Harl. 372, which (in 1886) he believed to be unique;
@@ -2005,10 +1976,10 @@ whereas he had since been informed that there are three other MSS., viz.
 Camb. Ff. 1. 6, Trin. Coll. Camb. R. 3. 19, and Fairfax 16; and further,
 that the Trinity MS. agrees with the Harleian as to misarrangement of the
 subject-matter[18]. He also proposed to give a new edition of the poem in
-Englische Studien, but I am unable to find it; and Dr. K�lbing courteously
+Englische Studien, but I am unable to find it; and Dr. Kölbing courteously
 informs me that it never appeared.
 
-Dr. Gr�hler further tells us, that Mr. Joseph Hall, of Manchester, had sent
+Dr. Gröhler further tells us, that Mr. Joseph Hall, of Manchester, had sent
 him some account, extracted from the county history of Leicestershire by
 Nichols, of the family of Roos or Ros, who were lords of Hamlake and
 Belvoir in that county. According to Nichols, the Sir Richard Ros who was
@@ -2025,7 +1996,7 @@ employed and with the probable age of the MSS. The date assigned in the New
 English Dictionary, s.v. _Currish_, is 1460; which cannot be far wrong. It
 can hardly be much later.
 
-� 45. The above notice also suggests that, as Sir Richard Ros was of a
+§ 45. The above notice also suggests that, as Sir Richard Ros was of a
 Leicestershire family, the dialect of the piece may, originally at least,
 have been North Leicestershire. Belvoir is situate in the N.E. corner of
 Leicestershire, not far from Grantham in Lincolnshire, and at no great
@@ -2043,13 +2014,13 @@ p. 301 (ll. 77-84):--
 
  'In this great thought, sore troubled in my mind,
   Alone thus rode I all the morrow-tide,
-  Till, at the last, it happ�d me to find
+  Till, at the last, it happèd me to find
   The place wherein I cast me to abide
 
   When that I had no further for to ride.
   And as I went my lodging to purvey,
   Right soon I heard, but little me beside,
-  In a gard�n, where minstrels gan to play.'
+  In a gardén, where minstrels gan to play.'
 
 A large number of stanzas readily lend themselves to similar treatment; and
 this is quite enough to dissociate the poem from Chaucer. The great
@@ -2057,7 +2028,7 @@ difficulty about modernising Chaucer is, as every one knows, his use of the
 final _-e_ as a distinct syllable; but we may search a whole page of La
 Belle Dame without finding anything of the kind. When Sir Richard's words
 have an extra syllable, it is due to the suffix _-es_ or the suffix _-ed_;
-and even these are not remarkably numerous; we do not arrive at _cloth-�s_,
+and even these are not remarkably numerous; we do not arrive at _cloth-ës_,
 a plural in _-es_, before l. 22; and, in the course of the first four
 stanzas, all the words in _-ed_ are _awak-ed_, _nak-ed_, _vex-ed_,
 _tourn-ed_, and _bold-ed_, none of which would be surprising to a student
@@ -2068,7 +2039,7 @@ tense; but modern English has _belongs_, with the same suffix! Again, he
 constantly uses the Northern possessive pronoun _their_; but modern English
 does the same!
 
-� 46. Another remarkable point about the poem is the perfect smoothness and
+§ 46. Another remarkable point about the poem is the perfect smoothness and
 regularity of the metre in a large number of lines, even as judged by a
 modern standard. The first line--'Half in a dream, not fully well
 awaked'--might, from a metrical point of view, have been written yesterday.
@@ -2082,7 +2053,7 @@ l. 29 of the English version.)
 
  'N'agueres cheuauchant pensoye,
   Comme homme triste et douloreux,
-  Au dueil o� il faut que ie soye
+  Au dueil où il faut que ie soye
   Le plus dolant des amoureux;
   Puisque par son dart rigoureux
   La mort me tolli ma Maistresse,
@@ -2092,7 +2063,7 @@ l. 29 of the English version.)
 I have cited in the Notes a few passages of the original text which help to
 explain the translation.
 
-� 47. The text in Thynne is a good one, and it seemed convenient to make it
+§ 47. The text in Thynne is a good one, and it seemed convenient to make it
 the basis of the edition; but it has been carefully controlled by collation
 with MS. Ff. 1. 6, which is, in some respects, the best MS. I am not sure
 that Thynne always followed his MS.; he may have collated some other one,
@@ -2136,7 +2107,7 @@ Ho. Fame, 717. The Trinity MS. gets out of the difficulty by a material
 alteration of the line, so that it there becomes--'In any wyse, nether
 preuy nor perte.'
 
-� 48. XVII. THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
+§ 48. XVII. THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
 
 I do not suppose this was ever supposed to be Chaucer's even by Thynne.
 Line 64--'Quha wait gif all that Chaucer wrait was trew?'--must have
@@ -2147,7 +2118,7 @@ _can_ for the Southern _gan_ in l. 6, _wrate_ for _wrote_ in l. 64, and has
 many similar Northern forms.
 
 The poem was printed at Edinburgh in 1593 with the author's name. The title
-is as follows--� THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID, Compylit be M. Robert
+is as follows--¶ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID, Compylit be M. Robert
 Henrysone, Sculemai-ster in Dunfermeling. IMPRENTIT AT EDIN = burgh be
 Henrie Charteris. MD. XCIII. The text is in 4to, ten leaves, black-letter.
 Only one copy has been preserved, which is now in the British Museum; but
@@ -2215,7 +2186,7 @@ known to have been a notary public. Perhaps The Testament of Cresseid was
 written about 1460. It is a rather mature performance, and is his best
 piece. Perhaps it is the best piece in the present volume.
 
-� 49. XVIII. THE CUCKOO AND THE NIGHTINGALE.
+§ 49. XVIII. THE CUCKOO AND THE NIGHTINGALE.
 
 Of this piece there are several MSS., which fall into two main classes:
 (A)--Ff. (Ff. 1. 6, in the Camb. Univ. Library); T. (Tanner 346); Th. (MS.
@@ -2262,7 +2233,7 @@ IV, p. 162. (It may be noted that Sir John Clanvowe was a witness, in 1385,
 to the will of the widow of the Black Prince; see Testamenta Vetusta, ed.
 Nicolas.)
 
-� 50. It now becomes easy to explain the reference to the queen at
+§ 50. It now becomes easy to explain the reference to the queen at
 Woodstock, which has never yet been accounted for. The poem begins with the
 words--'_The God of Love!_ Ah benedicite,' quoted from Chaucer, the title
 of the poem being 'The Book of Cupid, _God of Love_,' as has been said; and
@@ -2284,7 +2255,7 @@ time of spring.
 
 I may add that the Clanvowes were a Herefordshire family, from the
 neighbourhood of Wigmore. The only remarkable non-Chaucerian word in the
-poem is the verb _greden_, to cry out (A.S. _gr[=�]dan_); a word found in
+poem is the verb _greden_, to cry out (A.S. _gr[=æ]dan_); a word found in
 many dialects, and used by Layamon, Robert of Gloucester, Langland, and
 Hoccleve.
 
@@ -2296,7 +2267,7 @@ and _seen_. And further, the forms _ron_ and _mon_ are employed, in order
 to rime with _upon_ (81-5); whereas Chaucer only has the form _man_; whilst
 of _ran_ I remember no example at the end of a line[23].
 
-� 51. But there is one point about Clanvowe's verse which renders it, for
+§ 51. But there is one point about Clanvowe's verse which renders it, for
 the fifteenth century, quite unique. In imitating Chaucer's use of the
 final _-e_, he employs this suffix with unprecedented freedom, and rather
 avoids than seeks elision. This gives quite a distinctive character to his
@@ -2335,9 +2306,9 @@ The cause of this result is obvious, viz. that Chaucer makes a more
 frequent use of elision. In the first 21 lines of the Parl. of Foules, we
 find elisions of _men'_, _sor'_, _wak'_, _oft'_ (twice), _red'_ (twice),
 _spek'_, _fast'_, _radd'_; i.e. 10 examples; added to which, Chaucer has
-_joy(e)_, _love_, _knowe_, _usage_, _boke_, at the c�sura, and suppresses
+_joy(e)_, _love_, _knowe_, _usage_, _boke_, at the cæsura, and suppresses
 the _e_ in _write_ (written). But in ll. 1-21, Clanvowe has (in addition to
-_love_, _make_, _lowe_, _make_ (twice), _gladde_ at the c�sura) only 3
+_love_, _make_, _lowe_, _make_ (twice), _gladde_ at the cæsura) only 3
 examples of true elision, viz. _fressh'_, _tell'_, and _mak'_ (15).
 
 And further, we seldom find _two_ examples of the use of the final _-e_ in
@@ -2353,9 +2324,9 @@ have assigned the Cuckoo to Chaucer have taken no pains whatever to check
 their opinion by any sort of analysis. They have trusted to their own mere
 opinion, without looking the facts in the face.
 
-� 52. I will point out yet one more very striking difference. We know that
-Chaucer sometimes employs headless lines, such as: Tw�nty b�kes �t his
-b�ddes h�ed. But he does so sparingly, especially in his Minor Poems. But
+§ 52. I will point out yet one more very striking difference. We know that
+Chaucer sometimes employs headless lines, such as: Twénty bókes át his
+béddes héed. But he does so sparingly, especially in his Minor Poems. But
 in the Cuckoo, they are not uncommon; see, e.g. lines 16, 50, 72, 100, 116,
 118, 146, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 166, 205, 232, 242, 252,
 261, 265, 268. It is true that, in Morris's edition, lines 72, 146, 153,
@@ -2367,7 +2338,7 @@ more, I repeat, the critics have failed to use their powers of observation.
 I think the poem may still be admired, even if it be allowed that Clanvowe
 wrote it some three years after Chaucer's death.
 
-� 53. At any rate, it was admired by so good a judge of poetry as John
+§ 53. At any rate, it was admired by so good a judge of poetry as John
 Milton, who of course possessed a copy of it in the volume which was so
 pleasantly called 'The Works of Chaucer.' That his famous sonnet 'To the
 Nightingale' owed something to Clanvowe, I cannot doubt. 'Thou with fresh
@@ -2403,7 +2374,7 @@ With which compare:--
  'For in this worlde is noon so good servyse
   To every wight that gentil is of kinde': (149).
 
-� 54. XIX. ENVOY TO ALISON.
+§ 54. XIX. ENVOY TO ALISON.
 
 This piece has always hitherto been printed _without any title_, and is
 made to follow The Cuckoo and the Nightingale, as if there were some sort
@@ -2425,7 +2396,7 @@ Briefly, it is a very poor piece; and my chief object in reprinting it is
 to shew how unworthy it is of Clanvowe, not to mention Chaucer. We have no
 right even to assign it to Lydgate. And its date may be later than 1450.
 
-� 55. XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
+§ 55. XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
 
 This piece many 'critics' would assign to Chaucer, merely because they like
 it. This may be sentiment, but it is not criticism; and, after all, a
@@ -2570,7 +2541,7 @@ visionary personages, who address her either as daughter or sister. I have
 little doubt that the careful reader will discover more points of
 resemblance for himself.
 
-� 56. The chief appreciable difference between the two poems is that F. was
+§ 56. The chief appreciable difference between the two poems is that F. was
 probably written considerably earlier than A. This appears from the more
 frequent use of the final _-e_, which the authoress occasionally uses as an
 archaic embellishment, though she frequently forgets all about it for many
@@ -2580,13 +2551,13 @@ every case, it is correctly used, owing, no doubt, to tradition or to a
 perusal of older poetry. The most important cases are the abundant ones in
 which a final _e_ is omitted where Chaucer would inevitably have inserted
 it. For example, such a line as F. 195--From the same grove, where the
-ladyes come out--would become, in Chaucer--From the sam-� grov-� wher the
+ladyes come out--would become, in Chaucer--From the sam-ë grov-ë wher the
 ladyes come out--giving at least twelve syllables in the line. The examples
 of the omission of final _-e_, where such omission makes a difference to
 the scansion, are not very numerous, because many such come before a vowel
-(where they might be elided) or at the c�sura (where they might be
+(where they might be elided) or at the cæsura (where they might be
 tolerated). Still we may note such a case as _green_ in l. 109 where
-Chaucer would have written _gren-e_, giving _a fresh gren-� laurer-tree_,
+Chaucer would have written _gren-e_, giving _a fresh gren-ë laurer-tree_,
 to the ruin of the scansion. Similar offences against Chaucer's usage are
 _herd_ for _herd-e_, 128 (cf. 191); _spek'_ for _spek-e_, 140; _al_ for
 _all-e_, plural, 165; _sight_ for _sight-e_, 174; _lyf_ for _lyv-e_, 182;
@@ -2606,7 +2577,7 @@ believe that The Flower and the Leaf was written by Chaucer will have to
 explain away every one of these cases; and when they have done so, there is
 more to be said.
 
-� 57. For it is well known that such a word as _sweetly_ (96) was
+§ 57. For it is well known that such a word as _sweetly_ (96) was
 trisyllabic, as _swet-e-ly_, in Chaucer; C. T., A 221. Similarly, our
 authoress has _trewly_ for _trew-e-ly_[26], 130; _richly_ for _rich-e-ly_,
 169; _woodbind_ for _wod-e-bind-e_, 485. Similar is _ointments_ for
@@ -2618,7 +2589,7 @@ has _rid-en_; and her use of _began_ as a plural, 385, where Chaucer has
 _bigonn-e_. Can these things be explained away also? If so, there is more
 to be said.
 
-� 58. All the above examples have been made out, without so much as looking
+§ 58. All the above examples have been made out, without so much as looking
 at the rimes. But the rimes are much harder to explain away, where they
 differ from Chaucer's. Here are a few specimens.
 
@@ -2635,13 +2606,13 @@ _everichon_, 167. It is tedious to go on; let the critic finish the list,
 if he knows how to do it. If not, let him be humble. For there is more to
 come.
 
-� 59. Besides the grammar, there is yet the pronunciation to be considered;
+§ 59. Besides the grammar, there is yet the pronunciation to be considered;
 and here comes in the greatest difficulty of all. For, in ll. 86-89, we
 have the unusual rime of _tree_ and _be_ with _pretily_. This so staggered
 Dr. Morris, that he was induced to print the last word as _pretile_; which
 raises the difficulty without explaining it. For the explanation, the
 reader should consult the excellent dissertation by Dr. Curtis on The
-Romance of Clariodus (Halle, 1894), p. 56, � 187. He remarks that a rime of
+Romance of Clariodus (Halle, 1894), p. 56, § 187. He remarks that a rime of
 this character gives evidence of the transition of M.E. long close _e_ to
 (Italian) long _i_ [as in the change from A.S. _m[=e]_ to mod. E. _me_],
 and adds: 'this change became general in the fifteenth century, but had
@@ -2663,7 +2634,7 @@ many critics have formed exaggerated ideas of the poem's value; otherwise,
 it is difficult to understand for what reasons it was considered worthy of
 so great a master as Geoffrey Chaucer.
 
-� 60. It will be seen, from the Notes, that the authoress was well
+§ 60. It will be seen, from the Notes, that the authoress was well
 acquainted with the Prologue to The Legend of Good Women; and it can hardly
 be questioned that she took the main idea of the poem from that source,
 especially ll. 188-194 of the later text. At the same time she was well
@@ -2689,7 +2660,7 @@ iii. 357, 358; see vol. iii. pp. xlii, 297. Gower has:--
   The grene Leef is overthrowe[31] ...
   Despuiled is the somer fare,' &c. (p. 371).
 
-� 61. XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
+§ 61. XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
 
 This has already been discussed, in some measure, in considering the
 preceding poem. Both pieces were written by the same authoress; but the
@@ -2725,7 +2696,7 @@ The two MSS. have now been collated for the first time and afford some
 important corrections, of which l. 61 presents remarkable instances. MS.
 Addit. 34360 is of some value.
 
-� 62. A considerable part of The Assembly of Ladies that is now of little
+§ 62. A considerable part of The Assembly of Ladies that is now of little
 interest may have been much appreciated at the time, as having reference to
 the ordering of a large medieval household, with its chambers, parlours,
 bay-windows, and galleries, carefully kept in good order by the various
@@ -2748,7 +2719,7 @@ perhaps they may be referred to the last quarter of the fifteenth century.
 We must not put them too late, because The Assembly exists in MSS. that
 seem to be as old as that period.
 
-� 63. XXII. A GOODLY BALADE.
+§ 63. XXII. A GOODLY BALADE.
 
 For this poem there is but one authority, viz. Thynne's edition of 1532. He
 calls it 'A goodly balade of Chaucer'; but it is manifestly Lydgate's.
@@ -2781,7 +2752,7 @@ intentional, for much force was employed to achieve the result. To make the
 first stanza begin with _J_, recourse is had to French; and the other two
 stanzas both begin with inverted clauses.
 
-� 64. XXIII. GO FORTH, KING.
+§ 64. XXIII. GO FORTH, KING.
 
 I give this from Thynne's first edition; but add the Latin lines from the
 copy printed in Schick's edition of The Temple of Glas, at p. 68. His text
@@ -2803,23 +2774,23 @@ appearance in the four prints above-mentioned, in all of which it is
 annexed to Lydgate's Temple of Glas, tends to strengthen my supposition. I
 think this may be taken as removing all doubt on the subject.
 
-� 65. I beg leave to quote here Schick's excellent remarks upon the poem
+§ 65. I beg leave to quote here Schick's excellent remarks upon the poem
 itself.
 
 'There are similar pieces to these _Duodecim Abusiones_ in earlier English
 literature (see ten Brink, _Geschichte der englischen Literatur_, i. 268,
-and note).[32] The "twelf un�[=e]awas" existed also in Old-English; a
+and note).[32] The "twelf unþ[=e]awas" existed also in Old-English; a
 homily on them is printed in Morris, _Old Eng. Homilies_, pp. 101-119[33].
 It is based on the Latin Homily "De octo viciis et de duodecim abusivis
 huius saeculi," attributed to St. Cyprian or St. Patrick; see Dietrich in
-Niedner's _Zeitschrift f�r historische Theologie_, 1855, p. 518; Wanley's
+Niedner's _Zeitschrift für historische Theologie_, 1855, p. 518; Wanley's
 _Catalogus_, passim (cf. the Index _sub voce_ Patrick). In the
 Middle-English period we meet again with more or less of these "Abusions";
 see Morris, _Old Eng. Miscellany_, p. 185 (11 Abusions); Furnivall, _Early
 Eng. Poems_, Berlin, 1862 (Phil. Soc.), p. 161; "Five Evil Things," Wright
 and Halliwell, _Reliquiae Antiquae_, i. 316, and ii. 14.'
 
-� 66. XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
+§ 66. XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
 
 This piece was first printed by Stowe in 1561. Stowe happened to have
 access to a MS. which was really a miscellaneous collection of
@@ -2835,7 +2806,7 @@ happened that no. 59, or The Court of Love, being the best of these pieces,
 was on that account 'attributed' to Chaucer, whilst the others were
 unhesitatingly rejected. And it happened on this wise.
 
-� 67. After Tyrwhitt had edited the Canterbury Tales afresh, it occurred to
+§ 67. After Tyrwhitt had edited the Canterbury Tales afresh, it occurred to
 him to compile a Glossary. He rightly reasoned that the Glossary would be
 strengthened and made more correct if he included in it all the harder
 words found in the _whole_ of Chaucer's Works, instead of limiting the
@@ -2879,7 +2850,7 @@ the Leaf; to which he added nos. 42, 43, and 60 (as to which there is no
 doubt), and also the Virelai (no. 50), on the slippery ground that it _is_
 a virelai (which, strictly speaking, it is not).
 
-� 68. One result of his investigations was that an edition of Chaucer was
+§ 68. One result of his investigations was that an edition of Chaucer was
 published by Moxon (my copy is dated 1855), in which all the poems were
 included which Tyrwhitt accepted, followed by Tyrwhitt's Account of the
 Works of Chaucer.
@@ -2893,7 +2864,7 @@ of drawing up a canon by the process of striking out from luxuriant lists
 the names of pieces that are obviously spurious, is one that should never
 have found acceptance.
 
-� 69. There is only one correct method of drawing up a canon of genuine
+§ 69. There is only one correct method of drawing up a canon of genuine
 works, viz. that adopted by Mr. Henry Bradshaw, formerly our Cambridge
 University Librarian. It is simple enough, viz. to take a clean sheet of
 paper, and enter upon it, first of all, the names of all the pieces that
@@ -2904,7 +2875,7 @@ all, as I fully proved about twenty years ago[37]; and there is an end of
 the matter. The MS. copy is in a hand of the sixteenth century[38], and
 there is no internal evidence to suggest an earlier date.
 
-� 70. Our task is to determine what it really is, and what can be made of
+§ 70. Our task is to determine what it really is, and what can be made of
 it as it stands. We learn from the author that he was 'a clerk of
 Cambridge' (913), which we may readily accept. Beyond this, there is
 nothing but internal evidence; but of this there is much. That our 'clerk'
@@ -2941,7 +2912,7 @@ commas at the end of ll. 28, 49, 56, 98, 119, 224, 259, 329, 336, &c. In
 the Assembly of Ladies this departure from Chaucer's usage has been nearly
 abandoned, which is one reason why that piece is in a less lively style.
 
-� 71. The sole MS. copy of The Court of Love belongs to the sixteenth
+§ 71. The sole MS. copy of The Court of Love belongs to the sixteenth
 century, and there is nothing to shew that the poem itself was of earlier
 date. Indeed, the language of it is remarkably like that of the former half
 of that century. If it be compared with Sackville's famous 'Induction,' the
@@ -2979,7 +2950,7 @@ almost a certainty if it be true that ll. 495-496 are borrowed from Rom.
 Rose, 2819-20; see note at p. 545. I can find no reason for dating the poem
 earlier than that year.
 
-� 72. However this may be, the chief point to notice is that his archaisms
+§ 72. However this may be, the chief point to notice is that his archaisms
 are affectations and not natural. He frequently dispenses with them
 altogether for whole stanzas at a time. When they occur, they are such as
 he found in Chaucer abundantly; I refer to such phrases as _I-wis_ or
@@ -2990,8 +2961,8 @@ _y-_ with the pp.; we find _y-born_ (976), _y-formed_ (1176), _y-heried_
 (592), _y-sped_ (977), all in Chaucer; besides these, I only note _y-fed_
 (975), _y-ravisshed_ (153), _y-stope_ (281), the last being used in the
 sense of Chaucer's _stope_. The most remarkable point is the almost total
-absence of the final _-e_; I only observe _His len-� body_ (1257); _to
-serv-e_ (909); _to dred-e_ (603); and _in thilk-� place_ (642); the last of
+absence of the final _-e_; I only observe _His len-ë body_ (1257); _to
+serv-e_ (909); _to dred-e_ (603); and _in thilk-ë place_ (642); the last of
 which is a phrase (cf. R. R. 660). On the other hand, whilst thus
 abstaining from the use of the final _-e_, he makes large use of the longer
 and less usual suffix _-en_, which he employs with much skill to heighten
@@ -3036,7 +3007,7 @@ of _their_ and _them_ (not _thaim_) was well established by the year 1500
 in literary English, as, e.g., in Hawes and Skelton. Caxton uses all four
 forms, _hem_ and _them_, _her_ and _their_.
 
-� 73. I add a few notes, suggested by an examination of the rimes employed.
+§ 73. I add a few notes, suggested by an examination of the rimes employed.
 
 The final _-e_ is not used at the end of a line. This is easily seen, if
 carefully looked into. Thus _lette_ (1284) stands for _let_, for it rimes
@@ -3050,8 +3021,8 @@ _mynd_, 1056; _nonne_ (for _non_), _boun_, 1149; _like_ (_i_ long), _stike_
 (_i_ short), 673; and perhaps _hold_, _shuld_[43], 408; _hard_, _ferd_,
 151. _Hard_ is repeated, 149, 151; 1275, 1277. A curious rime is that of
 _length_ with _thynketh_, 1059; read _thenk'th_, and it is good enough.
-Noteworthy are these: _thryse_ (for Chaucer's _thry-�s_), _wyse_, 537;
-_hens_ (for Chaucer's _henn-�s_), _eloquence_, 935; _desire_, _here_, 961,
+Noteworthy are these: _thryse_ (for Chaucer's _thry-ës_), _wyse_, 537;
+_hens_ (for Chaucer's _henn-ës_), _eloquence_, 935; _desire_, _here_, 961,
 1301; _eke_, _like_, 561; _tretesse_ (for Chaucer's _tretys_),
 _worthinesse_, 28; _write_, _aright_, 13; _sey_ (I saw), _way_, 692. In one
 place, he has _discryve_, 778, to rime with _lyve_; and in another _discry_
@@ -3068,29 +3039,29 @@ The sounds represented by _[=e]_ and _y_ obviously afford permissible
 rimes; that the sounds were not identical appears from ll. 1051-1055, which
 end with _me_, _remedy_, _be_, _dy_, _company_ consecutively.
 
-� 74. Perhaps an easier way for enabling a learner to recognise the
+§ 74. Perhaps an easier way for enabling a learner to recognise the
 peculiarities of The Court of Love, and the difference of its language from
 Chaucer, is to translate some lines of it into Chaucerian English. The
 effect upon the metre is startling.
 
-  So thanne I went-� by straunge and fer-r� contrees; 57.
-  Alceste it was that kept-� there her sojour; 105.
-  To whom obeyd-�n the ladies god-� nynten-�; 108.
-  And yong-� men fel-� cam-� forth with lusty pace; 110.
-  O bright-� Regina, who mad-� thee so fair? 141.
-  And mercy ask-� for al my gret-� trespas; 166.
-  This eight-�-ten-� yeer have kept yourself at large; 184.
-  In me did never worch-� trew-�-ly, yit I; 212.
-  And ther I sey the fres-sh� quene of Cart�ge; 231.
-  A! new-� com-�n folk, abyde, and woot ye why; 271.
-  Than gan I me present-� tofor-� the king; 274.
-  That thou be trew-� from henn-es-forth, to thy might; 289.
-  And nam-�-ly haw-�-thorn brought-�n both-� page and grom-�; 1433.
+  So thanne I went-ë by straunge and fer-rë contrees; 57.
+  Alceste it was that kept-ë there her sojour; 105.
+  To whom obeyd-ën the ladies god-ë nynten-ë; 108.
+  And yong-ë men fel-ë cam-ë forth with lusty pace; 110.
+  O bright-ë Regina, who mad-ë thee so fair? 141.
+  And mercy ask-ë for al my gret-ë trespas; 166.
+  This eight-ë-ten-ë yeer have kept yourself at large; 184.
+  In me did never worch-ë trew-ë-ly, yit I; 212.
+  And ther I sey the fres-shë quene of Cartáge; 231.
+  A! new-ë com-ën folk, abyde, and woot ye why; 271.
+  Than gan I me present-ë tofor-ë the king; 274.
+  That thou be trew-ë from henn-es-forth, to thy might; 289.
+  And nam-ë-ly haw-ë-thorn brought-ën both-ë page and grom-ë; 1433.
 
 Very many more such examples may be given. Or take the following; Chaucer
 has (L. G. W. 476):--
 
-  For Love ne w�l nat countrepleted be.
+  For Love ne wól nat countrepleted be.
 
 And this is how it reappears in C. L. 429:--
 
@@ -3110,7 +3081,7 @@ poems of Lydgate. The versification is smooth, and the poem, as a whole, is
 pleasing. I have nothing to say against it, when considered on its own
 merits.
 
-� 75. Space fails me to discuss the somewhat vexed question of the Courts
+§ 75. Space fails me to discuss the somewhat vexed question of the Courts
 of Love, of which some have denied the existence. However, there seems to
 be good evidence to shew that they arose in Provence, and were due to the
 extravagances of the troubadours. They were travesties of the courts of
@@ -3130,7 +3101,7 @@ do with the present poem, which treats of a Court of Cupid in the
 Chaucerian sense (Leg. Good Women, 352). Even the statutes of the Court are
 largely imitated from Lydgate.
 
-� 76. PIECES NUMBERED XXV-XXIX.
+§ 76. PIECES NUMBERED XXV-XXIX.
 
 XXV. VIRELAY. This piece, from the Trinity MS., belongs to the end of the
 fifteenth century, and contains no example of the final _-e_ as
@@ -3193,7 +3164,7 @@ XXIX. BALADE. This poor stanza, with its long-drawn lines, appears in Stowe
 at the end of 'Chaucer's Works.' In the Trinity MS., it occurs at the end
 of a copy of The Parlement of Foules.
 
-� 77. An examination of the pieces contained in the present volume leads us
+§ 77. An examination of the pieces contained in the present volume leads us
 to a somewhat remarkable result, viz. that we readily distinguish in them
 the handiwork of _at least_ twelve different authors, of whom no two are
 much alike, whilst every one of them can be distinguished from Chaucer.
@@ -3220,7 +3191,7 @@ Love, who, while discarding the use of the final _-e_, was glad to use the
 final _-en_ to save a hiatus or to gain a syllable, and did not hesitate to
 employ it where it was grammatically wrong to do so.
 
-� 78. If the reader were to suppose that this exhausts the list, he would
+§ 78. If the reader were to suppose that this exhausts the list, he would
 be mistaken; for it is quite easy to add at least one known name, and to
 suggest three others. For the piece numbered XXVI, on p. 449, has been
 identified as the work of John Walton, who wrote a verse translation of
@@ -3246,12 +3217,12 @@ appears under Chaucer's name in a compilation such as that which is printed
 in the first volume of Chalmers' British Poets; which, precisely on that
 very account, is useful enough in its own peculiar way.
 
-� 79. I believe it may be said of nearly every piece in the volume, that it
+§ 79. I believe it may be said of nearly every piece in the volume, that it
 now appears in an improved form. In several cases, I have collated MSS.
 that have not previously been examined, and have found them to be the best.
 The Notes are nearly all new; very few have been taken from Bell's Chaucer.
 Several are due to Schick's useful notes to The Temple of Glas; and some to
-Krausser's edition of The Black Knight, and to Gr�hler's edition of La
+Krausser's edition of The Black Knight, and to Gröhler's edition of La
 Belle Dame, both of which reached me after my own notes were all in type. I
 have added a Glossary of the harder words; for others, see the Glossary
 already printed in vol. vi.
@@ -3274,7 +3245,7 @@ I wish once more to acknowledge my obligations to Mr. E. B. Nicholson, for
 the loan of his transcript of The Praise of Peace; to Mr. Bradley, for his
 discovery of the authorship of The Testament of Love and for other
 assistance as regards the same; to Dr. E. Krausser, for his edition of The
-Complaint of the Black Knight; to Dr. Gr�hler, for his dissertation on La
+Complaint of the Black Knight; to Dr. Gröhler, for his dissertation on La
 Belle Dame sans Mercy; and to Professor Hales for his kind help as to some
 difficult points, and particularly with regard to The Court of Love.
 
@@ -3343,7 +3314,7 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE.
   very god that is inchaungeable; that is, to knowe and love his
   creatour.
 
-  � Now, principally, the mene to bringe in knowleging and
+  ¶ Now, principally, the mene to bringe in knowleging and
   loving his creatour is the consideracion of thinges made by the        55
   creatour, wherthrough, by thilke thinges that ben made understonding
   here to our wittes, arn the unsene privitees of god
@@ -3403,7 +3374,7 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE.
   almoigner, that hath drawe up in the cloth al the remissailes,
   as trenchours, and the relief, to bere to the almesse.
 
-  Yet also have I leve of the noble husbande Bo�ce, al-though           110
+  Yet also have I leve of the noble husbande Boëce, al-though           110
   I be a straunger of conninge, to come after his doctrine, and
   these grete workmen, and glene my handfuls of the shedinge
   after their handes; and, if me faile ought of my ful, to encrese
@@ -3576,7 +3547,7 @@ Borias. kynde. 125. dryenge. 127. spyl. (_rubric_) boke.
   commended by +flowinge streme +of al maner vertues, but
   ther ben wonderful, I not whiche that let the flood to come
   in-to my soule; wherefore, purely mated with sorowe thorough-sought,  120
-  my-selfe I crye on your goodnesse to have pit� on this
+  my-selfe I crye on your goodnesse to have pitè on this
   caytif, that in the in[ne]rest degree of sorowe and disese is left,
   and, without your goodly wil, from any helpe and recovery.
   These sorowes may I not sustene, but-if my sorowe shulde be
@@ -3587,10 +3558,10 @@ Borias. kynde. 125. dryenge. 127. spyl. (_rubric_) boke.
   there cryeth after mercy and grace, to which thing (me semeth)
   thee list non answere to yeve, but with a deynous chere ye            130
   commaunden it to avoide; but god forbid that any word shuld of
-  you springe, to have so litel routh! Pard�, pit� and mercy in
+  you springe, to have so litel routh! Pardè, pitè and mercy in
   every Margarite is closed by kynde amonges many other vertues,
   by qualitees of comfort; but comfort is to me right naught worth,
-  withouten mercy and pit� of you alone; whiche thinges hastely         135
+  withouten mercy and pitè of you alone; whiche thinges hastely         135
   god me graunt for his mercy!
 
 CH. I. 2. enioy. 3. sondrye. 5. nowe. 6. disease outwarde. 7. comforte. 8.
@@ -3638,7 +3609,7 @@ worde. 134. qualites of comforte. worthe.
   persones, that otherwhyle, if a man be in his soveraignes presence,
   a maner of ferdnesse crepeth in his herte, not for harme, but of
   goodly subjeccion; namely, as men reden that aungels ben aferde        10
-  of our saviour in heven. And pard�, there ne is, ne may no
+  of our saviour in heven. And pardè, there ne is, ne may no
   passion of disese be; but it is to mene, that angels ben adradde,
   not by +ferdnes of drede, sithen they ben perfitly blissed, [but]
   as [by] affeccion of wonderfulnesse and by service of obedience.
@@ -3686,8 +3657,8 @@ worde. 134. qualites of comforte. worthe.
   not wel that I am LOVE, that first thee brought to thy service?'
 
   'O good lady,' quod I, 'is this worship to thee or to thyn
-  excellence, for to come in-to so foule a place? Pard�, somtyme,        55
-  tho I was in prosperit� and with forayne goodes envolved, I had
+  excellence, for to come in-to so foule a place? Pardè, somtyme,        55
+  tho I was in prosperitè and with forayne goodes envolved, I had
   mokil to done to drawe thee to myn hostel; and yet many
   werninges thou madest er thou liste fully to graunte, thyn home
   to make at my dwelling-place; and now thou comest goodly by
@@ -3723,7 +3694,7 @@ worde. 134. qualites of comforte. worthe.
   hem through errour to ben spilte. For me liste, and it me lyketh,
   of al myne a shepherdesse to be cleped. Wost thou not wel,
   I fayled never wight, but he me refused and wolde negligently go
-  with unkyndenesse? And yet, pard�, have I many such holpe
+  with unkyndenesse? And yet, pardè, have I many such holpe
   and releved, and they have ofte me begyled; but ever, at the ende,     90
   it discendeth in their owne nekkes. Hast thou not rad how kinde
   I was to Paris, Priamus sone of Troy? How Jason me falsed,
@@ -3746,7 +3717,7 @@ worde. 134. qualites of comforte. worthe.
   worthyed kinges in the felde? Who hath honoured ladyes in
   boure by a perpetuel mirrour of their tr[o]uthe in my service?        110
   Who hath caused worthy folk to voyde vyce and shame? Who
-  hath holde cytees and realmes in prosperit�? If thee liste clepe
+  hath holde cytees and realmes in prosperitè? If thee liste clepe
   ayen thyn olde remembraunce, thou coudest every point of this
   declare in especial; and say that I, thy maistresse, have be cause,
   causing these thinges and many mo other.'                             115
@@ -3773,7 +3744,7 @@ worde. 134. qualites of comforte. worthe.
   wyse they might best their ladies in good service plese; and
   also to lerne maner in countenaunce, in wordes, and in bering,        135
   and to ben meke and lowly to every wight, his name and fame to
-  encrese; and to yeve gret yeftes and large, that his renom� may
+  encrese; and to yeve gret yeftes and large, that his renomè may
   springen. But thee therof have I excused; for thy losse and thy
   grete costages, wherthrough thou art nedy, arn nothing to me
   unknowen; but I hope to god somtyme it shal ben amended, as           140
@@ -3879,7 +3850,7 @@ withsay. the. 185. the. 188. amonge. 189. onely. 191. -thynge. 194. shalte.
                           CHAPTER III.
 
   Gretly was I tho gladded of these wordes, and (as who
-  saith) wexen somdel light in herte; both for the auctorit�
+  saith) wexen somdel light in herte; both for the auctoritè
   of witnesse, and also for sikernesse of helpe of the forsayd
   beheste, and sayd:--
 
@@ -3979,7 +3950,7 @@ withsay. the. 185. the. 188. amonge. 189. onely. 191. -thynge. 194. shalte.
   of whiche I never have blisse. There liveth non but he hath
   disese; your might than that brought me to suche service, that to
   me is cause of sorowe and of joye. I wonder of your worde that
-  ye sayn, "to bringen men in-to joye"; and, pard�, ye wete wel
+  ye sayn, "to bringen men in-to joye"; and, pardè, ye wete wel
   that defaut ne trespace may not resonably ben put to me-wardes,        95
   as fer as my conscience knoweth.
 
@@ -4091,12 +4062,12 @@ destenye. 143. maye. none. 145. se. 147. stretche. 148. arne. 150. miseasy.
   she sayd. Comenly the wyse speken esily and softe for many
   skilles. Oon is, their wordes are the better bileved; and also, in
   esy spekinge, avysement men may cacche, what to putte forth
-  and what to holden in. And also, the auctorit� of esy wordes is
+  and what to holden in. And also, the auctoritè of esy wordes is
   the more; and eke, they yeven the more understandinge to other         10
   intencion of the mater. Right so this lady esely and in a softe
   maner gan say these wordes.
 
-  � 'Mervayle,' quod she, 'greet it is, that by no maner of semblaunt,
+  ¶ 'Mervayle,' quod she, 'greet it is, that by no maner of semblaunt,
   as fer as I can espye, thou list not to have any recour;
   but ever thou playnest and sorowest, and wayes of remedye, for         15
   folisshe wilfulnesse, thee list not to seche. But enquyre of thy
@@ -4164,7 +4135,7 @@ destenye. 143. maye. none. 145. se. 147. stretche. 148. arne. 150. miseasy.
   extende; and also I am to feble in worldly joyes, any suche
   jewel to countrevayle. For suche people that worldly joyes han
   at her wil ben sette at the highest degree, and most in reverence      75
-  ben accepted. For false wening maketh felicit� therin to be
+  ben accepted. For false wening maketh felicitè therin to be
   supposed; but suche caytives as I am evermore ben hindred.'
 
   'Certes,' quod she, 'take good hede, and I shal by reson to
@@ -4201,7 +4172,7 @@ purpose.
   service; and yet Jupiter by signes, without any speche, had            10
   al his purpose ayenst her fathers wil. And many suche mo have
   ben knitte in trouthe, and yet spake they never togider; for
-  that is a thing enclosed under secretnesse of privyt�, why twey
+  that is a thing enclosed under secretnesse of privytè, why twey
   persons entremellen hertes after a sight. The power in knowing,
   of such thinges +to preven, shal nat al utterly be yeven to you        15
   beestes; for many thinges, in suche precious maters, ben
@@ -4234,20 +4205,20 @@ purpose.
   in this wyse.'
 
   'Certes,' quod I, 'it is nothing lich, this world, to tyme
-  passed; eke this countr� hath oon maner, and another countr�
+  passed; eke this countrè hath oon maner, and another countrè
   hath another. And so may nat a man alway putte to his eye the
   salve that he heled with his hele. For this is sothe: betwixe          45
-  two thinges liche, ofte dyversit� is required.'
+  two thinges liche, ofte dyversitè is required.'
 
-  'Now,' quod she, 'that is sothe; dyversit� of nation, dyversit� of
-  lawe, as was maked by many resons; for that dyversit� cometh in
+  'Now,' quod she, 'that is sothe; dyversitè of nation, dyversitè of
+  lawe, as was maked by many resons; for that dyversitè cometh in
   by the contrarious malice of wicked people, that han envyous hertes
   ayenst other. But trewly, my lawe to my servauntes ever hath           50
   ben in general, whiche may nat fayle. For right as mannes +lawe
   that is ordained by many determinacions, may nat be knowe for
   good or badde, til assay of the people han proved it and [founden]
-  to what ende it draweth; and than it sheweth the necessit�
-  therof, or els the impossibilit�: right so the lawe of my servauntes   55
+  to what ende it draweth; and than it sheweth the necessitè
+  therof, or els the impossibilitè: right so the lawe of my servauntes   55
   so wel hath ben proved in general, that hitherto hath it not fayled.
 
   Wiste thou not wel that al the lawe of kynde is my lawe, and
@@ -4323,9 +4294,9 @@ purpose.
   Thus, by these wayes, shul men ben avaunced; ensample of              125
   David, that from keping of shepe was drawen up in-to the order
   of kingly governaunce; and Jupiter, from a bole, to ben Europes
-  fere; and Julius Cesar, from the lowest degr� in Rome, to be
+  fere; and Julius Cesar, from the lowest degrè in Rome, to be
   mayster of al erthly princes; and Eneas from hel, to be king of
-  the countr� there Rome is now stonding. And so to thee I say;         130
+  the countrè there Rome is now stonding. And so to thee I say;         130
   thy grace, by bering ther-after, may sette thee in suche plight,
   that no jangling may greve the leest tucke of thy hemmes; that
   [suche] are their +jangles, is nought to counte at a cresse in thy
@@ -4379,17 +4350,17 @@ _read_ worshippe (_verb_). 122. styl. 123. protection.
   ne to the merytes of their doinges, but only to the aventure of
   fortune; and therafter they yeven their sentence. And some             20
   loken the voluntary wil in his herte, and therafter telleth his
-  jugement; not taking hede to reson ne to the qualit� of the
+  jugement; not taking hede to reson ne to the qualitè of the
   doing; as thus.  If a man be riche and fulfild with worldly
   welfulnesse, some commenden it, and sayn it is so lent by juste
-  cause; and he that hath adversit�, they sayn he is weked; and          25
+  cause; and he that hath adversitè, they sayn he is weked; and          25
   hath deserved thilke anoy. The contrarye of these thinges some
-  men holden also; and sayn that to the riche prosperit� is purvayed
-  in-to his confusion; and upon this mater many autorit�s
+  men holden also; and sayn that to the riche prosperitè is purvayed
+  in-to his confusion; and upon this mater many autoritès
   of many and greet-witted clerkes they alegen. And some men
-  sayn, though al good estimacion forsake folk that han adversit�,       30
+  sayn, though al good estimacion forsake folk that han adversitè,       30
   yet is it meryte and encrees of his blisse; so that these purposes
-  am so wonderful in understanding, that trewly, for myn adversit�
+  am so wonderful in understanding, that trewly, for myn adversitè
   now, I not how the sentence of the indifferent people wil jugen
   my fame.'
 
@@ -4409,7 +4380,7 @@ _read_ worshippe (_verb_). 122. styl. 123. protection.
   tho sayntes, and good ensample to other misdoers in amendement.
   How turned the Romayne Zedeoreys fro the Romaynes,
   to be with Hanibal ayenst his kynde nacion; and afterwardes,
-  him seming the Romayns to be at the next degr� of confusion,           50
+  him seming the Romayns to be at the next degrè of confusion,           50
   turned to his olde alyes; by whose witte after was Hanibal
   discomfited. Wherfore, to enfourme you, lady, the maner-why
   I mene, see now. In my youth I was drawe to ben assentaunt
@@ -4421,11 +4392,11 @@ _read_ worshippe (_verb_). 122. styl. 123. protection.
   deserved in furthering and mayntenaunce of tho thinges, besyed
   and laboured, with al my diligence, in werkinge of thilke maters       60
   to the ende. And trewly, lady, to telle you the sothe, me rought
-  litel of any hate of the mighty senatours in thilke cit�, ne of
+  litel of any hate of the mighty senatours in thilke citè, ne of
   comunes malice; for two skilles. Oon was, I had comfort to ben
   in suche plyte, that bothe profit were to me and to my frendes.
   Another was, for commen profit in cominaltee is not but pees and       65
-  tranquilit�, with just governaunce, proceden from thilke profit;
+  tranquilitè, with just governaunce, proceden from thilke profit;
   sithen, by counsayle of myne inwitte, me thought the firste painted
   thinges malice and yvel meninge, withouten any good avayling to
   any people, and of tyrannye purposed. And so, for pure sorowe,
@@ -4485,13 +4456,13 @@ _read_ worshippe (_verb_). 122. styl. 123. protection.
   comune avauntage they enbolded the passif to take in the
   actives doinge; and also styred innocentes of conning to crye
   after thinges, whiche (quod they) may not stande but we ben
-  executours of tho maters, and auctorit� of execucion by comen         125
+  executours of tho maters, and auctoritè of execucion by comen         125
   eleccion to us be delivered. And that muste entre by strength of
   your mayntenaunce. For we out of suche degree put, oppression
   of these olde hindrers shal agayn surmounten, and putten you in
   such subjeccion, that in endelesse wo ye shul complayne.
 
-  The governementes (quod they) of your cit�, lefte in the handes       130
+  The governementes (quod they) of your citè, lefte in the handes       130
   of torcencious citezins, shal bringe in pestilence and distruccion
   to you, good men; and therfore let us have the comune administracion
   to abate suche yvels. Also (quod they) it is worthy
@@ -4550,7 +4521,7 @@ _read_ worshippe (_verb_). 122. styl. 123. protection.
   knowleged by the parties hem-selfe; and god wot, other mater          185
   is non. Ye also, lady, knowe these thinges for trewe; I avaunte
   not in praysing of my-selfe; therby shulde I lese the precious
-  secr� of my conscience. But ye see wel that false opinion of the
+  secrè of my conscience. But ye see wel that false opinion of the
   people for my trouthe, in telling out of false conspyred maters;
   and after the jugement of these clerkes, I shulde not hyde the        190
   sothe of no maner person, mayster ne other. Wherfore I wolde
@@ -4611,7 +4582,7 @@ nowe. sayne. 199. dothe. 200. meane. 201. measure.
   wolde I,' quod she, 'that thou were holpen; but hast thou sayd
   any-thing whiche thou might not proven?'
 
-  'Pard�,' quod I, 'the persones, every thing as I have sayd, han         5
+  'Pardè,' quod I, 'the persones, every thing as I have sayd, han         5
   knowleged hem-selfe.'
 
   'Ye,' quod she, 'but what if they hadden nayed? How
@@ -4709,7 +4680,7 @@ nowe. sayne. 199. dothe. 200. meane. 201. measure.
   and my profit in tyme cominge.'
 
   'Trewly,' quod she, 'that is sothe, so thou con wel kepe these
-  wordes, and in the in[ne]rest secr� chambre of thyne herte so
+  wordes, and in the in[ne]rest secrè chambre of thyne herte so
   faste hem close that they never flitte; than shalt thou fynde hem      95
   avayling. Loke now what people hast thou served; whiche of
   hem al in tyme of thyne exile ever thee refresshed, by the valewe
@@ -4725,7 +4696,7 @@ nowe. sayne. 199. dothe. 200. meane. 201. measure.
   Owen nat yet some of hem money for his commens? Paydest
   nat thou for some of her dispences, til they were tourned out of
   Selande? Who yave thee ever ought for any rydinge thou madest?
-  Yet, pard�, some of hem token money for thy chambre, and
+  Yet, pardè, some of hem token money for thy chambre, and
   putte tho pens in his purse, unwetinge of the renter.                 110
 
   Lo for which a company thou medlest, that neither thee ne
@@ -4733,7 +4704,7 @@ nowe. sayne. 199. dothe. 200. meane. 201. measure.
   name that thou supposest of hem for to have. What might thou
   more have don than thou diddest, but-if thou woldest in a fals
   quarel have been a stinkinge martyr? I wene thou fleddest, as         115
-  longe as thou might, their privit� to counsayle; which thing thou
+  longe as thou might, their privitè to counsayle; which thing thou
   hele[de]st lenger than thou shuldest. And thilke that ought thee
   money no penny wolde paye; they wende thy returne hadde ben
   an impossible. How might thou better have hem proved, but thus
@@ -4800,9 +4771,9 @@ shalte. worthe.
   wrathe which I have deserved, so longe as my Margarite hath
   rightwysed my cause." And certes (quod she) I witnesse my-selfe,       35
   if thou, thus converted, sorowest in good meninge in thyne herte,
-  [and] wolt from al vanit� parfitly departe, in consolacioun of al
+  [and] wolt from al vanitè parfitly departe, in consolacioun of al
   good plesaunce of that Margaryte, whiche that thou desyrest after
-  wil of thyn herte, in a maner of a +moders pit�, [she] shul fully
+  wil of thyn herte, in a maner of a +moders pitè, [she] shul fully
   accepte thee in-to grace. For right as thou rentest clothes in         40
   open sighte, so openly to sowe hem at his worshippe withouten
   reprofe [is] commended. Also, right as thou were ensample of
@@ -4821,13 +4792,13 @@ shalte. worthe.
   thy-selfe, that thou in fourme of making +passest nat Adam that eet    55
   of the apple? Thou +passest nat the stedfastnesse of Noe, that
   eetinge of the grape becom dronke. Thou passest nat the
-  chastit� of Lothe, that lay by his doughter; eke the nobley of
+  chastitè of Lothe, that lay by his doughter; eke the nobley of
   Abraham, whom god reproved by his pryde; also Davides
   mekenesse, whiche for a woman made Urye be slawe. What?                60
   also Hector of Troye, in whom no defaute might be founde, yet
   is he reproved that he ne hadde with manhode nat suffred the
   warre begonne, ne Paris to have went in-to Grece, by whom gan
-  al the sorowe. For trewly, him lacketh no venim of priv�
+  al the sorowe. For trewly, him lacketh no venim of privè
   consenting, whiche that openly leveth a wrong to withsaye.             65
 
   Lo eke an olde proverbe amonges many other: "He that is
@@ -4845,7 +4816,7 @@ shalte. worthe.
   thee are they rehersed, but for worshippe, so thou continewe wel
   here-after: and for profit of thy-selfe I rede thou on hem thinke.'
 
-  Than sayde I right thus: 'Lady of unit� and accorde, envy
+  Than sayde I right thus: 'Lady of unitè and accorde, envy
   and wrathe lurken there thou comest in place; ye weten wel             80
   your-selve, and so don many other, that whyle I administred the
   office of commen doinge, as in rulinge of the stablisshmentes
@@ -4867,7 +4838,7 @@ shalte. worthe.
   may no name be born, in maner of peersing, for many obstacles,
   as waters, and wildernesse, and straunge langages. And nat only
   names of men ben stilled and holden out of knowleginge by these
-  obstacles, but also citees and realmes of prosperit� ben letted to    100
+  obstacles, but also citees and realmes of prosperitè ben letted to    100
   be knowe, and their reson hindred; so that they mowe nat ben
   parfitly in mennes propre understandinge. How shulde than the
   name of a singuler Londenoys passe the glorious name of London,
@@ -4877,13 +4848,13 @@ shalte. worthe.
   among oon maner of people may nat such fame in goodnes
   come; for as many as praysen, commenly as many lacken. Fy
   than on such maner fame! Slepe, and suffre him that knoweth
-  previt� of hertes to dele suche fame in thilke place there nothing    110
+  previtè of hertes to dele suche fame in thilke place there nothing    110
   ayenst a sothe shal neither speke ne dare apere, by attourney
   ne by other maner. How many greet-named, and many greet
   in worthinesse losed, han be tofore this tyme, that now out
   of memorie are slidden, and clenely forgeten, for defaute of
   wrytinges! And yet scriptures for greet elde so ben defased, that     115
-  no perpetualt� may in hem ben juged. But if thou wolt make
+  no perpetualtè may in hem ben juged. But if thou wolt make
   comparisoun to ever, what joye mayst thou have in erthly name?
   It is a fayr lykenesse, a pees or oon grayn of whete, to a thousand
   shippes ful of corne charged! What nombre is betwene the
@@ -4899,8 +4870,8 @@ shalte. worthe.
   in respecte of the other. And so thou sekest reward of folkes
   smale wordes, and of vayne praysinges. Trewly, therin thou            130
   lesest the guerdon of vertue; and lesest the grettest valour of
-  conscience, and uphap thy renom� everlasting. Therfore boldely
-  renom� of fame of the erthe shulde be hated, and fame after deth
+  conscience, and uphap thy renomè everlasting. Therfore boldely
+  renomè of fame of the erthe shulde be hated, and fame after deth
   shulde be desyred of werkes of vertue. [Trewly, vertue] asketh
   guerdoning, and the soule causeth al vertue. Than the soule,          135
   delivered out of prison of erthe, is most worthy suche guerdon
@@ -4993,7 +4964,7 @@ eare. 129. rewarde. 131. valoure. consyence. 134. _Supply_ Trewly, vertue.
   understanding with aungels; so that in him is knit al maner
   of lyvinges by a resonable proporcioun. Also man is mad of             45
   al the foure elementes. Al universitee is rekened in him alone;
-  he hath, under god, principalit� above al thinges. Now is his
+  he hath, under god, principalitè above al thinges. Now is his
   soule here, now a thousand myle hence; now fer, now nygh;
   now hye, now lowe; as fer in a moment as in mountenaunce of
   ten winter; and al this is in mannes governaunce and disposicion.      50
@@ -5038,7 +5009,7 @@ eare. 129. rewarde. 131. valoure. consyence. 134. _Supply_ Trewly, vertue.
   may not be, but the rose of maydenhede be plucked. Do way,
   do way; they knowe nothing of this. For consent of two hertes          90
   alone maketh the fasteninge of the knotte; neither lawe of kynde
-  ne mannes lawe determineth neither the age ne the qualit� of
+  ne mannes lawe determineth neither the age ne the qualitè of
   persones, but only accord bitwene thilke twaye. And trewly,
   after tyme that suche accord, by their consent in hert, is enseled,
   and put in my tresorye amonges my privy thinges, than ginneth          95
@@ -5050,7 +5021,7 @@ eare. 129. rewarde. 131. valoure. consyence. 134. _Supply_ Trewly, vertue.
   and yet, toforn ne after, neither of hem bothe mente no flesshly
   lust knowe. Wherfore the wordes of trouthe acorden that my
   servauntes shulden forsake bothe +fader and moder, and be adherand
-  to his spouse; and they two in unit� of one flesshe
+  to his spouse; and they two in unitè of one flesshe
   shulden accorde. And this wyse, two that wern firste in a litel       105
   maner discordaunt, hygher that oon and lower that other, ben
   mad evenliche in gree to stonde. But now to enfourme thee
@@ -5144,7 +5115,7 @@ the. worshyppe.
   men, that arn a fayr parcel of the erthe, and holden the upperest
   degree, under god, of benigne thinges, as ye sayden right now
   your-selfe; shulde never man have ben set in so worthy a place
-  but-if his degr� were ordayned noble. Alas! thou that knittest         35
+  but-if his degrè were ordayned noble. Alas! thou that knittest         35
   the purveyaunce of al thinges, why lokest thou not to amenden
   these defautes? I see shrewes that han wicked maners sitten in
   chayres of domes, lambes to punisshen, there wolves shulden ben
@@ -5166,14 +5137,14 @@ the. worshyppe.
 
   'Ah! now I see,' quod she, 'th'entent of thy mening! Lo,
   bycause thy worldly goodes ben fulliche dispent, thou beraft out
-  of dignit� of office, in whiche thou madest the +gaderinge of thilke
+  of dignitè of office, in whiche thou madest the +gaderinge of thilke
   goodes, and yet diddest in that office by counsaile of wyse [before    55
   that] any thing were ended; and true were unto hem whos profit
   thou shuldest loke; and seest now many that in thilke hervest
   made of thee mokel, and now, for glosing of other, deyneth thee
   nought to forther, but enhaunsen false shrewes by witnessinge of
   trouthe! These thinges greveth thyn herte, to sene thy-selfe thus      60
-  abated; and than, fraylt� of mankynde ne setteth but litel by the
+  abated; and than, frayltè of mankynde ne setteth but litel by the
   lesers of suche richesse, have he never so moche vertue; and so
   thou wenest of thy jewel to renne in dispyt, and not ben accepted
   in-to grace. Al this shal thee nothing hinder. Now (quod she)
@@ -5202,7 +5173,7 @@ the. worshyppe.
   'How so?' quod I.
 
   'For Unsely,' quod she, 'begyleth nat, but sheweth th'entent           85
-  of her working. _Et e contra_: Selinesse begyleth. For in prosperit�
+  of her working. _Et e contra_: Selinesse begyleth. For in prosperitè
   she maketh a jape in blyndnesse; that is, she wyndeth him to
   make sorowe whan she withdraweth. Wolt thou nat (quod she)
   preise him better that sheweth to thee his herte, tho[ugh] it be
@@ -5227,7 +5198,7 @@ the. worshyppe.
   don thee mokel more to winne than ever yet thou lostest, and
   more than ever the contrary made thee winne? Is nat a greet
   good, to thy thinking, for to knowe the hertes of thy sothfast
-  frendes? Pard�, they ben proved to the ful, and the trewe have
+  frendes? Pardè, they ben proved to the ful, and the trewe have
   discevered fro the false. Trewly, at the goinge of the ilke brotel    110
   joye, ther yede no more away than the ilke that was nat thyn
   proper. He was never from that lightly departed; thyn owne
@@ -5295,7 +5266,7 @@ thynge. 118. cleapest. the. thynge. 119. nowe leaueth. 120. hert. nowe.
   worke, as I have begonne, in love; after as my thinne wit, with
   inspiracion of him that hildeth al grace, wol suffre. Grevously,
   god wot, have I suffred a greet throwe that the Romayne
-  emperour, which in unit� of love shulde acorde, and every with         15
+  emperour, which in unitè of love shulde acorde, and every with         15
   other * * * * in cause of other to avaunce; and namely, sithe
   this empyre [nedeth] to be corrected of so many sectes in heresie
   of faith, of service, o[f] rule in loves religion. Trewly, al were
@@ -5303,7 +5274,7 @@ thynge. 118. cleapest. the. thynge. 119. nowe leaueth. 120. hert. nowe.
   For many men there ben that sayn love to be in gravel and sande,       20
   that with see ebbinge and flowinge woweth, as riches that sodaynly
   vanissheth. And some sayn that love shulde be in windy blastes,
-  that stoundmele turneth as a phane, and glorie of renom�, which
+  that stoundmele turneth as a phane, and glorie of renomè, which
   after lustes of the varyaunt people is areysed or stilled.
 
   Many also wenen that in the sonne and the moone and other              25
@@ -5312,7 +5283,7 @@ thynge. 118. cleapest. the. thynge. 119. nowe leaueth. 120. hert. nowe.
   rather than good han and occupyen. Ful many also there ben
   that in okes and in huge postes supposen love to ben grounded,
   as in strength and in might, whiche mowen not helpen their owne        30
-  wrecchidnesse, whan they ginne to falle. But [of] suche diversit�
+  wrecchidnesse, whan they ginne to falle. But [of] suche diversitè
   of sectes, ayenst the rightful beleve of love, these errours ben forth
   spredde, that loves servantes in trewe rule and stedfast fayth in
   no place daren apere. Thus irrecuperable joy is went, and anoy
@@ -5326,8 +5297,8 @@ thynge. 118. cleapest. the. thynge. 119. nowe leaueth. 120. hert. nowe.
   loves servauntes and professe in his religion of trewe rule pursewen,
   to confounden and to distroyen. And for as moche as holy +faders,
   that of our Christen fayth aproved and strengthed to the Jewes, as
-  to men resonable and of divinit� lerned, proved thilke fayth with
-  resones, and with auctorit�s of the olde testament and of the newe,    45
+  to men resonable and of divinitè lerned, proved thilke fayth with
+  resones, and with auctoritès of the olde testament and of the newe,    45
   her pertinacie to distroy: but to paynims, that for beestes and
   houndes were holde, to putte hem out of their errour, was +miracle
   of god shewed. These thinges were figured by cominge of th'angel
@@ -5336,12 +5307,12 @@ thynge. 118. cleapest. the. thynge. 119. nowe leaueth. 120. hert. nowe.
   to people bestial not lerned, wern sent to enforme. But I, lovers
   clerk, in al my conning and with al my mightes, trewly I have no
   suche grace in vertue of miracles, ne for no discomfit falsheedes
-  suffyseth not auctorit�s alone; sithen that suche [arn] heretikes
-  and maintaynours of falsit�s. Wherfore I wot wel, sithen that          55
+  suffyseth not auctoritès alone; sithen that suche [arn] heretikes
+  and maintaynours of falsitès. Wherfore I wot wel, sithen that          55
   they ben men, and reson is approved in hem, the clowde of errour
   hath her reson beyond probable resons, whiche that cacchende
   wit rightfully may not with-sitte. By my travaylinge studie I have
-  ordeyned hem, +whiche that auctorit�, misglosed by mannes
+  ordeyned hem, +whiche that auctoritè, misglosed by mannes
   reson, to graunt shal ben enduced.                                     60
 
   Now ginneth my penne to quake, to thinken on the sentences
@@ -5387,8 +5358,8 @@ thynge. 118. cleapest. the. thynge. 119. nowe leaueth. 120. hert. nowe.
   this worke have I writte; and to thee, tytled of Loves name,
   I have it avowed in a maner of sacrifyse; that, where-ever it be      100
   rad, it mowe in merite, by the excellence of thilke name, the
-  more wexe in authorit� and worshippe of takinge in hede; and to
-  what entent it was ordayned, the inse�res mowen ben moved.
+  more wexe in authoritè and worshippe of takinge in hede; and to
+  what entent it was ordayned, the inseëres mowen ben moved.
   Every thing to whom is owande occasion don as for his ende,
   Aristotle supposeth that the actes of every thinge ben in a maner     105
   his final cause. A final cause is noblerer, or els even as noble,
@@ -5468,7 +5439,7 @@ thorowe. 127. howe.
   wolden maystries me have in thilke stoundes. In heven on
   highe, above Saturnes sphere, in sesonable tyme were they
   lodged; but now come queynte counsailours that in no house             25
-  wol suffre me sojourne, wherof is pit�; and yet sayn some that
+  wol suffre me sojourne, wherof is pitè; and yet sayn some that
   they me have in celler with wyne shed; in gernere, there corn is
   layd covered with whete; in sacke, sowed with wolle; in purse,
   with money faste knit; among pannes mouled in a +whicche;
@@ -5536,7 +5507,7 @@ thorowe. 127. howe.
   under suretee ayenst al raveynous foules and beestes, and not to       90
   be tyraunt them-selfe." And than the smale, in reste and quiete,
   by the heedes wel disposed, owen for their soveraynes helth and
-  prosperit� to pray, and in other doinges in maintenaunce therof
+  prosperitè to pray, and in other doinges in maintenaunce therof
   performe, withouten other administracion in rule of any maner
   governaunce. And they wit have in hem, and grace to come to            95
   suche thinges, yet shulde they cese til their heedes them cleped,
@@ -5544,14 +5515,14 @@ thorowe. 127. howe.
   governaunce ne other medlinge ought they not to clayme, ne
   the heedes on hem to putte. Trewly, amonges cosinage dar
   I not come, but-if richesse be my mene; sothly, she and other         100
-  bodily goodes maketh nigh cosinage, ther never propinquit� ne
+  bodily goodes maketh nigh cosinage, ther never propinquitè ne
   alyaunce in lyve was ne shulde have be, nere it for her medling
   maners; wherfore kindly am I not ther leged. Povert of
   kinred is behynde; richesse suffreth him to passe; truly he saith,
   he com never of Japhetes childre. Whereof I am sory that              105
   Japhetes children, for povert, in no linage ben rekened, and
   Caynes children, for riches, be maked Japhetes heires. Alas! this
-  is a wonder chaunge bitwene tho two No�s children, sithen that
+  is a wonder chaunge bitwene tho two Noës children, sithen that
   of Japhetes ofspring comeden knightes, and of Cayn discended
   the lyne of servage to his brothers childre. Lo! how gentillesse      110
   and servage, as cosins, bothe discended out of two brethern of
@@ -5559,11 +5530,11 @@ thorowe. 127. howe.
   kinrede +maketh not gentil linage in succession, without desert
   of a mans own selfe. Where is now the lyne of Alisaundre the
   noble, or els of Hector of Troye? Who is discended of right           115
-  bloode of lyne fro king Artour? Pard�, sir Perdicas, whom that
+  bloode of lyne fro king Artour? Pardè, sir Perdicas, whom that
   Alisandre made to ben his heire in Grece, was of no kinges
   bloode; his dame was a tombestere. Of what kinred ben the
   gentiles in our dayes? I trow therfore, if any good be in gentilesse,
-  it is only that it semeth a maner of necessit� be input to            120
+  it is only that it semeth a maner of necessitè be input to            120
   gentilmen, that they shulden not varyen fro the vertues of their
   auncestres. Certes, al maner linage of men ben evenliche in
   birth; for oon +fader, maker of al goodnes, enformed hem al,
@@ -5626,7 +5597,7 @@ leaueth. 129. forthe. 130. amonge. clerkes (!); _read_ cherles. 131. mote.
   above al other thing, after the jugement of Esdram, whos lordship
   al lignes: who is, that right as emperour hem commaundeth,             10
   whether thilke ben not women, in whos lyknesse to me ye aperen?
-  For right as man halt the principalt� of al thing under his beinge,
+  For right as man halt the principaltè of al thing under his beinge,
   in the masculyne gender; and no mo genders ben there
   but masculyn and femenyne; al the remenaunt ben no gendres but
   of grace, in facultee of grammer: right so, in the femenyne, the       15
@@ -5643,7 +5614,7 @@ leaueth. 129. forthe. 130. amonge. clerkes (!); _read_ cherles. 131. mote.
   And in this degree, lady, your-selfe many hertes of men have
   so bounden, that parfit blisse in womankynde to ben men wenen,
   and in nothinge els. Also, lady, the goodnesse, the vertue of
-  women, by propert� of discrecion, is so wel knowen, by litelnesse
+  women, by propertè of discrecion, is so wel knowen, by litelnesse
   of malice, that desyre to a good asker by no waye conne they           30
   warne. And ye thanne, that wol not passe the kynde werchinge
   of your sectes by general discrecion, I wot wel, ye wol so enclyne
@@ -5652,10 +5623,10 @@ leaueth. 129. forthe. 130. amonge. clerkes (!); _read_ cherles. 131. mote.
   'Certes,' quod she, 'thus for the more parte fareth al mankynde,
   to praye and to crye after womans grace, and fayne many fantasyes      35
   to make hertes enclyne to your desyres. And whan these
-  sely women, for freelt� of their kynde, beleven your wordes, and
+  sely women, for freeltè of their kynde, beleven your wordes, and
   wenen al be gospel the promise of your behestes, than graunt[en]
   they to you their hertes, and fulfillen your lustes, wherthrough
-  their libert� in maystreship that they toforn had is thralled; and     40
+  their libertè in maystreship that they toforn had is thralled; and     40
   so maked soverayn and to be prayed, that first was servaunt,
   and voice of prayer used. Anon as filled is your lust, many of you
   be so trewe, that litel hede take ye of suche kyndnesse; but
@@ -5672,7 +5643,7 @@ leaueth. 129. forthe. 130. amonge. clerkes (!); _read_ cherles. 131. mote.
   his wil performed. Lo! the bird is begyled with the mery voice
   of the foulers whistel. Whan a woman is closed in your nette,          55
   than wol ye causes fynden, and bere unkyndenesse her +on
-  hande, or falset� upon her putte, your owne malicious trayson
+  hande, or falsetè upon her putte, your owne malicious trayson
   with suche thinge to excuse. Lo! than han women non other
   wreche in vengeaunce, but +blobere and wepe til hem list stint,
   and sorily her mishap complayne; and is put in-to wening that          60
@@ -5684,7 +5655,7 @@ leaueth. 129. forthe. 130. amonge. clerkes (!); _read_ cherles. 131. mote.
   I may nat telle, by thousande partes, the wronges in trechery
   of suche false people; for make they never so good a bond,
   al sette ye at a myte whan your hert tourneth. And they that
-  wenen for sorowe of you deye, the pit� of your false herte is flowe
+  wenen for sorowe of you deye, the pitè of your false herte is flowe
   out of towne. Alas! therfore, that ever any woman wolde take           70
   any wight in her grace, til she knowe, at the ful, on whom she
   might at al assayes truste! Women con no more craft in queynt
@@ -5742,7 +5713,7 @@ leaueth. 129. forthe. 130. amonge. clerkes (!); _read_ cherles. 131. mote.
   a-werke, might thy Margaryte for plesaunce, frendship, ne fayrhede
   of none other, be in poynte moved from thyne herte; wherfore          125
   in-to myne housholde hastely I wol that thou entre, and al the
-  parfit privit� of my werking, make it be knowe in thy understonding,
+  parfit privitè of my werking, make it be knowe in thy understonding,
   as oon of my privy familiers. Thou desyrest (quod she)
   fayn to here of tho thinges there I lefte?'
 
@@ -5795,8 +5766,8 @@ chefe. 108. precioust. 109. amonge. 112-3. gladed and pleased. 115. layde.
   love on no syde.'
 
   'Therfore, lady,' quod I tho, 'thilke blisse I have desyred,
-  and +soghte toforn this my-selfe, by wayes of riches, of dignit�,      20
-  of power, and of renom�, wening me in tho +thinges had ben
+  and +soghte toforn this my-selfe, by wayes of riches, of dignitè,      20
+  of power, and of renomè, wening me in tho +thinges had ben
   thilke blisse; but ayenst the heer it turneth. Whan I supposed
   beste thilke blisse have +getten, and come to the ful purpose
   of your service, sodaynly was I hindred, and throwen so fer
@@ -5839,13 +5810,13 @@ chefe. 108. precioust. 109. amonge. 112-3. gladed and pleased. 115. layde.
   fully have understanding in manlich livinges, whiche is holden
   worldlich in these thinges, so that ignorance be mad no letter,
   I wol (quod she) nempne these forsayd wayes +by names and              60
-  conclusions. First riches, dignit�, renom�, and power shul in
+  conclusions. First riches, dignitè, renomè, and power shul in
   this worke be cleped bodily goodes; for in hem hath ben, a gret
   throw, mannes trust of selinesse in love: as in riches, suffisance
-  to have maintayned that was begonne by worldly catel; in dignit�,
+  to have maintayned that was begonne by worldly catel; in dignitè,
   honour and reverence of hem that wern underput by maistry              65
-  therby to obeye. In renom�, glorie of peoples praising, after
-  lustes in their hert, without hede-taking to qualit� and maner of
+  therby to obeye. In renomè, glorie of peoples praising, after
+  lustes in their hert, without hede-taking to qualitè and maner of
   doing; and in power, by trouth of lordships mayntenaunce, thing
   to procede forth in doing. In al whiche thinges a longe tyme
   mannes coveytise in commune hath ben greetly grounded, to come         70
@@ -5853,7 +5824,7 @@ chefe. 108. precioust. 109. amonge. 112-3. gladed and pleased. 115. layde.
   the principal muste nedes fayle, and in helping mowe nat availe.
   See why. For holdest him not poore that is nedy?'
 
-  'Yes, pard�,' quod I.
+  'Yes, pardè,' quod I.
 
   'And him for dishonored, that moche folk deyne nat to                  75
   reverence?'
@@ -5865,16 +5836,16 @@ chefe. 108. precioust. 109. amonge. 112-3. gladed and pleased. 115. layde.
   'Certes,' quod I, 'me semeth, of al men he shulde be holden
   a wrecche.'                                                            80
 
-  'And wenest nat,' quod she, 'that he that is litel in renom�,
+  'And wenest nat,' quod she, 'that he that is litel in renomè,
   but rather is out of the praysinges of mo men than a fewe, be nat
   in shame?'
 
   'For soth,' quod I, 'it is shame and villany, to him that
-  coveyteth renom�, that more folk nat prayse in name than preise.'      85
+  coveyteth renomè, that more folk nat prayse in name than preise.'      85
 
   'Soth,' quod she, 'thou sayst soth; but al these thinges are
   folowed of suche maner doinge, and wenden in riches suffisaunce,
-  in power might, in dignit� worship, and in renom� glorie; wherfore
+  in power might, in dignitè worship, and in renomè glorie; wherfore
   they discended in-to disceyvable wening, and in that service disceit
   is folowed. And thus, in general, thou and al suche other that so      90
   worchen, faylen of my blisse that ye long han desyred. Wherfore
@@ -5984,8 +5955,8 @@ admytte it. 149. Vnderstanden (_sic_). 149-152. contradyction (_twice_).
   wherthrough any thing hath being that is cleped "caused."
   Than, if richesse +causeth knot in herte, thilke richesse +is cause
   of thilke precious thinge being. But after the sentence of
-  Aristotle, every cause is more in dignit� than his thinge caused;       5
-  wherthrough it foloweth richesse to ben more in dignit� than
+  Aristotle, every cause is more in dignitè than his thinge caused;       5
+  wherthrough it foloweth richesse to ben more in dignitè than
   thilke knot. But richesses arn kyndely naughty, badde, and
   nedy; and thilke knotte is thing kyndely good, most praysed
   and desyred. _Ergo_, thing naughty, badde, and nedy in kyndely
@@ -6017,8 +5988,8 @@ admytte it. 149. Vnderstanden (_sic_). 149-152. contradyction (_twice_).
   richesse, and nothing the yvel; thilke persons, what-ever they         35
   ben, wenen that riches is most worthy to be had; and that make
   they the cause; and so wene they thilke riches be better than the
-  person. Commenly, suche asken rather after the quantit� than
-  after the qualit�; and suche wenen, as wel by hem-selfe as by
+  person. Commenly, suche asken rather after the quantitè than
+  after the qualitè; and suche wenen, as wel by hem-selfe as by
   other, that conjunccion of his lyfe and of his soule is no more        40
   precious, but in as mikel as he hath of richesse. Alas! how may
   he holden suche thinges precious or noble, that neither han lyf ne
@@ -6052,9 +6023,9 @@ admytte it. 149. Vnderstanden (_sic_). 149-152. contradyction (_twice_).
   and norisshinge; but if thou wolt holde thee apayd with that
   suffyseth to thy kynde, thou shalt nat be in daunger of no suche
   riches; to kynde suffyseth litel thing, who that taketh hede.          70
-  And if thou wolt algates with superfluit� of riches be a-throted,
+  And if thou wolt algates with superfluitè of riches be a-throted,
   thou shalt hastelich be anoyed, or els yvel at ese. And fairnesse
-  of feldes ne of habitacions, ne multitude of meyn�, may nat be
+  of feldes ne of habitacions, ne multitude of meynè, may nat be
   rekened as riches that are thyn owne. For if they be badde, it is
   greet sclaunder and villany to the occupyer; and if they be good       75
   or faire, the mater of the workman that hem made is to prayse.
@@ -6145,16 +6116,16 @@ floode. 116. out throw. 117. meanynge. 118. to; _read_ the. 120. sande.
 
                           CHAPTER VI.
 
-  Honour in dignit� is wened to yeven a ful knot.'
+  Honour in dignitè is wened to yeven a ful knot.'
   'Ye, certes,' quod I, 'and of that opinion ben many;
-  for they sayn, dignit�, with honour and reverence, causen hertes
+  for they sayn, dignitè, with honour and reverence, causen hertes
   to encheynen, and so abled to be knit togither, for the excellence
-  in soveraynt� of such degrees.'                                         5
+  in soverayntè of such degrees.'                                         5
 
-  'Now,' quod she, 'if dignit�, honour, and reverence causen
+  'Now,' quod she, 'if dignitè, honour, and reverence causen
   thilke knotte in herte, this knot is good and profitable. For
   every cause of a cause is cause of thing caused. Than thus:
-  good thinges and profitable ben by dignit�, honour, and reverence
+  good thinges and profitable ben by dignitè, honour, and reverence
   caused. _Ergo_, they accorden; and dignites ben good with              10
   reverences and honour. But contraries mowen not accorden.
   Wherfore, by reson, there shulde no dignitee, no reverence, non
@@ -6162,7 +6133,7 @@ floode. 116. out throw. 117. meanynge. 118. to; _read_ the. 120. sande.
   cause to shrewes in many shreudnes; for with hem they accorden.
   _Ergo_, from beginning to argue ayenward til it come to the laste      15
   conclusion, they are not cause of the knot. Lo, al day at eye arn
-  shrewes not in reverence, in honour, and in dignit�? Yes, forsothe,
+  shrewes not in reverence, in honour, and in dignitè? Yes, forsothe,
   rather than the good. Than foloweth it that shrewes
   rather than good shul ben cause of this knot. But of this [the]
   contrarie of al lovers is bileved, and for a sothe openly determined   20
@@ -6172,11 +6143,11 @@ floode. 116. out throw. 117. meanynge. 118. to; _read_ the. 120. sande.
   with shrewes.'
 
   'O,' quod she, 'that wol I shewe in manifolde wyse. Ye wene
-  (quod she) that dignites of office here in your cit� is as the         25
+  (quod she) that dignites of office here in your citè is as the         25
   sonne; it shyneth bright withouten any cloude; [of] whiche thing,
   whan they comen in the handes of malicious tirauntes, there
   cometh moche harm, and more grevaunce therof than of the
-  wilde fyre, though it brende al a strete. Certes, in dignit� of
+  wilde fyre, though it brende al a strete. Certes, in dignitè of
   office, the werkes of the occupyer shewen the malice and the           30
   badnesse in the person; with shrewes they maken manyfolde
   harmes, and moche people shamen. How often han rancours,
@@ -6186,29 +6157,29 @@ floode. 116. out throw. 117. meanynge. 118. to; _read_ the. 120. sande.
   enclyne to many queynte thinges. Thou wottest wel
   what I mene.'
 
-  'Ye,' quod I, 'therfore, as dignit� suche thing in tene y-wrought,
-  so ayenward, the substaunce in dignit� chaunged, relyed to bring
+  'Ye,' quod I, 'therfore, as dignitè suche thing in tene y-wrought,
+  so ayenward, the substaunce in dignitè chaunged, relyed to bring
   ayen good plyte in doing.'                                             40
 
   'Do way, do way,' quod she; 'if it so betyde, but that is
-  selde, that suche dignit� is betake in a good mannes governaunce,
-  what thing is to recken in the dignitees goodnesse? Pard�, the
+  selde, that suche dignitè is betake in a good mannes governaunce,
+  what thing is to recken in the dignitees goodnesse? Pardè, the
   bountee and goodnesse is hers that usen it in good governaunce;
   and therfore cometh it that honour and reverence shulde ben            45
-  don to dignit� bycause of encresinge vertue in the occupyer,
-  and not to the ruler bycause of soverayntee in dignit�. Sithen
-  dignit� may no vertue cause, who is worthy worship for suche
-  goodnesse? Not dignit�, but person, that maketh goodnesse in
-  dignit� to shyne.'                                                     50
+  don to dignitè bycause of encresinge vertue in the occupyer,
+  and not to the ruler bycause of soverayntee in dignitè. Sithen
+  dignitè may no vertue cause, who is worthy worship for suche
+  goodnesse? Not dignitè, but person, that maketh goodnesse in
+  dignitè to shyne.'                                                     50
 
   'This is wonder thing,' quod I; 'for me thinketh, as the person
-  in dignit� is worthy honour for goodnesse, so, tho[ugh] a person
-  for badnesse ma[u]gree hath deserved, yet the dignit� leneth to
+  in dignitè is worthy honour for goodnesse, so, tho[ugh] a person
+  for badnesse ma[u]gree hath deserved, yet the dignitè leneth to
   be commended.'
 
-  'Let be,' quod she, 'thou errest right foule; dignit� with             55
+  'Let be,' quod she, 'thou errest right foule; dignitè with             55
   badnesse is helper to performe the felonous doing. Pardy, were
-  it kyndly good, or any propert� of kyndly vertue [that men]
+  it kyndly good, or any propertè of kyndly vertue [that men]
   hadden in hem-selfe, shrewes shulde hem never have; with hem
   shulde they never accorde. Water and fyr, that ben contrarious,
   mowen nat togider ben assembled; kynde wol nat suffre suche            60
@@ -6218,11 +6189,11 @@ floode. 116. out throw. 117. meanynge. 118. to; _read_ the. 120. sande.
   Pardy, were they kyndly good, as wel oon as other shulden
   evenlich in vertue of governaunce ben worthe; but oon fayleth in       65
   goodnesse, another doth the contrary; and so it sheweth, kyndly
-  goodnesse in dignit� nat be grounded. And this same reson
+  goodnesse in dignitè nat be grounded. And this same reson
   (quod she) may be mad, in general, on al the bodily goodes;
   for they comen ofte to throw-out shrewes. After this, he is
   strong that hath might to have grete burthens, and he is light         70
-  and swifte, that hath soveraint� in ronning to passe other; right
+  and swifte, that hath soveraintè in ronning to passe other; right
   so he is a shrewe, on whom shreude thinges and badde han most
   werchinge. And right as philosophy maketh philosophers, and
   my service maketh lovers, right so, if dignites weren good or
@@ -6230,14 +6201,14 @@ floode. 116. out throw. 117. meanynge. 118. to; _read_ the. 120. sande.
   and make hem be vertuous. But that they do nat, as it is
   proved, but causen rancour and debat. _Ergo_, they be nat good,
   but utterly badde. Had Nero never ben Emperour, shulde
-  never his dame have be slayn, to maken open the privit� of his
-  engendrure. Herodes, for his dignit�, slew many children. The          80
-  dignit� of king John wolde have distroyed al England. Therfore
+  never his dame have be slayn, to maken open the privitè of his
+  engendrure. Herodes, for his dignitè, slew many children. The          80
+  dignitè of king John wolde have distroyed al England. Therfore
   mokel wysdom and goodnesse both, nedeth in a person, the
-  malice in dignit� slyly to brydel, and with a good bitte of arest
+  malice in dignitè slyly to brydel, and with a good bitte of arest
   to withdrawe, in case it wolde praunce otherwyse than it shulde.
   Trewly, ye yeve to dignites wrongful names in your cleping.            85
-  They shulde hete, nat dignit�, but moustre of badnesse and
+  They shulde hete, nat dignitè, but moustre of badnesse and
   mayntenour of shrewes. Pardy, shyne the sonne never so bright,
   and it bringe forth no hete, ne sesonably the herbes out-bringe of
   the erthe, but suffre frostes and cold, and the erthe barayne to
@@ -6256,7 +6227,7 @@ floode. 116. out throw. 117. meanynge. 118. to; _read_ the. 120. sande.
 
   'Good lady,' quod I, 'tel me how ye mene in these thinges.'
 
-  'Lo,' quod she, 'the dignites of your cit�, sonne and mone,
+  'Lo,' quod she, 'the dignites of your citè, sonne and mone,
   nothing in kynde shew their shyning as they shulde. For the
   sonne made no brenning hete in love, but freesed envye in             105
   mennes hertes, for feblenesse of shyning hete; and the moone
@@ -6266,8 +6237,8 @@ floode. 116. out throw. 117. meanynge. 118. to; _read_ the. 120. sande.
   'Lady,' quod I, 'it is supposed they had shyned as they
   shulde.'                                                              110
 
-  'Ye,' quod she, 'but now it is proved at the ful, their beaut� in
-  kyndly shyning fayled; wherfore dignit� of him-selven hath no
+  'Ye,' quod she, 'but now it is proved at the ful, their beautè in
+  kyndly shyning fayled; wherfore dignitè of him-selven hath no
   beautee in fayrnesse, ne dryveth nat awaye vices, but encreseth;
   and so be they no cause of the knotte. Now see, in good trouth;
   holde ye nat such sonnes worthy of no reverence, and dignites         115
@@ -6293,29 +6264,29 @@ floode. 116. out throw. 117. meanynge. 118. to; _read_ the. 120. sande.
   hem, to do suche thinges; for every kyndely in werking sheweth
   his kynde. But though a wight had ben mayre of your city
   many winter togider, and come in a straunge place there he were
-  not knowen, he shulde for his dignit� have no reverence. Than
-  neither worshippe ne reverence is kyndely propre in no dignit�,       135
+  not knowen, he shulde for his dignitè have no reverence. Than
+  neither worshippe ne reverence is kyndely propre in no dignitè,       135
   sithen they shulden don their kynde in suche doinge, if any were.
   And if reverence ne worshippe kyndely be not set in dignitees,
   and they more therein ben shewed than goodnesse, for that in
-  dignit� is shewed, but it proveth that goodnesse kyndely in hem
+  dignitè is shewed, but it proveth that goodnesse kyndely in hem
   is not grounded. I-wis, neither worshippe, ne reverence, ne           140
-  goodnesse in dignit� don non office of kynde; for they have non
+  goodnesse in dignitè don non office of kynde; for they have non
   suche propertee in nature of doinge but by false opinion of the
   people. Lo! how somtyme thilke that in your city wern in
-  dignit� noble, if thou liste hem nempne, they ben now overturned
+  dignitè noble, if thou liste hem nempne, they ben now overturned
   bothe in worship, in name, and in reverence; wherfore                 145
   such dignites have no kyndly werching of worshippe and of
   reverence. He that hath no worthinesse on it-selfe, now it ryseth
   and now it vanissheth, after the variaunt opinion in false hertes
   of unstable people. Wherfore, if thou desyre the knotte of this
   jewel, or els if thou woldest suppose she shulde sette the knotte     150
-  on thee for suche maner dignit�, than thou wenest beautee or
+  on thee for suche maner dignitè, than thou wenest beautee or
   goodnesse of thilke somwhat encreseth the goodnesse or vertue in
   the body. But dignite[es] of hemself ben not good, ne yeven
   reverence ne worshippe by their owne kynde. How shulde they
   than yeve to any other a thing, that by no waye mowe they have        155
-  hem-selfe? It is sene in dignit� of the emperour and of many
+  hem-selfe? It is sene in dignitè of the emperour and of many
   mo other, that they mowe not of hem-selve kepe their worshippe
   ne their reverence; that, in a litel whyle, it is now up and now
   downe, by unstedfaste hertes of the people. What bountee mowe
@@ -6378,7 +6349,7 @@ wysenesse wolte. 124. forthe toforne. 125. parte. 126. _I supply_ that.
   possession had. O! a noble thing and clere is power, that is not       20
   founden mighty to kepe him-selfe! Now, trewly, a greet fole is
   he, that for suche thing wolde sette the knotte in thyne herte!
-  Also power of r�almes, is not thilke grettest power amonges the
+  Also power of rëalmes, is not thilke grettest power amonges the
   worldly powers reckened? And if suche powers han wrecchednesse
   in hem-selfe, it foloweth other powers of febler condicion to          25
   ben wrecched; and than, that wrecchednesse shulde be cause of
@@ -6388,7 +6359,7 @@ wysenesse wolte. 124. forthe toforne. 125. parte. 126. _I supply_ that.
   in hem-selfe, may right lightly ben preved. If power lacke on          30
   any syde, on that syde is no power; but no power is wrecchednesse:
   for al-be-it so the power of emperours or kinges, or els
-  of their r�almes (which is the power of the prince) strecchen
+  of their rëalmes (which is the power of the prince) strecchen
   wyde and brode, yet besydes is ther mokel folk of whiche he
   hath no commaundement ne lordshippe; and there-as lacketh his          35
   power, his nonpower entreth, where-under springeth that maketh
@@ -6461,7 +6432,7 @@ wysenesse wolte. 124. forthe toforne. 125. parte. 126. _I supply_ that.
   the lame ginne stomble, bothe shulde falle, right so suche pillers,
   so envyroned with helpes, in falling of the grounde fayleth
   +altogider. How ofte than suche famulers, in their moste pryde         95
-  of prosperit�, ben sodainly overthrowen! Thou hast knowe
+  of prosperitè, ben sodainly overthrowen! Thou hast knowe
   many in a moment so ferre overthrowe, that cover might they
   never. Whan the hevinesse of suche fayling cometh by case of
   fortune, they mowe it not eschue; and might and power, if ther
@@ -6470,7 +6441,7 @@ wysenesse wolte. 124. forthe toforne. 125. parte. 126. _I supply_ that.
   han it, they ben agast; and in no tyme of ful having be they
   siker! And if they wold weyve drede, as they mow not, litel is
   in worthines. Fye therfore on so naughty thing, any knot to
-  cause! Lo! in adversit�, thilk ben his foes that glosed and           105
+  cause! Lo! in adversitè, thilk ben his foes that glosed and           105
   semed frendes in welth; thus arn his familiers his foes and his
   enemyes; and nothing is werse, ne more mighty for to anoy than
   is a familier enemy; and these thinges may they not weyve; so
@@ -6479,7 +6450,7 @@ wysenesse wolte. 124. forthe toforne. 125. parte. 126. _I supply_ that.
   wrecched complayntes (now think on thy-selfe) trewly he is not
   mighty; I can seen no way that lyth to the knotte. Thilke
   people than, that setten their hertes upon suche mightes and
-  powers, often ben begyled. Pard�, he is not mighty that may do
+  powers, often ben begyled. Pardè, he is not mighty that may do
   any thing, that another may doon him the selve, and that men          115
   have as greet power over him as he over other. A justice that
   demeth men ayenward hath ben often demed. Buserus slew his
@@ -6515,7 +6486,7 @@ wysenesse wolte. 124. forthe toforne. 125. parte. 126. _I supply_ that.
   a flye, mokel might in grevaunce and anoying, withouten any
   withsittinge, for al thilke mannes mightes? And sithen thou
   seest thyne flesshly body in kyndely power fayle, how shulde than
-  the accident of a thinge ben in more suret� of beinge than
+  the accident of a thinge ben in more suretè of beinge than
   substancial? Wherfore, thilke thinges that we clepe power is but      145
   accident to the flesshly body; and so they may not have that
   suretee in might, whiche wanteth in the substancial body. Why
@@ -6548,11 +6519,11 @@ huyshte. 123. Nowe. sene. 130. Se nowe. 131. maye. wretchydnesse. 132. the.
 
                           CHAPTER VIII.
 
-  Verily it is proved that richesse, dignit�, and power ben not
+  Verily it is proved that richesse, dignitè, and power ben not
   trewe way to the knotte, but as rathe by suche thinges the
   knotte to be unbounde; wherfore on these thinges I rede no
   wight truste to gette any good knotte. But what shul we saye of
-  renom� in the peoples mouthes? Shulde that ben any cause?               5
+  renomè in the peoples mouthes? Shulde that ben any cause?               5
   What supposest thou in thyn herte?'
 
   'Certes,' quod I, 'yes, I trowe; for your slye resons I dare not
@@ -6562,9 +6533,9 @@ huyshte. 123. Nowe. sene. 130. Se nowe. 131. maye. wretchydnesse. 132. the.
   in the knotte as the good; and that were ayenst kynde.'                10
 
   'Fayn,' quod I, 'wolde I that here; me thinketh wonder how
-  renom� shuld as wel knitte a shrewe as a good person; renom�
+  renomè shuld as wel knitte a shrewe as a good person; renomè
   in every degree hath avaunced; yet wist I never the contrarye.
-  Shulde than renom� accorde with a shrewe? It may not sinke in
+  Shulde than renomè accorde with a shrewe? It may not sinke in
   my stomake til I here more.'                                           15
 
   'Now,' quod she, 'have I not sayd alwayes, that shrewes shul
@@ -6585,7 +6556,7 @@ huyshte. 123. Nowe. sene. 130. Se nowe. 131. maye. wretchydnesse. 132. the.
   good ought it to have, and no wight els.'
 
   'The goodnesse,' quod she, 'of a person may not ben knowe
-  outforth but by renom� of the knowers; wherfore he must be
+  outforth but by renomè of the knowers; wherfore he must be
   renomed of goodnesse, to come to the knot.'
 
   'So must it be,' quod I, 'or els al lost that we carpen.'              30
@@ -6593,7 +6564,7 @@ huyshte. 123. Nowe. sene. 130. Se nowe. 131. maye. wretchydnesse. 132. the.
   'Sothly,' quod she, 'that were greet harm, but-if a good man
   might have his desyres in service of thilke knot, and a shrewe to
   be +weyved, and they ben not knowen in general but by lacking
-  and praysing, and in renom�; and so by the consequence it
+  and praysing, and in renomè; and so by the consequence it
   foloweth, a shrewe to ben praysed and knit; and a good to be           35
   forsake and unknit.'
 
@@ -6605,13 +6576,13 @@ huyshte. 123. Nowe. sene. 130. Se nowe. 131. maye. wretchydnesse. 132. the.
   'Nay,' quod she, 'and that shalt thou see as yerne; these
   elementes han contrarious qualitees in kynde, by whiche they
   mowe not acorde no more than good and badde; and in [some]
-  qualitees they acorde, so that contraries by qualit� acorden by
-  qualit�. Is not erthe drye; and water, that is next and bitwene        45
+  qualitees they acorde, so that contraries by qualitè acorden by
+  qualitè. Is not erthe drye; and water, that is next and bitwene        45
   th'erthe, is wete? Drye and wete ben contrarie, and mowen not
   acorde, and yet this discordaunce is bounde to acorde by cloudes;
   for bothe elementes ben colde. Right so the eyre, that is next
   the water, is wete; and eke it is hot. This eyre by his hete
-  contrarieth water that is cold; but thilke contrarioust� is oned +by   50
+  contrarieth water that is cold; but thilke contrarioustè is oned +by   50
   moysture; for bothe be they moyst. Also the fyr, that is next
   the +eyre and it encloseth al about, is drye, wherthrough it
   contrarieth +eyre, that is wete; and in hete they acorde; for
@@ -6624,40 +6595,40 @@ huyshte. 123. Nowe. sene. 130. Se nowe. 131. maye. wretchydnesse. 132. the.
   praysed of some; wherfore their contrarioustee acorde bothe by         60
   lacking and praysing. Than foloweth it, though good be never
   so mokel praysed, [it] oweth more to ben knit than the badde;
-  or els bad, for the renom� that he hath, must be taken as wel as
+  or els bad, for the renomè that he hath, must be taken as wel as
   the good; and that oweth not.'
 
   'No, forsothe,' quod I.                                                65
 
-  'Wel,' quod she, 'than is renom� no way to the knot. Lo,
-  foole,' quod she, 'how clerkes wryten of suche glorie of renom�:--"O
+  'Wel,' quod she, 'than is renomè no way to the knot. Lo,
+  foole,' quod she, 'how clerkes wryten of suche glorie of renomè:--"O
   glorie, glorie, thou art non other thing to thousandes of folke
-  but a greet sweller of eeres!" Many oon hath had ful greet renom�
+  but a greet sweller of eeres!" Many oon hath had ful greet renomè
   by false opinion of variaunt people. And what is fouler than           70
   folk wrongfully to ben praysed, or by malice of the people giltlesse
   lacked? Nedes shame foloweth therof to hem that with wrong
   prayseth, and also to the desertes praysed; and vilanye and
   reproof of him that disclaundreth.
 
-  Good child (quod she) what echeth suche renom� to the                  75
+  Good child (quod she) what echeth suche renomè to the                  75
   conscience of a wyse man, that loketh and mesureth his goodnesse,
   not by slevelesse wordes of the people, but by sothfastnesse
   of conscience? By god, nothing. And if it be fayr, a mans name
   be eched by moche folkes praysing, and fouler thing that mo folk
   not praysen? I sayd to thee a litel here-beforn, that no folk in       80
-  straunge countreyes nought praysen; suche renom� may not
+  straunge countreyes nought praysen; suche renomè may not
   comen to their eeres, bycause of unknowing and other obstacles,
   as I sayde: wherfore more folk not praysen, and that is right foul
-  to him that renom� desyreth, to wete, lesse folk praisen than
-  renom� enhaunce. I trowe, the thank of a people is naught              85
+  to him that renomè desyreth, to wete, lesse folk praisen than
+  renomè enhaunce. I trowe, the thank of a people is naught              85
   worth in remembraunce to take; ne it procedeth of no wyse
   jugement; never is it stedfast pardurable. It is veyne and fleing;
   with winde wasteth and encreseth. Trewly, suche glorie ought to
-  be hated. If gentillesse be a cleer thing, renom� and glorie to
+  be hated. If gentillesse be a cleer thing, renomè and glorie to
   enhaunce, as in reckening of thy linage, than is gentilesse of thy     90
   kinne; for-why it semeth that gentilesse of thy kinne is but
-  praysing and renom� that come of thyne auncestres desertes:
-  and if so be that praysing and renom� of their desertes make
+  praysing and renomè that come of thyne auncestres desertes:
+  and if so be that praysing and renomè of their desertes make
   their clere gentillesse, than mote they nedes ben gentil for their
   gentil dedes, and not thou; for of thy-selfe cometh not such           95
   maner gentilesse, praysinge of thy desertes. Than gentillesse of
@@ -6696,7 +6667,7 @@ huyshte. 123. Nowe. sene. 130. Se nowe. 131. maye. wretchydnesse. 132. the.
   hast thou fayled. No wight, I wene, blameth him that stinteth
   in misgoing, and secheth redy way of his blisse. Now me
   thinketh (quod she) that it suffyseth in my shewing; the wayes        130
-  by dignet�, richesse, renom�, and power, if thou loke clerely, arn
+  by dignetè, richesse, renomè, and power, if thou loke clerely, arn
   no wayes to the knotte.'
 
 CH. VIII. 2. waye. 11. Fayne. howe. 14. maye. 16. Nowe. 18. wotte. 19.
@@ -6732,7 +6703,7 @@ folowen; _read_ falowen. 115. loste. 116. estate. 119. fruite. 121. maye.
   clepen "armony"; but that is not in brekinge of voice, but it is
   a maner swete thing of kyndely werching, that causeth joye[s]          10
   out of nombre to recken, and that is joyned by reson and by
-  wysdome in a quantit� of proporcion of knitting. God made al
+  wysdome in a quantitè of proporcion of knitting. God made al
   thing in reson and in witte of proporcion of melody, we mowe not
   suffyse to shewe. It is written by grete clerkes and wyse, that,
   in erthly thinges, lightly by studye and by travayle the knowinge      15
@@ -6800,7 +6771,7 @@ folowen; _read_ falowen. 115. loste. 116. estate. 119. fruite. 121. maye.
   many good dedes. Every cause is more and worthier than thing
   caused; and in that mores possession al thinges lesse ben
   compted. As the king is more than his people, and hath in              75
-  possession al his r�alme after, right so the knot is more than
+  possession al his rëalme after, right so the knot is more than
   al other goodes; thou might recken al thinges lasse; and that
   to him longeth, oweth in-to his mores cause of worship and of
   wil +to turne; it is els rebel and out of his mores defending to
@@ -6865,7 +6836,7 @@ folowen; _read_ falowen. 115. loste. 116. estate. 119. fruite. 121. maye.
   maken and darke +weders, with gret tempestes and huge,                130
   maketh the mery dayes with softe shyning sonnes. Also the
   yere with-draweth floures and beautee of herbes and of erth;
-  the same +yere maketh springes and jolit� in Vere so to renovel
+  the same +yere maketh springes and jolitè in Vere so to renovel
   with peinted coloures, that erthe semeth as gay as heven. Sees
   that blasteth and with wawes throweth shippes, of whiche the          135
   living creatures for greet peril for hem dreden; right so, the
@@ -6874,7 +6845,7 @@ folowen; _read_ falowen. 115. loste. 116. estate. 119. fruite. 121. maye.
   thou not (quod she) lerned in thy youth, that Jupiter hath in
   his warderobe bothe garmentes of joye and of sorowe? What             140
   wost thou how soone he wol turne of the garment of care,
-  and clothe thee in blisse? Pard�, it is not ferre fro thee. Lo,
+  and clothe thee in blisse? Pardè, it is not ferre fro thee. Lo,
   an olde proverbe aleged by many wyse:--"Whan bale is greetest,
   than is bote a nye-bore." Wherof wilt thou dismaye? Hope
   wel and serve wel; and that shal thee save, with thy good bileve.'    145
@@ -6916,7 +6887,7 @@ folowen; _read_ falowen. 115. loste. 116. estate. 119. fruite. 121. maye.
   thou appertly, thy sorowe in-to wele mot ben chaunged; wherfore
   in suche case to better syde evermore enclyne thou shuldest.
   Trewly, next the ende of sorowe anon entreth joy; by maner            180
-  of necessit� it wol ne may non other betyde; and so thy conti[n]gence
+  of necessitè it wol ne may non other betyde; and so thy conti[n]gence
   is disproved; if thou holde this opinion any more, thy
   wit is right leude. Wherfore, in ful conclusion of al this, thilke
   Margaryte thou desyrest hath ben to thee dere in thy herte, and
@@ -7005,9 +6976,9 @@ the. 185. diseases. 186. _Supply_ she. howe. canste. 187. cease. 188. the.
   grete and worthy, yet had I a fair parcel, as me thought, for the
   tyme, in forthering of my sustenaunce; whiche while it dured,
   I thought me havinge mokel hony to myne estat. I had richesse
-  suffisauntly to weyve nede; I had dignit� to be reverenced in          40
+  suffisauntly to weyve nede; I had dignitè to be reverenced in          40
   worship. Power me thought that I had to kepe fro myne enemyes,
-  and me semed to shyne in glorie of renom� as manhood asketh
+  and me semed to shyne in glorie of renomè as manhood asketh
   in mene; for no wight in myne administracion coude non yvels
   ne trechery by sothe cause on me putte. Lady, your-selve
   weten wel, that of tho confederacies maked by my soverains             45
@@ -7022,8 +6993,8 @@ the. 185. diseases. 186. _Supply_ she. howe. canste. 187. cease. 188. the.
   joy! Soroufully muste I bewayle, and live as a wrecche.
 
   Every of tho joyes is tourned in-to his contrary. For richesse,        55
-  now have I povert�; for dignit�, now am I emprisoned; in
-  stede of power, wrecchednesse I suffre; and for glorie of renom�,
+  now have I povertè; for dignitè, now am I emprisoned; in
+  stede of power, wrecchednesse I suffre; and for glorie of renomè,
   I am now dispysed and foulich hated. Thus hath farn Fortune,
   that sodaynly am I overthrowen, and out of al welth dispoyled.
   Trewly, me thinketh this way in entree is right hard; god graunt       60
@@ -7036,13 +7007,13 @@ the. 185. diseases. 186. _Supply_ she. howe. canste. 187. cease. 188. the.
   faylen to yeve blisse, their might so ferforth wol nat strecche?
   Shame (quod she) it is to say, thou lyest in thy wordes. Thou
   ne hast wist but right fewe that these bodily goodes had al atones;
-  commenly they dwellen nat togider. He that plent� hath in riches,
+  commenly they dwellen nat togider. He that plentè hath in riches,
   of his kinne is ashamed; another of linage right noble and wel         70
   knowe, but povert him handleth; he were lever unknowe.
-  Another hath these, but renom� of peoples praysing may he nat
+  Another hath these, but renomè of peoples praysing may he nat
   have; overal he is hated and defamed of thinges right foule.
-  Another is fair and semely, but dignit� him fayleth; and he that
-  hath dignit� is croked or lame, or els misshapen and foully dispysed.  75
+  Another is fair and semely, but dignitè him fayleth; and he that
+  hath dignitè is croked or lame, or els misshapen and foully dispysed.  75
   Thus partable these goodes dwellen commenly; in one
   houshold ben they but silde. Lo! how wrecched is your truste
   on thing that wol nat accorde! Me thinketh, thou clepest thilke
@@ -7176,7 +7147,7 @@ last. 156. p_ar_fite. 158. eased. pleased. 162. the. lyfe. 163. one. thre.
   And a man, to be a maister over him-selfe, liveth in vertu and
   in goodnesse, and as reson of vertue techeth. So the soule and the      5
   body, worching vertue togider, liven resonable lyf, whiche clerkes
-  clepen "felicit� in living"; and therein is the hye way to this knot.
+  clepen "felicitè in living"; and therein is the hye way to this knot.
   These olde philosophers, that hadden no knowing of divine grace,
   of kyndly reson alone, wenden that of pure nature, withouten any
   helpe of grace, me might have y-shoned th'other livinges.              10
@@ -7199,13 +7170,13 @@ last. 156. p_ar_fite. 158. eased. pleased. 162. the. lyfe. 163. one. thre.
   knotte, and to the parfit selinesse that he wende have had in
   bodily goodes outforth.'
 
-  'Ye,' quod I, 'shal he have both knot, riches, power, dignit�,
-  and renom� in this maner way?'                                         30
+  'Ye,' quod I, 'shal he have both knot, riches, power, dignitè,
+  and renomè in this maner way?'                                         30
 
   'Ye,' quod she, 'that shal I shewe thee. Is he nat riche that
   hath suffisaunce, and hath the power that no man may amaistrien?
-  Is nat greet dignit� to have worship and reverence? And hath
-  he nat glorie of renom�, whos name perpetual is during, and out
+  Is nat greet dignitè to have worship and reverence? And hath
+  he nat glorie of renomè, whos name perpetual is during, and out
   of nombre in comparacion?'                                             35
 
   'These be thinges that men wenen to getten outforth,' quod I.
@@ -7239,13 +7210,13 @@ last. 156. p_ar_fite. 158. eased. pleased. 162. the. lyfe. 163. one. thre.
   and +is nat overcomen. Suche thing that may nat be a-maistred,
   he hath nede to nothing; for he hath suffisaunce y-now, to helpe       60
   him-selfe. And thilke thing that thus hath power and suffisance,
-  and no tyrant may it reve, and hath dignit� to sette at nought al
-  thinges, here it is a greet dignit�, that deth may a-maistry. Wherfore
-  thilke power [with] suffisaunce, so enclosed with dignit�, by
-  al reson renom� must have. This is thilke riches with suffisaunce      65
-  ye sholde loke after; this is thilke worshipful dignit� ye shulde
+  and no tyrant may it reve, and hath dignitè to sette at nought al
+  thinges, here it is a greet dignitè, that deth may a-maistry. Wherfore
+  thilke power [with] suffisaunce, so enclosed with dignitè, by
+  al reson renomè must have. This is thilke riches with suffisaunce      65
+  ye sholde loke after; this is thilke worshipful dignitè ye shulde
   coveyte; this is thilke power of might, in whiche ye shulde truste;
-  this is the ilke renom� of glorie that endlesse endureth; and al
+  this is the ilke renomè of glorie that endlesse endureth; and al
   nis but substaunce in vertuous lyving.'
 
   'Certes,' quod I, 'al this is sothe; and so I see wel that vertue      70
@@ -7257,7 +7228,7 @@ last. 156. p_ar_fite. 158. eased. pleased. 162. the. lyfe. 163. one. thre.
   florisshing vertue of pacience, that she used nothing in yvel, to
   quyte the wicked lesinges that false tonges ofte in her have laid,
   I have seye it my-selfe, goodly foryevenesse hath spronge out of
-  her herte.  Unit� and accord, above al other thinges, she
+  her herte.  Unitè and accord, above al other thinges, she
   desyreth in a good meke maner; and suffereth many wicked               80
   tales.
 
@@ -7301,7 +7272,7 @@ last. 156. p_ar_fite. 158. eased. pleased. 162. the. lyfe. 163. one. thre.
   mightest nat be holpen as thou wenest, bycause that vertue in
   thee fayleth; and this blisse parfitly without vertue may nat be      115
   goten; thou wenest of these wordes contradiccion to folowe.
-  Pard�, at the hardest, I have no servant but he be vertuous in
+  Pardè, at the hardest, I have no servant but he be vertuous in
   dede and thought. I brought thee in my service, yet art thou
   nat my servant; but I say, thou might so werche in vertue herafter,
   that than shalt thou be my servant, and as for my servant             120
@@ -7478,7 +7449,7 @@ mischefe. 130. Nowe. wrothe. 131. maye. 132. diseases. wenyst. 133. maye.
   and vertue in this Margaryte ben printed, yet some men
   there ben that no goodnesse speken; and, wher-ever your wordes
   ben herd and your resons ben shewed, suche yvel spekers, lady,
-  by auctorit� of your excellence, shullen be stopped and ashamed!
+  by auctoritè of your excellence, shullen be stopped and ashamed!
   And more, they that han non aquayntaunce in her persone, yet          110
   mowe they knowe her vertues, and ben the more enfourmed in
   what wyse they mowe sette their hertes, whan hem liste in-to your
@@ -7528,7 +7499,7 @@ reasonable. 105. dothe. 108. herde. reasons. 110. none. 113. entre. wote.
   'Than is wonder,' quod I, 'how yvel thinges comen a-place,
   sithen that al thinges weren right good.'
 
-  'Thus,' quod she, 'I wol declare. Everiche qualit� and every
+  'Thus,' quod she, 'I wol declare. Everiche qualitè and every
   accion, and every thing that hath any maner of beinge, it is of
   god; and god it made, of whom is al goodnesse and al being.            10
   Of him is no badnesse. Badde to be, is naught; good to be,
@@ -7552,7 +7523,7 @@ reasonable. 105. dothe. 108. herde. reasons. 110. none. 113. entre. wote.
   being, so is it good thorow being; for it is naught other to be.
   And every thing, though it be good, is not of him-selfe good;
   but it is good by that it is ordinable to the greet goodnesse.
-  This dualit�, after clerkes +determinison, is founden in every         30
+  This dualitè, after clerkes +determinison, is founden in every         30
   creature, be it never so single of onhed.'
 
   'Ye,' quod I; 'but there-as it is y-sayd that god +saw every-thing
@@ -7616,7 +7587,7 @@ reasonable. 105. dothe. 108. herde. reasons. 110. none. 113. entre. wote.
   How shulde mercy ben proved, and no trespas were, by due
   justification, to be punisshed? Therfore grace and goodnesse of
   a wight is founde; the sorouful hertes in good meninge to endure,
-  ben comforted; unit� and acord bitwene hertes knit in joye to          90
+  ben comforted; unitè and acord bitwene hertes knit in joye to          90
   abyde. What? wenest thou I rejoyce or els accompte him among
   my servauntes that pleseth Pallas in undoinge of Mercurye, al-be-it
   that to Pallas he be knit by tytle of lawe, not according to
@@ -7730,7 +7701,7 @@ nowe. 124. Fyre. 125. none heate. 128. dothe. 133. nowe.
   course of good mening I returne thy mynde. I trowe, ne had
   I shewed thee thy Margaryte, thou haddest never returned. Of
   first in good parfit joye was ever fayned love impacient, as the
-  water of Silo�, whiche evermore floweth with stilnesse and privy       40
+  water of Siloë, whiche evermore floweth with stilnesse and privy       40
   noyse til it come nighe the brinke, and than ginneth it so out of
   mesure to bolne, with novelleries of chaunging stormes, that in
   course of every renning it is in pointe to spille al his circuit of
@@ -7763,11 +7734,11 @@ nowe. 124. Fyre. 125. none heate. 128. dothe. 133. nowe.
   disese fallen, by hope of amendement in the laste ende, with joye      70
   to be gladded. Wherfore, of kynde pure, her mercy with grace
   of good helpe shal she graunte; and els I shal her so strayne,
-  that with pit� shal she ben amaystred. Remembre in thyne
+  that with pitè shal she ben amaystred. Remembre in thyne
   herte how horribly somtyme to thyne Margaryte thou trespasest,
   and in a grete wyse ayenst her thou forfeytest! Clepe ayen thy         75
   mynde, and know thyne owne giltes. What goodnesse, what
-  bountee, with mokel folowing pit� founde thou in that tyme?
+  bountee, with mokel folowing pitè founde thou in that tyme?
   Were thou not goodly accepted in-to grace? By my pluckinge
   was she to foryevenesse enclyned. And after, I her styred to
   drawe thee to house; and yet wendest thou utterly for ever             80
@@ -7791,7 +7762,7 @@ nowe. 124. Fyre. 125. none heate. 128. dothe. 133. nowe.
   Comfort thee in this; for thou mayst not miscary.' And these
   wordes sayd, she streyght her on length, and rested a whyle.
 
-  � THUS ENDETH THE SECONDE BOOK, AND HERE AFTER FOLOWETH
+  ¶ THUS ENDETH THE SECONDE BOOK, AND HERE AFTER FOLOWETH
   THE THIRDE BOOK.
 
 CH. XIV. 1. nowe. 4. the. 6. _Supply_ may. 7. teacheth. howe.
@@ -7839,7 +7810,7 @@ leanyng (!). 89. se. the. 93. reasones arne. haste. 94. nowe. 96. chylde.
   in erthe; and in the thirde aroos, shewing our resurreccion to
   joye and blisse of tho that it deserven, by his merciable grace.
   So this leude book, in three maters, accordaunt to tho tymes,
-  lightly by a good inse�r may ben understonde; as in the firste,        25
+  lightly by a good inseër may ben understonde; as in the firste,        25
   Errour of misse-goinge is shewed, with sorowful pyne punisshed,
   +that cryed after mercy. In the seconde, is Grace in good waye
   proved, whiche is faylinge without desert, thilke first misse
@@ -7879,7 +7850,7 @@ leanyng (!). 89. se. the. 93. reasones arne. haste. 94. nowe. 96. chylde.
   non-certayn, and hid from mens very knowleging, and by no parfit
   reson fully declared, as thus: if the sonne be so mokel as men
   wenen, or els if it be more than the erthe. For in sothnesse the
-  certayn quantit� of that planet is unknowen to erthly dwellers; and
+  certayn quantitè of that planet is unknowen to erthly dwellers; and
   yet by opinion of some men it is holden for more than midle-erth.      65
 
   The first spece of philosophie is naturel; whiche in kyndely
@@ -7909,10 +7880,10 @@ leanyng (!). 89. se. the. 93. reasones arne. haste. 94. nowe. 96. chylde.
   Ordre of homly thinges and honest maner of livinge in vertue,
   with rightful jugement in causes and profitable administracion in
   comminaltees of realmes and citees, by evenhed profitably to
-  raigne, nat by singuler avauntage ne by priv� envy, ne by soleyn       90
+  raigne, nat by singuler avauntage ne by privè envy, ne by soleyn       90
   purpos in covetise of worship or of goodes, ben disposed in open
   rule shewed, by love, philosophy, and lawe, and yet love, toforn
-  al other. Wherfore as sustern in unit� they accorden, and oon
+  al other. Wherfore as sustern in unitè they accorden, and oon
   ende, that is, pees and rest, they causen norisshinge; and in the
   joye maynteynen to endure.                                             95
 
@@ -7961,14 +7932,14 @@ leanyng (!). 89. se. the. 93. reasones arne. haste. 94. nowe. 96. chylde.
   of al these maters is the lest clere understanding, to weten, at
   th'ende of this thirde boke; ful knowing, thorow goddes grace,
   I thinke to make neverthelater. Yet if these thinges han a good       140
-  and a +sleigh inse�r, whiche that can souke hony of the harde
+  and a +sleigh inseër, whiche that can souke hony of the harde
   stone, oyle of the drye rocke, [he] may lightly fele nobley of mater
   in my leude imaginacion closed. But for my book shal be of
   joye (as I sayd), and I [am] so fer set fro thilke place fro whens
   gladnesse shulde come; my corde is to short to lete my boket          145
   ought cacche of that water; and fewe men be abouten my corde
   to eche, and many in ful purpos ben redy it shorter to make, and
-  to enclose th' entr�, that my boket of joye nothing shulde cacche,
+  to enclose th' entrè, that my boket of joye nothing shulde cacche,
   but empty returne, my careful sorowes to encrese: (and if I dye
   for payne, that were gladnesse at their hertes): good lord, send      150
   me water in-to the cop of these mountayns, and I shal drinke
@@ -8110,7 +8081,7 @@ enform the. 178-9. boke (_thrice_).
   First, that he do good; next, that he do [it] by eleccion in his
   owne herte; and the thirde, that he do godly, withouten any
   surquedry in thoughtes. That your werkes shulden be good, in           60
-  service or in any other actes, authorit�s many may be aleged;
+  service or in any other actes, authoritès many may be aleged;
   neverthelater, by reson thus may it be shewed. Al your werkes
   be cleped seconde, and moven in vertue of the firste wercher,
   whiche in good workes wrought you to procede; and right so
@@ -8178,7 +8149,7 @@ enform the. 178-9. boke (_thrice_).
   'Wel,' quod she, 'every thing thus doon sufficiently by lawe,
   that is cleped justice, [may] after-reward clayme. For lawe and
   justice was ordayned in this wyse, suche desertes in goodnesse,
-  after quantit� in doinge, by mede to rewarde; and of necessit� of     125
+  after quantitè in doinge, by mede to rewarde; and of necessitè of     125
   suche justice, that is to say, rightwysenesse, was free choice in
   deserving of wel or of yvel graunted to resonable creatures.
   Every man hath free arbitrement to chose, good or yvel to
@@ -8195,26 +8166,26 @@ enform the. 178-9. boke (_thrice_).
   'Hath every man,' quod I, 'free choice by necessary maner of
   wil in every of his doinges that him lyketh, by goddes proper
   purvyaunce? I wolde see that wel declared to my leude understanding;
-  for "necessary" and "necessit�" ben wordes of mokel
+  for "necessary" and "necessitè" ben wordes of mokel
   entencion, closing (as to saye) so mote it be nedes, and otherwyse    140
   may it nat betyde.'
 
   'This shalt thou lerne,' quod she, 'so thou take hede in my
-  speche. If it were nat in mannes owne libert� of free wil to do
+  speche. If it were nat in mannes owne libertè of free wil to do
   good or bad, but to the one teyed by bonde of goddes preordinaunce,
   than, do he never so wel, it were by nedeful compulcion               145
   of thilk bonde, and nat by free choice, wherby nothing he
   desyreth: and do he never so yvel, it were nat man for to wyte,
   but onlich to him that suche thing ordayned him to done.
   Wherfore he ne ought for bad[de] be punisshed, ne for no good
-  dede be rewarded; but of necessit� of rightwisnesse was therfore      150
+  dede be rewarded; but of necessitè of rightwisnesse was therfore      150
   free choice of arbitrement put in mans proper disposicion. Truely,
-  if it were otherwyse, it contraried goddes charit�, that badnesse
+  if it were otherwyse, it contraried goddes charitè, that badnesse
   and goodnesse rewardeth after desert of payne or of mede.'
 
-  'Me thinketh this wonder,' quod I; 'for god by necessit�
+  'Me thinketh this wonder,' quod I; 'for god by necessitè
   forwot al thinges coming, and so mote it nedes be; and thilke         155
-  thinges that ben don +by our free choice comen nothing of necessit�
+  thinges that ben don +by our free choice comen nothing of necessitè
   but only +by wil. How may this stonde +togider? And so
   me thinketh truely, that free choice fully repugneth goddes
   forweting. Trewly, lady, me semeth, they mowe nat stande
@@ -8256,7 +8227,7 @@ be; _for_ by. Howe. 157-60. togyther; _read_ togider. 158. fre.
   wordes. For if god wol, I shal hem so enforme to thee, that thy         5
   leudnesse which I have understande in that mater shal openly be
   clered, and thy sight in ful loking therin amended. First, if thou
-  thinke that goddes prescience repugne libert� of arbitrement, it is
+  thinke that goddes prescience repugne libertè of arbitrement, it is
   impossible that they shulde accorde in onheed of sothe to
   understonding.'                                                        10
 
@@ -8265,12 +8236,12 @@ be; _for_ by. Howe. 157-60. togyther; _read_ togider. 158. fre.
   'Wel,' quod she, 'if thilke impossible were away, the repugnaunce
   that semeth to be therin were utterly removed.'
 
-  'Shewe me the absence of that impossibilit�,' quod I.
+  'Shewe me the absence of that impossibilitè,' quod I.
 
   'So,' quod she, 'I shal. Now I suppose that they mowe                  15
-  stande togider: prescience of god, whom foloweth necessit� of
-  thinges comming, and libert� of arbitrement, thorow whiche thou
-  belevest many thinges to be without necessit�.'
+  stande togider: prescience of god, whom foloweth necessitè of
+  thinges comming, and libertè of arbitrement, thorow whiche thou
+  belevest many thinges to be without necessitè.'
 
   'Bothe these proporcions be sothe,' quod I, 'and wel mowe
   stande togider; wherfore this case as possible I admit.'               20
@@ -8285,85 +8256,85 @@ be; _for_ by. Howe. 157-60. togyther; _read_ togider. 158. fre.
   'Prove me that,' quod I.                                               25
 
   'That I shal,' quod she; 'for somthing is comming without
-  necessit�, and god wot that toforn; for al thing comming he
-  before wot, and that he beforn wot of necessit� is comming, as
+  necessitè, and god wot that toforn; for al thing comming he
+  before wot, and that he beforn wot of necessitè is comming, as
   he beforn wot be the case by necessary maner; or els, thorow
-  necessit�, is somthing to be without necessit�; and wheder, to         30
+  necessitè, is somthing to be without necessitè; and wheder, to         30
   every wight that hath good understanding, is seen these thinges
-  to be repugnaunt: prescience of god, whiche that foloweth necessit�,
-  and libert� of arbitrement, fro whiche is removed necessit�?
+  to be repugnaunt: prescience of god, whiche that foloweth necessitè,
+  and libertè of arbitrement, fro whiche is removed necessitè?
   For truely, it is necessary that god have forweting of thing withouten
-  any necessit� cominge.'                                                35
+  any necessitè cominge.'                                                35
 
   'Ye,' quod I; 'but yet remeve ye nat away fro myne understanding
-  the necessit� folowing goddes be foreweting, as thus. God
+  the necessitè folowing goddes be foreweting, as thus. God
   beforn wot me in service of love to be bounden to this Margarite-perle,
-  and therfore by necessit� thus to love am I bounde; and
-  if I had nat loved, thorow necessit� had I ben kept from al            40
+  and therfore by necessitè thus to love am I bounde; and
+  if I had nat loved, thorow necessitè had I ben kept from al            40
   love-dedes.'
 
   'Certes,' quod Love, 'bicause this mater is good and necessary
   to declare, I thinke here-in wel to abyde, and not lightly to passe.
   Thou shalt not (quod she) say al-only, "god beforn wot me to be
   a lover or no lover," but thus: "god beforn wot me to be a lover       45
-  without necessit�." And so foloweth, whether thou love or not love,
-  every of hem is and shal be. But now thou seest the impossibilit�
-  of the case, and the possibilit� of thilke that thou wendest
+  without necessitè." And so foloweth, whether thou love or not love,
+  every of hem is and shal be. But now thou seest the impossibilitè
+  of the case, and the possibilitè of thilke that thou wendest
   had been impossible; wherfore the repugnaunce is adnulled.'
 
-  'Ye,' quod I; 'and yet do ye not awaye the strength of necessit�,      50
-  whan it is said, th[r]ough necessit� it is me in love to
-  abyde, or not to love without necessit� for god beforn wot it.
-  This maner of necessit� forsothe semeth to some men in-to coaccion,
+  'Ye,' quod I; 'and yet do ye not awaye the strength of necessitè,      50
+  whan it is said, th[r]ough necessitè it is me in love to
+  abyde, or not to love without necessitè for god beforn wot it.
+  This maner of necessitè forsothe semeth to some men in-to coaccion,
   that is to sayne, constrayning, or else prohibicion, that is,
-  defendinge; wherfore necessit� is me to love of wil. I understande     55
+  defendinge; wherfore necessitè is me to love of wil. I understande     55
   me to be constrayned by some privy strength to the wil
   of lovinge; and if [I] no[t] love, to be defended from the wil of
-  lovinge: and so thorow necessit� me semeth to love, for I love;
+  lovinge: and so thorow necessitè me semeth to love, for I love;
   or els not to love, if I not love; wherthrough neither thank ne
-  maugr� in tho thinges may I deserve.'                                  60
+  maugrè in tho thinges may I deserve.'                                  60
 
   'Now,' quod she, 'thou shalt wel understande, that often we
-  sayn thing thorow necessit� to be, that by no strength to be
-  neither is coarted ne constrayned; and through necessit� not
+  sayn thing thorow necessitè to be, that by no strength to be
+  neither is coarted ne constrayned; and through necessitè not
   to be, that with no defendinge is removed. For we sayn it is
-  thorow necessit� god to be immortal, nought deedliche; and it          65
-  is necessit�, god to be rightful; but not that any strength of
+  thorow necessitè god to be immortal, nought deedliche; and it          65
+  is necessitè, god to be rightful; but not that any strength of
   violent maner constrayneth him to be immortal, or defendeth him
   to be unrightful; for nothing may make him dedly or unrightful.
-  Right so, if I say, thorow necessit� is thee to be a lover or els
+  Right so, if I say, thorow necessitè is thee to be a lover or els
   noon; only thorow wil, as god beforn wete. It is nat to understonde    70
   that any thing defendeth or forbit thee thy wil, whiche shal
   nat be; or els constrayneth it to be, whiche shal be. That same
   thing, forsoth, god before wot, whiche he beforn seeth. Any
   thing commende of only wil, that wil neyther is constrayned
-  ne defended thorow any other thing. And so thorow libert� of           75
+  ne defended thorow any other thing. And so thorow libertè of           75
   arbitrement it is do, that is don of wil. And trewly, my good
   child, if these thinges be wel understonde, I wene that non
   inconvenient shalt thou fynde betwene goddes forweting and
-  libert� of arbitrement; wherfore I wot wel they may stande
+  libertè of arbitrement; wherfore I wot wel they may stande
   togider. Also farthermore, who that understanding of prescience        80
   properlich considreth, thorow the same wyse that any-thing be
   afore wist is said, for to be comming it is pronounced; there is
   nothing toforn wist but thing comming; foreweting is but of
   trouth[e]; dout[e] may nat be wist; wherfore, whan I sey that god
-  toforn wot any-thing, thorow necessit� is thilke thing to be comming;  85
-  al is oon if I sey, it shal be. But this necessit� neither
+  toforn wot any-thing, thorow necessitè is thilke thing to be comming;  85
+  al is oon if I sey, it shal be. But this necessitè neither
   constrayneth ne defendeth any-thing to be or nat to be. Therfore sothly,
-  if love is put to be, it is said of necessit� to be; or els, for it
-  is put nat to be, it is affirmed nat to be of necessit�; nat for that
-  necessit� constrayneth or defendeth love to be or nat to be. For       90
-  whan I say, if love shal be, of necessit� it shal be, here foloweth
-  necessit� the thing toforn put; it is as moch to say as if it were thus
+  if love is put to be, it is said of necessitè to be; or els, for it
+  is put nat to be, it is affirmed nat to be of necessitè; nat for that
+  necessitè constrayneth or defendeth love to be or nat to be. For       90
+  whan I say, if love shal be, of necessitè it shal be, here foloweth
+  necessitè the thing toforn put; it is as moch to say as if it were thus
   pronounced--"that thing shal be." Noon other thing signifyeth
-  this necessit� but only thus: that shal be, may nat togider be
+  this necessitè but only thus: that shal be, may nat togider be
   and nat be. Evenlich also it is soth, love was, and is, and shal       95
-  be, nat of necessit�; and nede is to have be al that was; and
+  be, nat of necessitè; and nede is to have be al that was; and
   nedeful is to be al that is; and comming, to al that shal be.
   And it is nat the same to saye, love to be passed, and love
   passed to be passed; or love present to be present, and love to
   be present; or els love to be comminge, and love comminge to be       100
-  comming. Dyversit� in setting of wordes maketh dyversit� in
+  comming. Dyversitè in setting of wordes maketh dyversitè in
   understandinge; altho[ugh] in the same sentence they accorden
   of significacion; right as it is nat al oon, love swete to be swete,
   and love to be swete. For moch love is bitter and sorouful, er
@@ -8373,9 +8344,9 @@ be; _for_ by. Howe. 157-60. togyther; _read_ togider. 158. fre.
   'Forsothe,' quod I, 'outherwhile I have had mokel blisse in
   herte of love that stoundmele hath me sorily anoyed. And
   certes, lady, for I see my-self thus knit with this Margarite-perle
-  as by bonde of your service and of no libert� of wil, my herte wil    110
+  as by bonde of your service and of no libertè of wil, my herte wil    110
   now nat acorde this service to love. I can demin in my-selfe
-  non otherwise but thorow necessit� am I constrayned in this
+  non otherwise but thorow necessitè am I constrayned in this
   service to abyde. But alas! than, if I thorow nedeful compulsioun
   maugre me be with-holde, litel thank for al my greet traveil have
   I than deserved.'                                                     115
@@ -8402,16 +8373,16 @@ be; _for_ by. Howe. 157-60. togyther; _read_ togider. 158. fre.
   lykende in herte at thyne owne wil. But now to enforme thee in
   this mater (quod this lady) thou wost where I lefte; that was:
   love to be swete, and love swete to be swete, is not al oon for to    135
-  say. For a tree is nat alway by necessit� white. Somtyme, er it
+  say. For a tree is nat alway by necessitè white. Somtyme, er it
   were white, it might have be nat white; and after tyme it is
   white, it may be nat white. But a white tree evermore nedeful
   is to be white; for neither toforn ne after it was white, might it
-  be togider white and nat white. Also love, by necessit�, is nat       140
+  be togider white and nat white. Also love, by necessitè, is nat       140
   present as now in thee; for er it were present, it might have be
   that it shulde now nat have be; and yet it may be that it shal nat
   be present; but thy love present whiche to her, Margarite, thee
   hath bounde, nedeful is to be present. Trewly, som doing of
-  accion, nat by necessit�, is comminge fer toforn it be; it may be     145
+  accion, nat by necessitè, is comminge fer toforn it be; it may be     145
   that it shal nat be comminge. Thing forsoth comming nedeful is
   to be comming; for it may nat be that comming shal nat be
   comming. And right as I have sayd of present and of future
@@ -8423,46 +8394,46 @@ be; _for_ by. Howe. 157-60. togyther; _read_ togider. 158. fre.
   comminge. And so, ofte, the same thing we sayn of the same; as
   whan we sayn "every man is a man," or "every lover is a lover,"       155
   so muste it be nedes. In no waye may he be man and no man togider.
-  And if it be nat by necessit�, that is to say nedeful, al thing
+  And if it be nat by necessitè, that is to say nedeful, al thing
   comming to be comming, than somthing comming is nat comminge,
   and that is impossible. Right as these termes "nedeful,"
-  "necessit�," and "necessary" betoken and signify thing nedes          160
+  "necessitè," and "necessary" betoken and signify thing nedes          160
   to be, and it may nat otherwyse be, right [so] +this terme "impossible"
   signifyeth, that [a] thing is nat and by no way may it be.
-  Than, thorow pert necessit�, al thing comming is comming; but
-  that is by necessit� foloweth, with nothing to be constrayned.
+  Than, thorow pert necessitè, al thing comming is comming; but
+  that is by necessitè foloweth, with nothing to be constrayned.
   Lo! whan that "comming" is said of thinge, nat alway thing            165
-  thorow necessit� is, altho[ugh] it be comming. For if I say,
+  thorow necessitè is, altho[ugh] it be comming. For if I say,
   "to-morowe love is comming in this Margarites herte," nat therfore
-  thorow necessit� shal the ilke love be; yet it may be that it shal
+  thorow necessitè shal the ilke love be; yet it may be that it shal
   nat be, altho[ugh] it were comming. Neverthelater, somtyme it
-  is soth that somthing be of necessit�, that is sayd "to come"; as     170
+  is soth that somthing be of necessitè, that is sayd "to come"; as     170
   if I say, to-morowe +be comminge the rysinge of the sonne. If
-  therfore with necessit� I pronounce comming of thing to come, in
+  therfore with necessitè I pronounce comming of thing to come, in
   this maner love to-morne comminge in thyne Margarite to thee-ward,
-  by necessit� is comminge; or els the rysing of the sonne
-  to-morne comminge, through necessit� is comminge. Love sothely,       175
-  whiche may nat be of necessit� alone folowinge, thorow necessit�
+  by necessitè is comminge; or els the rysing of the sonne
+  to-morne comminge, through necessitè is comminge. Love sothely,       175
+  whiche may nat be of necessitè alone folowinge, thorow necessitè
   comming it is mad certayn. For "futur" of future is said; that is to
   sayn, "comming" of comminge is said; as, if to-morowe comming
-  is thorow necessit�, comminge it is. Arysing of the sonne, thorow
-  two necessit�s in comming, it is to understande; that oon is          180
-  to-for[e]going necessit�, whiche maketh thing to be; therfore it shal
-  be, for nedeful is that it be. Another is folowing necessit�, whiche
-  nothing constrayneth to be, and so by necessit� it is to come; why?
+  is thorow necessitè, comminge it is. Arysing of the sonne, thorow
+  two necessitès in comming, it is to understande; that oon is          180
+  to-for[e]going necessitè, whiche maketh thing to be; therfore it shal
+  be, for nedeful is that it be. Another is folowing necessitè, whiche
+  nothing constrayneth to be, and so by necessitè it is to come; why?
   for it is to come. Now than, whan we sayn that god beforn wot
   thing comming, nedeful [it] is to be comming; yet therfore make       185
-  we nat in certayn evermore, thing to be thorow necessit� comminge.
+  we nat in certayn evermore, thing to be thorow necessitè comminge.
   Sothly, thing comming may nat be nat comming by no
   way; for it is the same sentence of understanding as if we say
   thus: if god beforn wot any-thing, nedeful is that to be comming.
   But yet therfore foloweth nat the prescience of God, thing thorow     190
-  necessit� to be comming: for al-tho[ugh] god toforn wot al
+  necessitè to be comming: for al-tho[ugh] god toforn wot al
   thinges comming, yet nat therfore he beforn wot every thing
-  comming thorow necessit�. Some thinges he beforn wot comming
+  comming thorow necessitè. Some thinges he beforn wot comming
   of free wil out of resonable creature.'
 
-  'Certes,' quod I, 'these termes "nede" and "necessit�" have           195
+  'Certes,' quod I, 'these termes "nede" and "necessitè" have           195
   a queint maner of understanding; they wolden dullen many
   mennes wittes.'
 
@@ -8510,26 +8481,26 @@ thorowe. 177. made certayne. 179. thorowe. 180. one. 181. to forgoing.
   a man wol love, that he love; and if he ne wol love, that he love
   nat; and of suche other thinges in mannes disposicion. For-why,
   now than that god wol may nat be, whan he wol the wil of man
-  thorow no necessit� to be constrayned or els defended for to           10
+  thorow no necessitè to be constrayned or els defended for to           10
   wilne, and he wol th'effect to folowe the wil; than is it nedeful,
   wil of man to be free, and also to be that he wol. In this maner
-  it is soth, that thorow necessit� is mannes werke in loving, that
-  he wol do altho[ugh] he wol it nat with necessit�.'
+  it is soth, that thorow necessitè is mannes werke in loving, that
+  he wol do altho[ugh] he wol it nat with necessitè.'
 
   Quod I than, 'how stant it in love of thilke wil, sithen men           15
   loven willing of free choice in herte? Wherfore, if it be thorow
-  necessit�, I praye you, lady, of an answere this question to
+  necessitè, I praye you, lady, of an answere this question to
   assoyle.'
 
   'I wol,' quod she, 'answere thee blyvely. Right as men wil
-  not thorow necessit�, right so is not love of wil thorow necessit�;    20
-  ne thorow necessit� wrought thilke same wil. For if he wolde
+  not thorow necessitè, right so is not love of wil thorow necessitè;    20
+  ne thorow necessitè wrought thilke same wil. For if he wolde
   it not with good wil, it shulde nat have been wrought; although
   that he doth, it is nedeful to be doon. But if a man do sinne, it
   is nothing els but to +wilne that he shulde nat; right so sinne
   of wil is not to be [in] maner necessary don, no more than wil is      25
   necessarye. Never-the-later, this is sothe; if a man wol sinne,
-  it is necessarye him to sinne, but th[r]ough thilke necessit� nothing
+  it is necessarye him to sinne, but th[r]ough thilke necessitè nothing
   is constrayned ne defended in the wil; right so thilke thing that
   free-wil wol and may, and not may not wilne; and nedeful is
   that to wilne he may not wilne. But thilke to wilne nedeful is; for    30
@@ -8538,8 +8509,8 @@ thorowe. 177. made certayne. 179. thorowe. 180. one. 181. to forgoing.
   he hath in wil, and that he wol not, voluntarie +or spontanye it is;
   for by spontanye wil it is do, that is to saye, with good wil not
   constrayned: than by wil not constrayned it is constrayned to          35
-  be; and that is it may not +togider be. If this necessit� maketh
-  libert� of wil, whiche that, aforn they weren, they might have ben
+  be; and that is it may not +togider be. If this necessitè maketh
+  libertè of wil, whiche that, aforn they weren, they might have ben
   eschewed and shonned: god than, whiche that knoweth al
   tr[o]uthe, and nothing but tr[o]uthe, al these thinges, as they
   arn spontanye or necessarie, +seeth; and as he seeth, so they          40
@@ -8547,11 +8518,11 @@ thorowe. 177. made certayne. 179. thorowe. 180. one. 181. to forgoing.
   ful, that without al maner repugnaunce god beforn wot al maner
   thinges [that] ben don by free wil, whiche, aforn they weren,
   [it] might have ben [that] never they shulde be. And yet ben
-  they thorow a maner necessit� from free wil +discended.                45
+  they thorow a maner necessitè from free wil +discended.                45
 
   Hereby may (quod she) lightly ben knowe that not al thinges to
-  be, is of necessit�, though god have hem in his prescience. For
-  som thinges to be, is of libert� of wil. And to make thee to have
+  be, is of necessitè, though god have hem in his prescience. For
+  som thinges to be, is of libertè of wil. And to make thee to have
   ful knowinge of goddes beforn-weting, here me (quod she) what
   I shal say.'                                                           50
 
@@ -8569,23 +8540,23 @@ thorowe. 177. made certayne. 179. thorowe. 180. one. 181. to forgoing.
   we shul saye, god it maketh be tyme present, and now; for no
   future ne preterit in him may be founde. Wherfore his weting and
   his before-weting is al oon in understanding. Than, if weting
-  and before-weting of god putteth in necessit� to al thinges whiche
-  he wot or before-wot; ne thing, after eternit� or els after any        65
-  tyme, he wol or doth of libert�, but al of necessit�: whiche thing
-  if thou wene it be ayenst reson, [than is] nat thorow necessit� to
+  and before-weting of god putteth in necessitè to al thinges whiche
+  he wot or before-wot; ne thing, after eternitè or els after any        65
+  tyme, he wol or doth of libertè, but al of necessitè: whiche thing
+  if thou wene it be ayenst reson, [than is] nat thorow necessitè to
   be or nat to be, al thing that god wot or before-wot to be or nat
   to be; and yet nothing defendeth any-thing to be wist or to be
   before-wist of him in our willes or our doinges to be don, or els      70
   comminge to be for free arbitrement. Whan thou hast these
   declaracions wel understande, than shalt thou fynde it resonable
-  at prove, and that many thinges be nat thorow necessit� but
-  thorow libert� of wil, save necessit� of free wil, as I tofore said,
+  at prove, and that many thinges be nat thorow necessitè but
+  thorow libertè of wil, save necessitè of free wil, as I tofore said,
   and, as me thinketh, al utterly declared.'                             75
 
   'Me thinketh, lady,' quod I, 'so I shulde you nat displese, and
   evermore your reverence to kepe, that these thinges contraryen in
-  any understanding; for ye sayn, somtyme is thorow libert� of
-  wil, and also thorow necessit�. Of this have I yet no savour,
+  any understanding; for ye sayn, somtyme is thorow libertè of
+  wil, and also thorow necessitè. Of this have I yet no savour,
   without better declaracion.'                                           80
 
   'What wonder,' quod she, 'is there in these thinges, sithen al
@@ -8615,12 +8586,12 @@ thorowe. 177. made certayne. 179. thorowe. 180. one. 181. to forgoing.
   same place; to thilke place from whiche he goth he +hyeth
   comminge; and without any ceesinge to that place he neigheth          100
   from whiche he is chaunged and withdrawe. But now in these
-  thinges, after dyversit� of reson, revers in one thinge may be seye
+  thinges, after dyversitè of reson, revers in one thinge may be seye
   without repugnaunce. Wherfore in the same wyse, without any
   repugnaunce, by my resons tofore maked, al is oon to beleve,
-  somthing to be thorow necessit� comminge for it is comming, and       105
-  yet with no necessit� constrayned to be comming, but with
-  necessit� that cometh out of free wil, as I have sayd.'
+  somthing to be thorow necessitè comminge for it is comming, and       105
+  yet with no necessitè constrayned to be comming, but with
+  necessitè that cometh out of free wil, as I have sayd.'
 
   Tho liste me a litel to speke, and gan stinte my penne of my
   wryting, and sayde in this wyse.
@@ -8634,7 +8605,7 @@ thorowe. 177. made certayne. 179. thorowe. 180. one. 181. to forgoing.
 
   'Nay, forsothe,' quod she, 'it is nothing ayenst my saying; for
   god is not begyled, ne he seeth nothing wheder it shal come of
-  libert� or els of necessit�; yet it is said to be ordayned at god
+  libertè or els of necessitè; yet it is said to be ordayned at god
   immovable, whiche at man, or it be don, may be chaunged.
   Suche thing is also that Poule the apostel saith of hem that tofore   120
   wern purposed to be sayntes, as thus: "whiche that god before
@@ -8649,12 +8620,12 @@ thorowe. 177. made certayne. 179. thorowe. 180. one. 181. to forgoing.
   winter; and so ayenward withouten any meving is nothing lich          130
   temporel presence for thinge that there is ever present. Yet
   amonges you men, er it be in your presence, it is movable thorow
-  libert� of arbitrement. And right as in the everlasting present
+  libertè of arbitrement. And right as in the everlasting present
   no maner thing was ne shal be, but only _is_; and now here, in
   your temporel tyme, somthing was, and is, and shal be, but            135
   movinge stoundes; and in this is no maner repugnaunce: right
   so, in the everlasting presence, nothing may be chaunged; and,
-  in your temporel tyme, otherwhyle it is proved movable by libert�
+  in your temporel tyme, otherwhyle it is proved movable by libertè
   of wil or it be do, withouten any inconvenience therof to folowe.
   In your temporel tyme is no suche presence as in the tother; for      140
   your present is don whan passed and to come ginnen entre;
@@ -8684,8 +8655,8 @@ thorowe. 177. made certayne. 179. thorowe. 180. one. 181. to forgoing.
   ben, and al togider in the everlasting present be now to understanding.
   This eternal presence, as I sayd, hath inclose togider
   in one al tymes, in which close and one al thinges that ben in        165
-  dyvers tymes and in dyvers places temporel, [and] without posteriorit�
-  or priorit� ben closed ther in perpetual now, and maked
+  dyvers tymes and in dyvers places temporel, [and] without posterioritè
+  or prioritè ben closed ther in perpetual now, and maked
   to dwelle in present sight. But there thou sayest that Poule shulde
   have spoke thilke forsaid sentence +by tyme present, and that
   most shulde have ben acordaunt to the everlasting presence,           170
@@ -8707,7 +8678,7 @@ thorowe. 177. made certayne. 179. thorowe. 180. one. 181. to forgoing.
   similitude to the everlasting presence, significacion of tyme passed
   than of tyme temporal present, and so more in accordaunce. In
   this maner what thing, of these that ben don thorow free arbitrement,
-  or els as necessary, holy writ pronounceth, after eternit� he
+  or els as necessary, holy writ pronounceth, after eternitè he
   speketh; in whiche presence is everlasting sothe and nothing but      190
   sothe immovable; nat after tyme, in whiche naught alway ben
   your willes and your actes. And right as, while they be nat, it is
@@ -8729,16 +8700,16 @@ thorowe. 177. made certayne. 179. thorowe. 180. one. 181. to forgoing.
   defendeth, that somthing ne may be in tyme temporal moving,
   that in eterne is immovable. Forsothe, it is no more contrary
   ne revers for to be movable in tyme temporel, and [im]movable
-  in eternit�, than nat to be in any tyme and to be alway in
-  eternit�; and to have be or els to come in tyme temporel, and         210
-  nat have be ne nought comming to be in eternit�. Yet never-the-later,
+  in eternitè, than nat to be in any tyme and to be alway in
+  eternitè; and to have be or els to come in tyme temporel, and         210
+  nat have be ne nought comming to be in eternitè. Yet never-the-later,
   I say nat somthing to be never in tyme temporel, that
-  ever is [in] eternit�; but al-only in som tyme nat to be. For
+  ever is [in] eternitè; but al-only in som tyme nat to be. For
   I saye nat thy love to-morne in no tyme to be, but to-day alone
-  I deny it to be; and yet, never-the-later, it is alway in eternit�.'  215
+  I deny it to be; and yet, never-the-later, it is alway in eternitè.'  215
 
   'A! so,' quod I, 'it semeth to me, that comming thing or els
-  passed here in your temporal tyme to be, in eternit� ever now
+  passed here in your temporal tyme to be, in eternitè ever now
   and present oweth nat to be demed; and yet foloweth nat thilke
   thing, that was or els shal be, in no maner ther to ben passed
   or els comming; than utterly shul we deny for there without           220
@@ -8753,7 +8724,7 @@ thorowe. 177. made certayne. 179. thorowe. 180. one. 181. to forgoing.
   clerely concluded mokel of my mater. And right as there is
   no revers ne contrarioustee in tho thinges, right so, withouten
   any repugnaunce, it is sayd somthing to be movable in tyme            230
-  temporel, +afore it be, that in eternit� dwelleth immovable, nat
+  temporel, +afore it be, that in eternitè dwelleth immovable, nat
   afore it be or after that it is, but without cessing; for right
   naught is there after tyme; that same is there everlastinge that
   temporalliche somtyme nis; and toforn it be, it may not be, as
@@ -8762,7 +8733,7 @@ thorowe. 177. made certayne. 179. thorowe. 180. one. 181. to forgoing.
   'Now sothly,' quod I, 'this have I wel understande; so that
   now me thinketh, that prescience of god and free arbitrement
   withouten any repugnaunce acorden; and that maketh the
-  strength of eternit�, whiche encloseth by presence during al
+  strength of eternitè, whiche encloseth by presence during al
   tymes, and al thinges that ben, han ben, and shul ben in any          240
   tyme. I wolde now (quod I) a litel understande, sithen that
   [god] al thing thus beforn wot, whether thilke wetinge be of tho
@@ -8781,7 +8752,7 @@ thorowe. 177. made certayne. 179. thorowe. 180. one. 181. to forgoing.
   that he made of my servant Troilus, hath this mater touched, and
   at the ful this question assoyled. Certaynly, his noble sayinges      255
   can I not amende; in goodnes of gentil manliche speche, without
-  any maner of nycet� of +storiers imaginacion, in witte and in
+  any maner of nycetè of +storiers imaginacion, in witte and in
   good reson of sentence he passeth al other makers. In the boke of
   Troilus, the answere to thy question mayst thou lerne. Never-the-later,
   yet may lightly thyne understandinge somdel ben lerned,               260
@@ -8995,7 +8966,7 @@ supply_ as. 267. _I supply_ lykned. 269. howe.
 
   'Rightfully,' quod she, 'hast thou demed; and yet love, knit
   in vertue, passeth al the gold in this erthe. Good wil, accordant     130
-  to reson, with no maner propert� may be countrevayled. Al the
+  to reson, with no maner propertè may be countrevayled. Al the
   azure in the worlde is nat to accompte in respect of reson. Love
   that with good wil and reson accordeth, with non erthly riches
   may nat ben amended. This yeft hast thou yeven, I know it
@@ -9071,7 +9042,7 @@ vnbyde (!). 152. ioy. 157. tre. * _A break here in_ Th.
   that is to say, thy wil algates mot ben stedfast in this mater without
   any chaunginge; for if it be stedfast, no man may it voyde.'           15
 
-  'Yes, pard�,' quod I, 'my wil may ben turned by frendes, and
+  'Yes, pardè,' quod I, 'my wil may ben turned by frendes, and
   disese of manace and thretning in lesinge of my lyfe and of my
   limmes, and in many other wyse that now cometh not to mynde.
   And also it mot ofte ben out of thought; for no remembraunce
@@ -9098,12 +9069,12 @@ vnbyde (!). 152. ioy. 157. tre. * _A break here in_ Th.
   man diligently the meninges of his wil consider, he shal wel
   understande that good wil, knit with reson, but in a false herte       40
   never is voyded; for power and might of keping this good wil is
-  thorow libert� of arbitrement in herte, but good wil to kepe
+  thorow libertè of arbitrement in herte, but good wil to kepe
   may not fayle. Eke than if it fayle, it sheweth it-selfe that good
   wil in keping is not there. And thus false wil, that putteth out
   the good, anon constrayneth the herte to accorde in lovinge of         45
   thy good wil; and this accordaunce bitwene false wil and thyn
-  herte, in falsit� ben lykened +togider. Yet a litel wol I say
+  herte, in falsitè ben lykened +togider. Yet a litel wol I say
   thee in good wil, thy good willes to rayse and strengthe. Tak
   hede to me (quod she) how thy willes thou shalt understande.
   Right as ye han in your body dyvers membres, and fyve sondrye          50
@@ -9303,7 +9274,7 @@ vnbyde; _read_ onbyde. purpose. 148. unreason. remenante. the. 150. fre.
   springe, els the frute for that yere men halt delivered, be the
   ground never so good? And though the stocke be mighty at
   the ful, and the braunches seer, and no burjons shewe, farwel the
-  gardiner! He may pype with an yv�-lefe; his frute is fayled.           50
+  gardiner! He may pype with an yvè-lefe; his frute is fayled.           50
   Wherfore thy braunches must burjonen in presence of thy lady, if
   thou desyre any frute of thy ladies grace. But beware of thy lyfe,
   that thou no wode lay use, as in asking of thinges that strecchen
@@ -9424,7 +9395,7 @@ vnbyde; _read_ onbyde. purpose. 148. unreason. remenante. the. 150. fre.
   tourne. Grace, glorie, and joye is coming thorow good
   folkes desertes; and by getting of grace, therin shullen ende.
   And what is more glorie or more joye than wysdom and love
-  in parfit charit�, whiche god hath graunted to al tho that wel
+  in parfit charitè, whiche god hath graunted to al tho that wel
   +conne deserve?' And with that this lady al at ones sterte in-to      160
   my herte: 'here wol I onbyde,' quod she, 'for ever, and never
   wol I gon hence; and I wol kepe thee from medlinge while me
@@ -9499,7 +9470,7 @@ wysdome. 159. parfyte. 160. canne; _read_ conne. 161. hert.
   have, sithen him fayleth the mater that shulde it forth bringe.        35
   The mater him fayleth; why? He may therof have no knowing
   til whan grace put it in his herte. Thus willing by him-selfe may
-  he it not have; and not willing, may he it not have. Pard�,
+  he it not have; and not willing, may he it not have. Pardè,
   every conseyt of every resonable creature otherwyse wil [wol] not
   graunte; wil in affirmatif with not willing by no way mowe acorde.     40
   And although this loving wol come in myn herte by freenesse of
@@ -9602,7 +9573,7 @@ wysdome. 159. parfyte. 160. canne; _read_ conne. 161. hert.
   mencion is maked) shulde use thilke rightfulnesse, by teching of
   his soule to good maner of governaunce, in thought and in wordes;
   and that it shulde use the blisse in obedient maner, withouten        140
-  any incommodit�. Blisse, forsothe, in-to mannes profit, and
+  any incommoditè. Blisse, forsothe, in-to mannes profit, and
   rightwisnesse in-to his worship god delivered at ones; but rightfulnesse
   so was yeven that man might it lese, whiche if he not lost
   had, but continuelly [might] have it kept, he shulde have deserved
@@ -9616,17 +9587,17 @@ wysdome. 159. parfyte. 160. canne; _read_ conne. 161. hert.
   dwelleth, that by indigence of goodes, whiche that he loste
   through greet wrecchednesse, by right shulde he ben punisshed.
   And thus, for he weyved rightfulnesse, lost hath he his blisse; but
-  fayle of his desyr in his owne comodit� may he not; and +where        155
+  fayle of his desyr in his owne comoditè may he not; and +where        155
   comodites to his resonable nature whiche he hath lost may he not
   have, to false lustes, whiche ben bestial appetytes, he is turned.
   Folye of unconning hath him begyled, in wening that thilke ben
   the comoditees that owen to ben desyred. This affeccion of wil
-  by libert� of arbitrement is enduced to wilne thus thing that         160
+  by libertè of arbitrement is enduced to wilne thus thing that         160
   he shulde not; and so is wil not maked yvel but unrightful, by
   absence of rightfulnesse, whiche thing by reson ever shulde he
   have. And freenesse of arbitrement may he not wilne, whan he it
   not haveth; for while he it had, thilke halp it not to kepe; so
-  that without grace may it not ben recovered. Wil of commodit�,        165
+  that without grace may it not ben recovered. Wil of commoditè,        165
   in-as-moche as unrightful it is maked by willinge of yvel lustes, willing
   of goodnesse may he not wilne; for wil of instrument to affeccion
   of wil is thralled, sithen that other thing may it not wilne;
@@ -9688,7 +9659,7 @@ vnreasonable.
 
   Knowen may it wel ben now of these thinges toforn
   declared, that man hath not alway thilke rightfulnesse
-  which by dut� of right evermore haven he shulde, and by no way
+  which by dutè of right evermore haven he shulde, and by no way
   by him-selfe may he it gete ne kepe; and after he it hath, if he it
   lese, recover shal he it never without especial grace. Wherfore         5
   the comune sentence of the people in opinion, that every thing
@@ -9718,9 +9689,9 @@ vnreasonable.
   wil werching (as if a man another man wrongfully anoyeth, wherfore     30
   he him sleeth), that it be constrayned to that ende, as mokel
   folk cryeth and sayth: 'Lo, as it was destenyed of god toforn
-  knowe, so it is thorow necessit� falle, and otherwyse might it not
+  knowe, so it is thorow necessitè falle, and otherwyse might it not
   betyde.' Trewly, neyther he that the wrong wrought, ne he that
-  him-selfe venged, none of thilke thinges thorow necessit� wrought;     35
+  him-selfe venged, none of thilke thinges thorow necessitè wrought;     35
   for if that [oon] with free wil there had it not willed, neyther had
   [he] wrought that he perfourmed; and so utterly grace, that free
   wil in goodnesse bringeth and kepeth, and fro badnesse it tourneth,
@@ -9733,7 +9704,7 @@ vnreasonable.
   and ben gladded, as if he the same joye had. What wonder,              45
   sith god is the gretest love and the *gretest wisdom? In hem
   shal he be, and they in god. Now than, whan al false folk be
-  ashamed, which wenen al bestialt� and erthly thing be sweter and
+  ashamed, which wenen al bestialtè and erthly thing be sweter and
   better to the body than hevenly is to the soule; this is the grace
   and the frute that I long have desyred; it doth me good the            50
   savour to smelle.
@@ -9750,12 +9721,12 @@ vnreasonable.
   way purvay th'ende. How shuld I than, so leude, aught wene of          60
   perfeccion any ende to gete? Never-the-later, grace, glorie, and
   laude I yelde and putte with worshipful reverences to the sothfast
-  god, in three with unit� closed, whiche that the hevy langour of
+  god, in three with unitè closed, whiche that the hevy langour of
   my sicknesse hath turned in-to mirthe of helth to recover. For
   right as I was sorowed thorow the gloton cloud of manifolde            65
   sickly sorow, so mirth [of] ayencoming helth hath me glad[d]ed
   and gretly comforted. I beseche and pray therfore, and I crye
-  on goddes gret pit� and on his mokel mercy, that this[e] present
+  on goddes gret pitè and on his mokel mercy, that this[e] present
   scorges of my flessh mow maken medecyne and lechecraft of
   my inner man[ne]s helth; so that my passed trespas and tenes           70
   through weping of myn eyen ben wasshe, and I, voyded from
@@ -9779,7 +9750,7 @@ vnreasonable.
   wherfore it may not shyne on me as it shulde. I desyre not
   only a good reder, but also I coveite and pray a good book-amender,
   in correccion of wordes and of sentence; and only this                 90
-  mede I coveite for my travayle, that every inse�r and herer of
+  mede I coveite for my travayle, that every inseër and herer of
   this leude fantasye devoute horisons and prayers to god the greet
   juge yelden; and prayen for me in that wyse, that in his dome
   my sinnes mowe ben relesed and foryeven. He that prayeth for
@@ -9797,7 +9768,7 @@ vnreasonable.
   lyf; the flesshe, of nothing it profiteth.' Flesshe is flesshly       105
   understandinge; flessh without grace and love naught is worth.
   'The letter sleeth; the spirit yeveth lyfelich understanding.'
-  Charit� is love; and love is charit�.
+  Charitè is love; and love is charitè.
   God graunt us al[le] therin to be frended!
   And thus THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE is ended.                              110
 
@@ -9821,7 +9792,7 @@ thre. 66. _I supply_ of. 68. this; _read_ thise. 69. medecyn. lechcraft.
 89. onely. booke. 90. correction. onely. 92. great. 94. released. 96.
 thorowe. 97. treatyse. Howe. 99. meate. norissheth; _read_ norisshed. 100.
 Christ. 101. stone. 103. thorowe. made. 104. saythe. spyrite. 105. lyfe.
-109. al; _read_ all�.
+109. al; _read_ allë.
 
        *       *       *       *       *
 
@@ -9862,14 +9833,14 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   And erne my mete yer that I dyne.
   To swete and swinke I make avow,
   My wyf and children therwith to fynd,                  30
-  And serv� god, and I wist how;
+  And servë god, and I wist how;
   But we lewd men ben full[y] blynd.
 
   For clerkes saye, we shullen be fayn
   For hir lyvelod [to] swete and swinke,
   And they right nought us give agayn,                   35
   Neyther to ete ne yet to drinke.
-  They mowe by law�, as they sayn,
+  They mowe by lawë, as they sayn,
   Us curse and dampne to hell[e] brinke;
   Thus they putten us to payn,
   With candles queynt and belles clinke.                 40
@@ -9893,11 +9864,11 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
 
               PART I.
 
-  A stern� stryf is stered newe
+  A sternë stryf is stered newe
   In many stedes in a stounde,
   Of sondry sedes that ben sewe;                         55
   It semeth that som ben unsounde.
-  For some be gret� growen +on grounde,
+  For some be gretë growen +on grounde,
   Some ben souple, simple and small;
   Whether of hem is falser founde,
   The falser, foul mote him befall!                      60
@@ -9908,12 +9879,12 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Priours, abbottes of grete estates;
   Of heven and hell they kepe the yates,                 65
   And Peters successours they ben all;
-  This is demed by old� dates;
+  This is demed by oldë dates;
   But falshed, foul mote it befall!
 
   The other syde ben poore and pale,
   And people put [al] out of prees;                      70
-  And sem� caytifs sore a-cale,
+  And semë caytifs sore a-cale,
   And ever in oon without encrees,
   +I-cleped lollers and londlees;
   Who toteth on hem, they been untall.
@@ -9952,16 +9923,16 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Beth lowlich and of low degree,
   And usen none erthly honours,
   Neyther crown, ne curious cove[r]tours,               105
-  Ne +pelure, ne other proud� pall;
+  Ne +pelure, ne other proudë pall;
   Ne nought to cofren up greet tresours;
   For falshed, foul mote it befall!
 
   Preest[e]s shuld for no cattel plede,
-  But chasten hem in charit�;                           110
+  But chasten hem in charitè;                           110
   Ne to no batail shuld men lede
   For inhaunsing of hir own degree;
-  Nat wiln� sittings in hy see,
-  Ne soveraynt� in hous ne hall;
+  Nat wilnë sittings in hy see,
+  Ne soverayntè in hous ne hall;
   All worldly worship defye and flee;                   115
   For who willeth highnes, foul shal fall!
 
@@ -9981,7 +9952,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   God is nat hir governour,
   That holdeth no man his +peragall;                    130
   Whyl covetyse is hir counsaylour,
-  All such falshed mot ned� fall.
+  All such falshed mot nedë fall.
 
   That hye on horse willeth ryde
   In glitterand golde of grete aray,
@@ -9990,25 +9961,25 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Chaunge of clothing every day,
   With golden girdles grete and small;
   As boystous as is bere at bay;
-  All such falshed mot ned� fall.                       140
+  All such falshed mot nedë fall.                       140
 
-  With pryd� +punysheth the pore,
-  And som� they sustayn with sale;
+  With prydë +punysheth the pore,
+  And somë they sustayn with sale;
   Of holy churche maketh an hore,
   And filleth hir wombe with wyne and ale;
   With money filleth many a male,                       145
   And chaffren churches when they fall,
   And telleth the people a lewed tale;
-  Such fals� faytours, foul hem fall!
+  Such falsë faytours, foul hem fall!
 
   With chaunge of many maner metes,
   With song and solace sitting long,                    150
-  And filleth hir womb�, and fast fretes,
-  And from the met� to the gong;
+  And filleth hir wombë, and fast fretes,
+  And from the metë to the gong;
   And after mete with harp and song,
   And ech man mot hem lordes call;
-  And hot� spyces ever among;                           155
-  Such fals� faytours, foul hem fall!
+  And hotë spyces ever among;                           155
+  Such falsë faytours, foul hem fall!
 
   And myters mo than oon or two,
   I-perled as the quenes heed;
@@ -10016,7 +9987,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   As hevy as it were mad of leed;                       160
   With cloth of gold both newe and reed,
   With glitterand +gown as grene as gall,
-  By dome will dampn� men to deed;
+  By dome will dampnë men to deed;
   All suche faytours, foul hem fall!
 
   And Christes people proudly curse                     165
@@ -10029,15 +10000,15 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   In greet cursinge shalt thou fall.
 
   That is blessed, that they blesse,
-  And cursed, that they curs� woll;
+  And cursed, that they cursë woll;
   And thus the people they oppresse,                    175
   And have their lordshippes at full;
   And many be marchauntes of woll,
   And to purse penyes woll come thrall;
-  The por� people they all to-pull,
-  Such fals� faytours, foul hem fall!                   180
+  The porë people they all to-pull,
+  Such falsë faytours, foul hem fall!                   180
 
-  Lordes mot� to hem loute,
+  Lordes motë to hem loute,
   Obeysaunt to hir brode blessing;
   They ryden with hir royall route
   On a courser, as it were a king;
@@ -10060,7 +10031,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Some of hem woll gladly winne
   All ayenst that which god forbed;                     200
   "All-holyest" they clepen hir heed,
-  That of hir rul� is regall;
+  That of hir rulë is regall;
   Alas! that ever they eten breed;
   For all such falshed woll foul fall.
 
@@ -10069,12 +10040,12 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Kinges mot to hem knele and coure;
   To the apostles, that Christ forbede;
   To popes hestes such taketh more hede
-  Than to kepe Christes commaund�ment;                  210
+  Than to kepe Christes commaundëment;                  210
   Of gold and silver mot ben hir wede,
   They holdeth him hole omnipotent.
 
   He ordayneth by his ordinaunce
-  To parish-preestes a pow�re;
+  To parish-preestes a powére;
   To another a greter avaunce,                          215
   A greter poynt to his mystere;
   But for he is hyghest in erth here,
@@ -10093,16 +10064,16 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
 
   They ne clepen Christ but _sanctus deus_,
   And clepen her heed _Sanctissimus_;                   230
-  They that such a sect[�] sewis,
+  They that such a sect[ë] sewis,
   I trowe, they taken hem amisse.
-  In erth[�] here they have hir blisse,
+  In erth[ë] here they have hir blisse,
   Hir hye master is Belial;
   +Christ his people from hem wisse!                    235
-  For all such fals� will foul fall!
+  For all such falsë will foul fall!
 
-  They mow� both[�] binde and lose,
+  They mowë both[ë] binde and lose,
   And all is for hir holy lyf;
-  To save or dampne they mow� chose,
+  To save or dampne they mowë chose,
   Betwene hem now [ther] is gret stryf.                 240
   Many a man is killed with knyf,
   To wete which of hem have lordship shall;
@@ -10110,16 +10081,16 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   For all such falshed will foul fall.
 
   Christ sayd: _Qui gladio percutit_                    245
-  With swerd� shall [he surely] dye;
+  With swerdë shall [he surely] dye;
   He bad his preestes pees and grith,
   And bad hem not drede for to dye;
   And bad them be both simple and slye,
-  And cark� not for no cattall,                         250
+  And carkë not for no cattall,                         250
   And +truste on god that sitteth on hye;
-  For all [such] fals� shull foul fall.
+  For all [such] falsë shull foul fall.
 
-  These wollen mak� men to swere
-  Ayenst Christes commaund�ment;
+  These wollen makë men to swere
+  Ayenst Christes commaundëment;
   And Christes membres all to-tere                      255
   On rode as he wer newe y-rent.
   Suche lawes they make by commun assent,
@@ -10138,15 +10109,15 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
 
   With purse they purchase personage,
   With purse they paynen hem to plede;                  270
-  And men of warr� they woll wage,
+  And men of warrë they woll wage,
   To bringe hir enemyes to the dede.
   And lordes lyves they woll lede,
   And moche take, and give but small;
   But he it so get, from it shall shede,                275
-  And make such fals� right foul fal!
+  And make such falsë right foul fal!
 
   They halowe nothing but for hyre,
-  Church�, font, ne vest�ment;
+  Churchë, font, ne vestëment;
   And make[n] orders in every shyre,
   But preestes paye for the parchement;                 280
   Of ryatours they taken rent,
@@ -10159,7 +10130,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   And punisheth the pore for putrye;
   Them-selfe it useth all their lyves.
   And but a man to them [him] shryves,
-  To heven com� never he shall;                         290
+  To heven comë never he shall;                         290
   He shal be cursed as be captyves,
   To hell they sayn that he shall fall.
 
@@ -10176,7 +10147,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   To maynteynours, and to men of lawe;
   For to lordes they woll be liche,
   An harlottes sone nat worth an hawe!
-  Sothfastness� suche han slawe,                        305
+  Sothfastnessë suche han slawe,                        305
   They kembe hir crokets with cristall;
   And drede of god they have down drawe;
   All suche faytours, foul hem fall!
@@ -10192,21 +10163,21 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
 
   +Hir tything, and hir offring both,
   They cle[y]meth it by possessio[u]n;
-  Th�rof nill they none forgo,
+  Thérof nill they none forgo,
   But robben men as [by] raunsoun.                      320
   The tything of _Turpe lucrum_
   With these maisters is meynall;
   Tything of bribry and larson
-  Will mak� falshed full foul fall!
+  Will makë falshed full foul fall!
 
-  They taken to ferm� hir sompnours                     325
+  They taken to fermë hir sompnours                     325
   To harme the people what they may;
   To pardoners and false faytours
   Sell hir seles, I dar well say;
   And all to holden greet array,
   To multiply hem more metall,                          330
   They drede full litell domes day
-  Whan all such [fals�] shall foul fall.
+  Whan all such [falsë] shall foul fall.
 
   Suche harlottes shull men disclaunder
   For they shullen make hir gree,
@@ -10215,16 +10186,16 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   By yere ech preest shall paye his fee
   To encrese his lemmans call;
   Suche herdes shull well yvell thee,
-  And all such fals� shull foul fall!                   340
+  And all such falsë shull foul fall!                   340
 
   And if a man be falsly famed,
-  And wold� make purgacioun,
+  And woldë make purgacioun,
   Than woll the officers be agramed,
   And assigne him fro town to town;
   So nede he must[e] paye raunsoun                      345
   Though he be clene as is cristall,
   And than have an absolutioun;
-  But all such fals� shull foul fall!
+  But all such falsë shull foul fall!
 
   Though he be gilty of the dede,
   And that he [yet] may money pay,                      350
@@ -10233,7 +10204,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   These bishoppes officers goon full gay,
   And this game they usen over-all;
   The pore to pill is all +hir pray;                    355
-  All such fals� shull foul fall!
+  All such falsë shull foul fall!
 
   Alas! god ordayned never such lawe,
   Ne no such craft of covetyse;
@@ -10241,7 +10212,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Such governours mowen of god agryse;                  360
   For all his rules +ben rightwyse.
   These newe poyntes ben pure papall,
-  And goddes law� they dispyse;
+  And goddes lawë they dispyse;
   And all such faytours shul foul fall!
 
   They sayn that Peter had the key                      365
@@ -10278,7 +10249,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   A lord shall write to him for grace,
   For his clerke +pray anon he shall;
   So shall he spede[n] his purchas;                     395
-  And all such fals�, foule hem fall!
+  And all such falsë, foule hem fall!
 
   Though he +conne no more good,
   A lordes prayer shal be sped;
@@ -10287,25 +10258,25 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   A boster, and (that god forbede!)
   As good a bishop +as my hors Ball,
   Suche a pope is foule be-sted,
-  And at [the] last� woll foul fall!
+  And at [the] lastë woll foul fall!
 
   He maketh bishops for erthly thank,                   405
   And nothing for Christes sake;
   Such that ben ful fatte and rank,
-  To soul� hele non hede they take.
+  To soulë hele non hede they take.
   Al is well don what ever they make,
   For they shal answere at +ones for all;               410
   For worldes thank, such worch and wake,
-  And all such fals� shall foul fall!
+  And all such falsë shall foul fall!
 
-  Suche that +conn� nat hir Crede
+  Suche that +connë nat hir Crede
   With prayer shull be mad prelates;
   Nother +conne the gospell rede,                       415
   Such shull now welde hye estates.
   The hye goodes frendship hem makes,
   They toteth on hir somme totall;
   Such bere the keyes of hell-yates,
-  And all such fals� shall foul fall.                   420
+  And all such falsë shall foul fall.                   420
 
   They forsake, for Christes love,
   Traveyl, hunger, thurst, and cold;
@@ -10314,11 +10285,11 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   By the dore they go nat in-to the fold,               425
   To helpe +hir sheep they nought travall;
   Hyred men all suche I holde,
-  And all such fals�, foule hem fall!
+  And all such falsë, foule hem fall!
 
   For Christ hir king they woll forsake,
   And knowe him nought for his povert;                  430
-  For Christes lov� they woll wake,
+  For Christes lovë they woll wake,
   And drink pyment [and] ale apart.
   Of god they seme nothing a-ferd;
   As lusty liveth, as Lamuall,
@@ -10332,16 +10303,16 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Peter erred, so dide nat John;
   Why is he cleped the principall?
   Christ cleped him Peter, but himself the stoon;
-  All fals� faytours, foule hem fall!
+  All falsë faytours, foule hem fall!
 
   Why cursen they the croysery,                         445
-  Christes Christen cr�atures?
+  Christes Christen crëatures?
   For bytwene hem is now envy
   To be enhaunsed in honours.
   And Christen livers, with hir labours,
   For they leve on no man mortall,                      450
   +Ben do to dethe with dishonours;
-  And all such fals�, foule hem fall!
+  And all such falsë, foule hem fall!
 
   What knoweth a tillour at the plow
   The popes name, and what he hat?
@@ -10359,23 +10330,23 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Such oon, me thinketh, him-self foryet,               465
   Either to the trouth he was nat call;
   Christ, that suffred woundes wet,
-  Shall mak� such falshed foul fall!
+  Shall makë such falshed foul fall!
 
-  They layeth out hir larg� nettes
+  They layeth out hir largë nettes
   For to take silver and gold,                          470
   Fillen coffers, and sackes fettes,
   There-as they soules cacche shold.
   Hir servaunts be to +hem unhold,
   But they can doublin +hir rentall
   To bigge hem castels, and bigge hem hold;             475
-  And all such fals�, foule hem fall!
+  And all such falsë, foule hem fall!
 
   HERE ENDETH THE FIRST PART OF THIS TALE, AND HERAFTER
               FOLOWETH THE SECONDE PART.
 
               PART II.
 
-  To accorde with this word� "fal"
+  To accorde with this wordë "fal"
   No more English can I find;
   Shewe another now I shall,
   For I have moche to say behind,                       480
@@ -10394,21 +10365,21 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   For his mercy, god it amend!
 
   What is Antichrist to say
-  But evin Christes advers�ry?
+  But evin Christes adversáry?
   Such hath now ben many a day                          495
-  To Christes bidding full contr�ry,
-  That from the trouth� clen� vary;
-  Out of the way� they ben wend;
+  To Christes bidding full contráry,
+  That from the trouthë clenë vary;
+  Out of the wayë they ben wend;
   And Christes people untruely cary;
-  God, for his pit�, it amend!                          500
+  God, for his pitè, it amend!                          500
 
-  That liven contr�ry to Christes lyf,
+  That liven contráry to Christes lyf,
   In hye pride agaynst mekenesse;
   Agaynst suffraunce they usen stryf,
   And angre ayenst sobrenesse;
   Agaynst wisdom, wilfulnesse;                          505
   To Christes tales litell tend;
-  Agaynst mes�re, outragiousnesse;
+  Agaynst mesúre, outragiousnesse;
   But whan god woll, it may amend!
 
   Lordly lyf ayenst lowlinesse,
@@ -10417,19 +10388,19 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Agaynst trewth[e], trechery;
   And agaynst almesse, envy;
   Agaynst Christ they comprehend.
-  For chastit�, they maynteyn lechery;                  515
-  God, for his grac�, this amend!
+  For chastitè, they maynteyn lechery;                  515
+  God, for his gracë, this amend!
 
   Ayenst penaunce they use delytes,
   Ayenst suffraunce, strong defence;
   Ayenst god they use yvel rightes,
-  Agaynst pit�, punishments;                            520
+  Agaynst pitè, punishments;                            520
   Open yvell ayenst continence;
   Hir wicked winning wors dispend;
   Sobrenesse they sette in-to dispence;
   But god, for his goodnesse, it amend!
 
-  Why cleymen they hoolly his pow�re,                   525
+  Why cleymen they hoolly his powére,                   525
   And wranglen ayenst all his hestes?
   His living folowen they nothing here,
   But liven wors than witles beestes.
@@ -10444,15 +10415,15 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   All such ben falser than ben fendes.
   On the people they ley such bendes,
   As god is in erthe, they han offend;
-  Sucour for such� Christ now sende us.
+  Sucour for suchë Christ now sende us.
   And, for his mercy, this amend!                       540
 
   A token of Antichrist they be,
   His careckes ben now wyde y-know;
   Receyved to preche shall no man be
-  Without[�] token of him, I trow.
+  Without[ë] token of him, I trow.
   Ech Christen preest to prechen ow,                    545
-  From god abov� they ben send.
+  From god abovë they ben send.
   Goddes word to all folk for to show,
   Sinfull man for to amend.
 
@@ -10474,8 +10445,8 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Ech man ought herof be glad;
   For god ful well it woll amend.
 
-  They take on hem roy�ll pow�re,                       565
-  And saye, they hav� swerdes two,
+  They take on hem royáll powére,                       565
+  And saye, they havë swerdes two,
   Oon curse to hell, oon slee men here;
   For at his taking Christ had no mo,
   Yet Peter had [that] oon of tho.
@@ -10493,7 +10464,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   But al this god may well amend.                       580
 
   So successours to Peter be they nought
-  Whom [that] Christ mad� cheef pastour;
+  Whom [that] Christ madë cheef pastour;
   A swerd no shep[h]erde usen ought
   But he wold slee as a bochour.
   For who-so were Peters successour                     585
@@ -10511,7 +10482,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   God, for his mercy, +hem amend!
 
   After Christ had take Peter the kay,
-  Christ sayd, he must� dye for man;
+  Christ sayd, he mustë dye for man;
   That Peter to Christ gan withsay;
   Christ bad him, 'go behind, Sathan!'                  600
   Such counsaylours many of these men han
@@ -10521,7 +10492,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
 
   For Sathan is to say no more                          605
   But he that contrary to Christ is;
-  In this they lern� Peters lore,
+  In this they lernë Peters lore,
   They sewen him whan he did mis;
   They folowe Peter forsothe in this,
   In al that Christ wolde +him reprende,                610
@@ -10546,18 +10517,18 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   And covetyse chaungen with queyntyse;
   Almighty god all suche amend!
 
-  Were Christ on erth� here eft-soon,
-  These wolde dampn� him to dye;                        630
+  Were Christ on erthë here eft-soon,
+  These wolde dampnë him to dye;                        630
   All his hestes they han fordon,
   And sayn, his sawes ben heresy;
-  Ayenst his +maund�ments they cry,
+  Ayenst his +maundëments they cry,
   And dampne all his to be [y-]brend;
   For it lyketh nat hem, such losengery;                635
   God almighty hem amend!
 
   These han more might in England here
   Than hath the king and all his lawe,
-  They han purchased hem such pow�re
+  They han purchased hem such powére
   To taken hem whom [they] list nat knawe;              640
   And say, that heresy is hir sawe,
   And so to prison woll hem send;
@@ -10569,22 +10540,22 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   But, if any man these misqueme,
   He shal be baited as a bere;
   And yet wel wors they woll him tere,
-  And in pris�n woll hem [be] pend                      650
+  And in prisón woll hem [be] pend                      650
   In gyves, and in other gere;
   Whan god woll, it may [a]mend.
 
   The king taxeth nat his men
-  But by assent of the comminalt�;
+  But by assent of the comminaltè;
   But these, ech yere, woll raunsom hem                 655
   Maysterfully, more than doth he;
-  Hir seles, by yer�, better be
+  Hir seles, by yerë, better be
   Than is the kinges in extend;
   Hir officers han gretter fee;
   But this mischeef [may] god amend!                    660
 
   For who-so woll prove a testament
-  Th�t is natt all worth ten pound,
-  He shall paye for the parch�ment
+  Thát is natt all worth ten pound,
+  He shall paye for the parchëment
   The third part of the money all round.
   Thus the people is raunsound,                         665
   They say, such part to hem shulde apend;
@@ -10613,15 +10584,15 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Han in this lande as moch lay-fee,
   Lordshippes, and possessio[u]ns
   More than the lordes, it semeth me!
-  That maketh hem lese charit�,
-  They mow� nat to god attend;                          690
+  That maketh hem lese charitè,
+  They mowë nat to god attend;                          690
   In erthe they have so high degree,
   God, for his mercy, it amend!
 
   The emperour yaf the pope somtyme
   So hyghe lordship him about,
   That, at [the] laste, the sely kyme,                  695
-  The proud� pop� putte him out!
+  The proudë popë putte him out!
   So of this realme is in dout,
   But lordes be ware and +hem defend;
   For now these folk be wonder stout,
@@ -10635,7 +10606,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Moyses lawe forbood it tho,
   That preestes shuld no lordshippes welde,
   Christes gospel biddeth also
-  Th�t they shuld no lordship helde;
+  Thát they shuld no lordship helde;
   Ne Christes apostels were never so bold               705
   No such lordshippes to +hem enbrace;
   But smeren hir sheep and kepe hir fold;
@@ -10651,20 +10622,20 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   God amende hem for his grace!"
 
     GRIFON. "What canst thou preche ayenst chanons
-  Th�t men clepen seculere?"
+  Thát men clepen seculere?"
     PELICAN. "They ben curates of many towns,
-  On erth� they have greet pow�re.                      720
+  On erthë they have greet powére.                      720
   They han greet prebendes and dere,
   Some two or three, and some [han] mo,
   A personage to ben a playing-fere,
   And yet they serve the king also;
 
-  And let to ferm� all that fare                        725
+  And let to fermë all that fare                        725
   To whom that woll most give therfore;
   Some woll spende, and some woll spare,
   And some woll laye it up in store.
   A cure of soule[s] they care nat for,
-  S� they mow� money take;                              730
+  Só they mowë money take;                              730
   Whether hir soules be wonne or lore,
   Hir profits they woll nat forsake.
 
@@ -10678,8 +10649,8 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Of olde and yonge, of hole and seke.                  740
 
   Therwith they purchase hem lay-fee
-  In lond�, there hem lyketh best,
-  And builde +als brode as a cit�
+  In londë, there hem lyketh best,
+  And builde +als brode as a citè
   Both in the est, and eke in the west.
   To purchase thus they ben ful prest,                  745
   But on the pore they woll nought spend,
@@ -10689,13 +10660,13 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   By hir service such woll live,
   And trusse that other in-to tresour;                  750
   Though all hir parish dye unshrive,
-  They woll nat give a ros�-flour.
+  They woll nat give a rosë-flour.
   Hir lyf shuld be as a mirrour
   Bothe to lered and to leude also,
   And teche the people hir leel labour;                 755
   Such mister men ben all misgo.
 
-  Some of hem ben hard� nigges,
+  Some of hem ben hardë nigges,
   And some of hem ben proude and gay;
   Some spende hir good upon [hir] gigges,
   And finden hem of greet aray.                         760
@@ -10709,15 +10680,15 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Though the pore parishens for hunger dye,
   O peny on hem wil they nat spende.
   Have they receivinge of the rent,
-  They reck never of the rem�nant;                      770
+  They reck never of the remënant;                      770
   Alas! the devill hath clene hem blent!
   Suche oon is Sathanas sojournant.
 
   And usen horedom and harlotry,
-  Covetys�, pompe, and pride,
-  Slouth�, wrathe, and eke envy,                        775
+  Covetysë, pompe, and pride,
+  Slouthë, wrathe, and eke envy,                        775
   And sewen sinne by every syde.
-  Alas! where think� such t'abyde?
+  Alas! where thinkë such t'abyde?
   How woll they accomptes yeld?
   From hy god they mow hem nat hyde,
   Such willers wit is nat worth a neld.                 780
@@ -10727,7 +10698,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Served with so many messe,
   Hem thinketh that manna is no mete.
   All is good that they mow get,                        785
-  They wen� to live evermore;
+  They wenë to live evermore;
   But, whan god at dome is set,
   Such tresour is a feble store.
 
@@ -10738,7 +10709,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   He woll serve bothe erl and king
   For his fynding and his fee,
   And hyde his tything and his offring;                 795
-  This is a feble charit�.
+  This is a feble charitè.
 
   Other they ben proude, or coveytous,
   Or they ben harde, or [els] hungry,
@@ -10753,7 +10724,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   And begylen men in Christes name;
   They ben unstedfast and unstable;
   To tray hir lord, hem thinketh no shame.
-  To serv� god they ben full lame,
+  To servë god they ben full lame,
   Goddes theves, and falsly stele;                      810
   And falsly goddes word defame;
   In winning is hir worldes wele.
@@ -10763,12 +10734,12 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   With Antichrist such [folk] shull fall,               815
   They folowen him in dede and fay;
   They servin him in riche array,
-  To serv� Christ such falsly fayn;
+  To servë Christ such falsly fayn;
   Why, at the dredful domes day,
   Shull they not folowe him to payn?                    820
 
   That knowen hem-self, that they don ill
-  Ayenst Christes commaund�ment,
+  Ayenst Christes commaundëment,
   And amende hem never ne will,
   But serve Sathan by one assent.
   Who sayth [the] sothe, he shal be shent,              825
@@ -10779,10 +10750,10 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Pope, bishoppes, and cardinals,
   Chanons, persons, and vicaire,                        830
   In goddes service, I trow, ben fals,
-  That sacrament�s sellen here.
+  That sacramentës sellen here.
   And ben as proude as Lucifere;
   Ech man loke whether that I ly!
-  Who-so speketh ayenst hir pow�re,                     835
+  Who-so speketh ayenst hir powére,                     835
   It shall be holden heresy.
 
   Loke how many orders take
@@ -10795,19 +10766,19 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   In yvell tyme they thus bigonne.
 
   Loke how many among hem all                           845
-  Holden not this hy� way!
+  Holden not this hyë way!
   With Antichrist they shullen fall,
   For they wolden god betray.
   God amende hem, that best may!
   For many men they maken shende;                       850
   They weten well, the sothe I say,
-  B�t the divell hath foule hem blend.
+  Bút the divell hath foule hem blend.
 
   Some [up]on hir churches dwell,
   Apparailled porely, proude of port;
   The seven sacraments they don sell,                   855
   In cattel-cacching is hir comfort.
-  Of ech matt�r they wollen mell,
+  Of ech mattér they wollen mell,
   And don hem wrong is hir disport;
   To afray the people they ben fell,
   And holde hem lower then doth the lord.               860
@@ -10817,15 +10788,15 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   They make men swere upon a boke;
   Thus they foulen Christes fay.
   Such beren yvell heven-kay,                           865
-  They mowen assoyl, they mow� shryve;
+  They mowen assoyl, they mowë shryve;
   With mennes wyves strongly play,
-  With trew� tillers sturte and stryve
+  With trewë tillers sturte and stryve
 
   At the wrestling, and at the wake;
   And chefe chauntours at the nale;                     870
   Market-beters, and medling make,
   Hoppen and houten with heve and hale.
-  At fayr� freshe, and at wyn� stale,
+  At fayrë freshe, and at wynë stale,
   Dyne and drinke, and make debat;
   The seven sacraments set at sale;                     875
   How kepe such the kayes of heven-gat?
@@ -10835,16 +10806,16 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   To speke they shull not be so bolde
   For sompning to the consistory;                       880
   And make hem say [with] mouth "I ly,"
-  Though they it saw� with hir y;
+  Though they it sawë with hir y;
   His lemman holden openly,
-  No man so hardy to ax� why!
+  No man so hardy to axë why!
 
   He wol have tythinge and offringe,                    885
-  Maugr� who-so-ever it gruche;
-  And twy�s on the day woll singe;
+  Maugrè who-so-ever it gruche;
+  And twyës on the day woll singe;
   Goddes prestes nere none suche!
   He mot on hunting with dogge and bic[c]he,
-  And blowen his horn, and cry�n "hey!"                 890
+  And blowen his horn, and cryën "hey!"                 890
   And sorcery usen as a wicche;
   Such kepen yvell Peters key.
 
@@ -10854,7 +10825,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   And say, that it is full of might;
   About such, men sette up greet light,
   Other such stockes shull stand therby
-  As dark� as it were midnight,
+  As darkë as it were midnight,
   For it may make no ma[i]stry.                         900
 
   That lewed people see it mow,
@@ -10870,8 +10841,8 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   That ben [in] Christes own lykenesse,                 910
   Men shullen offre at hir dore
   That suffren honger and distresse;
-  And to suche im�ges offre lesse,
-  That mow not fel� thurst ne cold;
+  And to suche imáges offre lesse,
+  That mow not felë thurst ne cold;
   The pore in spirit gan Christ blesse,                 915
   Therfore offreth to feble and old.
 
@@ -10884,17 +10855,17 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Antichristes they ben clene,
   And goddes goodes fa[l]sly deuouren.
 
-  Of scarlet and grene gay[�] gownes,                   925
-  That mot be shap� for the newe,
+  Of scarlet and grene gay[ë] gownes,                   925
+  That mot be shapë for the newe,
   To clippen and kissen counten in townes
   The damoseles that to the daunce sewe;
   Cutted clothes to sewe hir hewe,
-  With long� pykes on hir shoon;                        930
+  With longë pykes on hir shoon;                        930
   Our goddes gospell is not trewe,
   Eyther they serven the divell or noon!
 
   Now ben prestes pokes so wyde,
-  Men must enlarge the vest�ment;
+  Men must enlarge the vestëment;
   The holy gospell they don hyde,                       935
   For they contrarien in rayment.
   Such preestes of Lucifer ben sent,
@@ -10902,14 +10873,14 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Proude pendaunts at hir ars y-pent,
   Falsly the truthe they han betrayd.                   940
 
-  Shryft-silver such� wollen aske is,
-  And woll men crep� to the crouche;
+  Shryft-silver suchë wollen aske is,
+  And woll men crepë to the crouche;
   None of the sacraments, save askes,
-  Without[�] mede shall no man touche.
+  Without[ë] mede shall no man touche.
   On hir bishop their warant vouche,                    945
-  That is lawe of the decr�;
+  That is lawe of the decrè;
   With mede and money thus they mouche,
-  And +this, they sayn, is charit�!
+  And +this, they sayn, is charitè!
 
   In the middes of hir masse
   They nill have no man but for hyre,                   950
@@ -10925,7 +10896,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   And holden forth hir harlotry;
   Such prelats ben of feble empryse.                    960
   Of goddes grame such men agryse,
-  For such matt�rs that taken mede;
+  For such mattérs that taken mede;
   How they excuse hem, and in what wyse,
   Me thinketh, they ought greetly drede.
 
@@ -10935,12 +10906,12 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   And therwith maynteyn wo and werre.
   Hir dedes shuld be as bright as sterre,
   Hir living, lewed mannes light;                       970
-  They say, the pop� may not erre,
-  Nede must that pass� mannes might.
+  They say, the popë may not erre,
+  Nede must that passë mannes might.
 
   Though a prest ly with his lemman al night,
   And tellen his felowe, and he him,
-  He goth to mass� anon-right,                          975
+  He goth to massë anon-right,                          975
   And sayeth, he singeth out of sinne!
   His bryde abydeth him at his inne,
   And dighteth his dyner the mene whyle;
@@ -10951,7 +10922,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   And that they usen forth all the yere;
   Among the folk when he is set,
   He holdeth no man half his pere;
-  Of the bishop he hath pow�re                          985
+  Of the bishop he hath powére                          985
   To soyle men, or els they ben lore;
   His absolucion may make +hem skere;
   And wo is the soul that he singeth for!"
@@ -10963,10 +10934,10 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Saynt Benet, that hir order brought,
   Ne made hem never on such manere;
   I trowe, it cam never in his thought                  995
-  That they shulde use so greet pow�r[e];
+  That they shulde use so greet powér[e];
 
   That a man shulde a monk lord cal,
-  Ne serve on kne�s, as a king.
+  Ne serve on kneës, as a king.
   He is as proud as prince in pall
   In mete, and drink, and [in] all thing;              1000
   Some weren myter and ring,
@@ -10986,7 +10957,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Now they ben queynte and curious,
   With fyn cloth cladde, and served clene,
   Proude, angry, and envyous,                          1015
-  Malyce is moch� that they mene.
+  Malyce is mochë that they mene.
   In cacching crafty and covetous,
   Lordly liven in greet lyking;
   This living is not religious
@@ -10996,9 +10967,9 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Hir pore tenaunts fully they flyte;
   The hyer that a man amerced be,
   The gladlyer they woll it wryte.
-  This is fer from Christes povert�,                   1025
+  This is fer from Christes povertè,                   1025
   For all with covetyse they endyte;
-  On the pore they have no pit�,
+  On the pore they have no pitè,
   Ne never hem cherish, but ever hem byte.
 
   And comunly suche ben comen
@@ -11012,7 +10983,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
 
   All this the monkes han forsake
   For Christes love and saynt Benet;
-  To pryde and es� have hem take;
+  To pryde and esë have hem take;
   This religio[u]n is yvell beset.                     1040
   Had they ben out of religioun,
   They must have honged at the plow,
@@ -11033,8 +11004,8 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Saynt Benet with hem never met                       1055
   But-if they thought to robbe his purse!
   I can no more herof [now] tell,
-  But they ben lyk� tho before,
-  And clen� serve the divell of hell,
+  But they ben lykë tho before,
+  And clenë serve the divell of hell,
   And ben his tresour and his store.                   1060
 
   And all suche other counterfaytours,
@@ -11055,7 +11026,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Other, I trow, thou waxest wood,                     1075
   Or els thou hast [y-]lost thy mynd.
 
-  Shuld holy church� have no heed?
+  Shuld holy churchë have no heed?
   Who shuld be her governayl?
   Who shuld her rule, who shuld her reed,
   Who shuld her forthren, who shuld avayl?             1080
@@ -11076,11 +11047,11 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   If the pope and prelats wold
   So begge and bidde, bowe, and borowe,
   Holy churche shuld stand full cold,                  1095
-  Hir servaunts sitte and soup� sorowe!
+  Hir servaunts sitte and soupë sorowe!
   And they were noughty, foule, and horowe,
-  To worship god men wold� wlate;
+  To worship god men woldë wlate;
   Bothe on even and on morowe
-  Such harlotry men wold� hate.                        1100
+  Such harlotry men woldë hate.                        1100
 
   Therfore men of holy churche
   Shuld ben honest in all thing,
@@ -11103,24 +11074,24 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   That taketh maystry in his name,
   Gostly, and for erthly good;
   Kinges and lordes shuld lordship han,
-  And rule the people with myld� mode.                 1120
+  And rule the people with myldë mode.                 1120
   Christ, for us that shedde his blood,
   Bad his preestes no maystership have,
-  Ne cark� nat for cloth ne fode;
+  Ne carkë nat for cloth ne fode;
   From every mischef he will hem save.
 
   Hir riche clothing shal be rightwysnesse,            1125
-  Hir tresour, trew� lyf shal be;
-  Charit� shal be hir richesse,
-  Hir lordship shal be unit�;
-  Hope in god, hir honest�;
-  Hir vessell, clen� conscience;                       1130
-  Pore in spirit, and humilit�,
+  Hir tresour, trewë lyf shal be;
+  Charitè shal be hir richesse,
+  Hir lordship shal be unitè;
+  Hope in god, hir honestè;
+  Hir vessell, clenë conscience;                       1130
+  Pore in spirit, and humilitè,
   Shal be holy churches defence."
 
   "What," sayd the Griffon, "may thee greve
   That other folkes faren wele?
-  What hast thou to don� with hir +leve?               1135
+  What hast thou to donë with hir +leve?               1135
   Thy falsheed ech man may fele.
   For thou canst no catell gete,
   But livest in londe, as a lorell,
@@ -11133,14 +11104,14 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Thou woldest other people distry,
   With your glose, and your heresy,                    1145
   For ye can live no better lyf,
-  But clen� in hypocrisy,
+  But clenë in hypocrisy,
   And bringest thee in wo and stryf.
 
   And therwith have [ye] not to done,
   For ye ne have[n] here no cure;                      1150
   Ye serve the divell, +not god ne man,
-  And he shall pay� you your hyre.
-  For ye woll far� well at feestes,
+  And he shall payë you your hyre.
+  For ye woll farë well at feestes,
   And warm [be] clothed for the colde,
   Therfore ye glose goddes hestes,                     1155
   And begyle the people, yonge and olde.
@@ -11170,33 +11141,33 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
     The Pellican sayd, "Sir, nay, [nay],
   I dispysed not the pope,
   Ne no sacrament, soth to say;
-  But speke in charit� and good hope.                  1180
+  But speke in charitè and good hope.                  1180
 
-  But I dispyse hir hy� pryde,
+  But I dispyse hir hyë pryde,
   Hir richesse, that shuld be pore in spryt;
   Hir wickednesse is knowe so wyde,
-  They serv� god in fals habyt;
+  They servë god in fals habyt;
   And turnen mekenesse into pryde,                     1185
-  And lowlinesse into hy degr�,
+  And lowlinesse into hy degrè,
   And goddes wordes turne and hyde;
-  And that am I moved by charit�
+  And that am I moved by charitè
 
-  To lett� men to liv� so
+  To lettë men to livë so
   With all my conning and al my might,                 1190
   And to warne men of hir wo
   And to tell hem trouth and right.
-  The sacraments be soul�-hele
+  The sacraments be soulë-hele
   If they ben used in good use;
   Ayenst that speke I never a del,                     1195
   For then were I nothing wyse.
 
-  But they that use hem in mis man�re,
+  But they that use hem in mis manére,
   Or sette hem up to any sale,
   I trow, they shall abye hem dere;
   This is my reson, this is my tale.                   1200
   Who-so taketh hem unrightfulliche
-  Ayenst the ten commaund�ments,
-  Or by glos� wrechedliche
+  Ayenst the ten commaundëments,
+  Or by glosë wrechedliche
   Selleth any of the sacraments,
 
   I trow, they do the devell homage                    1205
@@ -11204,7 +11175,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   And therto, I dar well wage,
   They serven Satan for al her song.
   To tythen and offren is hoolsom lyf,
-  So it be don in dew man�re;                          1210
+  So it be don in dew manére;                          1210
   A man to houselin and to shryve,
   Wedding, and all the other in-fere,
 
@@ -11213,7 +11184,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   And it be so taken, it is nought;                    1215
   Who selleth hem so, may sore agryse.
   On our Lordes body I do not ly,
-  I say soth, thorow trew� rede,
+  I say soth, thorow trewë rede,
   His flesh and blood, through his mystry,
   Is there, in the forme of brede.                     1220
 
@@ -11223,7 +11194,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   So is he there, verament.
   If pope or cardinall live good lyve,                 1225
   As Christ commaunded in his gospell,
-  +Ayen�s that woll I not stryve;
+  +Ayenës that woll I not stryve;
   But, me thinketh, they live not well.
 
   For if the pope lived as god bede,
@@ -11236,8 +11207,8 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Ye shal be hanged by the swyre!
 
   Ye shullen be hanged and to-drawe.
-  Who giveth you lev� for to preche,
-  Or speke +agayn�s goddes lawe,
+  Who giveth you levë for to preche,
+  Or speke +agaynës goddes lawe,
   And the people thus falsly teche?                    1240
   Thou shalt be cursed with boke and bell,
   And dissevered from holy churche,
@@ -11248,7 +11219,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Your cursinge is of litell value;
   Of god I hope to have my mede,
   For it is falshed that ye shewe.
-  For ye ben out of charit�
+  For ye ben out of charitè
   And wilneth vengeaunce, as did Nero;                 1250
   To suffren I woll redy be;
   I drede not that thou canst do.
@@ -11263,7 +11234,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   Ne I drede not your disese.                          1260
 
   Wolde ye turne and leve your pryde,
-  Your hy� port, and your richesse,
+  Your hyë port, and your richesse,
   Your cursing shuld not go so wyde;
   God bring you into rightwysnesse!
   For I drede not your tyranny,                        1265
@@ -11273,18 +11244,18 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
 
   The Griffon grinned as he were wood,
   And loked lovely as an owle!                         1270
-  And swor, by cockes hert� blood,
-  He wolde him ter�, every doule!
+  And swor, by cockes hertë blood,
+  He wolde him terë, every doule!
   "Holy churche thou disclaundrest foule!
   For thy resons I woll thee all to-race;
   And make thy flesh to rote and moule;                1275
-  Losell, thou shalt have hard� grace!"
+  Losell, thou shalt have hardë grace!"
 
   The Griffon flew forth on his way;
   The Pellican did sitte and weep;
-  And to him-self� he gan say,
+  And to him-selfë he gan say,
   "God wolde that any of Christes sheep                1280
-  Had herd, and y-tak� kepe
+  Had herd, and y-takë kepe
   Eche a word that here sayd was,
   And wolde it wryte and well it kepe!
   God wolde it were all, for his grace!"
@@ -11294,7 +11265,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
     PELICAN. He sayd, "yes; these that god han sold;
   For they han [greet] store of money!"
     PLOWMAN. I sayd, "tell me, and thou may,
-  Why tellest thou menn�s trespace?"                   1290
+  Why tellest thou mennës trespace?"                   1290
     PELICAN. He said, "to amende hem, in good fay,
   If god woll give me any grace.
 
@@ -11302,7 +11273,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   That for his people dyed on rode;
   As fare I, right so fareth he,                       1295
   He fedeth his birdes with his blode.
-  But these don yvell +ayen�s good,
+  But these don yvell +ayenës good,
   And ben his foon under frendes face;
   I tolde hem how hir living stood;
   God amende hem, for his grace!"                      1300
@@ -11331,7 +11302,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   And in erth holdeth non his pere;                    1320
   So fareth this foul, both fer and nere;
   With temporel strength they people chase,
-  As a lyon proud in erth� here;
+  As a lyon proud in erthë here;
   God amende hem for hys grace!"
 
   He flew forth with his winges twayn,                 1325
@@ -11346,7 +11317,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   With the Griffon comen foules fele,
   Ravins, rokes, crowes, and pye,
   Gray foules, agadred wele,                           1335
-  Y-gurd, above they wold� hye.
+  Y-gurd, above they woldë hye.
   Gledes and bosardes weren hem by;
   Whyt molles and puttockes token hir place;
   And lapwinges, that wel conneth ly,
@@ -11362,7 +11333,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   For he did vengeaunce and no grace.
 
   He slew hem down without mercy,
-  Ther astart� neyther free ne thrall;                 1350
+  Ther astartë neyther free ne thrall;                 1350
   On him they cast a rufull cry
   When the Griffon down was fall.
   He beet hem not, but slew hem all;
@@ -11373,10 +11344,10 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
   The Pellican then axed right,
   "For my wryting if I have blame,
   Who woll for me fight of flight?
-  Who shall sheld� me from shame?                      1360
+  Who shall sheldë me from shame?                      1360
     He that had a mayd to dame,
   The lamb that slayn [for sinners] was,
-  Shall sheld� me from gostly blame;
+  Shall sheldë me from gostly blame;
   For erthly harm is goddes grace.
 
   Therfore I praye every man,                          1365
@@ -11390,7 +11361,7 @@ II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
 
   Wyteth the Pellican, and not me,
   For herof I nil not avowe,
-  In hy ne in low, ne in no degr�,                     1375
+  In hy ne in low, ne in no degrè,                     1375
   But as a fable take it ye mowe.
   To holy churche I will me bowe;
   Ech man to amende him, Christ send space!
@@ -11579,14 +11550,14 @@ treasour. 789. mote; saye. 790. holdynge. 791. iaye. 792. selfe nothynge.
 suche; _supply_ folk. 818. suche falsely fayne. 819. dredeful. 820. payne.
 821. selfe; done. 825. _Supply_ the. 826. her false. 828. suche. 830.
 _Read_ vikere. 831. trowe; false. 834. Eche; lye. 835. _Read_ Who speke
-ayein�s; her.
+ayeinës; her.
 
 837. howe. 838. Onely; Christe. 840. or (_read_ on). 841. trowe. 843.
 _Supply_ same. 845. howe; amonge. 846. waye. 848. betraye. 849. maye. 851.
 saye. 852. blende. 853. on (_read_ upon); her. 854. poorely; porte. 855.
 sacramentes; done. 856. catchynge; her comforte. 857. eche. 858. done;
 wronge; her dysporte. 859. afraye. 860. lorde. 862. aye. 863. sweare. 865.
-Suche bearen; heauen. 866. assoyle. 868. true (_better_ trew�).
+Suche bearen; heauen. 866. assoyle. 868. true (_better_ trewë).
 
 869. wrestlynge. 871. Markette beaters; medlynge. 874. debate. 875.
 sacramentes; sayle (!). 876. Howe; suche; gate. 879. speake. 880.
@@ -11721,11 +11692,11 @@ III. JACK UPLAND.
   goddes law, tell thou me, Jack Upland, that I aske of thee; and
   if thou be or thinkest to be on Christes syde, kepe thy pacience.
 
-  Saynt Paul techeth, that al our dedes shuld be don in charit�,         20
+  Saynt Paul techeth, that al our dedes shuld be don in charitè,         20
   and els it is nought worth, but displesing to god and harm to
   oure owne soules. And for because freres chalengen to be
   gretest clerkes of the church, and next folowinge Christ in
-  livinge, men shulde, for charit�, axe hem some questions, and
+  livinge, men shulde, for charitè, axe hem some questions, and
   pray hem to grounde their answers in reson and in holy writ; for       25
   els their answere wolde nought be worth, be it florished never so
   faire; and, as me think, men might skilfully axe thus of a frere.
@@ -11763,7 +11734,7 @@ III. JACK UPLAND.
   do? What betokeneth that ye been clothed all in one maner
   clothinge?
 
-  7. If ye saye it betokeneth love and charit�, certes, than ye be       55
+  7. If ye saye it betokeneth love and charitè, certes, than ye be       55
   ofte ypocrites, whan ony of you hateth other, and in that, that ye
   wollen be said holy by youre clothinge.
 
@@ -11810,7 +11781,7 @@ III. JACK UPLAND.
   prayers, as ye desyre that other men shulde aske letters of you?
 
   18. If youre letters be good, why graunte ye them not generally        90
-  to al maner men, for the more charit�?
+  to al maner men, for the more charitè?
 
   19. Mow ye make ony man more perfit brother for your
   prayers, than god hath by oure beleve, by our baptyme and his
@@ -11820,7 +11791,7 @@ III. JACK UPLAND.
   of you, to take therfore ten shillinges, or at the leest fyve
   shillinges, will bringe soules out of helle, or out of purgatorye?
   If this be sooth, certes, ye might bring all soules out of payne.
-  And that wolle ye nought; and than ye be out of charit�.
+  And that wolle ye nought; and than ye be out of charitè.
 
   21. Why make ye men beleve, that he that is buried in youre           100
   habit shall never come in hell; and ye wite not of youre-selfe,
@@ -11908,13 +11879,13 @@ III. JACK UPLAND.
   and than no man neded to begge but for him-selfe, for so shuld no
   man begge but him neded. And if it be the leest perfeccion, why       165
   lovest thou than other men more than thy-selfe? For so thou art
-  not well in charit�; sith thou shuldest seke the more perfeccion
+  not well in charitè; sith thou shuldest seke the more perfeccion
   after thy power, livinge thy-selfe moost after god; and thus, leving
   that imperfeccion, thou shuldest not so begge for hem. And if
   it is a good mene thus to begge as thou doest, than shuld no man      170
   do so but they ben in this good mene; and yet such a mene,
   graunted to you, may never be grounded in goddes lawe; for
-  than both lered and lewed that ben in mene degr� of this worlde
+  than both lered and lewed that ben in mene degrè of this worlde
   shuld go aboute and begge as ye do. And if all suche shuld do
   so, certes, wel nigh al the world shuld go aboute and begge as        175
   ye do: and so shulde there be ten beggers agaynst oon yever.
@@ -11959,7 +11930,7 @@ III. JACK UPLAND.
   nede than the riche?                                                  210
 
   43. What betokeneth that ye go tweyne and tweyne +togeder?
-  If ye be out of charit�, ye accorden not in soule.
+  If ye be out of charitè, ye accorden not in soule.
 
   44. Why begge ye, and take salaries therto, more than other
   prestes; sith he that moost taketh, most charge he hath?
@@ -11969,7 +11940,7 @@ III. JACK UPLAND.
   rule? And certes, if it were goddes will, the pope might not
   fordo it; or els Fraunces was a lyar, that sayde on this wyse.
   And but this testament that he made accorde with goddes will,
-  els erred he as a lyar that were out of charit�; and as the law       220
+  els erred he as a lyar that were out of charitè; and as the law       220
   sayeth, he is accursed that letteth the rightfull last will of a deed
   man lacke. And this testament is the last will of Fraunces that
   is a deed man; it seemeth therefore that all his freres ben
@@ -11999,7 +11970,7 @@ III. JACK UPLAND.
   payne, to do thefte, agaynst goddes commaundement,
   _non furtum facies_.                                                  245
 
-  49. Why be ye so hardy, to graunte, by letters of fraternit�, to
+  49. Why be ye so hardy, to graunte, by letters of fraternitè, to
   men and women, that they shall have part and merit of all your
   good dedes; and ye witen never whether god be apayed with
   youre dedes because of youre sinne? Also ye witen never whether
@@ -12017,16 +11988,16 @@ III. JACK UPLAND.
   your sele, that letter +mot be brought in youre holy chapter and      260
   there be red; or els ye will not praye for him? But and ye willen
   not praye specially for all other that weren not mad youre brethren
-  or sistren, than were ye not in right charit�; for that ought to be
+  or sistren, than were ye not in right charitè; for that ought to be
   commune, and namely in goostly thinges.
 
-  51. Frere, what charit� is this--to overcharge the people by          265
+  51. Frere, what charitè is this--to overcharge the people by          265
   mighty begginge, under colour of prechinge or praying or masses
   singing? Sith holy writ biddeth not thus, but even the contrary;
   for al such goostly dedes shulde be don freely, as god yeveth hem
   freely.
 
-  52. Frere, what charit� is this--to begyle children or they           270
+  52. Frere, what charitè is this--to begyle children or they           270
   commen to discrecion, and binde hem to youre orders, that been
   not grounded in goddes lawe, against hir frendes wil? Sithen by
   this foly ben many apostatas, both in will and dede, and many
@@ -12034,7 +12005,7 @@ III. JACK UPLAND.
   discharged if they wist how; and so, many ben apostatas that          275
   shulden in other states have ben trewe men.
 
-  53. Frere, what charit� is this--to make so mony freres in
+  53. Frere, what charitè is this--to make so mony freres in
   every countrey, to the charge of the people? Sith persounes
   and vicares alone, ye, secular prestes alone, ye, monkes and
   chanons alone, with bishops above hem, were y-nough to the            280
@@ -12052,15 +12023,15 @@ III. JACK UPLAND.
   of these newe orders that ben added to the church, without grounde
   of holy writ and goddes ordinaunce.
 
-  54. Frere, what charit� is this--to lye to the people, and saye
-  that ye folowe Christ in povert� more than other men don?             295
+  54. Frere, what charitè is this--to lye to the people, and saye
+  that ye folowe Christ in povertè more than other men don?             295
   And yet, in curious and costly howsinge, and fyne and precious
   clothing, and delicious and lykinge fedinge, and in tresoure and
   jewels and riche ornamentes, freres passen lordes and other riche
   worldly men; and soonest they shuld bringe hir cause aboute,
   be it never so costly, though goddes lawe be put abacke.              300
 
-  55. Frere, what charit� is this--to +gader up the bokes of holy
+  55. Frere, what charitè is this--to +gader up the bokes of holy
   writ and putte hem in tresory, and so emprisoune hem from
   secular prestes and curates; and by this cautel lette hem to
   preche the gospell freely to the people without worldly mede; and
@@ -12068,22 +12039,22 @@ III. JACK UPLAND.
   for to lette hem to shew goddes lawe, by the holy gospell, to the
   Christen people?
 
-  56. Frere, what charit� is this--to fayn so much holines in
+  56. Frere, what charitè is this--to fayn so much holines in
   your bodily clothing, that ye clepe your habit, that many blinde
   foles desyren to dye therin more than in an-other? And also,          310
   that a frere that leveth his habit (late founden of men), may not
   be assoiled till he take it again, but is an apostata, as ye sayn,
   and cursed of god and man both? The frere beleveth treuth and
-  pacience, chastit�, mekenesse, and sobriet�; yet for the more
+  pacience, chastitè, mekenesse, and sobrietè; yet for the more
   part of his lyfe he may soone be assoiled of his prior; and if he     315
   bringe hoom to his house much good by yere, be it never so
   falsly begged and pilled of the poore and nedy people in courtes
   aboute, he shal be hold[en] a noble frere! O lord, whether this
-  be charit�!
+  be charitè!
 
-  57. Frere, what charit� is this--to prese upon a riche man,           320
+  57. Frere, what charitè is this--to prese upon a riche man,           320
   and to entyce him to be buried among you from his parish-church,
-  and to suche riche men geve letters of fraternit� confirmed
+  and to suche riche men geve letters of fraternitè confirmed
   by youre generall sele, and therby to bere him in honde that he
   shall have part of all your masses, matins, prechinges, fastinges,
   wakinges, and all other good dedes don by your brethren of youre      325
@@ -12098,20 +12069,20 @@ III. JACK UPLAND.
   behesten to men, be full of false deceites of freres, out of reson
   and god[d]es lawe and Christen mens faith.                            335
 
-  58. Frere, what charit� is this--to be confessoures of lordes
+  58. Frere, what charitè is this--to be confessoures of lordes
   and ladyes, and to other mighty men, and not amend hem in hir
   living; but rather, as it semeth, to be the bolder to pille hir poore
   tenauntes and to live in lechery, and there to dwelle in your office
   of confessour, for winning of worldly goodes, and to be holden grete  340
   by colour of suche goostly offices? This seemeth rather pryde
-  of freres than charit� of god.
+  of freres than charitè of god.
 
-  59. Frere, what charit� is this--to sayn that who-so liveth
+  59. Frere, what charitè is this--to sayn that who-so liveth
   after youre order, liveth most parfitly, and next foloweth the
-  state of aposteles in povert� and penaunce; and yet the wysest        345
+  state of aposteles in povertè and penaunce; and yet the wysest        345
   and gretest clerkes of you wende, or sende, or procure to the
   court of Rome to be mad cardinales or bishoppes or the popes
-  chapelayns, and to be assoiled of the vowe of povert� and
+  chapelayns, and to be assoiled of the vowe of povertè and
   obedience to your ministers; in the which, as ye sayn, standeth
   moost perfeccion and merite of youre orders? And thus ye faren        350
   as Pharisees, that sayen oon, and do another to the contrarye.
@@ -12207,7 +12178,7 @@ III. JACK UPLAND.
   and geve not to the wicked, but forbid to geve hem breed, lest
   they be mad thereby mightier through you.  Finis.                     435
 
-                  � Prynted for Jhon Gough.
+                  ¶ Prynted for Jhon Gough.
                     Cum Priuilegio Regali.
 
 _From_ C. (= printed copy in Caius Coll. library, Cambridge); _I give here
@@ -12383,7 +12354,7 @@ UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
 
   But though it fil at thilke tyme so,
   That Alisaundre his asking hath acheved,
-  This sinful world was al[le] pay�n tho;                45
+  This sinful world was al[le] payën tho;                45
   Was noon whiche hath the highe god beleved;
   No wonder was, though thilke world was greved.
   Though a tyraunt his purpos mighte winne,
@@ -12391,7 +12362,7 @@ UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
 
   But now the faith of Crist is come a-place             50
   Among the princes in this erthe here,
-  It sit hem wel to do pit� and grace,
+  It sit hem wel to do pitè and grace,
   But yet it mot be tempred in manere.
   For as they fynden cause in the matere
   Upon the poynt, what afterward betyde,                 55
@@ -12429,12 +12400,12 @@ UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
   If werre may be left, tak pees on honde,
   Which may nat be withoute goddes sonde.
 
-  With pees stant every cr�ature in reste,               85
+  With pees stant every crëature in reste,               85
   Withoute pees ther may no lyf be glad;
   Above al other good, pees is the beste;
   Pees hath him-self, whan werre is al bestad;
   The pees is sauf, the werre is ever adrad.
-  Pees is of al[le] charit� the keye,                    90
+  Pees is of al[le] charitè the keye,                    90
   Whiche hath the lyf and soule for to weye.
 
   My liege lord, if that thee list to seche
@@ -12445,11 +12416,11 @@ UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
   Ther might thou see what thing the werre hath do
   Bothe of conquest and conquerour also.
 
-  For vayne hon�ur, or for the worldes good,
+  For vayne honóur, or for the worldes good,
   They that whylom the stronge werres made,             100
   Wher be they now? Bethink wel, in thy mood,
   The day is goon, the night is derke and fade;
-  Hir cruelt�, which made hem thanne glade,
+  Hir crueltè, which made hem thanne glade,
   They sorowen now, and yet have naught the more;
   The blood is shad, which no man may restore.          105
 
@@ -12461,7 +12432,7 @@ UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
   Ther is nothing, wherof mescheef may growe
   Whiche is not caused of the werre, I trowe.
 
-  The werre bringth in p�verte at his heles,
+  The werre bringth in póverte at his heles,
   Wherof the comun people is sore greved;
   The werre hath set his cart on thilke wheles          115
   Wher that fortune may not be beleved.
@@ -12475,14 +12446,14 @@ UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
   And do the werre away, what-so betyde.
   Purchace pees, and sette it by thy syde,
   And suffre nat thy people be devoured;                125
-  So shal thy name ever after stande hon�ured!
+  So shal thy name ever after stande honóured!
 
   If any man be now, or ever was
   Ayein the pees thy prevy counsaylour,
   Let god be of thy counsayl in this cas,
   And put away the cruel werreyour.                     130
   For god, whiche is of man the creatour,
-  He wolde not men slowe his cr�ature
+  He wolde not men slowe his crëature
   Withoute cause of deedly forfayture.
 
   Wher nedeth most, behoveth most to loke;
@@ -12521,12 +12492,12 @@ UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
   Of thilke lore, as holy bokes sayn;
   Crist is the heed, and we be membres alle,
   As wel the subject as the soverayn.                   165
-  So sit it wel, that charit� be playn,
+  So sit it wel, that charitè be playn,
   Whiche unto god him-selve most accordeth,
   So as the lore of Cristes word recordeth.
 
   In th'olde lawe, or Crist him-self was bore,
-  Among the ten comaund�ments, I rede,                  170
+  Among the ten comaundëments, I rede,                  170
   How that manslaughter shulde be forbore;
   Such was the wil, that tyme, of the godhede.
   But afterward, whan Crist took his manhede,
@@ -12537,19 +12508,19 @@ UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
   And stigh to heven, he made his testament,
   Wher he bequath to his disciples there
   And yaf his pees, which is the foundement
-  Of charit�, withouten whos assent                     180
+  Of charitè, withouten whos assent                     180
   The worldes pees may never wel be tryed,
-  Ne lov� kept, ne law� justifyed.
+  Ne lovë kept, ne lawë justifyed.
 
   The Jewes with the payens hadden werre,
   But they among hem-self stode ever in pees;
   Why shulde than our pees stonde out of herre,         185
   Which Crist hath chose unto his owne encrees?
-  For Crist is more than was Mo�ses;
+  For Crist is more than was Moÿses;
   And Crist hath set the parfit of the lawe,
   The whiche shulde in no wyse be withdrawe.
 
-  To yeve us pees was caus� why Crist dyde,             190
+  To yeve us pees was causë why Crist dyde,             190
   Withoute pees may nothing stonde avayled;
   But now a man may see on every syde
   How Cristes fayth is every day assayled,
@@ -12570,14 +12541,14 @@ UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
   But Cristes owne cause in special,
   Ther ben the swerdes and the speres dulle.
   And with the sentence of the popes bulle
-  As for to doon the folk pay�n obeye,
+  As for to doon the folk payën obeye,
   The chirche is tourned al another weye.               210
 
   It is wonder, above any mannes wit,
   Withoute werre how Cristes fayth was wonne;
-  And we that been upon this erth� yit
+  And we that been upon this erthë yit
   Ne kepe it nat as it was first begonne.
-  To every cr�ature under the sonne                     215
+  To every crëature under the sonne                     215
   Crist bad him-self, how that we shulde preche,
   And to the folke his evangely teche.
 
@@ -12597,11 +12568,11 @@ UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
   Thogh Peters ship, as now, hath lost his stere,       230
   It lyth in hem that barge for to stere.
 
-  If holy chirche after the dewet�
+  If holy chirche after the dewetè
   Of Cristes word ne be nat al avysed
-  To make pees, accord, and unit�
+  To make pees, accord, and unitè
   Among the kinges that be now devysed,                 235
-  Yet, natheles, the law� stant assysed
+  Yet, natheles, the lawë stant assysed
   Of mannes wit, to be so resonable
   Withoute that to stande hem-selve stable.
 
@@ -12635,14 +12606,14 @@ UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
   Which helpelees, as in balaunce, hongen.
   The heed above hem hath nat underfongen
   To sette pees, but every man sleeth other;            265
-  And in this wyse hath charit� no brother.
+  And in this wyse hath charitè no brother.
 
   The two defautes bringen in the thridde
   Of miscreants, that seen how we debate;
   Between the two, they fallen in a-midde
   Wher now al-day they fynde an open gate.              270
   Lo! thus the deedly werre stant al-gate.
-  But ever I hop� of king Henries grace,
+  But ever I hopë of king Henries grace,
   That he it is which shal the pees embrace.
 
   My worthy noble prince, and king anoynt,
@@ -12651,10 +12622,10 @@ UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
   As for thy part, that Cristes pees be served.
   So shal thy highe mede be reserved
   To him, whiche al shal quyten atte laste;
-  For this lyf her� may no whyle laste.                 280
+  For this lyf herë may no whyle laste.                 280
 
   See Alisandre, Hector, and Julius,
-  See Machabeus, David, and Josu�,
+  See Machabeus, David, and Josuë,
   See Charlemayne, Godfray, and Arthus
   Fulfild of werre and of mortalitee!
   Hir fame abit, but al is vanitee;                     285
@@ -12679,7 +12650,7 @@ UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
 
   The worldes chaunces upon aventure
   Ben ever set; but thilke chaunce of pees
-  Is so behovely to the cr�ature
+  Is so behovely to the crëature
   That it above al other is peerlees.                   305
   But it may nat +be gete, nathelees,
   Among the men to lasten any whyle,
@@ -12687,13 +12658,13 @@ UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
 
   The pees is as it were a sacrament
   To-fore the god, and shal with wordes playne          310
-  Withouten any double entend�ment
+  Withouten any double entendëment
   Be treted; for the trouthe can nat feyne.
   But if the men within hem-self be vayne,
   The substaunce of the pees may nat be trewe,
   But every day it chaungeth upon newe.                 315
 
-  But who that is of charit� parfyte,
+  But who that is of charitè parfyte,
   He voydeth alle sleightes fer aweye,
   And set his word upon the same plyte
   Wher that his herte hath founde a siker weye;
@@ -12702,60 +12673,60 @@ UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
   It shal abyde and stande, in alle wyse.
 
   Th'apostel sayth, ther may no lyf be good
-  Whiche is nat grounded upon charit�;
-  For charit� ne shedde never blood.                    325
-  So hath the werre, as ther, no propert�;
-  For thilke vertue which is sayd 'pit�'
-  With charit� so ferforth is acquaynted
+  Whiche is nat grounded upon charitè;
+  For charitè ne shedde never blood.                    325
+  So hath the werre, as ther, no propertè;
+  For thilke vertue which is sayd 'pitè'
+  With charitè so ferforth is acquaynted
   That in her may no fals sembla[u]nt be paynted.
 
   Cassodore, whos wryting is authorysed                 330
-  Sayth: 'wher that pit� regneth, ther is grace';
+  Sayth: 'wher that pitè regneth, ther is grace';
   Through which the pees hath al his welthe assysed,
   So that of werre he dredeth no manace.
-  Wher pit� dwelleth, in the same place
-  Ther may no deedly cruelt� sojourne                   335
+  Wher pitè dwelleth, in the same place
+  Ther may no deedly crueltè sojourne                   335
   Wherof that mercy shulde his wey[e] tourne.
 
-  To see what pit�, forth with mercy, doth,
+  To see what pitè, forth with mercy, doth,
   The cronique is at Rome, in thilke empyre
   Of Constantyn, which is a tale soth,
   Whan him was lever his owne deth desyre               340
   Than do the yonge children to martyre.
   Of crueltee he lefte the quarele;
-  Pit� he wroughte, and pit� was his hele.
+  Pitè he wroughte, and pitè was his hele.
 
-  For thilke mannes pit� which he dede
+  For thilke mannes pitè which he dede
   God was pitous, and made him hool at al;              345
   Silvester cam, and in the same stede
   Yaf him baptyme first in special,
   Which dide away the sinne original,
   And al his lepre it hath so purifyed,
-  That his pit� for ever is magnifyed.                  350
+  That his pitè for ever is magnifyed.                  350
 
-  Pit� was cause why this emperour
+  Pitè was cause why this emperour
   Was hool in body and in soule bothe;
   And Rome also was set in thilke honour
   Of Cristes fayth, so that the leve, of lothe
   Whiche hadden be with Crist tofore wrothe,            355
-  Receyved wer� unto Cristes lore.
-  Thus shal pit� be praysed evermore.
+  Receyved werë unto Cristes lore.
+  Thus shal pitè be praysed evermore.
 
   My worthy liege lord, Henry by name,
-  Which Eng�lond hast to governe and righte,
-  Men oughten wel thy pit� to proclame,                 360
+  Which Engëlond hast to governe and righte,
+  Men oughten wel thy pitè to proclame,                 360
   Which openliche, in al the worldes sighte,
   Is shewed, with the helpe of god almighte,
   To yeve us pees, which long hath be debated,
   Wherof thy prys shal never be abated.
 
   My lord, in whom hath ever yet be founde              365
-  Pit�, withoute spotte of violence,
+  Pitè, withoute spotte of violence,
   Keep thilke pees alway, withinne bounde,
   Which god hath planted in thy conscience.
   So shal the cronique of thy pacience
-  Among the saynts be take in-to mem�rie                370
-  To the lo�nge of perdurable glorie.
+  Among the saynts be take in-to memórie                370
+  To the loënge of perdurable glorie.
 
   And to thyn erthely prys, so as I can,
   Whiche every man is holde to commende,
@@ -12770,7 +12741,7 @@ UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
   That eche of hem his owne herte endyte
   And cese the werre, or more mescheef falle.
   Set eek the rightful pope upon his stalle;
-  Keep charit�, and draw pit� to honde,
+  Keep charitè, and draw pitè to honde,
   Maynteyne lawe; and so the pees shal stonde.          385
 
   EXPLICIT CARMEN DE PACIS COMMENDACIONE, QUOD AD LAUDEM
@@ -12799,7 +12770,7 @@ UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
   Hoc tamen in fine verborum queso meorum,
       Prospera quod statuat regna futura deus.
 
-                  � _Explicit._
+                  ¶ _Explicit._
 
 _From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532.); _corrected by_ T. (Trentham MS.) _I give
 the rejected spellings of_ Th. (Thynne), _except where they are corrected
@@ -12878,15 +12849,15 @@ THE LETTER OF CUPID.
 
 LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
 
-  Cupido, unto whos comaund�ment
+  Cupido, unto whos comaundëment
   The gentil kinrede of goddes on hy
   And people infernal been obedient,
   And mortel folk al serven besily,
-  The goddesse son� Cithera soothly,                      5
+  The goddesse sonë Cithera soothly,                      5
   To alle tho that to our deitee
   Ben sugets, hertly greting sende we!
 
-  In general, we wol� that ye knowe
+  In general, we wolë that ye knowe
   That ladies of honour and reverence,
   And other gentil women, haven sowe                     10
   Such seed of compleynt in our audience
@@ -12903,10 +12874,10 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
   To blinden women with hir doublenesse.
 
   Hir wordes spoken ben so syghingly,
-  With so pitous� chere and contenaunce,
+  With so pitousë chere and contenaunce,
   That every wight that meneth trewely
   Demeth that they in herte have such grevaunce;         25
-  They seyn so import�ble is hir penaunce
+  They seyn so importáble is hir penaunce
   That, but hir lady lust to shewe hem grace,
   They right anoon +mot sterven in the place.
 
@@ -12931,15 +12902,15 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
   They graunte hem grace of hir benignitee               45
   For that men shulde nat for hir sake dey;
   And with good herte sette hem in the wey
-  Of blisful lov�--kepe it if they conne;
-  Thus other-whyl� women beth y-wonne.
+  Of blisful lovë--kepe it if they conne;
+  Thus other-whylë women beth y-wonne.
 
   And whan this man the pot hath by the stele,           50
   And fully is in his possessioun,
   With that woman he kepeth not to dele,
   After if he may fynden in the toun
   Any woman, his blinde affeccioun
-  On to bestow�; evel mote he preve!                     55
+  On to bestowë; evel mote he preve!                     55
   A man, for al his othes, is hard to leve!
 
   And, for that every fals man hath a make,
@@ -12958,7 +12929,7 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
   No worship may he thus to him conquere,
   But greet esclaundre un-to him and here!               70
 
-  To her�? Nay, yet was it no repreef;
+  To herë? Nay, yet was it no repreef;
   For al for vertu was it that she wroughte;
   But he that brewed hath al this mischeef,
   That spak so faire, and falsly inward thoughte,
@@ -12976,7 +12947,7 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
 
   Betrayen men not citees grete, and kinges?             85
   What wight is that can shape remedye
-  Ageynes thise falsly purp�sed thinges?
+  Ageynes thise falsly purpósed thinges?
   Who can the craft such craftes to espye
   But man, whos wit ay redy is t'aplye
   To thing that souneth in-to hy falshede?               90
@@ -12985,8 +12956,8 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
   And furthermore han thise men in usage
   That, where as they not lykly been to spede,
   Suche as they been with a double visage
-  They pr�curen, for to pursewe hir nede;                95
-  He prayeth him in his caus� to procede,
+  They prócuren, for to pursewe hir nede;                95
+  He prayeth him in his causë to procede,
   And largely guerdoneth he his travayle;
   Smal witen wommen how men hem assayle!
 
@@ -12996,9 +12967,9 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
   She for the rode of folke is so desyred
   And, as an hors, fro day to day is hyred
   That, when thou twinnest fro hir companye,
-  Another comth, and blered is thyn ey�!                105
+  Another comth, and blered is thyn eyë!                105
 
-  'Now prikke on fast�, and ryd thy journey
+  'Now prikke on fastë, and ryd thy journey
   Whyl thou art there; for she, behind thy bak,
   So liberal is, she wol no wight with-sey,
   But smertly of another take a snak;
@@ -13025,7 +12996,7 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
   'Every womman,' he seyth, 'is light to gete;
   Can noon sey "nay," if she be wel y-soght.
   Who-so may leyser han, with her to trete,
-  Of his purp�s ne shal he faile noght,                 130
+  Of his purpós ne shal he faile noght,                 130
   But he on madding be so depe y-broght
   That he shende al with open hoomlinesse;
   That loven wommen nat, as that I gesse!'
@@ -13055,7 +13026,7 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
   It foloweth nat that swiche al wommen be.
 
   Whan that the high god aungels formed had,            155
-  Among hem alle whether ther wer� noon
+  Among hem alle whether ther werë noon
   That founden was malicious and bad?
   Yis! al men woot that ther was many oon
   That, for hir pryde, fil from heven anoon.
@@ -13063,8 +13034,8 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
   Nay! he that that susteneth is to blame.
 
   Of twelve apostels oon a traitour was;
-  The rem�nant yit god� were and trewe.
-  Than, if it happe men fynd�, per cas,
+  The remënant yit godë were and trewe.
+  Than, if it happe men fyndë, per cas,
   Oo womman fals, swich good is for t'eschewe,          165
   And deme nat that they ben alle untrewe.
   I see wel mennes owne falsenesse
@@ -13086,7 +13057,7 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
   Dispyse thou her nat, in no manere,
   Lest that ther-by thy wikkednesse appere!
 
-  An old prov�rb� seyd is in English:
+  An old provérbë seyd is in English:
   Men seyn, 'that brid or foul is dishonest,
   What that he be, and holden ful churlish,             185
   That useth to defoule his owne nest.'
@@ -13095,10 +13066,10 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
   If that they wole hir honour kepe and save.
 
   Thise ladies eek compleynen hem on clerkes            190
-  That they han maad bok�s of hir diffame,
+  That they han maad bokës of hir diffame,
   In which they lakken wommen and hir werkes
   And speken of hem greet repreef and shame,
-  And caus�lees yive hem a wikked name.
+  And causëlees yive hem a wikked name.
   Thus they despysed been on every syde,                195
   And sclaundred, and bilowen on ful wyde.
 
@@ -13106,12 +13077,12 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
   How they betrayden, in especial,
   Adam, David, Sampsoun, and Salamoun,
   And many oon mo; who may rehersen al                  200
-  The treson that they hav� doon, and shal?
+  The treson that they havë doon, and shal?
   The world hir malice may not comprehende;
   As that thise clerkes seyn, it hath non ende.
 
   Ovyde, in his boke called 'Remedye
-  Of Lov�,' greet repreef of wommen wryteth;            205
+  Of Lovë,' greet repreef of wommen wryteth;            205
   Wherin, I trowe, he dide greet folye,
   And every wight that in such cas delyteth.
   A clerkes custom is, whan he endyteth
@@ -13208,7 +13179,7 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
 
   Nat can I seen, ne my wit comprehende
   That art and peyne and sotiltee sholde fayle
-  For to conqu�re, and sone make an ende,               290
+  For to conquére, and sone make an ende,               290
   Whan man a feble place shal assayle;
   And sone also to venquisshe a batayle
   Of which no wight dar maken resistence,
@@ -13217,22 +13188,22 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
   Than moot it folwen of necessitee,                    295
   Sin art asketh so greet engyn and peyne
   A womman to disceyve, what she be,
-  Of constaunc� they been not so bareyne
+  Of constauncë they been not so bareyne
   As that somme of thise sotil clerkes feyne;
   But they ben as that wommen oghten be,                300
   Sad, constant, and fulfilled of pitee.
 
   How frendly was Medea to Jasoun
-  In the conqu�ring of the flees of gold!
+  In the conquéring of the flees of gold!
   How falsly quitte he her affeccioun
-  By whom vict�rie he gat, as he hath wold!             305
+  By whom victórie he gat, as he hath wold!             305
   How may this man, for shame, be so bold
   To falsen her, that from his dethe and shame
   Him kepte, and gat him so gret prys and name?
 
   Of Troye also the traitour Eneas,
   The feythles wrecche, how hath he him forswore        310
-  To Dido, that queen of Cart�g� was,
+  To Dido, that queen of Cartágë was,
   That him releved of his smertes sore!
   What gentilesse might she han doon more
   Than she with herte unfeyned to him kidde?
@@ -13250,8 +13221,8 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
   Unto wommannes crabbed wikkednesse!'
   O woman! How shalt thou thy-self chevyce,             325
   Sin men of thee so muchel harm witnesse?
-  No fors! Do forth! Tak� no hevinesse!
-  Kep� thyn own�, what men clappe or crake;
+  No fors! Do forth! Takë no hevinesse!
+  Kepë thyn ownë, what men clappe or crake;
   And somme of hem shul smerte, I undertake!
 
   Malyce of wommen, what is it to drede?                330
@@ -13286,7 +13257,7 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
   Which god forbad that she nat ete of sholde;
   And, nad the devel been, namore she wolde.'
 
-  Th' env�ous swelling that the feend, our fo,
+  Th' envýous swelling that the feend, our fo,
   Had unto man in herte, for his welthe,
   Sente a serpent, and made her for to go               360
   To disceyve Eve; and thus was mannes helthe
@@ -13294,16 +13265,16 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
   The womman noght knowing of the deceyt;
   God wot, ful fer was it from her conceyt.
 
-  Wherfore I sey, this god� womman Eve                  365
+  Wherfore I sey, this godë womman Eve                  365
   Our fader Adam ne deceyved noght.
   Ther may no man for a deceyt it preve
   Proprely, but-if that she, in her thoght,
   Had it compassed first, er it was wroght;
   And, for swich was nat her impressioun,               370
-  Men calle it may no d�ceyt, by resoun.
+  Men calle it may no déceyt, by resoun.
 
-  No wight deceyveth but he it purp�se;
-  The feend this d�ceyt caste, and nothing she.
+  No wight deceyveth but he it purpóse;
+  The feend this déceyt caste, and nothing she.
   Than is it wrong to demen or suppose
   That she sholde of this harm the cause be.            375
   Wyteth the feend, and his be the maugree;
@@ -13344,8 +13315,8 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
 
   Her heped vertu hath swich excellence
   That al to lene is mannes facultee
-  To d�clare it, and therfor in suspence
-  Her du� preysing put mot nedes be.                    410
+  To déclare it, and therfor in suspence
+  Her duë preysing put mot nedes be.                    410
   But this we witen verrayly, that she,
   Next god, the best frend is that to man longeth;
   The key of mercy by her girdil hongeth.
@@ -13372,7 +13343,7 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
   For ever I werrey ayein chastitee,
   And ever shal; but this, lo! meveth me,
   Her loving herte and constant to her lay
-  Dryve out of r�membraunc� I ne may.
+  Dryve out of rémembrauncë I ne may.
 
   In any boke also wher can ye fynde,                   435
   That of the werkes or the dethe or lyf
@@ -13410,7 +13381,7 @@ LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
   We yow comaunde, our ministres, echoon
   That redy been to our hestes enclyne,                 465
   That of thise false men, our rebel foon,
-  Ye do punissh�ment, and that anoon!
+  Ye do punisshëment, and that anoon!
   Voide hem our court and banish hem for ever
   So that ther-inne they ne come never.
 
@@ -13614,7 +13585,7 @@ CESTES BALADES ENSUYANTES FEURENT FAITES AU TRES NOBLE ROY HENRY LE QUINT
   To princes alle, in love and buxumnesse
   To holy chirche, O verray sustenour
   And piler of our feith, and werreyour
-  Ageyn the heresy�s bitter galle,
+  Ageyn the heresyës bitter galle,
   Do forth, do forth, continue your socour!              15
   Hold up Cristes baner; lat it nat falle!
 
@@ -13624,7 +13595,7 @@ CESTES BALADES ENSUYANTES FEURENT FAITES AU TRES NOBLE ROY HENRY LE QUINT
   Weneth fully to cacche a tyme and hour                 20
   To have on us, your liges, a sharp shour,
   And to his servitude us knitte and thralle.
-  But ay we truste in you, our pr�tectour;
+  But ay we truste in you, our prótectour;
   On your constaunce we awayten alle.
 
   Commandeth that no wight have hardinesse,              25
@@ -13643,12 +13614,12 @@ CESTES BALADES ENSUYANTES FEURENT FAITES AU TRES NOBLE ROY HENRY LE QUINT
   Of Cristes cause; in honour of his name                35
   Shove on, and putte his foos to the outrance!
   God wolde so; so wolde eek your ligeaunce;
-  To tho two prikketh you your du�tee.
+  To tho two prikketh you your duëtee.
   Who-so nat kepeth this double observaunce
   Of merit and honour naked is he!                       40
 
   Your style seith that ye ben foos to shame;
-  Now kythe of your feith the pers�veraunce,
+  Now kythe of your feith the perséveraunce,
   In which an heep of us arn halte and lame.
   Our Cristen king of England and of Fraunce,
   And ye, my lordes, with your alliaunce,                45
@@ -13668,8 +13639,8 @@ CESTES BALADES ENSUYANTES FEURENT FAITES AU TRES NOBLE ROY HENRY LE QUINT
   Stif stande in that, and ye shul greve and grame
   The fo to pees, the norice of distaunce;
   That now is ernest, torne it into game;
-  Dampn�ble fro feith wer� variaunce!                    60
-  Lord lige, and lordes, have in r�membraunce,
+  Dampnáble fro feith werë variaunce!                    60
+  Lord lige, and lordes, have in rémembraunce,
   Lord of al is the blessed Trinitee,
   Of whos vertu the mighty habundaunce
   You herte and strengthe in feithful unitee! Amen.
@@ -13712,15 +13683,15 @@ BY HENRY SCOGAN, SQUYER.
   My noble sones, and eek my lordes dere,
   I, your fader called, unworthily,
   Sende un-to you this litel tretys here
-  Writen with myn owne hand full rud�ly;
+  Writen with myn owne hand full rudëly;
   Although it be that I not reverently                    5
   Have writen to your estats, yet I you praye,
-  Myn unconning taketh benign�ly
+  Myn unconning taketh benignëly
   For goddes sake, and herken what I seye.
 
   I complayn sore, whan I remembre me
   The sodeyn age that is upon me falle;                  10
-  More I complayn my mispent juvent�
+  More I complayn my mispent juventè
   The whiche is impossible ayein to calle.
   But certainly, the most complaynte of alle
   Is for to thinke, that I have been so nyce
@@ -13728,18 +13699,18 @@ BY HENRY SCOGAN, SQUYER.
   In al my youthe, but vyces ay cheryce.
 
   Of whiche I aske mercy of thee, lord,
-  That art almighty god in majest�,
+  That art almighty god in majestè,
   Beseking thee, to make so even accord
-  Betwix thee and my soule, that vanit�                  20
-  Of worldly lust, ne blynd prosperit�
+  Betwix thee and my soule, that vanitè                  20
+  Of worldly lust, ne blynd prosperitè
   Have no lordship over my flesshe so frele.
-  Thou lord of reste and parfit unit�,
+  Thou lord of reste and parfit unitè,
   Put fro me vyce, and keep my soules hele.
 
   And yeve me might, whyl I have lyf and space,          25
   Me to conforme fully to thy plesaunce;
   Shewe upon me th'abundaunce of thy grace,
-  In gode werkes graunt me pers�veraunce.
+  In gode werkes graunt me perséveraunce.
   Of al my youthe forget the ignoraunce;
   Yeve me good wil, to serve thee ay to queme;           30
   Set al my lyf after thyn ordinaunce,
@@ -13781,7 +13752,7 @@ BY HENRY SCOGAN, SQUYER.
   That god is lord of vertue and figure
   Of al goodnesse; and therfore folowe his lore.
 
-  My mayster Chaucer, god his soul� have!                65
+  My mayster Chaucer, god his soulë have!                65
   That in his langage was so curious,
   He sayde, the fader whiche is deed and grave,
   Biquath nothing his vertue with his hous
@@ -13799,7 +13770,7 @@ BY HENRY SCOGAN, SQUYER.
   That in your age it may you kepe and gye
   Fro the tempest of worldly wawes here.                 80
 
-  Thinketh how, betwix� vertue and estat
+  Thinketh how, betwixë vertue and estat
   There is a parfit blessed mariage;
   Vertue is cause of pees, vyce of debat
   In mannes soule; for which, with ful corage,
@@ -13855,7 +13826,7 @@ BY HENRY SCOGAN, SQUYER.
   The losse in youthe of vertue can complayne;
   Wherfore I pray you, dooth your diligence,
   For your estats and goddes reverence,                 130
-  T'enprint� vertue fully in your mynde,
+  T'enprintë vertue fully in your mynde,
   That, whan ye come in your juges presence,
   Ye be not set as vertules behynde.
 
@@ -13865,29 +13836,29 @@ BY HENRY SCOGAN, SQUYER.
   That of that art ye have no joy to here.
   But, as a ship that is withouten stere
   Dryveth up and doun, withouten governaunce,
-  Wening that calm wol last�, yeer by yere,             140
+  Wening that calm wol lastë, yeer by yere,             140
   Right so fare ye, for very ignoraunce.
 
-  For very sham�, knowe ye nat, by r�son
+  For very shamë, knowe ye nat, by réson
   That, after an ebbe, ther cometh a flood ful rage?
-  In the same wyse, whan youth passeth his s�son,
+  In the same wyse, whan youth passeth his séson,
   Cometh croked and unweldy palled age;                 145
   Sone after comen kalends of dotage;
   And if your youth no vertue have provyded,
   Al men wol saye, fy on your vassalage!
   Thus hath your slouth fro worship you devyded.
 
-  Bo�ce the clerk, as men may rede and see,             150
+  Boëce the clerk, as men may rede and see,             150
   Saith, in his Boke of Consolacioun,
   What man desyreth +have of vyne or tree
   Plentee of fruit, in the ryping sesoun,
   Must ay eschewe to doon oppressioun
   Unto the rote, whyle it is yong and grene;            155
   Ye may wel see, by this conclusioun,
-  That youth� vertulees doth mochel tene.
+  That youthë vertulees doth mochel tene.
 
   Seeth, there-ayenst, how vertuous noblesse
-  Roted in youthe, with good pers�veraunce,
+  Roted in youthe, with good perséveraunce,
   Dryveth away al vyce and wrecchednesse,               160
   As slogardrye, ryote and distaunce!
   Seeth eek how vertue causeth suffisaunce,
@@ -13909,7 +13880,7 @@ BY HENRY SCOGAN, SQUYER.
   They hated vertue, equitee, and pees.
   Loke how Antiochus fil fro his char,
   That he his skin and bones al to-tar!
-  Loke what meschaunc� they had for hir vyces!
+  Loke what meschauncë they had for hir vyces!
   Who-so that wol not by these signes be war,           180
   I dar wel say, infortunat or nyce is.
 
@@ -13967,7 +13938,7 @@ Cx.; Th. children and therefore laborouse. 70. H. Th. Ought; A. Aught; Cx.
 Owe. Th. _om._ to. Th. besekyng; A. beseching. 72. Th. haue; A. H. gete.
 Th. p_ar_te. A. feyre; Th. H. _om._
 
-74. A. Com�e. 75. A. thorugh; Cx. thurgh; Th. by. A. leofful; Th. leful; H.
+74. A. Comþe. 75. A. thorugh; Cx. thurgh; Th. by. A. leofful; Th. leful; H.
 leeful. 77. Th. you ye; A. H. _om._ ye. 78. Th. house. A. soo wyse; Th. H.
 suche a. 79. Th. _om._ it. 80. H. A. worldly; Th. worldes. 81. Th. howe
 betwyxe; A. howe bytwene. 82. Th. parfyte. 84. H. A. for whiche with full;
@@ -14057,7 +14028,7 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   As he, alas! that nigh for sorowe deyde,
   My sekenes sat ay so nigh my herte.
   But, for to finde socour of my smerte,
-  Or at the leste som r�les of my peyne,                 20
+  Or at the leste som réles of my peyne,                 20
   That me so sore halt in every veyne,
 
   I roos anon, and thoghte I wolde goon
@@ -14096,7 +14067,7 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   Al oversprad with tapites that Nature
   Had mad her-selve, celured eek alofte
   With bowes grene, the floures for to cure,
-  That in hir beaut� they may longe endure
+  That in hir beautè they may longe endure
   From al assaut of Phebus fervent fere,                 55
   Whiche in his spere so hote shoon and clere.
 
@@ -14116,8 +14087,8 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   Her bowes grene to the erthe adoun
   Unto her knight, y-called Demophoun.                   70
 
-  Ther saw I eek the fresshe haw�thorn
-  In whyte motl�, that so swote doth smelle,
+  Ther saw I eek the fresshe hawëthorn
+  In whyte motlè, that so swote doth smelle,
   Ash, firre, and ook, with many a yong acorn,
   And many a tree--mo than I can telle;
   And, me beforn, I saw a litel welle,                   75
@@ -14126,7 +14097,7 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
 
   The gravel gold, the water pure as glas,
   The bankes rounde, the welle envyroning;
-  And softe as velu�t the yonge gras                     80
+  And softe as veluët the yonge gras                     80
   That therupon lustily cam springing;
   The sute of trees aboute compassing
   Hir shadowe caste, closing the welle rounde,
@@ -14136,19 +14107,19 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   Through might of herbes growing there besyde,
   Not lyk the welle, wher-as Narcisus
   Y-slayn was, through vengeaunce of Cupyde,
-  Where so covertly he did� hyde
+  Where so covertly he didë hyde
   The grayn of cruel dethe upon ech brinke,              90
   That deeth mot folowe, who that ever drinke;
 
-  Ne lyk the pitt� of the Pegac�
-  Under Pernaso, where poet�s slepte;
-  Nor lyk the welle of pure chastit�
+  Ne lyk the pittë of the Pegacè
+  Under Pernaso, where poetës slepte;
+  Nor lyk the welle of pure chastitè
   Which that Dyane with her nymphes kepte,               95
   Whan she naked into the water lepte,
   That slow Acteon with his houndes felle
   Only for he cam so nigh the welle!
 
-  B�t this welle, that I here reherce,
+  Bút this welle, that I here reherce,
   So hoolsom was, that it wolde aswage                  100
   Bollen hertes, and the venim perce
   Of pensifheed, with al the cruel rage,
@@ -14168,21 +14139,21 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   Of the brenning that sat so nigh my herte,
   That verily anon I gan to fele                        115
   An huge part relesed of my smerte;
-  And therwithall� anon up I sterte,
+  And therwithallë anon up I sterte,
   And thoughte I wolde walke, and see more
   Forth in the parke, and in the holtes hore.
 
-  And through a laund� as I yede a-pace                 120
+  And through a laundë as I yede a-pace                 120
   And gan aboute faste to beholde,
-  I found anon a d�litable place
-  That was beset with tre�s yonge and olde,
+  I found anon a délitable place
+  That was beset with treës yonge and olde,
   Whose names here for me shal not be tolde;
   Amidde of whiche stood an herber grene,               125
   That benched was, with colours newe and clene.
 
-  Th�s herber was ful of floures inde,
+  Thís herber was ful of floures inde,
   In-to the whiche as I beholde gan,
-  Betwix an hulfere and a wod�binde,
+  Betwix an hulfere and a wodëbinde,
   As I was war, I saw wher lay a man                    130
   In blakke and whyte colour, pale and wan,
   And wonder deedly also of his hewe,
@@ -14200,7 +14171,7 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   Greetly wondring what it mighte be
   That he so lay, and hadde no felawe,
   Ne that I coude no wight with him see;
-  Wherof I hadde routhe, and eek pit�,                  145
+  Wherof I hadde routhe, and eek pitè,                  145
   And gan anon, so softely as I coude,
   Among the busshes me prively to shroude;
 
@@ -14230,22 +14201,22 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
 
   And, for me semeth that it is sitting
   His wordes al to putte in remembraunce,               170
-  To me, that herd� al his complayning
-  And al the ground� of his woful chaunce,
+  To me, that herdë al his complayning
+  And al the groundë of his woful chaunce,
   If ther-withal I may you do plesaunce,
   I wol to you, so as I can, anon,
   Lyk as he sayde, reherce hem everichon.               175
 
   But who shal helpe me now to complayne?
   Or who shal now my style gye or lede?
-  O Niob�, let now thy teres rayne
+  O Niobè, let now thy teres rayne
   In-to my penne; and helpe eek in this nede,
   Thou woful Mirre, that felest my herte blede          180
   Of pitous wo, and myn hand eek quake
   Whan that I wryte, for this mannes sake!
 
   For unto wo accordeth complayning
-  And doleful cher� unto hevinesse;
+  And doleful cherë unto hevinesse;
   To sorowe also, syghing and weping,                   185
   And pitous mourning, unto drerinesse;
   And whoso that shal wryten of distresse
@@ -14270,7 +14241,7 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
 
   And if that any now be in this place
   That fele in love brenning or fervence,               205
-  Or hindred wer� to his lady grace
+  Or hindred werë to his lady grace
   With false tonges, that with pestilence
   Slee trewe men that never did offence
   In word nor dede, ne in hir entent--
@@ -14280,7 +14251,7 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   With doleful chere and sobre countenaunce,
   To here this man, by ful high sentence,
   His mortal wo and his gret perturbaunce
-  C�mplayning, now lying in a traunce,                  215
+  Cómplayning, now lying in a traunce,                  215
   With lokes upcaste, and with ruful chere,
   Th' effect of whiche was as ye shal here.--
 
@@ -14291,7 +14262,7 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   The woful gost, the herte rent and tore,              220
   The pitous chere, pale in compleyning,
   The deedly face, lyk ashes in shyning,
-  The salte teres that fro myn ey�n falle,
+  The salte teres that fro myn eyën falle,
   Parcel declare grounde of my peynes alle:
 
   Whos herte is grounde to blede in hevinesse;          225
@@ -14308,7 +14279,7 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   For hete I brenne; and thus, betwixe twayne,          235
   I possed am, and al forcast in payne;
   So that my hete plainly, as I fele,
-  Of grevous cold is caus�, every-deel.
+  Of grevous cold is causë, every-deel.
 
   This is the cold of inward high disdayne,
   Cold of dispyt, and cold of cruel hate;               240
@@ -14327,10 +14298,10 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   Hath mad despyt newe his swerd to whette
 
   Ayeines me, and his arowes to fyle
-  To take vengeaunce of wilful cruelt�;
+  To take vengeaunce of wilful crueltè;
   And tonges false, through hir sleightly wyle,         255
   Han gonne a werre that wil not stinted be;
-  And fals Envye, Wrathe, and Enmit�,
+  And fals Envye, Wrathe, and Enmitè,
   Have conspired, ayeines al right and lawe,
   Of hir malyce, that Trouthe shal be slawe.
 
@@ -14340,26 +14311,26 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   That Misbeleve and Fals-Suspeccioun,
   Have Trouthe brought to his dampnacioun,
   So that, alas! wrongfully he dyeth,                   265
-  And Falsnes now his plac� occupyeth,
+  And Falsnes now his placë occupyeth,
 
   And entred is in-to Trouthes lond,
   And hath therof the ful possessioun.
   O rightful god, that first the trouthe fond,
   How may thou suffre such oppressioun,                 270
   That Falshood shulde have jurisdiccioun
-  In Trouthes right, to slee him gilt�lees?
+  In Trouthes right, to slee him giltëlees?
   In his fraunchyse he may not live in pees.
 
   Falsly accused, and of his foon forjuged,
   Without answere, whyl he was absent,                  275
   He dampned was, and may not ben excused,
-  For Cruelt� sat in jug�ment
-  Of hastinesse, withoute avys�ment,
+  For Crueltè sat in jugëment
+  Of hastinesse, withoute avysëment,
   And bad Disdayn do execute anon
-  His jug�ment, in presence of his foon.                280
+  His jugëment, in presence of his foon.                280
 
   Attourney noon ne may admitted been
-  T'�xcuse Trouth�, ne a word to speke;
+  T'ëxcuse Trouthë, ne a word to speke;
   To fayth or ooth the juge list not seen,
   There is no gayn, but he wil be wreke.
   O lord of trouthe, to thee I calle and clepe;         285
@@ -14367,7 +14338,7 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   Withoute mercy, murdred innocence?
 
   Now god, that art of trouthe soverain
-  And se�st how I lye for trouthe bounde,
+  And seëst how I lye for trouthe bounde,
   So sore knit in loves fyry chain                      290
   Even at the deth, through-girt with many a wounde
   That lykly are never for to sounde,
@@ -14378,12 +14349,12 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   How that myn herte professed whylom was
   For to be trewe with al my fulle might
   Only to oon, the whiche now, alas!
-  Of volunt�, withoute any trespas,
+  Of voluntè, withoute any trespas,
   Myn accusours hath taken unto grace,                  300
   And cherissheth hem, my deth for to purchace.
 
   What meneth this? what is this wonder ure
-  Of purveyaunc�, if I shal it calle,
+  Of purveyauncë, if I shal it calle,
   Of god of love, that false hem so assure,
   And trewe, alas! doun of the whele ben falle?         305
   And yet in sothe, this is the worst of alle,
@@ -14391,14 +14362,14 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   And Trouthe ayenward of Falshed bereth the blame.
 
   This blinde chaunce, this stormy aventure,
-  In lov� hath most his experience;                     310
+  In lovë hath most his experience;                     310
   For who that doth with trouthe most his cure
   Shal for his mede finde most offence,
   That serveth love with al his diligence;
-  For who can fayn�, under lowliheed,
+  For who can faynë, under lowliheed,
   Ne fayleth not to finde grace and speed.              315
 
-  For I loved oon, ful long� sith agoon,
+  For I loved oon, ful longë sith agoon,
   With al my herte, body, and ful might,
   And, to be deed, my herte can not goon
   From his hest, but holde that he hath hight;
@@ -14406,8 +14377,8 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   And by her mouth dampned that I shal deye,
   +To my behest yet I wil ever obeye.
 
-  For ever, sith� that the world began,
-  Who-so list lok�, and in storie rede,
+  For ever, sithë that the world began,
+  Who-so list lokë, and in storie rede,
   He shal ay finde that the trewe man                   325
   Was put abakke, wher-as the falshede
   Y-furthered was; for Love taketh non hede
@@ -14451,22 +14422,22 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   Unto the herte with fresh Venus sight                 360
   Y-wounded was, through Cupydes bowe,
   And yet his lady liste him not to knowe.
-  Though for her love his herte did� blede,
+  Though for her love his herte didë blede,
   She leet him go, and took of him no hede.
 
   What shal I saye of yonge Piramus?                    365
   Of trew Tristram, for al his hye renoun?
   Of Achilles, or of Antonius?
   Of Arcite eke, or of him Palemoun?
-  What was the end� of hir passioun
+  What was the endë of hir passioun
   But, after sorowe, deeth, and than hir grave?         370
   Lo, here the guerdon that these lovers have!
 
   But false Jason, with his doublenesse,
   That was untrewe at Colkos to Medee,
-  And Theseus, rote of unkind�nesse,
+  And Theseus, rote of unkindënesse,
   And with these two eek the false Enee;                375
-  Lo! thus the fals�, ay in oon degr�,
+  Lo! thus the falsë, ay in oon degrè,
   Had in love hir lust and al hir wille;
   And, save falshood, ther was non other skille.
 
@@ -14480,7 +14451,7 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
 
   For trewe Adon was slayn with the bore
   Amid the forest, in the grene shade;
-  For Venus love he felt� al the sore.
+  For Venus love he feltë al the sore.
   But Vulcanus with her no mercy made;
   The foule chorl had many nightes glade,               390
   Wher Mars, her worthy knight, her trewe man,
@@ -14508,7 +14479,7 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   Manhood, ne might, in armes worthinesse,              410
   Pursute of worship, nor no hy prowesse,
   In straunge lande ryding, ne travayle,
-  Ful lyte or nought in lov� doth avayle.
+  Ful lyte or nought in lovë doth avayle.
 
   Peril of dethe, nother in see ne lande,
   Hunger ne thurst, sorowe ne sekenesse,                415
@@ -14543,7 +14514,7 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   Whan ever his dart that him list to fyle,
 
   My woful herte for to ryve a-two
-  For faute of mercy, and lak of pit�
+  For faute of mercy, and lak of pitè
   Of her that causeth al my payne and wo
   And list not ones, of grace, for to see               445
   Unto my trouthe through her crueltee;
@@ -14551,12 +14522,12 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   That she hath joy to laughen at my peyne!
 
   And wilfully hath [she] my deeth y-sworn
-  Al gilt�lees, and wot no cause why                    450
+  Al giltëlees, and wot no cause why                    450
   Save for the trouthe that I have had aforn
   To her alone to serve faithfully!
-  O god of lov�! unto thee I cry,
+  O god of lovë! unto thee I cry,
   And to thy blinde double deitee
-  Of this gret wrong� I compleyne me,                   455
+  Of this gret wrongë I compleyne me,                   455
 
   And to thy stormy wilful variaunce
   Y-meynt with chaunge and greet unstablenesse;
@@ -14584,8 +14555,8 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
 
   Thus fareth it now even by me,
   That to my fo, that yaf myn herte a wounde,
-  Mote aske grace, mercy, and pit�,
-  And nam�ly, ther wher non may be founde!              480
+  Mote aske grace, mercy, and pitè,
+  And namëly, ther wher non may be founde!              480
   For now my sore my leche wil confounde,
   And god of kinde so hath set myn ure,
   My lyves fo to have my wounde in cure!
@@ -14606,7 +14577,7 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   Of al vertues, and therwithal purvyde
   To murdre trouthe, hath take Daunger to gyde.
 
-  For bount�, beaut�, shappe, and semeliheed,
+  For bountè, beautè, shappe, and semeliheed,
   Prudence, wit, passingly fairnesse,
   Benigne port, glad chere with lowliheed,              500
   Of womanheed right plenteous largesse,
@@ -14617,7 +14588,7 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   Whan Mistrust also, and Fals-Suspeccioun,             505
   With Misbeleve, she made for to be
   Cheef of counsayl to this conclusioun,
-  For to exyle Routhe, and eek Pit�,
+  For to exyle Routhe, and eek Pitè,
   Out of her court to make Mercy flee,
   So that Dispyt now holdeth forth her reyne,           510
   Through hasty bileve of tales that men feyne.
@@ -14666,15 +14637,15 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   And she it knowe in every circumstaunce;
   And after, I am wel apayd that she
   If that hir list, of dethe to do vengeaunce           550
-  Unt� me, that am under her legeaunce;
+  Untó me, that am under her legeaunce;
   It sit me not her doom to disobeye,
   But, at her luste, wilfully to deye.
 
   Withoute grucching or rebellioun
   In wille or worde, hoolly I assent,                   555
   Or any maner contradiccioun,
-  Fully to be at her commaund�ment;
-  And, if I dy�, in my testament
+  Fully to be at her commaundëment;
+  And, if I dyë, in my testament
   My herte I sende, and my spirit also,
   What-so-ever she list, with hem to do.                560
 
@@ -14711,28 +14682,28 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   Fro yeer to yere, under the bowes grene.
 
   And for bicause that it drow to the night
-  And that the sonne his ark diurn�l                    590
+  And that the sonne his ark diurnál                    590
   Y-passed was, so that his persaunt light,
   His brighte bemes and his stremes al
   Were in the wawes of the water fal,
-  Under the bordure of our oc�an,
+  Under the bordure of our ocëan,
   His char of golde his cours so swiftly ran:           595
 
   And whyl the twylight and the rowes rede
-  Of Phebus light were d�aurat a lyte,
+  Of Phebus light were dëaurat a lyte,
   A penne I took, and gan me faste spede
-  The woful playnt� of this man to wryte
-  Word by word�, as he did endyte;                      600
+  The woful playntë of this man to wryte
+  Word by wordë, as he did endyte;                      600
   Lyk as I herde, and coude him tho reporte,
   I have here set, your hertes to disporte.
 
   If ought be mis, layeth the wyte on me,
   For I am worthy for to bere the blame
   If any thing [here] misreported be,                   605
-  To make this dyt� for to seme lame
+  To make this dytè for to seme lame
   Through myn unconning; but, to sayn the same,
   Lyk as this man his complaynt did expresse,
-  I aske mercy and forgiv�nesse.
+  I aske mercy and forgivënesse.
 
   And, as I wroot, me thoughte I saw a-ferre,           610
   Fer in the weste, lustely appere
@@ -14753,7 +14724,7 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   Togider, bothe twayne, in the same whyle
   That al the court above celestial                     625
   At youre shame gan for to laughe and smyle!
-  A! fair� lady! welwilly founde at al,
+  A! fairë lady! welwilly founde at al,
   Comfort to careful, O goddesse immortal!
   Be helping now, and do thy diligence
   To let the stremes of thyn influence                  630
@@ -14763,7 +14734,7 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   Shew now thy might, and on hir wo have routhe
   Er fals Daunger slee hem and confounde.
   And specially, let thy might be founde                635
-  For to socour�, what-so that thou may,
+  For to socourë, what-so that thou may,
   The trewe man that in the herber lay,
 
   And alle trewe forther, for his sake,
@@ -14772,7 +14743,7 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   Her herte of stele to mercy so enclyne,
   Er that thy bemes go up, to declyne,
   And er that thou now go fro us adoun,
-  F�r that love thou haddest to Adoun!'
+  Fór that love thou haddest to Adoun!'
 
   And whan that she was gon unto her reste,             645
   I roos anon, and hoom to bedde wente,
@@ -14792,20 +14763,20 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
 
   I mene thus, that, in al honestee,
   Withoute more, ye may togider speke                   660
-  What so ye list�, at good libertee,
+  What so ye listë, at good libertee,
   That eche may to other hir herte breke,
-  On Jelousy� only to be wreke,
+  On Jelousyë only to be wreke,
   That hath so longe, of malice and envye,
   Werreyed Trouthe with his tirannye.                   665
 
               LENVOY.
 
   Princesse, plese it your benignitee
-  This litel dyt� for to have in mynde!
-  Of womanhed� also for to see
+  This litel dytè for to have in mynde!
+  Of womanhedë also for to see
   Your trewe man may youre mercy finde;
-  And Pit� eek, that long hath be behinde,              670
-  Let him ayein be pr�voked to grace;
+  And Pitè eek, that long hath be behinde,              670
+  Let him ayein be próvoked to grace;
   For, by my trouthe, it is ayeines kinde,
   Fals Daunger for to occupye his place!
 
@@ -14814,9 +14785,9 @@ THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
   And be right glad; for she shal thee seen;
   Suche is thy grace! But I, alas! in payne
   Am left behinde, and not to whom to playne.
-  For Mercy, Routhe, Grace, and eek Pit�
+  For Mercy, Routhe, Grace, and eek Pitè
   Exyled be, that I may not attayne                     680
-  Recure to finde of myn adversit�.
+  Recure to finde of myn adversitè.
 
               _Explicit._
 
@@ -14971,7 +14942,7 @@ to _read_ shal? 551. F. P. legeaunce; Th. D. ligeaunce; T. lygeaunce.
 
 553. T. D. luste; Th. F. B. lust. S. Quherso hir list to do me lyue or
 deye. 555. S. hoolly; Th. holy. 560. Th. T. D. lyste; F. S. P. list. 561.
-S. vnto; _rest_ to. 566. S. quhill �_a_t me. 568. Th. mater. 571. F. B. P.
+S. vnto; _rest_ to. 566. S. quhill þ_a_t me. 568. Th. mater. 571. F. B. P.
 hest. 573. T. liste; _rest_ list (lust). 575. T. sike; S. to sike; Th. D.
 sygh; F. B. sile (!). 577. Th. no worde. 581. Th. long wisshing (!). Th. S.
 for; F. B. D. P. for his; T. for her. 583. S. P. gan; _rest_ gonne (gunne).
@@ -15000,7 +14971,7 @@ IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
   Was horned, ful of Phebus fyry light,
   And that she gan to reyse her stremes sone,
   Saint Valentyne! upon thy blisful night
-  Of du�tee, whan glad is every wight,                    5
+  Of duëtee, whan glad is every wight,                    5
   And foules chese (to voyde hir olde sorowe)
   Everich his make, upon the nexte morowe;
 
@@ -15008,14 +14979,14 @@ IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
   Ful lustely, agayn the morowe gray--
   'Awake, ye lovers, out of your slombringe,             10
   This gladde morowe, in al the haste ye may;
-  Some �bservaunce doth unto this day,
+  Some óbservaunce doth unto this day,
   Your choise ayen of herte to renewe
-  In c�nfirming, for ever to be trewe!
+  In cónfirming, for ever to be trewe!
 
   And ye that be, of chesing, at your large,             15
   This lusty day, by custome of nature,
   Take upon you the blisful holy charge
-  To serve lov�, whyl your lyf may dure,
+  To serve lovë, whyl your lyf may dure,
   With herte, body, and al your besy cure,
   For evermore, as Venus and Cipryde                     20
   For you disposeth, and the god Cupyde.
@@ -15028,10 +14999,10 @@ IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
   And, at your herte, closed be your wounde,
   Beth alway one, ther-as ye are bounde!'
 
-  Th�t whan I had herd, and listed longe,
+  Thát whan I had herd, and listed longe,
   With devout herte, the lusty melodye                   30
   Of this hevenly comfortable songe
-  So �greable, as by harmonye,
+  So ágreable, as by harmonye,
   I roos anon, and faste gan me hye
   Toward a grove, and the way [gan] take
   Foules to sene, everich chese his make.                35
@@ -15062,7 +15033,7 @@ IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
 
   The sely wrenne, the titmose also,
   The litel redbrest, have free eleccioun
-  To flyen y-fer� and +togider go
+  To flyen y-ferë and +togider go
   Wher-as hem liste, abouten enviroun,                   60
   As they of kynde have inclinacoun,
   And as Nature, emperesse and gyde,
@@ -15079,7 +15050,7 @@ IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
   Thus may I [soothly] seen, and playne, alas!
   My woful houre and my disaventure,
   That dolefully stonde in the same cas
-  So fer behynd�, from al helth and cure.
+  So fer behyndë, from al helth and cure.
   My wounde abydeth lyk a sursanure;                     75
   For me Fortune so felly list dispose,
   My harm is hid, that I dar not disclose.
@@ -15094,14 +15065,14 @@ IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
 
   The whiche twayne ay stondeth in my wey                85
   Maliciously; and Fals Suspeccioun
-  Is very caus� also that I dey,
+  Is very causë also that I dey,
   Ginning and rote of my distruccioun;
   So that I fele, [as] in conclusioun,
   With hir traynes that they wol me shende,              90
   Of my labour that deth mot make an ende!
 
   Yet, or I dye, with herte, wil, and thought
-  To god of lov� this avowe I make,
+  To god of lovë this avowe I make,
   (As I best can, how dere that it be bought,
   Wher-so it be, that I slepe or wake,                   95
   Whyl Boreas doth the leves shake)
@@ -15114,37 +15085,37 @@ IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
   Nor curiously by no crafte endyte,
   Yet lever I have, that she putte the wyte
   In unconning than in negligence,
-  What-ever I say� of her excellence.                   105
+  What-ever I sayë of her excellence.                   105
 
-  What-ever I saye, it is of du�tee,
+  What-ever I saye, it is of duëtee,
   In sothfastnesse and no presumpcioun;
   This I ensure to you that shal it see,
   That it is al under correccioun;
   What I reherce in commendacioun                       110
-  Of her� that I shal to you, as blyve,
+  Of herë that I shal to you, as blyve,
   So as I can, her vertues here discryve.--
 
-  � Right by example as the somer-sonne
+  ¶ Right by example as the somer-sonne
   Passeth the sterre with his bemes shene,
-  And Lucifer among the sky�s donne                     115
+  And Lucifer among the skyës donne                     115
   A-morowe sheweth to voyde nightes tene,
   So verily, withouten any wene,
   My lady passeth (who-so taketh hede)
   Al tho alyve, to speke of womanhede.
 
-  And as the ruby hath the soveraint�                   120
-  Of riche stones and the regaly�;
-  And [as] the rose, of swetnesse and beaut�,
-  Of fresshe floures, withouten any ly�;
-  Right so, in sothe, with her goodly y�,
+  And as the ruby hath the soveraintè                   120
+  Of riche stones and the regalyë;
+  And [as] the rose, of swetnesse and beautè,
+  Of fresshe floures, withouten any lyë;
+  Right so, in sothe, with her goodly yë,
   She passeth al in bountee and fairnesse,              125
-  Of maner ek�, and of gentilnesse.
+  Of maner ekë, and of gentilnesse.
 
   For she is bothe the fairest and the beste,
   To reken al in very sothfastnesse;
   For every vertue is in her at reste;
   And furthermore, to speke of stedfastnesse,           130
-  She is the rot�; and of seemlinesse
+  She is the rotë; and of seemlinesse
   The very mirrour; and of governaunce
   To al example, withouten variaunce.
 
@@ -15152,8 +15123,8 @@ IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
   Having evermore her trewe advertence                  135
   Alway to reson; so that her desyre
   Is brydeled ay by witte and providence;
-  Thereto, of witt� and of hy prudence
-  She is the well�, ay devoide of pryde,
+  Thereto, of wittë and of hy prudence
+  She is the wellë, ay devoide of pryde,
   That unto vertue her-selven is the gyde!              140
 
   And over this, in her daliaunce
@@ -15161,7 +15132,7 @@ IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
   And goodly gladde by attemperaunce,
   That every wight, of high and low degree,
   Are gladde in herte with her for to be;               145
-  S� that, shortly, if I shal not lye,
+  Só that, shortly, if I shal not lye,
   She named is 'The Flour of Curtesye.'
 
   And there, to speke of femininitee,
@@ -15188,34 +15159,34 @@ IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
   Amis resowning, that hinder shulde his name;
   And if she do, she wexeth reed for shame.
 
-  So trew�ly in mening she is set,
+  So trewëly in mening she is set,
   Without chaunging or any doublenesse;                 170
   For bountee and beautee ar togider knet
-  In her person�, under faithfulnesse;
-  For void she is of new�fangelnesse;
-  In herte ay oon, for ever to pers�ver
+  In her personë, under faithfulnesse;
+  For void she is of newëfangelnesse;
+  In herte ay oon, for ever to perséver
   Ther she is set, and never to dissever.               175
 
   I am to rude her vertues everichoon
   Cunningly [for] to discryve and wryte;
   For wel ye wot, colour[es] have I noon
   Lyk her discrecioun craftely t'endyte;
-  For what I say�, al it is to lyte.                    180
-  Wh�rfor to you thus I me excuse,
+  For what I sayë, al it is to lyte.                    180
+  Whérfor to you thus I me excuse,
   That I aqueynted am not with no muse!
 
   By rethoryke my style to governe,
   In her preyse and commendacioun,
   I am to blind, so hyly to discerne,                   185
   Of her goodnesse to make discripcioun,
-  Save thus I say�, in conclusioun,
+  Save thus I sayë, in conclusioun,
   If that I shal shortly [her] commende,
   In her is naught that Nature can amende.
 
   For good she is, lyk to Policene,                     190
   And, in fairnesse, to the quene Helayne;
   Stedfast of herte, as was Dorigene,
-  And wyfly trouth�, if I shal not fayne:
+  And wyfly trouthë, if I shal not fayne:
   In constaunce eke and faith, she may attayne
   To Cleopatre; and therto as +secree                   195
   As was of Troye the whyte Antigone;
@@ -15225,12 +15196,12 @@ IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
   And to Grisilde lyk in pacience,
   And Ariadne, of discrecioun;                          200
   And to Lucrece, that was of Rome toun,
-  She may be lykned, as for honest�;
+  She may be lykned, as for honestè;
   And, for her faith, unto Penelope.
 
   To faire Phyllis and to Hipsiphilee,
-  For innocenc� and for womanhede;                      205
-  For seemliness�, unto Canacee;
+  For innocencë and for womanhede;                      205
+  For seemlinessë, unto Canacee;
   And over this, to speke of goodlihede,
   She passeth alle that I can of rede;
   For worde and dede, that she naught ne falle,
@@ -15247,16 +15218,16 @@ IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
   This is to mene, bountee goth afore,
   Lad by prudence, and hath the soveraintee;
   And beautee folweth, ruled by her lore,               220
-  That she +n'offend� her in no degree;
+  That she +n'offendë her in no degree;
   So that, in one, this goodly fresshe free
   Surmounting al, withouten any were,
   Is good and fair, in oon persone y-fere.
 
   And though that I, for very ignoraunce,               225
   Ne may discryve her vertues by and by,
-  Yet on this day, for a r�membraunce,
+  Yet on this day, for a rémembraunce,
   Only supported under her mercy,
-  With quaking hond�, I shal ful humbly
+  With quaking hondë, I shal ful humbly
   To her hynesse, my rudenes for to quyte,              230
   A litel balade here bineth endyte,
 
@@ -15271,19 +15242,19 @@ IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
   We may assaye for to counterfete
   His gaye style, but it wil not be;                    240
   The welle is drye, with the licour swete,
-  Bothe of Clio and of Caliop�;
+  Bothe of Clio and of Caliopè;
   And first of al, I wol excuse me
   To her, that is [the] ground of goodlihede;
   And thus I saye until hir womanhede:--                245
 
               BALADE SIMPLE.
 
-  � 'With al my might�, and my beste entente,
+  ¶ 'With al my mightë, and my beste entente,
   With al the faith that mighty god of kynde
   Me yaf, sith he me soule and knowing sente,
   I chese, and to this bonde ever I me bynde,
   To love you best, whyl I have lyf and mynde':--       250
-  Thus herde I foules in the daw�ninge
+  Thus herde I foules in the dawëninge
   Upon the day of saint Valentyne singe.
 
   'Yet chese I, at the ginning, in this entente,
@@ -15295,17 +15266,17 @@ IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
   Upon the day of saint Valentyne singe.
 
   'And over this, myn hertes lust to-bente,             260
-  In honour only of the wod�bynde,
+  In honour only of the wodëbynde,
   Hoolly I yeve, never to repente
   In joye or wo, wher-so that I wynde
-  Tofore Cupyde, with his ey�n blynde':--
+  Tofore Cupyde, with his eyën blynde':--
   The foules alle, whan Tytan did springe,              265
-  With d�vout herte, me thoughte I herde singe!
+  With dévout herte, me thoughte I herde singe!
 
                   LENVOY.
 
-  � Princesse of beautee, to you I represente
-  This simple dyt�, rude as in makinge,
+  ¶ Princesse of beautee, to you I represente
+  This simple dytè, rude as in makinge,
   Of herte and wil faithful in myn entente,
   Lyk as, this day, [the] foules herde I singe.         270
 
@@ -15396,7 +15367,7 @@ QWENE OF MERCY.--A.)
   Alas! unworthy I am and unable                         15
   To love suche oon, al women surmounting,
   To be benigne to me, and merciable,
-  That is of pit� the welle and eek the spring!
+  That is of pitè the welle and eek the spring!
   Wherfor of her, in laude and in praysing,
   So as I can, supported by her grace,                   20
   Right thus I say, kneling tofore her face:--
@@ -15410,12 +15381,12 @@ QWENE OF MERCY.--A.)
   On me have mercy, for thy joyes fyve!
 
   O rightful rule, O rote of holinesse,
-  And lightsom lyne of pit� for to playne,               30
+  And lightsom lyne of pitè for to playne,               30
   Original ginning of grace and al goodnesse,
   Clenest conduit of vertue soverayne,
   Moder of mercy, our trouble to restrayne,
-  Chambre and closet clenest of chastit�,
-  And named herberwe of the deit�!                       35
+  Chambre and closet clenest of chastitè,
+  And named herberwe of the deitè!                       35
 
   O hoolsom garden, al voyde of wedes wikke,
   Cristallin welle, of clennesse clere consigned,
@@ -15429,7 +15400,7 @@ QWENE OF MERCY.--A.)
   Benigne braunchelet of the pyne-tree,
   Vyneyerd vermayle, refressher of our food,             45
   Licour ayein languor, palled that may not be,
-  Blisful bawme-blossom, byding in bount�,
+  Blisful bawme-blossom, byding in bountè,
   Thy mantel of mercy on our mischef sprede,
   And er wo wake, wrappe us under thy wede!
 
@@ -15449,9 +15420,9 @@ QWENE OF MERCY.--A.)
   Unto unresty bothe reste and remedye,
   Fruteful to al tho that in her affye.
 
-  To hem that rennen thou art itiner�rie,
+  To hem that rennen thou art itinerárie,
   O blisful bravie to knightes of thy werre;             65
-  To wery werkmen thou art diourn den�rie,
+  To wery werkmen thou art diourn denárie,
   Mede unto mariners that have sayled ferre;
   Laureat crowne, streming as a sterre
   To hem that putte hem in palestre for thy sake,
@@ -15478,11 +15449,11 @@ QWENE OF MERCY.--A.)
   O stedfast dyamaunt of duracioun,
   That fewe feres that tyme might thou finde,
   For noon to him was founden half so kinde!
-  O hardy herte, O loving cr�ature,                      90
+  O hardy herte, O loving crëature,                      90
   What was it but love that made thee so endure?
 
   Semely saphyre, depe loupe, and blewe ewage,
-  Stable as the loupe, ewage of pit�,
+  Stable as the loupe, ewage of pitè,
   This is to say, the fresshest of visage,
   Thou lovest hem unchaunged that serven thee.           95
   And if offence or wrything in hem be,
@@ -15499,7 +15470,7 @@ QWENE OF MERCY.--A.)
 
   Lo, here the blossom and the budde of glorie,
   Of which the prophet spak so longe aforn;
-  Lo, here the same that was in mem�rie
+  Lo, here the same that was in memórie
   Of Isaie, so longe or she was born;
   Lo, here of David the delicious corn;                 110
   Lo, here the ground that list [him] to onbelde,
@@ -15534,17 +15505,17 @@ QWENE OF MERCY.--A.)
   Columpne and base, up bering from abyme;
   Why nere I conning, thee for to discryve?
   Chosen of Joseph, whom he took to wyve,
-  Unknowing him, childing by greet mir�cle,
+  Unknowing him, childing by greet mirácle,
   And of our manhode trewe tabernacle!                  140
 
 _From_ Th.; _collated with_ A. (Ashmole 59); _and_ Sl. (Sloane 1212). 1. A.
-I kou�e to you. 2. A. clerkis (_for_ poetes); the (_for_ this). 3. A. cane
-mens hertes presse (!). 4. Th. hem; A. �eire hertes. Th. in fere; A. a
-fuyre. 5. A. With ful daunger paye�e his subgettes hyre. Sl. weere; Th.
+I kouþe to you. 2. A. clerkis (_for_ poetes); the (_for_ this). 3. A. cane
+mens hertes presse (!). 4. Th. hem; A. þeire hertes. Th. in fere; A. a
+fuyre. 5. A. With ful daunger payeþe his subgettes hyre. Sl. weere; Th.
 fere. 7. Th. Sl. euer; A. aye. Sl. A. his ... doth; Th. her ... do. 8. Th.
 nowe; A. _om._ Sl. redresse. 10. A. Ellas I ne can ne may not ful expresse.
 11. Th. Sl. and that; A. the whiche. 12. Th. wynde. Sl. into; Th. unto. A.
-�ou blowe nowe to my. 13. Th. auryate; A. aureate. A. _om._ of. 14. A.
+þou blowe nowe to my. 13. Th. auryate; A. aureate. A. _om._ of. 14. A.
 tenspyre of whiche I thenk to wryte. Sl. wold; Th. wol. 15. A. But sith I
 am sonworthy (!). 16. Sl. on; Th. A. one. 17. A. To; Th. Sl. But she.
 
@@ -15560,7 +15531,7 @@ holsome; Th. Sl. closed. A. _om._ al. 37. A. Welle cristallyne. A. Sl.
 clennesse; Th. clerenesse. 38. A. Fructyff; Th. Fructyfyed. Th. fayre; A.
 so feyre. 39. A. _om._ And. A. _om._ most. 40. A _om._ on. Sl. pecchours
 (_for_ sinners). A. unto; Th. Sl. that to the be. 41. Th. Sl. Or wikked; A.
-Er foule. A. on hem �eire wrathe. Sl. upon; Th. on. 42. Th. _om._ be. 43.
+Er foule. A. on hem þeire wrathe. Sl. upon; Th. on. 42. Th. _om._ be. 43.
 A. Thou Paradys plesante, gladnesse of goode. 44. A. And benigne braunche.
 45. A. Vyneyerde vermayle; Th. Sl. Vynarie enuermayled. Sl. food; Th. A.
 bote.
@@ -15642,7 +15613,7 @@ XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.
   That I may see thee or myn herte colde,
   And or I passe out of my dayes olde,
   Tofore singing evermore utterly--                      20
-  'Your ey�n two wol slee me sodainly.'
+  'Your eyën two wol slee me sodainly.'
 
   For love I langour, blissed be such seknesse,
   Sith it is for you, my hertely suffisaunce;
@@ -15655,9 +15626,9 @@ XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.
   God wot, on musike I can not, but I gesse,
   (Alas! why so?) that I might say or singe,             30
   So love I you, myn own soverain maistresse,
-  And ever shal, withouten d�partinge.
-  Mirrour of beaut�, for you out shuld I ringe,
-  In r�membraunce eke of your eyen clere,
+  And ever shal, withouten départinge.
+  Mirrour of beautè, for you out shuld I ringe,
+  In rémembraunce eke of your eyen clere,
   Thus fer from you, my soverain lady dere!              35
 
   So wolde god your love wold me slo,
@@ -15673,14 +15644,14 @@ XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.
   Whos grace ne may flye fro your womanhede,             45
   Disdayneth not for to remembre on me!
   Myn herte bledeth, for I may nat you see;
-  And sith ye wot my mening d�sirous,
+  And sith ye wot my mening désirous,
   _Pleurez pur moi, si vous plaist amorous!_
 
   What marveyle is, though I in payne be?                50
   I am departed from you, my soveraine;
   Fortune, alas! _dont vient la destenee_,
   That in no wyse I can ne may attayne
-  To see the beaut� of your ey�n twayne.
+  To see the beautè of your eyën twayne.
   Wherfore I say, for tristesse doth me grame,           55
   _Tant me fait mal departir de ma dame!_
 
@@ -15695,7 +15666,7 @@ XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.
   To live wel mery, two lovers were y-fere,
   So may I say withouten any blame;                      65
   If any man [per cas] to wilde were,
-  I coude him [son�] teche to be tame;
+  I coude him [sonë] teche to be tame;
   Let him go love, and see wher it be game!
   For I am brydled unto sobernesse
   For her, that is of women cheef princesse.             70
@@ -15716,7 +15687,7 @@ XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.
   '_Salve, regina!_' singing laste of al,
   To be our helpe, whan we to thee cal!
 
-  Al our lov� is but ydelnesse                           85
+  Al our lovë is but ydelnesse                           85
   Save your aloon; who might therto attayne?
   Who-so wol have a name of gentillesse,
   I counsayle him in love that he not fayne.
@@ -15725,7 +15696,7 @@ XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.
   To gye by grace, whan that fortune fayleth.
 
   Nought may be told, withouten any fable,
-  Your high renome, your womanly beaut�;
+  Your high renome, your womanly beautè;
   Your governaunce, to al worship able,
   Putteth every herte in ese in his degree.              95
   O violet, _O flour desiree_,
@@ -15745,7 +15716,7 @@ XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.
   Therfore I love no labour that ye lese,
   Whan, in longing, sorest ye be stad;
   Loke up, ye lovers [alle], and be right glad          110
-  Ayeines s�ynt Valentynes day,
+  Ayeines sëynt Valentynes day,
   For I have chose that never forsake I may!
 
               _Explicit._
@@ -15791,15 +15762,15 @@ XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.
   Anon the people, of malice, wol nat fayle,             10
   Without advyce or reson, for to sayn
   That thyn array is mad and wrought in vayn;
-  What! suffre hem spek�!--and trust right wel this,
+  What! suffre hem spekë!--and trust right wel this,
   A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
 
   Thou wilt to kinges be equipolent,                     15
-  With gret� lordes even and peregal;
+  With gretë lordes even and peregal;
   And, if thou be to-torn and al to-rent,
   Than wol they say, and jangle over-al,
-  Thou art a slogard, that never thryv� shal;
-  Yet suffre hem spek�!--and trust right wel this,       20
+  Thou art a slogard, that never thryvë shal;
+  Yet suffre hem spekë!--and trust right wel this,       20
   A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
 
   If thou be fayr, excelling of beautee,
@@ -15807,39 +15778,39 @@ XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.
   If thou be foul and ugly on to see,
   They wol afferme that thou art vicious,                25
   The peple of langage is so dispitous;
-  Suffre hem spek�, and trust right wel this,
+  Suffre hem spekë, and trust right wel this,
   A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
 
-  And if it fall� that thou take a wyf,
+  And if it fallë that thou take a wyf,
   [Than] they wol falsly say, in hir entent,             30
   That thou art lykly ever to live in stryf,
-  Voyd of al rest, without aleg�ment;
-  Wyves be maistres, this is hir jug�ment;
-  Yet suffre hem spek�--and trust right wel this,
+  Voyd of al rest, without alegëment;
+  Wyves be maistres, this is hir jugëment;
+  Yet suffre hem spekë--and trust right wel this,
   A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.                    35
 
   And if it so be that, of parfitnesse,
   Thou hast avowed to live in chastitee,
-  Th�n wol folk of thy persone expresse
+  Thán wol folk of thy persone expresse
   Say thou art impotent t'engendre in thy degree;
   And thus, whether thou be chast or deslavee,           40
-  Suffre hem spek�--and trust right wel this,
+  Suffre hem spekë--and trust right wel this,
   A wikked tonge wel alway deme amis.
 
   And if that thou be fat or corpulent,
   Than wol they say that thou art a glotoun,
-  A devourour, or ell�s vinolent;                        45
+  A devourour, or ellës vinolent;                        45
   If thou be lene or megre of fassioun,
   Cal thee a nigard, in hir opinioun;
-  Yet suffre hem spek�--and trust right wel this,
+  Yet suffre hem spekë--and trust right wel this,
   A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
 
-  If thou be rich�, som wol yeve thee laud,              50
+  If thou be richë, som wol yeve thee laud,              50
   And say, it cometh of prudent governaunce;
   And som wol sayen, that it cometh of fraud,
   Outher by sleight, or by fals chevisaunce;
   To say the worst, folk have so gret plesaunce;
-  Yet suffre hem say�--and trust right wel this,         55
+  Yet suffre hem sayë--and trust right wel this,         55
   A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
 
   If thou be sad or sobre of countenaunce,
@@ -15847,7 +15818,7 @@ XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.
   And if [that] thou be glad of daliaunce,
   Men wol deme it dissolucioun,                          60
   And calle thy fair speche, adulacioun;
-  Yet let hem spek�--and trust right wel this,
+  Yet let hem spekë--and trust right wel this,
   A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
 
   Who that is holy by perfeccioun,
@@ -15855,7 +15826,7 @@ XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.
   And who is mery, of clene entencioun,
   Men say, in ryot he doth him delyte;
   Som mourne in blak; som laughe in clothes whyte;
-  What! suffre them spek�--and trust right wel this,
+  What! suffre them spekë--and trust right wel this,
   A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.                    70
 
   Honest array, men deme, +is pompe and pryde,
@@ -15866,7 +15837,7 @@ XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.
   Wherfore conclude, and trust [right] wel this,
   A wikked tonge wil alway deme amis.
 
-  Who speketh moch�, men calle him prudent;
+  Who speketh mochë, men calle him prudent;
   And who debateth, men say, he is hardy;
   And who saith litel with gret sentiment,               80
   Som men yet wol edwyte him of foly;
@@ -15877,7 +15848,7 @@ XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.
   For though a man were al-so pacient                    85
   As was David, through his humilitee,
   Or with Salamon in wysdom as prudent,
-  Or in knighthode egal with Josu�,
+  Or in knighthode egal with Josuë,
   Or manly proved as Judas Machabee,
   Yet, for al that--trust right wel this,                90
   A wicked tonge wol alway deme amis.
@@ -15906,9 +15877,9 @@ XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.
   Yit dar I say and truste right wel this,
   A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
 
-  The wyfly trouth� of Penelope,
+  The wyfly trouthë of Penelope,
   Though they it hadde in hir possessioun,
-  Eleynes beaut�, the kindnes of Medee,                 115
+  Eleynes beautè, the kindnes of Medee,                 115
   The love unfeyned of Marcia Catoun,
   Or of Alcest the trewe affeccioun,
   Yit dar I say and truste right wel this,
@@ -15927,7 +15898,7 @@ XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.
   The first vertue, most plesing to Jesu,
   (By the wryting and sentence of Catoun),              130
   Is a good tonge, in his opinioun;
-  Chastyse the r�vers, and of wysdom do this,
+  Chastyse the révers, and of wysdom do this,
   Withdraw your hering from al that deme amis.
 
 _From_ Th. (Thynne's edition, 1532); _collated with_ Ff. (MS. Ff. 1. 6,
@@ -16094,7 +16065,7 @@ XIII. BEWARE OF DOUBLENESS.
   They have no better proteccioun
   But shroude hem under doublenesse.
 
-  So wel fort�ned is hir chaunce
+  So wel fortúned is hir chaunce
   The dys to turnen up-so-doun,
   With sys and sink they can avaunce,                    75
   And than, by revolucioun,
@@ -16177,11 +16148,11 @@ XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN TO BEWARE OF DECEITFUL WOMEN.
   Bewar therfore; the blinde et many a fly.
 
   I mene, in women, for al hir cheres queinte,
-  Trust nat to moche; hir trouth� is but geson;
+  Trust nat to moche; hir trouthë is but geson;
   The fairest outward ful wel can they peinte,           10
   Hir stedfastnes endureth but a seson;
   For they feyn frendlines and worchen treson.
-  And for they be chaunge�ble naturally,
+  And for they be chaungeáble naturally,
   Bewar therfore; the blinde et many a fly.
 
   Though al the world do his besy cure                   15
@@ -16194,7 +16165,7 @@ XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN TO BEWARE OF DECEITFUL WOMEN.
 
   What wight on-lyve trusteth in hir cheres
   Shal haue at last his guerdon and his mede;
-  They can shave nerer then ras�urs or sheres;
+  They can shave nerer then rasóurs or sheres;
   Al is nat gold that shyneth! Men, take hede;           25
   Hir galle is hid under a sugred wede.
   Hit is ful hard hir fantasy t'aspy;
@@ -16217,7 +16188,7 @@ XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN TO BEWARE OF DECEITFUL WOMEN.
   Bewar therfore; the blind et many a fly.
 
   In short to say, though al the erth so wan
-  Were parch�myn smothe, whyte and scribable,
+  Were parchëmyn smothe, whyte and scribable,
   And the gret see, cleped the occian,                   45
   Were torned in inke, blakker then is sable,
   Ech stik a penne, ech man a scriveyn able,
@@ -16261,7 +16232,7 @@ XV. THREE SAYINGS.
       (A). A SAYING OF DAN JOHN.
 
   Ther beth four thinges that maketh a man a fool,
-  H�nour first putteth him in outrage,
+  Hónour first putteth him in outrage,
   And alder-next solitarie and sool;
   The second is unweldy croked age;
   Women also bring men in dotage;                         5
@@ -16283,10 +16254,10 @@ XV. THREE SAYINGS.
   If it befalle, that god thee list visyte
   With any tourment or adversitee,
   Thank first the lord; and [than], thyself to quyte,
-  Upon suffraunc� and humilitee
+  Upon suffrauncë and humilitee
   Found thou thy quarrel, what-ever that it be;           5
   Mak thy defence (and thou shall have no losse)
-  The r�membraunce of Crist and of his crosse.
+  The rémembraunce of Crist and of his crosse.
 
 A. _From_ Stowe (ed. 1561). 1. bethe foure; foole. 3. soole. 7. Distempren
 (!); folke whiche; _supply_ that; bene.
@@ -16307,15 +16278,15 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   Half in a dreme, not fully wel awaked,
   The golden sleep me wrapped under his wing;
   Yet nat for-thy I roos, and wel nigh naked,
-  Al sodaynly my-selve r�membring
-  Of a mat�r, leving al other thing                       5
+  Al sodaynly my-selve rémembring
+  Of a matér, leving al other thing                       5
   Which I shold do, with-outen more delay,
   For hem to whom I durst nat disobey.
 
   My charge was this, to translate by and by,
   (Al thing forgive), as part of my penaunce,
   A book called Belle Dame sans Mercy                    10
-  Which mayster Aleyn made of r�membraunce,
+  Which mayster Aleyn made of rémembraunce,
   Cheef secretarie with the king of Fraunce.
   And ther-upon a whyle I stood musing,
   And in my-self gretly imagening
@@ -16329,7 +16300,7 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   And yet at last, as in conclusioun,
 
   I cast my clothes on, and went my way,
-  This foresayd charge having in r�membraunce,
+  This foresayd charge having in rémembraunce,
   Til I cam to a lusty green valey
   Ful of floures, to see, a gret plesaunce;              25
   And so bolded, with their benygn suffraunce
@@ -16421,7 +16392,7 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   The ladies sat, ech as hem semed best.
   Were non that did servyce within that place
   But chosen men, right of the goodliest:
-  And som ther were, perav�nture most fresshest,        105
+  And som ther were, peravénture most fresshest,        105
   That sawe their juges, sitting ful demure,
   Without semblaunt either to most or lest,
   Notwithstanding they had hem under cure.
@@ -16457,9 +16428,9 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   And wel he couth, right as it semed me.
   But evermore, whan he was in presence,                135
   His chere was don; it wold non other be.
-  His scole-maister had suche auctorit�
+  His scole-maister had suche auctoritè
   That, al the whyle he bood stille in the place,
-  Speke coude he nat, but upon her beaut�
+  Speke coude he nat, but upon her beautè
   He loked stil, with right a pitous face.              140
 
   With that, his heed he tourned at the last
@@ -16494,7 +16465,7 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   If that her hert were set to his plesaunce
   As moche as was her beauteous persone.
   For who that ever set his trust upon
-  The r�port of the eyen, withouten more,               170
+  The réport of the eyen, withouten more,               170
   He might be deed and graven under stoon
   Or ever he shulde his hertes ese restore.
 
@@ -16573,7 +16544,7 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   Though it be so, that I can nat deserve
   To have your grace, but alway live in drede,
   Yet suffre me you for to love and serve
-  Without maugr� of your most goodlihede;               240
+  Without maugrè of your most goodlihede;               240
   Both faith and trouth I give your womanhede,
   And my servyse, withoute ayein-calling.
   Love hath me bounde, withouten wage or mede,
@@ -16586,14 +16557,14 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   'Me thinketh, sir, your thought is greet foly!
   Purpose ye not your labour for to cese?               250
   For thinketh not, whyl that ye live and I,
-  In this mat�re to set your hert in pees!'
+  In this matére to set your hert in pees!'
 
   _Lamant._ 'Ther may non make the pees, but only ye,
   Which ar the ground and cause of al this werre;
   For with your eyen the letters written be,            255
   By which I am defyed and put a-fer.
   Your plesaunt look, my verray lode-sterre,
-  Was made heraud of thilk same d�fyaunce
+  Was made heraud of thilk same défyaunce
   Which utterly behight me to forbarre
   My faithful trust and al myn affyaunce.'              260
 
@@ -16612,7 +16583,7 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   Yet reson wolde it were in remembraunce.
   And, sith Fortune not only, by her chaunce,
   Hath caused me to suffre al this payn,
-  But your beaut�, with al the circumstaunce,           275
+  But your beautè, with al the circumstaunce,           275
   Why list ye have me in so greet disdayn?'
 
   _La D._ 'To your persone ne have I no disdayn,
@@ -16630,7 +16601,7 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   That I, unware, am casten in your chayne;
   And sith so is, as Fortune list ordayne,
   Al my welfare is in your handes falle,                290
-  In eschewing of more misch�vous payn;
+  In eschewing of more mischévous payn;
   Who sonest dyeth, his care is leest of alle.'
 
   _La D._ 'This sicknesse is right esy to endure,
@@ -16662,7 +16633,7 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
 
   _Lam._ 'Love, which that joy and sorowe doth departe,
   Hath set the ladies out of al servage,
-  And larg�ly doth graunt hem, for their parte,
+  And largëly doth graunt hem, for their parte,
   Lordship and rule of every maner age.                 320
   The poor servaunt nought hath of avauntage
   But what he may get only of purchace;
@@ -16697,12 +16668,12 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   Than, in a rage, their counsail is disclosed.'
 
   _Lam._ 'Sith for-as-moche as god and eke nature
-  Hath +love avaunced to so hye degr�,                  350
+  Hath +love avaunced to so hye degrè,                  350
   Moch sharper is the point, this am I sure,
   Yet greveth more the faute, wher-ever it be.
-  Who hath no cold, of hete hath no deynt�,
+  Who hath no cold, of hete hath no deyntè,
   The toon for the tother asked is expresse;
-  And of plesaunce knoweth non the certeynt�            355
+  And of plesaunce knoweth non the certeyntè            355
   But it be wonne with thought and hevinesse.'
 
   _La D._ 'As for plesaunce, it is nat alway oon;
@@ -16755,7 +16726,7 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   But, for his love, among your thoughtes al,
   As think upon my woful sorowes smert;                 400
   For of my payne, wheder your tender hert
-  Of swete pit� be not therwith agreved,
+  Of swete pitè be not therwith agreved,
   And if your grace to me were discovert,
   Than, by your mene, sone shulde I be releved.'
 
@@ -16823,7 +16794,7 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   Al that is left is but a litel thing.'                460
 
   _Lam._ 'In-to this world was never formed non,
-  Nor under heven cr�ature y-bore,
+  Nor under heven crëature y-bore,
   Nor never shal, save only your persone,
   To whom your worship toucheth half so sore,
   But me, which have no seson, lesse ne more,           465
@@ -16901,7 +16872,7 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   That it ne may give credence, in no wyse,
   To thing which is not sowning unto trouthe;           530
   Other counsayl, it ar but fantasyes,
-  Save of your grace to shewe pit� and routhe.'
+  Save of your grace to shewe pitè and routhe.'
 
   _La D._ 'I holde him wyse that worketh folily
   And, whan him list, can leve and part therfro;
@@ -16910,7 +16881,7 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   And he that wil not after counsayl do,
   His sute he putteth in desesperaunce;
   And al the good, which that shulde falle him to,
-  Is left as deed, clene out of r�membraunce.'          540
+  Is left as deed, clene out of rémembraunce.'          540
 
   _Lam._ 'Yet wil I sewe this mater faithfully
   Whyls I may live, what-ever be my chaunce;
@@ -16967,10 +16938,10 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   And lese it sone, whan they it have acheved.'
 
   _Lam._ 'If trouth me cause, by vertue soverayne,
-  To shew good love, and alway fynd contr�ry,           590
+  To shew good love, and alway fynd contráry,           590
   And cherish that which sleeth me with the payne,
   This is to me a lovely adversary!
-  Whan that pit�, which long a-slepe doth tary,
+  Whan that pitè, which long a-slepe doth tary,
   Hath set the fyne of al myn hevinesse,
   Yet her comfort, to me most necessary,                595
   Shuld set my wil more sure in stablenesse.'
@@ -16984,7 +16955,7 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   And trouthe also put in forgetfulnesse
   Whan they so sore begin to sighe askaunce.'
 
-  _Lam._ 'Now god defend but he be hav�lesse            605
+  _Lam._ 'Now god defend but he be havëlesse            605
   Of al worship or good that may befal,
   That to the werst tourneth, by his lewdnesse,
   A gift of grace, or any-thing at al
@@ -16997,15 +16968,15 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   By which of right oon may recovered be;
   Oon curseth fast, another doth manace,                615
   Yet dyeth non, as ferre as I can see,
-  But kepe their cours alway, in oon degr�,
+  But kepe their cours alway, in oon degrè,
   And evermore their labour doth encrese
-  To bring ladyes, by their gret sotelt�,
+  To bring ladyes, by their gret soteltè,
   For others gilte, in sorowe and disese!'              620
 
   _Lam._ 'Al-be-it so oon do so greet offence,
-  And be not deed, nor put to no ju�se,
+  And be not deed, nor put to no juÿse,
   Right wel I wot, him gayneth no defence,
-  But he must ende in ful misch�vous wyse,
+  But he must ende in ful mischévous wyse,
   And al that ever is good wil him dispyse.             625
   For falshed is so ful of cursednesse
   That high worship shal never have enterpryse
@@ -17030,7 +17001,7 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   Whyls that the soule abydeth in his place.'
 
   _La D._ 'To love trewly ther-as ye ought of right,    645
-  Ye may not be mistaken, dout�lesse;
+  Ye may not be mistaken, doutëlesse;
   But ye be foul deceyved in your sight
   By lightly understanding, as I gesse.
   Yet may ye wel repele your businesse
@@ -17045,24 +17016,24 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   Their wil and myn be medled al in oon,
   And therwith bounden with so strong a cheyne
   That, as in hem, departing shal be noon,
-  But pit� breke the mighty bond atwayne.'              660
+  But pitè breke the mighty bond atwayne.'              660
 
   _La D._ 'Who loveth not himself, what-ever he be
   In love, he stant forgete in every place;
-  And of your wo if ye have no pit�,
-  Others pit� bileve not to purchace;
+  And of your wo if ye have no pitè,
+  Others pitè bileve not to purchace;
   But beth fully assured in this case,                  665
   I am alway under oon ordinaunce,
   To have better; trusteth not after grace,
   And al that leveth tak to your plesaunce!'
 
   _Lam._ 'I have my hope so sure and so stedfast
-  That suche a lady shulde nat fail pit�;               670
+  That suche a lady shulde nat fail pitè;               670
   But now, alas! it is shit up so fast,
-  That Daunger sheweth on me his cruelt�.
+  That Daunger sheweth on me his crueltè.
   And if she see the vertue fayle in me
   Of trew servyce, then she to fayle also
-  No wonder were; but this is the suret�,               675
+  No wonder were; but this is the suretè,               675
   I must suffre, which way that ever it go.'
 
   _La D._ 'Leve this purpos, I rede you for the best;
@@ -17076,20 +17047,20 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
 
   _Lam._ 'Ye say as falleth most for your plesaunce,    685
   And your power is greet; al this I see;
-  But hope shal never out of my r�membraunce,
-  By whiche I felt so greet adversit�.
-  For whan nature hath set in you plent�
+  But hope shal never out of my rémembraunce,
+  By whiche I felt so greet adversitè.
+  For whan nature hath set in you plentè
   Of al goodnesse, by vertue and by grace,              690
   He never assembled hem, as semeth me,
-  To put Pit� out of his dwelling-place.'
+  To put Pitè out of his dwelling-place.'
 
-  _La D._ 'Pit� of right ought to be resonable,
+  _La D._ 'Pitè of right ought to be resonable,
   And to no wight of greet disavantage;
   There-as is nede, it shuld be profitable,             695
   And to the pitous shewing no damage.
   If a lady wil do so greet out-rage
-  To shewe pit�, and cause her own debate,
-  Of such pit� cometh dispitous rage,
+  To shewe pitè, and cause her own debate,
+  Of such pitè cometh dispitous rage,
   And of the love also right deedly hate.'              700
 
   _Lam._ 'To comforte hem that live al comfortlesse,
@@ -17097,8 +17068,8 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   But ye, that bere an herte of such duresse,
   And a fair body formed to the same,
   If I durst say, ye winne al this defame               705
-  By Cruelt�, which sitteth you ful il,
-  But-if Pit�, which may al this attame,
+  By Crueltè, which sitteth you ful il,
+  But-if Pitè, which may al this attame,
   In your high herte may rest and tary stil.'
 
   _La D._ 'What-ever he be that sayth he loveth me,
@@ -17106,11 +17077,11 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   Ought he be wroth, or shulde I blamed be,
   Though I did noght as he wolde have me do?
   If I medled with suche or other mo,
-  It might be called pit� manerlesse;
+  It might be called pitè manerlesse;
   And, afterward if I shulde live in wo,                715
   Than to repent it were to late, I gesse.'
 
-  _Lam._ 'O marble herte, and yet more hard, pard�,
+  _Lam._ 'O marble herte, and yet more hard, pardè,
   Which mercy may nat perce, for no labour,
   More strong to bowe than is a mighty tree,
   What vayleth you to shewe so greet rigour?            720
@@ -17164,9 +17135,9 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   And ful freely their hertes abandoun
   To litel faith, with softe and fayr langage.'
 
-  _Lam._ 'Now knowe I wel, of very certaynt�,           765
+  _Lam._ 'Now knowe I wel, of very certayntè,           765
   Though oon do trewly, yet shal he be shent,
-  Sith al maner of justice and pit�
+  Sith al maner of justice and pitè
   Is banisshed out of a ladyes entent.
   I can nat see but al is at oo stent,
   The good and il, the vyce and eek vertue!             770
@@ -17186,10 +17157,10 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   May not be had, but alway kept in store,
   I pele to god, for he may here my moon,
   Of the duresse, which greveth me so sore.
-  And of pit� I pleyn me further-more,                  785
+  And of pitè I pleyn me further-more,                  785
   Which he forgat, in al his ordinaunce,
   Or els my lyf to have ended before,
-  Which he so sone put out of r�membraunce.'
+  Which he so sone put out of rémembraunce.'
 
   _La D._ 'My hert, nor I, have don you no forfeyt,
   By which ye shulde complayne in any kynde.            790
@@ -17207,9 +17178,9 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   His woful hert almost to-brast in twayne,
   Ful lyke to dye, forth walking in a traunce,          800
   And sayd, 'Now, deeth, com forth! thy-self avaunce,
-  Or that myn hert forgete his propert�;
+  Or that myn hert forgete his propertè;
   And make shorter al this woful penaunce
-  Of my pore lyfe, ful of adversit�!'
+  Of my pore lyfe, ful of adversitè!'
 
   Fro thens he went, but whider wist I nought,          805
   Nor to what part he drow, in sothfastnesse;
@@ -17229,11 +17200,11 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   Refus hath mad for al such flateryes
   His castelles strong, stuffed with ordinaunce,
   For they have had long tyme, by their offyce,
-  The hool countr� of Love in obeysaunce.               820
+  The hool countrè of Love in obeysaunce.               820
 
   And ye, ladyes, or what estat ye be,
   In whom Worship hath chose his dwelling-place,
-  For goddes love, do no such cruelt�,
+  For goddes love, do no such crueltè,
   Namely, to hem that have deserved grace.
   Nor in no wyse ne folowe not the trace                825
   Of her, that here is named rightwisly,
@@ -17251,7 +17222,7 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
   Thee to correcte in any part or al.                   835
 
   Pray hem also, with thyn humble servyce,
-  Thy bold�nesse to pardon in this case;
+  Thy boldënesse to pardon in this case;
   For els thou art not able, in no wyse,
   To make thy-self appere in any place.
   And furthermore, beseche hem, of their grace,         840
@@ -17268,8 +17239,8 @@ TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
 
   Right thus I make an ende of this processe,           850
   Beseching him that al hath in balaunce
-  That no trew man be vexed, caus�lesse,
-  As this man was, which is of r�membraunce;
+  That no trew man be vexed, causëlesse,
+  As this man was, which is of rémembraunce;
   And al that doon their faythful observaunce,
   And in their trouth purpose hem to endure,            855
   I pray god sende hem better aventure.
@@ -17654,7 +17625,7 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
   Quhen Diomed had all his appetyt,
   And mair, fulfillit of this fair lady,
   Upon ane uther he set his haill delyt,
-  And send to hir ane lybel of r�pudy,
+  And send to hir ane lybel of répudy,
   And hir excludit fra his company.                      75
   Than desolait sho walkit up and doun,
   And, sum men sayis, into the court commoun.
@@ -17710,7 +17681,7 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
   But past into ane secreit orature                     120
   Quhair sho micht weip hir wofull desteny.
   Behind hir bak sho cloisit fast the dure,
-  And on hir kn�is bair fell down in hy.
+  And on hir knëis bair fell down in hy.
   Upon Venus and Cupid angerly
   Sho cryit out, and said on this same wys,             125
   'Allas! that ever I maid yow sacrifys!
@@ -17739,9 +17710,9 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
   At quhais sound befoir Cupide appeiris
   The sevin planetis, discending fra thair spheiris,
 
-  Quhilk hes pow�r of all thing gener�bill
+  Quhilk hes powèr of all thing generábill
   To reull and steir, be thair greit influence,
-  Wedder and wind and coursis vari�bill.                150
+  Wedder and wind and coursis variábill.                150
   And first of all Saturn gave his sentence,
   Quhilk gave to Cupid litill reverence,
   But as ane busteous churl, on his maneir,
@@ -17763,9 +17734,9 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
   Under his gyrdil ane flash of felloun flanis
   Fedderit with yse, and heidit with hail-stanis.
 
-  Than Juppiter richt fair and ami�bill,
+  Than Juppiter richt fair and amiábill,
   God of the starnis in the firmament,                  170
-  And nureis to all thing[is] gener�bill,
+  And nureis to all thing[is] generábill,
   Fra his father Saturn far different,
   With burely face, and browis bricht and brent;
   Upon his heid ane garland wonder gay
@@ -17797,13 +17768,13 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
 
   Than fair Phebus, lanterne and lamp of licht
   Of man and beist, baith frute and flourishing,
-  Tender nur�is, and banisher of nicht,
+  Tender nuréis, and banisher of nicht,
   And of the warld causing, be his moving               200
   And influence, lyf in all eirdly thing;
   Without comfort of quhom, of force to nocht
   Must all ga dy, that in this warld is wrocht.
 
-  As king roy�ll he raid upon his chair,
+  As king royáll he raid upon his chair,
   The quhilk Phaeton gydit sum-tyme unricht;            205
   The brichtnes of his face, quhen it was bair,
   Nane micht behald for peirsing of his sicht.
@@ -17812,8 +17783,8 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
   But bait or tyring throw the spheiris drew.           210
 
   The first was soyr, with mane als reid as rois,
-  Callit E�y, in-to the orient;
-  The secund steid to name hecht Ethi�s,
+  Callit Eöy, in-to the orient;
+  The secund steid to name hecht Ethiös,
   Quhytly and paill, and sum-deill ascendent;
   The thrid Peros, richt hait and richt fervent;        215
   The feird was blak, callit +Philegoney,
@@ -17825,7 +17796,7 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
   The ane half grene, the uther half sabill-blak;
   Quhyte hair as gold, kemmit and shed abak;
   But in hir face semit greit variance,
-  Quhyles perfit treuth, and quhyl�s inconstance.
+  Quhyles perfit treuth, and quhylës inconstance.
 
   Under smyling sho was dissimulait,                    225
   Provocative with blenkis amorous;
@@ -17845,8 +17816,8 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
 
   With buik in hand than com Mercurius,
   Richt eloquent and full of rethory;                   240
-  With p�lite termis and delicious;
-  With pen and ink to r�port all redy;
+  With pólite termis and delicious;
+  With pen and ink to réport all redy;
   Setting sangis, and singand merily.
   His hude was reid, heklit atour his croun,
   Lyk to ane poeit of the auld fassoun.                 245
@@ -17891,7 +17862,7 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
   The quhilk throw me was sum-tyme flour of lufe,
   Me and my mother starkly can reprufe.                 280
 
-  Saying, of hir greit infelicit�
+  Saying, of hir greit infelicitè
   I was the caus; and my mother Venus,
   Ane blind goddes hir cald, that micht not see,
   With slander and defame injurious.
@@ -17900,17 +17871,17 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
   To quhom I shew my grace abone all uther.
 
   And sen ye ar all sevin deificait,
-  Participant of d�vyn sapience,
-  This greit inj�ry don to our hy estait                290
+  Participant of dévyn sapience,
+  This greit injúry don to our hy estait                290
   Me-think with pane we suld mak recompence;
   Was never to goddis don sic violence.
   As weill for yow as for myself I say;
-  Thairfoir ga help to r�venge, I yow pray.'
+  Thairfoir ga help to révenge, I yow pray.'
 
   Mercurius to Cupid gave answeir,                      295
   And said, 'Shir king, my counsall is that ye
   Refer yow to the hyest planeit heir,
-  And tak to him the lawest of degr�,
+  And tak to him the lawest of degrè,
   The pane of Cresseid for to modify;
   As god Saturn, with him tak Cynthia.'                 300
   'I am content,' quod he, 'to tak thay twa.'
@@ -17920,8 +17891,8 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
   For the dispyt to Cupid sho had done,
   And to Venus oppin and manifest,                      305
   In all hir lyf with pane to be opprest
-  And torment sair, with seiknes incur�bill,
-  And to all lovers be abomin�bill.
+  And torment sair, with seiknes incurábill,
+  And to all lovers be abominábill.
 
   This dulefull sentence Saturn tuik on hand,
   And passit doun quhair cairfull Cresseid lay;         310
@@ -17953,7 +17924,7 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
   Contening this sentence diffinityve:--
   'Fra heil of body I thee now depryve,
   And to thy seiknes sal be na recure,                  335
-  But in dol�ur thy dayis to indure.
+  But in dolóur thy dayis to indure.
 
   Thy cristall ene minglit with blude I mak,
   Thy voice sa cleir unplesand, hoir, and hace;
@@ -17968,7 +17939,7 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
   And all that court and convocatioun
   Vanischit away. Than rais sho up and tuik
   Ane poleist glas, and hir shaddow coud luik;
-  And quhen sho saw hir face sa d�formait,
+  And quhen sho saw hir face sa déformait,
   Gif sho in hart was wa aneuch, god wait!              350
 
   Weiping full sair, 'Lo! quhat it is,' quod she,
@@ -17984,7 +17955,7 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
   First knokkit at the dure, and syne coud call--       360
   'Madame, your father biddis you cum in hy;
   He has mervell sa lang on grouf ye ly,
-  And sayis, "Your pray�rs been to lang sum-deill;
+  And sayis, "Your prayërs been to lang sum-deill;
   The goddis wait all your intent full weill."'
 
   Quod sho, 'Fair child, ga to my father deir,          365
@@ -18006,7 +17977,7 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
   Quhen thay togidder murnit had full lang,
   Quod Cresseid, 'Father, I wald not be kend;           380
   Thairfoir in secreit wyse ye let me gang
-  To yon hosp�tall at the tounis end;
+  To yon hospítall at the tounis end;
   And thidder sum meit, for cheritie, me send
   To leif upon; for all mirth in this eird
   Is fra me gane; sik is my wikkit weird.'              385
@@ -18020,7 +17991,7 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
   And dayly sent hir part of his almous.
 
   Sum knew hir weill, and sum had na knawlege
-  Of hir, becaus sho was sa d�formait
+  Of hir, becaus sho was sa déformait
   With bylis blak, ourspred in hir visage,              395
   And hir fair colour faidit and alterait.
   Yit thay presumit, for hir hy regrait
@@ -18055,7 +18026,7 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
     With saipheron sals of ane gude sessoun;
     Thy gay garmentis, with mony gudely goun,
   Thy plesand lawn pinnit with goldin prene?
-    All is areir thy greit roy�ll renoun!
+    All is areir thy greit royáll renoun!
 
   Quhair is thy garding, with thir greissis gay         425
   And fresshe flouris, quhilk the quene Floray
@@ -18127,7 +18098,7 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
   Quhilk had to chiftane worthy Troilus,                485
   Throw jeopardy of weir had strikkin doun
   Knichtis of Grece in number mervellous.
-  With greit tri�mph and laud victorious
+  With greit triúmph and laud victorious
   Agane to Troy richt royally thay raid
   The way quhair Cresseid with the lipper baid.         490
 
@@ -18165,7 +18136,7 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
 
   For knichtly pity and memoriall
   Of fair Cresseid, ane girdill can he tak,             520
-  Ane purs of gold and mony gay jow�ll,
+  Ane purs of gold and mony gay jowáll,
   And in the skirt of Cresseid doun can swak;
   Than raid away, and not ane word he spak,
   Pensive in hart, quhill he com to the toun,
@@ -18251,9 +18222,9 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
   To Troilus furthwith the ring he bair,
   And of Cresseid the deith he can declair.             595
 
-  Quhen he had hard hir greit infirmit�,
+  Quhen he had hard hir greit infirmitè,
   Hir legacy and lamentatioun,
-  And how sho endit in sik povert�,
+  And how sho endit in sik povertè,
   He swelt for wo, and fell doun in ane swoun;
   For greit sorrow his hart to birst was boun.          600
   Syching full sadly, said, 'I can no moir;
@@ -18269,7 +18240,7 @@ THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
 
   Now, worthy wemen, in this ballet short,              610
   Made for your worship and instructioun,
-  Of cherit� I monish and exhort,
+  Of cheritè I monish and exhort,
   Ming not your luf with fals deceptioun.
   Beir in your mynd this short conclusioun
   Of fair Cresseid, as I have said befoir;              615
@@ -18480,7 +18451,7 @@ THE BOOK OF CUPID, GOD OF LOVE.
 
   For whan they mowe here the briddes singe,
   And see the floures and the leves springe,
-  That bringeth into hertes r�membraunce
+  That bringeth into hertes rémembraunce
   A maner ese, medled with grevaunce,
   And lusty thoughtes fulle of greet longinge.           30
 
@@ -18510,7 +18481,7 @@ THE BOOK OF CUPID, GOD OF LOVE.
 
   And then I thoghte, anon as it was day,
   I wolde go som whider to assay
-  If that I might a nightingal� here;
+  If that I might a nightingalë here;
   For yet had I non herd of al this yere,
   And hit was tho the thridde night of May.              55
 
@@ -18534,7 +18505,7 @@ THE BOOK OF CUPID, GOD OF LOVE.
 
   They coude that servyce al by rote;
   Ther was many a lovely straunge note;
-  Some songe loud�, as they hadde pleyned,
+  Some songe loudë, as they hadde pleyned,
   And some in other maner vois y-feyned,
   And some al out, with al the fulle throte.             75
 
@@ -18558,13 +18529,13 @@ THE BOOK OF CUPID, GOD OF LOVE.
 
   And that was on a tree right fast[e] by;
   But who was than evel apayd but I?
-  'Now god,' quod I, 'that dy�d on the crois
+  'Now god,' quod I, 'that dyëd on the crois
   Yeve sorow on thee, and on thy lewde vois!
   For litel joye have I now of thy cry.'                 95
 
   And as I with the cukkow thus gan chyde,
   I herde, in the nexte bush besyde,
-  A Nightingal� so lustily singe
+  A Nightingalë so lustily singe
   That with her clere vois she made ringe
   Through-out al the grene wode wyde.                   100
 
@@ -18575,7 +18546,7 @@ THE BOOK OF CUPID, GOD OF LOVE.
   I pray to god that evel fyr him brenne!'              105
 
   But now I wol you telle a wonder thing:
-  As long� as I lay in that swowning,
+  As longë as I lay in that swowning,
   Me thoughte, I wiste what the briddes ment,
   And what they seyde, and what was her entent,
   And of her speche I hadde good knowing.               110
@@ -18612,12 +18583,12 @@ THE BOOK OF CUPID, GOD OF LOVE.
 
   'Ey!' quod the Cukkow, 'this is a queint lawe,
   That every wight shal love or be to-drawe!
-  But I forsake al such� companye.
+  But I forsake al suchë companye.
   For myn entent is neither for to dye,
   Ne, whyl I live, in loves yok to drawe.               140
 
   For lovers ben the folk that been on-lyve
-  That most dises� han, and most unthryve,
+  That most disesë han, and most unthryve,
   And, most enduren sorow, wo, and care;
   And, at the laste, failen of welfare;
   What nedeth hit ayeines trouth to stryve?'            145
@@ -18629,10 +18600,10 @@ THE BOOK OF CUPID, GOD OF LOVE.
   To every wight that gentil is of kinde.               150
 
   For ther-of, trewly, cometh al goodnesse,
-  Al hon�ur, and [eke] al gentilnesse,
-  Worship, es�, and al hertes lust,
+  Al honóur, and [eke] al gentilnesse,
+  Worship, esë, and al hertes lust,
   Parfit joye, and ful assured trust,
-  Jolitee, plesaunc�, and freshnesse,                   155
+  Jolitee, plesauncë, and freshnesse,                   155
 
   Lowliheed, and trewe companye,
   Seemliheed, largesse, and curtesye,
@@ -18656,7 +18627,7 @@ THE BOOK OF CUPID, GOD OF LOVE.
   Sorowe and care, and mony a greet seknesse,
   Dispyt, debat, [and] anger, and envye,
   Repreef and shame, untrust and jelousye,
-  Pryde and mischeef, pov�rtee, and woodnesse.          175
+  Pryde and mischeef, povértee, and woodnesse.          175
 
   What! Loving is an office of dispayr,
   And oo thing is ther-in that is not fayr;
@@ -18670,7 +18641,7 @@ THE BOOK OF CUPID, GOD OF LOVE.
   Thou shalt be as other that been forsake,
   And than[ne] thou shalt hoten as do I!'               185
 
-  'Fy!' quod she, 'on thy nam� and on thee!
+  'Fy!' quod she, 'on thy namë and on thee!
   The god of love ne let thee never y-thee!
   For thou art wors a thousand-fold than wood.
   For many on is ful worthy and ful good,
@@ -18679,7 +18650,7 @@ THE BOOK OF CUPID, GOD OF LOVE.
   For Love his servaunts ever-more amendeth,
   And from al evel taches hem defendeth,
   And maketh hem to brenne right as fyr
-  In trouth� and in worshipful desyr,
+  In trouthë and in worshipful desyr,
   And, whom him liketh, joye y-nough hem sendeth.'      195
 
   'Thou Nightingale,' he seyde, 'hold thee stille;
@@ -18692,7 +18663,7 @@ THE BOOK OF CUPID, GOD OF LOVE.
   For he is blind alwey, and may not see;
   And whom he hit he not, or whom he fayleth;
   And in his court ful selden trouthe avayleth;
-  S� dyv�rs and so wilf�l is he.'                       205
+  Só dyvérs and so wilfúl is he.'                       205
 
   Than took I of the Nightingale kepe,
   She caste a sigh out of her herte depe,
@@ -18738,7 +18709,7 @@ THE BOOK OF CUPID, GOD OF LOVE.
 
   'Ye, use thou,' quod she, 'this medicyne;
   Every day this May, or that thou dyne,
-  Go loke upon the fresshe day�sy�.
+  Go loke upon the fresshe dayësyë.
   And though thou be for wo in poynt to dye,
   That shal ful gretly lissen thee of thy pyne.         245
 
@@ -18749,7 +18720,7 @@ THE BOOK OF CUPID, GOD OF LOVE.
   'I shrewe al hem that been of love untrewe!'          250
 
   And whan she hadde songe hit to the ende,
-  'N�w farewel,' quod she, 'for I mot wende;
+  'Nów farewel,' quod she, 'for I mot wende;
   And god of love, that can right wel and may,
   As mochel joye sende thee this day
   As ever yet he any lover sende!'                      255
@@ -18763,7 +18734,7 @@ THE BOOK OF CUPID, GOD OF LOVE.
   Forth she fley, the gentil Nightingale,
   To al the briddes that were in that dale,
   And gat hem alle into a place in-fere,
-  And +hem besoughte that they wold� here
+  And +hem besoughte that they woldë here
   Her disese; and thus began her tale:--                265
 
   'Ye witen wel, it is not fro yow hid
@@ -18807,7 +18778,7 @@ Th. folke; _om._ ful. 8. _I supply_ the. S. hole folke. 9. S. And he; _rest
 om._ And. Th. F. B. bynde; _read_ binden. 10. Th. T. That; F. B. Ff. What;
 S. Quhom. 11. Th. tel; wytte. 12, 13. Th. T. _transpose these lines_. 12.
 Th. Ff. wol; _rest_ can. 13. Th. folke. 14. _I supply_ eke. Th. T. _om._ in
-(S. _has_ in-to). F. lyther; S. lidd_er_; Th. Ff. lythy; T. le�i. Th.
+(S. _has_ in-to). F. lyther; S. lidd_er_; Th. Ff. lythy; T. leþi. Th.
 folke. Th. T. to distroyen; _rest om._ to.
 
 17. Ff. T. Ageynes; S. Ageynest; Th. Agaynst; F. B. Ayenst. Th. Ff. T.
@@ -18865,7 +18836,7 @@ wode (_better_). 101. Th. Ah. Ff. S. thenne; T. thanne; _rest_ then. 102.
 Th. haste. Ff. S. T. henne; _rest_ hen. 103. F. B. lewde; S. lewed; T. Ff.
 loude (!). (_The line runs badly._) 104. F. B. _om._ hast. 105. Th. T.
 _om._ that. Th. yuel fyre. Th. S. her; _rest_ him. Th. bren; _rest_ brenne.
-106. Th. nowe; tel. 107. Th. laye. (_The line runs badly; read_ long� _or_
+106. Th. nowe; tel. 107. Th. laye. (_The line runs badly; read_ longë _or_
 swowening.) 108. Th. thought; wyst. Th. T. what; _rest_ al that. 109. Th.
 sayd. 110. T. hade; _rest_ had. 111. Th. _om._ And. Th. T. there (_for_
 than). 112. Th. Nowe good. 113. Th. lette. 114. Th. the.
@@ -19009,7 +18980,7 @@ XIX. ENVOY TO ALISON.
   Who hath thee caused, or yeve thee hardinesse
   For to appere in my ladyes presence?
   I am ful siker, thou knowest her benivolence            5
-  Ful �greable to alle hir obeyinge;
+  Ful ágreable to alle hir obeyinge;
   For of al goode she is the best livinge.
 
   Allas! that thou ne haddest worthinesse
@@ -19063,44 +19034,44 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   Had whirled up the sterry sky aloft,
   And in the Bole was entred certainly;
   Whan shoures swete of rain discended +soft,
-  Causing the ground, fel� tymes and oft,                 5
+  Causing the ground, felë tymes and oft,                 5
   Up for to give many an hoolsom air,
   And every plain was [eek y-]clothed fair
 
-  With newe grene, and maketh smal� floures
+  With newe grene, and maketh smalë floures
   To springen here and there in feld and mede;
   So very good and hoolsom be the shoures                10
   That it reneweth, that was old and deede
   In winter-tyme; and out of every seede
-  Springeth the herb�, so that every wight
+  Springeth the herbë, so that every wight
   Of this sesoun wexeth [ful] glad and light.
 
-  And I, s� glad of the seson swete,                     15
+  And I, só glad of the seson swete,                     15
   Was happed thus upon a certain night;
   As I lay in my bed, sleep ful unmete
   Was unto me; but, why that I ne might
   Rest, I ne wist; for there nas erthly wight,
-  As I suppose, had more hert�s ese                      20
+  As I suppose, had more hertës ese                      20
   Than I, for I n'ad siknesse nor disese.
 
   Wherfore I mervail gretly of my-selve,
-  That I so long withouten sleep� lay;
+  That I so long withouten sleepë lay;
   And up I roos, three houres after twelve,
   About the [very] springing of the day,                 25
   And on I put my gere and myn array;
-  And to a plesaunt grov� I gan passe,
-  Long or the bright� sonne uprisen was,
+  And to a plesaunt grovë I gan passe,
+  Long or the brightë sonne uprisen was,
 
-  In which were ok�s grete, streight as a lyne,
+  In which were okës grete, streight as a lyne,
   Under the which the gras, so fresh of hew,             30
   Was newly spronge; and an eight foot or nyne
   Every tree wel fro his felawe grew,
   With braunches brode, laden with leves new,
-  That sprongen out ayein the sonn� shene,
+  That sprongen out ayein the sonnë shene,
   Som very rede, and som a glad light grene;             35
 
   Which, as me thought, was right a plesaunt sight.
-  And eek the briddes song[�s] for to here
+  And eek the briddes song[ës] for to here
   Would have rejoised any erthly wight.
   And I, that couth not yet, in no manere,
   Here the nightingale of al the yere,                   40
@@ -19111,12 +19082,12 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   I found, that gretly had not used be,
   For it forgrowen was with gras and weede,              45
   That wel unneth a wight [ther] might it see.
-  Thought I, this path som whider goth, pard�,
-  And so I folow�d, til it me brought
+  Thought I, this path som whider goth, pardè,
+  And so I folowèd, til it me brought
   To right a plesaunt herber, wel y-wrought,
 
   That benched was, and [al] with turves new             50
-  Freshly turved, wherof the gren� gras
+  Freshly turved, wherof the grenë gras
   So small, so thik, so short, so fresh of hew,
   That most lyk to grene +wol, wot I, it was.
   The hegge also, that yede [as] in compas
@@ -19151,36 +19122,36 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   Thought sodainly I felt so sweet an air
   [Come] of the eglantere, that certainly,               80
   Ther is no hert, I deme, in such despair,
-  Ne with [no] thought�s froward and contrair
+  Ne with [no] thoughtës froward and contrair
   So overlaid, but it shuld soone have bote,
-  If it had on�s felt this savour sote.
+  If it had onës felt this savour sote.
 
   And as I stood and cast asyde myn y,                   85
   I was ware of the fairest medle-tree
   That ever yet in al my lyf I sy,
-  As full of blossom�s as it might be.
+  As full of blossomës as it might be.
   Therin a goldfinch leping pretily
   Fro bough to bough, and, as him list, he eet           90
   Here and there, of buddes and floures sweet.
 
-  And to the herber-syd� was joining
-  This fair� tree, of which I have you told;
+  And to the herber-sydë was joining
+  This fairë tree, of which I have you told;
   And, at the last, the brid began to sing,
-  Whan he had eten what he et� wold,                     95
+  Whan he had eten what he etë wold,                     95
   So passing sweetly, that, by manifold,
   It was more plesaunt than I coud devyse;
   And whan his song was ended in this wyse,
 
   The nightingale with so mery a note
-  Answ�red him, that al the wod� rong                   100
+  Answéred him, that al the wodë rong                   100
   So sodainly, that, as it were a sot,
   I stood astonied; so was I with the song
-  Through ravish�d, that, [un]til late and long
+  Through ravishèd, that, [un]til late and long
   Ne wist I in what place I was, ne where;
   And +ay, me thought, she song even by myn ere.        105
 
   Wherfore about I waited busily
-  On every syde, if I her might� see;
+  On every syde, if I her mightë see;
   And, at the last, I gan ful wel aspy
   Wher she sat in a fresh green laurer-tree
   On the further syde, even right by me,                110
@@ -19191,9 +19162,9 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   That, as me thought, I surely ravished was
   Into Paradyse, where my desyr                         115
   Was for to be, and no ferther [to] passe
-  As for that day, and on the sot� gras
+  As for that day, and on the sotë gras
   I sat me doun; for, as for myn entent,
-  The bird�s song was more convenient,
+  The birdës song was more convenient,
 
   And more plesaunt to me, by many fold,                120
   Than mete or drink, or any other thing;
@@ -19203,53 +19174,53 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   Of the world, was never seen, or than,                125
   So plesaunt a ground of non erthly man.
 
-  And as I sat, the bridd�s herkning thus,
+  And as I sat, the briddës herkning thus,
   Me thought that I herd voices sodainly,
   The most sweetest and most delicious
   That ever any wight, I trow trewly,                   130
   Herde in +his lyf, for [that] the armony
   And sweet accord was in so good musyk,
-  Th�t the voice to angels most was lyk.
+  Thát the voice to angels most was lyk.
 
   At the last, out of a grove even by,            THE LEAF.
   That was right goodly and plesaunt to sight,          135
   I sy where there cam singing lustily
   A world of ladies; but to tell aright
-  Their greet beaut�, it lyth not in my might,
+  Their greet beautè, it lyth not in my might,
   Ne their array; nevertheless, I shal
   Tell you a part, though I speke not of al.            140
 
   +In surcotes whyte, of veluet wel sitting,
   They were [y-]clad; and the semes echoon,
   As it were a maner garnishing,
-  Was set with emeraud�s, oon and oon,
-  By and by; but many a rich� stoon                     145
+  Was set with emeraudës, oon and oon,
+  By and by; but many a richë stoon                     145
   Was set [up-]on the purfils, out of dout,
-  Of colors, sleves, and train�s round about;
+  Of colors, sleves, and trainës round about;
 
-  As gret[e] perl�s, round and orient,
-  Diamond�s fyne and rubies rede,
+  As gret[e] perlës, round and orient,
+  Diamondës fyne and rubies rede,
   And many another stoon, of which I +want              150
-  The nam�s now; and everich on her hede
-  A rich� fret of gold, which, without drede,
-  Was ful of statly rich� ston�s set;
-  And every lady had a chap�let
+  The namës now; and everich on her hede
+  A richë fret of gold, which, without drede,
+  Was ful of statly richë stonës set;
+  And every lady had a chapëlet
 
   On her hede, of [leves] fresh and grene,              155
-  So wel [y-]wrought, and so merv�ilously,
-  Th�t it was a noble sight to sene;
+  So wel [y-]wrought, and so mervéilously,
+  Thát it was a noble sight to sene;
   Some of laurer, and some ful plesauntly
-  Had chap�lets of woodbind, and sadly
+  Had chapëlets of woodbind, and sadly
   Some of _agnus-castus_ ware also                      160
-  Ch�p�lets fresh; but there were many tho
+  Chápëlets fresh; but there were many tho
 
   That daunced and eek song ful soberly;
   But al they yede in maner of compas.
   But oon ther yede in-mid the company
   Sole by her-self; but al folowed the pace             165
   [Which] that she kept, whos hevenly-figured face
-  So plesaunt was, and her wel-shape pers�n,
-  That of beaut� she past hem everichon.
+  So plesaunt was, and her wel-shape persòn,
+  That of beautè she past hem everichon.
 
   And more richly beseen, by manifold,
   She was also, in every maner thing;                   170
@@ -19262,10 +19233,10 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   And she began a roundel lustily,
   That _Sus le foyl de vert moy_ men call,
   _Seen, et mon joly cuer endormi_;
-  And than the company answ�red all
+  And than the company answéred all
   With voice[s] swete entuned and so small,             180
   That me thought it the sweetest melody
-  That ever I herd� in my lyf, soothly.
+  That ever I herdë in my lyf, soothly.
 
   And thus they came[n], dauncing and singing,
   Into the middes of the mede echone,
@@ -19277,78 +19248,78 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
 
   They had not daunced but a litel throw                190
   When that I herd, not fer of, sodainly
-  So greet a noise of thundring trump�s blow,
-  As though it shuld have d�parted the sky;
+  So greet a noise of thundring trumpës blow,
+  As though it shuld have départed the sky;
   And, after that, within a whyle I sy
   From the same grove, where the ladyes come out,       195
-  Of men of arm�s coming such a rout
+  Of men of armës coming such a rout
 
   As al the men on erth had been assembled
   In that place, wel horsed for the nones,
-  Stering so fast, that al the erth[�] trembled;
+  Stering so fast, that al the erth[ë] trembled;
   But for to speke of riches and [of] stones,           200
-  And men and hors, I trow, the larg� wones
+  And men and hors, I trow, the largë wones
   Of Prester John, ne al his tresory
   Might not unneth have bought the tenth party!
 
-  Of their array who-so list her� more,
+  Of their array who-so list herë more,
   I shal reherse, so as I can, a lyte.                  205
   Out of the grove, that I spak of before,
   I sy come first, al in their clokes whyte,
   A company, that ware, for their delyt,
-  Chap�lets fresh of ok�s cereal
+  Chapëlets fresh of okës cereal
   Newly spronge, and trumpets they were al.             210
 
   On every trumpe hanging a brood banere
   Of fyn tartarium, were ful richly bete;
-  Every trumpet his lord�s arm�s +bere;
-  About their nekk�s, with gret perl�s set,
+  Every trumpet his lordës armës +bere;
+  About their nekkës, with gret perlës set,
   Colers brode; for cost they would not lete,           215
   As it would seme; for their scochones echoon
   Were set about with many a precious stoon.
 
   Their hors-harneys was al whyte also;
   And after hem next, in on company,
-  C�m� king�s of arm�s, and no mo,                      220
-  In clok�s of whyte cloth of gold, richly;
+  Cámë kingës of armës, and no mo,                      220
+  In clokës of whyte cloth of gold, richly;
   Chapelets of greene on their hedes on hy,
-  The crown�s that they on their scochones bere
-  Were set with perl�, ruby, and saphere,
+  The crownës that they on their scochones bere
+  Were set with perlë, ruby, and saphere,
 
-  And eek gret diamond�s many on;                       225
+  And eek gret diamondës many on;                       225
   But al their hors-harneys and other gere
-  Was in a sute �ccording, everichon,
+  Was in a sute àccording, everichon,
   As ye have herd the foresayd trumpets were;
   And, by seeming, they were nothing to lere;
   And their gyding they did so manerly.                 230
   And after hem cam a greet company
 
-  Of heraud�s and pursevaunt�s eke
-  Arrayed in cloth�s of whyt velu�t;
+  Of heraudës and pursevauntës eke
+  Arrayed in clothës of whyt veluët;
   And hardily, they were nothing to seke
   How they [up]on hem shuld the harneys set;            235
-  And every man had on a chap�let;
-  Sc�chones and eke hors-harneys, indede,
+  And every man had on a chapëlet;
+  Scóchones and eke hors-harneys, indede,
   They had in sute of hem that before hem yede.
 
   Next after hem, came in armour bright,
-  Al save their hedes, seemely knight�s nyne;           240
+  Al save their hedes, seemely knightës nyne;           240
   And every clasp and nail, as to my sight,
   Of their harneys, were of red gold fyne;
   With cloth of gold, and furred with ermyne
-  Were the trappur�s of their sted�s strong,
+  Were the trappurës of their stedës strong,
   Wyde and large, that to the ground did hong;          245
 
   And every bosse of brydel and peitrel
   That they had, was worth, as I would wene,
-  A thousand pound; and on their hed�s, wel
-  Dressed, were crown�s [al] of laurer grene,
+  A thousand pound; and on their hedës, wel
+  Dressed, were crownës [al] of laurer grene,
   The best [y-]mad that ever I had seen;                250
   And every knight had after him ryding
   Three henshmen, [up]on him awaiting;
 
   Of whiche +the first, upon a short tronchoun,
-  His lord�s helme[t] bar, so richly dight,
+  His lordës helme[t] bar, so richly dight,
   That the worst was worth[y] the raunsoun              255
   Of a[ny] king; the second a sheld bright
   Bar at his nekke; the thridde bar upright
@@ -19357,39 +19328,39 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
 
   A fresh chapelet upon his heres bright;               260
   And clokes whyte, of fyn veluet they ware;
-  Their sted�s trapped and [a]rayed right
-  Without[en] difference, as their lord�s were.
+  Their stedës trapped and [a]rayed right
+  Without[en] difference, as their lordës were.
   And after hem, on many a fresh co[u]rsere,
-  There came of armed knight�s such a rout              265
-  That they besprad the larg� feld about.
+  There came of armed knightës such a rout              265
+  That they besprad the largë feld about.
 
   And al they ware[n], after their degrees,
-  Chap�lets new, made of laurer grene,
+  Chapëlets new, made of laurer grene,
   Some of oke, and some of other trees;
-  Some in their hand�s ber� bough�s shene,              270
-  Some of laurer, and some of ok�s kene,
+  Some in their handës berë boughës shene,              270
+  Some of laurer, and some of okës kene,
   Some of hawthorn, and some of woodbind,
   And many mo, which I had not in mind.
 
   And so they came, their hors freshly stering
-  With bloody sown�s of hir tromp�s loud;               275
+  With bloody sownës of hir trompës loud;               275
   Ther sy I many an uncouth disgysing
-  In the array of these knight�s proud;
+  In the array of these knightës proud;
   And at the last, as evenly as they coud,
   They took their places in-middes of the mede,
   And every knight turned his horse[s] hede             280
 
   To his felawe, and lightly laid a spere
-  In the [a]rest, and so just�s began
+  In the [a]rest, and so justës began
   On every part about[en], here and there;
   Som brak his spere, som drew down hors and man;
-  About the feld astray the sted�s ran;                 285
+  About the feld astray the stedës ran;                 285
   And, to behold their rule and governaunce,
   I you ensure, it was a greet plesaunce.
 
-  And so the just�s last an houre and more;
+  And so the justës last an houre and more;
   But tho that crowned were in laurer grene
-  Wan the pryse; their dint�s were so sore              290
+  Wan the pryse; their dintës were so sore              290
   That ther was non ayenst hem might sustene;
   And [than] the justing al was left of clene;
   And fro their hors the +nine alight anon;
@@ -19397,16 +19368,16 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
 
   And forth they yede togider, twain and twain,         295
   That to behold, it was a worldly sight,
-  Toward the ladies on the gren� plain,
+  Toward the ladies on the grenë plain,
   That song and daunced, as I sayd now right.
   The ladies, as soone as they goodly might,
   They breke[n] of both the song and dance,             300
   And yede to mete hem, with ful glad semblance.
 
   And every lady took, ful womanly,
-  B� the hond a knight, and forth they yede
+  Bý the hond a knight, and forth they yede
   Unto a fair laurer that stood fast by,
-  With lev�s lade, the bough�s of gret brede;           305
+  With levës lade, the boughës of gret brede;           305
   And to my dome, there never was, indede,
   [A] man that had seen half so fair a tree;
   For underneth it there might wel have be
@@ -19414,7 +19385,7 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   An hundred persons, at their own plesaunce,
   Shadowed fro the hete of Phebus bright                310
   So that they shuld have felt no [greet] grevaunce
-  Of rain, ne hail, that hem hurt[�] might.
+  Of rain, ne hail, that hem hurt[ë] might.
   The savour eek rejoice would any wight
   That had be sick or melancolious,
   It was so very good and vertuous.                     315
@@ -19439,40 +19410,40 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   And everich had a chapelet on her hede;
   Which did right wel upon the shyning here,
   Made of goodly floures, whyte and rede.
-  The knight�s eke, that they in hond lede,
+  The knightës eke, that they in hond lede,
   In sute of hem, ware chapelets everichon;             335
   And hem before went minstrels many on,
 
-  As harp�s, pyp�s, lut�s, and sautry,
-  Al in greene; and on their hed�s bare
-  Of dyvers flour�s, mad ful craftily,
+  As harpës, pypës, lutës, and sautry,
+  Al in greene; and on their hedës bare
+  Of dyvers flourës, mad ful craftily,
   Al in a sute, goodly chapelets they ware;             340
   And so, dauncing, into the mede they fare,
   In-mid the which they found a tuft that was
-  Al oversprad with flour�s in compas.
+  Al oversprad with flourës in compas.
 
   Where[un]to they enclyned everichon
   With greet reverence, and that ful humblely;          345
-  And, at the last[�], there began anon
+  And, at the last[ë], there began anon
   A lady for to sing right womanly
   A bargaret in praising the daisy;
-  For, as me thought, among her not�s swete,
-  She sayd, '_Si douc� est la Margarete_.'              350
+  For, as me thought, among her notës swete,
+  She sayd, '_Si doucë est la Margarete_.'              350
 
-  Th�n they al answ�red her infere,
+  Thén they al answéred her infere,
   So passingly wel, and so plesauntly,
-  Th�t it was a blisful noise to here.
+  Thát it was a blisful noise to here.
   But I not [how], it happed sodainly,
   As, about noon, the sonne so fervently                355
   Wex hoot, that [al] the prety tender floures
-  Had lost the beaut� of hir fresh coloures,
+  Had lost the beautè of hir fresh coloures,
 
   For-shronk with hete; the ladies eek to-brent,
   That they ne wist where they hem might bestow.
-  The knight�s swelt, for lak of shade ny shent;        360
+  The knightës swelt, for lak of shade ny shent;        360
   And after that, within a litel throw,
   The wind began so sturdily to blow,
-  That down goth al the flour�s everichon
+  That down goth al the flourës everichon
   So that in al the mede there laft not on,
 
   Save suche as socoured were, among the leves,         365
@@ -19480,28 +19451,28 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   Growing under hegges and thikke greves;
   And after that, there came a storm of hail
   And rain in-fere, so that, withouten fail,
-  The ladies ne the knight�s n'ade o threed             370
+  The ladies ne the knightës n'ade o threed             370
   Drye [up]on hem, so dropping was hir weed.
 
   And when the storm was clene passed away,
   Tho [clad] in whyte, that stood under the tree,
-  They felt[�] nothing of the grete affray,
+  They felt[ë] nothing of the grete affray,
   That they in greene without had in y-be.              375
-  To hem they yed� for routh and pit�,
+  To hem they yedë for routh and pitè,
   Hem to comfort after their greet disese;
   So fain they were the helpless for to ese.
 
   Then was I ware how oon of hem in grene
-  Had on a crown[�], rich and wel sitting;              380
+  Had on a crown[ë], rich and wel sitting;              380
   Wherfore I demed wel she was a quene,
   And tho in greene on her were awaiting.
   The ladies then in whyte that were coming
-  Toward[�s] hem, and the knight�s in-fere
+  Toward[ës] hem, and the knightës in-fere
   Began to comfort hem and make hem chere.              385
 
-  The quene in whyte, that was of grete beaut�,
+  The quene in whyte, that was of grete beautè,
   Took by the hond the queen that was in grene,
-  And said, 'Suster, I have right greet pit�
+  And said, 'Suster, I have right greet pitè
   Of your annoy, and of the troublous tene
   Wherein ye and your company have been                 390
   So long, alas! and, if that it you plese
@@ -19517,30 +19488,30 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
 
   In lyke wyse, ech of hem took a knight                400
   Clad in grene, and forth with hem they fare
-  [Un]to an hegg�, where they, anon-right,
-  To make their just�s, [lo!] they would not spare
-  Bough�s to hew down, and eek tre�s square,
+  [Un]to an heggë, where they, anon-right,
+  To make their justës, [lo!] they would not spare
+  Boughës to hew down, and eek treës square,
   Wherewith they made hem stately fyres grete           405
-  To dry their cloth�s that were wringing wete.
+  To dry their clothës that were wringing wete.
 
-  And after that, of herb�s that there grew,
+  And after that, of herbës that there grew,
   They made, for blisters of the sonne brenning,
   Very good and hoolsom ointments new,
   Where that they yede, the sick fast anointing;        410
   And after that, they yede about gadring
-  Plesaunt salad�s, which they made hem ete,
+  Plesaunt saladës, which they made hem ete,
   For to refresh their greet unkindly hete.
 
   The lady of the Leef then gan to pray
   Her of the Flour, (for so to my seeming               415
-  They should[�] be, as by their [quaint] array),
+  They should[ë] be, as by their [quaint] array),
   To soupe with her; and eek, for any thing,
   That she should with her al her people bring.
   And she ayein, in right goodly manere,
   Thanketh her of her most freendly chere,              420
 
   Saying plainly, that she would obey
-  With al her hert al her commaund�ment,
+  With al her hert al her commaundëment,
   And then anon, without lenger delay,
   The lady of the Leef hath oon y-sent
   For a palfray, [as] after her intent,                 425
@@ -19552,7 +19523,7 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   That they needed; and then, ful lustily,              430
   Even by the herber where I was sitting,
   They passed al, so plesantly singing,
-  That it would have comf�rted any wight;
+  That it would have comfórted any wight;
   But then I sy a passing wonder sight:--
 
   For then the nightingale, that al the day             435
@@ -19567,12 +19538,12 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   Was fled, for hete, into the bushes cold,
   Unto the lady of the Flour gan flee,
   And on her hond he set him, as he wold,               445
-  And plesantly his wing�s gan to fold;
+  And plesantly his wingës gan to fold;
   And for to sing they pained hem both as sore
   As they had do of al the day before.
 
   And so these ladies rood forth a gret pace,
-  And al the rout of knight�s eek in-fere;              450
+  And al the rout of knightës eek in-fere;              450
   And I, that had seen al this wonder case,
   Thought [that] I would assay, in some manere,
   To know fully the trouth of this matere,
@@ -19590,20 +19561,20 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   'Madam,' quod I, 'if that I durst enquere
   Of you, I wold fain, of that company,
   Wit what they be that past by this herbere?'          465
-  And she ayein answ�red right freendly:
+  And she ayein answéred right freendly:
   'My fair daughter, al tho that passed hereby
   In whyte clothing, be servants everichoon
   Unto the Leef, and I my-self am oon.
 
   See ye not her that crowned is,' quod she,            470
-  'Al in whyte?' 'Madam�,' quod I, 'yis!'
-  'That is Diane, goddesse of chastit�;
+  'Al in whyte?' 'Madamë,' quod I, 'yis!'
+  'That is Diane, goddesse of chastitè;
   And, for bicause that she a maiden is,
   In her hond the braunch she bereth, this
   That _agnus-castus_ men call properly;                475
   And alle the ladies in her company
 
-  Which ye see of that herb[�] chaplets were,
+  Which ye see of that herb[ë] chaplets were,
   Be such as han kept +ay hir maidenhede;
   And al they that of laurer chaplets bere
   Be such as hardy were and +wan, indede,               480
@@ -19611,27 +19582,27 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   And al they were so worthy of hir hond,
   [As] in hir tyme, that non might hem withstond.
 
-  And tho that wer� chapelets on hir hede
+  And tho that werë chapelets on hir hede
   Of fresh woodbind, be such as never were              485
   To love untrew in word, [ne] thought, ne dede,
   But ay stedfast; ne for plesaunce, ne fere,
-  Though that they shuld hir hert�s al to-tere,
+  Though that they shuld hir hertës al to-tere,
   Would never flit, but ever were stedfast,
   Til that their lyves there asunder brast.'            490
 
   'Now, fair madam,' quod I, 'yet I would pray
   Your ladiship, if that it might be,
-  That I might know[�], by some maner way,
-  Sith that it hath [y-]lyked your beaut�,
+  That I might know[ë], by some maner way,
+  Sith that it hath [y-]lyked your beautè,
   The trouth of these ladies for to tel me;             495
-  What that these knight�s be, in rich armour;
+  What that these knightës be, in rich armour;
   And what tho be in grene, and were the flour;
 
   And why that some did reverence to the tree,
-  And some unto the plot of flour�s fair?'
+  And some unto the plot of flourës fair?'
   'With right good wil, my fair doughter,' quod she,    500
   'Sith your desyr is good and debonair.
-  Tho nine, crown�d, be very exemplair
+  Tho nine, crownèd, be very exemplair
   Of all honour longing to chivalry,
   And those, certain, be called the Nine Worthy,
 
@@ -19639,19 +19610,19 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   That in hir tyme did many a noble dede,
   And, for their worthines, ful oft have bore
   The crowne of laurer-leves on their hede,
-  As ye may in your old[�] bokes rede;
+  As ye may in your old[ë] bokes rede;
   And how that he, that was a conquerour,               510
   Had by laurer alway his most honour.
 
-  And tho that bere bough�s in their hond
-  Of the precious laurer so not�ble,
+  And tho that bere boughës in their hond
+  Of the precious laurer so notáble,
   Be such as were, I wol ye understond,
-  Noble knight�s of the Round[�] Table,                 515
+  Noble knightës of the Round[ë] Table,                 515
   And eek the Douseperes honourable;
   Which they bere in signe of victory,
   +As witness of their dedes mightily.
 
-  Eek there be knight�s olde of the Garter,
+  Eek there be knightës olde of the Garter,
   That in hir tyme did right worthily;                  520
   And the honour they did to the laurer
   Is, for by [it] they have their laud hoolly,
@@ -19664,11 +19635,11 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   And it be doon so as it ought to be,
   Is more honour then any thing erthly.
   Witnesse of Rome that founder was, truly,             530
-  Of all knighthood and ded�s marvelous;
+  Of all knighthood and dedës marvelous;
   Record I take of Titus Livius.
 
   And as for her that crowned is in greene,
-  It is Flora, of these flour�s goddesse;
+  It is Flora, of these flourës goddesse;
   And al that here on her awaiting been,                535
   It are such [folk] that loved idlenes,
   And not delyte [had] of no busines
@@ -19680,21 +19651,21 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   They unto it do such [gret] obeisaunce,
   As ye may see.' 'Now, fair madame,' quod I,
   'If I durst ask what is the cause and why
-  That knight�s have the signe of [al] honour           545
+  That knightës have the signe of [al] honour           545
   Rather by the Leef than by the Flour?'
 
   'Sothly, doughter,' quod she, 'this is the trouth:
-  For knight�s ever should be pers�vering,
+  For knightës ever should be persévering,
   To seeke honour without feintyse or slouth,
   Fro wele to better, in al maner thing;                550
-  In signe of which, with Lev�s ay lasting
+  In signe of which, with Levës ay lasting
   They be rewarded after their degree,
   Whos lusty grene may not appeired be,
 
-  But ay keping hir beaut� fresh and greene;
+  But ay keping hir beautè fresh and greene;
   For there nis storm [non] that may hem deface,        555
-  Hail nor snow, wind nor frost�s kene;
-  Wherfore they have this propert� and grace.
+  Hail nor snow, wind nor frostës kene;
+  Wherfore they have this propertè and grace.
   And for the Flour within a litel space
   Wol be [y-]lost, so simple of nature
   They be, that they no grevance may endure,            560
@@ -19707,8 +19678,8 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   'Madame,' quod I, 'with al my hool servyse
   I thank you now, in my most humble wyse.
 
-  For now I am ac�rtain�d throughly
-  Of every thing I d�sired to know.'
+  For now I am acértainèd throughly
+  Of every thing I désired to know.'
   'I am right glad that I have said, sothly,            570
   Ought to your pleysir, if ye wil me trow,'
   Quod she ayein, 'but to whom do ye ow
@@ -19719,12 +19690,12 @@ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
   Unto the Leef I ow myn observaunce.'
   'That is,' quod she, 'right wel don, certainly,
   And I pray god to honour you avaunce,
-  And kepe you fro the wikked r�membraunce
-  Of Male-Bouche, and al his cruelt�;                   580
+  And kepe you fro the wikked rémembraunce
+  Of Male-Bouche, and al his crueltè;                   580
   And alle that good and wel-condicioned be.
 
   For here may I no lenger now abyde,
-  I must folowe the gret[�] company
+  I must folowe the gret[ë] company
   That ye may see yonder before you ryde.'
   And forth[right], as I couth, most humblely,          585
   I took my leve of her as she gan hy
@@ -19787,7 +19758,7 @@ head. 152. rich; dread. 153. stately rich. 155. head; _I supply_ leves.
 _as in_ 335. 161. of tho (_om._ of). 162. eke. 163. all; compace. 164. one.
 165. Soole; selfe; all followed. 166. _I supply_ Which; whose heauenly.
 167. pleasaunt; wele. 168. beauty; -one. 169. beseene. 171. head;
-pleasaunt. 172. gold� (?). 173. eke bearing. 175. _I supply_ al. 176.
+pleasaunt. 172. goldë (?). 173. eke bearing. 175. _I supply_ al. 176.
 roundell lustely. 177. Suse; foyle. 178. Seen (_sic_); en dormy, _before
 which we should perhaps supply_ est.
 
@@ -19911,11 +19882,11 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   And some alone, after her fantasyes.
   Thus occupyed we were in dyvers wyse;
   And yet, in trouthe, we were not al alone;
-  Ther were knight�s and squyers many one.
+  Ther were knightës and squyers many one.
 
   'Wherof I served?' oon of hem asked me;                15
   I sayde ayein, as it fel in my thought,
-  'To walke about the mase, in certaynt�,
+  'To walke about the mase, in certayntè,
   As a woman that [of] nothing rought.'
   He asked me ayein--'whom that I sought,
   And of my colour why I was so pale?'                   20
@@ -19953,7 +19924,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   Which brought me to an herber fair and grene,
   Mad with benches, ful craftily and clene,
 
-  That, as me thought, ther might no cr�ature            50
+  That, as me thought, ther might no crëature            50
   Devyse a better, by dew proporcioun;
   Safe it was closed wel, I you ensure,
   With masonry of compas enviroun,
@@ -19971,14 +19942,14 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
 
   The flore beneth was paved faire and smothe
   With stones square, of many dyvers hew,                65
-  So wel joyn�d that, for to say the sothe,
+  So wel joynëd that, for to say the sothe,
   Al semed oon (who that non other knew);
-  And underneth, the strem�s new and new,
+  And underneth, the stremës new and new,
   As silver bright, springing in suche a wyse
   That, whence it cam, ye coude it not devyse.           70
 
   A litel whyle thus was I al alone,
-  Beholding wel this d�lectable place;
+  Beholding wel this délectable place;
   My felawship were coming everichone,
   So must me nedes abyde, as for a space.
   Rememb[e]ring of many dyvers cace                      75
@@ -19999,7 +19970,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   _Bien et loyalment_, as I coud devyse.
   Than prayde I her, in every maner wyse
   That of her name I might have remembraunce;            90
-  She sayd, she called was Pers�veraunce.
+  She sayd, she called was Perséveraunce.
 
   So furthermore to speke than was I bold,
   Where she dwelled, I prayed her for to say;
@@ -20007,9 +19978,9 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   "My dwelling is, and hath ben many a day               95
   With a lady."--"What lady, I you pray?"
   "Of greet estate, thus warne I you," quod she;
-  "What cal ye her?"--"Her name is Loyalt�."
+  "What cal ye her?"--"Her name is Loyaltè."
 
-  "In what offyce stand ye, or in what degr�?"
+  "In what offyce stand ye, or in what degrè?"
   Quod I to her, "that wolde I wit right fayn."         100
   "I am," quod she, "unworthy though I be,
   Of her chambre her ussher, in certayn;
@@ -20017,11 +19988,11 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   Lyke as ye know the rule in such servyce
   Pertayning is unto the same offyce.                   105
 
-  She charged me, by her commaund�ment,
+  She charged me, by her commaundëment,
   To warn you and your felawes everichon,
   That ye shuld come there as she is present,
   For a counsayl, which shal be now anon,
-  Or seven day�s be comen and gon.                      110
+  Or seven dayës be comen and gon.                      110
   And furthermore, she bad that I shuld say
   Excuse there might be non, nor [no] delay.
 
@@ -20031,7 +20002,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   Al your felawes and ye must come in blew,
   Every liche able your maters for to sew;
   With more, which I pray you thinke upon,
-  Your word�s on your slev�s everichon.
+  Your wordës on your slevës everichon.
 
   And be not ye abasshed in no wyse,                    120
   As many been in suche an high presence;
@@ -20103,7 +20074,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   Of her were good to have som acquaintaunce.
   She can tel how ye shal you best avaunce,             180
   And how to come to her ladyes presence;
-  To her word�s I rede you yeve credence.
+  To her wordës I rede you yeve credence.
 
   Now it is tyme that I depart you fro;
   For, in good sooth, I have gret businesse."
@@ -20111,7 +20082,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   And I thank you of your gret gentilnesse.
   Your comfort hath yeven me suche hardinesse
   That now I shal be bold, withouten fayl,
-  To do after your �vyse and counsayl."
+  To do after your ávyse and counsayl."
 
   Thus parted she, and I lefte al aloon;                190
   With that I saw, as I beheld asyde,
@@ -20121,13 +20092,13 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   And of her name anon I did enquere.                   195
   Ful womanly she yave me this answere.
 
-  "I am," quod she, "a simple cr�ature
+  "I am," quod she, "a simple crëature
   Sent from the court; my name is Diligence.
   As sone as I might come, I you ensure,
   I taried not, after I had licence;                    200
   And now that I am come to your presence,
   Look, what servyce that I can do or may,
-  Commaund� me; I can no further say."
+  Commaundë me; I can no further say."
 
   I thanked her, and prayed her to come nere,
   Because I wold see how she were arayed;               205
@@ -20141,7 +20112,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   It were ful good," quod she, "as I coud gesse."
   "How fer," quod I, "have we unto that place?"
   "A dayes journey," quod she, "but litel lesse;
-  Wherfore I red� that we onward dresse;                215
+  Wherfore I redë that we onward dresse;                215
   For, I suppose, our felawship is past,
   And for nothing I wold that we were last."
 
@@ -20165,7 +20136,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   A gentilwoman of myn aquaintaunce.
   "I have mervayl," quod I, "what maner way
   Ye had knowlege of al this ordenaunce."               235
-  "Yis, yis," quod she, "I herd Pers�veraunce,
+  "Yis, yis," quod she, "I herd Perséveraunce,
   How she warned your felawes everichon,
   And what aray that ye shulde have upon."
 
@@ -20195,7 +20166,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
 
   Than went we forth, and met at aventure               260
   A yong woman, an officer seming:
-  "What is your name," quod I, "good cr�ature?"
+  "What is your name," quod I, "good crëature?"
   "Discrecioun," quod she, "without lesing."
   "And where," quod I, "is your most abyding?"
   "I have," quod she, "this office of purchace,         265
@@ -20209,7 +20180,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   "But few," quod she, "of high degree ne low;
   Ye be the first, as ferforth as I know."
 
-  Thus with tal�s we cam streight to the yate;
+  Thus with talës we cam streight to the yate;
   This yong woman departed was and gon;                 275
   Cam Diligence, and knokked fast therat;
   "Who is without?" quod Countenaunce anon.
@@ -20218,22 +20189,22 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   "I, Diligence! ye know me wel ynough."                280
 
   Than opened she the yate, and in we go;
-  With word�s fair she sayd ful gentilly,
+  With wordës fair she sayd ful gentilly,
   "Ye are welcome, ywis! are ye no mo?"
   "Nat oon," quod she, "save this woman and I."
   "Now than," quod she, "I pray yow hertely,            285
   Tak my chambre, as for a whyl, to rest
-  Til your felaw�s come, I holde it best."
+  Til your felawës come, I holde it best."
 
   I thanked her, and forth we gon echon
-  Til her chambre, without[en] word�s mo.
+  Til her chambre, without[en] wordës mo.
   Cam Diligence, and took her leve anon;                290
   "Wher-ever you list," quod I, "now may ye go;
   And I thank you right hertely also
   Of your labour, for which god do you meed;
   I can no more, but Jesu be your speed!"
 
-  Than Countenaunc� asked me anon,                      295
+  Than Countenauncë asked me anon,                      295
   "Your felawship, where ben they now?" quod she.
   "For sothe," quod I, "they be coming echon;
   But in certayn, I know nat wher they be,
@@ -20246,7 +20217,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   Her gown was blew, this wot I verely,
   Of good fasoun, and furred wel with gray;             305
   Upon her sleve her word (this is no nay),
-  Which sayd thus, as my penn� can endyte,
+  Which sayd thus, as my pennë can endyte,
   _A moi que je voy_, writen with lettres whyte.
 
   Than forth withal she cam streight unto me,
@@ -20254,12 +20225,12 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   "Forsothe," quod I, "ye shal wel knowe and see,
   And for my word, I have non; this is trew.
   It is ynough that my clothing be blew,
-  As here-before I had commaund�ment;
+  As here-before I had commaundëment;
   And so to do I am right wel content.                  315
 
   But tel me this, I pray you hertely,
   The steward here, say me, what is her name?"
-  "She hight Largesse, I say you su�rly;
+  "She hight Largesse, I say you suërly;
   A fair lady, and of right noble fame.
   Whan ye her see, ye wil report the same.              320
   And under her, to bid you welcome al,
@@ -20287,7 +20258,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   Your mater hool tel her, without fayning;             340
   Ye shal her finde ful good and ful loving."
   "Tel me her name," quod I, "of gentilnesse."
-  "By my good sooth," quod she, "Avys�nesse."
+  "By my good sooth," quod she, "Avysënesse."
 
   "That name," quod I, "for her is passing good;
   For every bil and cedule she must see;                345
@@ -20324,7 +20295,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   I counsail you to take a litel rest
   In my chambre, if it be your plesaunce.
   Whan ye be there, me thinketh for the best
-  That I go in, and cal Pers�veraunce,                  375
+  That I go in, and cal Perséveraunce,                  375
   Because she is oon of your aquaintaunce;
   And she also wil tel you every thing
   How ye shal be ruled of your coming."
@@ -20337,7 +20308,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   Which of us was atyred goodliest,
   And of us al which shuld be praysed best.             385
 
-  The porter cam, and brought Pers�veraunce;
+  The porter cam, and brought Perséveraunce;
   She welcomed us in ful curteys manere:
   "Think ye nat long," quod she, "your attendaunce;
   I wil go speke unto the herbergere,
@@ -20346,14 +20317,14 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   To speke for you, and come anon agayn."
 
   And whan [that] she departed was and gon,
-  We saw folk�s coming without the wal,
+  We saw folkës coming without the wal,
   So greet people, that nombre coud we non;             395
   Ladyes they were and gentilwomen al,
   Clothed in blew, echon her word withal;
   But for to knowe her word or her devyse,
   They cam so thikke, that I might in no wyse.
 
-  With that anon cam in Pers�veraunce,                  400
+  With that anon cam in Perséveraunce,                  400
   And where I stood, she cam streight [un]to me.
   "Ye been," quod she, "of myne olde acquaintaunce;
   You to enquere, the bolder wolde I be;
@@ -20364,7 +20335,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   "We been," quod I, "fyve ladies al in-fere,
   And gentilwomen foure in company;
   Whan they begin to open hir matere,
-  Than shal ye knowe hir word�s by and by;              410
+  Than shal ye knowe hir wordës by and by;              410
   But as for me, I have non verely,
   And so I told Countenaunce here-before;
   Al myne aray is blew; what nedeth more?"
@@ -20385,7 +20356,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   Beseching you we may be so excused,
   Our trew mening, that it be not refused."
 
-  Than went we forth, after Pers�veraunce,
+  Than went we forth, after Perséveraunce,
   To see the prees; it was a wonder cace;
   There for to passe it was greet comb[e]raunce,        430
   The people stood so thikke in every place.
@@ -20418,7 +20389,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   The which was mad of berel and cristal;               455
 
   Wherein was graven of stories many oon;
-  First how Phyllis, of womanly pit�,
+  First how Phyllis, of womanly pitè,
   Deyd pitously, for love of Demophoon.
   Nexte after was the story of Tisbee,
   How she slew her-self under a tree.                   460
@@ -20433,13 +20404,13 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   And many mo than I reherce you here;
   It were to long to tel you al in-fere.
 
-  And, bicause the wall�s shone so bright,              470
+  And, bicause the wallës shone so bright,              470
   With fyne umple they were al over-sprad,
   To that intent, folk shuld nat hurte hir sight;
   And thorugh it the stories might be rad.
   Than furthermore I went, as I was lad;
   And there I saw, without[en] any fayl,                475
-  A chayr� set, with ful riche aparayl.
+  A chayrë set, with ful riche aparayl.
 
   And fyve stages it was set fro the ground,
   Of cassidony ful curiously wrought;
@@ -20452,20 +20423,20 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   For, wite ye wel, I was right nere that,
   So as I durst, beholding by and by;                   485
   Above ther was a riche cloth of estate,
-  Wrought with the nedle ful straung�ly,
+  Wrought with the nedle ful straungëly,
   Her word thereon; and thus it said trewly,
-  _A endurer_, to tel you in word�s few,
+  _A endurer_, to tel you in wordës few,
   With grete letters, the better I hem knew.            490
 
   Thus as we stode, a dore opened anon;
   A gentilwoman, semely of stature,
   Beringe a mace, cam out, her-selfe aloon;
-  Sothly, me thought, a goodly cr�ature!
+  Sothly, me thought, a goodly crëature!
   She spak nothing to lowde, I you ensure,              495
   Nor hastily, but with goodly warning:
   "Mak room," quod she, "my lady is coming!"
 
-  With that anon I saw Pers�veraunce,
+  With that anon I saw Perséveraunce,
   How she held up the tapet in her hand.
   I saw also, in right good ordinaunce,                 500
   This greet lady within the tapet stand,
@@ -20473,7 +20444,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   And after her a noble company,
   I coud nat tel the nombre sikerly.
 
-  Of their nam�s I wold nothing enquere                 505
+  Of their namës I wold nothing enquere                 505
   Further than suche as we wold sewe unto,
   Sauf oo lady, which was the chauncellere,
   Attemperaunce; sothly her name was so.
@@ -20481,28 +20452,28 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   In our maters, and alway more and more.               510
   And, so forth, to tel you furthermore,
 
-  Of this lady her beaut� to discryve,
+  Of this lady her beautè to discryve,
   My conning is to simple, verely;
-  For never yet, the day�s of my lyve,
+  For never yet, the dayës of my lyve,
   So inly fair I have non seen, trewly.                 515
   In her estate, assured utterly,
   There wanted naught, I dare you wel assure,
-  That longed to a goodly cr�ature.
+  That longed to a goodly crëature.
 
   And furthermore, to speke of her aray,
   I shal you tel the maner of her gown;                 520
   Of clothe of gold ful riche, it is no nay;
   The colour blew, of a right good fasoun;
-  In tabard-wyse the slev�s hanging doun;
+  In tabard-wyse the slevës hanging doun;
   And what purfyl there was, and in what wyse,
   So as I can, I shal it you devyse.                    525
 
   After a sort the coller and the vent,
   Lyk as ermyne is mad in purfeling;
-  With grete perl�s, ful fyne and orient,
-  They were couch�d, al after oon worching,
+  With grete perlës, ful fyne and orient,
+  They were couchèd, al after oon worching,
   With dyamonds in stede of powdering;                  530
-  The slev�s and purfilles of assyse;
+  The slevës and purfilles of assyse;
   They were [y-]mad [ful] lyke, in every wyse.
 
   Aboute her nekke a sort of fair rubyes,
@@ -20527,39 +20498,39 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   Of her entent knowing nothing at al,                  550
   "Voyd bak the prees," quod she, "up to the wal;
   Mak larger roum, but look ye do not tary,
-  And tak these bill�s to the secretary."
+  And tak these billës to the secretary."
 
-  The chamberlayn did her commaund�ment,
+  The chamberlayn did her commaundëment,
   And cam agayn, as she was bid to do;                  555
   The secretary there being present,
-  The bill�s were delivered her also,
+  The billës were delivered her also,
   Not only ours, but many other mo.
   Than the lady, with good advyce, agayn
   Anon withal called her chamberlayn.                   560
 
   "We wol," quod she, "the first thing that ye do,
   The secretary, make her come anon
-  With her bill�s; and thus we wil also,
+  With her billës; and thus we wil also,
   In our presence she rede hem everichon,
-  That we may tak� good advyce theron                   565
+  That we may takë good advyce theron                   565
   Of the ladyes, that been of our counsayl;
   Look this be don, withouten any fayl."
 
   The chamberlayn, whan she wiste her entent,
   Anon she did the secretary cal:
-  "Let your bill�s," quod she, "be here present,        570
+  "Let your billës," quod she, "be here present,        570
   My lady it wil." "Madame," quod she, "I shal."
   "And in presence she wil ye rede hem al."
   "With good wil; I am redy," quod she,
   "At her plesure, whan she commaundeth me."
 
   And upon that was mad an ordinaunce,                  575
-  They that cam first, hir bill�s shuld be red.
-  Ful gentelly than sayd Pers�veraunce,
+  They that cam first, hir billës shuld be red.
+  Ful gentelly than sayd Perséveraunce,
   "Resoun it wold that they were sonest sped."
   Anon withal, upon a tapet spred,
   The secretary layde hem doun echon;                   580
-  Our bill�s first she redde hem on by on.
+  Our billës first she redde hem on by on.
 
   The first lady, bering in her devyse
   _Sans que jamais_, thus wroot she in her bil;
@@ -20569,13 +20540,13 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   Without desert alwayes on her party;
   In this mater desyring remedy.
 
-  Her next felaw�s word was in this wyse,
+  Her next felawës word was in this wyse,
   _Une sans chaungier_; and thus she did complayn,      590
   Though she had been guerdoned for her servyce,
   Yet nothing lyke as she that took the payn;
   Wherfore she coude in no wyse her restrayn,
   But in this cas sewe until her presence,
-  As reson wold�, to have recompence.                   595
+  As reson woldë, to have recompence.                   595
 
   So furthermore, to speke of other twayn,
   Oon of hem wroot, after her fantasy,
@@ -20611,7 +20582,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
 
   And in lyk wyse as they had don before,
   The gentilwomen of our company                        625
-  Put up hir bill�s; and, for to tel you more,
+  Put up hir billës; and, for to tel you more,
   Oon of hem wroot _cest sanz dire_, verily;
   And her matere hool to specify,
   With-in her bil she put it in wryting;
@@ -20625,7 +20596,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   Other comfort she wanted non coming,
   And so used, it greved her nothing.
 
-  Desyringe her, and lowly b�seching,
+  Desyringe her, and lowly béseching,
   That she for her wold seke a better way,
   As she that had ben, al her dayes living,             640
   Stedfast and trew, and so wil be alway.
@@ -20635,11 +20606,11 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
 
   _En dieu est_, she wroot in her devyse;               645
   And thus she sayd, withouten any fayl,
-  Her trouth� might be taken in no wyse
+  Her trouthë might be taken in no wyse
   Lyke as she thought, wherfore she had mervayl;
   For trouth somtyme was wont to take avayl
   In every matere; but al that is ago;                  650
-  The more pit�, that it is suffred so.
+  The more pitè, that it is suffred so.
 
   Moch more there was, wherof she shuld complayn,
   But she thought it to greet encomb[e]raunce
@@ -20659,11 +20630,11 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
 
   _Soyes en sure_, this was her word, certayn,
   And thus she wroot, but in a litel space;
-  There she lov�d, her labour was in vayn,
+  There she lovëd, her labour was in vayn,
   For he was set al in another place;
   Ful humblely desyring, in that cace,                  670
   Som good comfort, her sorow to appese,
-  That she might liv� more at hertes ese.
+  That she might livë more at hertes ese.
 
   The fourth surely, me thought, she liked wele,
   As in her porte and in her behaving;
@@ -20673,11 +20644,11 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   Ful hertely (to say you in substaunce)
   That she wold sende her good continuaunce.
 
-  "Ye have rehersed me these bill�s al,                 680
+  "Ye have rehersed me these billës al,                 680
   But now, let see somwhat of your entent."
   "It may so hap, paraventure, ye shal.
   Now I pray you, whyle I am here present,
-  Ye shal, pard�, have knowlege, what I ment.
+  Ye shal, pardè, have knowlege, what I ment.
   But thus I say in trouthe, and make no fable,         685
   The case itself is inly lamentable.
 
@@ -20691,7 +20662,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
 
   "Nothing so leef as deth to come to me
   For fynal ende of my sorowes and payn;                695
-  What shulde I more desyre, as sem� ye?
+  What shulde I more desyre, as semë ye?
   And ye knewe al aforn it for certayn,
   I wot ye wolde; and, for to tel you playn,
   Without her help that hath al thing in cure
@@ -20705,17 +20676,17 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   That I might have my thank in suche [a] wyse
   As my desert deserveth of justyse."
 
-  Whan these bill�s were rad everichon,
+  Whan these billës were rad everichon,
   This lady took a good advysement;
   And hem to answere, ech by on and on,                 710
   She thought it was to moche in her entent;
-  Wherfore she yaf hem in commaund�ment,
+  Wherfore she yaf hem in commaundëment,
   In her presence to come, bothe oon and al,
   To yeve hem there her answer general.
 
   What did she than, suppose ye verely?                 715
   She spak herself, and sayd in this manere,
-  "We have wel seen your bill�s by and by,
+  "We have wel seen your billës by and by,
   And some of hem ful pitous for to here.
   We wol therfore ye knowe al this in-fere,
   Within short tyme our court of parliment              720
@@ -20746,7 +20717,7 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   Bicause it shuld not out of remembraunce.'--
 
   'Now verily, your dreem is passing good,
-  And worthy to be had in r�membraunce;
+  And worthy to be had in rémembraunce;
   For, though I stande here as longe as I stood,        745
   It shuld to me be non encomb[e]raunce;
   I took therin so inly greet plesaunce.
@@ -20754,9 +20725,9 @@ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
   For I must wite.' 'With right good wil ye shal:
 
   As for this book, to say you very right,              750
-  And of the name to tel the certeynt�,
-  L'ASSEMBL� DE DAMES, thus it hight;
-  How think ye?' 'That the name is good, pard�!'
+  And of the name to tel the certeyntè,
+  L'ASSEMBLÈ DE DAMES, thus it hight;
+  How think ye?' 'That the name is good, pardè!'
   'Now go, farwel! for they cal after me,
   My felawes al, and I must after sone;                 755
   Rede wel my dreem; for now my tale is doon.'
@@ -21032,7 +21003,7 @@ A. the; Th. T. _om._ 754. Nowe. 756. dreme; done. COLOPHON: _in_ T. _only_.
 
 XXII. A GOODLY BALADE.
 
-  � Moder of norture, best beloved of al,
+  ¶ Moder of norture, best beloved of al,
   And fresshest flour, to whom good thrift god sende.
   Your child, if it list you me so to cal,
   Al be I unable my-self so to pretende,
@@ -21041,7 +21012,7 @@ XXII. A GOODLY BALADE.
   Al hoolly to be under your governaunce.
 
   Most desyre I, and have, and ever shal
-  Thing, whiche might your hert�s ese amende;
+  Thing, whiche might your hertës ese amende;
   Have me excused, my power is but smal;                 10
   Natheles, of right ye ought[e] to commende
   My good[e] will, which fayn wolde entende
@@ -21051,12 +21022,12 @@ XXII. A GOODLY BALADE.
   _Meulx un_: in herte, which never shal apal,           15
   Ay fresshe and newe, and right glad to dispende
   My tyme in your servyce, what-so befal,
-  Beseching your exc�llence to defende
+  Beseching your excéllence to defende
   My simplenesse, if ignoraunce offende
   In any wyse; sith that myn affiaunce                   20
   Is hoolly to be under your governaunce.
 
-  � Daisy of light! very ground of comfort!
+  ¶ Daisy of light! very ground of comfort!
   The sonnes doughter ye hight, as I rede;
   For when he westreth, farwel your disport!
   By your nature anon, right for pure drede              25
@@ -21066,29 +21037,29 @@ XXII. A GOODLY BALADE.
 
   Dawing the day to his kinde resort,
   Phebus your fader, with his stremes rede,              30
-  Adorneth the morow, c�nsuming the sort
-  Of misty cloud�s, that wolde overlede
-  Trewe humble hert�s with hir mistihede,
-  Nere comfort a-dayes, whan ey�n clere
+  Adorneth the morow, cónsuming the sort
+  Of misty cloudës, that wolde overlede
+  Trewe humble hertës with hir mistihede,
+  Nere comfort a-dayes, whan eyën clere
   Disclose and sprede my lyves lady dere.                35
 
   [_A stanza lost; lines 36-42._]
 
-  � _Je vouldray_:--but [the] gret[e] god disposeth
+  ¶ _Je vouldray_:--but [the] gret[e] god disposeth
   And maketh casuel by his providence
-  Such thing as mann�s frel� wit purposeth;              45
+  Such thing as mannës frelë wit purposeth;              45
   Al for the best, if that our conscience
   Nat grucche it, but in humble pacience
   It receyve; for god saith, without[e] fable,
-  A faithful hert� ever is accept�ble.
+  A faithful hertë ever is acceptáble.
 
   Cautels who useth gladly, gloseth;                     50
   To eschewe suche it is right high prudence;
-  What ye said[e] on�s, [now] myn herte opposeth,
-  "That my wryting jap�s, in your absence,
+  What ye said[e] onës, [now] myn herte opposeth,
+  "That my wryting japës, in your absence,
   Plesed you moche bet than my presence!"
-  Yet can I more, ye be nat excus�ble;                   55
-  A faithful hert� ever is accept�ble.
+  Yet can I more, ye be nat excusáble;                   55
+  A faithful hertë ever is acceptáble.
 
   Quaketh my penne; my spirit supposeth
   That in my wryting ye finde wol som offence;
@@ -21096,11 +21067,11 @@ XXII. A GOODLY BALADE.
   Now hot, now cold, and eft in [al] fervence;           60
   That mis is, is caused of negligence
   And not of malice; therfor beth merciable;
-  A faithful hert� ever is accept�ble.
+  A faithful hertë ever is acceptáble.
 
               LENVOY.
 
-  � Forth, complaynt! forth, lakking eloquence,
+  ¶ Forth, complaynt! forth, lakking eloquence,
   Forth, litel lettre, of endyting lame!                 65
   I have besought my ladies sapience
   Of thy behalfe, to accept in game
@@ -21141,9 +21112,9 @@ XXIII. GO FORTH, KING.
   Go forth, king, rule thee by sapience;
   Bishop, be able to minister doctryne;
   Lord, to trew consayl yeve audience;
-  Womanheed, to chastit� ever enclyne;
+  Womanheed, to chastitè ever enclyne;
   Knight, let thy dedes worship determyne;                5
-  Be rightwis, jug�, in saving thy name;
+  Be rightwis, jugë, in saving thy name;
   Rich, do almesse, lest thou lese blis with shame.
 
   People, obey your king and the lawe;
@@ -21247,11 +21218,11 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   So than apace I jorned forth among,
   And as he seid, so fond I there truly.
   For I beheld the towres high and strong,
-  And high pin�cles, large of hight and long,            75
+  And high pinácles, large of hight and long,            75
   With plate of gold bespred on every side,
   And presious stones, the stone-werk for to hide.
 
-  No saphir ind, no rub� riche of price,
+  No saphir ind, no rubè riche of price,
   There lakked than, nor emeraud so grene,
   Baleis Turkeis, ne thing to my devise,                 80
   That may the castell maken for to shene:
@@ -21271,7 +21242,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   But he hath ben right soget unto Love:
   Jove, Pluto, or what-so-ever he is,
   Ne creature in erth, or yet above;                     95
-  Of thise the r�vers may no wight approve.
+  Of thise the révers may no wight approve.
   But furthermore, the castell to descry,
   Yet saw I never non so large and high.
 
@@ -21344,7 +21315,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   I spied a frend of myne, and that full soon,
   A gentilwoman, was the chamberer
   Unto the quene, that hote, as ye shall here,
-  Philobone, that lov�d all her life:                   160
+  Philobone, that lovëd all her life:                   160
   Whan she me sey, she led me furth as blyfe;
 
   And me demaunded how and in what wise
@@ -21376,7 +21347,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   The gretter is your trespace and offence,             185
   And in your nek ye moot bere all the charge:
   For better were ye ben withouten barge,
-  Amidd� see, in tempest and in rain,
+  Amiddë see, in tempest and in rain,
   Than byden here, receiving woo and pain,
 
   That ordeined is for such as thaim absent             190
@@ -21403,9 +21374,9 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   With humble spirit shall I it receive,
   Though that the King of Love my life bereyve.         210
 
-  And though that fervent loves qualit�
+  And though that fervent loves qualitè
   In me did never worch truly, yit I
-  With all obeisaunce and humilit�,
+  With all obeisaunce and humilitè,
   And benign hert, shall serve him til I dye:
   And he that Lord of +might is, grete and highe,       215
   Right as him list me chastice and correct,
@@ -21414,7 +21385,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   Thise wordes seid, she caught me by the lap,
   And led me furth intill a temple round,
   Large and wyde: and, as my blessed hap                220
-  And good av�nture was, right sone I found
+  And good avénture was, right sone I found
   A tabernacle reised from the ground,
   Where Venus sat, and Cupid by her syde;
   Yet half for drede I gan my visage hyde.
@@ -21544,8 +21515,8 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   Nor of a sight to be over squeymous;
   And so, verily, this statut was to kepe,
   To turne and walowe in my bed and wepe,
-  When that my lady, of her cruelt�,                    335
-  Wold from her herte exylen all pit�.
+  When that my lady, of her crueltè,                    335
+  Wold from her herte exylen all pitè.
 
   The _sixt_ statut, it was for me to use,
   Alone to wander, voide of company,
@@ -21687,7 +21658,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   And lust is leid, and all the fire is queint,
   As freshly than thou shalt begin to fon,
   And dote in love, and all her image paint
-  In r�membraunce, til thou begin to faint,             460
+  In rémembraunce, til thou begin to faint,             460
   +As in the first seson thyn hert began:
   And her desire, though thou ne may ne can
 
@@ -21779,7 +21750,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   With Dalida was: he wot that, in a throw,
   There may no man statut of women knowe.
 
-  For it parav�nture may right so befall,               540
+  For it paravénture may right so befall,               540
   That they be bound by nature to disceive,
   And spinne, and wepe, and sugre strewe on gall,
   The hert of man to ravissh and to reyve,
@@ -21884,7 +21855,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   Yet down I set, and seid as ye shall here.            630
 
   'Fairest of all that ever were or be!
-  +Lucerne and light to pensif cr�ature!
+  +Lucerne and light to pensif crëature!
   Myn hole affiaunce, and my lady free,
   My goddes bright, my fortune and my ure,
   I yeve and yeld my hart to thee full sure,            635
@@ -21895,7 +21866,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   Without offence of mutabilitee,
   Humbly to serve, whyl I have wit and mind,            640
   Myn hole affiaunce, and my lady free!
-  In thilk� place, there ye me sign to be:
+  In thilkë place, there ye me sign to be:
   And, sith this thing of newe is yeve me, ay
   To love and serve, needly must I obey.
 
@@ -21963,7 +21934,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   I gan demaund, 'Who[s] is this sepulture?'
   'Forsoth,' quod she, 'a tender creature               700
 
-  Is shryned there, and Pit� is her name.
+  Is shryned there, and Pitè is her name.
   She saw an egle wreke him on a fly,
   And pluk his wing, and eke him, in his game,
   And tender herte of that hath made her dy:
@@ -21975,15 +21946,15 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   Ne of his wo the torment or the rage
   +Aslaken, for he was sure, withouten faile,           710
   That of his grief she coud the hete aswage.
-  In sted of Pit�, spedeth hot corage
+  In sted of Pitè, spedeth hot corage
   The maters all of court, now she is dede;
   I me report in this to womanhede.
 
   For weile and wepe, and crye, and speke, and pray,--  715
-  Women wold not have pit� on thy plaint;
+  Women wold not have pitè on thy plaint;
   Ne by that mene to ese thyn hart convey,
   But thee receiven for their own talent:
-  And sey, that Pit� causith thee, in consent
+  And sey, that Pitè causith thee, in consent
   Of rewth, to take thy service and thy pain            720
   In that thow mayst, to plese thy souverain.
 
@@ -22054,7 +22025,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   For if I shall all fully her discryve,
   Her hede was round, by compace of nature,
   Her here as gold,--she passed all on-lyve,--          780
-  And lily forhede had this cr�ature,
+  And lily forhede had this crëature,
   With lovelich browes, flawe, of colour pure,
   Bytwene the which was mene disseveraunce
   From every brow, to shewe[n] a distaunce.
@@ -22107,7 +22078,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   For al their bewtie stood in Rosiall;                 825
   She semed lich a thing celestiall
 
-  In bownt�, favor, port, and semliness,
+  In bowntè, favor, port, and semliness,
   Plesaunt of figure, mirrour of delyt,
   Gracious to sene, and rote of gentilness,
   With angel visage, lusty rede and white:              830
@@ -22132,7 +22103,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   Of all myne +harm the verrey causer be.
 
   Now am I caught, and unwar sodenly,
-  With persant stremes of your y�n clere,
+  With persant stremes of your yën clere,
   Subject to ben, and serven you meekly,                850
   And all your man, y-wis, my lady dere,
   Abiding grace, of which I you requere,
@@ -22200,7 +22171,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   That ye ben of? Let see, com of and say!
   Fain wold I know your disposicion:--
   Ye have put on your old entencion;
-  But what ye mene to serv� me I noot,
+  But what ye mene to servë me I noot,
   Sauf that ye say ye love me wonder hoot.'             910
 
   'My name? alas, my hert, why [make it straunge?]
@@ -22273,7 +22244,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   That rewthles ye me +give these woundes wyde!         970
   What have I don? why may it not betyde,
   That for my trouth I may received be?
-  Alas! your daunger and your cruelt�!
+  Alas! your daunger and your crueltè!
 
   In wofull hour I got was, welaway!
   In wofull hour [y-]fostred and y-fed,                 975
@@ -22289,7 +22260,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   That never erst I felt so harde a fit:
   Confounded ben my spirits and my wit,                 985
   Till that my lady take me to her cure,
-  Which I love best of erthely cr�ature.
+  Which I love best of erthely crëature.
 
   But that I lyke, that may I not com by;
   Of that I playn, that have I habondaunce;
@@ -22381,7 +22352,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   For this was all his [hool] opinion,
   That love was sin! and so he hath begon
 
-  To reson fast, and legge auctorit�:                  1065
+  To reson fast, and legge auctoritè:                  1065
   'Nay,' quod Delyt, 'love is a vertue clere,
   And from the soule his progress holdeth he:
   Blind appetyt of lust doth often stere,
@@ -22426,7 +22397,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   And eke the nonnes, with vaile and wimple plight,
   There thought that they ben in confusion:
   'Alas,' thay sayn, 'we fayn perfeccion,
-  In clothes wide, and lak our libert�;                1105
+  In clothes wide, and lak our libertè;                1105
   But all the sin mote on our frendes be.
 
   For, Venus wot, we wold as fayn as ye,
@@ -22446,15 +22417,15 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   And after than other haply we desire.                1120
 
   O Fortune cursed, why now and wherefore
-  Hast thow,' they seid, 'beraft us libert�,
+  Hast thow,' they seid, 'beraft us libertè,
   Sith nature yave us instrument in store,
   And appetyt to love and lovers be?
-  Why mot we suffer suche adversit�,                   1125
+  Why mot we suffer suche adversitè,                   1125
   Diane to serve, and Venus to refuse?
   Ful often sith this matier doth us muse.
 
   We serve and honour, sore ayenst our will,
-  Of chastit� the goddes and the quene;
+  Of chastitè the goddes and the quene;
   Us leffer were with Venus byden still,               1130
   And have reward for love, and soget been
   Unto thise women courtly, fressh, and shene.
@@ -22465,7 +22436,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   In raging wo crying ful pitously;
   And as I yede, full naked and full bare
   Some I behold, looking dispitously,
-  On povert� that dedely cast their y;
+  On povertè that dedely cast their y;
   And 'Welaway!' they cried, and were not fain,        1140
   For they ne might their glad desire attain.
 
@@ -22488,7 +22459,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   And as I stood beholding here and there,
   I was war of a sort full languisshing,
   Savage and wild of loking and of chere,
-  Their mantels and their cloth�s ay tering;
+  Their mantels and their clothës ay tering;
   And oft thay were of nature complaining,             1160
   For they their members lakked, fote and hand,
   With visage wry and blind, I understand.
@@ -22499,21 +22470,21 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   Venus the bright, and leften all behind
   His other werkes clene and out of mind:
   'For other have their full shape and bewtee,
-  And we,' quod they, 'ben in deformit�.'
+  And we,' quod they, 'ben in deformitè.'
 
   And nye to thaim there was a company,                1170
   That have the susters waried and misseid;
-  I mene, the three of fatall destin�,
+  I mene, the three of fatall destinè,
   That be our +werdes; and sone, in a brayd,
   Out gan they cry as they had been affrayd,
   'We curse,' quod thay, 'that ever hath nature        1175
   Y-formed us, this wofull lyfe t'endure!'
 
   And there he was contrite, and gan repent,
-  Confessing hole the wound that Cither�
+  Confessing hole the wound that Citherè
   Hath with the dart of hot desire him sent,
   And how that he to love must subjet be:              1180
-  Than held he all his skornes vanit�,
+  Than held he all his skornes vanitè,
   And seid, that lovers lede a blisful lyfe,
   Yong men and old, and widow, maid and wyfe.
 
@@ -22523,7 +22494,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   That in thy service dwell: for I did rave:
   This know I well right now, so god me save,
   And I shal be the chief post of thy feith,
-  And love uphold, the r�vers who-so seith.'           1190
+  And love uphold, the révers who-so seith.'           1190
 
   Dissemble stood not fer from him in trouth,
   With party mantill, party hood and hose;
@@ -22542,10 +22513,10 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   There cowd no wight her spy to speke or talk
 
   In loves art, so gan she to abasshe,                 1205
-  Ne durst not utter all her privit�:
+  Ne durst not utter all her privitè:
   Many a stripe and many a grevous lasshe
   She gave to thaim that wolden loveres be,
-  And hindered sore the simpill comonalt�,
+  And hindered sore the simpill comonaltè,
   That in no wyse durst grace and mercy crave;         1210
   For were not she, they need but ask and have;
 
@@ -22583,7 +22554,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
 
   Thus hath Avaunter blowen every-where                1240
   Al that he knowith, and more, a thousand-fold;
-  His auncetrye of kin was to Li�re,
+  His auncetrye of kin was to Lière,
   For firste he makith promise for to hold
   His ladies councell, and it not unfold;
   Wherfore, the secret when he doth unshit,            1245
@@ -22600,7 +22571,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   'Take hede,' quod she, this litell Philobone,
   'Where Envy rokketh in the corner yond,              1255
   And sitteth dirk; and ye shall see anone
-  His len� bodie, fading face and hond;
+  His lenë bodie, fading face and hond;
   Him-self he fretteth, as I understond;
   Witnesse of Ovid Methamorphosose;
   The lovers fo he is, I wil not glose.                1260
@@ -22631,7 +22602,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
 
   Whom folowest thow? where is thy harte y-set?
   But my demaunde asoile, I thee require.'
-  'Me thought,' quod he, 'no cr�ature may let
+  'Me thought,' quod he, 'no crëature may let
   +Me to ben here, and where-as I desire:              1285
   For where-as absence hath don out the fire,
   My mery thought it kindleth yet again,
@@ -22654,7 +22625,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   And with my lady, whan I will desire.
 
   I am of councell ferre and wyde, I wot,
-  With lord and lady, and their previt�
+  With lord and lady, and their previtè
   I wot it all; but be it cold or hot,                 1305
   They shall not speke without licence of me,
   I mene, in suche as sesonable be;
@@ -22677,7 +22648,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   Ne never had to your desire obeyd,                   1320
   Till sodenly, me thought, me was affrayed,
   To seen you wax so dede of countenaunce;
-  And Pit� bad me don you some plasaunce.
+  And Pitè bad me don you some plasaunce.
 
   Out of her shryne she roos from deth to lyve,
   And in myne ere full prevely she spak,               1325
@@ -22687,7 +22658,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   In your persoune, +than I my-self bethought,
   And seid, "This is the man myne harte hath sought."' 1330
 
-  'Gramercy, Pit�! might I +but suffice
+  'Gramercy, Pitè! might I +but suffice
   To yeve the lawde unto thy shryne of gold,
   God wot, I wold; for sith that +thou did rise
   From deth to lyve for me, I am behold
@@ -22806,7 +22777,7 @@ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
   And furth goth all the Court, both most and lest,
   To feche the floures fressh, and braunche and blome;
   And namly, hawthorn brought both page and grome.
-  With fressh garland�s, partie blewe and whyte,
+  With fressh garlandës, partie blewe and whyte,
   And thaim rejoysen in their greet delyt.             1435
 
   Eke eche at other threw the floures bright,
@@ -22970,7 +22941,7 @@ meane; ease. 718. owen. 721. please. 724. witte. 725. spryngen (_sic_).
 731. demeane. 732. spede; S. speke (_a needless alteration_). 733. MS. mir
 and ioye and blisse; S. mirrour ioye and blisse. 738. abeisen. 740.
 withouten. 742. is (_read_ as); _supply_ is; youen (S. yeuon). 745. be; S.
-by. 747. think; S. thanke. 749. the (= �e, _error for_ ye); S. thei (!).
+by. 747. think; S. thanke. 749. the (= þe, _error for_ ye); S. thei (!).
 751. fayne. 755. opon. 756. piteously; S. pitously. 757. faier. 758.
 vertuse (_sic_). 759. heire (!). 760. ote (!); S. hote. 764. godely; whoes.
 
@@ -23207,7 +23178,7 @@ MS. Chaus_er_s; Stowe, Chauser. 2. Rethoricion (!). 6. elloquence.
 
 NOTES.
 
-� I. THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE.
+§ I. THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE.
 
 The text is from Thynne's first edition (1532); the later reprints are of
 inferior value. No MS. of this piece is known. Rejected spellings are given
@@ -23250,7 +23221,7 @@ the sense; cf. ll. 47, 50. For the general argument, cf. Ch. Boeth. iii.
 proses 10 and 11, where 'perfection' is represented by _suffisaunce_, as,
 e.g., in iii. pr. 11. l. 18.
 
-50. Aristotle's Metaphysics begins with the words: [Greek: pantes anthr�poi
+50. Aristotle's Metaphysics begins with the words: [Greek: pantes anthrôpoi
 tou eidenai oregontai phusei], all men by nature are actuated by the desire
 of knowledge. The reference to this passage is explicitly given in the
 Romans of Partenay, ll. 78-87; and it was doubtless a much worn quotation.
@@ -23310,7 +23281,7 @@ a prefixed obelus (+). Cf. _weder_ in l. 123 below.
 
 101, 102. _his reson_, the reason of him. _hayne_, hatred.
 
-110. _Bo�ce_, Boethius. No doubt the author simply consulted Chaucer's
+110. _Boëce_, Boethius. No doubt the author simply consulted Chaucer's
 translation. See the Introduction.
 
 115. _slye_, cunning; evidently alluding to the parable of the unjust
@@ -23397,7 +23368,7 @@ is) that prevents the flood,' &c. Even so, a clause is lacking after
 _vertues_ in l. 118.
 
 126. Thynne has _ioleynynge_ for _ioleyuynge_, i.e. _joleyving_, cheering,
-making joyous. The word is riot given in Stratmann or in M�tzner, but
+making joyous. The word is riot given in Stratmann or in Mätzner, but
 Godefroy has the corresponding O.F. verb _joliver_, to caress.
 
 CHAP. II. 18. _a lady_; this is evidently copied from Boethius; see Ch.
@@ -23420,7 +23391,7 @@ cf. the same, bk. iii. pr. 11. l. 160. In l. 51 below, we have _my
 disciple_.
 
 60. _by thyn owne vyse_, by thine own resolve; i.e. of thine own accord;
-see _Advice_ in the New E. Dict. � 6. _Vyse_ is put for _avyse_, the
+see _Advice_ in the New E. Dict. § 6. _Vyse_ is put for _avyse_, the
 syllable _a_ being dropped. Halliwell notes that _vice_, with the sense of
 'advice,' is still in use.
 
@@ -23607,7 +23578,7 @@ moeble_; from the same, ll. 131-2.
 64. _by the first_, with reference to your first question; so also _by that
 other_, with reference to your second question, in l. 71.
 
-CHAP. V. 8. Acrisius shut his daughter Dana� up in a tower, to keep her
+CHAP. V. 8. Acrisius shut his daughter Danaë up in a tower, to keep her
 safe; nevertheless she became the mother of Perseus, who afterwards killed
 Acrisius accidentally.
 
@@ -23626,7 +23597,7 @@ breathe; like an unsuccessful diver.
 
 37. _A tree_, &c.; a common illustration; cf. Troil. i. 964.
 
-43. _this countr�_; a common saying; cf. Troil. ii. 28 (and note), 42. And
+43. _this countrè_; a common saying; cf. Troil. ii. 28 (and note), 42. And
 see l. 47 below.
 
 45. 'the salve that he healed his heel with.' From HF. 290.
@@ -23677,7 +23648,7 @@ _wolves_, destroyers; here meant as a complimentary epithet.
 mate of Europa, is extremely odd; still more so is that of the promotion of
 Aeneas from being in hell (l. 129). Cf. _Europe_ in Troil. iii. 722.
 
-128. _lowest degr�_; not true, as Caesar's father was praetor, and his aunt
+128. _lowest degrè_; not true, as Caesar's father was praetor, and his aunt
 married Marius. But cf. C. T., B 3862.
 
 CHAP. VI. 3. _enfame_, infamy, obloquy; from Lat. _infamia_. Godefroy gives
@@ -23829,7 +23800,7 @@ landlord; 'unknown to the landlord.'
 
 112. _helpe of unkyndnesse_, relieve from unkind treatment.
 
-115-6. _fleddest_, didst avoid. _privit� to counsayle_, knowledge of a
+115-6. _fleddest_, didst avoid. _privitè to counsayle_, knowledge of a
 secret.
 
 120-1. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 8. ll. 31-3.
@@ -24065,7 +24036,7 @@ II; moreover, we find at last that Margaret signifies Holy Church, to which
 the treatise is accordingly dedicated. _tytled of Loves name_, entitled the
 Testament of Love.
 
-103. _inse�res_, lookers into it, readers.
+103. _inseëres_, lookers into it, readers.
 
 104. _Every thing_; with respect to everything to which appertains a cause
 which is wrought with a view to its accomplishment, Aristotle supposes that
@@ -24115,7 +24086,7 @@ think they can procure men's love by heaping up wealth.
 _pan_, _panne_, Lat. _pannus_, a cloth, garment, robe. _mouled_, become
 mouldy; the very form from which the mod. E. _mould-y_ has been evolved;
 see _muwlen_ in Stratmann, and _mouldy_ in my Etym. Dict. (Supplement).
-_whicche_, chest, from A.S. _hw�cca_; see P. Plowm. A. iv. 102, where some
+_whicche_, chest, from A.S. _hwæcca_; see P. Plowm. A. iv. 102, where some
 copies have _huche_, a hutch, a word of French origin. Thus _pannes mouled
 in a whicche_ signifies garments that have become mouldy in a chest. See
 note to C. T., C 734.
@@ -24262,7 +24233,7 @@ Men begin by entreating, and women then surrender their sovereignty.
 
 45, 46. _what thing to women it is_, what a thing it is for women. Ll.
 45-58 are borrowed, sometimes word for word, from Ch. HF. 269-85. See note
-to l. 70 below, and the Introduction, � 11.
+to l. 70 below, and the Introduction, § 11.
 
 47. 'All that glisters is not gold'; see Ch. C. T., G 962, and the note.
 But it is here copied from Ch. HF. 272.
@@ -24301,7 +24272,7 @@ CHAP. IV. 2. Either _my_ or _to me_ should be struck out.
 
 20-1. _by wayes of riches_; cf. _richesses_ in Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 2.
 20; so also _dignite_ answers to _digne_ of _reverence_ in the same, l. 21;
-_power_ occurs in the same, l. 24; and _renom�_ answers to _renoun_ in l.
+_power_ occurs in the same, l. 24; and _renomè_ answers to _renoun_ in l.
 26.
 
 21. _wening me_, seeing that I supposed.
@@ -24318,8 +24289,8 @@ be considered. When 'bestial' living is set aside, 'manly' and 'resonable'
 are left.
 
 61. _riches_, &c.; from Boethius. See _riches_ discussed in Ch. Boeth. bk.
-ii. pr. 5; _dignit�_, in pr. 6; _renom�_, or fame, in pr. 7; and _power_,
-along with _dignit�_, in pr. 6.
+ii. pr. 5; _dignitè_, in pr. 6; _renomè_, or fame, in pr. 7; and _power_,
+along with _dignitè_, in pr. 6.
 
 99. _as a litel assay_, as if for a short trial, for a while.
 
@@ -24379,7 +24350,7 @@ Chaucer's _flaumbe of Ethna_.
 
 30. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 6. 75-8.
 
-38. Perhaps read _dignit� in suche thing tene y-wrought_; 'as dignity in
+38. Perhaps read _dignitè in suche thing tene y-wrought_; 'as dignity in
 such a case wrought harm, so, on the contrary, the substance in dignity,
 being changed, rallied (so as) to bring in again a good condition in its
 effect.' Obscure. 'Dignities' are further discussed in Boeth. bk. iii. pr.
@@ -24448,7 +24419,7 @@ from English History (1869); p. 180.
 20. Copied _without material alteration_ from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 5.
 5-7.
 
-23. _power of r�almes_; from the same, l. 7.
+23. _power of rëalmes_; from the same, l. 7.
 
 30-9. Copied, in part literally, from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 5. 8-17.
 
@@ -24533,7 +24504,7 @@ pr. 6. 22-4.
 no way,' &c. Cf. 'Now is it no doute thanne that thise weyes ne ben a maner
 misledinges to blisfulnesse'; Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 8. 1-2.
 
-CHAP. VIII. 5. _renom�_, renown; answering to _glori_ and _renoun_ in Ch.
+CHAP. VIII. 5. _renomè_, renown; answering to _glori_ and _renoun_ in Ch.
 Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 6. 1, 6. But there is not much imitation of Chaucer in
 the former part of this chapter.
 
@@ -24680,7 +24651,7 @@ pitching upon every _third_ planet in the series, i.e. by skipping two.
 Hence the order of ruling planets for each day (which rule depends upon the
 assignment of the _first_ hour) is obviously--the Sun, the Moon, Mars,
 Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn; or, in Anglo-Saxon terminology, the Sun,
-the Moon, T[=i]w, W[=o]den, Thunor (Thur), Frige, and S�tern (S�ter).
+the Moon, T[=i]w, W[=o]den, Thunor (Thur), Frige, and Sætern (Sæter).
 
 178. Cf. 'here wo into wele wende mote atte laste'; P. Plowman, C. xxi.
 210. See notes to ch. 13. 86 below, and bk. i. 3. 153.
@@ -24688,7 +24659,7 @@ the Moon, T[=i]w, W[=o]den, Thunor (Thur), Frige, and S�tern (S�ter).
 180. Cf. Troil. iv. 836, and the note (vol. ii. p. 490).
 
 196. _slawe_, slain; the usual expression; cf. Compl. of Mars, 186; Compl.
-unto Pit�, 112.
+unto Pitè, 112.
 
 CHAP. X. 1-6. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 9. 1-4; pr. 10. 1-4.
 
@@ -24860,7 +24831,7 @@ pr. 10. 153-84.
 
 53. _apeted to_, sought after, longed for, desired. _Apete_ is a correct
 form, as it represents an O.F. _*apeter_; but the usual O.F. form is
-_appeter_ (Littr�, s.v. _app�ter_), from Lat. _appetere_. See New E. Dict.,
+_appeter_ (Littré, s.v. _appéter_), from Lat. _appetere_. See New E. Dict.,
 s.v. _Appete_, where a quotation is given from Chaucer, L. G. W. 1582. But
 the right reading in that line is surely _appetyteth_, as _appeteth_ will
 not scan; unless we strongly accent the initial _As_. See vol. ii. p. 137,
@@ -24937,11 +24908,11 @@ he was even in danger of 'never returning' (l. 38).
 38. _shewed thee thy Margarite_; meaning (I suppose) shewn thee the
 excellence of the church as it is.
 
-40. _Silo�_, Siloam. It is a wonder where the author found this description
+40. _Siloë_, Siloam. It is a wonder where the author found this description
 of the waters of the pool of Siloam; but I much suspect that it arose from
 a gross misunderstanding of Isaiah, viii. 6, 7, thus:--'the waters of
 Shiloah that go softly ... shall come up over all his channels, and go over
-all his banks.' In the Vulgate: 'aquas Silo�, quae uadunt cum silentio ...
+all his banks.' In the Vulgate: 'aquas Siloë, quae uadunt cum silentio ...
 ascendet super omnes riuos eius, et fluet super uniuersas ripas eius.'
 Hence _cankes_ in l. 44 is certainly an error for _bankes_; the initial _c_
 was caught from the preceding _circuit_.
@@ -25013,7 +24984,7 @@ clause (after _shewed_ in l. 26). _thilke_, &c.; amending that first fault.
 37. He says that the English alter the name _Margarite-perle_ into
 _Margery-perle_, whereas Latin, French, and many other languages keep the
 true form. Cf. Lat. _margarita_, O.F. _marguerite_, _margarete_, Gk.
-[Greek: margarit�s], Pers. _marw[=a]r[=i]d_, Arab. _marj[=a]n_; all from
+[Greek: margaritês], Pers. _marw[=a]r[=i]d_, Arab. _marj[=a]n_; all from
 Skt. _manjar[=i]_, a pearl.
 
 45. _the more Britayne_, greater Britain (England and Scotland), as
@@ -25298,7 +25269,7 @@ l. 69 below.
 53. _no wode lay use_, sing no mad song.
 
 59. _Aristotel_. The reference appears to be to Aristotle, De
-Interpretatione ([Greek: peri herm�neias]), ch. 1. _Voice_ seems to mean 'a
+Interpretatione ([Greek: peri hermêneias]), ch. 1. _Voice_ seems to mean 'a
 word unrelated to a sentence,' i.e. not related to something else as
 forming part of a sentence.
 
@@ -25351,7 +25322,7 @@ _denyed_.
 
 146. _forward_, thenceforward, afterwards.
 
-155-6. _in his owne comodit�_, in what is suitable for him; _comodites_,
+155-6. _in his owne comodité_, in what is suitable for him; _comodites_,
 desires that are suitable. The examples of the word in this passage are
 older than any given, s.v. _Commodity_, in the New E. Dict. Cf. ll. 159,
 165.
@@ -25387,7 +25358,7 @@ name) denotes grace, learning, or wisdom of God, or else holy church.
 109, 110. Printed as prose in Thynne; but two riming verses seem to be
 intended. If so, _al-le_ is dissyllabic.
 
-� II. THE PLOWMAN'S TALE.
+§ II. THE PLOWMAN'S TALE.
 
 Numerous references are given to Pierce the Ploughman's Crede, ed. Skeat
 (E.E.T.S.); a poem by the same author. See the Introduction.
@@ -25473,7 +25444,7 @@ into Flanders, in 1382. Cf. l. 128.
 Redeless, i. 71. The old text has _permagall_, where the _m_ is clearly for
 _in_; the spelling _peringall_ being intended. Godefroy has O.F. _parivel_,
 also _parigal_, _paregal_, _perigal_, _paringal_ [with intrusive _n_],
-'adj. et s., tout � fait �gal, tout � fait semblable.' From Lat.
+'adj. et s., tout à fait ègal, tout à fait semblable.' From Lat.
 _peraequalis_.
 
 135. 'Painted and adorned with colours.' Cf. 'peynt and portred'; P. Pl.
@@ -25498,9 +25469,9 @@ For 'grene gownes,' see l. 925 below.
 187. _gold-mastling_ is a compound word, and should have been printed with
 a hyphen. It means the same as _latoun_, unless _latoun_ was an imitation
 of an older and richer alloy. Thus, in Wright's A.S. Vocabularies, we find:
-'_Auricalcum_, goldm�slinc,' col. 334, 10; '_Auricalcum_, goldmestling,'
+'_Auricalcum_, goldmæslinc,' col. 334, 10; '_Auricalcum_, goldmestling,'
 col. 550, 34; '_Auricalcum_, _Anglice_ latoun,' col. 567, 5. As to
-_latoun_, see note in vol. v. p. 270. Cf. A.S. _m�stling_, G. _Messing_;
+_latoun_, see note in vol. v. p. 270. Cf. A.S. _mæstling_, G. _Messing_;
 words of uncertain origin.
 
 193-4. Cf. 1 John, iv. 3. _admirall_, prince, chief.
@@ -25621,7 +25592,7 @@ Scriptures. See _Balk_ in the New E. Dict.
 
 490. _offrend_; O.F. _offrende_; cf. '_Offrande_, an offering'; Cotgrave.
 
-520. Read _punish�ments_, as in the old edition; it is a word of four
+520. Read _punishëments_, as in the old edition; it is a word of four
 syllables; from O.F. _punissement_ (Godefroy), which often appears in verse
 as a word of four syllables.
 
@@ -25679,9 +25650,9 @@ goos], wailing; Skt. _gu_, to sound. See O.H.G. _c[=u]m_, _c[=u]mjan_ in
 Schade; and the Idg. root _gu_, in Fick.
 
 723. 'A title of dignity, to be as a play-mate to them'; a curious
-expression. Godefroy gives O.F. '_personage_, s.m., dignit�, b�n�fice
-eccl�siastique; en particulier personnat, dignit� eccl�siastique qui
-donnait quelque pr��minence au _chanoine_ qui en �tait rev�tu dans le
+expression. Godefroy gives O.F. '_personage_, s.m., dignité, bénéfice
+ecclésiastique; en particulier personnat, dignité ecclésiastique qui
+donnait quelque prééminence au _chanoine_ qui en était revêtu dans le
 chapitre auquel il appartenait.' Cotgrave has: '_Personat_, a place, or
 title of honour, enjoyed by a beneficed person, without any manner of
 jurisdiction, in the church.'
@@ -25741,7 +25712,7 @@ Plowman, C. i. 43.
 here to use exertion; cf. Troil. ii. 1289; and _hale_ is to haul or pull.
 _Heave and hale_, or _heave and hoe_, was a cry used for men to pull all
 together; hence _with heve and hale_ just corresponds to the modern 'with
-might and main.' Cotgrave has (s.v. _Cor_) the phrase: '_� cor et � cry_,
+might and main.' Cotgrave has (s.v. _Cor_) the phrase: '_À cor et à cry_,
 by proclamation; also, by might and maine, with heave and hoe, eagerly,
 vehemently, seriously.'
 
@@ -25824,7 +25795,7 @@ them. For _leve_ (leave), see l. 1238.
 
 1153. _For ye woll_, because you wish to.
 
-1166. _distaunce_, disagreement, strife; see M�tzner.
+1166. _distaunce_, disagreement, strife; see Mätzner.
 
 1174. 'Why do ye meddle, who have nothing to do with it?'
 
@@ -25891,7 +25862,7 @@ to be no reason for it.
 1367. Here the author speaks for himself, and excuses the Pelican's
 language.
 
-� III. JACK UPLAND.
+§ III. JACK UPLAND.
 
 To this piece, which is an attack upon the friars, a reply was made by one
 of them (probably a Dominican, see notes to ll. 100, 130), which is printed
@@ -26116,7 +26087,7 @@ too short; read--'Go, _frere_, now forth,' &c.
 433. 'Benefac humili, et non dederis impio: prohibe panes illi dari, ne in
 ipsis potentior te sit'; Ecclus. xii. 6.
 
-� IV. GOWER: THE PRAISE OF PEACE.
+§ IV. GOWER: THE PRAISE OF PEACE.
 
 This piece has no English title except that printed at p. 205; for the
 Latin title, see p. 216. See the Introduction.
@@ -26132,7 +26103,7 @@ this_.
 
 27. I find that there is no need to insert _the_. Read _requeste_, in three
 syllables, as it really had a final _e_, being a feminine substantive. Cf.
-'Et lor _request�_ refaison'; Rom. Rose, 4767. _Requeste_ is trisyllabic in
+'Et lor _requestë_ refaison'; Rom. Rose, 4767. _Requeste_ is trisyllabic in
 Troil. iv. 57; L. Good Wom. 448.
 
 36. According to the romance of Alexander, the god Serapis, appearing in a
@@ -26173,7 +26144,7 @@ ix. 26. Cf. ll. 243-5.
 divided; Christian nations are at variance; and the heathen threaten us.
 
 281-3. These are the nine worthies; of whom three were heathen (281), three
-Jewish (282), and three Christian (283); as noted in Reliqui� Antiqu�, i.
+Jewish (282), and three Christian (283); as noted in Reliquiæ Antiquæ, i.
 287. Sometimes they varied; thus Shakespeare introduces Hercules and Pompey
 among the number; L. L. L. v. 2. 538. _Machabeus_, Judas Maccabeus.
 _Godfray_, Godfrey of Bouillon. _Arthus_, King Arthur.
@@ -26205,7 +26176,7 @@ Melibeus. Gower, in his Conf. Amantis, iii. 191, quotes this very passage
 again; thus--
 
  'Cassiodore in his aprise telleth,
-  The regne is sauf, where pit� dwelleth.'
+  The regne is sauf, where pitè dwelleth.'
 
 I find: 'Pietas est quae regit et celos'; Cass. _Var._ xi. 40.
 
@@ -26226,7 +26197,7 @@ events.' In his Conf. Amantis, iii. 192, Gower again says:--
 
  'Thus saide whylom Constantyn:--
   What emperour that is enclyn
-  To pit� for to be servaunt,
+  To pitè for to be servaunt,
   Of al the worldes remenaunt
   He is worthy to ben a lord.'
 
@@ -26270,12 +26241,12 @@ allusion to that event, nor to the dangerous conspiracy against Henry's
 life in the early part of January. For these reasons, we may safely date
 the poem in the end of the year 1399.
 
-� V. THOMAS HOCCLEVE: THE LETTER OF CUPID.
+§ V. THOMAS HOCCLEVE: THE LETTER OF CUPID.
 
 This poem is imitated, rather than translated, from the French poem
 entitled L'Epistre au Dieu d'Amours, written by Christine de Pisan in May,
-1399; printed in Oeuvres Po�tiques de Christine de Pisan, publi�es par
-Maurice Roy, ii. 1-27; Soci�t� des Anciens Textes Fran�ais, 1891. Hoccleve
+1399; printed in Oeuvres Poétiques de Christine de Pisan, publiées par
+Maurice Roy, ii. 1-27; Société des Anciens Textes Français, 1891. Hoccleve
 even rearranges some of the material; and Dr. Furnivall has printed all the
 lines of the original of which the English poet has made use, in the Notes
 to his edition of Hoccleve's Works, published for the Early English Text
@@ -26309,7 +26280,7 @@ spelling of Citherea, occurring in the Cambridge and Petworth MSS. of the
 Cant. Tales, A 2215. For the construction, see note to Ch. C. T., F 209.
 
 16. _Albion_. Of course Hoccleve has adapted the poem for English readers.
-The original has:--'Sur tous pa�s se complaignent de _France_.'
+The original has:--'Sur tous païs se complaignent de _France_.'
 
 28. I read _mot_ for the sake of the grammar and scansion; the MSS. have
 _most_, bad spelling for _most-e_, the past tense. But _moot_ occurs,
@@ -26324,10 +26295,10 @@ please any one, it apparently comes from the heart.'
 
 50. 'Has the pot by the handle'; i.e. holds it securely.
 
-54. Note the accentuation: 'An� wom�n.' This accentuation of words on the
+54. Note the accentuation: 'Aný womán.' This accentuation of words on the
 latter syllable in rather unlikely cases, is a marked peculiarity of
-Hoccleve's verse. Cf. _wom�n_ in l. 79, _journ�y_ in l. 106; _ax�ng_ in l.
-122, _purp�s_ in l. 130. Cf. _womm�n_ in l. 170 with _w�mman_ in l. 174.
+Hoccleve's verse. Cf. _womán_ in l. 79, _journéy_ in l. 106; _axíng_ in l.
+122, _purpós_ in l. 130. Cf. _wommán_ in l. 170 with _wómman_ in l. 174.
 
 71. _To here?_ to her? Dr. Furnivall notes that Hoccleve frequently makes
 _here_ dissyllabic, when it represents the personal pronoun. Cf. l. 70; and
@@ -26338,7 +26309,7 @@ will not scan, as _name_ is properly dissyllabic.
 90. _souneth in-to_, tends to; cf. note to C. T., B 3157.
 
 95. 'They procure such assistants as have a double face.' The accentuation
-of _pr�curen_ on the _o_ was at this time common; we even find the form
+of _prócuren_ on the _o_ was at this time common; we even find the form
 _proker_ (see Stratmann).
 
 120-2. _wolde ... Men wiste_, would like men to know.
@@ -26350,7 +26321,7 @@ coarseness; for _that_, as I suppose, women do not like.'
 
 184. _dishonest_, unworthy of honour, blameworthy. Ray gives the
 proverb--'it's an ill bird that bewrays its own nest'; and compares the
-Greek--[Greek: ton oikoi th�sauron diaballein].
+Greek--[Greek: ton oikoi thêsauron diaballein].
 
 192. _lakken_, blame, find fault with; as in Chaucer.
 
@@ -26366,8 +26337,8 @@ Greek--[Greek: ton oikoi th�sauron diaballein].
   Furent tenus, mais il sont d'amer las,
   Ou par vieillece ou deffaulte de cuer,
   Si ne veulent plus amer a nul fuer,
-  Et convenant m'ont de tous poins ny�,
-  Moy et mon fait guerpy et reni�,
+  Et convenant m'ont de tous poins nyé,
+  Moy et mon fait guerpy et renié,
   Comme mauvais serviteurs et rebelles.'
 
 257. _hente_, caught; _in hir daunger_, under their control, within their
@@ -26381,7 +26352,7 @@ xxi. 156-8, and the notes.
 281. Jean de Meun, author of the latter and more satirical part of the
 famous Roman de la Rose; see vol. i.
 
-298. 'They are not so void of constancy.' Read _c�nstaunc�_.
+298. 'They are not so void of constancy.' Read _cónstauncè_.
 
 302. See Ch. Legend of Good Women, 1580.
 
@@ -26421,8 +26392,8 @@ obvious that this stanza would hardly have been approved of by Christine.
 
 473-6. Imitated from the closing lines of Christine's poem:--
 
- 'Donn� en l'air, en nostre grant palais,
-  Le jour de May la solempn�e feste
+ 'Donné en l'air, en nostre grant palais,
+  Le jour de May la solempnée feste
   Ou les amans nous font mainte requeste,
   L'An de grace Mil trois cens quate vins
   Et dix et neuf, present dieux et divins,' &c.
@@ -26432,7 +26403,7 @@ from the French; but, to the fortunate circumstance that Christine gives
 the exact date of her poem as 1399, we owe the fact that Hoccleve likewise
 gives the exact date of his poem as being 1402.
 
-� VI. THOMAS HOCCLEVE: TO THE KING; AND TO THE KNIGHTS OF THE GARTER.
+§ VI. THOMAS HOCCLEVE: TO THE KING; AND TO THE KNIGHTS OF THE GARTER.
 
 These two Balades, each of 32 lines, are written in a highly artificial
 metre; for, in each case, the four stanzas of which each consists shew the
@@ -26465,11 +26436,11 @@ Great, who was a great supporter of the church; see note above, to Poem no.
 IV, l. 339. Cf. _Anglia_, v. 29; or Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 15; st. 28.
 
 15. _do forth_, proceed, continue to do as you have done in the past. Not a
-common expression; see _forth_ in M�tzner.
+common expression; see _forth_ in Mätzner.
 
 18. Very characteristic of Hoccleve; the accents required by the verse are
 thrown upon the weak words _your_ and _the_. But perhaps _your_ is
-emphatic. Cf. _full�_ in l. 20, _� sharp_, 21.
+emphatic. Cf. _fullý_ in l. 20, _á sharp_, 21.
 
 30. Hoccleve is clearly urging the King to repress Lollardry.
 
@@ -26484,7 +26455,7 @@ this connexion.
 
 47. _nuisaunce_, annoyance; referring to heresy; cf. l. 50.
 
-52. _Slep� nat this_, be not sleepy about this; a rare construction.
+52. _Slepë nat this_, be not sleepy about this; a rare construction.
 
 58. _norice of distaunce_, nurse of debate or strife.
 
@@ -26494,7 +26465,7 @@ this connexion.
 at the end of several poems by Hoccleve; see his Poems, ed. Furnivall, pp.
 8, 24, 47, 51, 57, 58, 61, 62, 64, &c.
 
-� VII. HENRY SCOGAN: A MORAL BALADE.
+§ VII. HENRY SCOGAN: A MORAL BALADE.
 
 For remarks upon the heading of this poem, see the Introduction.
 
@@ -26566,7 +26537,7 @@ alleged poverty is an historical fact. Cf. p. 24, l. 128 (above).
 
 187. 'I should be sorry, if ye choose amiss.'
 
-� VIII. JOHN LYDGATE; COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT.
+§ VIII. JOHN LYDGATE; COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT.
 
 There are some excellent notes relative to this poem in Schick's edition of
 Lydgate's _Temple of Glas_ (E. E. T. S.); I refer to them below as 'Schick,
@@ -26621,7 +26592,7 @@ to the eye a bright green surface.
 
 43-49. This stanza answers to Rom. Rose, ll. 105-8, 78-9.
 
-52. _cel�red_, canopied, over-arched (New E. Dict.).
+52. _celúred_, canopied, over-arched (New E. Dict.).
 
 53-6. Cf. Rom. Rose, 1398-1400.
 
@@ -26667,10 +26638,10 @@ R. 116; _under a hill_, as in R. R. 114; and ran over _gravel_, as in R. R.
  'About the _brinkes_ of thise welles,
   And by the stremes over-al elles
   _Sprang up the gras_, as thikke y-set
-  _And softe as any velu�t_.'
+  _And softe as any veluët_.'
 
 It is remarkable that the French original merely has 'Poignoit l'erbe
-freschete et drue,' without any mention of _softe_ or of _velu�t_. It thus
+freschete et drue,' without any mention of _softe_ or of _veluët_. It thus
 becomes clear that Lydgate is actually quoting _Chaucer's version_.
 
 81. The reading seems to be _lustily cam springing_; it would be a great
@@ -26887,7 +26858,7 @@ better, as otherwise the line is cumbersome.
 
 663. _Jelousye_; cf. Parl. Foules, 252.
 
-� IX. JOHN LYDGATE: THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
+§ IX. JOHN LYDGATE: THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
 
 I know of no MS. copy of this piece.
 
@@ -26898,7 +26869,7 @@ I know of no MS. copy of this piece.
 20. _Cipryde_, really the same as Venus, but here distinguished; see Parl.
 Foules, 277.
 
-38. Apparently accented as 'A�ror�'; Ch. has Aur�ra, L. G. W. 774.
+38. Apparently accented as 'Aúrorà'; Ch. has Auróra, L. G. W. 774.
 
 49. _crampessh at_ must be _crampisshed_, i.e. constrained painfully,
 tortured; see note to Anelida, 171 (vol. i. p. 535).
@@ -26915,7 +26886,7 @@ VIII. 260 above.
 
 113. _somer-sonne_; imitated from the Book of the Duch. 821-4.
 
-125. 'To speke of bount� or of gentilles,' &c.; T. G. 287.
+125. 'To speke of bountè or of gentilles,' &c.; T. G. 287.
 
 140. 'To alle hir werkes virtu is hir gyde'; C. T., B 164.
 
@@ -26935,7 +26906,7 @@ of Foules, 395; and Lydgate's Temple of Glas, 294-5:--
 
 It is obvious that the extraordinary word _setrone_ (see the footnote)
 arose from a desire on the part of the scribe to secure a rime for the name
-in the next line, which he must have imagined to be _An-ti-g�ne_, in
+in the next line, which he must have imagined to be _An-ti-góne_, in
 _three_ syllables, with a mute final _e_! This turned _secree_ into
 _secrone_, which Thynne probably misread as _setrone_, since _c_ and _t_
 are alike in many MSS. But there are no such words as _secrone_ or
@@ -27004,7 +26975,7 @@ Calliope at the beginning of bk. iii. (l. 45).
 251. Cf. Compl. Mars, 13, 14. The metre almost seems to require an accent
 on the second syllable of _Valentyn_, with suppressed final _e_; but a much
 more pleasing line, though less regular, can be made by distributing the
-pauses artificially thus: Up�n . the d�y of . saint V�len . t�ne . s�nge.
+pauses artificially thus: Upón . the dáy of . saint Válen . týne . sínge.
 The word _saint_ is altogether unemphatic; cf. ll. 4, 100.
 
 257. _fetheres ynde_, blue feathers; possibly with a reference to blue as
@@ -27013,7 +26984,7 @@ being the colour of constancy. Cf. _floures inde_; VIII. 127.
 261. The woodbine is an emblem of constancy, as it clings to its support;
 cf. XX. 485-7.
 
-� X. IN COMMENDATION OF OUR LADY.
+§ X. IN COMMENDATION OF OUR LADY.
 
 4, 5. In l. 4, _fere_ is the Kentish form of 'fire.' In l. 5, Thynne again
 prints _fere_, but MS. A. has _hyre_ (not a rime), and MS. Sl. has _were_,
@@ -27054,12 +27025,12 @@ xxv. 15: 'Sume calicem ... et _propinabis_ de illo cunctis gentibus.'
 
 60. Cf. 'I flee for socour to thy tente'; ABC, 41.
 
-64. _itiner�rie_, a description of the way.
+64. _itinerárie_, a description of the way.
 
 65. _bravie_, prize, especially in an athletic contest; Lat. _brauium_, Gk.
 [Greek: brabeion], in 1 Cor. ix. 24. See note to C. T., D 75.
 
-66. _diourn den�rie_, daily pay, as of a penny a day; referring to Matt.
+66. _diourn denárie_, daily pay, as of a penny a day; referring to Matt.
 xx. 2: 'Conventione autem facta cum operariis ex _denario diurno_.'
 
 68. _Laureat crowne_, crown of laurel.
@@ -27081,9 +27052,9 @@ _columbe_ (or dove) in l. 79.
 88. _Fewe feres_, few companions; i.e. few equals.
 
 92, 93. _loupe_; cf. F. _loupe_, an excrescence, fleshy kernel, knot in
-wood, lens, knob. It was also a term in jewellery. Littr� has: 'pierre
-pr�cieuse que la nature n'a pas achev�e. Loupe de saphir, loupe de rubis,
-certaines parties imparfaites et grossi�res qui se trouvent quelquefois
+wood, lens, knob. It was also a term in jewellery. Littré has: 'pierre
+précieuse que la nature n'a pas achevée. Loupe de saphir, loupe de rubis,
+certaines parties imparfaites et grossières qui se trouvent quelquefois
 dans ces pierres.' Hence it is not a very happy epithet, but Lydgate must
 have meant it in a good sense, as expressing the densest portion of a
 jewel; hence his 'stable (i.e. firm) as the loupe.' Similarly he explains
@@ -27092,8 +27063,8 @@ _Ewage_ was a term applied to a jacinth of the colour of sea-water; see New
 E. Dict. and P. Plowman, B. ii. 14; but it is here described as _blue_, and
 must therefore refer to a stone of the colour of water in a lake.
 
-98. Read _h�rt�_ for the scansion; but it is a bad line. It runs:--And h�m
-. rec�yvest . w�th . h�rt� . ful tr�we.
+98. Read _hértè_ for the scansion; but it is a bad line. It runs:--And hém
+. recéyvest . wíth . hértè . ful tréwe.
 
 99. _gladded_, gladdened; referring to the Annunciation.
 
@@ -27156,8 +27127,8 @@ cistern of water, near Solomon's temple, in which the sheep were washed
 before being sacrificed. The phrase was borrowed immediately from the
 Vulgate version of John v. 2: 'Est autem Ierosolymis _probatica piscina_,
 quae cognominatur hebraice Bethsaida'; i.e. the reference is to the
-well-known pool of Bethesda. The Greek has: [Greek: epi t�i probatik�i
-kolumb�thra]. The etymology is obvious, from Gk. [Greek: probaton], a
+well-known pool of Bethesda. The Greek has: [Greek: epi têi probatikêi
+kolumbêthra]. The etymology is obvious, from Gk. [Greek: probaton], a
 sheep. We may translate the phrase by 'sheep-cleansing pool.' Cotgrave
 explains it very well; he has: '_piscine probatique_, a pond for the
 washing of the sheep that were, by the Law, to be sacrificed.'
@@ -27177,7 +27148,7 @@ alliteration. Poem no. XI is joined on to no. X in Thynne without any
 break, but is obviously a different piece, addressed to an earthly
 mistress.
 
-� XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.
+§ XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.
 
 1. Imitated from C. T., B 778: 'I ne have noon English digne,' &c. Cf. l.
 41. And see the Introduction.
@@ -27185,9 +27156,9 @@ mistress.
 8. 'For if I could sing what I feel in love, I would (gladly do so).'
 
 14. 'I have all my trust in thee.' The scansion is got by grouping the
-syllables thus: J'�y . en v�us . t�ute . m� . fi�unce. It is a line of the
+syllables thus: J'áy . en vóus . tóute . má . fiáunce. It is a line of the
 Lydgate type, in which the first syllable in the normal line, and the first
-syllable after the c�sura, are alike dropped.
+syllable after the cæsura, are alike dropped.
 
 17. _thou knette_, mayst thou knit; the subj. or optative mood.
 
@@ -27227,7 +27198,7 @@ is a correct form.
 
 107. _sad_, fixed, resolute, firm, constant.
 
-� XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.
+§ XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.
 
 7. Cf. Prov. xvii. 20: 'He that hath a perverse tongue falleth into
 mischief.'
@@ -27246,7 +27217,7 @@ transpose this stanza and the next one.
 
 40. _deslavee_, loose, unchaste; see Gloss. to Chaucer.
 
-45. Accent _d�vourour_ on the first syllable.
+45. Accent _dévourour_ on the first syllable.
 
 60. _dissolucioun_, dissolute behaviour.
 
@@ -27293,7 +27264,7 @@ iii. 293-4. This particular precept occurs in the third distich in Cato's
 first book; i.e. almost at the very beginning. See note to C. T., H 332
 (vol. v. p. 443).
 
-� XIII. BEWARE OF DOUBLENESS.
+§ XIII. BEWARE OF DOUBLENESS.
 
 This piece is gently ironical throughout, as, for example, in ll. 15, 23,
 31, 39, 47, &c.
@@ -27333,7 +27304,7 @@ Rosamond and Cleopatra is appealed to as being real. For the ballad of
 See the whimsical praise of 'double' things in Hood's Miss Kilmansegg, in
 the section entitled 'Her Honeymoon.'
 
-� XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN, ETC.
+§ XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN, ETC.
 
 6. _see at y_, see by the outward appearance; cf. C. T., G 964, 1059. This
 Balade resembles no. XIII. Cf. l. 4 with XIII. 63, 81.
@@ -27374,7 +27345,7 @@ Hence _light_ in l. 37 should be _leit_, as it means 'lightning'; which
 explains 'passeth in a throw,' i.e. passes away instantly. We also see that
 Lydgate's original varied, and must have run thus:--
 
- 'A�re quid leuius? fulgur; quid fulgure? uentus.
+ 'Aëre quid leuius? fulgur; quid fulgure? uentus.
   Vento quid? mulier. Quid muliere? nichil.'
 
 43. Curiously imitated in the modern song for children:--
@@ -27384,14 +27355,14 @@ Lydgate's original varied, and must have run thus:--
 
   The Baby's Bouquet, p. 26.
 
-� XV. THREE SAYINGS.
+§ XV. THREE SAYINGS.
 
 (A). 2. _Honour_, i.e. advancement. The Lat. proverb is--'Honores mutant
 mores'; on which Ray remarks--'As poverty depresseth and debaseth a man's
 mind, so great place and estate advance and enlarge it, but many times
 corrupt and puff it up.' _outrage_, extravagant self-importance.
 
-� XVI. LA BELLE DAME.
+§ XVI. LA BELLE DAME.
 
 1-28. The first four stanzas are original; so also are the four at the end.
 These stanzas have seven lines; the rest have eight.
@@ -27414,8 +27385,8 @@ reading of l. 47, where some MSS. have _eyen_ or _eyn_ for _pen_.
 
  'Qui vouldroit mon vouloir contraindre
   A ioyeuses choses escrire,
-  _Ma plume_ n'y s�auroit attaindre,
-  Non feroit ma langue � les dire.
+  _Ma plume_ n'y sçauroit attaindre,
+  Non feroit ma langue à les dire.
   Ie n'ay bouche qui puisse rire
   Que les yeulx ne la desmentissent:
   Car le cueur l'en vouldroit desdire
@@ -27436,7 +27407,7 @@ word. Only in Thynne, who seems to be wrong.
 ladies who ruled them, whom they wooed; cf. l. 137. _demure_, serious,
 grave; an early example of the word; cf. XX. 459, XXI. 82.
 
-105. _most fresshest_, who had most newly arrived; 'Tels y ot qui � l'heure
+105. _most fresshest_, who had most newly arrived; 'Tels y ot qui à l'heure
 vinrent.'
 
 137. _scole-maister_, i.e. his mistress who ruled him; cf. _her_ in l. 139.
@@ -27445,7 +27416,7 @@ vinrent.'
 usually better authorities than MSS. F. and H. The original has:--
 
  'I'apperceu le _trait_ de ses yeulx
-  Tout empenn� d'humbles requestes.'
+  Tout empenné d'humbles requestes.'
 
 154, 156. _mes_, dish or course of meats. _entremes_, ill-spelt _entremass_
 in Barbour's Bruce, xvi. 457; on which my note is: 'it is the O.F.
@@ -27513,7 +27484,7 @@ _rachat_, redemption, ransom; which has been misunderstood.
 340. 'Preuue ses parolles par oeuure.'
 
 348. _their_ is an error for _his_ (Love's), due to the translator. 'Lors
-il [Amour] descouure sa fiert�.'
+il [Amour] descouure sa fierté.'
 
 351.
 
@@ -27534,12 +27505,12 @@ agree'; i.e. are quite different.
 
 449. _wanteth_, is wanting, is lacking.
 
-468. 'Qui soit donn� � autre office.'
+468. 'Qui soit donné à autre office.'
 
 469. 'D'assez grant charge se cheuit,' he gets rid of a great
 responsibility. The translator gives the contrary sense.
 
-506. 'D'en donner � qui les reffuse.'
+506. 'D'en donner à qui les reffuse.'
 
 509. That _He_, not _Who_, should begin the line, is certain by comparison
 with the French:--'_Il_ ne doit pas cuider muser.'
@@ -27567,7 +27538,7 @@ alternatives than one.
 
 555. 'Ne de l'aprendre n'ay-ie cure.'
 
-559. 'Et le deuoir d'amours payer Qui franc cueur a, pris� et droit.'
+559. 'Et le deuoir d'amours payer Qui franc cueur a, prisé et droit.'
 
 566. _That_ is a mere conjunction; the reading _Which_ alters the sense,
 and gives a false meaning.
@@ -27580,7 +27551,7 @@ begin with _Then_ rather than _Yet_, as there is no contrast.
 605. 'De tous soit celuy deguerpiz.'
 
 608. _or anything at al_, &c.; 'et le bien fait De sa Dame qui l'a reffait
-Et ramen� de mort a vie'; i.e. and the kindness of his Lady, who has new
+Et ramené de mort a vie'; i.e. and the kindness of his Lady, who has new
 made him, and brought him back from death to life. The English follows some
 different reading, and is obscurely expressed.
 
@@ -27596,7 +27567,7 @@ coming back.
 635.
 
  'Et si bien aprins qu'ils retiennent
-  A changer d�s qu'ils ont clamez.'
+  A changer dés qu'ils ont clamez.'
 
 651. _fol_, foolish; F. text, 'fol plaisir.'
 
@@ -27606,12 +27577,12 @@ ne vous affiez,' i.e. expect to get nothing better.
 
 667. _to have better_, to get a better lover.
 
-668. 'Et prenez en gr� le reffus.'
+668. 'Et prenez en gré le reffus.'
 
 673. The original shews that _she_ really refers to _Pity_, denoted by _it_
 in l. 671, not to the Lady herself.
 
-680. 'Et iamais � bout n'en vendrez.'
+680. 'Et iamais á bout n'en vendrez.'
 
 706. _By_; French, _De_; hence _By_ should be _Of_. Read _defame of
 cruelty_, an ill name for cruelty. The mistake is the translator's.
@@ -27633,7 +27604,7 @@ vaunting'; Cotgrave.
 829. The last four stanzas are original. Note the change from the 8-line to
 the 7-line stanza.
 
-� XVII. THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
+§ XVII. THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
 
 This sequel to Chaucer's 'Troilus,' written by Robert Henryson of
 Dunfermline, is in the Northern dialect of the Scottish Lowlands. Thynne
@@ -27703,7 +27674,7 @@ ten days; Troil. iv. 1595.
 tell. He does not tell us whence he derived it, but intimates that it is a
 fiction; I suppose he invented it himself.
 
-74. _lybel of r�pudy_, Lat. 'libellum repudii,' as in Matt. xix. 7.
+74. _lybel of répudy_, Lat. 'libellum repudii,' as in Matt. xix. 7.
 
 77. 'And, as some say, into the common court'; i.e. she became a courtesan.
 
@@ -27767,7 +27738,7 @@ but omits to say that E. has _upricht_.
 211. _soyr_, sorrel-coloured, reddish-brown; see _Sorrel_ in my Etym. Dict.
 
 212-6. The names of the four horses are curiously corrupted from the names
-given in Ovid, Met. ii. 153, viz. E�us, �thon, Pyr�eis, and Phlegon. As
+given in Ovid, Met. ii. 153, viz. Eöus, Æthon, Pyröeis, and Phlegon. As
 _Eous_ means 'belonging to the dawn,' we may consider the words _into the
 Orient_, i.e. in the East, as explanatory of the name _Eoy_; 'called Eoy,
 (which signifies) in the East.' As to the name of the last horse, it was
@@ -27799,7 +27770,7 @@ _show_) was weak. Formed by analogy with _blew_, _grew_, _knew_; cf. _rew_,
 _mew_, _sew_, old strong preterites of _row_, _mow_, and _sow_.
 
 290. As Henryson usually refrains from the addition of a syllable at the
-c�sura, we should probably read _injure_, not _injury_; see Troil. iii.
+cæsura, we should probably read _injure_, not _injury_; see Troil. iii.
 1018.
 
 297, 298. _hyest_, i.e. Saturn; _lawest_ (lowest), i.e. Cynthia.
@@ -27893,7 +27864,7 @@ for this health-giving operation.
 of sense.' We may also note the Fr. _teindre en graine_, to dye in grain,
 to dye of a fast colour; and we occasionally find _grain_ in the sense of
 'tint.' Godefroy cites 'ung couvertoer d'une _graigne_ vermeille'; and 'une
-manche vermeille, ne s�ay se c'est _graine_ ou autre taincture.' _Grane_
+manche vermeille, ne sçay se c'est _graine_ ou autre taincture.' _Grane_
 also means 'groan,' and 'groin,' and 'fork of a tree'; but none of these
 senses suit.
 
@@ -27941,7 +27912,7 @@ addition.
 
 600. 'His heart was ready to burst.'
 
-� XVIII. THE CUCKOO AND THE NIGHTINGALE.
+§ XVIII. THE CUCKOO AND THE NIGHTINGALE.
 
 In this piece, the final _-e_ is much used as forming a distinct syllable;
 indeed, more freely than in Chaucer.
@@ -28032,7 +28003,7 @@ Clanvowe's connection with Herefordshire.
 
 90. As _brid_ is a monosyllable (cf. ll. 212, 260, 270, 271), it is
 necessary to make _lew-ed-e_ a trisyllable; as also in l. 103. But it
-becomes _lew'de_ in ll. 50, 94. Chaucer has _lew-�d_, P. F. 616, &c.
+becomes _lew'de_ in ll. 50, 94. Chaucer has _lew-ëd_, P. F. 616, &c.
 
 105. _him_; the cuckoo is male, but the nightingale, by way of contrast, is
 supposed to be female.
@@ -28043,7 +28014,7 @@ Mids. Nt. Dr. iii. 1. 134.
 119. _crakel_, 'trill or quaver in singing; used in contempt'; New E. Dict.
 
 124. _I_ seems to be strongly accented. It is a pity that there is no
-authority for inserting _For_ before it. Otherwise, read _I hav-�_.
+authority for inserting _For_ before it. Otherwise, read _I hav-ë_.
 
 In Old French, _oci oci_, represented the cry of the nightingale; Godefroy
 gives examples from Raoul de Houdenc, Froissart, and Deschamps. Moreover,
@@ -28055,7 +28026,7 @@ that _oci_ means 'kill! kill!' with reference to the enemies of love.
 dialects of Middle-English. Clanvowe may have heard it in Herefordshire, as
 it occurs in Langland, Layamon, Robert of Gloucester, and in the Coventry
 Mysteries, and must have been known in the west. But it was once a very
-common word. From A.S. _gr[=�]dan_.
+common word. From A.S. _gr[=æ]dan_.
 
 137. _to-drawe_, drawn asunder; cf. Havelok, 2001; Will. of Palerne, 1564.
 
@@ -28093,7 +28064,7 @@ of age' is wholly without sense. Compare the next note.
 185. 'And then you shall be called as _I_ am.' I. e. your loved one will
 forsake you, and you will be called a cuckold. This remark is founded on
 the fact that the O.F. _coucou_ or _cocu_ had the double sense of cuckoo
-and cuckold. See _cocu_ in Littr�. This explains l. 186.
+and cuckold. See _cocu_ in Littré. This explains l. 186.
 
 201-5. Bell, by an oversight, omits this stanza.
 
@@ -28115,7 +28086,7 @@ The old printed editions actually read _The cuckowe_!
 
 267. A syllable seems lacking after _I_; such lines are common in Lydgate.
 The reading _y-chid_ would render the line complete; or we may read
-_hav-�_, as perhaps in l. 124.
+_hav-ë_, as perhaps in l. 124.
 
 275. An obvious allusion to Chaucer's Parlement of Foules, in which he
 gives 'the royal egle' the first place (l. 330).
@@ -28128,7 +28099,7 @@ Plowman. The parliament of birds required a large open space.
 
 289. _Terme_: during the whole term of my life; cf. C. T., G 1479.
 
-� XIX. ENVOY TO ALISON.
+§ XIX. ENVOY TO ALISON.
 
 1. _lewde book_, unlearned book. It is not known to what book this refers.
 It has nothing to do with the preceding poem. My guess, in vol. i. p. 40,
@@ -28144,7 +28115,7 @@ of Alison; see vol. i. p. 40. The sense of ll. 25-6 (which are forced and
 poor) is--'I beseech (you) of your grace, let your writing (in reply)
 alleviate the sighs which I pour out in silence.'
 
-� XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
+§ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
 
 I give numerous references below to 'A. L.', i.e. the Assembly of Ladies,
 printed at p. 380. The two poems have much in common.
@@ -28170,7 +28141,7 @@ adjective. It occurs, however, in Lydgate.
 27-8. This rime of _passe_ with _was_ occurs again below (114-6); and in A.
 L. 436-8.
 
-30. Chaucer has _hew-�_, _new-�_; but here _hew_, _new_ rime with the pt.
+30. Chaucer has _hew-ë_, _new-ë_; but here _hew_, _new_ rime with the pt.
 t. _grew_. So, in A. L. 65-8, _hew_, _new_ rime with the pt. t. _knew_.
 
 31-2. Copied from the Book of the Duch. 419-20:--
@@ -28340,7 +28311,7 @@ Plowman, C. xvii. 299 (B. xv. 163), and in the Glossary to the same.
 _bete_, lit. beaten; hence, adorned with beaten gold; see note to C. T., A
 978 (vol. v. p. 64). _were_, (all of which) were; hence the plural.
 
-213. Read _bere_, as in l. 223; A.S. _b[=�]ron_, pt. t. pl.
+213. Read _bere_, as in l. 223; A.S. _b[=æ]ron_, pt. t. pl.
 
 220. _kinges of armes_, kings-at-arms; who presided over colleges of
 heralds. Sir David Lyndsay was Lord Lion king-at-arms.
@@ -28359,7 +28330,7 @@ the armour upon them.'
 243. Cf. '_and furred_ wel _with gray_'; A. L. 305.
 
 252. _henshmen_, youths mounted on horseback, who attended their lords. See
-numerous quotations for this word in A Student's Pastime, �� 264, 272,
+numerous quotations for this word in A Student's Pastime, §§ 264, 272,
 415-8. Each of them is called _a child_, l. 259.
 
 253. For _every on_, it is absolutely necessary to read _the first upon_;
@@ -28426,7 +28397,7 @@ _withouten any fail_; and, unaltered, in A. L. 188, 537.
 
 403. Bell thinks this corrupt. I think it means, that, before engaging with
 them in jousts in a friendly manner, they procured some logs of wood and
-thoroughly dried them. Hence _To make hir just�s_ = in order to joust with
+thoroughly dried them. Hence _To make hir justës_ = in order to joust with
 them afterwards.
 
 410. 'Quickly anointing the sick, wherever they went.'
@@ -28476,7 +28447,7 @@ the Knights of the Garter on April 23, 1349, by Edward III, was anything
 but a recent event.
 
 530. I. e. 'Witness _him_ of Rome, who was the founder of knighthood.'
-Alluding to Julius C�sar, to whom was decreed by the senate the right of
+Alluding to Julius Cæsar, to whom was decreed by the senate the right of
 wearing a laurel-crown; Dryden mentions him by name.
 
 550. Cf. '_De mieulx en mieulx_'; Temple of Glas, 310.
@@ -28499,7 +28470,7 @@ wryting_'; A. L. 629.
 contest. Cf. 'In suych materys to _putte mysylff in prees_'; Lydgate,
 Secrees of Philosophers, ed. Steele, l. 555.
 
-� XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
+§ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
 
 For numerous references to this poem, see Notes to the preceding poem.
 
@@ -28552,9 +28523,9 @@ besides, viz. forget-me-nots and remember-mes; and the poor pansies were
 not ousted from the place.'
 
 61. _Ne-m'oublie-mies_; from O.F. _ne m'oublie-mie_, a forget-me-not.
-Littr�, s.v. _ne m'oubliez pas_, quotes, from Charles d'Orl�ans, 'Des
+Littré, s.v. _ne m'oubliez pas_, quotes, from Charles d'Orléans, 'Des
 fleurs de _ne m'oubliez mie_'; and again, from a later source, 'Un diamant
-taill� en fleur de _ne m'oblie mie_.' The recovery of this true reading (by
+taillé en fleur de _ne m'oblie mie_.' The recovery of this true reading (by
 the help of MS. A.) is very interesting; as all the editions, who follow
 Thynne, are hopelessly wrong. Thynne, misreading the word, printed _Ne
 momblysnesse_; whence arose the following extraordinary entry in Bailey's
@@ -28563,17 +28534,17 @@ is carefully preserved in the Century Dictionary in the
 form:--'_Momblishness_, muttering talk; Bailey (1731).'
 
 _sovenez_ doubtless corresponds to the name _remember-me_, given in
-Yorkshire and Scotland to the _Veronica cham�drys_, more commonly called
+Yorkshire and Scotland to the _Veronica chamædrys_, more commonly called
 the germander speedwell, and in some counties forget-me-not. But we should
 rather, in this passage, take forget-me-not (above) to refer, as is most
-usual, to the _Myosotis_; as Littr� also explains it. Here Thynne was once
+usual, to the _Myosotis_; as Littré also explains it. Here Thynne was once
 more at a loss, and printed the word as _souenesse_, which was 'improved'
 by Stowe into _sonenesse_. Hence another ghost-word, recorded by Bailey in
 the entry:--'_Sonenesse_, noise.' Cf. l. 86.
 
 62. _pensees_, pansies; alluding, of course, to the _Viola tricolor_. The
 spelling is correct, as it represents the O.F. _pensee_, thought; and it
-seems to have been named, as Littr� remarks, in a similar way to the
+seems to have been named, as Littré remarks, in a similar way to the
 forget-me-not, and (I may add) to the remember-me.
 
 68. _stremes_, jets of water; there was a little fountain in the middle.
@@ -28629,7 +28600,7 @@ of Phyllis, Thisbe, and 'Cleopataras.' Cf. l. 465.
 
 463. _Hawes_, probably the same name as _Havise_, which occurs in the old
 story of Fulke Fitzwarine. But it is remarkable that MS. A. has the
-reading:--'That other syd� was, how Enclusene'; and this looks like an
+reading:--'That other sydë was, how Enclusene'; and this looks like an
 error for _Melusene_, variant of _Melusine_. This would agree with the next
 line, which means 'was untruly deceived in her bath.' The story of Melusine
 is given in the Romance of Partenay. She was a fairy who married Raymound,
@@ -28717,7 +28688,7 @@ had by this time entered the arbour.
 
 754-5. The Flower and the Leaf has a similar ending (ll. 582-3).
 
-� XXII. A GOODLY BALADE.
+§ XXII. A GOODLY BALADE.
 
 Obviously Lydgate's. See the Introduction.
 
@@ -28780,13 +28751,13 @@ with hete.'
 of Glas, ed. Schick, ll. 1393, 1400.
 
 69. I can find no such word as _jouesse_, so I alter it to _jonesse_, i.e.
-youth. For the spelling _jonesce_ in the 14th century, see Littr�, s.v.
+youth. For the spelling _jonesce_ in the 14th century, see Littré, s.v.
 _jeunesse_. The expression _have more yet_ implies that the phrase or motto
 _je serve jonesse_ is added as a postscript, and that there was some
 special point in it; but the application of it is now lost to us. Cf.
 'Princes _of youthe_, and flour of gentilesse,' Temple of Glas, 970.
 
-� XXIII. GO FORTH, KING.
+§ XXIII. GO FORTH, KING.
 
 This poem really consists of twelve precepts, intended to redress twelve
 abuses. The twelve abuses are given by the Latin lines above, which should
@@ -28797,7 +28768,7 @@ The accent is on the first syllable of the line in most of the lines. In l.
 unsteady, quite in Lydgate's usual manner. In l. 6, _jug-e_ is probably
 dissyllabic. See further in the Introduction.
 
-� XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
+§ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
 
 This late piece abounds with imitations of Lydgate, especially of his
 Temple of Glas; many of the resemblances are pointed out in Schick's
@@ -28867,7 +28838,7 @@ Belle Dame, 244; T. G. 742.
 
 45. Cf. 'Ther was enclosed _rype and sad corage_'; C. T., E 220.
 
-49, 50. Here the mountain of Cith�ron, in Boeotia, is confused with the
+49, 50. Here the mountain of Cithæron, in Boeotia, is confused with the
 island of Cythera, sacred to Venus, whence her name Cytherea was derived.
 The mistake arose, of course, from the similarity of the names, and occurs
 (as said in vol. v. p. 78, note to A 1936), in the Roman de la Rose, where
@@ -28875,7 +28846,7 @@ we find:--
 
  'Citeron est une montaigne ...
   Venus, qui les dames espire,
-  Fist l� son principal manoir'; ll. 15865-71.
+  Fist là son principal manoir'; ll. 15865-71.
 
 Hence Chaucer makes the same confusion, but in a different way. Chaucer
 preserves the right name of the mountain, in the form _Citheroun_, which he
@@ -28894,7 +28865,7 @@ so.
 78. _ind_, blue; as in The Black Knight, 127.
 
 80. _Baleis Turkeis_ (MS. _Bales turkes_). _Baleis_ is a better spelling,
-answering to F. _balais_ in Littr�. It also occurs as _balai_ in O.F.; and
+answering to F. _balais_ in Littré. It also occurs as _balai_ in O.F.; and
 the word was probably suggested by the mention of it in Rom. de la Rose,
 20125:--'Que saphirs, rubis, ne _balai_.' Hence also the mention of it in
 the King's Quhair, st. 46, which see; and in the Assembly of Ladies, 536.
@@ -28953,12 +28924,12 @@ Lydgate.
 
 139, 140. 'Bihinde _her bak, a yerde long_'; C. T., A 1050.
 
-148. _In mewet_, in an inaudible voice, to myself; like mod. F. _� la
-muette_ (Littr�).
+148. _In mewet_, in an inaudible voice, to myself; like mod. F. _à la
+muette_ (Littré).
 
 167. _non erst_; false grammar for _non er_, no sooner; 'no soonest' is
 nonsense. We find, however, the phrases _not erst_ and _never erst_
-elsewhere; see New E. Dict., s.v. _Erst_, � B. 4.
+elsewhere; see New E. Dict., s.v. _Erst_, § B. 4.
 
 170. This is the earliest quotation given in the New E. Dict., s.v.
 _Assummon_; and the next is from the poet Daniel.
@@ -29078,7 +29049,7 @@ correcte'; and 'neuyr yow offende.' And Ovid, Art. Amat. lib. ii. 199-202.
 367. _yern_, earn; so _yearne_ in Spenser, F. Q. vi. 1. 40; A.S.
 _geearnian_.
 
-368-9. 'Of _grace and pit�_, and nought of rightwisnes'; T. G. 979.
+368-9. 'Of _grace and pitè_, and nought of rightwisnes'; T. G. 979.
 
 378. _a-croke_ (MS. _a croke_), awry; see _Acrook_ in the New E. Dict.
 
@@ -29200,13 +29171,13 @@ _void-en_ with a suffix, and the Eng. _beseech_ with none at all.
 634. _ure_, destiny; from O.F. _eur_, Lat. _augurium_. A word that first
 appeared in Northern English; it occurs at least eight times in Barbour's
 Bruce. And in the Kingis Quair, st. 10, we have the whole phrase--'my
-fort�ne and ure.' It is also used by Lydgate; see VIII. 151, 302, 482 (pp.
+fortúne and ure.' It is also used by Lydgate; see VIII. 151, 302, 482 (pp.
 250, 254, 260).
 
 641. An exact repetition of l. 633 above.
 
 642. Here, for a wonder, is an example of the final _e_; the author took
-the whole phrase 'In thilk-� place' from some previous author; cf. 'In
+the whole phrase 'In thilk-ë place' from some previous author; cf. 'In
 thilke places' (_sic_); Rom. Rose, 660 (Thynne). _sign_, assign.
 
 648. 'Bi god and be my trouthe'; T. G. 1011.
@@ -29311,7 +29282,7 @@ Zethus; it may be noted that Jupiter's intrigues with Europa, Antiopa,
 Alcmene, and Danae, are all mentioned together in Ovid, Met. vi. 103-13. It
 follows that our author had read Ovid.
 
-831. '_There is no lak, saue_ onli of pit�'; T. G. 749.
+831. '_There is no lak, saue_ onli of pitè'; T. G. 749.
 
 841. The word _the_ was probably written like _ye_, giving, apparently, the
 reading _ye ye_; then one of these was dropped. The long passage in ll.
@@ -29446,7 +29417,7 @@ which see; and cf. The Kingis Quair, stanzas 79-93.
 
 1136. Cf. 'With sobbing teris, and with ful pitous soune'; T. G. 197.
 
-1139. Cf. 'And other eke, that for _pouert�_'; T. G. 159.
+1139. Cf. 'And other eke, that for _pouertè_'; T. G. 159.
 
 1150. _prang_, pang (MS. _prange_; and so in Stowe); altered to _pang_ by
 Bell and Morris. '_Pronge_, Erumpna' [aerumna]; Prompt. Parv. '_Throwe_
@@ -29497,7 +29468,7 @@ Letter of Cupid, V. 274-80 (p. 226).
 1242. '_Avauntour_ and _a lyere_, al is on'; Troil. iii. 309.
 
 1253. _sojoure_, sojourn, dwell, used quite wrongly; for O.F. _sojur_
-(originally _sojorn_) is a sb. only, like mod. F. _s�jour_. The O.F. verb
+(originally _sojorn_) is a sb. only, like mod. F. _séjour_. The O.F. verb
 was _sojorner_, _sojourner_, whence M.E. _sojornen_, _sojournen_, correctly
 used by Chaucer. The sb. _sojour_ occurs in Rom. Rose, 4282, 5150. The
 mistake is so bad that even the scribe has here written _soiorne_; but,
@@ -29659,7 +29630,7 @@ supposed to mean a true lover's knot or love-knot, which was simply a bow
 of ribbon given as a token of affection, and frequently worn by the lover
 afterwards. The bestowal of this token nearly made an end of him.
 
-� XXV. VIRELAI.
+§ XXV. VIRELAI.
 
 Not a true virelay, as the ending _-ing_ does not reappear in the second
 stanza; for a correct example, see note to Anelida and Arcite, 256 (vol. i.
@@ -29674,23 +29645,23 @@ poem by Lord Rivers, in the same metre, alluded to in vol. i. p. 42.
 20. The pronunciation of _ende_ as _ind_ is not uncommon in East Anglia,
 and may have been intended.
 
-� XXVI. PROSPERITY.
+§ XXVI. PROSPERITY.
 
 From John Walton's translation of Boethius, A.D. 1410. See the
 Introduction.
 
-� XXVII. LEAULTE VAULT RICHESSE.
+§ XXVII. LEAULTE VAULT RICHESSE.
 
 From the same MS. as the last.
 
 7. _don but lent_, lit. 'done but lent,' i.e. merely lent (you). For this
 idiom, see note to Ch. C. T., B 171 (vol. v. p. 145).
 
-� XXVIII. SAYINGS.
+§ XXVIII. SAYINGS.
 
 5. Cf. Shak. King Lear, iii. 2. 91; see the Introduction.
 
-� XXIX. BALADE.
+§ XXIX. BALADE.
 
 This Balade, printed by Stowe, seems like a poor imitation of the style of
 Lydgate.
@@ -29711,7 +29682,7 @@ A, _v._ have, I. i. 2. 173; _ger._ I. i. 5. 93.
 A DEBLYS, (_perhaps_) to the devil, as if devoted to the devil, I. ii. 13.
 99. See the note.
 
-A DEWE, (_perhaps for_ � dieu), I. ii. 13. 99. See the note.
+A DEWE, (_perhaps for_ à dieu), I. ii. 13. 99. See the note.
 
 A THIS HALFE, on this side, below, I. i. 9. 39.
 
@@ -30135,7 +30106,7 @@ ATTOURNEY, _s._ attorney, I. i. 8. 111; VIII. 281.
 
 ATTYRED, _pp._ attired, II. 192.
 
-AUCTORIT�, _s._ authority, I. i. 4. 9; XVI. 137.
+AUCTORITÈ, _s._ authority, I. i. 4. 9; XVI. 137.
 
 AUCTOUR, _s._ author, I. iii. 4. 245.
 
@@ -30235,7 +30206,7 @@ AYEN-BRINGE, _v._ bring back, I. i. 2. 77.
 
 AYENCOMING, _pres. pt._ returning, I. iii. 9. 66.
 
-AYEN�S, _prep._ in return for, II. 1297; Ayens, ready for, VIII. 63.
+AYENËS, _prep._ in return for, II. 1297; Ayens, ready for, VIII. 63.
 
 AYEN-LOOKING, _pres. pt._ looking back, I. i. 8. 17.
 
@@ -30441,7 +30412,7 @@ BESTIAL, _adj._ bestial, I. ii. 4. 4; I. ii. 10. 12.
 
 BESTIALLICH, _adj._ bestial, I. ii. 4. 45.
 
-BESTIALT�. _s._ fleshliness, I. iii. 9. 48.
+BESTIALTÈ. _s._ fleshliness, I. iii. 9. 48.
 
 BESWINKE, _ger._ to toil for, I. i. 1. 40.
 
@@ -30492,7 +30463,7 @@ BIT, _pr. s._ bids, XXIV. 469.
 
 BITTE, _s._ bit, I. ii. 6. 83.
 
-BLA, _adj._ livid, XVII. 159. Icel. _bl�r_.
+BLA, _adj._ livid, XVII. 159. Icel. _blár_.
 
 BLABBING, _pres. pt._ prattling, V. 116.
 
@@ -30747,7 +30718,7 @@ CARE, _s._ misery, I. i. 3. 118.
 
 CARECKES, _s. pl._ characters, marks, II. 542.
 
-CARK�, _v._ be anxious, II. 250, 1123.
+CARKË, _v._ be anxious, II. 250, 1123.
 
 CARPEN, _1 pr. pl._ talk about, discuss, I. ii. 8. 30.
 
@@ -30969,14 +30940,14 @@ COMMENS, _s. pl._ the commons, I. i, 7. 64.
 COMMENSAL, _adj._ partaking of a common repast, feeding with others, I. i.
 4. 25.
 
-COMMINALT�, _s._ commons, II. 654; _pl._ communities, I. iii. 1. 89.
+COMMINALTÈ, _s._ commons, II. 654; _pl._ communities, I. iii. 1. 89.
 
 COMMING, _pres. pt. as adj._ future, sure to happen, I. iii. 3. 26; I. iii.
 3. 82.
 
-COMODIT�, _s._ advantage, I. iii. 8. 155.
+COMODITÈ, _s._ advantage, I. iii. 8. 155.
 
-COMONALT�, _s._ commonalty, XXIV. 1209.
+COMONALTÈ, _s._ commonalty, XXIV. 1209.
 
 COMPARACION, _s._ comparison, I. ii. 11. 35.
 
@@ -31069,7 +31040,7 @@ CONTRARIES, _s. pl._ contrary things, I. ii. 6. 11.
 
 CONTRARIOUS, _adj._ contrary, I. ii. 6. 95.
 
-CONTRARIOUST�, _s._ contrariety, I. ii. 8. 50; contradiction, I. iii. 4.
+CONTRARIOUSTÈ, _s._ contrariety, I. ii. 8. 50; contradiction, I. iii. 4.
 229; opposition, I. iii. 1. 125.
 
 CONTRARY-DOERS, _s. pl._ trespassers, I. iii. 2. 8.
@@ -31158,7 +31129,7 @@ CRAVE, _ger._ to ask for again, XXVII. 8.
 
 CREDE, _s._ Creed, II. 413, 1066.
 
-CREP�, _v._ creep, II. 942.
+CREPË, _v._ creep, II. 942.
 
 CRESSE, _s._ blade of a cress, I. i. 5. 133; I. ii. 7. 109; I. iii. 5. 45.
 
@@ -31219,7 +31190,7 @@ i. _pr._ 37.
 
 DAMOSELLES, _s. pl._ damsels, I. ii. 2. 42; girls, II. 928.
 
-DAMPN�BLE, _adj._ damnable, VI. 60.
+DAMPNÁBLE, _adj._ damnable, VI. 60.
 
 DAMPNE, _v._ condemn, II. 630; _pr. s._ II. 224; _pp._ damned, I. i. 7. 55;
 condemned, VIII. 276.
@@ -31292,9 +31263,9 @@ DEL, _s._ portion; _every del_, every bit, XXI. 227.
 
 DELATED; see DEBATED.
 
-D�LECTABLE, _adj._ delightful, XXI. 72.
+DÉLECTABLE, _adj._ delightful, XXI. 72.
 
-D�LITABLE, _adj._ delightful, VIII. 122.
+DÉLITABLE, _adj._ delightful, VIII. 122.
 
 DELIVER, _adj._ nimble, VIII. 164.
 
@@ -31392,7 +31363,7 @@ DEW-DROPYS, _s. pl._ dewdrops, XXIX. 6.
 
 DEWE, _s._ due; _of dewe_, duly, XXIV. 1397.
 
-DEWET�, _s._ duty, due course, IV. 232.
+DEWETÈ, _s._ duty, due course, IV. 232.
 
 DEYDEST, _2 pt. s._ didst die, were to die, I. i. 9. 65; _pt. s._ died,
 VII. 102.
@@ -31601,11 +31572,11 @@ DROWPIT, _pt. pl._ drooped, XVII. 157.
 
 DROWRY, _s._ love-token, XVII. 583.
 
-DUALIT�, _s._ duality, doubleness, I. ii. 13. 30.
+DUALITÈ, _s._ duality, doubleness, I. ii. 13. 30.
 
 DUCHEES, _s. pl._ duchies, V. 333.
 
-DU�TEE, _s._ duty, VI. 38; IX. 5, 106.
+DUËTEE, _s._ duty, VI. 38; IX. 5, 106.
 
 DULEFUL, _adj._ grievous, XVII. 309.
 
@@ -31628,7 +31599,7 @@ DYKING, _pres. pt._ ditching, II. 1043.
 
 DYS, _s. pl._ dice, XIII. 74.
 
-DYT�, _s._ ditty, song, poem, VIII. 606; IX. 268; XVII. 1.
+DYTÈ, _s._ ditty, song, poem, VIII. 606; IX. 268; XVII. 1.
 
 
 
@@ -31924,7 +31895,7 @@ FALOWEN, _pr. pl._ fade, I. ii. 8. 114.
 FALSEN, _ger._ to deceive, V. 307; _pt. s._ gave way, failed, I. ii. 8.
 127; was false to, I. i. 2. 92.
 
-FALSET�, _s._ falsehood, I. ii. 3. 57; _pl._ I. ii. 1. 73.
+FALSETÈ, _s._ falsehood, I. ii. 3. 57; _pl._ I. ii. 1. 73.
 
 FALSHEED, _s._ falsehood, I. iii. 6. 127.
 
@@ -32244,7 +32215,7 @@ FOYLES, _s. pl._ leaves, X. 38.
 
 FRA, _adv._ from, XVII. 7; from the time that, as soon as, XVII. 101.
 
-FRATERNIT�, _s._ fraternity, III. 246.
+FRATERNITÈ, _s._ fraternity, III. 246.
 
 FRAUNCHYSE, _s._ freedom, XVI. 236, 364;   liberality, XVI. 422;
 privileged place, VIII. 273.
@@ -32659,7 +32630,7 @@ HEIL, _s._ health (E. _heit_) XVII. 334.
 HEIRD, _prob. for_ Heir it, hear it, XVII. 415. Cf. Lowl. Sc. _dude_, do it
 (Jamieson).
 
-HEKLIT, _pp._ drawn forward over, XVII. 244. Cf. Icel. _hekla_, _h�kull_.
+HEKLIT, _pp._ drawn forward over, XVII. 244. Cf. Icel. _hekla_, _hökull_.
 
 HELDE, _v._ hold, II. 704; Helden, _3 pr. s. subj._ might hold, XXIV. 347
 (ungrammatical).
@@ -32816,7 +32787,7 @@ HORS, _s. pl._ horses, XX. 201, 274.
 
 HORS-HARNEYS, _s._ horse-trappings, XX. 218, 226, 237.
 
-HOSP�TALL, _s._ hospital, XVII. 382.
+HOSPÍTALL, _s._ hospital, XVII. 382.
 
 HOSTEL, _s._ lodging, I. i. 2. 57.
 
@@ -32872,7 +32843,7 @@ IMPERCIABLE, _adj._ impervious, not to be pierced, I. i. 4. 45.
 
 IMPERFITE, _adj._ imperfect, III. 186, 199.
 
-IMPORT�BLE, _adj._ unbearable, I. i. 1. 108; V. 26.
+IMPORTÁBLE, _adj._ unbearable, I. i. 1. 108; V. 26.
 
 IMPOSSIBLE, _s._ a thing impossible, I. ii. 4. 152; Impossible, VII. 12.
 
@@ -32886,7 +32857,7 @@ INCHAUNGEABLE, _adj._ unchangeable, I. i. _pr._ 52.
 
 INCLOSE, _pp._ included, I. iii. 4. 164.
 
-INCOMMODIT�, _s._ inconvenience, I. iii. 8. 141.
+INCOMMODITÈ, _s._ inconvenience, I. iii. 8. 141.
 
 INCONVENIENCE, _s._ unfitness, I. iii. 4. 139;   mistake, I. ii. 4. 153.
 
@@ -32930,7 +32901,7 @@ I. ii. 4. 141.   See the note.
 
 INPUT, _pp._ placed in, implanted, I. ii. 2. 120.
 
-INSE�R, _s._ investigator, looker into, I. iii. 1. 141; I. iii. 9. 91;
+INSEËR, _s._ investigator, looker into, I. iii. 1. 141; I. iii. 9. 91;
 reader, I. iii. 1. 25;   _pl._ I. ii. 1. 103.
 
 INSIGHT, _s._ perception, I. ii. 6. 96.
@@ -33015,7 +32986,7 @@ JUSTES, _s. pl._ jousts, tournaments, XX. 282.
 
 JUSTIFICACION, _s._ justification, I. ii. 13. 88.
 
-JUVENT�, _s._ youth, VII. 11.
+JUVENTÈ, _s._ youth, VII. 11.
 
 JUYSE, _s._ penalty, XVI. 622.
 
@@ -33096,7 +33067,7 @@ LACE, _s._ tie, bond, XI. 17.
 LACED, _pp._ bound, I. i. 3. 144.
 
 LACHE, _2 pr. s. subj._ loosen (it), let go, _or perhaps_, turn coward,
-relax, I. ii. 14. 83. F. _l�cher_.
+relax, I. ii. 14. 83. F. _lâcher_.
 
 LACKE, _v._ fail, III. 222.
 
@@ -33155,7 +33126,7 @@ LAUDEST, _2 pr. s._ praisest, I. i. 10. 76.
 
 LAUGHANDE, _pres. pt._ laughing, I. i. 1. 47.
 
-LAUND�, _s._ glade, VIII. 120; XVIII. 61.
+LAUNDË, _s._ glade, VIII. 120; XVIII. 61.
 
 LAUREAT, _adj._ made of laurel, X. 68.
 
@@ -33384,7 +33355,7 @@ LODEMANAGE, _s._ pilotage, steering, XIII. 61.
 
 LODESTERRE, _s._ lode-star, guiding star, XVI. 257.
 
-LO�NGE, _s._ praise, IV. 371.
+LOËNGE, _s._ praise, IV. 371.
 
 LOGGE, _s._ lodge, VIII. 585.
 
@@ -33574,13 +33545,13 @@ MATENS, _s. pl._ matins, XXIV. 1353.
 
 MATER, _s._ matter, I. iii. 9. 85.
 
-MAUGR�, _prep._ in spite of, II. 886; V. 232; _m. me_, in spite of myself,
+MAUGRÈ, _prep._ in spite of, II. 886; V. 232; _m. me_, in spite of myself,
 unwillingly, I. iii. 3. 114.
 
-MAUGR�, _s._ ill will, XVI. 240; Maugree, dislike, V. 376; displeasure, I.
+MAUGRÈ, _s._ ill will, XVI. 240; Maugree, dislike, V. 376; displeasure, I.
 ii. 6. 53.
 
-MAUND�MENTS, _s. pl._ commandments, II. 633.
+MAUNDËMENTS, _s. pl._ commandments, II. 633.
 
 MAVIS, _s._ thrush, XVII. 430; XXIV. 798.
 
@@ -33623,7 +33594,7 @@ interference, I. i. 6. 77.
 MEEDFUL, _adj._ meritorious, III. 178.
 
 MEES, _s. pl._ dwellings, houses, V. 334. O.F. _mes_, _meis_, _meix_,
-'ferme ... habitation, d�meure'; Godefroy.
+'ferme ... habitation, démeure'; Godefroy.
 
 MEID, _s._ reward, recompense, XVII. 277.
 
@@ -33661,7 +33632,7 @@ MERY, _adj._ pleasant, I. ii. 9. 131.
 
 MES, _s._ dish, course of meats, XVI. 154.
 
-MESCHAUNC�, _s._ misfortune, VII. 179.
+MESCHAUNCË, _s._ misfortune, VII. 179.
 
 MESCREAUNCE, _s._ unbelief, VI. 50.
 
@@ -33813,7 +33784,7 @@ MOROWNING, _s._ morning, VIII. 25.
 
 MOTE, _pr. s. subj._ may, II. 60; V. 111.
 
-MOTL�, _s._ motley, VIII. 72.
+MOTLË, _s._ motley, VIII. 72.
 
 MOUCHE, _pr. pl._ sneak about, II. 947.
 
@@ -33994,7 +33965,7 @@ NUTTE, _s._ nut, I. i. 3. 32.
 
 NYCE, _adj._ foolish, V. 148; VII. 14; XVIII. 13; Nyse, I. i. 4. 55.
 
-NYCET�, _s._ folly, I. iii. 4. 257.
+NYCETÈ, _s._ folly, I. iii. 4. 257.
 
 NYE-BORE, _s._ neighbour, I. ii. 9. 144.
 
@@ -34210,11 +34181,11 @@ PAPINJAY, _s._ parrot, used merely in scorn, XVIII. 222.
 
 PARCEL, _s._ part, portion, I. i. 10. 32; _as adv._ in part, VIII. 224.
 
-PARD�, pardieu, XX. 47; XXI. 753.
+PARDÈ, pardieu, XX. 47; XXI. 753.
 
 PARDURABLE, _adj._ everlasting, I. ii. 8. 87.
 
-PARFYT�, _adj. fem._ perfect, IV. 316.
+PARFYTË, _adj. fem._ perfect, IV. 316.
 
 PARISHENS, _s. pl._ parishioners, II. 767; III. 114.
 
@@ -34251,7 +34222,7 @@ PAVILIOUN, _s._ tent, X. 60.
 
 PAY, _s._ satisfaction; _her to pay_, for a satisfaction to her, VIII. 536.
 
-PAY�N, _adj._ pagan, IV. 45; _s. pl._ IV. 183.
+PAYËN, _adj._ pagan, IV. 45; _s. pl._ IV. 183.
 
 PAYNIMS, _pl. adj._ pagan, I. ii. 1. 49; _s. pl._ I. ii. 1. 46.
 
@@ -34315,7 +34286,7 @@ PERSAUNT, _adj._ piercing, VIII. 28, 358; XXIV. 849.
 
 PERSE, _pr. pl._ pierce, XXIV. 940.
 
-PERS�VER, _v._ persevere, IX. 174.
+PERSÉVER, _v._ persevere, IX. 174.
 
 PERSONAGE, _s._ dignity, title, II. 269, 723; titles, II. 953. See note to
 II. 723, p. 465.
@@ -34352,9 +34323,9 @@ PINCHE AT, _ger._ to find fault with, XIII. 68.
 
 PISCYNE, _s._ fish-pool, X. 134.
 
-PITOUS, _adj._ merciful, IV. 345; Pitous�, _fem._ piteous, V. 23.
+PITOUS, _adj._ merciful, IV. 345; Pitousë, _fem._ piteous, V. 23.
 
-PITT�, _s._ pit, well, VIII. 92.
+PITTË, _s._ pit, well, VIII. 92.
 
 PLAIN, _adj._ open, true, XIII. 39.
 
@@ -34431,7 +34402,7 @@ POSSED, _pp._ pushed about, VIII. 236.
 
 POST, _s._ support, XXIV. 1189.
 
-POSTERIORIT�, _s._ being behind, I. iii. 4. 166.
+POSTERIORITÈ, _s._ being behind, I. iii. 4. 166.
 
 POTHECAIRIS, _s. pl._ apothecaries, XVII. 248.
 
@@ -34494,7 +34465,7 @@ PRICKE, _s._ dot, point, I. i. 8. 95; moment, I. i. 8. 128.
 
 PRIME FACE, first look; _at the p. f._, prim[=a] facie, I. i. 6. 57.
 
-PRINCIPALIT�, _s._ rule, I. i. 9. 47; -alt�, dominion, I. ii. 3. 12.
+PRINCIPALITÈ, _s._ rule, I. i. 9. 47; -altè, dominion, I. ii. 3. 12.
 
 PRINT, _s._ impression, XVI. 477.
 
@@ -34520,7 +34491,7 @@ PROPER, _adj._ own, I. i. 10. 112; Propre, peculiar, I. ii. 6. 135.
 
 PROPER, _s._ personal property, III. 190.
 
-PROPINQUIT�, _s._ nearness of kin, I. ii. 2. 101.
+PROPINQUITÈ, _s._ nearness of kin, I. ii. 2. 101.
 
 PROPORCIONS, _s. pl._ suppositions, I. iii. 3. 19. (_Probably for_
 propositions.)
@@ -34561,7 +34532,7 @@ PUNGITIVE, _adj._ pungent, i.e. ready to sting, XVII. 229.
 
 PUNICAL, _adj._ Punic, X. 121. See Pome.
 
-PUNISSH�MENT, _s._ punishment, V. 467; _pl._ II. 520.
+PUNISSHËMENT, _s._ punishment, V. 467; _pl._ II. 520.
 
 PURCHACE, _s._ earning (it), obtaining (it), XVI. 322; Purchas, bargain,
 XVI. 74; purchase, XXVIII. 3.
@@ -34707,9 +34678,9 @@ RAYED, _pp._ arrayed, XXIV. 819.
 
 RAYLE, _s._ rail, bar, XXI. 42. See note.
 
-R�ALMES, _s. pl._ kingdoms, I. ii. 7. 23, 33.
+RËALMES, _s. pl._ kingdoms, I. ii. 7. 23, 33.
 
-REB�L, _adj._ rebellious, XVI. 656.
+REBÉL, _adj._ rebellious, XVI. 656.
 
 RECCHE, _v._ reck, care, I. iii. 2. 68; III. 332; _pr. s. subj._ I. ii. 7.
 63; _pr. s._ I. iii. 6. 118.
@@ -34778,7 +34749,7 @@ REJOYSE, _s._ joy, enjoyment, XXIV. 666.
 
 REKES, _s. pl._ ricks, I. i. _pr._ 100.
 
-RELEES, _s._ release, VIII. 332; R�les, VIII. 20.
+RELEES, _s._ release, VIII. 332; Réles, VIII. 20.
 
 RELESSE, _v._ relax, XXIV. 1014.
 
@@ -34797,7 +34768,7 @@ REMEID, _s._ remedy, XVII. 33.
 
 REMEID, _v._ remedy, cure, XVII. 473.
 
-REM�NANT, _s._ rest, V. 163.
+REMËNANT, _s._ rest, V. 163.
 
 REMES, _s. pl._ realms, V. 333; X. 117.
 
@@ -34813,7 +34784,7 @@ RENEY, _ger._ to deny, renounce, XXIV. 874.
 RENNE, _ger._ to run, I. i. 1. 107; _pr. pl._ X. 64; _pres. pt._ running,
 variable, VIII. 458.
 
-RENOM�, _s._ renown, fame, I. ii. 4. 21; XI. 93.
+RENOMÈ, _s._ renown, fame, I. ii. 4. 21; XI. 93.
 
 RENOMMED, _pp._ renowned, XVI. 756.
 
@@ -34853,7 +34824,7 @@ REPUGNAUNT, _adj._ opposite, contrary, I. iii. 3. 32.
 
 REPUGNETH, _pr. s._ opposes, I. iii. 2 158.
 
-REQUEST�, _s._ request (trisyllabic), IV. 27 (not _request_, as in the
+REQUESTË, _s._ request (trisyllabic), IV. 27 (not _request_, as in the
 text); _withoute r._, unintentionally, XVI. 122.
 
 RESCEYT, _s._ receptacle, VIII. 226.
@@ -34972,7 +34943,7 @@ RONG, _pt. s._ rang, VIII. 45; XX. 100.
 
 RORE, _s._ tumult, I. i. 6. 150.
 
-ROS�-FLOUR, _s._ rose, II. 752.
+ROSË-FLOUR, _s._ rose, II. 752.
 
 ROSEN, _adj._ rosy, VIII. 656.
 
@@ -35459,7 +35430,7 @@ SOMPNOUR, _s._ summoner, II. 325.
 
 SONDE, _s._ sending, ordinance, IV. 84.
 
-SON�, _s._ son, V. 5.
+SONË, _s._ son, V. 5.
 
 SONGE, _pp._ sung, III. 95.
 
@@ -35482,7 +35453,7 @@ SOTE, _adj._ sweet, I. ii. 14. 57; XX. 84.
 
 SOTELL-PERSING, _adj._ subtly piercing, XXIV. 768.
 
-SOTELT�, _s._ subtlety, XVI. 619.
+SOTELTÈ, _s._ subtlety, XVI. 619.
 
 SOTH, _s._ truth, II. 171.
 
@@ -35504,7 +35475,7 @@ SOUKINGES, _s. pl._ food for infants, I. i. 4. 27.
 
 SOULED, _pp._ conferred on the soul, I. iii. 1. 15.
 
-SOUL�-HELE, _s._ health of the soul, salvation, II. 1193.
+SOULË-HELE, _s._ health of the soul, salvation, II. 1193.
 
 SOUN, _s._ sound, VIII. 200.
 
@@ -35512,7 +35483,7 @@ SOUNDE, _s._ swoon, XXIV. 995.
 
 SOUNDE, _ger._ to heal, VIII. 292.
 
-SOUP�, _v._ sup, II. 1096; _ger._ XX. 417.
+SOUPË, _v._ sup, II. 1096; _ger._ XX. 417.
 
 SOUPLE, _adj._ supple, weak, II. 58.
 
@@ -35928,7 +35899,7 @@ TENETH, _pr. s._ grieves, vexes, I. i. 2. 66.
 
 TENETZ, _s._ tennis, IV. 295. See note.
 
-T'ENPRINT�, to imprint, VII. 131.
+T'ENPRINTË, to imprint, VII. 131.
 
 TERME, _s._ term, appointed age, I. iii. 4. 112; _t. of my lyf_, for all my
 lifetime, XVIII. 289.
@@ -36374,7 +36345,7 @@ VAYLANCE, _s._ benefit, profit, I. ii. 5. 85.
 
 VAYLETH, _pr. s._ availeth (it), XVI. 720; _pp._ I. i. 2. 163.
 
-VELU�T, _s._ velvet, VIII. 80; XX. 233; Veluet, XX. 141, 261.
+VELUËT, _s._ velvet, VIII. 80; XX. 233; Veluet, XX. 141, 261.
 
 VENGEABLE, _adj._ revengeful, I. ii. 11. 92; II. 805.
 
@@ -36396,7 +36367,7 @@ VERTUOUS, _adj._ endowed with virtue or power, I. iii. 1. 45.
 
 VERY, _adv._ extremely, XX. 10, 35; very, XX. 409; XXI. 479.
 
-VEST�MENT, _s._ vestment, II. 278, 934.
+VESTËMENT, _s._ vestment, II. 278, 934.
 
 VIAGE, _s._ voyage, journey, I. i. 5. 84; IV. 57; XXI. 46.
 
@@ -36420,7 +36391,7 @@ retreats, I. i. 5. 34.
 
 VOLUNTARIOUS, _adj._ voluntary, free, I. ii. 8. 116.
 
-VOLUNT�, _s._ free will, VIII. 299.
+VOLUNTÈ, _s._ free will, VIII. 299.
 
 VOLUPTUOUSLY, _adv._ luxuriously, I. ii. 10. 18.
 
@@ -36904,7 +36875,7 @@ Y-DON, _pp._ made, XX. 61.
 
 YE, yea, I. i. 7. 34.
 
-Y�, _s._ eye, IX. 124.
+YË, _s._ eye, IX. 124.
 
 YEDE, _1 pt. s._ went, VIII. 120;   _pt. s._ I. i. 10. 111; XX. 54;   _pt.
 pl._ XX. 295, 301.
@@ -37028,7 +36999,7 @@ Y-TOURNED, _pp._ turned, I. i. 7. 51.
 
 Y-TYED, _pp._ tied, V. 226.
 
-YV�-LEFE, _s._ ivy-leaf, I. iii. 7. 50.
+YVÈ-LEFE, _s._ ivy-leaf, I. iii. 7. 50.
 
 YUEL-SPEKERS, _s. pl._ evil-speakers, I. i. 9. 6.
 
@@ -37140,7 +37111,7 @@ CAMBRIGE, Cambridge, XXIV. 913.
 
 CANACEE, IX. 206.
 
-CART�G�, Carthage, V. 311; XXIV. 231.
+CARTÁGË, Carthage, V. 311; XXIV. 231.
 
 CASSODORE, Cassiodorus, IV. 330.
 
@@ -37157,7 +37128,7 @@ CHAUCER, VII. 65, 98; IX. 236; XVII. 41; XXIX. 1.
 CIPRYDE, Venus, IX. 20. (_Venus and Cipryde_, Venus and the Cyprian
 goddess, really one and the same.)
 
-CITHAREA, Venus, XXIV. 50, 556; Cithera, V. 5; Cither�, XXIV. 1178.
+CITHAREA, Venus, XXIV. 50, 556; Cithera, V. 5; Citherè, XXIV. 1178.
 
 CITHAREE, Cythera, _but an error for_ Cithaeron, XXIV. 49. See note.
 
@@ -37186,7 +37157,7 @@ CYNTHIA, the Moon, XVII. 253.
 
 DALIDA, Delilah, XIII. 83; XXIV. 538.
 
-DANE, Dana�, I. i. 5. 8; XXIV. 824.
+DANE, Danaë, I. i. 5. 8; XXIV. 824.
 
 DAPHNE, VIII. 64.
 
@@ -37221,7 +37192,7 @@ ENEAS, Aeneas, I. i. 5. 129; V. 309; XXIV. 233; Enee, VIII. 375; IX. 212.
 
 ENGLISSH, English, I. iii. 4. 249.
 
-ENGLOND, England, XXIV. 1226; Eng�lond, IV. 358.
+ENGLOND, England, XXIV. 1226; Engëlond, IV. 358.
 
 EOY, Eous, XVII. 212.
 
@@ -37325,7 +37296,7 @@ JOHN DE MEUN, V. 281.
 
 JOSEPH, X. 138.
 
-JOSU�, Joshua, IV. 282; XII. 88.
+JOSUË, Joshua, IV. 282; XII. 88.
 
 JOVE, Jupiter, XXIV. 94, 820; Jovis, I. ii. 9. 167.
 
@@ -37405,7 +37376,7 @@ NERO, I. ii. 3. 110; I. ii. 6. 78; I. ii. 7. 8; II. 294, 1250; VII. 174.
 
 NIOBE, VIII. 178.
 
-NOE, Noah, I. i. 8. 56; No�s, _gen._ I. i. 7. 83; I. ii. 2. 108.
+NOE, Noah, I. i. 8. 56; Noës, _gen._ I. i. 7. 83; I. ii. 2. 108.
 
 NORMANDES, _s. pl._ Normans', I. ii. 7. 19.
 
@@ -37431,7 +37402,7 @@ PARIS, I. i. 2. 92; I. i. 5. 6; I. i. 8. 63.
 
 PAULYN, Paulinus, I. iii. 2. 19, 21. See note.
 
-PEGAC�, _s._ Pegasus, VIII. 92.
+PEGACÈ, _s._ Pegasus, VIII. 92.
 
 PENELOPE, IX. 203; XII. 113.
 
@@ -37439,7 +37410,7 @@ PERDICAS, Perdiccas, I. ii. 2. 116; I. iii. 2. 25.
 
 PERNASO, _s._ Parnassus, VIII. 93.
 
-PEROS, Pyro�is, XVII. 215.
+PEROS, Pyroëis, XVII. 215.
 
 PETER, II. 365, 443; _gen._ II. 66.
 
@@ -37512,7 +37483,7 @@ SENEK, Seneca, XII. 101.
 
 SEPTEMBRE, September, XXI. 1.
 
-SILO�, Siloam, I. ii. 14. 40.
+SILOË, Siloam, I. ii. 14. 40.
 
 SILVESTER, pope, IV. 346.
 
@@ -37603,14 +37574,14 @@ are to the pages.
 
   Cardinal Virtues, 479.
   Chaucer's death alluded to, 510.
-  Chaucer's Bo�thius, alluded to, 451, 453-4, 457-8, 461-3, 466-76, 481-3.
+  Chaucer's Boëthius, alluded to, 451, 453-4, 457-8, 461-3, 466-76, 481-3.
   -- Anelida, 537, 543.
   -- Book of the Duchess, 473, 530.
   -- Canterbury Tales, 456, 503, &c.
   -- Compleynt of Venus, 548-9.
   -- House of Fame, imitated, 467-8.
   -- Legend of Good Women, 452, 467, 483, 500-1, 537, 542-3, 547.
-  -- Merciless Beaut�, 513.
+  -- Merciless Beautè, 513.
   -- Rom. of the Rose, 456-7, 504-6, 545, 549, 551.
   -- Troilus, 452, 455, 457, 459, 472, 481-3, 521-3, 525, 551.
   Christine de Pisan, 499.
@@ -37736,12 +37707,12 @@ _LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS._
   BESANT, SIR WALTER, Hampstead, London, N.W.
   BEVAN, G. L., Esq., London, W.
   BIBLIOTHEEK VAN DE RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT TE GRONINGEN.
-  BIBLIOTH�QUE ALBERT-DUMONT, Paris.
-  BIBLIOTH�QUE DE L'�COLE NORMALE SUP�RIEURE.
-  BIBLIOTH�QUE DE L'UNIVERSIT� DE BORDEAUX.
-  BIBLIOTH�QUE DE L'UNIVERSIT� DE PARIS.
-  BIBLIOTH�QUE DE L'UNIVERSIT� DE POITIERS.
-  BIBLIOTH�QUE NATIONALE, Paris.
+  BIBLIOTHÈQUE ALBERT-DUMONT, Paris.
+  BIBLIOTHÈQUE DE L'ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE.
+  BIBLIOTHÈQUE DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX.
+  BIBLIOTHÈQUE DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE PARIS.
+  BIBLIOTHÈQUE DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE POITIERS.
+  BIBLIOTHÈQUE NATIONALE, Paris.
   BICKERS & SON, Booksellers, London, W.C. (_thirty copies_).
   BILLSON, C. J., Esq., M.A., Leicester.
   BILSLAND, WILLIAM, Esq., Glasgow.
@@ -37899,8 +37870,8 @@ _LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS._
   ELLERSHAW, Rev. H., M.A., Durham.
   ELLIOT, ANDREW, Bookseller, Edinburgh.
   ELLIS, F. S., Esq., Torquay.
-  ENGLISCHES SEMINAR DER UNIVERSIT�T, Gr�tz, Austria.
-  ENGLISCHES SEMINAR DER UNIVERSIT�T, Strassburg.
+  ENGLISCHES SEMINAR DER UNIVERSITÄT, Grätz, Austria.
+  ENGLISCHES SEMINAR DER UNIVERSITÄT, Strassburg.
   EVANS, H. A., Esq., Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester.
   EVERARD, C. H., Esq., East Grinstead.
   EXETER COLLEGE, Oxford, The Rev. the RECTOR OF.
@@ -37923,7 +37894,7 @@ _LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS._
   FLETCHER, CHARLES E., Esq., Maidstone.
   FLOWER, WICKHAM, Esq., London, S.W.
   FORD, Hon. W. C., Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
-  F�RSTER, Prof. Dr. MAX, University, Bonn.
+  FÖRSTER, Prof. Dr. MAX, University, Bonn.
   FOSTER, Prof. GREGORY, London, W.
   FOWLER, H. W., Esq., Sedbergh.
   FOX, Mrs. HAMILTON, Keston, Kent.
@@ -38000,7 +37971,7 @@ _LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS._
   HIRSCHFELD BROS., Booksellers, London, E.C.
   HITCHMAN, JOHN, Bookseller, Birmingham.
   HODGSON, T. T., Esq.
-  H�LDER, A., Esq., Vienna.
+  HÖLDER, A., Esq., Vienna.
   HOLLINGWORTH, Miss, London, W.
   HOLLINS, F., Esq., Eastbourne.
   HOLMES, TIMOTHY, Esq., London, W.
@@ -38349,7 +38320,7 @@ _LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS._
   UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, Edinburgh.
   UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, Glasgow.
   UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, Sydney.
-  UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, T�bingen.
+  UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, Tübingen.
   UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, Utrecht.
   UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, Boulder, U.S.A.
   UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor, U.S.A.
@@ -38515,7 +38486,7 @@ Foules, 479, and with _began_ in the same, 563.
 last six lines only. But it is no great matter.
 
 [25] Hence F. 148, 'As gret-e perl-es, round and orient,' reappears in A.
-528 without the final _-e_, in the form: 'With gret' perl�s, _ful_ fyne and
+528 without the final _-e_, in the form: 'With gret' perlés, _ful_ fyne and
 orient.'
 
 [26] The examples of _trewly_ in Book Duch. 1111, 1151, are doubtful. It is
@@ -38534,7 +38505,7 @@ a slippery poem to scan. Elsewhere, we find _trew-e-ly_.
 [32] See the English translation in Bohn's Library, i. 214.
 
 [33] A piece entitled 'De Duodecim Abusivis' is one of three pieces
-appended to �lfric's Lives of the Saints in MS. Julius E. 7.
+appended to Ælfric's Lives of the Saints in MS. Julius E. 7.
 
 [34] No. 61 is The Storie of Thebes, which he of course knew to be
 Lydgate's; he adds it _after_ the note--'Thus endeth the workes of Geffray
@@ -38545,7 +38516,7 @@ Chaucer.'
 [36] In Moxon's Chaucer, which professed to accept Tyrwhitt's canon, this
 piece was omitted; but it was revived once more by Bell.
 
-[37] See The Athen�um, Nov. 4, 1876; The Academy, June 3, 1878; Aug. 3,
+[37] See The Athenæum, Nov. 4, 1876; The Academy, June 3, 1878; Aug. 3,
 1878.
 
 [38] My remark upon the Trinity MS. in vol. i. p. 56, that 'most of the
@@ -38555,7 +38526,7 @@ poems by Lydgate, fills part of a quire of twenty-four leaves _near the
 end_ of the MS., of which the seventeenth has been cut out and the last
 three are blank; and this quire is quite distinct from the rest as regards
 the date of the writing, which is considerably later than 1500, and
-exhibits a marked change. There are two _lacun�_ in the poem, one after l.
+exhibits a marked change. There are two _lacunæ_ in the poem, one after l.
 1022, and another after l. 1316; probably six stanzas are lost in each
 case, owing to the loss of the two corresponding leaves in the original
 from which the existing copy was made.
@@ -38615,364 +38586,4 @@ P. 556. s.v. Alegge. "XIX. 26." corrected from "XVIII. 26."
 
 End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chaucerian and Other Pieces, edited by Walter Skeat
 
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 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
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-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
     <title>
       Chaucerian Pieces
     </title>
@@ -63,44 +63,7 @@
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 <body>
-
-
-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chaucerian and Other Pieces, edited by Walter Skeat
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
-
-
-Title: Chaucerian and Other Pieces
-       Being a Supplement to the Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer
-
-Editor: Walter Skeat
-
-Release Date: July 11, 2013 [EBook #43195]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
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-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAUCERIAN AND OTHER PIECES ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43195 ***</div>
 
 <table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;">
 <tr>
@@ -170,68 +133,68 @@ PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY</p>
 <tr><td class="pt1" colspan="2"> </td>
 <td class="ar pt1"> <span class="sm">PAGE</span></td></tr>
 
-<tr><td class="ind2 pt1" colspan="2"> <span class="sc">Introduction.</span>&mdash;<a href="#sect1">� 1</a>. Works appended to those of Chaucer in various
-editions. <a href="#sect2">� 2</a>. Thynne's collection in 1532. <i>A Praise of Women.</i>
-<i>The Lamentation of Mary Magdalen.</i> <i>The Remedy of Love.</i> <a href="#sect3">� 3</a>.
+<tr><td class="ind2 pt1" colspan="2"> <span class="sc">Introduction.</span>&mdash;<a href="#sect1">§ 1</a>. Works appended to those of Chaucer in various
+editions. <a href="#sect2">§ 2</a>. Thynne's collection in 1532. <i>A Praise of Women.</i>
+<i>The Lamentation of Mary Magdalen.</i> <i>The Remedy of Love.</i> <a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>.
 Other non-Chaucerian pieces. <i>The Craft of Lovers.</i> <i>A Balade.</i>
 <i>The Ten Commandments of Love.</i> <i>The Nine Ladies Worthy.</i>
 <i>Virelai.</i> <i>The Judgement of Paris.</i> <i>A Balade pleasaunte.</i> <i>Another
-Balade.</i> <i>The Court of Love.</i> <a href="#sect4">� 4</a>. Additions by Speght. <i>Chaucer's
-Dream.</i> <i>Eight Goodly Questions.</i> <a href="#sect5">� 5</a>. Editions and MSS. consulted.
-<a href="#sect6">� 6</a>. Authorities for the pieces here printed. <a href="#sect7">� 7</a>. I.
-<span class="sc">The Testament of Love.</span> <a href="#sect8">� 8</a>. The acrostic found in it. Name
-of the author. <a href="#sect9">� 9</a>. Fate of Thomas Usk. <a href="#sect10">� 10</a>. Idea of the work.
-<a href="#sect11">� 11</a>. The author's plagiarisms from Chaucer. <a href="#sect12">� 12</a>. How he stole
-a passage from The House of Fame. <a href="#sect13">� 13</a>. Borrowings from
-Troilus and Piers Plowman. <a href="#sect14">� 14</a>. The author's inaccuracies.
-<a href="#sect15">� 15</a>. The title; and the meaning of Margaret. <a href="#sect16">� 16</a>. Plan of
-the work. <a href="#sect17">� 17</a>. Outline of Book I. <a href="#sect18">� 18</a>. Outline of Book II.
-<a href="#sect19">� 19</a>. Outline of Book III. <a href="#sect20">� 20</a>. II. <span class="sc">The Plowmans Tale.</span> <a href="#sect21">� 21</a>.
-Never supposed to be Chaucer's. <a href="#sect22">� 22</a>. Written by the author of
-The Ploughmans Crede. <a href="#sect23">� 23</a>. III. <span class="sc">Jack Upland.</span> <a href="#sect24">� 24</a>. Date,
-<span class="sm">A.D.</span> 1402. <a href="#sect25">� 25</a>. Traces of two texts. <a href="#sect26">� 26</a>. Not originally
-written in alliterative verse. <a href="#sect27">� 27</a>. IV. <span class="sc">The Praise of Peace.</span>
-By John Gower. <a href="#sect28">� 28</a>. The Trentham MS. <a href="#sect29">� 29</a>. Date, <span class="sm">A.D.</span> 1399.
-<a href="#sect30">� 30</a>. V. <span class="sc">The Letter of Cupid.</span> By Thomas Hoccleve. <a href="#sect31">� 31</a>.
-VI. <span class="sc">Two Balades.</span> By Thomas Hoccleve. <a href="#sect32">� 32</a>. VII.
-<span class="sc">A Moral Balade.</span> By Henry Scogan. Date, about 1407. <a href="#sect33">� 33</a>. The
-supper at the Vintry. <a href="#sect34">� 34</a>. VIII. <span class="sc">The Complaint of the Black Knight.</span> By John Lydgate. <a href="#sect35">� 35</a>. His quotations from
+Balade.</i> <i>The Court of Love.</i> <a href="#sect4">§ 4</a>. Additions by Speght. <i>Chaucer's
+Dream.</i> <i>Eight Goodly Questions.</i> <a href="#sect5">§ 5</a>. Editions and MSS. consulted.
+<a href="#sect6">§ 6</a>. Authorities for the pieces here printed. <a href="#sect7">§ 7</a>. I.
+<span class="sc">The Testament of Love.</span> <a href="#sect8">§ 8</a>. The acrostic found in it. Name
+of the author. <a href="#sect9">§ 9</a>. Fate of Thomas Usk. <a href="#sect10">§ 10</a>. Idea of the work.
+<a href="#sect11">§ 11</a>. The author's plagiarisms from Chaucer. <a href="#sect12">§ 12</a>. How he stole
+a passage from The House of Fame. <a href="#sect13">§ 13</a>. Borrowings from
+Troilus and Piers Plowman. <a href="#sect14">§ 14</a>. The author's inaccuracies.
+<a href="#sect15">§ 15</a>. The title; and the meaning of Margaret. <a href="#sect16">§ 16</a>. Plan of
+the work. <a href="#sect17">§ 17</a>. Outline of Book I. <a href="#sect18">§ 18</a>. Outline of Book II.
+<a href="#sect19">§ 19</a>. Outline of Book III. <a href="#sect20">§ 20</a>. II. <span class="sc">The Plowmans Tale.</span> <a href="#sect21">§ 21</a>.
+Never supposed to be Chaucer's. <a href="#sect22">§ 22</a>. Written by the author of
+The Ploughmans Crede. <a href="#sect23">§ 23</a>. III. <span class="sc">Jack Upland.</span> <a href="#sect24">§ 24</a>. Date,
+<span class="sm">A.D.</span> 1402. <a href="#sect25">§ 25</a>. Traces of two texts. <a href="#sect26">§ 26</a>. Not originally
+written in alliterative verse. <a href="#sect27">§ 27</a>. IV. <span class="sc">The Praise of Peace.</span>
+By John Gower. <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>. The Trentham MS. <a href="#sect29">§ 29</a>. Date, <span class="sm">A.D.</span> 1399.
+<a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>. V. <span class="sc">The Letter of Cupid.</span> By Thomas Hoccleve. <a href="#sect31">§ 31</a>.
+VI. <span class="sc">Two Balades.</span> By Thomas Hoccleve. <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>. VII.
+<span class="sc">A Moral Balade.</span> By Henry Scogan. Date, about 1407. <a href="#sect33">§ 33</a>. The
+supper at the Vintry. <a href="#sect34">§ 34</a>. VIII. <span class="sc">The Complaint of the Black Knight.</span> By John Lydgate. <a href="#sect35">§ 35</a>. His quotations from
 Chaucer's version of the Romaunt of the Rose. Date, about
-1402. <a href="#sect36">� 36</a>. IX. <span class="sc">The Flour of Curtesye.</span> By John Lydgate.
-Date, about 1401. <a href="#sect37">� 37</a>. X. <span class="sc">A Balade in Commendation of our Lady.</span>
-By John Lydgate. <a href="#sect38">� 38</a>. A new stanza and a new <span class="sm">MS.</span> <a href="#sect39">� 39</a>. XI. <span class="sc">To my Soverain Lady.</span> By John Lydgate.
-<a href="#sect40">� 40</a>. XII. <span class="sc">Ballad of Good Counsel.</span> By John Lydgate.
-<a href="#sect41">� 41</a>. XIII. <span class="sc">Beware of Doubleness.</span> By John Lydgate. <a href="#sect42">� 42</a>.
-XIV. <span class="sc">A Balade: Warning Men</span>, &amp;c. By John Lydgate. <a href="#sect43">� 43</a>.
-XV. <span class="sc">Three Sayings.</span> By John Lydgate. <a href="#sect44">� 44</a>. XVI. <span class="sc">La Belle Dame sans Mercy.</span> By Sir Richard Ros. Date, about 1460.
+1402. <a href="#sect36">§ 36</a>. IX. <span class="sc">The Flour of Curtesye.</span> By John Lydgate.
+Date, about 1401. <a href="#sect37">§ 37</a>. X. <span class="sc">A Balade in Commendation of our Lady.</span>
+By John Lydgate. <a href="#sect38">§ 38</a>. A new stanza and a new <span class="sm">MS.</span> <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>. XI. <span class="sc">To my Soverain Lady.</span> By John Lydgate.
+<a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>. XII. <span class="sc">Ballad of Good Counsel.</span> By John Lydgate.
+<a href="#sect41">§ 41</a>. XIII. <span class="sc">Beware of Doubleness.</span> By John Lydgate. <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>.
+XIV. <span class="sc">A Balade: Warning Men</span>, &amp;c. By John Lydgate. <a href="#sect43">§ 43</a>.
+XV. <span class="sc">Three Sayings.</span> By John Lydgate. <a href="#sect44">§ 44</a>. XVI. <span class="sc">La Belle Dame sans Mercy.</span> By Sir Richard Ros. Date, about 1460.
 <!-- Page vi --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagevi"></a>[vi]</span>
-<a href="#sect45">� 45</a>. Apparently in the Leicestershire dialect. <a href="#sect46">� 46</a>. Alan Chartier.
-<a href="#sect47">� 47</a>. Thynne's text and the MSS. <a href="#sect48">� 48</a>. XVII. <span class="sc">The Testament of Cresseid.</span> By Robert Henryson. Date, about 1460.
-<a href="#sect49">� 49</a>. XVIII. <span class="sc">The Cuckoo and the Nightingale.</span> Probably
-by Sir Thomas Clanvowe. <a href="#sect50">� 50</a>. The queen at Woodstock;
-about <span class="sm">A.D.</span> 1403. <a href="#sect51">� 51</a>. Clanvowe's excessive use of the final <i>-e</i>.
-<a href="#sect52">� 52</a>. His partiality for 'headless' lines. <a href="#sect53">� 53</a>. Milton's Sonnet
-to the Nightingale. <a href="#sect54">� 54</a>. XIX. <span class="sc">Envoy to Alison.</span> Not by
-Clanvowe. <a href="#sect55">� 55</a>. XX. <span class="sc">The Flower and the Leaf.</span> By the
-authoress of The Assembly of Ladies. <a href="#sect56">� 56</a>. The former is the
-earlier poem. Neither of them is by Chaucer. <a href="#sect57">� 57</a>. Variations
-from Chaucer's usages. <a href="#sect58">� 58</a>. Examination of the Rimes. <a href="#sect59">� 59</a>.
-Change in pronunciation. <a href="#sect60">� 60</a>. Gower on the Flower and the
-Leaf. <a href="#sect61">� 61</a>. XXI. <span class="sc">The Assembly of Ladies.</span> By the authoress
-of The Flower and the Leaf. <a href="#sect62">� 62</a>. Ordering of a medieval household.
-<a href="#sect63">� 63</a>. XXII. <span class="sc">A Goodly Balade.</span> By John Lydgate.
-Imperfect. <a href="#sect64">� 64</a>. XXIII. <span class="sc">Go forth, King.</span> By John Lydgate.
-<a href="#sect65">� 65</a>. <i>Duodecim Abusiones.</i> <a href="#sect66">� 66</a>. XXIV. <span class="sc">The Court of Love.</span>
-First printed in 1561. <a href="#sect67">� 67</a>. Tyrwhitt's plan for a Glossary to the
-Canterbury Tales. <a href="#sect68">� 68</a>. Moxon's edition of Chaucer; establishing
-an erroneous canon of Chaucer's Works. <a href="#sect69">� 69</a>. How to draw
-up such a canon correctly. <a href="#sect70">� 70</a>. The Court of Love discussed.
-<a href="#sect71">� 71</a>. The Trinity MS. and the language. <a href="#sect72">� 72</a>. Artificiality of
-the archaisms affected. <a href="#sect73">� 73</a>. Examination of the Rimes. <a href="#sect74">� 74</a>.
-Comparison with Chaucerian English. <a href="#sect75">� 75</a>. The Courts of Love.
-<a href="#sect76">� 76</a>. Pieces numbered XXV-XXIX. <a href="#sect77">� 77</a>. Twelve authors (at
-least) distinguished in the present volume. <a href="#sect78">� 78</a>. There are probably
-four more. <a href="#sect79">� 79</a>. Improvements in the present edition</td>
+<a href="#sect45">§ 45</a>. Apparently in the Leicestershire dialect. <a href="#sect46">§ 46</a>. Alan Chartier.
+<a href="#sect47">§ 47</a>. Thynne's text and the MSS. <a href="#sect48">§ 48</a>. XVII. <span class="sc">The Testament of Cresseid.</span> By Robert Henryson. Date, about 1460.
+<a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>. XVIII. <span class="sc">The Cuckoo and the Nightingale.</span> Probably
+by Sir Thomas Clanvowe. <a href="#sect50">§ 50</a>. The queen at Woodstock;
+about <span class="sm">A.D.</span> 1403. <a href="#sect51">§ 51</a>. Clanvowe's excessive use of the final <i>-e</i>.
+<a href="#sect52">§ 52</a>. His partiality for 'headless' lines. <a href="#sect53">§ 53</a>. Milton's Sonnet
+to the Nightingale. <a href="#sect54">§ 54</a>. XIX. <span class="sc">Envoy to Alison.</span> Not by
+Clanvowe. <a href="#sect55">§ 55</a>. XX. <span class="sc">The Flower and the Leaf.</span> By the
+authoress of The Assembly of Ladies. <a href="#sect56">§ 56</a>. The former is the
+earlier poem. Neither of them is by Chaucer. <a href="#sect57">§ 57</a>. Variations
+from Chaucer's usages. <a href="#sect58">§ 58</a>. Examination of the Rimes. <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>.
+Change in pronunciation. <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>. Gower on the Flower and the
+Leaf. <a href="#sect61">§ 61</a>. XXI. <span class="sc">The Assembly of Ladies.</span> By the authoress
+of The Flower and the Leaf. <a href="#sect62">§ 62</a>. Ordering of a medieval household.
+<a href="#sect63">§ 63</a>. XXII. <span class="sc">A Goodly Balade.</span> By John Lydgate.
+Imperfect. <a href="#sect64">§ 64</a>. XXIII. <span class="sc">Go forth, King.</span> By John Lydgate.
+<a href="#sect65">§ 65</a>. <i>Duodecim Abusiones.</i> <a href="#sect66">§ 66</a>. XXIV. <span class="sc">The Court of Love.</span>
+First printed in 1561. <a href="#sect67">§ 67</a>. Tyrwhitt's plan for a Glossary to the
+Canterbury Tales. <a href="#sect68">§ 68</a>. Moxon's edition of Chaucer; establishing
+an erroneous canon of Chaucer's Works. <a href="#sect69">§ 69</a>. How to draw
+up such a canon correctly. <a href="#sect70">§ 70</a>. The Court of Love discussed.
+<a href="#sect71">§ 71</a>. The Trinity MS. and the language. <a href="#sect72">§ 72</a>. Artificiality of
+the archaisms affected. <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>. Examination of the Rimes. <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>.
+Comparison with Chaucerian English. <a href="#sect75">§ 75</a>. The Courts of Love.
+<a href="#sect76">§ 76</a>. Pieces numbered XXV-XXIX. <a href="#sect77">§ 77</a>. Twelve authors (at
+least) distinguished in the present volume. <a href="#sect78">§ 78</a>. There are probably
+four more. <a href="#sect79">§ 79</a>. Improvements in the present edition</td>
 <td class="ar vbm pt1"> <a href="#pageix">ix</a></td></tr>
 
 <tr><td class="ar pt1"> I. </td>
@@ -389,7 +352,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   <p>P. 26, l. 45. <i>For</i> conuersion <i>read</i> conversion.</p>
 
   <p>P. 32, l. 38. Mr. Bradley suggests that <i>maistresse</i> is a
-  misprint of Thynne's for <i>maistres secr�</i>, i.e. master's secret;
+  misprint of Thynne's for <i>maistres secrè</i>, i.e. master's secret;
   alluding to John of Northampton.</p>
 
   <p>P. 33, l. 75. <i>For</i> may it be sayd in that thinge 'this man thou
@@ -405,7 +368,7 @@ XIII. </td>
 
   <p>P. 153, l. 187. <i>Insert a hyphen in</i> gold-mastling.</p>
 
-  <p>P. 163, l. 520. <i>For</i> punishments <i>read</i> punish�ments.
+  <p>P. 163, l. 520. <i>For</i> punishments <i>read</i> punishëments.
   (<i>See</i> note.)</p>
 
   <p>P. 180, l. 1050. <i>For</i> [ful] <i>read</i> [not]. (<i>See</i>
@@ -416,7 +379,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   <p>P. 192, l. 36. <i>Insert a mark of interrogation after</i> speketh
   of.</p>
 
-  <p>P. 206, l. 27. <i>For</i> request [the] <i>read</i> request�.
+  <p>P. 206, l. 27. <i>For</i> request [the] <i>read</i> requestë.
   (<i>See</i> note.)</p>
 
   <p>P. 213, l. 294. <i>For</i> men <i>perhaps read</i> pees. (<i>See</i>
@@ -447,7 +410,7 @@ XIII. </td>
 
 <p class="ac lg150">INTRODUCTION</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect1">� 1</a>. The following pieces are selected, as being
+  <p><a name="sect1">§ 1</a>. The following pieces are selected, as being
   the most important, from among the very numerous ones which have been
   appended to Chaucer's works in various editions.</p>
 
@@ -485,7 +448,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   to <i>dan Ihon lidgat</i>) to the poem beginning 'Consider wel'; see no.
   40 (vol. i. p. 33).</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect2">� 2</a>. It is clear that Thynne's intention was to
+  <p><a name="sect2">§ 2</a>. It is clear that Thynne's intention was to
   print a collection of poems, including all he could find of Chaucer and
   anything else of a similar character that he could lay his hands on<a
   name="NtA_1" href="#Nt_1"><sup>[1]</sup></a>. In other words, the
@@ -542,7 +505,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   <p>No. 41 (vol. i. p. 33) was also first printed by Stowe. To save words,
   I have printed it below, at p. 450, from the original MS.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect3">� 3</a>. I now consider the non-Chaucerian pieces in
+  <p><a name="sect3">§ 3</a>. I now consider the non-Chaucerian pieces in
   Part II. of Stowe's Edition (see vol. i. p. 33). Of these, nos. 45, 50,
   56, and 59 are here reprinted.</p>
 
@@ -653,7 +616,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   <p>No. 60 is a genuine poem; and no. 61 is Lydgate's Story of Thebes. And
   here Stowe's performance ceases.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect4">� 4</a>. The subsequent additions made by Speght are
+  <p><a name="sect4">§ 4</a>. The subsequent additions made by Speght are
   discussed in vol. i. pp. 43-46. Of these, The Flower and the Leaf, Jack
   Upland, and Hoccleve's poem to Henry V, are here reprinted; and Chaucer's
   ABC is genuine. He also reprinted the Sayings at p. 450. The pieces not
@@ -705,7 +668,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   the title Eorundem Septem Sapientum Sententiae. This English version is
   quite in Lydgate's style.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect5">� 5</a>. <span class="sc">Editions and MSS. consulted</span>.</p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect5">§ 5</a>. <span class="sc">Editions and MSS. consulted</span>.</p>
 
   <p>I have repeatedly explained that there were but four black-letter
   editions of Collected Works before Speght's; and these I call Thynne's
@@ -796,7 +759,7 @@ XIII. </td>
 
   <p>Ashburnham 133.&mdash;V. (See the same, p. xxvii.)</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect6">� 6</a>. Conversely, I here give the authorities from
+  <p><a name="sect6">§ 6</a>. Conversely, I here give the authorities from
   which each piece is derived. For further comments on some of them, see
   the separate introductions to each piece below.</p>
 
@@ -882,7 +845,7 @@ XIII. </td>
 
 <hr class="short" />
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect7" href="#piece1">� 7. I. <span class="sc">The Testament of Love; by Thomas Usk.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect7" href="#piece1">§ 7. I. <span class="sc">The Testament of Love; by Thomas Usk.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>Of this piece no MS. copy has been discovered. The only authority is
   Thynne's edition of 1532, whence all later editions have been copied more
@@ -949,7 +912,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   are not always inserted in the right places. And I have broken up the
   chapters into convenient paragraphs.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect8">� 8</a>. A very curious point about this piece is the
+  <p><a name="sect8">§ 8</a>. A very curious point about this piece is the
   fact which I was the first to observe, viz. that the initial letters of
   the various chapters were certainly intended to form an acrostic.
   Unfortunately, Thynne did not perceive this design, and has certainly
@@ -1043,7 +1006,7 @@ XIII. </td>
 
   <p>(7) Lastly, the text reverts to the true order, at p. <a
   href="#page143">143</a>, l. 46, with the words:&mdash;greatest wisdom
-  (Th. fol. 360, back, col. 2, l. 9. as before). See The Athen�um, no.
+  (Th. fol. 360, back, col. 2, l. 9. as before). See The Athenæum, no.
   3615, Feb. 6, 1897.</p>
 
   <p>It is not difficult to account for this somewhat confusing
@@ -1090,7 +1053,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   is writing to justify himself, and thinks that he has succeeded. But a
   stern doom was close at hand.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect9">� 9</a>. The truth is that the attempts of Godwin and
+  <p><a name="sect9">§ 9</a>. The truth is that the attempts of Godwin and
   others to make the autobiographical statements of the author fit into the
   life of Chaucer, have quite led the critics out of the right track. That
   the author was <i>not</i> Chaucer is perfectly obvious to every one who
@@ -1160,7 +1123,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   the world know how he devoted his leisure time to other than political
   subjects.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect10">� 10</a>. Some of the events of his life are alluded
+  <p><a name="sect10">§ 10</a>. Some of the events of his life are alluded
   to by Usk in the present treatise. He justifies his betrayal of
   Northampton (p. <a href="#page26">26</a>, ll. 53-103, p. <a
   href="#page28">28</a>, ll. 116-201), and is grateful for the king's
@@ -1204,7 +1167,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   a large number of parallel passages are duly pointed out in the
   Notes.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect11">� 11</a>. In Chaucer's Boethius (bk. i. pr. 3. 10),
+  <p><a name="sect11">§ 11</a>. In Chaucer's Boethius (bk. i. pr. 3. 10),
   when Philosophy, the heavenly visitant, comes to comfort the writer, her
   first words are:&mdash;'<i>O my norry</i>, sholde I forsaken thee now?'
   In the Testament (p. <a href="#page10">10</a>, l. 37), Heavenly Love
@@ -1251,7 +1214,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   Indeed, it is possible to correct errors in the text by help of Chaucer's
   version; see the last note on p. <a href="#page461">461</a>.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect12">� 12</a>. We get the clearest idea of the author's
+  <p><a name="sect12">§ 12</a>. We get the clearest idea of the author's
   method by observing his treatment of the House of Fame, 269-359. It is
   worth while to quote the whole passage:&mdash;</p>
 
@@ -1274,7 +1237,7 @@ XIII. </td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">285</div></div><p><i>Or fals</i>, or prevy, or double was ...</p>
       <p>Therfor I wol seye a proverbe,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">290</div></div><p>That "he that fully knoweth th'erbe</p>
-      <p>May saufly leye hit to his y�" ...</p>
+      <p>May saufly leye hit to his yë" ...</p>
       <p>Allas! is every man thus trewe,</p>
       <p>That every yere wolde have a newe, ...</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">305</div></div><p>As thus: of <i>oon</i> he wolde <i>have fame</i>,</p>
@@ -1312,7 +1275,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   href="#page22">22</a>, ll. 44-45! Surely, this is nothing but
   book-making, and the art of it does not seem to be difficult.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect13">� 13</a>. The author expressly acknowledges his
+  <p><a name="sect13">§ 13</a>. The author expressly acknowledges his
   admiration of Troilus (p. <a href="#page140">140</a>, l. 292); and it is
   easy to see his indebtedness to that poem. He copies Chaucer's curious
   mistake as to Styx being a pit (p. <a href="#page3">3</a>, l. 80, and the
@@ -1324,7 +1287,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   at p. <a href="#page128">128</a>, ch. vii. l. 2. We can see whence he
   took his allusion to 'playing raket,' and to the dock and nettle, at p.
   <a href="#page13">13</a>, ll. 166, 167; and the phrase to 'pype with an
-  yv�-lefe' at p. <a href="#page134">134</a>, l. 50.</p>
+  yvè-lefe' at p. <a href="#page134">134</a>, l. 50.</p>
 
   <p>It is further observable that he had read a later text of Piers
   Plowman with some care, but he seems to quote it from memory, as at p. <a
@@ -1336,11 +1299,11 @@ XIII. </td>
   words <i>legistres</i> and <i>skleren</i>; for which see the Glossary,
   and consult the Notes for the references which are there given.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect14">� 14</a>. The author is frequently guilty of gross
+  <p><a name="sect14">§ 14</a>. The author is frequently guilty of gross
   inaccuracies. He seems to confuse Cain with Ham (p. <a
   href="#page52">52</a>, ll. 107, 109), but <i>Cayn</i>, says Mr. Bradley,
   may be Thynne's misprint for <i>Cam</i>, i.e. Ham. He certainly confuses
-  Perdiccas with Arrhid�us (p. <a href="#page52">52</a>, l. 116). He speaks
+  Perdiccas with Arrhidæus (p. <a href="#page52">52</a>, l. 116). He speaks
   of the <i>eighth</i> year, instead of the <i>seventh</i>, as being a
   sabbatical year, and actually declares that the ordinary week contains
   <i>seven</i> working-days (p. <a href="#page24">24</a>, ll. 102-104)! He
@@ -1349,7 +1312,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   wondered at that some of his arguments and illustrations are quite
   unintelligible.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect15">� 15</a>. The title of the work, viz. <span
+  <p><a name="sect15">§ 15</a>. The title of the work, viz. <span
   class="sc">The Testament of Love</span>, readily reminds us of the
   passage in Gower already quoted in vol. iii. p. xliii., in which the
   goddess Venus proposes that Chaucer should write 'his testament of love,'
@@ -1388,7 +1351,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   told that the jewel which he hopes to attain is as precious a pearl as a
   woman is by nature.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect16">� 16</a>. It hardly seems worth while to give a
+  <p><a name="sect16">§ 16</a>. It hardly seems worth while to give a
   detailed analysis of the whole piece. An analysis of the First Book
   (which is, on the whole, the best) is given by Professor Morley; and the
   hints which I have already given as to the character and situation of the
@@ -1413,7 +1376,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   this being understood, he proceeds to help himself accordingly, as has
   already been explained.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect17">� 17</a>. <span class="sc">Book I: Ch. I.</span> In
+  <p><a name="sect17">§ 17</a>. <span class="sc">Book I: Ch. I.</span> In
   Chapter I, he describes his misery, <!-- Page xxx --><span
   class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxx"></a>[xxx]</span>and hopes that the dice
   will turn, and implores the help of Margaret, here used (apparently) to
@@ -1472,7 +1435,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   explains that adversity teaches salutary lessons, and that the true
   riches may still be his own.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect18">� 18</a>. <span class="sc">Book II.</span> In the
+  <p><a name="sect18">§ 18</a>. <span class="sc">Book II.</span> In the
   first chapter (or Prologue) of the Second Book, he again discusses the
   object of his work. In Chapter II, Love sings him a Latin song,
   introducing complaints against the clergy such as frequently occur in
@@ -1485,7 +1448,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   which in many passages refers rather to the visible Church than to divine
   Grace.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect19">� 19</a>. <span class="sc">Book III.</span> The first
+  <p><a name="sect19">§ 19</a>. <span class="sc">Book III.</span> The first
   chapter is again introductory, explaining why the number of Books is
   three. 'The Margaret in virtue is likened to Philosophy, with her three
   kinds.' It is remarkable that this Third Book, which is dedicated to Joy,
@@ -1497,7 +1460,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   predestination; after which the work comes to a formal conclusion, with
   excuses for its various imperfections.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect20" href="#piece2">� 20. II. <span class="sc">The Plowmans Tale.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect20" href="#piece2">§ 20. II. <span class="sc">The Plowmans Tale.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>This piece does not appear in Thynne's first edition of 1532, but
   occurs, for the first time, in the second edition of 1542, where it is
@@ -1545,7 +1508,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   known, viz. that at Britwell. There is also a late print of it in the
   Bodleian Library, dated 1606.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect21">� 21</a>. It is needless to discuss the possibility
+  <p><a name="sect21">§ 21</a>. It is needless to discuss the possibility
   that Chaucer wrote this Tale, as it is absent from all the MSS.; and it
   does not <!-- Page xxxiii --><span class="pagenum"><a
   name="pagexxxiii"></a>[xxxiii]</span>appear that the ascription of it to
@@ -1578,7 +1541,7 @@ XIII. </td>
   <p>I do not know why Mr. Wright, when reprinting this piece, omitted the
   Prologue. It is a pity that half of the sixth stanza is missing.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect22">� 22</a>. At l. 1065 we meet with a most important
+  <p><a name="sect22">§ 22</a>. At l. 1065 we meet with a most important
   statement:&mdash;</p>
 
   <div class="poem">
@@ -1608,7 +1571,7 @@ XIII. </td>
 <tr><td class="ind1"> At marketts and myracles, we medleth us nevere (107).</td>
 <td class="ind1"> Market-beters, and medling make (871).</td></tr>
 <tr><td class="ind1"> For we buldeth a burw&#x21D;, a brod and a large (118).</td>
-<td class="ind1"> And builde als brode as a cit� (743).</td></tr>
+<td class="ind1"> And builde als brode as a citè (743).</td></tr>
 <tr><td class="ind1"> portreid and peint (121).</td>
 <td class="ind1"> I-paynted and portred (135).</td></tr>
 <tr><td class="ind1"> peynt and portred (192).</td></tr>
@@ -1692,7 +1655,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   the Panther. His choice of quadrupeds in place of birds is certainly no
   improvement.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect23" href="#piece3">� 23. III. <span class="sc">Jack Upland.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect23" href="#piece3">§ 23. III. <span class="sc">Jack Upland.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>Of this piece, no MS. copy is known. It is usually said to have been
   first printed by Speght, in his second edition of Chaucer's Works in
@@ -1702,12 +1665,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   attention was drawn by a note in Hazlitt's Bibliographer's Handbook. This
   copy, here taken as the basis of my text, and collated with Speght, is a
   small book consisting of only 16 leaves. The title-page contains the
-  following words, within a square border. � Jack vp Lande | Compyled by
-  the | famous Geoffrey | Chaucer. | Ezechielis. xiii. | � Wo be vnto you
+  following words, within a square border. ¶ Jack vp Lande | Compyled by
+  the | famous Geoffrey | Chaucer. | Ezechielis. xiii. | ¶ Wo be vnto you
   that | dishonour me to me (<i>sic</i>) peo | ple for an handful of bar |
   lye &amp; for a pece of bread. | Cum priuilegio | Regali.</p>
 
-  <p>At the end of the treatise is the colophon: � Prynted for Ihon Gough.
+  <p>At the end of the treatise is the colophon: ¶ Prynted for Ihon Gough.
   Cum Priuilegio Regali.</p>
 
   <p>Hazlitt conjectures that it was printed about 1540. I think we may
@@ -1720,7 +1683,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   first edition of which appeared in that year.</p>
 
   <p>The text of Jack Upland, in the Caius College copy, has the following
-  heading, in small type:&mdash;'� These b&#x113; the lewed questions of
+  heading, in small type:&mdash;'¶ These b&#x113; the lewed questions of
   Freres rytes and obseruaunces the whych they chargen more than Goddes
   lawe, and therfore men shulden not gyue hem what so they beggen, tyll
   they hadden answered and clerely assoyled these questions.'</p>
@@ -1730,7 +1693,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   errors. In a very few places, Speght furnishes some obvious corrections;
   and in such instances his readings are noted.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect24">� 24</a>. A very convenient reprint of Speght's text
+  <p><a name="sect24">§ 24</a>. A very convenient reprint of Speght's text
   is given in Wright's edition of Political Poems and Songs (Record
   Series), vol. ii. p. 16. In the same volume, p. 39, is printed a reply to
   Jack Upland's questions by a friar who facetiously calls himself Friar
@@ -1753,7 +1716,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   IV. We may, accordingly, safely refer all three pieces to the year 1402;
   shortly after Chaucer's death.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect25">� 25</a>. It is also tolerably clear that there must
+  <p><a name="sect25">§ 25</a>. It is also tolerably clear that there must
   have been two texts of 'Jack Upland,' an earlier and a later one. The
   earlier one, of which we have no copy, can easily be traced by help of
   Friar Daw's reply, as he quotes all that is material point by point. It
@@ -1780,7 +1743,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   well preserved. It is more correct than the Plowmans Tale, and very much
   more correct than the Testament of Love.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect26">� 26</a>. Mr. Wright further imagines that Jack
+  <p><a name="sect26">§ 26</a>. Mr. Wright further imagines that Jack
   Upland's rejoinder to Friar Daw's reply, which he prints from 'a
   contemporary MS. in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, MS. Digby 41,' was
   also originally in alliterative verse. This supposition is almost as
@@ -1799,7 +1762,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   the arguments adduced on both sides. There is a slight notice of Jack
   Upland in Morley's English Writers, vi. 234.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect27" href="#piece4">� 27. IV. <span class="sc">John Gower: The Praise of Peace.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect27" href="#piece4">§ 27. IV. <span class="sc">John Gower: The Praise of Peace.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>In Morley's English Writers, iv. 157, this poem is entitled 'De Pacis
   Commendatione,' on MS. authority (see p. <a href="#page216">216</a>). Mr.
@@ -1808,7 +1771,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   Mr. Nicholson for his assistance in various ways; and, in particular, for
   the generous loan of his own transcript of this poem.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect28">� 28</a>. In Todd's Illustrations of Gower and
+  <p><a name="sect28">§ 28</a>. In Todd's Illustrations of Gower and
   Chaucer, p. 95, is a notice of a MS. 'in the present Marquis of
   Stafford's library at Trentham,' which had been previously described in
   Warton's Hist. of E. Poetry as being 'in Lord Gower's library.' Mr.
@@ -1855,7 +1818,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>See Todd and Warton for more minute particulars.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect29">� 29</a>. The poem itself may safely be dated in the
+  <p><a name="sect29">§ 29</a>. The poem itself may safely be dated in the
   end of 1399, for reasons given in the note to l. 393. It is of some
   interest, as being Gower's last poem in English, and the spirit of it is
   excellent, though it contains no very striking lines. We have not much of
@@ -1871,7 +1834,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   Hoccleve's De Regimine Principum, quoted in Morley's English Writers
   (1890), vol. vi. pp. 131-2.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect30" href="#piece5">� 30. V. <span class="sc">Thomas Hoccleve: The Letter of Cupid.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect30" href="#piece5">§ 30. V. <span class="sc">Thomas Hoccleve: The Letter of Cupid.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>This poem needs little discussion. It is known to be Hoccleve's; see
   Dr. Furnivall's edition of Hoccleve's Minor Poems, E. E. T. S., 1892, p.
@@ -1896,7 +1859,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>There is also a poor and late copy in the Bannatyne MS., at fol. 269;
   see the print of it for the Hunterian Club, 1879; p. 783.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect31" href="#piece6">� 31. VI. <span class="sc">The same: Two Balades.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect31" href="#piece6">§ 31. VI. <span class="sc">The same: Two Balades.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>These two Balades, also by Hoccleve, were composed at the same time.
   The former is addressed to King Henry V, and the latter to the Knights of
@@ -1926,7 +1889,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>That he were of, nat sholde hardy be</p>
       <p>For to despute of the feith openly;</p>
       <p>And ther-upon sundry peynes sette he,</p>
-      <p>That peril sholde eschu�d be therby.'</p>
+      <p>That peril sholde eschuëd be therby.'</p>
       <p style="margin-left:6.1em">Minor Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 14.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -1943,7 +1906,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   another MS. copy of the poem in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge
   (R. 3. 15); but it is only a late copy made from the printed book.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect32" href="#piece7">� 32. VII. <span class="sc">Henry Scogan: A Moral Balade.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect32" href="#piece7">§ 32. VII. <span class="sc">Henry Scogan: A Moral Balade.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>The heading to this poem is from MS. Ashmole 59; it is, unfortunately,
   somewhat obscure. It is, of course, not contemporaneous with the poem,
@@ -1979,7 +1942,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   1412; John, born in 1390, created duke of Bedford in 1415; and Humphrey,
   born in 1391, created duke of Gloucester in 1414.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect33">� 33</a>. The expression <i>at a souper of feorthe
+  <p><a name="sect33">§ 33</a>. The expression <i>at a souper of feorthe
   merchande</i> is difficult, and I can only guess at the sense.
   <i>Feorthe</i> is Shirley's spelling of <i>ferthe</i>, i.e. fourth.
   <i>Merchande</i> is probably equivalent to O.F. <i>marchandie</i> or
@@ -2017,7 +1980,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   remarkable that the printed copies are better than the MSS. as regards
   readings.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect34" href="#piece8">� 34. VIII. <span class="sc">The Complaint of the Black Knight.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect34" href="#piece8">§ 34. VIII. <span class="sc">The Complaint of the Black Knight.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>Such is the title in Thynne's edition (1532). In MS. F. (Fairfax 16),
   it is entitled&mdash;'Complaynte of a Loveres Lyfe'; and there is a
@@ -2051,9 +2014,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   manner, and his imitation of Chaucer is, in places, very close; while, at
   the same time, it is easy to point out non-Chaucerian rimes, such as
   <i>whyte</i>, <i>brighte</i>, 2; <i>pitously</i>, <i>malady</i> (Ch.
-  <i>malady�</i>), 137; <i>felyngly</i>, <i>malady</i>, 188; <i>mente</i>,
+  <i>maladyë</i>), 137; <i>felyngly</i>, <i>malady</i>, 188; <i>mente</i>,
   <i>diligent</i>, 246; <i>grace</i>, <i>alas</i>, 529; <i>seyn</i>,
-  <i>payn</i> (Ch. <i>peyn�</i>), 568; <i>diurnal</i>, <i>fal</i>, (Ch.
+  <i>payn</i> (Ch. <i>peynë</i>), 568; <i>diurnal</i>, <i>fal</i>, (Ch.
   <i>falle</i>), 590; <i>payn</i>, <i>agayn</i>, 650; <i>queen</i> (Ch.
   <i>quene</i>), <i>seen</i>, 674. Besides which, there are two mere
   assonances in two consecutive stanzas, viz. <i>forjuged</i>,
@@ -2077,7 +2040,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   of verse and rhyme, and especially in the diffusiveness of the story and
   the monotony even of the most important parts.'</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect35">� 35</a>. Lydgate's reminiscences of Chaucer are
+  <p><a name="sect35">§ 35</a>. Lydgate's reminiscences of Chaucer are
   often interesting. In particular, we should observe the passages
   suggested by the Roman de la Rose in ll. 36-112; for we are at once
   reminded of Chaucer's <i>own version</i> of it, as preserved in Fragment
@@ -2086,7 +2049,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <i>attempre</i> (57) <!-- Page xlv --><span class="pagenum"><a
   name="pagexlv"></a>[xlv]</span>where Chaucer has <i>attempre</i> (131),
   though one French text has <i>atrempee</i>, it is startling to find him
-  reproducing (80) Chaucer's very phrase <i>And softe as velu�t</i> (R. R.
+  reproducing (80) Chaucer's very phrase <i>And softe as veluët</i> (R. R.
   1420), where the French original has nothing corresponding either to
   <i>soft</i> or to <i>velvet</i>! This clearly shews that Lydgate was
   acquainted with Fragment A of the English version, and believed that
@@ -2104,7 +2067,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   printed. His text (from MS. F.) has much the same readings, and is
   accompanied by a full Introduction and eleven pages of useful notes.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect36" href="#piece9">� 36. IX. <span class="sc">The Flour of Curtesye.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect36" href="#piece9">§ 36. IX. <span class="sc">The Flour of Curtesye.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>This piece has no author's name prefixed to it in the first three
   editions; but in the fourth edition by Stowe, printed in 1561, the title
@@ -2131,7 +2094,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   similar to that employed in Gray's famous Elegy. <!-- Page xlvi --><span
   class="pagenum"><a name="pagexlvi"></a>[xlvi]</span></p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect37" href="#piece10">� 37. X. <span class="sc">A Balade in Commendation of our Lady.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect37" href="#piece10">§ 37. X. <span class="sc">A Balade in Commendation of our Lady.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>This piece is attributed to 'Lidegate of Bury' in the Ashmole MS. no.
   59; and the ascription is obviously correct. It abounds with evident
@@ -2143,12 +2106,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   testimony for the genuineness of that poem.</p>
 
   <p>As an illustration of Lydgate's verse, I may notice the additional
-  syllable after the c�sura, which too often clogs his lines. Thus in l. 8
+  syllable after the cæsura, which too often clogs his lines. Thus in l. 8
   we must group the syllables thus:&mdash;</p>
 
-  <p>Wheref�r : now pl�ynly : I w�l : my st�l� : dr�ss�. Similarly, we find
-  <i>l�cour</i> in l. 13, <i>p�t�</i> (18), <i>l�ving</i> (24),
-  <i>b�m�s</i> (25), <i>g�nning</i> (31), <i>m�rcy</i> (33), <i>g�rden</i>
+  <p>Wherefór : now pláynly : I wól : my stýlë : dréssë. Similarly, we find
+  <i>lícour</i> in l. 13, <i>pítè</i> (18), <i>líving</i> (24),
+  <i>bémës</i> (25), <i>gínning</i> (31), <i>mércy</i> (33), <i>gárden</i>
   (36), &amp;c., all occupying places where a monosyllable would have been
   more acceptable.</p>
 
@@ -2161,7 +2124,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   reign of Henry V. We have not yet obtained sufficient data for the
   arrangement of Lydgate's poems.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect38">� 38</a>. Lines 121-127 are here printed for the
+  <p><a name="sect38">§ 38</a>. Lines 121-127 are here printed for the
   first time. In the old editions, l. 120 is succeeded by l. 128, with the
   result that <i>Sion</i> (120) would not rime with <i>set afere</i> (129);
   but the scribe of the Ashmole MS. was equal to the emergency, for he
@@ -2205,7 +2168,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   part</i> of the present one; but they have absolutely no point in common
   beyond the fact of having a common authorship.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect39" href="#piece11">� 39. XI. <span class="sc">To my Soverain Lady.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect39" href="#piece11">§ 39. XI. <span class="sc">To my Soverain Lady.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>In all the old editions, this piece forms part of the preceding,
   though it is obviously distinct from it, when attention is once drawn to
@@ -2249,7 +2212,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>Some resemblances to Chaucer are pointed out in the Notes. The most
   interesting circumstance about this poem is that the author quotes, at
-  the end of his third stanza, the first line of 'Merciles Beaut�'; this is
+  the end of his third stanza, the first line of 'Merciles Beautè'; this is
   a strong point in favour of the attribution of that poem to his
   master.</p>
 
@@ -2262,7 +2225,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <!-- Page xlix --><span class="pagenum"><a
   name="pagexlix"></a>[xlix]</span></p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect40" href="#piece12">� 40. XII. <span class="sc">Ballad of Good Counsel.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect40" href="#piece12">§ 40. XII. <span class="sc">Ballad of Good Counsel.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>The title of this piece in Stowe's edition stands as follows: 'A
   balade of good counseile, translated out of Latin verses into Englishe,
@@ -2277,7 +2240,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>He transgresses one of Chaucer's canons in ll. 79-82; where he rimes
   <i>hardy</i> with <i>foly</i> and <i>flatery</i>. The two latter words
-  are, in Chaucer, <i>foly-�</i> and <i>flatery-�</i>, and never rime with
+  are, in Chaucer, <i>foly-ë</i> and <i>flatery-ë</i>, and never rime with
   a word like <i>hardy</i>, which has no final <i><span
   class="nw">-e</span></i>.</p>
 
@@ -2298,7 +2261,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   occur in the MSS. only. Indeed, MS. H. (Harl. 2251) is the sole authority
   for the former of these two stanzas.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect41" href="#piece13">� 41. XIII. <span class="sc">Beware of Doubleness.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect41" href="#piece13">§ 41. XIII. <span class="sc">Beware of Doubleness.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>This is a favourable example of Lydgate's better style; and is written
   with unusual smoothness, owing to the shortness of the lines. It was
@@ -2313,7 +2276,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   comma after it. What sense readers have hitherto made of this line, I am
   at a loss to conjecture.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect42" href="#piece14">� 42. XIV. <span class="sc">A Balade: Warning Men, etc.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect42" href="#piece14">§ 42. XIV. <span class="sc">A Balade: Warning Men, etc.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>First printed by Stowe in 1561, from the MS. in Trinity College
   Library, marked R. 3. 19, which I have used in preference to the printed
@@ -2342,7 +2305,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>Two variations upon the last stanza occur in the Bannatyne MS., fol.
   258, back; see the print by the Hunterian Club, 1879, pp. 754, 755.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect43" href="#piece15">� 43. XV. <span class="sc">Three Sayings.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect43" href="#piece15">§ 43. XV. <span class="sc">Three Sayings.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>First printed by Stowe; I know of no MS. copy. The first two Sayings
   are attributed to Lydgate; so we may as well credit him with the third.
@@ -2357,7 +2320,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   vol. i. p. 32. Stowe introduced them <i>in order to fill a blank
   half-column</i> between nos. 27 and 31.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect44" href="#piece16">� 44. XVI. <span class="sc">La Belle Dame sans Mercy.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect44" href="#piece16">§ 44. XVI. <span class="sc">La Belle Dame sans Mercy.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>First printed in Thynne's Chaucer (1532). Tyrwhitt first pointed out
   that it could not possibly be his, seeing that Alan Chartier's poem with
@@ -2372,10 +2335,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   1410, when the poet was only twenty-four years old; and the date of the
   translation must be later still. But we are not wholly left to conjecture
   in this matter. A short notice of Sir Richard Ros appeared in Englische
-  Studien, X. 206, written by H. Gr�hler, who refers us to his dissertation
-  'Ueber Richard Ros' mittelenglische �bersetzung des gedichtes von Alain
+  Studien, X. 206, written by H. Gröhler, who refers us to his dissertation
+  'Ueber Richard Ros' mittelenglische übersetzung des gedichtes von Alain
   Chartier La Belle Dame sans Mercy,' published at Breslau in 1886; of
-  which Dr. Gr�hler has most obligingly sent me a copy, whence several of
+  which Dr. Gröhler has most obligingly sent me a copy, whence several of
   my Notes have been derived. He tells us, in this article, that his
   dissertation was founded on the copy of the poem in MS. Harl. 372, which
   (in 1886) he believed to be unique; whereas he had since been informed
@@ -2384,10 +2347,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   the Harleian as to misarrangement of the subject-matter<a name="NtA_18"
   href="#Nt_18"><sup>[18]</sup></a>. He also proposed to give a new edition
   of the poem in Englische Studien, but I am unable to find it; and Dr.
-  K�lbing courteously informs me that it never appeared. <!-- Page lii
+  Kölbing courteously informs me that it never appeared. <!-- Page lii
   --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagelii"></a>[lii]</span></p>
 
-  <p>Dr. Gr�hler further tells us, that Mr. Joseph Hall, of Manchester, had
+  <p>Dr. Gröhler further tells us, that Mr. Joseph Hall, of Manchester, had
   sent him some account, extracted from the county history of
   Leicestershire by Nichols, of the family of Roos or Ros, who were lords
   of Hamlake and Belvoir in that county. According to Nichols, the Sir
@@ -2405,7 +2368,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   in the New English Dictionary, s.v. <i>Currish</i>, is 1460; which cannot
   be far wrong. It can hardly be much later.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect45">� 45</a>. The above notice also suggests that, as Sir
+  <p><a name="sect45">§ 45</a>. The above notice also suggests that, as Sir
   Richard Ros was of a Leicestershire family, the dialect of the piece may,
   originally at least, have been North Leicestershire. Belvoir is situate
   in the N.E. corner of Leicestershire, not far from Grantham in
@@ -2426,7 +2389,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p class="hgsq">'In this great thought, sore troubled in my mind,</p>
       <p>Alone thus rode I all the morrow-tide,</p>
-      <p>Till, at the last, it happ�d me to find</p>
+      <p>Till, at the last, it happèd me to find</p>
       <p>The place wherein I cast me to abide</p>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -2438,7 +2401,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>When that I had no further for to ride.</p>
       <p>And as I went my lodging to purvey,</p>
       <p>Right soon I heard, but little me beside,</p>
-      <p>In a gard�n, where minstrels gan to play.'</p>
+      <p>In a gardén, where minstrels gan to play.'</p>
     </div>
   </div>
 
@@ -2450,7 +2413,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   anything of the kind. When Sir Richard's words have an extra syllable, it
   is due to the suffix <i><span class="nw">-es</span></i> or the suffix
   <i><span class="nw">-ed</span></i>; and even these are not remarkably
-  numerous; we do not arrive at <i>cloth-�s</i>, a plural in <i><span
+  numerous; we do not arrive at <i>cloth-ës</i>, a plural in <i><span
   class="nw">-es</span></i>, before l. 22; and, in the course of the first
   four stanzas, all the words in <i><span class="nw">-ed</span></i> are
   <i>awak-ed</i>, <i>nak-ed</i>, <i>vex-ed</i>, <i>tourn-ed</i>, and
@@ -2462,7 +2425,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   with the same suffix! Again, he constantly uses the Northern possessive
   pronoun <i>their</i>; but modern English does the same!</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect46">� 46</a>. Another remarkable point about the poem is
+  <p><a name="sect46">§ 46</a>. Another remarkable point about the poem is
   the perfect smoothness and regularity of the metre in a large number of
   lines, even as judged by a modern standard. The first line&mdash;'Half in
   a dream, not fully well awaked'&mdash;might, from a metrical point of
@@ -2479,7 +2442,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p class="hgsq">'N'agueres cheuauchant pensoye,</p>
       <p>Comme homme triste et douloreux,</p>
-      <p>Au dueil o� il faut que ie soye</p>
+      <p>Au dueil où il faut que ie soye</p>
       <p>Le plus dolant des amoureux;</p>
       <p>Puisque par son dart rigoureux</p>
       <p>La mort me tolli ma Maistresse,</p>
@@ -2493,7 +2456,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>I have cited in the Notes a few passages of the original text which
   help to explain the translation.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect47">� 47</a>. The text in Thynne is a good one, and it
+  <p><a name="sect47">§ 47</a>. The text in Thynne is a good one, and it
   seemed convenient to make it the basis of the edition; but it has been
   carefully controlled by collation with MS. Ff. 1. 6, which is, in some
   respects, the best MS. I am not sure that Thynne always followed his MS.;
@@ -2540,7 +2503,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   the difficulty by a material alteration of the line, so that it there
   becomes&mdash;'In any wyse, nether preuy nor perte.'</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect48" href="#piece17">� 48. XVII. <span class="sc">The Testament of Cresseid.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect48" href="#piece17">§ 48. XVII. <span class="sc">The Testament of Cresseid.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>I do not suppose this was ever supposed to be Chaucer's even by
   Thynne. Line 64&mdash;'Quha wait gif all that Chaucer wrait was
@@ -2552,7 +2515,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   Northern forms.</p>
 
   <p>The poem was printed at Edinburgh in 1593 with the author's name. The
-  title is as follows&mdash;� <b>The Testament of</b> CRESSEID, Compylit be
+  title is as follows&mdash;¶ <b>The Testament of</b> CRESSEID, Compylit be
   M. Robert Henrysone, Sculemai-ster in Dunfermeling. <b>Imprentit at
   Edin</b> = burgh be Henrie Charteris. <span class="sm">MD. XCIII.</span>
   The text is in 4to, ten leaves, black-letter. Only one copy has been
@@ -2629,7 +2592,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   is his best piece. Perhaps it is the best piece in the present
   volume.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect49" href="#piece18">� 49. XVIII. <span class="sc">The Cuckoo and the Nightingale.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect49" href="#piece18">§ 49. XVIII. <span class="sc">The Cuckoo and the Nightingale.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>Of this piece there are several MSS., which fall into two main
   classes: (A)&mdash;Ff. (Ff. 1. 6, in the Camb. Univ. Library); T. (Tanner
@@ -2681,7 +2644,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   be noted that Sir John Clanvowe was a witness, in 1385, to the will of
   the widow of the Black Prince; see Testamenta Vetusta, ed. Nicolas.)</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect50">� 50</a>. It now becomes easy to explain the
+  <p><a name="sect50">§ 50</a>. It now becomes easy to explain the
   reference to the queen at Woodstock, which has never yet been accounted
   for. The poem begins with the words&mdash;'<i>The God of Love!</i> Ah
   benedicite,' quoted from Chaucer, the title of the poem being 'The Book
@@ -2720,7 +2683,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   has the form <i>man</i>; whilst of <i>ran</i> I remember no example at
   the end of a line<a name="NtA_23" href="#Nt_23"><sup>[23]</sup></a>.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect51">� 51</a>. But there is one point about Clanvowe's
+  <p><a name="sect51">§ 51</a>. But there is one point about Clanvowe's
   verse which renders it, for the fifteenth century, quite unique. In
   imitating Chaucer's use of the final <i><span class="nw">-e</span></i>,
   he employs this suffix with unprecedented freedom, and rather avoids than
@@ -2770,10 +2733,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   find elisions of <i>men'</i>, <i>sor'</i>, <i>wak'</i>, <i>oft'</i>
   (twice), <i>red'</i> (twice), <i>spek'</i>, <i>fast'</i>, <i>radd'</i>;
   i.e. 10 examples; added to which, Chaucer has <i>joy(e)</i>, <i>love</i>,
-  <i>knowe</i>, <i>usage</i>, <i>boke</i>, at the c�sura, and suppresses
+  <i>knowe</i>, <i>usage</i>, <i>boke</i>, at the cæsura, and suppresses
   the <i>e</i> in <i>write</i> (written). But in ll. 1-21, Clanvowe has (in
   addition to <i>love</i>, <i>make</i>, <i>lowe</i>, <i>make</i> (twice),
-  <i>gladde</i> at the c�sura) only 3 examples of true elision, viz.
+  <i>gladde</i> at the cæsura) only 3 examples of true elision, viz.
   <i>fressh'</i>, <i>tell'</i>, and <i>mak'</i> (15).</p>
 
   <p>And further, we seldom find <i>two</i> examples of the use of the
@@ -2793,9 +2756,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   They have trusted to their own mere opinion, without looking the facts in
   the face.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect52">� 52</a>. I will point out yet one more very striking
+  <p><a name="sect52">§ 52</a>. I will point out yet one more very striking
   difference. We know that Chaucer sometimes employs headless lines, such
-  as: Tw�nty b�kes �t his b�ddes h�ed. But he does so sparingly, <!-- Page
+  as: Twénty bókes át his béddes héed. But he does so sparingly, <!-- Page
   lxi --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagelxi"></a>[lxi]</span>especially
   in his Minor Poems. But in the Cuckoo, they are not uncommon; see, e.g.
   lines 16, 50, 72, 100, 116, 118, 146, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158,
@@ -2809,7 +2772,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>I think the poem may still be admired, even if it be allowed that
   Clanvowe wrote it some three years after Chaucer's death.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect53">� 53</a>. At any rate, it was admired by so good a
+  <p><a name="sect53">§ 53</a>. At any rate, it was admired by so good a
   judge of poetry as John Milton, who of course possessed a copy of it in
   the volume which was so pleasantly called 'The Works of Chaucer.' That
   his famous sonnet 'To the Nightingale' owed something to Clanvowe, I
@@ -2855,7 +2818,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
 <p><!-- Page lxii --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagelxii"></a>[lxii]</span></p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect54" href="#piece19">� 54. XIX. <span class="sc">Envoy to Alison.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect54" href="#piece19">§ 54. XIX. <span class="sc">Envoy to Alison.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>This piece has always hitherto been printed <i>without any title</i>,
   and is made to follow The Cuckoo and the Nightingale, as if there were
@@ -2880,7 +2843,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   have no right even to assign it to Lydgate. And its date may be later
   than 1450.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect55" href="#piece20">� 55. XX. <span class="sc">The Flower and the Leaf.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect55" href="#piece20">§ 55. XX. <span class="sc">The Flower and the Leaf.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>This piece many 'critics' would assign to Chaucer, merely because they
   like it. This may be sentiment, but it is not criticism; and, after all,
@@ -3050,7 +3013,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   either as daughter or sister. I have little doubt that the careful reader
   will discover more points of resemblance for himself.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect56">� 56</a>. The chief appreciable difference between
+  <p><a name="sect56">§ 56</a>. The chief appreciable difference between
   the two poems is that F. was probably written considerably earlier than
   A. This appears from the more frequent use of the final <i><span
   class="nw">-e</span></i>, which the authoress occasionally uses as an
@@ -3062,14 +3025,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   most important cases are the abundant ones in which a final <i>e</i> is
   omitted where Chaucer would inevitably have inserted it. For example,
   such a line as F. 195&mdash;From the same grove, where the ladyes come
-  out&mdash;would become, in Chaucer&mdash;From the sam-� grov-� wher the
+  out&mdash;would become, in Chaucer&mdash;From the sam-ë grov-ë wher the
   ladyes come out&mdash;giving at least twelve syllables in the line. The
   examples of the omission of final <i><span class="nw">-e</span></i>,
   where such omission makes a difference to the scansion, are not very
   numerous, because many such come before a vowel (where they might be
-  elided) or at the c�sura (where they might be tolerated). Still we may
+  elided) or at the cæsura (where they might be tolerated). Still we may
   note such a case as <i>green</i> in l. 109 where Chaucer would have
-  written <i>gren-e</i>, giving <i>a fresh gren-� laurer-tree</i>, to the
+  written <i>gren-e</i>, giving <i>a fresh gren-ë laurer-tree</i>, to the
   ruin of the scansion. Similar offences against Chaucer's usage are
   <i>herd</i> for <i>herd-e</i>, 128 (cf. 191); <i>spek'</i> for
   <i>spek-e</i>, 140; <i>al</i> for <i>all-e</i>, plural, 165; <i>sight</i>
@@ -3095,7 +3058,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   and the Leaf was written by Chaucer will have to explain away every one
   of these cases; and when they have done so, there is more to be said.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect57">� 57</a>. For it is well known that such a word as
+  <p><a name="sect57">§ 57</a>. For it is well known that such a word as
   <i>sweetly</i> (96) was trisyllabic, as <i>swet-e-ly</i>, in Chaucer; C.
   T., A 221. Similarly, our authoress has <i>trewly</i> for
   <i>trew-e-ly</i><a name="NtA_26" href="#Nt_26"><sup>[26]</sup></a>, 130;
@@ -3110,7 +3073,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   Chaucer has <i>bigonn-e</i>. Can these things be explained away also? If
   so, there is more to be said.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect58">� 58</a>. All the above examples have been made out,
+  <p><a name="sect58">§ 58</a>. All the above examples have been made out,
   without so much as looking at the rimes. But the rimes are much harder to
   explain away, where they differ from Chaucer's. Here are a few
   specimens.</p>
@@ -3131,7 +3094,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   the list, if he knows how to do it. If not, let him be humble. For there
   is more to come.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect59">� 59</a>. Besides the grammar, there is yet the
+  <p><a name="sect59">§ 59</a>. Besides the grammar, there is yet the
   pronunciation to be considered; and here comes in the greatest difficulty
   of all. For, in ll. 86-89, we have the unusual rime of <i>tree</i> and
   <i>be</i> with <i>pretily</i>. This so staggered Dr. Morris, that he was
@@ -3140,7 +3103,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   consult the excellent dissertation by Dr. Curtis on The Romance of
   Clariodus <!-- Page lxviii --><span class="pagenum"><a
   name="pagelxviii"></a>[lxviii]</span>(Halle, 1894), p. 56, <a
-  name="sect187">� 187</a>. He remarks that a rime of this character gives
+  name="sect187">§ 187</a>. He remarks that a rime of this character gives
   evidence of the transition of M.E. long close <i>e</i> to (Italian) long
   <i>i</i> [as in the change from A.S. <i>m&#x113;</i> to mod. E.
   <i>me</i>], and adds: 'this change became general in the fifteenth
@@ -3162,7 +3125,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   otherwise, it is difficult to understand for what reasons it was
   considered worthy of so great a master as Geoffrey Chaucer.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect60">� 60</a>. It will be seen, from the Notes, that the
+  <p><a name="sect60">§ 60</a>. It will be seen, from the Notes, that the
   authoress was well acquainted with the Prologue to The Legend of Good
   Women; and it can hardly be questioned that she took the main idea of the
   poem from that source, especially ll. 188-194 of the later text. At the
@@ -3194,7 +3157,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
   </div>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect61" href="#piece21">� 61. XXI. <span class="sc">The Assembly of Ladies.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect61" href="#piece21">§ 61. XXI. <span class="sc">The Assembly of Ladies.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>This has already been discussed, in some measure, in considering the
   preceding poem. Both pieces were written by the same authoress; but the
@@ -3244,7 +3207,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   Addit. 34360 is of some value. <!-- Page lxx --><span class="pagenum"><a
   name="pagelxx"></a>[lxx]</span></p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect62">� 62</a>. A considerable part of The Assembly of
+  <p><a name="sect62">§ 62</a>. A considerable part of The Assembly of
   Ladies that is now of little interest may have been much appreciated at
   the time, as having reference to the ordering of a large medieval
   household, with its chambers, parlours, bay-windows, and galleries,
@@ -3272,7 +3235,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   fifteenth century. We must not put them too late, because The Assembly
   exists in MSS. that seem to be as old as that period.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect63" href="#piece22">� 63. XXII. <span class="sc">A Goodly Balade.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect63" href="#piece22">§ 63. XXII. <span class="sc">A Goodly Balade.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>For this poem there is but one authority, viz. Thynne's edition of
   1532. He calls it 'A goodly balade of Chaucer'; but it is manifestly
@@ -3309,7 +3272,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   recourse is had to French; and the other two stanzas both begin with
   inverted clauses.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect64" href="#piece23">� 64. XXIII. <span class="sc">Go forth, King.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect64" href="#piece23">§ 64. XXIII. <span class="sc">Go forth, King.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>I give this from Thynne's first edition; but add the Latin lines from
   the copy printed in Schick's edition of The Temple of Glas, at p. 68. His
@@ -3333,7 +3296,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   my supposition. I think this may be taken as removing all doubt on the
   subject.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect65">� 65</a>. I beg leave to quote here Schick's
+  <p><a name="sect65">§ 65</a>. I beg leave to quote here Schick's
   excellent remarks upon the poem itself.</p>
 
   <p>'There are similar pieces to these <i>Duodecim Abusiones</i> in
@@ -3341,11 +3304,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   name="pagelxxii"></a>[lxxii]</span>English literature (see ten Brink,
   <i>Geschichte der englischen Literatur</i>, i. 268, and note).<a
   name="NtA_32" href="#Nt_32"><sup>[32]</sup></a> The "twelf
-  un�&#x113;awas" existed also in Old-English; a homily on them is printed
+  unþ&#x113;awas" existed also in Old-English; a homily on them is printed
   in Morris, <i>Old Eng. Homilies</i>, pp. 101-119<a name="NtA_33"
   href="#Nt_33"><sup>[33]</sup></a>. It is based on the Latin Homily "De
   octo viciis et de duodecim abusivis huius saeculi," attributed to St.
-  Cyprian or St. Patrick; see Dietrich in Niedner's <i>Zeitschrift f�r
+  Cyprian or St. Patrick; see Dietrich in Niedner's <i>Zeitschrift für
   historische Theologie</i>, 1855, p. 518; Wanley's <i>Catalogus</i>,
   passim (cf. the Index <i>sub voce</i> Patrick). In the Middle-English
   period we meet again with more or less of these "Abusions"; see Morris,
@@ -3353,7 +3316,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   Eng. Poems</i>, Berlin, 1862 (Phil. Soc.), p. 161; "Five Evil Things,"
   Wright and Halliwell, <i>Reliquiae Antiquae</i>, i. 316, and ii. 14.'</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect66" href="#piece24">� 66. XXIV. <span class="sc">The Court of Love.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect66" href="#piece24">§ 66. XXIV. <span class="sc">The Court of Love.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>This piece was first printed by Stowe in 1561. Stowe happened to have
   access to a MS. which was really a miscellaneous collection of
@@ -3371,7 +3334,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   Chaucer, whilst the others were unhesitatingly rejected. And it happened
   on this wise.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect67">� 67</a>. After Tyrwhitt had edited the Canterbury
+  <p><a name="sect67">§ 67</a>. After Tyrwhitt had edited the Canterbury
   Tales afresh, it occurred to him to compile a Glossary. He rightly
   reasoned that the Glossary would be strengthened and made more correct if
   he included in it all the harder words found in the <i>whole</i> of
@@ -3422,7 +3385,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   slippery ground that it <i>is</i> a virelai (which, strictly speaking, it
   is not).</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect68">� 68</a>. One result of his investigations was that
+  <p><a name="sect68">§ 68</a>. One result of his investigations was that
   an edition of Chaucer was published by Moxon (my copy is dated 1855), in
   which all the poems were included which Tyrwhitt accepted, followed by
   Tyrwhitt's Account of the Works of Chaucer.</p>
@@ -3436,7 +3399,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   out from luxuriant lists the names of pieces that are obviously spurious,
   is one that should never have found acceptance.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect69">� 69</a>. There is only one correct method of drawing
+  <p><a name="sect69">§ 69</a>. There is only one correct method of drawing
   up a canon of genuine works, viz. that adopted by Mr. Henry Bradshaw,
   formerly our Cambridge University Librarian. It is simple enough, viz. to
   take a clean sheet of paper, and enter upon it, first of all, the names
@@ -3449,7 +3412,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   name="NtA_38" href="#Nt_38"><sup>[38]</sup></a>, and there is no internal
   evidence to suggest an earlier date.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect70">� 70</a>. Our task is to determine what it really is,
+  <p><a name="sect70">§ 70</a>. Our task is to determine what it really is,
   and what can be made of it as it stands. We learn from the author that he
   <!-- Page lxxv --><span class="pagenum"><a
   name="pagelxxv"></a>[lxxv]</span>was 'a clerk of Cambridge' (913), which
@@ -3494,7 +3457,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   abandoned, which is one reason why that piece is in a less lively
   style.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect71">� 71</a>. The sole MS. copy of The Court of Love
+  <p><a name="sect71">§ 71</a>. The sole MS. copy of The Court of Love
   belongs to the sixteenth century, and there is nothing to shew that the
   poem itself was of earlier date. Indeed, the language of it is remarkably
   like that of the former half of that century. If it be compared with
@@ -3536,7 +3499,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   2819-20; see note at p. <a href="#page545">545</a>. I can find no reason
   for dating the poem earlier than that year.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect72">� 72</a>. However this may be, the chief point to
+  <p><a name="sect72">§ 72</a>. However this may be, the chief point to
   notice is that his archaisms are affectations and not natural. He
   frequently dispenses with them altogether for whole stanzas at a time.
   When they occur, they are such as he found in Chaucer abundantly; I refer
@@ -3550,8 +3513,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <i>y-ravisshed</i> (153), <i>y-stope</i> (281), the last being used in
   the sense of Chaucer's <i>stope</i>. The most remarkable point is the
   almost total absence of the final <i><span class="nw">-e</span></i>; I
-  only observe <i>His len-� body</i> (1257); <i>to serv-e</i> (909); <i>to
-  dred-e</i> (603); and <i>in thilk-� place</i> (642); the last of which is
+  only observe <i>His len-ë body</i> (1257); <i>to serv-e</i> (909); <i>to
+  dred-e</i> (603); and <i>in thilk-ë place</i> (642); the last of which is
   a phrase (cf. R. R. 660). On the other hand, whilst thus abstaining from
   the use of the final <i><span class="nw">-e</span></i>, he makes large
   use of the longer and less usual suffix <i><span
@@ -3608,7 +3571,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   as, e.g., in Hawes and Skelton. Caxton uses all four forms, <i>hem</i>
   and <i>them</i>, <i>her</i> and <i>their</i>.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect73">� 73</a>. I add a few notes, suggested by an
+  <p><a name="sect73">§ 73</a>. I add a few notes, suggested by an
   examination of the rimes employed.</p>
 
   <p>The final <i>-e</i> is not used at the end of a line. This is easily
@@ -3630,8 +3593,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   curious rime <!-- Page lxxix --><span class="pagenum"><a
   name="pagelxxix"></a>[lxxix]</span>is that of <i>length</i> with
   <i>thynketh</i>, 1059; read <i>thenk'th</i>, and it is good enough.
-  Noteworthy are these: <i>thryse</i> (for Chaucer's <i>thry-�s</i>),
-  <i>wyse</i>, 537; <i>hens</i> (for Chaucer's <i>henn-�s</i>),
+  Noteworthy are these: <i>thryse</i> (for Chaucer's <i>thry-ës</i>),
+  <i>wyse</i>, 537; <i>hens</i> (for Chaucer's <i>henn-ës</i>),
   <i>eloquence</i>, 935; <i>desire</i>, <i>here</i>, 961, 1301; <i>eke</i>,
   <i>like</i>, 561; <i>tretesse</i> (for Chaucer's <i>tretys</i>),
   <i>worthinesse</i>, 28; <i>write</i>, <i>aright</i>, 13; <i>sey</i> (I
@@ -3653,26 +3616,26 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   appears from ll. 1051-1055, which end with <i>me</i>, <i>remedy</i>,
   <i>be</i>, <i>dy</i>, <i>company</i> consecutively.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect74">� 74</a>. Perhaps an easier way for enabling a
+  <p><a name="sect74">§ 74</a>. Perhaps an easier way for enabling a
   learner to recognise the peculiarities of The Court of Love, and the
   difference of its language from Chaucer, is to translate some lines of it
   into Chaucerian English. The effect upon the metre is startling.</p>
 
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>So thanne I went-� by straunge and fer-r� contrees; 57.</p>
-      <p>Alceste it was that kept-� there her sojour; 105.</p>
-      <p>To whom obeyd-�n the ladies god-� nynten-�; 108.</p>
-      <p>And yong-� men fel-� cam-� forth with lusty pace; 110.</p>
-      <p>O bright-� Regina, who mad-� thee so fair? 141.</p>
-      <p>And mercy ask-� for al my gret-� trespas; 166.</p>
-      <p>This eight-�-ten-� yeer have kept yourself at large; 184.</p>
-      <p>In me did never worch-� trew-�-ly, yit I; 212.</p>
-      <p>And ther I sey the fres-sh� quene of Cart�ge; 231.</p>
-      <p>A! new-� com-�n folk, abyde, and woot ye why; 271.</p>
-      <p>Than gan I me present-� tofor-� the king; 274.</p>
-      <p>That thou be trew-� from henn-es-forth, to thy might; 289.</p>
-      <p>And nam-�-ly haw-�-thorn brought-�n both-� page and grom-�; 1433.</p>
+      <p>So thanne I went-ë by straunge and fer-rë contrees; 57.</p>
+      <p>Alceste it was that kept-ë there her sojour; 105.</p>
+      <p>To whom obeyd-ën the ladies god-ë nynten-ë; 108.</p>
+      <p>And yong-ë men fel-ë cam-ë forth with lusty pace; 110.</p>
+      <p>O bright-ë Regina, who mad-ë thee so fair? 141.</p>
+      <p>And mercy ask-ë for al my gret-ë trespas; 166.</p>
+      <p>This eight-ë-ten-ë yeer have kept yourself at large; 184.</p>
+      <p>In me did never worch-ë trew-ë-ly, yit I; 212.</p>
+      <p>And ther I sey the fres-shë quene of Cartáge; 231.</p>
+      <p>A! new-ë com-ën folk, abyde, and woot ye why; 271.</p>
+      <p>Than gan I me present-ë tofor-ë the king; 274.</p>
+      <p>That thou be trew-ë from henn-es-forth, to thy might; 289.</p>
+      <p>And nam-ë-ly haw-ë-thorn brought-ën both-ë page and grom-ë; 1433.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
 
@@ -3681,7 +3644,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>For Love ne w�l nat countrepleted be.</p>
+      <p>For Love ne wól nat countrepleted be.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
 
@@ -3708,7 +3671,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   whole, is pleasing. I have nothing to say against it, when considered on
   its own merits.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect75">� 75</a>. Space fails me to discuss the somewhat
+  <p><a name="sect75">§ 75</a>. Space fails me to discuss the somewhat
   vexed question of the Courts of Love, of which some have denied the
   existence. However, there seems to be good evidence to shew that they
   arose in Provence, and were due to the extravagances of the troubadours.
@@ -3729,7 +3692,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   the Chaucerian sense (Leg. Good Women, 352). Even the statutes of the
   Court are largely imitated from Lydgate.</p>
 
-<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect76"></a><a href="#piece25">� 76. <span class="sc">Pieces numbered XXV-XXIX.</span></a></p>
+<p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;"><a name="sect76"></a><a href="#piece25">§ 76. <span class="sc">Pieces numbered XXV-XXIX.</span></a></p>
 
   <p>XXV. <span class="sc">Virelay.</span> This piece, from the Trinity
   MS., belongs to the end of the fifteenth century, and contains no example
@@ -3805,7 +3768,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   the Trinity MS., it occurs at the end of a copy of The Parlement of
   Foules.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect77">� 77</a>. An examination of the pieces contained in
+  <p><a name="sect77">§ 77</a>. An examination of the pieces contained in
   the present volume leads us to a somewhat remarkable result, viz. that we
   readily distinguish in them the handiwork of <i>at least</i> twelve
   different authors, of whom no two are much alike, whilst every one of
@@ -3839,7 +3802,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   class="nw">-en</span></i> to save a hiatus or to gain a syllable, and did
   not hesitate to employ it where it was grammatically wrong to do so.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect78">� 78</a>. If the reader were to suppose that this
+  <p><a name="sect78">§ 78</a>. If the reader were to suppose that this
   exhausts the list, he would be mistaken; for it is quite easy to add at
   least one known name, and to suggest three others. For the piece numbered
   XXVI, on p. 449, has been identified as the work of John Walton, who
@@ -3867,13 +3830,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   Chalmers' British Poets; which, precisely on that very account, is useful
   enough in its own peculiar way.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="sect79">� 79</a>. I believe it may be said of nearly every
+  <p><a name="sect79">§ 79</a>. I believe it may be said of nearly every
   piece in the volume, that it now appears in an improved form. In several
   cases, I have collated MSS. that have not previously been examined, and
   have found them to be the best. The Notes are nearly all new; very few
   have been taken from Bell's Chaucer. Several are due to Schick's useful
   notes to The Temple of Glas; and some to Krausser's edition of The Black
-  Knight, and to Gr�hler's edition of La Belle Dame, both of which reached
+  Knight, and to Gröhler's edition of La Belle Dame, both of which reached
   me after my own notes were all in type. I have added a Glossary <!-- Page
   lxxxiv --><span class="pagenum"><a
   name="pagelxxxiv"></a>[lxxxiv]</span>of the harder words; for others, see
@@ -3898,7 +3861,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   for the loan of his transcript of The Praise of Peace; to Mr. Bradley,
   for his discovery of the authorship of The Testament of Love and for
   other assistance as regards the same; to Dr. E. Krausser, for his edition
-  of The Complaint of the Black Knight; to Dr. Gr�hler, for his
+  of The Complaint of the Black Knight; to Dr. Gröhler, for his
   dissertation on La Belle Dame sans Mercy; and to Professor Hales for his
   kind help as to some difficult points, and particularly with regard to
   The Court of Love.</p>
@@ -3986,7 +3949,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>� Now, principally, the mene to bringe in knowleging and</p>
+      <p>¶ Now, principally, the mene to bringe in knowleging and</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">55</div></div><p>loving his creatour is the consideracion of thinges made by the</p>
       <p>creatour, wherthrough, by thilke thinges that ben made understonding</p>
       <p>here to our wittes, arn the unsene privitees of god</p>
@@ -4056,7 +4019,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">110</div></div><p>Yet also have I leve of the noble husbande Bo�ce, al-though</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">110</div></div><p>Yet also have I leve of the noble husbande Boëce, al-though</p>
       <p>I be a straunger of conninge, to come after his doctrine, and</p>
       <p>these grete workmen, and glene my handfuls of the shedinge</p>
       <p>after their handes; and, if me faile ought of my ful, to encrese</p>
@@ -4251,7 +4214,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>commended by &dagger;flowinge streme &dagger;of al maner vertues, but</p>
       <p>ther ben wonderful, I not whiche that let the flood to come</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">120</div></div><p>in-to my soule; wherefore, purely mated with sorowe thorough-sought,</p>
-      <p>my-selfe I crye on your goodnesse to have pit� on this</p>
+      <p>my-selfe I crye on your goodnesse to have pitè on this</p>
       <p>caytif, that in the in[ne]rest degree of sorowe and disese is left,</p>
       <p>and, without your goodly wil, from any helpe and recovery.</p>
       <p>These sorowes may I not sustene, but-if my sorowe shulde be</p>
@@ -4262,10 +4225,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>there cryeth after mercy and grace, to which thing (me semeth)</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">130</div></div><p>thee list non answere to yeve, but with a deynous chere ye</p>
       <p>commaunden it to avoide; but god forbid that any word shuld of</p>
-      <p>you springe, to have so litel routh! Pard�, pit� and mercy in</p>
+      <p>you springe, to have so litel routh! Pardè, pitè and mercy in</p>
       <p>every Margarite is closed by kynde amonges many other vertues,</p>
       <p>by qualitees of comfort; but comfort is to me right naught worth,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">135</div></div><p>withouten mercy and pit� of you alone; whiche thinges hastely</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">135</div></div><p>withouten mercy and pitè of you alone; whiche thinges hastely</p>
       <p>god me graunt for his mercy!</p>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -4326,7 +4289,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>persones, that otherwhyle, if a man be in his soveraignes presence,</p>
       <p>a maner of ferdnesse crepeth in his herte, not for harme, but of</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">10</div></div><p>goodly subjeccion; namely, as men reden that aungels ben aferde</p>
-      <p>of our saviour in heven. And pard�, there ne is, ne may no</p>
+      <p>of our saviour in heven. And pardè, there ne is, ne may no</p>
       <p>passion of disese be; but it is to mene, that angels ben adradde,</p>
       <p>not by &dagger;ferdnes of drede, sithen they ben perfitly blissed, [but]</p>
       <p>as [by] affeccion of wonderfulnesse and by service of obedience.</p>
@@ -4383,8 +4346,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'O good lady,' quod I, 'is this worship to thee or to thyn</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">55</div></div><p>excellence, for to come in-to so foule a place? Pard�, somtyme,</p>
-      <p>tho I was in prosperit� and with forayne goodes envolved, I had</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">55</div></div><p>excellence, for to come in-to so foule a place? Pardè, somtyme,</p>
+      <p>tho I was in prosperitè and with forayne goodes envolved, I had</p>
       <p>mokil to done to drawe thee to myn hostel; and yet many</p>
       <p>werninges thou madest er thou liste fully to graunte, thyn home</p>
       <p>to make at my dwelling-place; and now thou comest goodly by</p>
@@ -4427,7 +4390,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>hem through errour to ben spilte. For me liste, and it me lyketh,</p>
       <p>of al myne a shepherdesse to be cleped. Wost thou not wel,</p>
       <p>I fayled never wight, but he me refused and wolde negligently go</p>
-      <p>with unkyndenesse? And yet, pard�, have I many such holpe</p>
+      <p>with unkyndenesse? And yet, pardè, have I many such holpe</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">90</div></div><p>and releved, and they have ofte me begyled; but ever, at the ende,</p>
       <p>it discendeth in their owne nekkes. Hast thou not rad how kinde</p>
       <p>I was to Paris, Priamus sone of Troy? How Jason me falsed,</p>
@@ -4451,7 +4414,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>worthyed kinges in the felde? Who hath honoured ladyes in</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">110</div></div><p>boure by a perpetuel mirrour of their tr[o]uthe in my service?</p>
       <p>Who hath caused worthy folk to voyde vyce and shame? Who</p>
-      <p>hath holde cytees and realmes in prosperit�? If thee liste clepe</p>
+      <p>hath holde cytees and realmes in prosperitè? If thee liste clepe</p>
       <p>ayen thyn olde remembraunce, thou coudest every point of this</p>
       <p>declare in especial; and say that I, thy maistresse, have be cause,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">115</div></div><p>causing these thinges and many mo other.'</p>
@@ -4482,7 +4445,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>wyse they might best their ladies in good service plese; and</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">135</div></div><p>also to lerne maner in countenaunce, in wordes, and in bering,</p>
       <p>and to ben meke and lowly to every wight, his name and fame to</p>
-      <p>encrese; and to yeve gret yeftes and large, that his renom� may</p>
+      <p>encrese; and to yeve gret yeftes and large, that his renomè may</p>
       <p>springen. But thee therof have I excused; for thy losse and thy</p>
       <p>grete costages, wherthrough thou art nedy, arn nothing to me</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">140</div></div><p>unknowen; but I hope to god somtyme it shal ben amended, as</p>
@@ -4606,7 +4569,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Gretly was I tho gladded of these wordes, and (as who</p>
-      <p>saith) wexen somdel light in herte; both for the auctorit�</p>
+      <p>saith) wexen somdel light in herte; both for the auctoritè</p>
       <p>of witnesse, and also for sikernesse of helpe of the forsayd</p>
       <p>beheste, and sayd:&mdash;</p>
     </div>
@@ -4725,7 +4688,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>of whiche I never have blisse. There liveth non but he hath</p>
       <p>disese; your might than that brought me to suche service, that to</p>
       <p>me is cause of sorowe and of joye. I wonder of your worde that</p>
-      <p>ye sayn, "to bringen men in-to joye"; and, pard�, ye wete wel</p>
+      <p>ye sayn, "to bringen men in-to joye"; and, pardè, ye wete wel</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">95</div></div><p>that defaut ne trespace may not resonably ben put to me-wardes,</p>
       <p>as fer as my conscience knoweth.</p>
     </div>
@@ -4849,14 +4812,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>she sayd. Comenly the wyse speken esily and softe for many</p>
       <p>skilles. Oon is, their wordes are the better bileved; and also, in</p>
       <p>esy spekinge, avysement men may cacche, what to putte forth</p>
-      <p>and what to holden in. And also, the auctorit� of esy wordes is</p>
+      <p>and what to holden in. And also, the auctoritè of esy wordes is</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">10</div></div><p>the more; and eke, they yeven the more understandinge to other</p>
       <p>intencion of the mater. Right so this lady esely and in a softe</p>
       <p>maner gan say these wordes.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>� 'Mervayle,' quod she, 'greet it is, that by no maner of semblaunt,</p>
+      <p>¶ 'Mervayle,' quod she, 'greet it is, that by no maner of semblaunt,</p>
       <p>as fer as I can espye, thou list not to have any recour;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">15</div></div><p>but ever thou playnest and sorowest, and wayes of remedye, for</p>
       <p>folisshe wilfulnesse, thee list not to seche. But enquyre of thy</p>
@@ -4936,7 +4899,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>extende; and also I am to feble in worldly joyes, any suche</p>
       <p>jewel to countrevayle. For suche people that worldly joyes han</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">75</div></div><p>at her wil ben sette at the highest degree, and most in reverence</p>
-      <p>ben accepted. For false wening maketh felicit� therin to be</p>
+      <p>ben accepted. For false wening maketh felicitè therin to be</p>
       <p>supposed; but suche caytives as I am evermore ben hindred.'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -4987,7 +4950,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">10</div></div><p>service; and yet Jupiter by signes, without any speche, had</p>
       <p>al his purpose ayenst her fathers wil. And many suche mo have</p>
       <p>ben knitte in trouthe, and yet spake they never togider; for</p>
-      <p>that is a thing enclosed under secretnesse of privyt�, why twey</p>
+      <p>that is a thing enclosed under secretnesse of privytè, why twey</p>
       <p>persons entremellen hertes after a sight. The power in knowing,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">15</div></div><p>of such thinges &dagger;to preven, shal nat al utterly be yeven to you</p>
       <p>beestes; for many thinges, in suche precious maters, ben</p>
@@ -5027,23 +4990,23 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Certes,' quod I, 'it is nothing lich, this world, to tyme</p>
-      <p>passed; eke this countr� hath oon maner, and another countr�</p>
+      <p>passed; eke this countrè hath oon maner, and another countrè</p>
       <p>hath another. And so may nat a man alway putte to his eye the</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">45</div></div><p>salve that he heled with his hele. For this is sothe: betwixe</p>
-      <p>two thinges liche, ofte dyversit� is required.'</p>
+      <p>two thinges liche, ofte dyversitè is required.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>'Now,' quod she, 'that is sothe; dyversit� of nation, dyversit� of</p>
-      <p>lawe, as was maked by many resons; for that dyversit� cometh in</p>
+      <p>'Now,' quod she, 'that is sothe; dyversitè of nation, dyversitè of</p>
+      <p>lawe, as was maked by many resons; for that dyversitè cometh in</p>
       <p>by the contrarious malice of wicked people, that han envyous hertes</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">50</div></div><p>ayenst other. But trewly, my lawe to my servauntes ever hath</p>
       <p>ben in general, whiche may nat fayle. For right as mannes &dagger;lawe</p>
       <p>that is ordained by many determinacions, may nat be knowe for</p>
       <p>good or badde, til assay of the people han proved it and [founden]</p>
-      <p>to what ende it draweth; and than it sheweth the necessit�</p>
+      <p>to what ende it draweth; and than it sheweth the necessitè</p>
 <!-- Page 23 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page23"></a>[23]</span>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">55</div></div><p>therof, or els the impossibilit�: right so the lawe of my servauntes</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">55</div></div><p>therof, or els the impossibilitè: right so the lawe of my servauntes</p>
       <p>so wel hath ben proved in general, that hitherto hath it not fayled.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -5126,10 +5089,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">125</div></div><p>Thus, by these wayes, shul men ben avaunced; ensample of</p>
       <p>David, that from keping of shepe was drawen up in-to the order</p>
       <p>of kingly governaunce; and Jupiter, from a bole, to ben Europes</p>
-      <p>fere; and Julius Cesar, from the lowest degr� in Rome, to be</p>
+      <p>fere; and Julius Cesar, from the lowest degrè in Rome, to be</p>
       <p>mayster of al erthly princes; and Eneas from hel, to be king of</p>
 <!-- Page 25 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page25"></a>[25]</span>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">130</div></div><p>the countr� there Rome is now stonding. And so to thee I say;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">130</div></div><p>the countrè there Rome is now stonding. And so to thee I say;</p>
       <p>thy grace, by bering ther-after, may sette thee in suche plight,</p>
       <p>that no jangling may greve the leest tucke of thy hemmes; that</p>
       <p>[suche] are their &dagger;jangles, is nought to counte at a cresse in thy</p>
@@ -5200,18 +5163,18 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>ne to the merytes of their doinges, but only to the aventure of</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">20</div></div><p>fortune; and therafter they yeven their sentence. And some</p>
       <p>loken the voluntary wil in his herte, and therafter telleth his</p>
-      <p>jugement; not taking hede to reson ne to the qualit� of the</p>
+      <p>jugement; not taking hede to reson ne to the qualitè of the</p>
       <p>doing; as thus.  If a man be riche and fulfild with worldly</p>
       <p>welfulnesse, some commenden it, and sayn it is so lent by juste</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">25</div></div><p>cause; and he that hath adversit�, they sayn he is weked; and</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">25</div></div><p>cause; and he that hath adversitè, they sayn he is weked; and</p>
       <p>hath deserved thilke anoy. The contrarye of these thinges some</p>
 <!-- Page 26 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page26"></a>[26]</span>
-      <p>men holden also; and sayn that to the riche prosperit� is purvayed</p>
-      <p>in-to his confusion; and upon this mater many autorit�s</p>
+      <p>men holden also; and sayn that to the riche prosperitè is purvayed</p>
+      <p>in-to his confusion; and upon this mater many autoritès</p>
       <p>of many and greet-witted clerkes they alegen. And some men</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">30</div></div><p>sayn, though al good estimacion forsake folk that han adversit�,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">30</div></div><p>sayn, though al good estimacion forsake folk that han adversitè,</p>
       <p>yet is it meryte and encrees of his blisse; so that these purposes</p>
-      <p>am so wonderful in understanding, that trewly, for myn adversit�</p>
+      <p>am so wonderful in understanding, that trewly, for myn adversitè</p>
       <p>now, I not how the sentence of the indifferent people wil jugen</p>
       <p>my fame.'</p>
     </div>
@@ -5235,7 +5198,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>tho sayntes, and good ensample to other misdoers in amendement.</p>
       <p>How turned the Romayne Zedeoreys fro the Romaynes,</p>
       <p>to be with Hanibal ayenst his kynde nacion; and afterwardes,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">50</div></div><p>him seming the Romayns to be at the next degr� of confusion,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">50</div></div><p>him seming the Romayns to be at the next degrè of confusion,</p>
       <p>turned to his olde alyes; by whose witte after was Hanibal</p>
       <p>discomfited. Wherfore, to enfourme you, lady, the maner-why</p>
       <p>I mene, see now. In my youth I was drawe to ben assentaunt</p>
@@ -5247,12 +5210,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>deserved in furthering and mayntenaunce of tho thinges, besyed</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">60</div></div><p>and laboured, with al my diligence, in werkinge of thilke maters</p>
       <p>to the ende. And trewly, lady, to telle you the sothe, me rought</p>
-      <p>litel of any hate of the mighty senatours in thilke cit�, ne of</p>
+      <p>litel of any hate of the mighty senatours in thilke citè, ne of</p>
 <!-- Page 27 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page27"></a>[27]</span>
       <p>comunes malice; for two skilles. Oon was, I had comfort to ben</p>
       <p>in suche plyte, that bothe profit were to me and to my frendes.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">65</div></div><p>Another was, for commen profit in cominaltee is not but pees and</p>
-      <p>tranquilit�, with just governaunce, proceden from thilke profit;</p>
+      <p>tranquilitè, with just governaunce, proceden from thilke profit;</p>
       <p>sithen, by counsayle of myne inwitte, me thought the firste painted</p>
       <p>thinges malice and yvel meninge, withouten any good avayling to</p>
       <p>any people, and of tyrannye purposed. And so, for pure sorowe,</p>
@@ -5315,7 +5278,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>comune avauntage they enbolded the passif to take in the</p>
       <p>actives doinge; and also styred innocentes of conning to crye</p>
       <p>after thinges, whiche (quod they) may not stande but we ben</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">125</div></div><p>executours of tho maters, and auctorit� of execucion by comen</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">125</div></div><p>executours of tho maters, and auctoritè of execucion by comen</p>
       <p>eleccion to us be delivered. And that muste entre by strength of</p>
       <p>your mayntenaunce. For we out of suche degree put, oppression</p>
       <p>of these olde hindrers shal agayn surmounten, and putten you in</p>
@@ -5323,7 +5286,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">130</div></div><p>The governementes (quod they) of your cit�, lefte in the handes</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">130</div></div><p>The governementes (quod they) of your citè, lefte in the handes</p>
       <p>of torcencious citezins, shal bringe in pestilence and distruccion</p>
       <p>to you, good men; and therfore let us have the comune administracion</p>
       <p>to abate suche yvels. Also (quod they) it is worthy</p>
@@ -5386,7 +5349,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">185</div></div><p>knowleged by the parties hem-selfe; and god wot, other mater</p>
       <p>is non. Ye also, lady, knowe these thinges for trewe; I avaunte</p>
       <p>not in praysing of my-selfe; therby shulde I lese the precious</p>
-      <p>secr� of my conscience. But ye see wel that false opinion of the</p>
+      <p>secrè of my conscience. But ye see wel that false opinion of the</p>
       <p>people for my trouthe, in telling out of false conspyred maters;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">190</div></div><p>and after the jugement of these clerkes, I shulde not hyde the</p>
       <p>sothe of no maner person, mayster ne other. Wherfore I wolde</p>
@@ -5460,7 +5423,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">5</div></div><p>'Pard�,' quod I, 'the persones, every thing as I have sayd, han</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">5</div></div><p>'Pardè,' quod I, 'the persones, every thing as I have sayd, han</p>
       <p>knowleged hem-selfe.'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -5578,7 +5541,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Trewly,' quod she, 'that is sothe, so thou con wel kepe these</p>
-      <p>wordes, and in the in[ne]rest secr� chambre of thyne herte so</p>
+      <p>wordes, and in the in[ne]rest secrè chambre of thyne herte so</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">95</div></div><p>faste hem close that they never flitte; than shalt thou fynde hem</p>
       <p>avayling. Loke now what people hast thou served; whiche of</p>
       <p>hem al in tyme of thyne exile ever thee refresshed, by the valewe</p>
@@ -5597,7 +5560,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 <!-- Page 34 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page34"></a>[34]</span>
       <p>nat thou for some of her dispences, til they were tourned out of</p>
       <p>Selande? Who yave thee ever ought for any rydinge thou madest?</p>
-      <p>Yet, pard�, some of hem token money for thy chambre, and</p>
+      <p>Yet, pardè, some of hem token money for thy chambre, and</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">110</div></div><p>putte tho pens in his purse, unwetinge of the renter.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -5607,7 +5570,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>name that thou supposest of hem for to have. What might thou</p>
       <p>more have don than thou diddest, but-if thou woldest in a fals</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">115</div></div><p>quarel have been a stinkinge martyr? I wene thou fleddest, as</p>
-      <p>longe as thou might, their privit� to counsayle; which thing thou</p>
+      <p>longe as thou might, their privitè to counsayle; which thing thou</p>
       <p>hele[de]st lenger than thou shuldest. And thilke that ought thee</p>
       <p>money no penny wolde paye; they wende thy returne hadde ben</p>
       <p>an impossible. How might thou better have hem proved, but thus</p>
@@ -5686,9 +5649,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>wrathe which I have deserved, so longe as my Margarite hath</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">35</div></div><p>rightwysed my cause." And certes (quod she) I witnesse my-selfe,</p>
       <p>if thou, thus converted, sorowest in good meninge in thyne herte,</p>
-      <p>[and] wolt from al vanit� parfitly departe, in consolacioun of al</p>
+      <p>[and] wolt from al vanitè parfitly departe, in consolacioun of al</p>
       <p>good plesaunce of that Margaryte, whiche that thou desyrest after</p>
-      <p>wil of thyn herte, in a maner of a &dagger;moders pit�, [she] shul fully</p>
+      <p>wil of thyn herte, in a maner of a &dagger;moders pitè, [she] shul fully</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">40</div></div><p>accepte thee in-to grace. For right as thou rentest clothes in</p>
       <p>open sighte, so openly to sowe hem at his worshippe withouten</p>
       <p>reprofe [is] commended. Also, right as thou were ensample of</p>
@@ -5708,13 +5671,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">55</div></div><p>thy-selfe, that thou in fourme of making &dagger;passest nat Adam that eet</p>
       <p>of the apple? Thou &dagger;passest nat the stedfastnesse of Noe, that</p>
       <p>eetinge of the grape becom dronke. Thou passest nat the</p>
-      <p>chastit� of Lothe, that lay by his doughter; eke the nobley of</p>
+      <p>chastitè of Lothe, that lay by his doughter; eke the nobley of</p>
       <p>Abraham, whom god reproved by his pryde; also Davides</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">60</div></div><p>mekenesse, whiche for a woman made Urye be slawe. What?</p>
       <p>also Hector of Troye, in whom no defaute might be founde, yet</p>
       <p>is he reproved that he ne hadde with manhode nat suffred the</p>
       <p>warre begonne, ne Paris to have went in-to Grece, by whom gan</p>
-      <p>al the sorowe. For trewly, him lacketh no venim of priv�</p>
+      <p>al the sorowe. For trewly, him lacketh no venim of privè</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">65</div></div><p>consenting, whiche that openly leveth a wrong to withsaye.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -5738,7 +5701,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Than sayde I right thus: 'Lady of unit� and accorde, envy</p>
+      <p>Than sayde I right thus: 'Lady of unitè and accorde, envy</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">80</div></div><p>and wrathe lurken there thou comest in place; ye weten wel</p>
       <p>your-selve, and so don many other, that whyle I administred the</p>
       <p>office of commen doinge, as in rulinge of the stablisshmentes</p>
@@ -5763,7 +5726,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>may no name be born, in maner of peersing, for many obstacles,</p>
       <p>as waters, and wildernesse, and straunge langages. And nat only</p>
       <p>names of men ben stilled and holden out of knowleginge by these</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">100</div></div><p>obstacles, but also citees and realmes of prosperit� ben letted to</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">100</div></div><p>obstacles, but also citees and realmes of prosperitè ben letted to</p>
       <p>be knowe, and their reson hindred; so that they mowe nat ben</p>
       <p>parfitly in mennes propre understandinge. How shulde than the</p>
       <p>name of a singuler Londenoys passe the glorious name of London,</p>
@@ -5773,13 +5736,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>among oon maner of people may nat such fame in goodnes</p>
       <p>come; for as many as praysen, commenly as many lacken. Fy</p>
       <p>than on such maner fame! Slepe, and suffre him that knoweth</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">110</div></div><p>previt� of hertes to dele suche fame in thilke place there nothing</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">110</div></div><p>previtè of hertes to dele suche fame in thilke place there nothing</p>
       <p>ayenst a sothe shal neither speke ne dare apere, by attourney</p>
       <p>ne by other maner. How many greet-named, and many greet</p>
       <p>in worthinesse losed, han be tofore this tyme, that now out</p>
       <p>of memorie are slidden, and clenely forgeten, for defaute of</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">115</div></div><p>wrytinges! And yet scriptures for greet elde so ben defased, that</p>
-      <p>no perpetualt� may in hem ben juged. But if thou wolt make</p>
+      <p>no perpetualtè may in hem ben juged. But if thou wolt make</p>
       <p>comparisoun to ever, what joye mayst thou have in erthly name?</p>
       <p>It is a fayr lykenesse, a pees or oon grayn of whete, to a thousand</p>
       <p>shippes ful of corne charged! What nombre is betwene the</p>
@@ -5796,8 +5759,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>in respecte of the other. And so thou sekest reward of folkes</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">130</div></div><p>smale wordes, and of vayne praysinges. Trewly, therin thou</p>
       <p>lesest the guerdon of vertue; and lesest the grettest valour of</p>
-      <p>conscience, and uphap thy renom� everlasting. Therfore boldely</p>
-      <p>renom� of fame of the erthe shulde be hated, and fame after deth</p>
+      <p>conscience, and uphap thy renomè everlasting. Therfore boldely</p>
+      <p>renomè of fame of the erthe shulde be hated, and fame after deth</p>
       <p>shulde be desyred of werkes of vertue. [Trewly, vertue] asketh</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">135</div></div><p>guerdoning, and the soule causeth al vertue. Than the soule,</p>
       <p>delivered out of prison of erthe, is most worthy suche guerdon</p>
@@ -5915,7 +5878,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>understanding with aungels; so that in him is knit al maner</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">45</div></div><p>of lyvinges by a resonable proporcioun. Also man is mad of</p>
       <p>al the foure elementes. Al universitee is rekened in him alone;</p>
-      <p>he hath, under god, principalit� above al thinges. Now is his</p>
+      <p>he hath, under god, principalitè above al thinges. Now is his</p>
       <p>soule here, now a thousand myle hence; now fer, now nygh;</p>
       <p>now hye, now lowe; as fer in a moment as in mountenaunce of</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">50</div></div><p>ten winter; and al this is in mannes governaunce and disposicion.</p>
@@ -5962,7 +5925,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">90</div></div><p>do way; they knowe nothing of this. For consent of two hertes</p>
 <!-- Page 41 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page41"></a>[41]</span>
       <p>alone maketh the fasteninge of the knotte; neither lawe of kynde</p>
-      <p>ne mannes lawe determineth neither the age ne the qualit� of</p>
+      <p>ne mannes lawe determineth neither the age ne the qualitè of</p>
       <p>persones, but only accord bitwene thilke twaye. And trewly,</p>
       <p>after tyme that suche accord, by their consent in hert, is enseled,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">95</div></div><p>and put in my tresorye amonges my privy thinges, than ginneth</p>
@@ -5974,7 +5937,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>and yet, toforn ne after, neither of hem bothe mente no flesshly</p>
       <p>lust knowe. Wherfore the wordes of trouthe acorden that my</p>
       <p>servauntes shulden forsake bothe &dagger;fader and moder, and be adherand</p>
-      <p>to his spouse; and they two in unit� of one flesshe</p>
+      <p>to his spouse; and they two in unitè of one flesshe</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">105</div></div><p>shulden accorde. And this wyse, two that wern firste in a litel</p>
       <p>maner discordaunt, hygher that oon and lower that other, ben</p>
       <p>mad evenliche in gree to stonde. But now to enfourme thee</p>
@@ -6079,7 +6042,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>men, that arn a fayr parcel of the erthe, and holden the upperest</p>
       <p>degree, under god, of benigne thinges, as ye sayden right now</p>
       <p>your-selfe; shulde never man have ben set in so worthy a place</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">35</div></div><p>but-if his degr� were ordayned noble. Alas! thou that knittest</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">35</div></div><p>but-if his degrè were ordayned noble. Alas! thou that knittest</p>
       <p>the purveyaunce of al thinges, why lokest thou not to amenden</p>
       <p>these defautes? I see shrewes that han wicked maners sitten in</p>
       <p>chayres of domes, lambes to punisshen, there wolves shulden ben</p>
@@ -6107,14 +6070,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Ah! now I see,' quod she, 'th'entent of thy mening! Lo,</p>
       <p>bycause thy worldly goodes ben fulliche dispent, thou beraft out</p>
-      <p>of dignit� of office, in whiche thou madest the &dagger;gaderinge of thilke</p>
+      <p>of dignitè of office, in whiche thou madest the &dagger;gaderinge of thilke</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">55</div></div><p>goodes, and yet diddest in that office by counsaile of wyse [before</p>
       <p>that] any thing were ended; and true were unto hem whos profit</p>
       <p>thou shuldest loke; and seest now many that in thilke hervest</p>
       <p>made of thee mokel, and now, for glosing of other, deyneth thee</p>
       <p>nought to forther, but enhaunsen false shrewes by witnessinge of</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">60</div></div><p>trouthe! These thinges greveth thyn herte, to sene thy-selfe thus</p>
-      <p>abated; and than, fraylt� of mankynde ne setteth but litel by the</p>
+      <p>abated; and than, frayltè of mankynde ne setteth but litel by the</p>
       <p>lesers of suche richesse, have he never so moche vertue; and so</p>
       <p>thou wenest of thy jewel to renne in dispyt, and not ben accepted</p>
       <p>in-to grace. Al this shal thee nothing hinder. Now (quod she)</p>
@@ -6152,7 +6115,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">85</div></div><p>'For Unsely,' quod she, 'begyleth nat, but sheweth th'entent</p>
-      <p>of her working. <i>Et e contra</i>: Selinesse begyleth. For in prosperit�</p>
+      <p>of her working. <i>Et e contra</i>: Selinesse begyleth. For in prosperitè</p>
       <p>she maketh a jape in blyndnesse; that is, she wyndeth him to</p>
       <p>make sorowe whan she withdraweth. Wolt thou nat (quod she)</p>
       <p>preise him better that sheweth to thee his herte, tho[ugh] it be</p>
@@ -6182,7 +6145,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>don thee mokel more to winne than ever yet thou lostest, and</p>
       <p>more than ever the contrary made thee winne? Is nat a greet</p>
       <p>good, to thy thinking, for to knowe the hertes of thy sothfast</p>
-      <p>frendes? Pard�, they ben proved to the ful, and the trewe have</p>
+      <p>frendes? Pardè, they ben proved to the ful, and the trewe have</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">110</div></div><p>discevered fro the false. Trewly, at the goinge of the ilke brotel</p>
       <p>joye, ther yede no more away than the ilke that was nat thyn</p>
       <p>proper. He was never from that lightly departed; thyn owne</p>
@@ -6270,7 +6233,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>worke, as I have begonne, in love; after as my thinne wit, with</p>
       <p>inspiracion of him that hildeth al grace, wol suffre. Grevously,</p>
       <p>god wot, have I suffred a greet throwe that the Romayne</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">15</div></div><p>emperour, which in unit� of love shulde acorde, and every with</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">15</div></div><p>emperour, which in unitè of love shulde acorde, and every with</p>
       <p>other *&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* in cause of other to avaunce; and namely, sithe</p>
       <p>this empyre [nedeth] to be corrected of so many sectes in heresie</p>
       <p>of faith, of service, o[f] rule in loves religion. Trewly, al were</p>
@@ -6278,7 +6241,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">20</div></div><p>For many men there ben that sayn love to be in gravel and sande,</p>
       <p>that with see ebbinge and flowinge woweth, as riches that sodaynly</p>
       <p>vanissheth. And some sayn that love shulde be in windy blastes,</p>
-      <p>that stoundmele turneth as a phane, and glorie of renom�, which</p>
+      <p>that stoundmele turneth as a phane, and glorie of renomè, which</p>
       <p>after lustes of the varyaunt people is areysed or stilled.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -6290,7 +6253,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>that in okes and in huge postes supposen love to ben grounded,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">30</div></div><p>as in strength and in might, whiche mowen not helpen their owne</p>
 <!-- Page 47 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page47"></a>[47]</span>
-      <p>wrecchidnesse, whan they ginne to falle. But [of] suche diversit�</p>
+      <p>wrecchidnesse, whan they ginne to falle. But [of] suche diversitè</p>
       <p>of sectes, ayenst the rightful beleve of love, these errours ben forth</p>
       <p>spredde, that loves servantes in trewe rule and stedfast fayth in</p>
       <p>no place daren apere. Thus irrecuperable joy is went, and anoy</p>
@@ -6306,8 +6269,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>loves servauntes and professe in his religion of trewe rule pursewen,</p>
       <p>to confounden and to distroyen. And for as moche as holy &dagger;faders,</p>
       <p>that of our Christen fayth aproved and strengthed to the Jewes, as</p>
-      <p>to men resonable and of divinit� lerned, proved thilke fayth with</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">45</div></div><p>resones, and with auctorit�s of the olde testament and of the newe,</p>
+      <p>to men resonable and of divinitè lerned, proved thilke fayth with</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">45</div></div><p>resones, and with auctoritès of the olde testament and of the newe,</p>
       <p>her pertinacie to distroy: but to paynims, that for beestes and</p>
       <p>houndes were holde, to putte hem out of their errour, was &dagger;miracle</p>
       <p>of god shewed. These thinges were figured by cominge of th'angel</p>
@@ -6316,12 +6279,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>to people bestial not lerned, wern sent to enforme. But I, lovers</p>
       <p>clerk, in al my conning and with al my mightes, trewly I have no</p>
       <p>suche grace in vertue of miracles, ne for no discomfit falsheedes</p>
-      <p>suffyseth not auctorit�s alone; sithen that suche [arn] heretikes</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">55</div></div><p>and maintaynours of falsit�s. Wherfore I wot wel, sithen that</p>
+      <p>suffyseth not auctoritès alone; sithen that suche [arn] heretikes</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">55</div></div><p>and maintaynours of falsitès. Wherfore I wot wel, sithen that</p>
       <p>they ben men, and reson is approved in hem, the clowde of errour</p>
       <p>hath her reson beyond probable resons, whiche that cacchende</p>
       <p>wit rightfully may not with-sitte. By my travaylinge studie I have</p>
-      <p>ordeyned hem, &dagger;whiche that auctorit�, misglosed by mannes</p>
+      <p>ordeyned hem, &dagger;whiche that auctoritè, misglosed by mannes</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">60</div></div><p>reson, to graunt shal ben enduced.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -6374,9 +6337,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>this worke have I writte; and to thee, tytled of Loves name,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">100</div></div><p>I have it avowed in a maner of sacrifyse; that, where-ever it be</p>
       <p>rad, it mowe in merite, by the excellence of thilke name, the</p>
-      <p>more wexe in authorit� and worshippe of takinge in hede; and to</p>
+      <p>more wexe in authoritè and worshippe of takinge in hede; and to</p>
 <!-- Page 49 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page49"></a>[49]</span>
-      <p>what entent it was ordayned, the inse�res mowen ben moved.</p>
+      <p>what entent it was ordayned, the inseëres mowen ben moved.</p>
       <p>Every thing to whom is owande occasion don as for his ende,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">105</div></div><p>Aristotle supposeth that the actes of every thinge ben in a maner</p>
       <p>his final cause. A final cause is noblerer, or els even as noble,</p>
@@ -6466,7 +6429,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>wolden maystries me have in thilke stoundes. In heven on</p>
       <p>highe, above Saturnes sphere, in sesonable tyme were they</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">25</div></div><p>lodged; but now come queynte counsailours that in no house</p>
-      <p>wol suffre me sojourne, wherof is pit�; and yet sayn some that</p>
+      <p>wol suffre me sojourne, wherof is pitè; and yet sayn some that</p>
       <p>they me have in celler with wyne shed; in gernere, there corn is</p>
       <p>layd covered with whete; in sacke, sowed with wolle; in purse,</p>
       <p>with money faste knit; among pannes mouled in a &dagger;whicche;</p>
@@ -6538,7 +6501,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">90</div></div><p>under suretee ayenst al raveynous foules and beestes, and not to</p>
       <p>be tyraunt them-selfe." And than the smale, in reste and quiete,</p>
       <p>by the heedes wel disposed, owen for their soveraynes helth and</p>
-      <p>prosperit� to pray, and in other doinges in maintenaunce therof</p>
+      <p>prosperitè to pray, and in other doinges in maintenaunce therof</p>
       <p>performe, withouten other administracion in rule of any maner</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">95</div></div><p>governaunce. And they wit have in hem, and grace to come to</p>
       <p>suche thinges, yet shulde they cese til their heedes them cleped,</p>
@@ -6546,14 +6509,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>governaunce ne other medlinge ought they not to clayme, ne</p>
       <p>the heedes on hem to putte. Trewly, amonges cosinage dar</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">100</div></div><p>I not come, but-if richesse be my mene; sothly, she and other</p>
-      <p>bodily goodes maketh nigh cosinage, ther never propinquit� ne</p>
+      <p>bodily goodes maketh nigh cosinage, ther never propinquitè ne</p>
       <p>alyaunce in lyve was ne shulde have be, nere it for her medling</p>
       <p>maners; wherfore kindly am I not ther leged. Povert of</p>
       <p>kinred is behynde; richesse suffreth him to passe; truly he saith,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">105</div></div><p>he com never of Japhetes childre. Whereof I am sory that</p>
       <p>Japhetes children, for povert, in no linage ben rekened, and</p>
       <p>Caynes children, for riches, be maked Japhetes heires. Alas! this</p>
-      <p>is a wonder chaunge bitwene tho two No�s children, sithen that</p>
+      <p>is a wonder chaunge bitwene tho two Noës children, sithen that</p>
       <p>of Japhetes ofspring comeden knightes, and of Cayn discended</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">110</div></div><p>the lyne of servage to his brothers childre. Lo! how gentillesse</p>
       <p>and servage, as cosins, bothe discended out of two brethern of</p>
@@ -6561,12 +6524,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>kinrede &dagger;maketh not gentil linage in succession, without desert</p>
       <p>of a mans own selfe. Where is now the lyne of Alisaundre the</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">115</div></div><p>noble, or els of Hector of Troye? Who is discended of right</p>
-      <p>bloode of lyne fro king Artour? Pard�, sir Perdicas, whom that</p>
+      <p>bloode of lyne fro king Artour? Pardè, sir Perdicas, whom that</p>
 <!-- Page 53 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page53"></a>[53]</span>
       <p>Alisandre made to ben his heire in Grece, was of no kinges</p>
       <p>bloode; his dame was a tombestere. Of what kinred ben the</p>
       <p>gentiles in our dayes? I trow therfore, if any good be in gentilesse,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">120</div></div><p>it is only that it semeth a maner of necessit� be input to</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">120</div></div><p>it is only that it semeth a maner of necessitè be input to</p>
       <p>gentilmen, that they shulden not varyen fro the vertues of their</p>
       <p>auncestres. Certes, al maner linage of men ben evenliche in</p>
       <p>birth; for oon &dagger;fader, maker of al goodnes, enformed hem al,</p>
@@ -6645,7 +6608,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 <!-- Page 54 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page54"></a>[54]</span>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">10</div></div><p>al lignes: who is, that right as emperour hem commaundeth,</p>
       <p>whether thilke ben not women, in whos lyknesse to me ye aperen?</p>
-      <p>For right as man halt the principalt� of al thing under his beinge,</p>
+      <p>For right as man halt the principaltè of al thing under his beinge,</p>
       <p>in the masculyne gender; and no mo genders ben there</p>
       <p>but masculyn and femenyne; al the remenaunt ben no gendres but</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">15</div></div><p>of grace, in facultee of grammer: right so, in the femenyne, the</p>
@@ -6662,7 +6625,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And in this degree, lady, your-selfe many hertes of men have</p>
       <p>so bounden, that parfit blisse in womankynde to ben men wenen,</p>
       <p>and in nothinge els. Also, lady, the goodnesse, the vertue of</p>
-      <p>women, by propert� of discrecion, is so wel knowen, by litelnesse</p>
+      <p>women, by propertè of discrecion, is so wel knowen, by litelnesse</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">30</div></div><p>of malice, that desyre to a good asker by no waye conne they</p>
       <p>warne. And ye thanne, that wol not passe the kynde werchinge</p>
       <p>of your sectes by general discrecion, I wot wel, ye wol so enclyne</p>
@@ -6673,10 +6636,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>'Certes,' quod she, 'thus for the more parte fareth al mankynde,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">35</div></div><p>to praye and to crye after womans grace, and fayne many fantasyes</p>
       <p>to make hertes enclyne to your desyres. And whan these</p>
-      <p>sely women, for freelt� of their kynde, beleven your wordes, and</p>
+      <p>sely women, for freeltè of their kynde, beleven your wordes, and</p>
       <p>wenen al be gospel the promise of your behestes, than graunt[en]</p>
       <p>they to you their hertes, and fulfillen your lustes, wherthrough</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">40</div></div><p>their libert� in maystreship that they toforn had is thralled; and</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">40</div></div><p>their libertè in maystreship that they toforn had is thralled; and</p>
       <p>so maked soverayn and to be prayed, that first was servaunt,</p>
       <p>and voice of prayer used. Anon as filled is your lust, many of you</p>
       <p>be so trewe, that litel hede take ye of suche kyndnesse; but</p>
@@ -6694,7 +6657,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>his wil performed. Lo! the bird is begyled with the mery voice</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">55</div></div><p>of the foulers whistel. Whan a woman is closed in your nette,</p>
       <p>than wol ye causes fynden, and bere unkyndenesse her &dagger;on</p>
-      <p>hande, or falset� upon her putte, your owne malicious trayson</p>
+      <p>hande, or falsetè upon her putte, your owne malicious trayson</p>
       <p>with suche thinge to excuse. Lo! than han women non other</p>
       <p>wreche in vengeaunce, but &dagger;blobere and wepe til hem list stint,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">60</div></div><p>and sorily her mishap complayne; and is put in-to wening that</p>
@@ -6706,7 +6669,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>I may nat telle, by thousande partes, the wronges in trechery</p>
       <p>of suche false people; for make they never so good a bond,</p>
       <p>al sette ye at a myte whan your hert tourneth. And they that</p>
-      <p>wenen for sorowe of you deye, the pit� of your false herte is flowe</p>
+      <p>wenen for sorowe of you deye, the pitè of your false herte is flowe</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">70</div></div><p>out of towne. Alas! therfore, that ever any woman wolde take</p>
       <p>any wight in her grace, til she knowe, at the ful, on whom she</p>
       <p>might at al assayes truste! Women con no more craft in queynt</p>
@@ -6766,7 +6729,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>a-werke, might thy Margaryte for plesaunce, frendship, ne fayrhede</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">125</div></div><p>of none other, be in poynte moved from thyne herte; wherfore</p>
       <p>in-to myne housholde hastely I wol that thou entre, and al the</p>
-      <p>parfit privit� of my werking, make it be knowe in thy understonding,</p>
+      <p>parfit privitè of my werking, make it be knowe in thy understonding,</p>
       <p>as oon of my privy familiers. Thou desyrest (quod she)</p>
       <p>fayn to here of tho thinges there I lefte?'</p>
     </div>
@@ -6833,9 +6796,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Therfore, lady,' quod I tho, 'thilke blisse I have desyred,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">20</div></div><p>and &dagger;soghte toforn this my-selfe, by wayes of riches, of dignit�,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">20</div></div><p>and &dagger;soghte toforn this my-selfe, by wayes of riches, of dignitè,</p>
 <!-- Page 58 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page58"></a>[58]</span>
-      <p>of power, and of renom�, wening me in tho &dagger;thinges had ben</p>
+      <p>of power, and of renomè, wening me in tho &dagger;thinges had ben</p>
       <p>thilke blisse; but ayenst the heer it turneth. Whan I supposed</p>
       <p>beste thilke blisse have &dagger;getten, and come to the ful purpose</p>
       <p>of your service, sodaynly was I hindred, and throwen so fer</p>
@@ -6885,13 +6848,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>fully have understanding in manlich livinges, whiche is holden</p>
       <p>worldlich in these thinges, so that ignorance be mad no letter,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">60</div></div><p>I wol (quod she) nempne these forsayd wayes &dagger;by names and</p>
-      <p>conclusions. First riches, dignit�, renom�, and power shul in</p>
+      <p>conclusions. First riches, dignitè, renomè, and power shul in</p>
       <p>this worke be cleped bodily goodes; for in hem hath ben, a gret</p>
       <p>throw, mannes trust of selinesse in love: as in riches, suffisance</p>
-      <p>to have maintayned that was begonne by worldly catel; in dignit�,</p>
+      <p>to have maintayned that was begonne by worldly catel; in dignitè,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">65</div></div><p>honour and reverence of hem that wern underput by maistry</p>
-      <p>therby to obeye. In renom�, glorie of peoples praising, after</p>
-      <p>lustes in their hert, without hede-taking to qualit� and maner of</p>
+      <p>therby to obeye. In renomè, glorie of peoples praising, after</p>
+      <p>lustes in their hert, without hede-taking to qualitè and maner of</p>
       <p>doing; and in power, by trouth of lordships mayntenaunce, thing</p>
       <p>to procede forth in doing. In al whiche thinges a longe tyme</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">70</div></div><p>mannes coveytise in commune hath ben greetly grounded, to come</p>
@@ -6901,7 +6864,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>'Yes, pard�,' quod I.</p>
+      <p>'Yes, pardè,' quod I.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -6923,20 +6886,20 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>'And wenest nat,' quod she, 'that he that is litel in renom�,</p>
+      <p>'And wenest nat,' quod she, 'that he that is litel in renomè,</p>
       <p>but rather is out of the praysinges of mo men than a fewe, be nat</p>
       <p>in shame?'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'For soth,' quod I, 'it is shame and villany, to him that</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">85</div></div><p>coveyteth renom�, that more folk nat prayse in name than preise.'</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">85</div></div><p>coveyteth renomè, that more folk nat prayse in name than preise.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Soth,' quod she, 'thou sayst soth; but al these thinges are</p>
       <p>folowed of suche maner doinge, and wenden in riches suffisaunce,</p>
-      <p>in power might, in dignit� worship, and in renom� glorie; wherfore</p>
+      <p>in power might, in dignitè worship, and in renomè glorie; wherfore</p>
       <p>they discended in-to disceyvable wening, and in that service disceit</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">90</div></div><p>is folowed. And thus, in general, thou and al suche other that so</p>
       <p>worchen, faylen of my blisse that ye long han desyred. Wherfore</p>
@@ -7071,8 +7034,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>wherthrough any thing hath being that is cleped "caused."</p>
       <p>Than, if richesse &dagger;causeth knot in herte, thilke richesse &dagger;is cause</p>
       <p>of thilke precious thinge being. But after the sentence of</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">5</div></div><p>Aristotle, every cause is more in dignit� than his thinge caused;</p>
-      <p>wherthrough it foloweth richesse to ben more in dignit� than</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">5</div></div><p>Aristotle, every cause is more in dignitè than his thinge caused;</p>
+      <p>wherthrough it foloweth richesse to ben more in dignitè than</p>
       <p>thilke knot. But richesses arn kyndely naughty, badde, and</p>
       <p>nedy; and thilke knotte is thing kyndely good, most praysed</p>
       <p>and desyred. <i>Ergo</i>, thing naughty, badde, and nedy in kyndely</p>
@@ -7105,8 +7068,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">35</div></div><p>richesse, and nothing the yvel; thilke persons, what-ever they</p>
       <p>ben, wenen that riches is most worthy to be had; and that make</p>
       <p>they the cause; and so wene they thilke riches be better than the</p>
-      <p>person. Commenly, suche asken rather after the quantit� than</p>
-      <p>after the qualit�; and suche wenen, as wel by hem-selfe as by</p>
+      <p>person. Commenly, suche asken rather after the quantitè than</p>
+      <p>after the qualitè; and suche wenen, as wel by hem-selfe as by</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">40</div></div><p>other, that conjunccion of his lyfe and of his soule is no more</p>
       <p>precious, but in as mikel as he hath of richesse. Alas! how may</p>
       <p>he holden suche thinges precious or noble, that neither han lyf ne</p>
@@ -7145,9 +7108,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>and norisshinge; but if thou wolt holde thee apayd with that</p>
       <p>suffyseth to thy kynde, thou shalt nat be in daunger of no suche</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">70</div></div><p>riches; to kynde suffyseth litel thing, who that taketh hede.</p>
-      <p>And if thou wolt algates with superfluit� of riches be a-throted,</p>
+      <p>And if thou wolt algates with superfluitè of riches be a-throted,</p>
       <p>thou shalt hastelich be anoyed, or els yvel at ese. And fairnesse</p>
-      <p>of feldes ne of habitacions, ne multitude of meyn�, may nat be</p>
+      <p>of feldes ne of habitacions, ne multitude of meynè, may nat be</p>
       <p>rekened as riches that are thyn owne. For if they be badde, it is</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">75</div></div><p>greet sclaunder and villany to the occupyer; and if they be good</p>
       <p>or faire, the mater of the workman that hem made is to prayse.</p>
@@ -7253,18 +7216,18 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Honour in dignit� is wened to yeven a ful knot.'</p>
+      <p>Honour in dignitè is wened to yeven a ful knot.'</p>
       <p>'Ye, certes,' quod I, 'and of that opinion ben many;</p>
-      <p>for they sayn, dignit�, with honour and reverence, causen hertes</p>
+      <p>for they sayn, dignitè, with honour and reverence, causen hertes</p>
       <p>to encheynen, and so abled to be knit togither, for the excellence</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">5</div></div><p>in soveraynt� of such degrees.'</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">5</div></div><p>in soverayntè of such degrees.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>'Now,' quod she, 'if dignit�, honour, and reverence causen</p>
+      <p>'Now,' quod she, 'if dignitè, honour, and reverence causen</p>
       <p>thilke knotte in herte, this knot is good and profitable. For</p>
       <p>every cause of a cause is cause of thing caused. Than thus:</p>
-      <p>good thinges and profitable ben by dignit�, honour, and reverence</p>
+      <p>good thinges and profitable ben by dignitè, honour, and reverence</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">10</div></div><p>caused. <i>Ergo</i>, they accorden; and dignites ben good with</p>
       <p>reverences and honour. But contraries mowen not accorden.</p>
       <p>Wherfore, by reson, there shulde no dignitee, no reverence, non</p>
@@ -7272,7 +7235,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>cause to shrewes in many shreudnes; for with hem they accorden.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">15</div></div><p><i>Ergo</i>, from beginning to argue ayenward til it come to the laste</p>
       <p>conclusion, they are not cause of the knot. Lo, al day at eye arn</p>
-      <p>shrewes not in reverence, in honour, and in dignit�? Yes, forsothe,</p>
+      <p>shrewes not in reverence, in honour, and in dignitè? Yes, forsothe,</p>
       <p>rather than the good. Than foloweth it that shrewes</p>
       <p>rather than good shul ben cause of this knot. But of this [the]</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">20</div></div><p>contrarie of al lovers is bileved, and for a sothe openly determined</p>
@@ -7287,11 +7250,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'O,' quod she, 'that wol I shewe in manifolde wyse. Ye wene</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">25</div></div><p>(quod she) that dignites of office here in your cit� is as the</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">25</div></div><p>(quod she) that dignites of office here in your citè is as the</p>
       <p>sonne; it shyneth bright withouten any cloude; [of] whiche thing,</p>
       <p>whan they comen in the handes of malicious tirauntes, there</p>
       <p>cometh moche harm, and more grevaunce therof than of the</p>
-      <p>wilde fyre, though it brende al a strete. Certes, in dignit� of</p>
+      <p>wilde fyre, though it brende al a strete. Certes, in dignitè of</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">30</div></div><p>office, the werkes of the occupyer shewen the malice and the</p>
       <p>badnesse in the person; with shrewes they maken manyfolde</p>
       <p>harmes, and moche people shamen. How often han rancours,</p>
@@ -7303,35 +7266,35 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>'Ye,' quod I, 'therfore, as dignit� suche thing in tene y-wrought,</p>
-      <p>so ayenward, the substaunce in dignit� chaunged, relyed to bring</p>
+      <p>'Ye,' quod I, 'therfore, as dignitè suche thing in tene y-wrought,</p>
+      <p>so ayenward, the substaunce in dignitè chaunged, relyed to bring</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">40</div></div><p>ayen good plyte in doing.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Do way, do way,' quod she; 'if it so betyde, but that is</p>
-      <p>selde, that suche dignit� is betake in a good mannes governaunce,</p>
-      <p>what thing is to recken in the dignitees goodnesse? Pard�, the</p>
+      <p>selde, that suche dignitè is betake in a good mannes governaunce,</p>
+      <p>what thing is to recken in the dignitees goodnesse? Pardè, the</p>
       <p>bountee and goodnesse is hers that usen it in good governaunce;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">45</div></div><p>and therfore cometh it that honour and reverence shulde ben</p>
-      <p>don to dignit� bycause of encresinge vertue in the occupyer,</p>
-      <p>and not to the ruler bycause of soverayntee in dignit�. Sithen</p>
-      <p>dignit� may no vertue cause, who is worthy worship for suche</p>
-      <p>goodnesse? Not dignit�, but person, that maketh goodnesse in</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">50</div></div><p>dignit� to shyne.'</p>
+      <p>don to dignitè bycause of encresinge vertue in the occupyer,</p>
+      <p>and not to the ruler bycause of soverayntee in dignitè. Sithen</p>
+      <p>dignitè may no vertue cause, who is worthy worship for suche</p>
+      <p>goodnesse? Not dignitè, but person, that maketh goodnesse in</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">50</div></div><p>dignitè to shyne.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'This is wonder thing,' quod I; 'for me thinketh, as the person</p>
-      <p>in dignit� is worthy honour for goodnesse, so, tho[ugh] a person</p>
-      <p>for badnesse ma[u]gree hath deserved, yet the dignit� leneth to</p>
+      <p>in dignitè is worthy honour for goodnesse, so, tho[ugh] a person</p>
+      <p>for badnesse ma[u]gree hath deserved, yet the dignitè leneth to</p>
       <p>be commended.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">55</div></div><p>'Let be,' quod she, 'thou errest right foule; dignit� with</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">55</div></div><p>'Let be,' quod she, 'thou errest right foule; dignitè with</p>
       <p>badnesse is helper to performe the felonous doing. Pardy, were</p>
-      <p>it kyndly good, or any propert� of kyndly vertue [that men]</p>
+      <p>it kyndly good, or any propertè of kyndly vertue [that men]</p>
       <p>hadden in hem-selfe, shrewes shulde hem never have; with hem</p>
       <p>shulde they never accorde. Water and fyr, that ben contrarious,</p>
 <!-- Page 67 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page67"></a>[67]</span>
@@ -7342,11 +7305,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Pardy, were they kyndly good, as wel oon as other shulden</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">65</div></div><p>evenlich in vertue of governaunce ben worthe; but oon fayleth in</p>
       <p>goodnesse, another doth the contrary; and so it sheweth, kyndly</p>
-      <p>goodnesse in dignit� nat be grounded. And this same reson</p>
+      <p>goodnesse in dignitè nat be grounded. And this same reson</p>
       <p>(quod she) may be mad, in general, on al the bodily goodes;</p>
       <p>for they comen ofte to throw-out shrewes. After this, he is</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">70</div></div><p>strong that hath might to have grete burthens, and he is light</p>
-      <p>and swifte, that hath soveraint� in ronning to passe other; right</p>
+      <p>and swifte, that hath soveraintè in ronning to passe other; right</p>
       <p>so he is a shrewe, on whom shreude thinges and badde han most</p>
       <p>werchinge. And right as philosophy maketh philosophers, and</p>
       <p>my service maketh lovers, right so, if dignites weren good or</p>
@@ -7354,14 +7317,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>and make hem be vertuous. But that they do nat, as it is</p>
       <p>proved, but causen rancour and debat. <i>Ergo</i>, they be nat good,</p>
       <p>but utterly badde. Had Nero never ben Emperour, shulde</p>
-      <p>never his dame have be slayn, to maken open the privit� of his</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">80</div></div><p>engendrure. Herodes, for his dignit�, slew many children. The</p>
-      <p>dignit� of king John wolde have distroyed al England. Therfore</p>
+      <p>never his dame have be slayn, to maken open the privitè of his</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">80</div></div><p>engendrure. Herodes, for his dignitè, slew many children. The</p>
+      <p>dignitè of king John wolde have distroyed al England. Therfore</p>
       <p>mokel wysdom and goodnesse both, nedeth in a person, the</p>
-      <p>malice in dignit� slyly to brydel, and with a good bitte of arest</p>
+      <p>malice in dignitè slyly to brydel, and with a good bitte of arest</p>
       <p>to withdrawe, in case it wolde praunce otherwyse than it shulde.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">85</div></div><p>Trewly, ye yeve to dignites wrongful names in your cleping.</p>
-      <p>They shulde hete, nat dignit�, but moustre of badnesse and</p>
+      <p>They shulde hete, nat dignitè, but moustre of badnesse and</p>
       <p>mayntenour of shrewes. Pardy, shyne the sonne never so bright,</p>
       <p>and it bringe forth no hete, ne sesonably the herbes out-bringe of</p>
       <p>the erthe, but suffre frostes and cold, and the erthe barayne to</p>
@@ -7385,7 +7348,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>'Lo,' quod she, 'the dignites of your cit�, sonne and mone,</p>
+      <p>'Lo,' quod she, 'the dignites of your citè, sonne and mone,</p>
       <p>nothing in kynde shew their shyning as they shulde. For the</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">105</div></div><p>sonne made no brenning hete in love, but freesed envye in</p>
       <p>mennes hertes, for feblenesse of shyning hete; and the moone</p>
@@ -7399,8 +7362,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>'Ye,' quod she, 'but now it is proved at the ful, their beaut� in</p>
-      <p>kyndly shyning fayled; wherfore dignit� of him-selven hath no</p>
+      <p>'Ye,' quod she, 'but now it is proved at the ful, their beautè in</p>
+      <p>kyndly shyning fayled; wherfore dignitè of him-selven hath no</p>
       <p>beautee in fayrnesse, ne dryveth nat awaye vices, but encreseth;</p>
       <p>and so be they no cause of the knotte. Now see, in good trouth;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">115</div></div><p>holde ye nat such sonnes worthy of no reverence, and dignites</p>
@@ -7435,29 +7398,29 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>his kynde. But though a wight had ben mayre of your city</p>
       <p>many winter togider, and come in a straunge place there he were</p>
 <!-- Page 69 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page69"></a>[69]</span>
-      <p>not knowen, he shulde for his dignit� have no reverence. Than</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">135</div></div><p>neither worshippe ne reverence is kyndely propre in no dignit�,</p>
+      <p>not knowen, he shulde for his dignitè have no reverence. Than</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">135</div></div><p>neither worshippe ne reverence is kyndely propre in no dignitè,</p>
       <p>sithen they shulden don their kynde in suche doinge, if any were.</p>
       <p>And if reverence ne worshippe kyndely be not set in dignitees,</p>
       <p>and they more therein ben shewed than goodnesse, for that in</p>
-      <p>dignit� is shewed, but it proveth that goodnesse kyndely in hem</p>
+      <p>dignitè is shewed, but it proveth that goodnesse kyndely in hem</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">140</div></div><p>is not grounded. I-wis, neither worshippe, ne reverence, ne</p>
-      <p>goodnesse in dignit� don non office of kynde; for they have non</p>
+      <p>goodnesse in dignitè don non office of kynde; for they have non</p>
       <p>suche propertee in nature of doinge but by false opinion of the</p>
       <p>people. Lo! how somtyme thilke that in your city wern in</p>
-      <p>dignit� noble, if thou liste hem nempne, they ben now overturned</p>
+      <p>dignitè noble, if thou liste hem nempne, they ben now overturned</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">145</div></div><p>bothe in worship, in name, and in reverence; wherfore</p>
       <p>such dignites have no kyndly werching of worshippe and of</p>
       <p>reverence. He that hath no worthinesse on it-selfe, now it ryseth</p>
       <p>and now it vanissheth, after the variaunt opinion in false hertes</p>
       <p>of unstable people. Wherfore, if thou desyre the knotte of this</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">150</div></div><p>jewel, or els if thou woldest suppose she shulde sette the knotte</p>
-      <p>on thee for suche maner dignit�, than thou wenest beautee or</p>
+      <p>on thee for suche maner dignitè, than thou wenest beautee or</p>
       <p>goodnesse of thilke somwhat encreseth the goodnesse or vertue in</p>
       <p>the body. But dignite[es] of hemself ben not good, ne yeven</p>
       <p>reverence ne worshippe by their owne kynde. How shulde they</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">155</div></div><p>than yeve to any other a thing, that by no waye mowe they have</p>
-      <p>hem-selfe? It is sene in dignit� of the emperour and of many</p>
+      <p>hem-selfe? It is sene in dignitè of the emperour and of many</p>
       <p>mo other, that they mowe not of hem-selve kepe their worshippe</p>
       <p>ne their reverence; that, in a litel whyle, it is now up and now</p>
       <p>downe, by unstedfaste hertes of the people. What bountee mowe</p>
@@ -7539,7 +7502,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">20</div></div><p>possession had. O! a noble thing and clere is power, that is not</p>
       <p>founden mighty to kepe him-selfe! Now, trewly, a greet fole is</p>
       <p>he, that for suche thing wolde sette the knotte in thyne herte!</p>
-      <p>Also power of r�almes, is not thilke grettest power amonges the</p>
+      <p>Also power of rëalmes, is not thilke grettest power amonges the</p>
       <p>worldly powers reckened? And if suche powers han wrecchednesse</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">25</div></div><p>in hem-selfe, it foloweth other powers of febler condicion to</p>
       <p>ben wrecched; and than, that wrecchednesse shulde be cause of</p>
@@ -7549,7 +7512,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">30</div></div><p>in hem-selfe, may right lightly ben preved. If power lacke on</p>
       <p>any syde, on that syde is no power; but no power is wrecchednesse:</p>
       <p>for al-be-it so the power of emperours or kinges, or els</p>
-      <p>of their r�almes (which is the power of the prince) strecchen</p>
+      <p>of their rëalmes (which is the power of the prince) strecchen</p>
 <!-- Page 71 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page71"></a>[71]</span>
       <p>wyde and brode, yet besydes is ther mokel folk of whiche he</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">35</div></div><p>hath no commaundement ne lordshippe; and there-as lacketh his</p>
@@ -7644,7 +7607,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>the lame ginne stomble, bothe shulde falle, right so suche pillers,</p>
       <p>so envyroned with helpes, in falling of the grounde fayleth</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">95</div></div><p>&dagger;altogider. How ofte than suche famulers, in their moste pryde</p>
-      <p>of prosperit�, ben sodainly overthrowen! Thou hast knowe</p>
+      <p>of prosperitè, ben sodainly overthrowen! Thou hast knowe</p>
       <p>many in a moment so ferre overthrowe, that cover might they</p>
       <p>never. Whan the hevinesse of suche fayling cometh by case of</p>
       <p>fortune, they mowe it not eschue; and might and power, if ther</p>
@@ -7653,7 +7616,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>han it, they ben agast; and in no tyme of ful having be they</p>
       <p>siker! And if they wold weyve drede, as they mow not, litel is</p>
       <p>in worthines. Fye therfore on so naughty thing, any knot to</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">105</div></div><p>cause! Lo! in adversit�, thilk ben his foes that glosed and</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">105</div></div><p>cause! Lo! in adversitè, thilk ben his foes that glosed and</p>
       <p>semed frendes in welth; thus arn his familiers his foes and his</p>
       <p>enemyes; and nothing is werse, ne more mighty for to anoy than</p>
       <p>is a familier enemy; and these thinges may they not weyve; so</p>
@@ -7663,7 +7626,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>wrecched complayntes (now think on thy-selfe) trewly he is not</p>
       <p>mighty; I can seen no way that lyth to the knotte. Thilke</p>
       <p>people than, that setten their hertes upon suche mightes and</p>
-      <p>powers, often ben begyled. Pard�, he is not mighty that may do</p>
+      <p>powers, often ben begyled. Pardè, he is not mighty that may do</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">115</div></div><p>any thing, that another may doon him the selve, and that men</p>
       <p>have as greet power over him as he over other. A justice that</p>
       <p>demeth men ayenward hath ben often demed. Buserus slew his</p>
@@ -7711,7 +7674,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>a flye, mokel might in grevaunce and anoying, withouten any</p>
       <p>withsittinge, for al thilke mannes mightes? And sithen thou</p>
       <p>seest thyne flesshly body in kyndely power fayle, how shulde than</p>
-      <p>the accident of a thinge ben in more suret� of beinge than</p>
+      <p>the accident of a thinge ben in more suretè of beinge than</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">145</div></div><p>substancial? Wherfore, thilke thinges that we clepe power is but</p>
 <!-- Page 74 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page74"></a>[74]</span>
       <p>accident to the flesshly body; and so they may not have that</p>
@@ -7752,11 +7715,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Verily it is proved that richesse, dignit�, and power ben not</p>
+      <p>Verily it is proved that richesse, dignitè, and power ben not</p>
       <p>trewe way to the knotte, but as rathe by suche thinges the</p>
       <p>knotte to be unbounde; wherfore on these thinges I rede no</p>
       <p>wight truste to gette any good knotte. But what shul we saye of</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">5</div></div><p>renom� in the peoples mouthes? Shulde that ben any cause?</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">5</div></div><p>renomè in the peoples mouthes? Shulde that ben any cause?</p>
       <p>What supposest thou in thyn herte?'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -7772,9 +7735,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Fayn,' quod I, 'wolde I that here; me thinketh wonder how</p>
-      <p>renom� shuld as wel knitte a shrewe as a good person; renom�</p>
+      <p>renomè shuld as wel knitte a shrewe as a good person; renomè</p>
       <p>in every degree hath avaunced; yet wist I never the contrarye.</p>
-      <p>Shulde than renom� accorde with a shrewe? It may not sinke in</p>
+      <p>Shulde than renomè accorde with a shrewe? It may not sinke in</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">15</div></div><p>my stomake til I here more.'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -7809,7 +7772,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'The goodnesse,' quod she, 'of a person may not ben knowe</p>
-      <p>outforth but by renom� of the knowers; wherfore he must be</p>
+      <p>outforth but by renomè of the knowers; wherfore he must be</p>
       <p>renomed of goodnesse, to come to the knot.'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -7822,7 +7785,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>'Sothly,' quod she, 'that were greet harm, but-if a good man</p>
       <p>might have his desyres in service of thilke knot, and a shrewe to</p>
       <p>be &dagger;weyved, and they ben not knowen in general but by lacking</p>
-      <p>and praysing, and in renom�; and so by the consequence it</p>
+      <p>and praysing, and in renomè; and so by the consequence it</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">35</div></div><p>foloweth, a shrewe to ben praysed and knit; and a good to be</p>
       <p>forsake and unknit.'</p>
     </div>
@@ -7838,13 +7801,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>'Nay,' quod she, 'and that shalt thou see as yerne; these</p>
       <p>elementes han contrarious qualitees in kynde, by whiche they</p>
       <p>mowe not acorde no more than good and badde; and in [some]</p>
-      <p>qualitees they acorde, so that contraries by qualit� acorden by</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">45</div></div><p>qualit�. Is not erthe drye; and water, that is next and bitwene</p>
+      <p>qualitees they acorde, so that contraries by qualitè acorden by</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">45</div></div><p>qualitè. Is not erthe drye; and water, that is next and bitwene</p>
       <p>th'erthe, is wete? Drye and wete ben contrarie, and mowen not</p>
       <p>acorde, and yet this discordaunce is bounde to acorde by cloudes;</p>
       <p>for bothe elementes ben colde. Right so the eyre, that is next</p>
       <p>the water, is wete; and eke it is hot. This eyre by his hete</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">50</div></div><p>contrarieth water that is cold; but thilke contrarioust� is oned &dagger;by</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">50</div></div><p>contrarieth water that is cold; but thilke contrarioustè is oned &dagger;by</p>
       <p>moysture; for bothe be they moyst. Also the fyr, that is next</p>
       <p>the &dagger;eyre and it encloseth al about, is drye, wherthrough it</p>
       <p>contrarieth &dagger;eyre, that is wete; and in hete they acorde; for</p>
@@ -7857,7 +7820,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">60</div></div><p>praysed of some; wherfore their contrarioustee acorde bothe by</p>
       <p>lacking and praysing. Than foloweth it, though good be never</p>
       <p>so mokel praysed, [it] oweth more to ben knit than the badde;</p>
-      <p>or els bad, for the renom� that he hath, must be taken as wel as</p>
+      <p>or els bad, for the renomè that he hath, must be taken as wel as</p>
       <p>the good; and that oweth not.'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -7866,11 +7829,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>'Wel,' quod she, 'than is renom� no way to the knot. Lo,</p>
-      <p>foole,' quod she, 'how clerkes wryten of suche glorie of renom�:&mdash;"O</p>
+      <p>'Wel,' quod she, 'than is renomè no way to the knot. Lo,</p>
+      <p>foole,' quod she, 'how clerkes wryten of suche glorie of renomè:&mdash;"O</p>
 <!-- Page 76 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page76"></a>[76]</span>
       <p>glorie, glorie, thou art non other thing to thousandes of folke</p>
-      <p>but a greet sweller of eeres!" Many oon hath had ful greet renom�</p>
+      <p>but a greet sweller of eeres!" Many oon hath had ful greet renomè</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">70</div></div><p>by false opinion of variaunt people. And what is fouler than</p>
       <p>folk wrongfully to ben praysed, or by malice of the people giltlesse</p>
       <p>lacked? Nedes shame foloweth therof to hem that with wrong</p>
@@ -7879,25 +7842,25 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">75</div></div><p>Good child (quod she) what echeth suche renom� to the</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">75</div></div><p>Good child (quod she) what echeth suche renomè to the</p>
       <p>conscience of a wyse man, that loketh and mesureth his goodnesse,</p>
       <p>not by slevelesse wordes of the people, but by sothfastnesse</p>
       <p>of conscience? By god, nothing. And if it be fayr, a mans name</p>
       <p>be eched by moche folkes praysing, and fouler thing that mo folk</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">80</div></div><p>not praysen? I sayd to thee a litel here-beforn, that no folk in</p>
-      <p>straunge countreyes nought praysen; suche renom� may not</p>
+      <p>straunge countreyes nought praysen; suche renomè may not</p>
       <p>comen to their eeres, bycause of unknowing and other obstacles,</p>
       <p>as I sayde: wherfore more folk not praysen, and that is right foul</p>
-      <p>to him that renom� desyreth, to wete, lesse folk praisen than</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">85</div></div><p>renom� enhaunce. I trowe, the thank of a people is naught</p>
+      <p>to him that renomè desyreth, to wete, lesse folk praisen than</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">85</div></div><p>renomè enhaunce. I trowe, the thank of a people is naught</p>
       <p>worth in remembraunce to take; ne it procedeth of no wyse</p>
       <p>jugement; never is it stedfast pardurable. It is veyne and fleing;</p>
       <p>with winde wasteth and encreseth. Trewly, suche glorie ought to</p>
-      <p>be hated. If gentillesse be a cleer thing, renom� and glorie to</p>
+      <p>be hated. If gentillesse be a cleer thing, renomè and glorie to</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">90</div></div><p>enhaunce, as in reckening of thy linage, than is gentilesse of thy</p>
       <p>kinne; for-why it semeth that gentilesse of thy kinne is but</p>
-      <p>praysing and renom� that come of thyne auncestres desertes:</p>
-      <p>and if so be that praysing and renom� of their desertes make</p>
+      <p>praysing and renomè that come of thyne auncestres desertes:</p>
+      <p>and if so be that praysing and renomè of their desertes make</p>
       <p>their clere gentillesse, than mote they nedes ben gentil for their</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">95</div></div><p>gentil dedes, and not thou; for of thy-selfe cometh not such</p>
       <p>maner gentilesse, praysinge of thy desertes. Than gentillesse of</p>
@@ -7939,7 +7902,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>hast thou fayled. No wight, I wene, blameth him that stinteth</p>
       <p>in misgoing, and secheth redy way of his blisse. Now me</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">130</div></div><p>thinketh (quod she) that it suffyseth in my shewing; the wayes</p>
-      <p>by dignet�, richesse, renom�, and power, if thou loke clerely, arn</p>
+      <p>by dignetè, richesse, renomè, and power, if thou loke clerely, arn</p>
       <p>no wayes to the knotte.'</p>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -7985,7 +7948,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>clepen "armony"; but that is not in brekinge of voice, but it is</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">10</div></div><p>a maner swete thing of kyndely werching, that causeth joye[s]</p>
       <p>out of nombre to recken, and that is joyned by reson and by</p>
-      <p>wysdome in a quantit� of proporcion of knitting. God made al</p>
+      <p>wysdome in a quantitè of proporcion of knitting. God made al</p>
       <p>thing in reson and in witte of proporcion of melody, we mowe not</p>
       <p>suffyse to shewe. It is written by grete clerkes and wyse, that,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">15</div></div><p>in erthly thinges, lightly by studye and by travayle the knowinge</p>
@@ -8062,7 +8025,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>many good dedes. Every cause is more and worthier than thing</p>
       <p>caused; and in that mores possession al thinges lesse ben</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">75</div></div><p>compted. As the king is more than his people, and hath in</p>
-      <p>possession al his r�alme after, right so the knot is more than</p>
+      <p>possession al his rëalme after, right so the knot is more than</p>
       <p>al other goodes; thou might recken al thinges lasse; and that</p>
       <p>to him longeth, oweth in-to his mores cause of worship and of</p>
       <p>wil &dagger;to turne; it is els rebel and out of his mores defending to</p>
@@ -8145,7 +8108,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">130</div></div><p>maken and darke &dagger;weders, with gret tempestes and huge,</p>
       <p>maketh the mery dayes with softe shyning sonnes. Also the</p>
       <p>yere with-draweth floures and beautee of herbes and of erth;</p>
-      <p>the same &dagger;yere maketh springes and jolit� in Vere so to renovel</p>
+      <p>the same &dagger;yere maketh springes and jolitè in Vere so to renovel</p>
       <p>with peinted coloures, that erthe semeth as gay as heven. Sees</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">135</div></div><p>that blasteth and with wawes throweth shippes, of whiche the</p>
       <p>living creatures for greet peril for hem dreden; right so, the</p>
@@ -8154,7 +8117,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>thou not (quod she) lerned in thy youth, that Jupiter hath in</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">140</div></div><p>his warderobe bothe garmentes of joye and of sorowe? What</p>
       <p>wost thou how soone he wol turne of the garment of care,</p>
-      <p>and clothe thee in blisse? Pard�, it is not ferre fro thee. Lo,</p>
+      <p>and clothe thee in blisse? Pardè, it is not ferre fro thee. Lo,</p>
       <p>an olde proverbe aleged by many wyse:&mdash;"Whan bale is greetest,</p>
       <p>than is bote a nye-bore." Wherof wilt thou dismaye? Hope</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">145</div></div><p>wel and serve wel; and that shal thee save, with thy good bileve.'</p>
@@ -8203,7 +8166,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>thou appertly, thy sorowe in-to wele mot ben chaunged; wherfore</p>
       <p>in suche case to better syde evermore enclyne thou shuldest.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">180</div></div><p>Trewly, next the ende of sorowe anon entreth joy; by maner</p>
-      <p>of necessit� it wol ne may non other betyde; and so thy conti[n]gence</p>
+      <p>of necessitè it wol ne may non other betyde; and so thy conti[n]gence</p>
       <p>is disproved; if thou holde this opinion any more, thy</p>
       <p>wit is right leude. Wherfore, in ful conclusion of al this, thilke</p>
       <p>Margaryte thou desyrest hath ben to thee dere in thy herte, and</p>
@@ -8310,9 +8273,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>grete and worthy, yet had I a fair parcel, as me thought, for the</p>
       <p>tyme, in forthering of my sustenaunce; whiche while it dured,</p>
       <p>I thought me havinge mokel hony to myne estat. I had richesse</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">40</div></div><p>suffisauntly to weyve nede; I had dignit� to be reverenced in</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">40</div></div><p>suffisauntly to weyve nede; I had dignitè to be reverenced in</p>
       <p>worship. Power me thought that I had to kepe fro myne enemyes,</p>
-      <p>and me semed to shyne in glorie of renom� as manhood asketh</p>
+      <p>and me semed to shyne in glorie of renomè as manhood asketh</p>
       <p>in mene; for no wight in myne administracion coude non yvels</p>
       <p>ne trechery by sothe cause on me putte. Lady, your-selve</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">45</div></div><p>weten wel, that of tho confederacies maked by my soverains</p>
@@ -8329,8 +8292,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">55</div></div><p>Every of tho joyes is tourned in-to his contrary. For richesse,</p>
-      <p>now have I povert�; for dignit�, now am I emprisoned; in</p>
-      <p>stede of power, wrecchednesse I suffre; and for glorie of renom�,</p>
+      <p>now have I povertè; for dignitè, now am I emprisoned; in</p>
+      <p>stede of power, wrecchednesse I suffre; and for glorie of renomè,</p>
       <p>I am now dispysed and foulich hated. Thus hath farn Fortune,</p>
       <p>that sodaynly am I overthrowen, and out of al welth dispoyled.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">60</div></div><p>Trewly, me thinketh this way in entree is right hard; god graunt</p>
@@ -8346,13 +8309,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 <!-- Page 85 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page85"></a>[85]</span>
       <p>Shame (quod she) it is to say, thou lyest in thy wordes. Thou</p>
       <p>ne hast wist but right fewe that these bodily goodes had al atones;</p>
-      <p>commenly they dwellen nat togider. He that plent� hath in riches,</p>
+      <p>commenly they dwellen nat togider. He that plentè hath in riches,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">70</div></div><p>of his kinne is ashamed; another of linage right noble and wel</p>
       <p>knowe, but povert him handleth; he were lever unknowe.</p>
-      <p>Another hath these, but renom� of peoples praysing may he nat</p>
+      <p>Another hath these, but renomè of peoples praysing may he nat</p>
       <p>have; overal he is hated and defamed of thinges right foule.</p>
-      <p>Another is fair and semely, but dignit� him fayleth; and he that</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">75</div></div><p>hath dignit� is croked or lame, or els misshapen and foully dispysed.</p>
+      <p>Another is fair and semely, but dignitè him fayleth; and he that</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">75</div></div><p>hath dignitè is croked or lame, or els misshapen and foully dispysed.</p>
       <p>Thus partable these goodes dwellen commenly; in one</p>
       <p>houshold ben they but silde. Lo! how wrecched is your truste</p>
       <p>on thing that wol nat accorde! Me thinketh, thou clepest thilke</p>
@@ -8510,7 +8473,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And a man, to be a maister over him-selfe, liveth in vertu and</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">5</div></div><p>in goodnesse, and as reson of vertue techeth. So the soule and the</p>
       <p>body, worching vertue togider, liven resonable lyf, whiche clerkes</p>
-      <p>clepen "felicit� in living"; and therein is the hye way to this knot.</p>
+      <p>clepen "felicitè in living"; and therein is the hye way to this knot.</p>
       <p>These olde philosophers, that hadden no knowing of divine grace,</p>
       <p>of kyndly reson alone, wenden that of pure nature, withouten any</p>
 <!-- Page 88 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page88"></a>[88]</span>
@@ -8536,15 +8499,15 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>'Ye,' quod I, 'shal he have both knot, riches, power, dignit�,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">30</div></div><p>and renom� in this maner way?'</p>
+      <p>'Ye,' quod I, 'shal he have both knot, riches, power, dignitè,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">30</div></div><p>and renomè in this maner way?'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Ye,' quod she, 'that shal I shewe thee. Is he nat riche that</p>
       <p>hath suffisaunce, and hath the power that no man may amaistrien?</p>
-      <p>Is nat greet dignit� to have worship and reverence? And hath</p>
-      <p>he nat glorie of renom�, whos name perpetual is during, and out</p>
+      <p>Is nat greet dignitè to have worship and reverence? And hath</p>
+      <p>he nat glorie of renomè, whos name perpetual is during, and out</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">35</div></div><p>of nombre in comparacion?'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -8591,13 +8554,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>and &dagger;is nat overcomen. Suche thing that may nat be a-maistred,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">60</div></div><p>he hath nede to nothing; for he hath suffisaunce y-now, to helpe</p>
       <p>him-selfe. And thilke thing that thus hath power and suffisance,</p>
-      <p>and no tyrant may it reve, and hath dignit� to sette at nought al</p>
-      <p>thinges, here it is a greet dignit�, that deth may a-maistry. Wherfore</p>
-      <p>thilke power [with] suffisaunce, so enclosed with dignit�, by</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">65</div></div><p>al reson renom� must have. This is thilke riches with suffisaunce</p>
-      <p>ye sholde loke after; this is thilke worshipful dignit� ye shulde</p>
+      <p>and no tyrant may it reve, and hath dignitè to sette at nought al</p>
+      <p>thinges, here it is a greet dignitè, that deth may a-maistry. Wherfore</p>
+      <p>thilke power [with] suffisaunce, so enclosed with dignitè, by</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">65</div></div><p>al reson renomè must have. This is thilke riches with suffisaunce</p>
+      <p>ye sholde loke after; this is thilke worshipful dignitè ye shulde</p>
       <p>coveyte; this is thilke power of might, in whiche ye shulde truste;</p>
-      <p>this is the ilke renom� of glorie that endlesse endureth; and al</p>
+      <p>this is the ilke renomè of glorie that endlesse endureth; and al</p>
       <p>nis but substaunce in vertuous lyving.'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -8611,7 +8574,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>florisshing vertue of pacience, that she used nothing in yvel, to</p>
       <p>quyte the wicked lesinges that false tonges ofte in her have laid,</p>
       <p>I have seye it my-selfe, goodly foryevenesse hath spronge out of</p>
-      <p>her herte.  Unit� and accord, above al other thinges, she</p>
+      <p>her herte.  Unitè and accord, above al other thinges, she</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">80</div></div><p>desyreth in a good meke maner; and suffereth many wicked</p>
       <p>tales.</p>
     </div>
@@ -8668,7 +8631,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>mightest nat be holpen as thou wenest, bycause that vertue in</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">115</div></div><p>thee fayleth; and this blisse parfitly without vertue may nat be</p>
       <p>goten; thou wenest of these wordes contradiccion to folowe.</p>
-      <p>Pard�, at the hardest, I have no servant but he be vertuous in</p>
+      <p>Pardè, at the hardest, I have no servant but he be vertuous in</p>
       <p>dede and thought. I brought thee in my service, yet art thou</p>
       <p>nat my servant; but I say, thou might so werche in vertue herafter,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">120</div></div><p>that than shalt thou be my servant, and as for my servant</p>
@@ -8892,7 +8855,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>and vertue in this Margaryte ben printed, yet some men</p>
       <p>there ben that no goodnesse speken; and, wher-ever your wordes</p>
       <p>ben herd and your resons ben shewed, suche yvel spekers, lady,</p>
-      <p>by auctorit� of your excellence, shullen be stopped and ashamed!</p>
+      <p>by auctoritè of your excellence, shullen be stopped and ashamed!</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">110</div></div><p>And more, they that han non aquayntaunce in her persone, yet</p>
       <p>mowe they knowe her vertues, and ben the more enfourmed in</p>
       <p>what wyse they mowe sette their hertes, whan hem liste in-to your</p>
@@ -8961,7 +8924,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>'Thus,' quod she, 'I wol declare. Everiche qualit� and every</p>
+      <p>'Thus,' quod she, 'I wol declare. Everiche qualitè and every</p>
       <p>accion, and every thing that hath any maner of beinge, it is of</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">10</div></div><p>god; and god it made, of whom is al goodnesse and al being.</p>
       <p>Of him is no badnesse. Badde to be, is naught; good to be,</p>
@@ -8989,7 +8952,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>being, so is it good thorow being; for it is naught other to be.</p>
       <p>And every thing, though it be good, is not of him-selfe good;</p>
       <p>but it is good by that it is ordinable to the greet goodnesse.</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">30</div></div><p>This dualit�, after clerkes &dagger;determinison, is founden in every</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">30</div></div><p>This dualitè, after clerkes &dagger;determinison, is founden in every</p>
       <p>creature, be it never so single of onhed.'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -9063,7 +9026,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>How shulde mercy ben proved, and no trespas were, by due</p>
       <p>justification, to be punisshed? Therfore grace and goodnesse of</p>
       <p>a wight is founde; the sorouful hertes in good meninge to endure,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">90</div></div><p>ben comforted; unit� and acord bitwene hertes knit in joye to</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">90</div></div><p>ben comforted; unitè and acord bitwene hertes knit in joye to</p>
       <p>abyde. What? wenest thou I rejoyce or els accompte him among</p>
       <p>my servauntes that pleseth Pallas in undoinge of Mercurye, al-be-it</p>
       <p>that to Pallas he be knit by tytle of lawe, not according to</p>
@@ -9197,7 +9160,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>course of good mening I returne thy mynde. I trowe, ne had</p>
       <p>I shewed thee thy Margaryte, thou haddest never returned. Of</p>
       <p>first in good parfit joye was ever fayned love impacient, as the</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">40</div></div><p>water of Silo�, whiche evermore floweth with stilnesse and privy</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">40</div></div><p>water of Siloë, whiche evermore floweth with stilnesse and privy</p>
       <p>noyse til it come nighe the brinke, and than ginneth it so out of</p>
       <p>mesure to bolne, with novelleries of chaunging stormes, that in</p>
       <p>course of every renning it is in pointe to spille al his circuit of</p>
@@ -9231,11 +9194,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">70</div></div><p>disese fallen, by hope of amendement in the laste ende, with joye</p>
       <p>to be gladded. Wherfore, of kynde pure, her mercy with grace</p>
       <p>of good helpe shal she graunte; and els I shal her so strayne,</p>
-      <p>that with pit� shal she ben amaystred. Remembre in thyne</p>
+      <p>that with pitè shal she ben amaystred. Remembre in thyne</p>
       <p>herte how horribly somtyme to thyne Margaryte thou trespasest,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">75</div></div><p>and in a grete wyse ayenst her thou forfeytest! Clepe ayen thy</p>
       <p>mynde, and know thyne owne giltes. What goodnesse, what</p>
-      <p>bountee, with mokel folowing pit� founde thou in that tyme?</p>
+      <p>bountee, with mokel folowing pitè founde thou in that tyme?</p>
       <p>Were thou not goodly accepted in-to grace? By my pluckinge</p>
       <p>was she to foryevenesse enclyned. And after, I her styred to</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">80</div></div><p>drawe thee to house; and yet wendest thou utterly for ever</p>
@@ -9262,7 +9225,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p><b>� Thus endeth the seconde book, and here after foloweth</b></p>
+      <p><b>¶ Thus endeth the seconde book, and here after foloweth</b></p>
       <p><b>the thirde book.</b></p>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -9323,7 +9286,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>in erthe; and in the thirde aroos, shewing our resurreccion to</p>
       <p>joye and blisse of tho that it deserven, by his merciable grace.</p>
       <p>So this leude book, in three maters, accordaunt to tho tymes,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">25</div></div><p>lightly by a good inse�r may ben understonde; as in the firste,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">25</div></div><p>lightly by a good inseër may ben understonde; as in the firste,</p>
       <p>Errour of misse-goinge is shewed, with sorowful pyne punisshed,</p>
       <p>&dagger;that cryed after mercy. In the seconde, is Grace in good waye</p>
       <p>proved, whiche is faylinge without desert, thilke first misse</p>
@@ -9366,7 +9329,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>non-certayn, and hid from mens very knowleging, and by no parfit</p>
       <p>reson fully declared, as thus: if the sonne be so mokel as men</p>
       <p>wenen, or els if it be more than the erthe. For in sothnesse the</p>
-      <p>certayn quantit� of that planet is unknowen to erthly dwellers; and</p>
+      <p>certayn quantitè of that planet is unknowen to erthly dwellers; and</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">65</div></div><p>yet by opinion of some men it is holden for more than midle-erth.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -9405,10 +9368,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Ordre of homly thinges and honest maner of livinge in vertue,</p>
       <p>with rightful jugement in causes and profitable administracion in</p>
       <p>comminaltees of realmes and citees, by evenhed profitably to</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">90</div></div><p>raigne, nat by singuler avauntage ne by priv� envy, ne by soleyn</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">90</div></div><p>raigne, nat by singuler avauntage ne by privè envy, ne by soleyn</p>
       <p>purpos in covetise of worship or of goodes, ben disposed in open</p>
       <p>rule shewed, by love, philosophy, and lawe, and yet love, toforn</p>
-      <p>al other. Wherfore as sustern in unit� they accorden, and oon</p>
+      <p>al other. Wherfore as sustern in unitè they accorden, and oon</p>
       <p>ende, that is, pees and rest, they causen norisshinge; and in the</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">95</div></div><p>joye maynteynen to endure.</p>
     </div>
@@ -9460,14 +9423,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>of al these maters is the lest clere understanding, to weten, at</p>
       <p>th'ende of this thirde boke; ful knowing, thorow goddes grace,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">140</div></div><p>I thinke to make neverthelater. Yet if these thinges han a good</p>
-      <p>and a &dagger;sleigh inse�r, whiche that can souke hony of the harde</p>
+      <p>and a &dagger;sleigh inseër, whiche that can souke hony of the harde</p>
       <p>stone, oyle of the drye rocke, [he] may lightly fele nobley of mater</p>
       <p>in my leude imaginacion closed. But for my book shal be of</p>
       <p>joye (as I sayd), and I [am] so fer set fro thilke place fro whens</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">145</div></div><p>gladnesse shulde come; my corde is to short to lete my boket</p>
       <p>ought cacche of that water; and fewe men be abouten my corde</p>
       <p>to eche, and many in ful purpos ben redy it shorter to make, and</p>
-      <p>to enclose th' entr�, that my boket of joye nothing shulde cacche,</p>
+      <p>to enclose th' entrè, that my boket of joye nothing shulde cacche,</p>
       <p>but empty returne, my careful sorowes to encrese: (and if I dye</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">150</div></div><p>for payne, that were gladnesse at their hertes): good lord, send</p>
       <p>me water in-to the cop of these mountayns, and I shal drinke</p>
@@ -9645,7 +9608,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>First, that he do good; next, that he do [it] by eleccion in his</p>
       <p>owne herte; and the thirde, that he do godly, withouten any</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">60</div></div><p>surquedry in thoughtes. That your werkes shulden be good, in</p>
-      <p>service or in any other actes, authorit�s many may be aleged;</p>
+      <p>service or in any other actes, authoritès many may be aleged;</p>
       <p>neverthelater, by reson thus may it be shewed. Al your werkes</p>
       <p>be cleped seconde, and moven in vertue of the firste wercher,</p>
       <p>whiche in good workes wrought you to procede; and right so</p>
@@ -9723,7 +9686,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>that is cleped justice, [may] after-reward clayme. For lawe and</p>
       <p>justice was ordayned in this wyse, suche desertes in goodnesse,</p>
 <!-- Page 110 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page110"></a>[110]</span>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">125</div></div><p>after quantit� in doinge, by mede to rewarde; and of necessit� of</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">125</div></div><p>after quantitè in doinge, by mede to rewarde; and of necessitè of</p>
       <p>suche justice, that is to say, rightwysenesse, was free choice in</p>
       <p>deserving of wel or of yvel graunted to resonable creatures.</p>
       <p>Every man hath free arbitrement to chose, good or yvel to</p>
@@ -9746,30 +9709,30 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>'Hath every man,' quod I, 'free choice by necessary maner of</p>
       <p>wil in every of his doinges that him lyketh, by goddes proper</p>
       <p>purvyaunce? I wolde see that wel declared to my leude understanding;</p>
-      <p>for "necessary" and "necessit�" ben wordes of mokel</p>
+      <p>for "necessary" and "necessitè" ben wordes of mokel</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">140</div></div><p>entencion, closing (as to saye) so mote it be nedes, and otherwyse</p>
       <p>may it nat betyde.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'This shalt thou lerne,' quod she, 'so thou take hede in my</p>
-      <p>speche. If it were nat in mannes owne libert� of free wil to do</p>
+      <p>speche. If it were nat in mannes owne libertè of free wil to do</p>
       <p>good or bad, but to the one teyed by bonde of goddes preordinaunce,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">145</div></div><p>than, do he never so wel, it were by nedeful compulcion</p>
       <p>of thilk bonde, and nat by free choice, wherby nothing he</p>
       <p>desyreth: and do he never so yvel, it were nat man for to wyte,</p>
       <p>but onlich to him that suche thing ordayned him to done.</p>
       <p>Wherfore he ne ought for bad[de] be punisshed, ne for no good</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">150</div></div><p>dede be rewarded; but of necessit� of rightwisnesse was therfore</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">150</div></div><p>dede be rewarded; but of necessitè of rightwisnesse was therfore</p>
       <p>free choice of arbitrement put in mans proper disposicion. Truely,</p>
-      <p>if it were otherwyse, it contraried goddes charit�, that badnesse</p>
+      <p>if it were otherwyse, it contraried goddes charitè, that badnesse</p>
       <p>and goodnesse rewardeth after desert of payne or of mede.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>'Me thinketh this wonder,' quod I; 'for god by necessit�</p>
+      <p>'Me thinketh this wonder,' quod I; 'for god by necessitè</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">155</div></div><p>forwot al thinges coming, and so mote it nedes be; and thilke</p>
-      <p>thinges that ben don &dagger;by our free choice comen nothing of necessit�</p>
+      <p>thinges that ben don &dagger;by our free choice comen nothing of necessitè</p>
       <p>but only &dagger;by wil. How may this stonde &dagger;togider? And so</p>
       <p>me thinketh truely, that free choice fully repugneth goddes</p>
       <p>forweting. Trewly, lady, me semeth, they mowe nat stande</p>
@@ -9823,7 +9786,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">5</div></div><p>wordes. For if god wol, I shal hem so enforme to thee, that thy</p>
       <p>leudnesse which I have understande in that mater shal openly be</p>
       <p>clered, and thy sight in ful loking therin amended. First, if thou</p>
-      <p>thinke that goddes prescience repugne libert� of arbitrement, it is</p>
+      <p>thinke that goddes prescience repugne libertè of arbitrement, it is</p>
       <p>impossible that they shulde accorde in onheed of sothe to</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">10</div></div><p>understonding.'</p>
     </div>
@@ -9838,14 +9801,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>'Shewe me the absence of that impossibilit�,' quod I.</p>
+      <p>'Shewe me the absence of that impossibilitè,' quod I.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">15</div></div><p>'So,' quod she, 'I shal. Now I suppose that they mowe</p>
-      <p>stande togider: prescience of god, whom foloweth necessit� of</p>
-      <p>thinges comming, and libert� of arbitrement, thorow whiche thou</p>
-      <p>belevest many thinges to be without necessit�.'</p>
+      <p>stande togider: prescience of god, whom foloweth necessitè of</p>
+      <p>thinges comming, and libertè of arbitrement, thorow whiche thou</p>
+      <p>belevest many thinges to be without necessitè.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -9872,24 +9835,24 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'That I shal,' quod she; 'for somthing is comming without</p>
-      <p>necessit�, and god wot that toforn; for al thing comming he</p>
-      <p>before wot, and that he beforn wot of necessit� is comming, as</p>
+      <p>necessitè, and god wot that toforn; for al thing comming he</p>
+      <p>before wot, and that he beforn wot of necessitè is comming, as</p>
       <p>he beforn wot be the case by necessary maner; or els, thorow</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">30</div></div><p>necessit�, is somthing to be without necessit�; and wheder, to</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">30</div></div><p>necessitè, is somthing to be without necessitè; and wheder, to</p>
       <p>every wight that hath good understanding, is seen these thinges</p>
-      <p>to be repugnaunt: prescience of god, whiche that foloweth necessit�,</p>
-      <p>and libert� of arbitrement, fro whiche is removed necessit�?</p>
+      <p>to be repugnaunt: prescience of god, whiche that foloweth necessitè,</p>
+      <p>and libertè of arbitrement, fro whiche is removed necessitè?</p>
       <p>For truely, it is necessary that god have forweting of thing withouten</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">35</div></div><p>any necessit� cominge.'</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">35</div></div><p>any necessitè cominge.'</p>
 <!-- Page 112 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page112"></a>[112]</span>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Ye,' quod I; 'but yet remeve ye nat away fro myne understanding</p>
-      <p>the necessit� folowing goddes be foreweting, as thus. God</p>
+      <p>the necessitè folowing goddes be foreweting, as thus. God</p>
       <p>beforn wot me in service of love to be bounden to this Margarite-perle,</p>
-      <p>and therfore by necessit� thus to love am I bounde; and</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">40</div></div><p>if I had nat loved, thorow necessit� had I ben kept from al</p>
+      <p>and therfore by necessitè thus to love am I bounde; and</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">40</div></div><p>if I had nat loved, thorow necessitè had I ben kept from al</p>
       <p>love-dedes.'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -9898,69 +9861,69 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>to declare, I thinke here-in wel to abyde, and not lightly to passe.</p>
       <p>Thou shalt not (quod she) say al-only, "god beforn wot me to be</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">45</div></div><p>a lover or no lover," but thus: "god beforn wot me to be a lover</p>
-      <p>without necessit�." And so foloweth, whether thou love or not love,</p>
-      <p>every of hem is and shal be. But now thou seest the impossibilit�</p>
-      <p>of the case, and the possibilit� of thilke that thou wendest</p>
+      <p>without necessitè." And so foloweth, whether thou love or not love,</p>
+      <p>every of hem is and shal be. But now thou seest the impossibilitè</p>
+      <p>of the case, and the possibilitè of thilke that thou wendest</p>
       <p>had been impossible; wherfore the repugnaunce is adnulled.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">50</div></div><p>'Ye,' quod I; 'and yet do ye not awaye the strength of necessit�,</p>
-      <p>whan it is said, th[r]ough necessit� it is me in love to</p>
-      <p>abyde, or not to love without necessit� for god beforn wot it.</p>
-      <p>This maner of necessit� forsothe semeth to some men in-to coaccion,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">50</div></div><p>'Ye,' quod I; 'and yet do ye not awaye the strength of necessitè,</p>
+      <p>whan it is said, th[r]ough necessitè it is me in love to</p>
+      <p>abyde, or not to love without necessitè for god beforn wot it.</p>
+      <p>This maner of necessitè forsothe semeth to some men in-to coaccion,</p>
       <p>that is to sayne, constrayning, or else prohibicion, that is,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">55</div></div><p>defendinge; wherfore necessit� is me to love of wil. I understande</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">55</div></div><p>defendinge; wherfore necessitè is me to love of wil. I understande</p>
       <p>me to be constrayned by some privy strength to the wil</p>
       <p>of lovinge; and if [I] no[t] love, to be defended from the wil of</p>
-      <p>lovinge: and so thorow necessit� me semeth to love, for I love;</p>
+      <p>lovinge: and so thorow necessitè me semeth to love, for I love;</p>
       <p>or els not to love, if I not love; wherthrough neither thank ne</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">60</div></div><p>maugr� in tho thinges may I deserve.'</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">60</div></div><p>maugrè in tho thinges may I deserve.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Now,' quod she, 'thou shalt wel understande, that often we</p>
-      <p>sayn thing thorow necessit� to be, that by no strength to be</p>
-      <p>neither is coarted ne constrayned; and through necessit� not</p>
+      <p>sayn thing thorow necessitè to be, that by no strength to be</p>
+      <p>neither is coarted ne constrayned; and through necessitè not</p>
       <p>to be, that with no defendinge is removed. For we sayn it is</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">65</div></div><p>thorow necessit� god to be immortal, nought deedliche; and it</p>
-      <p>is necessit�, god to be rightful; but not that any strength of</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">65</div></div><p>thorow necessitè god to be immortal, nought deedliche; and it</p>
+      <p>is necessitè, god to be rightful; but not that any strength of</p>
       <p>violent maner constrayneth him to be immortal, or defendeth him</p>
       <p>to be unrightful; for nothing may make him dedly or unrightful.</p>
-      <p>Right so, if I say, thorow necessit� is thee to be a lover or els</p>
+      <p>Right so, if I say, thorow necessitè is thee to be a lover or els</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">70</div></div><p>noon; only thorow wil, as god beforn wete. It is nat to understonde</p>
       <p>that any thing defendeth or forbit thee thy wil, whiche shal</p>
 <!-- Page 113 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page113"></a>[113]</span>
       <p>nat be; or els constrayneth it to be, whiche shal be. That same</p>
       <p>thing, forsoth, god before wot, whiche he beforn seeth. Any</p>
       <p>thing commende of only wil, that wil neyther is constrayned</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">75</div></div><p>ne defended thorow any other thing. And so thorow libert� of</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">75</div></div><p>ne defended thorow any other thing. And so thorow libertè of</p>
       <p>arbitrement it is do, that is don of wil. And trewly, my good</p>
       <p>child, if these thinges be wel understonde, I wene that non</p>
       <p>inconvenient shalt thou fynde betwene goddes forweting and</p>
-      <p>libert� of arbitrement; wherfore I wot wel they may stande</p>
+      <p>libertè of arbitrement; wherfore I wot wel they may stande</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">80</div></div><p>togider. Also farthermore, who that understanding of prescience</p>
       <p>properlich considreth, thorow the same wyse that any-thing be</p>
       <p>afore wist is said, for to be comming it is pronounced; there is</p>
       <p>nothing toforn wist but thing comming; foreweting is but of</p>
       <p>trouth[e]; dout[e] may nat be wist; wherfore, whan I sey that god</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">85</div></div><p>toforn wot any-thing, thorow necessit� is thilke thing to be comming;</p>
-      <p>al is oon if I sey, it shal be. But this necessit� neither</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">85</div></div><p>toforn wot any-thing, thorow necessitè is thilke thing to be comming;</p>
+      <p>al is oon if I sey, it shal be. But this necessitè neither</p>
       <p>constrayneth ne defendeth any-thing to be or nat to be. Therfore sothly,</p>
-      <p>if love is put to be, it is said of necessit� to be; or els, for it</p>
-      <p>is put nat to be, it is affirmed nat to be of necessit�; nat for that</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">90</div></div><p>necessit� constrayneth or defendeth love to be or nat to be. For</p>
-      <p>whan I say, if love shal be, of necessit� it shal be, here foloweth</p>
-      <p>necessit� the thing toforn put; it is as moch to say as if it were thus</p>
+      <p>if love is put to be, it is said of necessitè to be; or els, for it</p>
+      <p>is put nat to be, it is affirmed nat to be of necessitè; nat for that</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">90</div></div><p>necessitè constrayneth or defendeth love to be or nat to be. For</p>
+      <p>whan I say, if love shal be, of necessitè it shal be, here foloweth</p>
+      <p>necessitè the thing toforn put; it is as moch to say as if it were thus</p>
       <p>pronounced&mdash;"that thing shal be." Noon other thing signifyeth</p>
-      <p>this necessit� but only thus: that shal be, may nat togider be</p>
+      <p>this necessitè but only thus: that shal be, may nat togider be</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">95</div></div><p>and nat be. Evenlich also it is soth, love was, and is, and shal</p>
-      <p>be, nat of necessit�; and nede is to have be al that was; and</p>
+      <p>be, nat of necessitè; and nede is to have be al that was; and</p>
       <p>nedeful is to be al that is; and comming, to al that shal be.</p>
       <p>And it is nat the same to saye, love to be passed, and love</p>
       <p>passed to be passed; or love present to be present, and love to</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">100</div></div><p>be present; or els love to be comminge, and love comminge to be</p>
-      <p>comming. Dyversit� in setting of wordes maketh dyversit� in</p>
+      <p>comming. Dyversitè in setting of wordes maketh dyversitè in</p>
       <p>understandinge; altho[ugh] in the same sentence they accorden</p>
       <p>of significacion; right as it is nat al oon, love swete to be swete,</p>
       <p>and love to be swete. For moch love is bitter and sorouful, er</p>
@@ -9973,9 +9936,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>herte of love that stoundmele hath me sorily anoyed. And</p>
 <!-- Page 114 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page114"></a>[114]</span>
       <p>certes, lady, for I see my-self thus knit with this Margarite-perle</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">110</div></div><p>as by bonde of your service and of no libert� of wil, my herte wil</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">110</div></div><p>as by bonde of your service and of no libertè of wil, my herte wil</p>
       <p>now nat acorde this service to love. I can demin in my-selfe</p>
-      <p>non otherwise but thorow necessit� am I constrayned in this</p>
+      <p>non otherwise but thorow necessitè am I constrayned in this</p>
       <p>service to abyde. But alas! than, if I thorow nedeful compulsioun</p>
       <p>maugre me be with-holde, litel thank for al my greet traveil have</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">115</div></div><p>I than deserved.'</p>
@@ -10008,17 +9971,17 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>lykende in herte at thyne owne wil. But now to enforme thee in</p>
       <p>this mater (quod this lady) thou wost where I lefte; that was:</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">135</div></div><p>love to be swete, and love swete to be swete, is not al oon for to</p>
-      <p>say. For a tree is nat alway by necessit� white. Somtyme, er it</p>
+      <p>say. For a tree is nat alway by necessitè white. Somtyme, er it</p>
       <p>were white, it might have be nat white; and after tyme it is</p>
       <p>white, it may be nat white. But a white tree evermore nedeful</p>
       <p>is to be white; for neither toforn ne after it was white, might it</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">140</div></div><p>be togider white and nat white. Also love, by necessit�, is nat</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">140</div></div><p>be togider white and nat white. Also love, by necessitè, is nat</p>
       <p>present as now in thee; for er it were present, it might have be</p>
       <p>that it shulde now nat have be; and yet it may be that it shal nat</p>
       <p>be present; but thy love present whiche to her, Margarite, thee</p>
       <p>hath bounde, nedeful is to be present. Trewly, som doing of</p>
 <!-- Page 115 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page115"></a>[115]</span>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">145</div></div><p>accion, nat by necessit�, is comminge fer toforn it be; it may be</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">145</div></div><p>accion, nat by necessitè, is comminge fer toforn it be; it may be</p>
       <p>that it shal nat be comminge. Thing forsoth comming nedeful is</p>
       <p>to be comming; for it may nat be that comming shal nat be</p>
       <p>comming. And right as I have sayd of present and of future</p>
@@ -10030,49 +9993,49 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>comminge. And so, ofte, the same thing we sayn of the same; as</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">155</div></div><p>whan we sayn "every man is a man," or "every lover is a lover,"</p>
       <p>so muste it be nedes. In no waye may he be man and no man togider.</p>
-      <p>And if it be nat by necessit�, that is to say nedeful, al thing</p>
+      <p>And if it be nat by necessitè, that is to say nedeful, al thing</p>
       <p>comming to be comming, than somthing comming is nat comminge,</p>
       <p>and that is impossible. Right as these termes "nedeful,"</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">160</div></div><p>"necessit�," and "necessary" betoken and signify thing nedes</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">160</div></div><p>"necessitè," and "necessary" betoken and signify thing nedes</p>
       <p>to be, and it may nat otherwyse be, right [so] &dagger;this terme "impossible"</p>
       <p>signifyeth, that [a] thing is nat and by no way may it be.</p>
-      <p>Than, thorow pert necessit�, al thing comming is comming; but</p>
-      <p>that is by necessit� foloweth, with nothing to be constrayned.</p>
+      <p>Than, thorow pert necessitè, al thing comming is comming; but</p>
+      <p>that is by necessitè foloweth, with nothing to be constrayned.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">165</div></div><p>Lo! whan that "comming" is said of thinge, nat alway thing</p>
-      <p>thorow necessit� is, altho[ugh] it be comming. For if I say,</p>
+      <p>thorow necessitè is, altho[ugh] it be comming. For if I say,</p>
       <p>"to-morowe love is comming in this Margarites herte," nat therfore</p>
-      <p>thorow necessit� shal the ilke love be; yet it may be that it shal</p>
+      <p>thorow necessitè shal the ilke love be; yet it may be that it shal</p>
       <p>nat be, altho[ugh] it were comming. Neverthelater, somtyme it</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">170</div></div><p>is soth that somthing be of necessit�, that is sayd "to come"; as</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">170</div></div><p>is soth that somthing be of necessitè, that is sayd "to come"; as</p>
       <p>if I say, to-morowe &dagger;be comminge the rysinge of the sonne. If</p>
-      <p>therfore with necessit� I pronounce comming of thing to come, in</p>
+      <p>therfore with necessitè I pronounce comming of thing to come, in</p>
       <p>this maner love to-morne comminge in thyne Margarite to thee-ward,</p>
-      <p>by necessit� is comminge; or els the rysing of the sonne</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">175</div></div><p>to-morne comminge, through necessit� is comminge. Love sothely,</p>
-      <p>whiche may nat be of necessit� alone folowinge, thorow necessit�</p>
+      <p>by necessitè is comminge; or els the rysing of the sonne</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">175</div></div><p>to-morne comminge, through necessitè is comminge. Love sothely,</p>
+      <p>whiche may nat be of necessitè alone folowinge, thorow necessitè</p>
       <p>comming it is mad certayn. For "futur" of future is said; that is to</p>
       <p>sayn, "comming" of comminge is said; as, if to-morowe comming</p>
-      <p>is thorow necessit�, comminge it is. Arysing of the sonne, thorow</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">180</div></div><p>two necessit�s in comming, it is to understande; that oon is</p>
-      <p>to-for[e]going necessit�, whiche maketh thing to be; therfore it shal</p>
-      <p>be, for nedeful is that it be. Another is folowing necessit�, whiche</p>
+      <p>is thorow necessitè, comminge it is. Arysing of the sonne, thorow</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">180</div></div><p>two necessitès in comming, it is to understande; that oon is</p>
+      <p>to-for[e]going necessitè, whiche maketh thing to be; therfore it shal</p>
+      <p>be, for nedeful is that it be. Another is folowing necessitè, whiche</p>
 <!-- Page 116 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page116"></a>[116]</span>
-      <p>nothing constrayneth to be, and so by necessit� it is to come; why?</p>
+      <p>nothing constrayneth to be, and so by necessitè it is to come; why?</p>
       <p>for it is to come. Now than, whan we sayn that god beforn wot</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">185</div></div><p>thing comming, nedeful [it] is to be comming; yet therfore make</p>
-      <p>we nat in certayn evermore, thing to be thorow necessit� comminge.</p>
+      <p>we nat in certayn evermore, thing to be thorow necessitè comminge.</p>
       <p>Sothly, thing comming may nat be nat comming by no</p>
       <p>way; for it is the same sentence of understanding as if we say</p>
       <p>thus: if god beforn wot any-thing, nedeful is that to be comming.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">190</div></div><p>But yet therfore foloweth nat the prescience of God, thing thorow</p>
-      <p>necessit� to be comming: for al-tho[ugh] god toforn wot al</p>
+      <p>necessitè to be comming: for al-tho[ugh] god toforn wot al</p>
       <p>thinges comming, yet nat therfore he beforn wot every thing</p>
-      <p>comming thorow necessit�. Some thinges he beforn wot comming</p>
+      <p>comming thorow necessitè. Some thinges he beforn wot comming</p>
       <p>of free wil out of resonable creature.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">195</div></div><p>'Certes,' quod I, 'these termes "nede" and "necessit�" have</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">195</div></div><p>'Certes,' quod I, 'these termes "nede" and "necessitè" have</p>
       <p>a queint maner of understanding; they wolden dullen many</p>
       <p>mennes wittes.'</p>
     </div>
@@ -10133,31 +10096,31 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>a man wol love, that he love; and if he ne wol love, that he love</p>
       <p>nat; and of suche other thinges in mannes disposicion. For-why,</p>
       <p>now than that god wol may nat be, whan he wol the wil of man</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">10</div></div><p>thorow no necessit� to be constrayned or els defended for to</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">10</div></div><p>thorow no necessitè to be constrayned or els defended for to</p>
       <p>wilne, and he wol th'effect to folowe the wil; than is it nedeful,</p>
       <p>wil of man to be free, and also to be that he wol. In this maner</p>
-      <p>it is soth, that thorow necessit� is mannes werke in loving, that</p>
-      <p>he wol do altho[ugh] he wol it nat with necessit�.'</p>
+      <p>it is soth, that thorow necessitè is mannes werke in loving, that</p>
+      <p>he wol do altho[ugh] he wol it nat with necessitè.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">15</div></div><p>Quod I than, 'how stant it in love of thilke wil, sithen men</p>
 <!-- Page 117 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page117"></a>[117]</span>
       <p>loven willing of free choice in herte? Wherfore, if it be thorow</p>
-      <p>necessit�, I praye you, lady, of an answere this question to</p>
+      <p>necessitè, I praye you, lady, of an answere this question to</p>
       <p>assoyle.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'I wol,' quod she, 'answere thee blyvely. Right as men wil</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">20</div></div><p>not thorow necessit�, right so is not love of wil thorow necessit�;</p>
-      <p>ne thorow necessit� wrought thilke same wil. For if he wolde</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">20</div></div><p>not thorow necessitè, right so is not love of wil thorow necessitè;</p>
+      <p>ne thorow necessitè wrought thilke same wil. For if he wolde</p>
       <p>it not with good wil, it shulde nat have been wrought; although</p>
       <p>that he doth, it is nedeful to be doon. But if a man do sinne, it</p>
       <p>is nothing els but to &dagger;wilne that he shulde nat; right so sinne</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">25</div></div><p>of wil is not to be [in] maner necessary don, no more than wil is</p>
       <p>necessarye. Never-the-later, this is sothe; if a man wol sinne,</p>
-      <p>it is necessarye him to sinne, but th[r]ough thilke necessit� nothing</p>
+      <p>it is necessarye him to sinne, but th[r]ough thilke necessitè nothing</p>
       <p>is constrayned ne defended in the wil; right so thilke thing that</p>
       <p>free-wil wol and may, and not may not wilne; and nedeful is</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">30</div></div><p>that to wilne he may not wilne. But thilke to wilne nedeful is; for</p>
@@ -10166,8 +10129,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>he hath in wil, and that he wol not, voluntarie &dagger;or spontanye it is;</p>
       <p>for by spontanye wil it is do, that is to saye, with good wil not</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">35</div></div><p>constrayned: than by wil not constrayned it is constrayned to</p>
-      <p>be; and that is it may not &dagger;togider be. If this necessit� maketh</p>
-      <p>libert� of wil, whiche that, aforn they weren, they might have ben</p>
+      <p>be; and that is it may not &dagger;togider be. If this necessitè maketh</p>
+      <p>libertè of wil, whiche that, aforn they weren, they might have ben</p>
       <p>eschewed and shonned: god than, whiche that knoweth al</p>
       <p>tr[o]uthe, and nothing but tr[o]uthe, al these thinges, as they</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">40</div></div><p>arn spontanye or necessarie, &dagger;seeth; and as he seeth, so they</p>
@@ -10175,13 +10138,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>ful, that without al maner repugnaunce god beforn wot al maner</p>
       <p>thinges [that] ben don by free wil, whiche, aforn they weren,</p>
       <p>[it] might have ben [that] never they shulde be. And yet ben</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">45</div></div><p>they thorow a maner necessit� from free wil &dagger;discended.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">45</div></div><p>they thorow a maner necessitè from free wil &dagger;discended.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Hereby may (quod she) lightly ben knowe that not al thinges to</p>
-      <p>be, is of necessit�, though god have hem in his prescience. For</p>
-      <p>som thinges to be, is of libert� of wil. And to make thee to have</p>
+      <p>be, is of necessitè, though god have hem in his prescience. For</p>
+      <p>som thinges to be, is of libertè of wil. And to make thee to have</p>
       <p>ful knowinge of goddes beforn-weting, here me (quod she) what</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">50</div></div><p>I shal say.'</p>
 <!-- Page 118 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page118"></a>[118]</span>
@@ -10204,25 +10167,25 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>we shul saye, god it maketh be tyme present, and now; for no</p>
       <p>future ne preterit in him may be founde. Wherfore his weting and</p>
       <p>his before-weting is al oon in understanding. Than, if weting</p>
-      <p>and before-weting of god putteth in necessit� to al thinges whiche</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">65</div></div><p>he wot or before-wot; ne thing, after eternit� or els after any</p>
-      <p>tyme, he wol or doth of libert�, but al of necessit�: whiche thing</p>
-      <p>if thou wene it be ayenst reson, [than is] nat thorow necessit� to</p>
+      <p>and before-weting of god putteth in necessitè to al thinges whiche</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">65</div></div><p>he wot or before-wot; ne thing, after eternitè or els after any</p>
+      <p>tyme, he wol or doth of libertè, but al of necessitè: whiche thing</p>
+      <p>if thou wene it be ayenst reson, [than is] nat thorow necessitè to</p>
       <p>be or nat to be, al thing that god wot or before-wot to be or nat</p>
       <p>to be; and yet nothing defendeth any-thing to be wist or to be</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">70</div></div><p>before-wist of him in our willes or our doinges to be don, or els</p>
       <p>comminge to be for free arbitrement. Whan thou hast these</p>
       <p>declaracions wel understande, than shalt thou fynde it resonable</p>
-      <p>at prove, and that many thinges be nat thorow necessit� but</p>
-      <p>thorow libert� of wil, save necessit� of free wil, as I tofore said,</p>
+      <p>at prove, and that many thinges be nat thorow necessitè but</p>
+      <p>thorow libertè of wil, save necessitè of free wil, as I tofore said,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">75</div></div><p>and, as me thinketh, al utterly declared.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Me thinketh, lady,' quod I, 'so I shulde you nat displese, and</p>
       <p>evermore your reverence to kepe, that these thinges contraryen in</p>
-      <p>any understanding; for ye sayn, somtyme is thorow libert� of</p>
-      <p>wil, and also thorow necessit�. Of this have I yet no savour,</p>
+      <p>any understanding; for ye sayn, somtyme is thorow libertè of</p>
+      <p>wil, and also thorow necessitè. Of this have I yet no savour,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">80</div></div><p>without better declaracion.'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -10267,12 +10230,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>same place; to thilke place from whiche he goth he &dagger;hyeth</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">100</div></div><p>comminge; and without any ceesinge to that place he neigheth</p>
       <p>from whiche he is chaunged and withdrawe. But now in these</p>
-      <p>thinges, after dyversit� of reson, revers in one thinge may be seye</p>
+      <p>thinges, after dyversitè of reson, revers in one thinge may be seye</p>
       <p>without repugnaunce. Wherfore in the same wyse, without any</p>
       <p>repugnaunce, by my resons tofore maked, al is oon to beleve,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">105</div></div><p>somthing to be thorow necessit� comminge for it is comming, and</p>
-      <p>yet with no necessit� constrayned to be comming, but with</p>
-      <p>necessit� that cometh out of free wil, as I have sayd.'</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">105</div></div><p>somthing to be thorow necessitè comminge for it is comming, and</p>
+      <p>yet with no necessitè constrayned to be comming, but with</p>
+      <p>necessitè that cometh out of free wil, as I have sayd.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -10292,7 +10255,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Nay, forsothe,' quod she, 'it is nothing ayenst my saying; for</p>
       <p>god is not begyled, ne he seeth nothing wheder it shal come of</p>
-      <p>libert� or els of necessit�; yet it is said to be ordayned at god</p>
+      <p>libertè or els of necessitè; yet it is said to be ordayned at god</p>
       <p>immovable, whiche at man, or it be don, may be chaunged.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">120</div></div><p>Suche thing is also that Poule the apostel saith of hem that tofore</p>
       <p>wern purposed to be sayntes, as thus: "whiche that god before</p>
@@ -10308,12 +10271,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">130</div></div><p>winter; and so ayenward withouten any meving is nothing lich</p>
       <p>temporel presence for thinge that there is ever present. Yet</p>
       <p>amonges you men, er it be in your presence, it is movable thorow</p>
-      <p>libert� of arbitrement. And right as in the everlasting present</p>
+      <p>libertè of arbitrement. And right as in the everlasting present</p>
       <p>no maner thing was ne shal be, but only <i>is</i>; and now here, in</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">135</div></div><p>your temporel tyme, somthing was, and is, and shal be, but</p>
       <p>movinge stoundes; and in this is no maner repugnaunce: right</p>
       <p>so, in the everlasting presence, nothing may be chaunged; and,</p>
-      <p>in your temporel tyme, otherwhyle it is proved movable by libert�</p>
+      <p>in your temporel tyme, otherwhyle it is proved movable by libertè</p>
       <p>of wil or it be do, withouten any inconvenience therof to folowe.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">140</div></div><p>In your temporel tyme is no suche presence as in the tother; for</p>
       <p>your present is don whan passed and to come ginnen entre;</p>
@@ -10348,8 +10311,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>ben, and al togider in the everlasting present be now to understanding.</p>
       <p>This eternal presence, as I sayd, hath inclose togider</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">165</div></div><p>in one al tymes, in which close and one al thinges that ben in</p>
-      <p>dyvers tymes and in dyvers places temporel, [and] without posteriorit�</p>
-      <p>or priorit� ben closed ther in perpetual now, and maked</p>
+      <p>dyvers tymes and in dyvers places temporel, [and] without posterioritè</p>
+      <p>or prioritè ben closed ther in perpetual now, and maked</p>
       <p>to dwelle in present sight. But there thou sayest that Poule shulde</p>
       <p>have spoke thilke forsaid sentence &dagger;by tyme present, and that</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">170</div></div><p>most shulde have ben acordaunt to the everlasting presence,</p>
@@ -10371,7 +10334,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>similitude to the everlasting presence, significacion of tyme passed</p>
       <p>than of tyme temporal present, and so more in accordaunce. In</p>
       <p>this maner what thing, of these that ben don thorow free arbitrement,</p>
-      <p>or els as necessary, holy writ pronounceth, after eternit� he</p>
+      <p>or els as necessary, holy writ pronounceth, after eternitè he</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">190</div></div><p>speketh; in whiche presence is everlasting sothe and nothing but</p>
       <p>sothe immovable; nat after tyme, in whiche naught alway ben</p>
       <p>your willes and your actes. And right as, while they be nat, it is</p>
@@ -10398,18 +10361,18 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>defendeth, that somthing ne may be in tyme temporal moving,</p>
       <p>that in eterne is immovable. Forsothe, it is no more contrary</p>
       <p>ne revers for to be movable in tyme temporel, and [im]movable</p>
-      <p>in eternit�, than nat to be in any tyme and to be alway in</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">210</div></div><p>eternit�; and to have be or els to come in tyme temporel, and</p>
-      <p>nat have be ne nought comming to be in eternit�. Yet never-the-later,</p>
+      <p>in eternitè, than nat to be in any tyme and to be alway in</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">210</div></div><p>eternitè; and to have be or els to come in tyme temporel, and</p>
+      <p>nat have be ne nought comming to be in eternitè. Yet never-the-later,</p>
       <p>I say nat somthing to be never in tyme temporel, that</p>
-      <p>ever is [in] eternit�; but al-only in som tyme nat to be. For</p>
+      <p>ever is [in] eternitè; but al-only in som tyme nat to be. For</p>
       <p>I saye nat thy love to-morne in no tyme to be, but to-day alone</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">215</div></div><p>I deny it to be; and yet, never-the-later, it is alway in eternit�.'</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">215</div></div><p>I deny it to be; and yet, never-the-later, it is alway in eternitè.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'A! so,' quod I, 'it semeth to me, that comming thing or els</p>
-      <p>passed here in your temporal tyme to be, in eternit� ever now</p>
+      <p>passed here in your temporal tyme to be, in eternitè ever now</p>
       <p>and present oweth nat to be demed; and yet foloweth nat thilke</p>
       <p>thing, that was or els shal be, in no maner ther to ben passed</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">220</div></div><p>or els comming; than utterly shul we deny for there without</p>
@@ -10426,7 +10389,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>clerely concluded mokel of my mater. And right as there is</p>
       <p>no revers ne contrarioustee in tho thinges, right so, withouten</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">230</div></div><p>any repugnaunce, it is sayd somthing to be movable in tyme</p>
-      <p>temporel, &dagger;afore it be, that in eternit� dwelleth immovable, nat</p>
+      <p>temporel, &dagger;afore it be, that in eternitè dwelleth immovable, nat</p>
       <p>afore it be or after that it is, but without cessing; for right</p>
       <p>naught is there after tyme; that same is there everlastinge that</p>
 <!-- Page 123 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page123"></a>[123]</span>
@@ -10438,7 +10401,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>'Now sothly,' quod I, 'this have I wel understande; so that</p>
       <p>now me thinketh, that prescience of god and free arbitrement</p>
       <p>withouten any repugnaunce acorden; and that maketh the</p>
-      <p>strength of eternit�, whiche encloseth by presence during al</p>
+      <p>strength of eternitè, whiche encloseth by presence during al</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">240</div></div><p>tymes, and al thinges that ben, han ben, and shul ben in any</p>
       <p>tyme. I wolde now (quod I) a litel understande, sithen that</p>
       <p>[god] al thing thus beforn wot, whether thilke wetinge be of tho</p>
@@ -10459,7 +10422,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>that he made of my servant Troilus, hath this mater touched, and</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">255</div></div><p>at the ful this question assoyled. Certaynly, his noble sayinges</p>
       <p>can I not amende; in goodnes of gentil manliche speche, without</p>
-      <p>any maner of nycet� of &dagger;storiers imaginacion, in witte and in</p>
+      <p>any maner of nycetè of &dagger;storiers imaginacion, in witte and in</p>
       <p>good reson of sentence he passeth al other makers. In the boke of</p>
       <p>Troilus, the answere to thy question mayst thou lerne. Never-the-later,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">260</div></div><p>yet may lightly thyne understandinge somdel ben lerned,</p>
@@ -10723,7 +10686,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Rightfully,' quod she, 'hast thou demed; and yet love, knit</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">130</div></div><p>in vertue, passeth al the gold in this erthe. Good wil, accordant</p>
-      <p>to reson, with no maner propert� may be countrevayled. Al the</p>
+      <p>to reson, with no maner propertè may be countrevayled. Al the</p>
       <p>azure in the worlde is nat to accompte in respect of reson. Love</p>
       <p>that with good wil and reson accordeth, with non erthly riches</p>
       <p>may nat ben amended. This yeft hast thou yeven, I know it</p>
@@ -10816,7 +10779,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>'Yes, pard�,' quod I, 'my wil may ben turned by frendes, and</p>
+      <p>'Yes, pardè,' quod I, 'my wil may ben turned by frendes, and</p>
       <p>disese of manace and thretning in lesinge of my lyfe and of my</p>
       <p>limmes, and in many other wyse that now cometh not to mynde.</p>
       <p>And also it mot ofte ben out of thought; for no remembraunce</p>
@@ -10846,12 +10809,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>man diligently the meninges of his wil consider, he shal wel</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">40</div></div><p>understande that good wil, knit with reson, but in a false herte</p>
       <p>never is voyded; for power and might of keping this good wil is</p>
-      <p>thorow libert� of arbitrement in herte, but good wil to kepe</p>
+      <p>thorow libertè of arbitrement in herte, but good wil to kepe</p>
       <p>may not fayle. Eke than if it fayle, it sheweth it-selfe that good</p>
       <p>wil in keping is not there. And thus false wil, that putteth out</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">45</div></div><p>the good, anon constrayneth the herte to accorde in lovinge of</p>
       <p>thy good wil; and this accordaunce bitwene false wil and thyn</p>
-      <p>herte, in falsit� ben lykened &dagger;togider. Yet a litel wol I say</p>
+      <p>herte, in falsitè ben lykened &dagger;togider. Yet a litel wol I say</p>
       <p>thee in good wil, thy good willes to rayse and strengthe. Tak</p>
       <p>hede to me (quod she) how thy willes thou shalt understande.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">50</div></div><p>Right as ye han in your body dyvers membres, and fyve sondrye</p>
@@ -11077,7 +11040,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>springe, els the frute for that yere men halt delivered, be the</p>
       <p>ground never so good? And though the stocke be mighty at</p>
       <p>the ful, and the braunches seer, and no burjons shewe, farwel the</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">50</div></div><p>gardiner! He may pype with an yv�-lefe; his frute is fayled.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">50</div></div><p>gardiner! He may pype with an yvè-lefe; his frute is fayled.</p>
       <p>Wherfore thy braunches must burjonen in presence of thy lady, if</p>
       <p>thou desyre any frute of thy ladies grace. But beware of thy lyfe,</p>
       <p>that thou no wode lay use, as in asking of thinges that strecchen</p>
@@ -11225,7 +11188,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>tourne. Grace, glorie, and joye is coming thorow good</p>
       <p>folkes desertes; and by getting of grace, therin shullen ende.</p>
       <p>And what is more glorie or more joye than wysdom and love</p>
-      <p>in parfit charit�, whiche god hath graunted to al tho that wel</p>
+      <p>in parfit charitè, whiche god hath graunted to al tho that wel</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">160</div></div><p>&dagger;conne deserve?' And with that this lady al at ones sterte in-to</p>
       <p>my herte: 'here wol I onbyde,' quod she, 'for ever, and never</p>
       <p>wol I gon hence; and I wol kepe thee from medlinge while me</p>
@@ -11312,7 +11275,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">35</div></div><p>have, sithen him fayleth the mater that shulde it forth bringe.</p>
       <p>The mater him fayleth; why? He may therof have no knowing</p>
       <p>til whan grace put it in his herte. Thus willing by him-selfe may</p>
-      <p>he it not have; and not willing, may he it not have. Pard�,</p>
+      <p>he it not have; and not willing, may he it not have. Pardè,</p>
       <p>every conseyt of every resonable creature otherwyse wil [wol] not</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">40</div></div><p>graunte; wil in affirmatif with not willing by no way mowe acorde.</p>
       <p>And although this loving wol come in myn herte by freenesse of</p>
@@ -11418,7 +11381,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>mencion is maked) shulde use thilke rightfulnesse, by teching of</p>
       <p>his soule to good maner of governaunce, in thought and in wordes;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">140</div></div><p>and that it shulde use the blisse in obedient maner, withouten</p>
-      <p>any incommodit�. Blisse, forsothe, in-to mannes profit, and</p>
+      <p>any incommoditè. Blisse, forsothe, in-to mannes profit, and</p>
       <p>rightwisnesse in-to his worship god delivered at ones; but rightfulnesse</p>
       <p>so was yeven that man might it lese, whiche if he not lost</p>
       <p>had, but continuelly [might] have it kept, he shulde have deserved</p>
@@ -11432,17 +11395,17 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>dwelleth, that by indigence of goodes, whiche that he loste</p>
       <p>through greet wrecchednesse, by right shulde he ben punisshed.</p>
       <p>And thus, for he weyved rightfulnesse, lost hath he his blisse; but</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">155</div></div><p>fayle of his desyr in his owne comodit� may he not; and &dagger;where</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">155</div></div><p>fayle of his desyr in his owne comoditè may he not; and &dagger;where</p>
       <p>comodites to his resonable nature whiche he hath lost may he not</p>
       <p>have, to false lustes, whiche ben bestial appetytes, he is turned.</p>
       <p>Folye of unconning hath him begyled, in wening that thilke ben</p>
       <p>the comoditees that owen to ben desyred. This affeccion of wil</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">160</div></div><p>by libert� of arbitrement is enduced to wilne thus thing that</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">160</div></div><p>by libertè of arbitrement is enduced to wilne thus thing that</p>
       <p>he shulde not; and so is wil not maked yvel but unrightful, by</p>
       <p>absence of rightfulnesse, whiche thing by reson ever shulde he</p>
       <p>have. And freenesse of arbitrement may he not wilne, whan he it</p>
       <p>not haveth; for while he it had, thilke halp it not to kepe; so</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">165</div></div><p>that without grace may it not ben recovered. Wil of commodit�,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">165</div></div><p>that without grace may it not ben recovered. Wil of commoditè,</p>
       <p>in-as-moche as unrightful it is maked by willinge of yvel lustes, willing</p>
 <!-- Page 142 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page142"></a>[142]</span>
       <p>of goodnesse may he not wilne; for wil of instrument to affeccion</p>
@@ -11516,7 +11479,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Knowen may it wel ben now of these thinges toforn</p>
       <p>declared, that man hath not alway thilke rightfulnesse</p>
-      <p>which by dut� of right evermore haven he shulde, and by no way</p>
+      <p>which by dutè of right evermore haven he shulde, and by no way</p>
       <p>by him-selfe may he it gete ne kepe; and after he it hath, if he it</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">5</div></div><p>lese, recover shal he it never without especial grace. Wherfore</p>
       <p>the comune sentence of the people in opinion, that every thing</p>
@@ -11547,9 +11510,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">30</div></div><p>wil werching (as if a man another man wrongfully anoyeth, wherfore</p>
       <p>he him sleeth), that it be constrayned to that ende, as mokel</p>
       <p>folk cryeth and sayth: 'Lo, as it was destenyed of god toforn</p>
-      <p>knowe, so it is thorow necessit� falle, and otherwyse might it not</p>
+      <p>knowe, so it is thorow necessitè falle, and otherwyse might it not</p>
       <p>betyde.' Trewly, neyther he that the wrong wrought, ne he that</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">35</div></div><p>him-selfe venged, none of thilke thinges thorow necessit� wrought;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">35</div></div><p>him-selfe venged, none of thilke thinges thorow necessitè wrought;</p>
       <p>for if that [oon] with free wil there had it not willed, neyther had</p>
       <p>[he] wrought that he perfourmed; and so utterly grace, that free</p>
       <p>wil in goodnesse bringeth and kepeth, and fro badnesse it tourneth,</p>
@@ -11562,7 +11525,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">45</div></div><p>and ben gladded, as if he the same joye had. What wonder,</p>
       <p>sith god is the gretest love and the *gretest wisdom? In hem</p>
       <p>shal he be, and they in god. Now than, whan al false folk be</p>
-      <p>ashamed, which wenen al bestialt� and erthly thing be sweter and</p>
+      <p>ashamed, which wenen al bestialtè and erthly thing be sweter and</p>
       <p>better to the body than hevenly is to the soule; this is the grace</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">50</div></div><p>and the frute that I long have desyred; it doth me good the</p>
       <p>savour to smelle.</p>
@@ -11584,12 +11547,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">60</div></div><p>way purvay th'ende. How shuld I than, so leude, aught wene of</p>
       <p>perfeccion any ende to gete? Never-the-later, grace, glorie, and</p>
       <p>laude I yelde and putte with worshipful reverences to the sothfast</p>
-      <p>god, in three with unit� closed, whiche that the hevy langour of</p>
+      <p>god, in three with unitè closed, whiche that the hevy langour of</p>
       <p>my sicknesse hath turned in-to mirthe of helth to recover. For</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">65</div></div><p>right as I was sorowed thorow the gloton cloud of manifolde</p>
       <p>sickly sorow, so mirth [of] ayencoming helth hath me glad[d]ed</p>
       <p>and gretly comforted. I beseche and pray therfore, and I crye</p>
-      <p>on goddes gret pit� and on his mokel mercy, that this[e] present</p>
+      <p>on goddes gret pitè and on his mokel mercy, that this[e] present</p>
       <p>scorges of my flessh mow maken medecyne and lechecraft of</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">70</div></div><p>my inner man[ne]s helth; so that my passed trespas and tenes</p>
       <p>through weping of myn eyen ben wasshe, and I, voyded from</p>
@@ -11616,7 +11579,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 <!-- Page 145 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page145"></a>[145]</span>
       <p>only a good reder, but also I coveite and pray a good book-amender,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">90</div></div><p>in correccion of wordes and of sentence; and only this</p>
-      <p>mede I coveite for my travayle, that every inse�r and herer of</p>
+      <p>mede I coveite for my travayle, that every inseër and herer of</p>
       <p>this leude fantasye devoute horisons and prayers to god the greet</p>
       <p>juge yelden; and prayen for me in that wyse, that in his dome</p>
       <p>my sinnes mowe ben relesed and foryeven. He that prayeth for</p>
@@ -11636,7 +11599,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">105</div></div><p>lyf; the flesshe, of nothing it profiteth.' Flesshe is flesshly</p>
       <p>understandinge; flessh without grace and love naught is worth.</p>
       <p>'The letter sleeth; the spirit yeveth lyfelich understanding.'</p>
-      <p>Charit� is love; and love is charit�.</p>
+      <p>Charitè is love; and love is charitè.</p>
       <p>God graunt us al[le] therin to be frended!</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">110</div></div><p>And thus <span class="sc">The Testament of Love</span> is ended.</p>
     </div>
@@ -11665,7 +11628,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>89. onely. booke. 90. correction. onely. 92. great. 94. released. 96.
   thorowe. 97. treatyse. Howe. 99. meate. norissheth; <i>read</i>
   norisshed. 100. Christ. 101. stone. 103. thorowe. made. 104. saythe.
-  spyrite. 105. lyfe. 109. al; <i>read</i> all�.</p>
+  spyrite. 105. lyfe. 109. al; <i>read</i> allë.</p>
 
 <hr />
 
@@ -11721,7 +11684,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And erne my mete yer that I dyne.</p>
       <p>To swete and swinke I make avow,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">30</div></div><p>My wyf and children therwith to fynd,</p>
-      <p>And serv� god, and I wist how;</p>
+      <p>And servë god, and I wist how;</p>
       <p>But we lewd men ben full[y] blynd.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -11730,7 +11693,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>For hir lyvelod [to] swete and swinke,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">35</div></div><p>And they right nought us give agayn,</p>
       <p>Neyther to ete ne yet to drinke.</p>
-      <p>They mowe by law�, as they sayn,</p>
+      <p>They mowe by lawë, as they sayn,</p>
       <p>Us curse and dampne to hell[e] brinke;</p>
       <p>Thus they putten us to payn,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">40</div></div><p>With candles queynt and belles clinke.</p>
@@ -11768,11 +11731,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>A stern� stryf is stered newe</p>
+      <p>A sternë stryf is stered newe</p>
       <p>In many stedes in a stounde,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">55</div></div><p>Of sondry sedes that ben sewe;</p>
       <p>It semeth that som ben unsounde.</p>
-      <p>For some be gret� growen &dagger;on grounde,</p>
+      <p>For some be gretë growen &dagger;on grounde,</p>
       <p>Some ben souple, simple and small;</p>
       <p>Whether of hem is falser founde,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">60</div></div><p>The falser, foul mote him befall!</p>
@@ -11785,14 +11748,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Priours, abbottes of grete estates;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">65</div></div><p>Of heven and hell they kepe the yates,</p>
       <p>And Peters successours they ben all;</p>
-      <p>This is demed by old� dates;</p>
+      <p>This is demed by oldë dates;</p>
       <p>But falshed, foul mote it befall!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>The other syde ben poore and pale,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">70</div></div><p>And people put [al] out of prees;</p>
-      <p>And sem� caytifs sore a-cale,</p>
+      <p>And semë caytifs sore a-cale,</p>
       <p>And ever in oon without encrees,</p>
       <p>&dagger;I-cleped lollers and londlees;</p>
       <p>Who toteth on hem, they been untall.</p>
@@ -11840,18 +11803,18 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Beth lowlich and of low degree,</p>
       <p>And usen none erthly honours,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">105</div></div><p>Neyther crown, ne curious cove[r]tours,</p>
-      <p>Ne &dagger;pelure, ne other proud� pall;</p>
+      <p>Ne &dagger;pelure, ne other proudë pall;</p>
       <p>Ne nought to cofren up greet tresours;</p>
       <p>For falshed, foul mote it befall!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Preest[e]s shuld for no cattel plede,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">110</div></div><p>But chasten hem in charit�;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">110</div></div><p>But chasten hem in charitè;</p>
       <p>Ne to no batail shuld men lede</p>
       <p>For inhaunsing of hir own degree;</p>
-      <p>Nat wiln� sittings in hy see,</p>
-      <p>Ne soveraynt� in hous ne hall;</p>
+      <p>Nat wilnë sittings in hy see,</p>
+      <p>Ne soverayntè in hous ne hall;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">115</div></div><p>All worldly worship defye and flee;</p>
       <p>For who willeth highnes, foul shal fall!</p>
 <!-- Page 151 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page151"></a>[151]</span>
@@ -11876,7 +11839,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>God is nat hir governour,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">130</div></div><p>That holdeth no man his &dagger;peragall;</p>
       <p>Whyl covetyse is hir counsaylour,</p>
-      <p>All such falshed mot ned� fall.</p>
+      <p>All such falshed mot nedë fall.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -11887,30 +11850,30 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Chaunge of clothing every day,</p>
       <p>With golden girdles grete and small;</p>
       <p>As boystous as is bere at bay;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">140</div></div><p>All such falshed mot ned� fall.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">140</div></div><p>All such falshed mot nedë fall.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>With pryd� &dagger;punysheth the pore,</p>
-      <p>And som� they sustayn with sale;</p>
+      <p>With prydë &dagger;punysheth the pore,</p>
+      <p>And somë they sustayn with sale;</p>
       <p>Of holy churche maketh an hore,</p>
       <p>And filleth hir wombe with wyne and ale;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">145</div></div><p>With money filleth many a male,</p>
       <p>And chaffren churches when they fall,</p>
       <p>And telleth the people a lewed tale;</p>
-      <p>Such fals� faytours, foul hem fall!</p>
+      <p>Such falsë faytours, foul hem fall!</p>
 <!-- Page 152 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page152"></a>[152]</span>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>With chaunge of many maner metes,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">150</div></div><p>With song and solace sitting long,</p>
-      <p>And filleth hir womb�, and fast fretes,</p>
-      <p>And from the met� to the gong;</p>
+      <p>And filleth hir wombë, and fast fretes,</p>
+      <p>And from the metë to the gong;</p>
       <p>And after mete with harp and song,</p>
       <p>And ech man mot hem lordes call;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">155</div></div><p>And hot� spyces ever among;</p>
-      <p>Such fals� faytours, foul hem fall!</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">155</div></div><p>And hotë spyces ever among;</p>
+      <p>Such falsë faytours, foul hem fall!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -11920,7 +11883,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">160</div></div><p>As hevy as it were mad of leed;</p>
       <p>With cloth of gold both newe and reed,</p>
       <p>With glitterand &dagger;gown as grene as gall,</p>
-      <p>By dome will dampn� men to deed;</p>
+      <p>By dome will dampnë men to deed;</p>
       <p>All suche faytours, foul hem fall!</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -11937,18 +11900,18 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>That is blessed, that they blesse,</p>
-      <p>And cursed, that they curs� woll;</p>
+      <p>And cursed, that they cursë woll;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">175</div></div><p>And thus the people they oppresse,</p>
       <p>And have their lordshippes at full;</p>
       <p>And many be marchauntes of woll,</p>
       <p>And to purse penyes woll come thrall;</p>
-      <p>The por� people they all to-pull,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">180</div></div><p>Such fals� faytours, foul hem fall!</p>
+      <p>The porë people they all to-pull,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">180</div></div><p>Such falsë faytours, foul hem fall!</p>
 <!-- Page 153 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page153"></a>[153]</span>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Lordes mot� to hem loute,</p>
+      <p>Lordes motë to hem loute,</p>
       <p>Obeysaunt to hir brode blessing;</p>
       <p>They ryden with hir royall route</p>
       <p>On a courser, as it were a king;</p>
@@ -11975,7 +11938,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Some of hem woll gladly winne</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">200</div></div><p>All ayenst that which god forbed;</p>
       <p>"All-holyest" they clepen hir heed,</p>
-      <p>That of hir rul� is regall;</p>
+      <p>That of hir rulë is regall;</p>
       <p>Alas! that ever they eten breed;</p>
       <p>For all such falshed woll foul fall.</p>
     </div>
@@ -11986,7 +11949,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Kinges mot to hem knele and coure;</p>
       <p>To the apostles, that Christ forbede;</p>
       <p>To popes hestes such taketh more hede</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">210</div></div><p>Than to kepe Christes commaund�ment;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">210</div></div><p>Than to kepe Christes commaundëment;</p>
       <p>Of gold and silver mot ben hir wede,</p>
       <p>They holdeth him hole omnipotent.</p>
 <!-- Page 154 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page154"></a>[154]</span>
@@ -11994,7 +11957,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>He ordayneth by his ordinaunce</p>
-      <p>To parish-preestes a pow�re;</p>
+      <p>To parish-preestes a powére;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">215</div></div><p>To another a greter avaunce,</p>
       <p>A greter poynt to his mystere;</p>
       <p>But for he is hyghest in erth here,</p>
@@ -12017,18 +11980,18 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>They ne clepen Christ but <i>sanctus deus</i>,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">230</div></div><p>And clepen her heed <i>Sanctissimus</i>;</p>
-      <p>They that such a sect[�] sewis,</p>
+      <p>They that such a sect[ë] sewis,</p>
       <p>I trowe, they taken hem amisse.</p>
-      <p>In erth[�] here they have hir blisse,</p>
+      <p>In erth[ë] here they have hir blisse,</p>
       <p>Hir hye master is Belial;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">235</div></div><p>&dagger;Christ his people from hem wisse!</p>
-      <p>For all such fals� will foul fall!</p>
+      <p>For all such falsë will foul fall!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>They mow� both[�] binde and lose,</p>
+      <p>They mowë both[ë] binde and lose,</p>
       <p>And all is for hir holy lyf;</p>
-      <p>To save or dampne they mow� chose,</p>
+      <p>To save or dampne they mowë chose,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">240</div></div><p>Betwene hem now [ther] is gret stryf.</p>
       <p>Many a man is killed with knyf,</p>
       <p>To wete which of hem have lordship shall;</p>
@@ -12039,18 +12002,18 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">245</div></div><p>Christ sayd: <i>Qui gladio percutit</i></p>
-      <p>With swerd� shall [he surely] dye;</p>
+      <p>With swerdë shall [he surely] dye;</p>
       <p>He bad his preestes pees and grith,</p>
       <p>And bad hem not drede for to dye;</p>
       <p>And bad them be both simple and slye,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">250</div></div><p>And cark� not for no cattall,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">250</div></div><p>And carkë not for no cattall,</p>
       <p>And &dagger;truste on god that sitteth on hye;</p>
-      <p>For all [such] fals� shull foul fall.</p>
+      <p>For all [such] falsë shull foul fall.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>These wollen mak� men to swere</p>
-      <p>Ayenst Christes commaund�ment;</p>
+      <p>These wollen makë men to swere</p>
+      <p>Ayenst Christes commaundëment;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">255</div></div><p>And Christes membres all to-tere</p>
       <p>On rode as he wer newe y-rent.</p>
       <p>Suche lawes they make by commun assent,</p>
@@ -12073,18 +12036,18 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>With purse they purchase personage,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">270</div></div><p>With purse they paynen hem to plede;</p>
-      <p>And men of warr� they woll wage,</p>
+      <p>And men of warrë they woll wage,</p>
       <p>To bringe hir enemyes to the dede.</p>
       <p>And lordes lyves they woll lede,</p>
       <p>And moche take, and give but small;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">275</div></div><p>But he it so get, from it shall shede,</p>
-      <p>And make such fals� right foul fal!</p>
+      <p>And make such falsë right foul fal!</p>
 <!-- Page 156 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page156"></a>[156]</span>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>They halowe nothing but for hyre,</p>
-      <p>Church�, font, ne vest�ment;</p>
+      <p>Churchë, font, ne vestëment;</p>
       <p>And make[n] orders in every shyre,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">280</div></div><p>But preestes paye for the parchement;</p>
       <p>Of ryatours they taken rent,</p>
@@ -12099,7 +12062,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And punisheth the pore for putrye;</p>
       <p>Them-selfe it useth all their lyves.</p>
       <p>And but a man to them [him] shryves,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">290</div></div><p>To heven com� never he shall;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">290</div></div><p>To heven comë never he shall;</p>
       <p>He shal be cursed as be captyves,</p>
       <p>To hell they sayn that he shall fall.</p>
     </div>
@@ -12120,7 +12083,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>To maynteynours, and to men of lawe;</p>
       <p>For to lordes they woll be liche,</p>
       <p>An harlottes sone nat worth an hawe!</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">305</div></div><p>Sothfastness� suche han slawe,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">305</div></div><p>Sothfastnessë suche han slawe,</p>
       <p>They kembe hir crokets with cristall;</p>
       <p>And drede of god they have down drawe;</p>
       <p>All suche faytours, foul hem fall!</p>
@@ -12141,23 +12104,23 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>&dagger;Hir tything, and hir offring both,</p>
       <p>They cle[y]meth it by possessio[u]n;</p>
-      <p>Th�rof nill they none forgo,</p>
+      <p>Thérof nill they none forgo,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">320</div></div><p>But robben men as [by] raunsoun.</p>
       <p>The tything of <i>Turpe lucrum</i></p>
       <p>With these maisters is meynall;</p>
       <p>Tything of bribry and larson</p>
-      <p>Will mak� falshed full foul fall!</p>
+      <p>Will makë falshed full foul fall!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">325</div></div><p>They taken to ferm� hir sompnours</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">325</div></div><p>They taken to fermë hir sompnours</p>
       <p>To harme the people what they may;</p>
       <p>To pardoners and false faytours</p>
       <p>Sell hir seles, I dar well say;</p>
       <p>And all to holden greet array,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">330</div></div><p>To multiply hem more metall,</p>
       <p>They drede full litell domes day</p>
-      <p>Whan all such [fals�] shall foul fall.</p>
+      <p>Whan all such [falsë] shall foul fall.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -12168,19 +12131,19 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>By yere ech preest shall paye his fee</p>
       <p>To encrese his lemmans call;</p>
       <p>Suche herdes shull well yvell thee,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">340</div></div><p>And all such fals� shull foul fall!</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">340</div></div><p>And all such falsë shull foul fall!</p>
 <!-- Page 158 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page158"></a>[158]</span>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And if a man be falsly famed,</p>
-      <p>And wold� make purgacioun,</p>
+      <p>And woldë make purgacioun,</p>
       <p>Than woll the officers be agramed,</p>
       <p>And assigne him fro town to town;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">345</div></div><p>So nede he must[e] paye raunsoun</p>
       <p>Though he be clene as is cristall,</p>
       <p>And than have an absolutioun;</p>
-      <p>But all such fals� shull foul fall!</p>
+      <p>But all such falsë shull foul fall!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -12191,7 +12154,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>These bishoppes officers goon full gay,</p>
       <p>And this game they usen over-all;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">355</div></div><p>The pore to pill is all &dagger;hir pray;</p>
-      <p>All such fals� shull foul fall!</p>
+      <p>All such falsë shull foul fall!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -12201,7 +12164,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">360</div></div><p>Such governours mowen of god agryse;</p>
       <p>For all his rules &dagger;ben rightwyse.</p>
       <p>These newe poyntes ben pure papall,</p>
-      <p>And goddes law� they dispyse;</p>
+      <p>And goddes lawë they dispyse;</p>
       <p>And all such faytours shul foul fall!</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -12247,7 +12210,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>A lord shall write to him for grace,</p>
       <p>For his clerke &dagger;pray anon he shall;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">395</div></div><p>So shall he spede[n] his purchas;</p>
-      <p>And all such fals�, foule hem fall!</p>
+      <p>And all such falsë, foule hem fall!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -12258,7 +12221,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>A boster, and (that god forbede!)</p>
       <p>As good a bishop &dagger;as my hors Ball,</p>
       <p>Suche a pope is foule be-sted,</p>
-      <p>And at [the] last� woll foul fall!</p>
+      <p>And at [the] lastë woll foul fall!</p>
 <!-- Page 160 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page160"></a>[160]</span>
     </div>
 
@@ -12266,22 +12229,22 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">405</div></div><p>He maketh bishops for erthly thank,</p>
       <p>And nothing for Christes sake;</p>
       <p>Such that ben ful fatte and rank,</p>
-      <p>To soul� hele non hede they take.</p>
+      <p>To soulë hele non hede they take.</p>
       <p>Al is well don what ever they make,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">410</div></div><p>For they shal answere at &dagger;ones for all;</p>
       <p>For worldes thank, such worch and wake,</p>
-      <p>And all such fals� shall foul fall!</p>
+      <p>And all such falsë shall foul fall!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Suche that &dagger;conn� nat hir Crede</p>
+      <p>Suche that &dagger;connë nat hir Crede</p>
       <p>With prayer shull be mad prelates;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">415</div></div><p>Nother &dagger;conne the gospell rede,</p>
       <p>Such shull now welde hye estates.</p>
       <p>The hye goodes frendship hem makes,</p>
       <p>They toteth on hir somme totall;</p>
       <p>Such bere the keyes of hell-yates,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">420</div></div><p>And all such fals� shall foul fall.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">420</div></div><p>And all such falsë shall foul fall.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -12292,13 +12255,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">425</div></div><p>By the dore they go nat in-to the fold,</p>
       <p>To helpe &dagger;hir sheep they nought travall;</p>
       <p>Hyred men all suche I holde,</p>
-      <p>And all such fals�, foule hem fall!</p>
+      <p>And all such falsë, foule hem fall!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>For Christ hir king they woll forsake,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">430</div></div><p>And knowe him nought for his povert;</p>
-      <p>For Christes lov� they woll wake,</p>
+      <p>For Christes lovë they woll wake,</p>
       <p>And drink pyment [and] ale apart.</p>
       <p>Of god they seme nothing a-ferd;</p>
       <p>As lusty liveth, as Lamuall,</p>
@@ -12315,18 +12278,18 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Peter erred, so dide nat John;</p>
       <p>Why is he cleped the principall?</p>
       <p>Christ cleped him Peter, but himself the stoon;</p>
-      <p>All fals� faytours, foule hem fall!</p>
+      <p>All falsë faytours, foule hem fall!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">445</div></div><p>Why cursen they the croysery,</p>
-      <p>Christes Christen cr�atures?</p>
+      <p>Christes Christen crëatures?</p>
       <p>For bytwene hem is now envy</p>
       <p>To be enhaunsed in honours.</p>
       <p>And Christen livers, with hir labours,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">450</div></div><p>For they leve on no man mortall,</p>
       <p>&dagger;Ben do to dethe with dishonours;</p>
-      <p>And all such fals�, foule hem fall!</p>
+      <p>And all such falsë, foule hem fall!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -12348,19 +12311,19 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">465</div></div><p>Such oon, me thinketh, him-self foryet,</p>
       <p>Either to the trouth he was nat call;</p>
       <p>Christ, that suffred woundes wet,</p>
-      <p>Shall mak� such falshed foul fall!</p>
+      <p>Shall makë such falshed foul fall!</p>
 <!-- Page 162 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page162"></a>[162]</span>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>They layeth out hir larg� nettes</p>
+      <p>They layeth out hir largë nettes</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">470</div></div><p>For to take silver and gold,</p>
       <p>Fillen coffers, and sackes fettes,</p>
       <p>There-as they soules cacche shold.</p>
       <p>Hir servaunts be to &dagger;hem unhold,</p>
       <p>But they can doublin &dagger;hir rentall</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">475</div></div><p>To bigge hem castels, and bigge hem hold;</p>
-      <p>And all such fals�, foule hem fall!</p>
+      <p>And all such falsë, foule hem fall!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -12373,7 +12336,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>To accorde with this word� "fal"</p>
+      <p>To accorde with this wordë "fal"</p>
       <p>No more English can I find;</p>
       <p>Shewe another now I shall,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">480</div></div><p>For I have moche to say behind,</p>
@@ -12397,23 +12360,23 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>What is Antichrist to say</p>
-      <p>But evin Christes advers�ry?</p>
+      <p>But evin Christes adversáry?</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">495</div></div><p>Such hath now ben many a day</p>
-      <p>To Christes bidding full contr�ry,</p>
-      <p>That from the trouth� clen� vary;</p>
-      <p>Out of the way� they ben wend;</p>
+      <p>To Christes bidding full contráry,</p>
+      <p>That from the trouthë clenë vary;</p>
+      <p>Out of the wayë they ben wend;</p>
       <p>And Christes people untruely cary;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">500</div></div><p>God, for his pit�, it amend!</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">500</div></div><p>God, for his pitè, it amend!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>That liven contr�ry to Christes lyf,</p>
+      <p>That liven contráry to Christes lyf,</p>
       <p>In hye pride agaynst mekenesse;</p>
       <p>Agaynst suffraunce they usen stryf,</p>
       <p>And angre ayenst sobrenesse;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">505</div></div><p>Agaynst wisdom, wilfulnesse;</p>
       <p>To Christes tales litell tend;</p>
-      <p>Agaynst mes�re, outragiousnesse;</p>
+      <p>Agaynst mesúre, outragiousnesse;</p>
       <p>But whan god woll, it may amend!</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -12424,15 +12387,15 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Agaynst trewth[e], trechery;</p>
       <p>And agaynst almesse, envy;</p>
       <p>Agaynst Christ they comprehend.</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">515</div></div><p>For chastit�, they maynteyn lechery;</p>
-      <p>God, for his grac�, this amend!</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">515</div></div><p>For chastitè, they maynteyn lechery;</p>
+      <p>God, for his gracë, this amend!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Ayenst penaunce they use delytes,</p>
       <p>Ayenst suffraunce, strong defence;</p>
       <p>Ayenst god they use yvel rightes,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">520</div></div><p>Agaynst pit�, punishments;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">520</div></div><p>Agaynst pitè, punishments;</p>
       <p>Open yvell ayenst continence;</p>
       <p>Hir wicked winning wors dispend;</p>
       <p>Sobrenesse they sette in-to dispence;</p>
@@ -12441,7 +12404,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">525</div></div><p>Why cleymen they hoolly his pow�re,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">525</div></div><p>Why cleymen they hoolly his powére,</p>
       <p>And wranglen ayenst all his hestes?</p>
       <p>His living folowen they nothing here,</p>
       <p>But liven wors than witles beestes.</p>
@@ -12458,7 +12421,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>All such ben falser than ben fendes.</p>
       <p>On the people they ley such bendes,</p>
       <p>As god is in erthe, they han offend;</p>
-      <p>Sucour for such� Christ now sende us.</p>
+      <p>Sucour for suchë Christ now sende us.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">540</div></div><p>And, for his mercy, this amend!</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -12466,9 +12429,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>A token of Antichrist they be,</p>
       <p>His careckes ben now wyde y-know;</p>
       <p>Receyved to preche shall no man be</p>
-      <p>Without[�] token of him, I trow.</p>
+      <p>Without[ë] token of him, I trow.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">545</div></div><p>Ech Christen preest to prechen ow,</p>
-      <p>From god abov� they ben send.</p>
+      <p>From god abovë they ben send.</p>
       <p>Goddes word to all folk for to show,</p>
       <p>Sinfull man for to amend.</p>
     </div>
@@ -12497,8 +12460,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">565</div></div><p>They take on hem roy�ll pow�re,</p>
-      <p>And saye, they hav� swerdes two,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">565</div></div><p>They take on hem royáll powére,</p>
+      <p>And saye, they havë swerdes two,</p>
       <p>Oon curse to hell, oon slee men here;</p>
       <p>For at his taking Christ had no mo,</p>
       <p>Yet Peter had [that] oon of tho.</p>
@@ -12520,7 +12483,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>So successours to Peter be they nought</p>
-      <p>Whom [that] Christ mad� cheef pastour;</p>
+      <p>Whom [that] Christ madë cheef pastour;</p>
       <p>A swerd no shep[h]erde usen ought</p>
       <p>But he wold slee as a bochour.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">585</div></div><p>For who-so were Peters successour</p>
@@ -12543,7 +12506,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>After Christ had take Peter the kay,</p>
-      <p>Christ sayd, he must� dye for man;</p>
+      <p>Christ sayd, he mustë dye for man;</p>
       <p>That Peter to Christ gan withsay;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">600</div></div><p>Christ bad him, 'go behind, Sathan!'</p>
       <p>Such counsaylours many of these men han</p>
@@ -12555,7 +12518,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">605</div></div><p>For Sathan is to say no more</p>
       <p>But he that contrary to Christ is;</p>
-      <p>In this they lern� Peters lore,</p>
+      <p>In this they lernë Peters lore,</p>
       <p>They sewen him whan he did mis;</p>
       <p>They folowe Peter forsothe in this,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">610</div></div><p>In al that Christ wolde &dagger;him reprende,</p>
@@ -12587,11 +12550,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Were Christ on erth� here eft-soon,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">630</div></div><p>These wolde dampn� him to dye;</p>
+      <p>Were Christ on erthë here eft-soon,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">630</div></div><p>These wolde dampnë him to dye;</p>
       <p>All his hestes they han fordon,</p>
       <p>And sayn, his sawes ben heresy;</p>
-      <p>Ayenst his &dagger;maund�ments they cry,</p>
+      <p>Ayenst his &dagger;maundëments they cry,</p>
       <p>And dampne all his to be [y-]brend;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">635</div></div><p>For it lyketh nat hem, such losengery;</p>
       <p>God almighty hem amend!</p>
@@ -12600,7 +12563,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>These han more might in England here</p>
       <p>Than hath the king and all his lawe,</p>
-      <p>They han purchased hem such pow�re</p>
+      <p>They han purchased hem such powére</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">640</div></div><p>To taken hem whom [they] list nat knawe;</p>
       <p>And say, that heresy is hir sawe,</p>
       <p>And so to prison woll hem send;</p>
@@ -12614,7 +12577,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>But, if any man these misqueme,</p>
       <p>He shal be baited as a bere;</p>
       <p>And yet wel wors they woll him tere,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">650</div></div><p>And in pris�n woll hem [be] pend</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">650</div></div><p>And in prisón woll hem [be] pend</p>
       <p>In gyves, and in other gere;</p>
       <p>Whan god woll, it may [a]mend.</p>
 <!-- Page 168 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page168"></a>[168]</span>
@@ -12622,10 +12585,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>The king taxeth nat his men</p>
-      <p>But by assent of the comminalt�;</p>
+      <p>But by assent of the comminaltè;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">655</div></div><p>But these, ech yere, woll raunsom hem</p>
       <p>Maysterfully, more than doth he;</p>
-      <p>Hir seles, by yer�, better be</p>
+      <p>Hir seles, by yerë, better be</p>
       <p>Than is the kinges in extend;</p>
       <p>Hir officers han gretter fee;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">660</div></div><p>But this mischeef [may] god amend!</p>
@@ -12633,8 +12596,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>For who-so woll prove a testament</p>
-      <p>Th�t is natt all worth ten pound,</p>
-      <p>He shall paye for the parch�ment</p>
+      <p>Thát is natt all worth ten pound,</p>
+      <p>He shall paye for the parchëment</p>
       <p>The third part of the money all round.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">665</div></div><p>Thus the people is raunsound,</p>
       <p>They say, such part to hem shulde apend;</p>
@@ -12670,8 +12633,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Han in this lande as moch lay-fee,</p>
       <p>Lordshippes, and possessio[u]ns</p>
       <p>More than the lordes, it semeth me!</p>
-      <p>That maketh hem lese charit�,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">690</div></div><p>They mow� nat to god attend;</p>
+      <p>That maketh hem lese charitè,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">690</div></div><p>They mowë nat to god attend;</p>
       <p>In erthe they have so high degree,</p>
       <p>God, for his mercy, it amend!</p>
     </div>
@@ -12680,7 +12643,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>The emperour yaf the pope somtyme</p>
       <p>So hyghe lordship him about,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">695</div></div><p>That, at [the] laste, the sely kyme,</p>
-      <p>The proud� pop� putte him out!</p>
+      <p>The proudë popë putte him out!</p>
       <p>So of this realme is in dout,</p>
       <p>But lordes be ware and &dagger;hem defend;</p>
       <p>For now these folk be wonder stout,</p>
@@ -12700,7 +12663,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Moyses lawe forbood it tho,</p>
       <p>That preestes shuld no lordshippes welde,</p>
       <p>Christes gospel biddeth also</p>
-      <p>Th�t they shuld no lordship helde;</p>
+      <p>Thát they shuld no lordship helde;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">705</div></div><p>Ne Christes apostels were never so bold</p>
       <p>No such lordshippes to &dagger;hem enbrace;</p>
       <p>But smeren hir sheep and kepe hir fold;</p>
@@ -12721,9 +12684,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em"><b>Grifon.</b> "What canst thou preche ayenst chanons</p>
-      <p>Th�t men clepen seculere?"</p>
+      <p>Thát men clepen seculere?"</p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em"><b>Pelican.</b> "They ben curates of many towns,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">720</div></div><p>On erth� they have greet pow�re.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">720</div></div><p>On erthë they have greet powére.</p>
       <p>They han greet prebendes and dere,</p>
       <p>Some two or three, and some [han] mo,</p>
       <p>A personage to ben a playing-fere,</p>
@@ -12731,12 +12694,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">725</div></div><p>And let to ferm� all that fare</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">725</div></div><p>And let to fermë all that fare</p>
       <p>To whom that woll most give therfore;</p>
       <p>Some woll spende, and some woll spare,</p>
       <p>And some woll laye it up in store.</p>
       <p>A cure of soule[s] they care nat for,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">730</div></div><p>S� they mow� money take;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">730</div></div><p>Só they mowë money take;</p>
       <p>Whether hir soules be wonne or lore,</p>
       <p>Hir profits they woll nat forsake.</p>
     </div>
@@ -12755,8 +12718,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Therwith they purchase hem lay-fee</p>
-      <p>In lond�, there hem lyketh best,</p>
-      <p>And builde &dagger;als brode as a cit�</p>
+      <p>In londë, there hem lyketh best,</p>
+      <p>And builde &dagger;als brode as a citè</p>
       <p>Both in the est, and eke in the west.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">745</div></div><p>To purchase thus they ben ful prest,</p>
       <p>But on the pore they woll nought spend,</p>
@@ -12768,7 +12731,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>By hir service such woll live,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">750</div></div><p>And trusse that other in-to tresour;</p>
       <p>Though all hir parish dye unshrive,</p>
-      <p>They woll nat give a ros�-flour.</p>
+      <p>They woll nat give a rosë-flour.</p>
       <p>Hir lyf shuld be as a mirrour</p>
       <p>Bothe to lered and to leude also,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">755</div></div><p>And teche the people hir leel labour;</p>
@@ -12776,7 +12739,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Some of hem ben hard� nigges,</p>
+      <p>Some of hem ben hardë nigges,</p>
       <p>And some of hem ben proude and gay;</p>
       <p>Some spende hir good upon [hir] gigges,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">760</div></div><p>And finden hem of greet aray.</p>
@@ -12792,7 +12755,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Though the pore parishens for hunger dye,</p>
       <p>O peny on hem wil they nat spende.</p>
       <p>Have they receivinge of the rent,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">770</div></div><p>They reck never of the rem�nant;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">770</div></div><p>They reck never of the remënant;</p>
       <p>Alas! the devill hath clene hem blent!</p>
       <p>Suche oon is Sathanas sojournant.</p>
 <!-- Page 172 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page172"></a>[172]</span>
@@ -12800,10 +12763,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And usen horedom and harlotry,</p>
-      <p>Covetys�, pompe, and pride,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">775</div></div><p>Slouth�, wrathe, and eke envy,</p>
+      <p>Covetysë, pompe, and pride,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">775</div></div><p>Slouthë, wrathe, and eke envy,</p>
       <p>And sewen sinne by every syde.</p>
-      <p>Alas! where think� such t'abyde?</p>
+      <p>Alas! where thinkë such t'abyde?</p>
       <p>How woll they accomptes yeld?</p>
       <p>From hy god they mow hem nat hyde,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">780</div></div><p>Such willers wit is nat worth a neld.</p>
@@ -12815,7 +12778,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Served with so many messe,</p>
       <p>Hem thinketh that manna is no mete.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">785</div></div><p>All is good that they mow get,</p>
-      <p>They wen� to live evermore;</p>
+      <p>They wenë to live evermore;</p>
       <p>But, whan god at dome is set,</p>
       <p>Such tresour is a feble store.</p>
     </div>
@@ -12828,7 +12791,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>He woll serve bothe erl and king</p>
       <p>For his fynding and his fee,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">795</div></div><p>And hyde his tything and his offring;</p>
-      <p>This is a feble charit�.</p>
+      <p>This is a feble charitè.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -12848,7 +12811,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And begylen men in Christes name;</p>
       <p>They ben unstedfast and unstable;</p>
       <p>To tray hir lord, hem thinketh no shame.</p>
-      <p>To serv� god they ben full lame,</p>
+      <p>To servë god they ben full lame,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">810</div></div><p>Goddes theves, and falsly stele;</p>
       <p>And falsly goddes word defame;</p>
       <p>In winning is hir worldes wele.</p>
@@ -12860,14 +12823,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">815</div></div><p>With Antichrist such [folk] shull fall,</p>
       <p>They folowen him in dede and fay;</p>
       <p>They servin him in riche array,</p>
-      <p>To serv� Christ such falsly fayn;</p>
+      <p>To servë Christ such falsly fayn;</p>
       <p>Why, at the dredful domes day,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">820</div></div><p>Shull they not folowe him to payn?</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>That knowen hem-self, that they don ill</p>
-      <p>Ayenst Christes commaund�ment,</p>
+      <p>Ayenst Christes commaundëment,</p>
       <p>And amende hem never ne will,</p>
       <p>But serve Sathan by one assent.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">825</div></div><p>Who sayth [the] sothe, he shal be shent,</p>
@@ -12880,10 +12843,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Pope, bishoppes, and cardinals,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">830</div></div><p>Chanons, persons, and vicaire,</p>
       <p>In goddes service, I trow, ben fals,</p>
-      <p>That sacrament�s sellen here.</p>
+      <p>That sacramentës sellen here.</p>
       <p>And ben as proude as Lucifere;</p>
       <p>Ech man loke whether that I ly!</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">835</div></div><p>Who-so speketh ayenst hir pow�re,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">835</div></div><p>Who-so speketh ayenst hir powére,</p>
       <p>It shall be holden heresy.</p>
 <!-- Page 174 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page174"></a>[174]</span>
     </div>
@@ -12901,13 +12864,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">845</div></div><p>Loke how many among hem all</p>
-      <p>Holden not this hy� way!</p>
+      <p>Holden not this hyë way!</p>
       <p>With Antichrist they shullen fall,</p>
       <p>For they wolden god betray.</p>
       <p>God amende hem, that best may!</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">850</div></div><p>For many men they maken shende;</p>
       <p>They weten well, the sothe I say,</p>
-      <p>B�t the divell hath foule hem blend.</p>
+      <p>Bút the divell hath foule hem blend.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -12915,7 +12878,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Apparailled porely, proude of port;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">855</div></div><p>The seven sacraments they don sell,</p>
       <p>In cattel-cacching is hir comfort.</p>
-      <p>Of ech matt�r they wollen mell,</p>
+      <p>Of ech mattér they wollen mell,</p>
       <p>And don hem wrong is hir disport;</p>
       <p>To afray the people they ben fell,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">860</div></div><p>And holde hem lower then doth the lord.</p>
@@ -12927,9 +12890,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>They make men swere upon a boke;</p>
       <p>Thus they foulen Christes fay.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">865</div></div><p>Such beren yvell heven-kay,</p>
-      <p>They mowen assoyl, they mow� shryve;</p>
+      <p>They mowen assoyl, they mowë shryve;</p>
       <p>With mennes wyves strongly play,</p>
-      <p>With trew� tillers sturte and stryve</p>
+      <p>With trewë tillers sturte and stryve</p>
 <!-- Page 175 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page175"></a>[175]</span>
     </div>
 
@@ -12938,7 +12901,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">870</div></div><p>And chefe chauntours at the nale;</p>
       <p>Market-beters, and medling make,</p>
       <p>Hoppen and houten with heve and hale.</p>
-      <p>At fayr� freshe, and at wyn� stale,</p>
+      <p>At fayrë freshe, and at wynë stale,</p>
       <p>Dyne and drinke, and make debat;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">875</div></div><p>The seven sacraments set at sale;</p>
       <p>How kepe such the kayes of heven-gat?</p>
@@ -12950,18 +12913,18 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>To speke they shull not be so bolde</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">880</div></div><p>For sompning to the consistory;</p>
       <p>And make hem say [with] mouth "I ly,"</p>
-      <p>Though they it saw� with hir y;</p>
+      <p>Though they it sawë with hir y;</p>
       <p>His lemman holden openly,</p>
-      <p>No man so hardy to ax� why!</p>
+      <p>No man so hardy to axë why!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">885</div></div><p>He wol have tythinge and offringe,</p>
-      <p>Maugr� who-so-ever it gruche;</p>
-      <p>And twy�s on the day woll singe;</p>
+      <p>Maugrè who-so-ever it gruche;</p>
+      <p>And twyës on the day woll singe;</p>
       <p>Goddes prestes nere none suche!</p>
       <p>He mot on hunting with dogge and bic[c]he,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">890</div></div><p>And blowen his horn, and cry�n "hey!"</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">890</div></div><p>And blowen his horn, and cryën "hey!"</p>
       <p>And sorcery usen as a wicche;</p>
       <p>Such kepen yvell Peters key.</p>
     </div>
@@ -12973,7 +12936,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And say, that it is full of might;</p>
       <p>About such, men sette up greet light,</p>
       <p>Other such stockes shull stand therby</p>
-      <p>As dark� as it were midnight,</p>
+      <p>As darkë as it were midnight,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">900</div></div><p>For it may make no ma[i]stry.</p>
 <!-- Page 176 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page176"></a>[176]</span>
     </div>
@@ -12994,8 +12957,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">910</div></div><p>That ben [in] Christes own lykenesse,</p>
       <p>Men shullen offre at hir dore</p>
       <p>That suffren honger and distresse;</p>
-      <p>And to suche im�ges offre lesse,</p>
-      <p>That mow not fel� thurst ne cold;</p>
+      <p>And to suche imáges offre lesse,</p>
+      <p>That mow not felë thurst ne cold;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">915</div></div><p>The pore in spirit gan Christ blesse,</p>
       <p>Therfore offreth to feble and old.</p>
     </div>
@@ -13012,12 +12975,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">925</div></div><p>Of scarlet and grene gay[�] gownes,</p>
-      <p>That mot be shap� for the newe,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">925</div></div><p>Of scarlet and grene gay[ë] gownes,</p>
+      <p>That mot be shapë for the newe,</p>
       <p>To clippen and kissen counten in townes</p>
       <p>The damoseles that to the daunce sewe;</p>
       <p>Cutted clothes to sewe hir hewe,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">930</div></div><p>With long� pykes on hir shoon;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">930</div></div><p>With longë pykes on hir shoon;</p>
       <p>Our goddes gospell is not trewe,</p>
       <p>Eyther they serven the divell or noon!</p>
 <!-- Page 177 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page177"></a>[177]</span>
@@ -13025,7 +12988,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Now ben prestes pokes so wyde,</p>
-      <p>Men must enlarge the vest�ment;</p>
+      <p>Men must enlarge the vestëment;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">935</div></div><p>The holy gospell they don hyde,</p>
       <p>For they contrarien in rayment.</p>
       <p>Such preestes of Lucifer ben sent,</p>
@@ -13035,14 +12998,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Shryft-silver such� wollen aske is,</p>
-      <p>And woll men crep� to the crouche;</p>
+      <p>Shryft-silver suchë wollen aske is,</p>
+      <p>And woll men crepë to the crouche;</p>
       <p>None of the sacraments, save askes,</p>
-      <p>Without[�] mede shall no man touche.</p>
+      <p>Without[ë] mede shall no man touche.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">945</div></div><p>On hir bishop their warant vouche,</p>
-      <p>That is lawe of the decr�;</p>
+      <p>That is lawe of the decrè;</p>
       <p>With mede and money thus they mouche,</p>
-      <p>And &dagger;this, they sayn, is charit�!</p>
+      <p>And &dagger;this, they sayn, is charitè!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -13062,7 +13025,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And holden forth hir harlotry;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">960</div></div><p>Such prelats ben of feble empryse.</p>
       <p>Of goddes grame such men agryse,</p>
-      <p>For such matt�rs that taken mede;</p>
+      <p>For such mattérs that taken mede;</p>
       <p>How they excuse hem, and in what wyse,</p>
       <p>Me thinketh, they ought greetly drede.</p>
 <!-- Page 178 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page178"></a>[178]</span>
@@ -13075,14 +13038,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And therwith maynteyn wo and werre.</p>
       <p>Hir dedes shuld be as bright as sterre,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">970</div></div><p>Hir living, lewed mannes light;</p>
-      <p>They say, the pop� may not erre,</p>
-      <p>Nede must that pass� mannes might.</p>
+      <p>They say, the popë may not erre,</p>
+      <p>Nede must that passë mannes might.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Though a prest ly with his lemman al night,</p>
       <p>And tellen his felowe, and he him,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">975</div></div><p>He goth to mass� anon-right,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">975</div></div><p>He goth to massë anon-right,</p>
       <p>And sayeth, he singeth out of sinne!</p>
       <p>His bryde abydeth him at his inne,</p>
       <p>And dighteth his dyner the mene whyle;</p>
@@ -13095,7 +13058,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And that they usen forth all the yere;</p>
       <p>Among the folk when he is set,</p>
       <p>He holdeth no man half his pere;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">985</div></div><p>Of the bishop he hath pow�re</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">985</div></div><p>Of the bishop he hath powére</p>
       <p>To soyle men, or els they ben lore;</p>
       <p>His absolucion may make &dagger;hem skere;</p>
       <p>And wo is the soul that he singeth for!"</p>
@@ -13109,13 +13072,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Saynt Benet, that hir order brought,</p>
       <p>Ne made hem never on such manere;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">995</div></div><p>I trowe, it cam never in his thought</p>
-      <p>That they shulde use so greet pow�r[e];</p>
+      <p>That they shulde use so greet powér[e];</p>
 <!-- Page 179 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page179"></a>[179]</span>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>That a man shulde a monk lord cal,</p>
-      <p>Ne serve on kne�s, as a king.</p>
+      <p>Ne serve on kneës, as a king.</p>
       <p>He is as proud as prince in pall</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1000</div></div><p>In mete, and drink, and [in] all thing;</p>
       <p>Some weren myter and ring,</p>
@@ -13139,7 +13102,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Now they ben queynte and curious,</p>
       <p>With fyn cloth cladde, and served clene,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1015</div></div><p>Proude, angry, and envyous,</p>
-      <p>Malyce is moch� that they mene.</p>
+      <p>Malyce is mochë that they mene.</p>
       <p>In cacching crafty and covetous,</p>
       <p>Lordly liven in greet lyking;</p>
       <p>This living is not religious</p>
@@ -13151,9 +13114,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Hir pore tenaunts fully they flyte;</p>
       <p>The hyer that a man amerced be,</p>
       <p>The gladlyer they woll it wryte.</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1025</div></div><p>This is fer from Christes povert�,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1025</div></div><p>This is fer from Christes povertè,</p>
       <p>For all with covetyse they endyte;</p>
-      <p>On the pore they have no pit�,</p>
+      <p>On the pore they have no pitè,</p>
       <p>Ne never hem cherish, but ever hem byte.</p>
 <!-- Page 180 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page180"></a>[180]</span>
     </div>
@@ -13172,7 +13135,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>All this the monkes han forsake</p>
       <p>For Christes love and saynt Benet;</p>
-      <p>To pryde and es� have hem take;</p>
+      <p>To pryde and esë have hem take;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1040</div></div><p>This religio[u]n is yvell beset.</p>
       <p>Had they ben out of religioun,</p>
       <p>They must have honged at the plow,</p>
@@ -13197,8 +13160,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1055</div></div><p>Saynt Benet with hem never met</p>
       <p>But-if they thought to robbe his purse!</p>
       <p>I can no more herof [now] tell,</p>
-      <p>But they ben lyk� tho before,</p>
-      <p>And clen� serve the divell of hell,</p>
+      <p>But they ben lykë tho before,</p>
+      <p>And clenë serve the divell of hell,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1060</div></div><p>And ben his tresour and his store.</p>
 <!-- Page 181 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page181"></a>[181]</span>
     </div>
@@ -13226,7 +13189,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Shuld holy church� have no heed?</p>
+      <p>Shuld holy churchë have no heed?</p>
       <p>Who shuld be her governayl?</p>
       <p>Who shuld her rule, who shuld her reed,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1080</div></div><p>Who shuld her forthren, who shuld avayl?</p>
@@ -13252,11 +13215,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>If the pope and prelats wold</p>
       <p>So begge and bidde, bowe, and borowe,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1095</div></div><p>Holy churche shuld stand full cold,</p>
-      <p>Hir servaunts sitte and soup� sorowe!</p>
+      <p>Hir servaunts sitte and soupë sorowe!</p>
       <p>And they were noughty, foule, and horowe,</p>
-      <p>To worship god men wold� wlate;</p>
+      <p>To worship god men woldë wlate;</p>
       <p>Bothe on even and on morowe</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1100</div></div><p>Such harlotry men wold� hate.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1100</div></div><p>Such harlotry men woldë hate.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -13285,29 +13248,29 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>That taketh maystry in his name,</p>
       <p>Gostly, and for erthly good;</p>
       <p>Kinges and lordes shuld lordship han,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1120</div></div><p>And rule the people with myld� mode.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1120</div></div><p>And rule the people with myldë mode.</p>
       <p>Christ, for us that shedde his blood,</p>
       <p>Bad his preestes no maystership have,</p>
-      <p>Ne cark� nat for cloth ne fode;</p>
+      <p>Ne carkë nat for cloth ne fode;</p>
       <p>From every mischef he will hem save.</p>
 <!-- Page 183 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page183"></a>[183]</span>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1125</div></div><p>Hir riche clothing shal be rightwysnesse,</p>
-      <p>Hir tresour, trew� lyf shal be;</p>
-      <p>Charit� shal be hir richesse,</p>
-      <p>Hir lordship shal be unit�;</p>
-      <p>Hope in god, hir honest�;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1130</div></div><p>Hir vessell, clen� conscience;</p>
-      <p>Pore in spirit, and humilit�,</p>
+      <p>Hir tresour, trewë lyf shal be;</p>
+      <p>Charitè shal be hir richesse,</p>
+      <p>Hir lordship shal be unitè;</p>
+      <p>Hope in god, hir honestè;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1130</div></div><p>Hir vessell, clenë conscience;</p>
+      <p>Pore in spirit, and humilitè,</p>
       <p>Shal be holy churches defence."</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>"What," sayd the Griffon, "may thee greve</p>
       <p>That other folkes faren wele?</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1135</div></div><p>What hast thou to don� with hir &dagger;leve?</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1135</div></div><p>What hast thou to donë with hir &dagger;leve?</p>
       <p>Thy falsheed ech man may fele.</p>
       <p>For thou canst no catell gete,</p>
       <p>But livest in londe, as a lorell,</p>
@@ -13322,7 +13285,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Thou woldest other people distry,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1145</div></div><p>With your glose, and your heresy,</p>
       <p>For ye can live no better lyf,</p>
-      <p>But clen� in hypocrisy,</p>
+      <p>But clenë in hypocrisy,</p>
       <p>And bringest thee in wo and stryf.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -13330,8 +13293,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And therwith have [ye] not to done,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1150</div></div><p>For ye ne have[n] here no cure;</p>
       <p>Ye serve the divell, &dagger;not god ne man,</p>
-      <p>And he shall pay� you your hyre.</p>
-      <p>For ye woll far� well at feestes,</p>
+      <p>And he shall payë you your hyre.</p>
+      <p>For ye woll farë well at feestes,</p>
       <p>And warm [be] clothed for the colde,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1155</div></div><p>Therfore ye glose goddes hestes,</p>
       <p>And begyle the people, yonge and olde.</p>
@@ -13368,40 +13331,40 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">The Pellican sayd, "Sir, nay, [nay],</p>
       <p>I dispysed not the pope,</p>
       <p>Ne no sacrament, soth to say;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1180</div></div><p>But speke in charit� and good hope.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1180</div></div><p>But speke in charitè and good hope.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>But I dispyse hir hy� pryde,</p>
+      <p>But I dispyse hir hyë pryde,</p>
       <p>Hir richesse, that shuld be pore in spryt;</p>
       <p>Hir wickednesse is knowe so wyde,</p>
-      <p>They serv� god in fals habyt;</p>
+      <p>They servë god in fals habyt;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1185</div></div><p>And turnen mekenesse into pryde,</p>
-      <p>And lowlinesse into hy degr�,</p>
+      <p>And lowlinesse into hy degrè,</p>
       <p>And goddes wordes turne and hyde;</p>
-      <p>And that am I moved by charit�</p>
+      <p>And that am I moved by charitè</p>
 <!-- Page 185 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page185"></a>[185]</span>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>To lett� men to liv� so</p>
+      <p>To lettë men to livë so</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1190</div></div><p>With all my conning and al my might,</p>
       <p>And to warne men of hir wo</p>
       <p>And to tell hem trouth and right.</p>
-      <p>The sacraments be soul�-hele</p>
+      <p>The sacraments be soulë-hele</p>
       <p>If they ben used in good use;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1195</div></div><p>Ayenst that speke I never a del,</p>
       <p>For then were I nothing wyse.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>But they that use hem in mis man�re,</p>
+      <p>But they that use hem in mis manére,</p>
       <p>Or sette hem up to any sale,</p>
       <p>I trow, they shall abye hem dere;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1200</div></div><p>This is my reson, this is my tale.</p>
       <p>Who-so taketh hem unrightfulliche</p>
-      <p>Ayenst the ten commaund�ments,</p>
-      <p>Or by glos� wrechedliche</p>
+      <p>Ayenst the ten commaundëments,</p>
+      <p>Or by glosë wrechedliche</p>
       <p>Selleth any of the sacraments,</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -13411,7 +13374,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And therto, I dar well wage,</p>
       <p>They serven Satan for al her song.</p>
       <p>To tythen and offren is hoolsom lyf,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1210</div></div><p>So it be don in dew man�re;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1210</div></div><p>So it be don in dew manére;</p>
       <p>A man to houselin and to shryve,</p>
       <p>Wedding, and all the other in-fere,</p>
     </div>
@@ -13422,7 +13385,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1215</div></div><p>And it be so taken, it is nought;</p>
       <p>Who selleth hem so, may sore agryse.</p>
       <p>On our Lordes body I do not ly,</p>
-      <p>I say soth, thorow trew� rede,</p>
+      <p>I say soth, thorow trewë rede,</p>
       <p>His flesh and blood, through his mystry,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1220</div></div><p>Is there, in the forme of brede.</p>
 <!-- Page 186 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page186"></a>[186]</span>
@@ -13435,7 +13398,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>So is he there, verament.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1225</div></div><p>If pope or cardinall live good lyve,</p>
       <p>As Christ commaunded in his gospell,</p>
-      <p>&dagger;Ayen�s that woll I not stryve;</p>
+      <p>&dagger;Ayenës that woll I not stryve;</p>
       <p>But, me thinketh, they live not well.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -13452,8 +13415,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Ye shullen be hanged and to-drawe.</p>
-      <p>Who giveth you lev� for to preche,</p>
-      <p>Or speke &dagger;agayn�s goddes lawe,</p>
+      <p>Who giveth you levë for to preche,</p>
+      <p>Or speke &dagger;agaynës goddes lawe,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1240</div></div><p>And the people thus falsly teche?</p>
       <p>Thou shalt be cursed with boke and bell,</p>
       <p>And dissevered from holy churche,</p>
@@ -13466,7 +13429,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Your cursinge is of litell value;</p>
       <p>Of god I hope to have my mede,</p>
       <p>For it is falshed that ye shewe.</p>
-      <p>For ye ben out of charit�</p>
+      <p>For ye ben out of charitè</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1250</div></div><p>And wilneth vengeaunce, as did Nero;</p>
       <p>To suffren I woll redy be;</p>
       <p>I drede not that thou canst do.</p>
@@ -13486,7 +13449,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Wolde ye turne and leve your pryde,</p>
-      <p>Your hy� port, and your richesse,</p>
+      <p>Your hyë port, and your richesse,</p>
       <p>Your cursing shuld not go so wyde;</p>
       <p>God bring you into rightwysnesse!</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1265</div></div><p>For I drede not your tyranny,</p>
@@ -13498,20 +13461,20 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>The Griffon grinned as he were wood,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1270</div></div><p>And loked lovely as an owle!</p>
-      <p>And swor, by cockes hert� blood,</p>
-      <p>He wolde him ter�, every doule!</p>
+      <p>And swor, by cockes hertë blood,</p>
+      <p>He wolde him terë, every doule!</p>
       <p>"Holy churche thou disclaundrest foule!</p>
       <p>For thy resons I woll thee all to-race;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1275</div></div><p>And make thy flesh to rote and moule;</p>
-      <p>Losell, thou shalt have hard� grace!"</p>
+      <p>Losell, thou shalt have hardë grace!"</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>The Griffon flew forth on his way;</p>
       <p>The Pellican did sitte and weep;</p>
-      <p>And to him-self� he gan say,</p>
+      <p>And to him-selfë he gan say,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1280</div></div><p>"God wolde that any of Christes sheep</p>
-      <p>Had herd, and y-tak� kepe</p>
+      <p>Had herd, and y-takë kepe</p>
       <p>Eche a word that here sayd was,</p>
       <p>And wolde it wryte and well it kepe!</p>
       <p>God wolde it were all, for his grace!"</p>
@@ -13524,7 +13487,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em"><b>Pelican.</b> He sayd, "yes; these that god han sold;</p>
       <p>For they han [greet] store of money!"</p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em"><b>Plowman.</b> I sayd, "tell me, and thou may,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1290</div></div><p>Why tellest thou menn�s trespace?"</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1290</div></div><p>Why tellest thou mennës trespace?"</p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em"><b>Pelican.</b> He said, "to amende hem, in good fay,</p>
       <p>If god woll give me any grace.</p>
     </div>
@@ -13534,7 +13497,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>That for his people dyed on rode;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1295</div></div><p>As fare I, right so fareth he,</p>
       <p>He fedeth his birdes with his blode.</p>
-      <p>But these don yvell &dagger;ayen�s good,</p>
+      <p>But these don yvell &dagger;ayenës good,</p>
       <p>And ben his foon under frendes face;</p>
       <p>I tolde hem how hir living stood;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1300</div></div><p>God amende hem, for his grace!"</p>
@@ -13570,7 +13533,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1320</div></div><p>And in erth holdeth non his pere;</p>
       <p>So fareth this foul, both fer and nere;</p>
       <p>With temporel strength they people chase,</p>
-      <p>As a lyon proud in erth� here;</p>
+      <p>As a lyon proud in erthë here;</p>
       <p>God amende hem for hys grace!"</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -13589,7 +13552,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>With the Griffon comen foules fele,</p>
       <p>Ravins, rokes, crowes, and pye,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1335</div></div><p>Gray foules, agadred wele,</p>
-      <p>Y-gurd, above they wold� hye.</p>
+      <p>Y-gurd, above they woldë hye.</p>
       <p>Gledes and bosardes weren hem by;</p>
       <p>Whyt molles and puttockes token hir place;</p>
       <p>And lapwinges, that wel conneth ly,</p>
@@ -13610,7 +13573,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>He slew hem down without mercy,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1350</div></div><p>Ther astart� neyther free ne thrall;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1350</div></div><p>Ther astartë neyther free ne thrall;</p>
       <p>On him they cast a rufull cry</p>
       <p>When the Griffon down was fall.</p>
       <p>He beet hem not, but slew hem all;</p>
@@ -13623,10 +13586,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>The Pellican then axed right,</p>
       <p>"For my wryting if I have blame,</p>
       <p>Who woll for me fight of flight?</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1360</div></div><p>Who shall sheld� me from shame?</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1360</div></div><p>Who shall sheldë me from shame?</p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">He that had a mayd to dame,</p>
       <p>The lamb that slayn [for sinners] was,</p>
-      <p>Shall sheld� me from gostly blame;</p>
+      <p>Shall sheldë me from gostly blame;</p>
       <p>For erthly harm is goddes grace.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -13644,7 +13607,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Wyteth the Pellican, and not me,</p>
       <p>For herof I nil not avowe,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1375</div></div><p>In hy ne in low, ne in no degr�,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1375</div></div><p>In hy ne in low, ne in no degrè,</p>
       <p>But as a fable take it ye mowe.</p>
       <p>To holy churche I will me bowe;</p>
       <p>Ech man to amende him, Christ send space!</p>
@@ -13851,7 +13814,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   me. 815. suche; <i>supply</i> folk. 818. suche falsely fayne. 819.
   dredeful. 820. payne. 821. selfe; done. 825. <i>Supply</i> the. 826. her
   false. 828. suche. 830. <i>Read</i> vikere. 831. trowe; false. 834. Eche;
-  lye. 835. <i>Read</i> Who speke ayein�s; her.</p>
+  lye. 835. <i>Read</i> Who speke ayeinës; her.</p>
 
   <p>837. howe. 838. Onely; Christe. 840. or (<i>read</i> on). 841. trowe.
   843. <i>Supply</i> same. 845. howe; amonge. 846. waye. 848. betraye. 849.
@@ -13859,7 +13822,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   poorely; porte. 855. sacramentes; done. 856. catchynge; her comforte.
   857. eche. 858. done; wronge; her dysporte. 859. afraye. 860. lorde. 862.
   aye. 863. sweare. 865. Suche bearen; heauen. 866. assoyle. 868. true
-  (<i>better</i> trew�).</p>
+  (<i>better</i> trewë).</p>
 
   <p>869. wrestlynge. 871. Markette beaters; medlynge. 874. debate. 875.
   sacramentes; sayle (!). 876. Howe; suche; gate. 879. speake. 880.
@@ -14012,11 +13975,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">20</div></div><p>Saynt Paul techeth, that al our dedes shuld be don in charit�,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">20</div></div><p>Saynt Paul techeth, that al our dedes shuld be don in charitè,</p>
       <p>and els it is nought worth, but displesing to god and harm to</p>
       <p>oure owne soules. And for because freres chalengen to be</p>
       <p>gretest clerkes of the church, and next folowinge Christ in</p>
-      <p>livinge, men shulde, for charit�, axe hem some questions, and</p>
+      <p>livinge, men shulde, for charitè, axe hem some questions, and</p>
 <!-- Page 192 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page192"></a>[192]</span>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">25</div></div><p>pray hem to grounde their answers in reson and in holy writ; for</p>
       <p>els their answere wolde nought be worth, be it florished never so</p>
@@ -14069,7 +14032,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">55</div></div><p>7. If ye saye it betokeneth love and charit�, certes, than ye be</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">55</div></div><p>7. If ye saye it betokeneth love and charitè, certes, than ye be</p>
       <p>ofte ypocrites, whan ony of you hateth other, and in that, that ye</p>
       <p>wollen be said holy by youre clothinge.</p>
     </div>
@@ -14139,7 +14102,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">90</div></div><p>18. If youre letters be good, why graunte ye them not generally</p>
-      <p>to al maner men, for the more charit�?</p>
+      <p>to al maner men, for the more charitè?</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -14154,7 +14117,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>of you, to take therfore ten shillinges, or at the leest fyve</p>
       <p>shillinges, will bringe soules out of helle, or out of purgatorye?</p>
       <p>If this be sooth, certes, ye might bring all soules out of payne.</p>
-      <p>And that wolle ye nought; and than ye be out of charit�.</p>
+      <p>And that wolle ye nought; and than ye be out of charitè.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -14284,13 +14247,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">165</div></div><p>man begge but him neded. And if it be the leest perfeccion, why</p>
       <p>lovest thou than other men more than thy-selfe? For so thou art</p>
 <!-- Page 196 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page196"></a>[196]</span>
-      <p>not well in charit�; sith thou shuldest seke the more perfeccion</p>
+      <p>not well in charitè; sith thou shuldest seke the more perfeccion</p>
       <p>after thy power, livinge thy-selfe moost after god; and thus, leving</p>
       <p>that imperfeccion, thou shuldest not so begge for hem. And if</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">170</div></div><p>it is a good mene thus to begge as thou doest, than shuld no man</p>
       <p>do so but they ben in this good mene; and yet such a mene,</p>
       <p>graunted to you, may never be grounded in goddes lawe; for</p>
-      <p>than both lered and lewed that ben in mene degr� of this worlde</p>
+      <p>than both lered and lewed that ben in mene degrè of this worlde</p>
       <p>shuld go aboute and begge as ye do. And if all suche shuld do</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">175</div></div><p>so, certes, wel nigh al the world shuld go aboute and begge as</p>
       <p>ye do: and so shulde there be ten beggers agaynst oon yever.</p>
@@ -14348,7 +14311,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>43. What betokeneth that ye go tweyne and tweyne &dagger;togeder?</p>
-      <p>If ye be out of charit�, ye accorden not in soule.</p>
+      <p>If ye be out of charitè, ye accorden not in soule.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -14362,7 +14325,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>rule? And certes, if it were goddes will, the pope might not</p>
       <p>fordo it; or els Fraunces was a lyar, that sayde on this wyse.</p>
       <p>And but this testament that he made accorde with goddes will,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">220</div></div><p>els erred he as a lyar that were out of charit�; and as the law</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">220</div></div><p>els erred he as a lyar that were out of charitè; and as the law</p>
       <p>sayeth, he is accursed that letteth the rightfull last will of a deed</p>
       <p>man lacke. And this testament is the last will of Fraunces that</p>
       <p>is a deed man; it seemeth therefore that all his freres ben</p>
@@ -14401,7 +14364,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>49. Why be ye so hardy, to graunte, by letters of fraternit�, to</p>
+      <p>49. Why be ye so hardy, to graunte, by letters of fraternitè, to</p>
       <p>men and women, that they shall have part and merit of all your</p>
       <p>good dedes; and ye witen never whether god be apayed with</p>
       <p>youre dedes because of youre sinne? Also ye witen never whether</p>
@@ -14421,12 +14384,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">260</div></div><p>your sele, that letter &dagger;mot be brought in youre holy chapter and</p>
       <p>there be red; or els ye will not praye for him? But and ye willen</p>
       <p>not praye specially for all other that weren not mad youre brethren</p>
-      <p>or sistren, than were ye not in right charit�; for that ought to be</p>
+      <p>or sistren, than were ye not in right charitè; for that ought to be</p>
       <p>commune, and namely in goostly thinges.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">265</div></div><p>51. Frere, what charit� is this&mdash;to overcharge the people by</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">265</div></div><p>51. Frere, what charitè is this&mdash;to overcharge the people by</p>
       <p>mighty begginge, under colour of prechinge or praying or masses</p>
       <p>singing? Sith holy writ biddeth not thus, but even the contrary;</p>
       <p>for al such goostly dedes shulde be don freely, as god yeveth hem</p>
@@ -14434,7 +14397,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">270</div></div><p>52. Frere, what charit� is this&mdash;to begyle children or they</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">270</div></div><p>52. Frere, what charitè is this&mdash;to begyle children or they</p>
       <p>commen to discrecion, and binde hem to youre orders, that been</p>
 <!-- Page 199 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page199"></a>[199]</span>
       <p>not grounded in goddes lawe, against hir frendes wil? Sithen by</p>
@@ -14445,7 +14408,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>53. Frere, what charit� is this&mdash;to make so mony freres in</p>
+      <p>53. Frere, what charitè is this&mdash;to make so mony freres in</p>
       <p>every countrey, to the charge of the people? Sith persounes</p>
       <p>and vicares alone, ye, secular prestes alone, ye, monkes and</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">280</div></div><p>chanons alone, with bishops above hem, were y-nough to the</p>
@@ -14465,8 +14428,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>54. Frere, what charit� is this&mdash;to lye to the people, and saye</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">295</div></div><p>that ye folowe Christ in povert� more than other men don?</p>
+      <p>54. Frere, what charitè is this&mdash;to lye to the people, and saye</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">295</div></div><p>that ye folowe Christ in povertè more than other men don?</p>
       <p>And yet, in curious and costly howsinge, and fyne and precious</p>
       <p>clothing, and delicious and lykinge fedinge, and in tresoure and</p>
       <p>jewels and riche ornamentes, freres passen lordes and other riche</p>
@@ -14475,7 +14438,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>55. Frere, what charit� is this&mdash;to &dagger;gader up the bokes of holy</p>
+      <p>55. Frere, what charitè is this&mdash;to &dagger;gader up the bokes of holy</p>
       <p>writ and putte hem in tresory, and so emprisoune hem from</p>
       <p>secular prestes and curates; and by this cautel lette hem to</p>
       <p>preche the gospell freely to the people without worldly mede; and</p>
@@ -14486,24 +14449,24 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>56. Frere, what charit� is this&mdash;to fayn so much holines in</p>
+      <p>56. Frere, what charitè is this&mdash;to fayn so much holines in</p>
       <p>your bodily clothing, that ye clepe your habit, that many blinde</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">310</div></div><p>foles desyren to dye therin more than in an-other? And also,</p>
       <p>that a frere that leveth his habit (late founden of men), may not</p>
       <p>be assoiled till he take it again, but is an apostata, as ye sayn,</p>
       <p>and cursed of god and man both? The frere beleveth treuth and</p>
-      <p>pacience, chastit�, mekenesse, and sobriet�; yet for the more</p>
+      <p>pacience, chastitè, mekenesse, and sobrietè; yet for the more</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">315</div></div><p>part of his lyfe he may soone be assoiled of his prior; and if he</p>
       <p>bringe hoom to his house much good by yere, be it never so</p>
       <p>falsly begged and pilled of the poore and nedy people in courtes</p>
       <p>aboute, he shal be hold[en] a noble frere! O lord, whether this</p>
-      <p>be charit�!</p>
+      <p>be charitè!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">320</div></div><p>57. Frere, what charit� is this&mdash;to prese upon a riche man,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">320</div></div><p>57. Frere, what charitè is this&mdash;to prese upon a riche man,</p>
       <p>and to entyce him to be buried among you from his parish-church,</p>
-      <p>and to suche riche men geve letters of fraternit� confirmed</p>
+      <p>and to suche riche men geve letters of fraternitè confirmed</p>
       <p>by youre generall sele, and therby to bere him in honde that he</p>
       <p>shall have part of all your masses, matins, prechinges, fastinges,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">325</div></div><p>wakinges, and all other good dedes don by your brethren of youre</p>
@@ -14520,23 +14483,23 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>58. Frere, what charit� is this&mdash;to be confessoures of lordes</p>
+      <p>58. Frere, what charitè is this&mdash;to be confessoures of lordes</p>
       <p>and ladyes, and to other mighty men, and not amend hem in hir</p>
       <p>living; but rather, as it semeth, to be the bolder to pille hir poore</p>
       <p>tenauntes and to live in lechery, and there to dwelle in your office</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">340</div></div><p>of confessour, for winning of worldly goodes, and to be holden grete</p>
 <!-- Page 201 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page201"></a>[201]</span>
       <p>by colour of suche goostly offices? This seemeth rather pryde</p>
-      <p>of freres than charit� of god.</p>
+      <p>of freres than charitè of god.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>59. Frere, what charit� is this&mdash;to sayn that who-so liveth</p>
+      <p>59. Frere, what charitè is this&mdash;to sayn that who-so liveth</p>
       <p>after youre order, liveth most parfitly, and next foloweth the</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">345</div></div><p>state of aposteles in povert� and penaunce; and yet the wysest</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">345</div></div><p>state of aposteles in povertè and penaunce; and yet the wysest</p>
       <p>and gretest clerkes of you wende, or sende, or procure to the</p>
       <p>court of Rome to be mad cardinales or bishoppes or the popes</p>
-      <p>chapelayns, and to be assoiled of the vowe of povert� and</p>
+      <p>chapelayns, and to be assoiled of the vowe of povertè and</p>
       <p>obedience to your ministers; in the which, as ye sayn, standeth</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:32.5em;">350</div></div><p>moost perfeccion and merite of youre orders? And thus ye faren</p>
       <p>as Pharisees, that sayen oon, and do another to the contrarye.</p>
@@ -14650,7 +14613,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p style="margin-left:6.1em">� Prynted for Jhon Gough.</p>
+      <p style="margin-left:6.1em">¶ Prynted for Jhon Gough.</p>
       <p style="margin-left:6.8em">Cum Priuilegio Regali.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -14859,7 +14822,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>But though it fil at thilke tyme so,</p>
       <p>That Alisaundre his asking hath acheved,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">45</div></div><p>This sinful world was al[le] pay�n tho;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">45</div></div><p>This sinful world was al[le] payën tho;</p>
       <p>Was noon whiche hath the highe god beleved;</p>
       <p>No wonder was, though thilke world was greved.</p>
       <p>Though a tyraunt his purpos mighte winne,</p>
@@ -14869,7 +14832,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">50</div></div><p>But now the faith of Crist is come a-place</p>
       <p>Among the princes in this erthe here,</p>
-      <p>It sit hem wel to do pit� and grace,</p>
+      <p>It sit hem wel to do pitè and grace,</p>
       <p>But yet it mot be tempred in manere.</p>
       <p>For as they fynden cause in the matere</p>
 <!-- Page 207 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page207"></a>[207]</span>
@@ -14918,13 +14881,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">85</div></div><p>With pees stant every cr�ature in reste,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">85</div></div><p>With pees stant every crëature in reste,</p>
       <p>Withoute pees ther may no lyf be glad;</p>
       <p>Above al other good, pees is the beste;</p>
       <p>Pees hath him-self, whan werre is al bestad;</p>
       <p>The pees is sauf, the werre is ever adrad.</p>
 <!-- Page 208 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page208"></a>[208]</span>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">90</div></div><p>Pees is of al[le] charit� the keye,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">90</div></div><p>Pees is of al[le] charitè the keye,</p>
       <p>Whiche hath the lyf and soule for to weye.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -14939,11 +14902,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>For vayne hon�ur, or for the worldes good,</p>
+      <p>For vayne honóur, or for the worldes good,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">100</div></div><p>They that whylom the stronge werres made,</p>
       <p>Wher be they now? Bethink wel, in thy mood,</p>
       <p>The day is goon, the night is derke and fade;</p>
-      <p>Hir cruelt�, which made hem thanne glade,</p>
+      <p>Hir crueltè, which made hem thanne glade,</p>
       <p>They sorowen now, and yet have naught the more;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">105</div></div><p>The blood is shad, which no man may restore.</p>
     </div>
@@ -14959,7 +14922,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>The werre bringth in p�verte at his heles,</p>
+      <p>The werre bringth in póverte at his heles,</p>
       <p>Wherof the comun people is sore greved;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">115</div></div><p>The werre hath set his cart on thilke wheles</p>
       <p>Wher that fortune may not be beleved.</p>
@@ -14976,7 +14939,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Purchace pees, and sette it by thy syde,</p>
 <!-- Page 209 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page209"></a>[209]</span>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">125</div></div><p>And suffre nat thy people be devoured;</p>
-      <p>So shal thy name ever after stande hon�ured!</p>
+      <p>So shal thy name ever after stande honóured!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -14985,7 +14948,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Let god be of thy counsayl in this cas,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">130</div></div><p>And put away the cruel werreyour.</p>
       <p>For god, whiche is of man the creatour,</p>
-      <p>He wolde not men slowe his cr�ature</p>
+      <p>He wolde not men slowe his crëature</p>
       <p>Withoute cause of deedly forfayture.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -15035,14 +14998,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Of thilke lore, as holy bokes sayn;</p>
       <p>Crist is the heed, and we be membres alle,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">165</div></div><p>As wel the subject as the soverayn.</p>
-      <p>So sit it wel, that charit� be playn,</p>
+      <p>So sit it wel, that charitè be playn,</p>
       <p>Whiche unto god him-selve most accordeth,</p>
       <p>So as the lore of Cristes word recordeth.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>In th'olde lawe, or Crist him-self was bore,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">170</div></div><p>Among the ten comaund�ments, I rede,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">170</div></div><p>Among the ten comaundëments, I rede,</p>
       <p>How that manslaughter shulde be forbore;</p>
       <p>Such was the wil, that tyme, of the godhede.</p>
       <p>But afterward, whan Crist took his manhede,</p>
@@ -15055,9 +15018,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And stigh to heven, he made his testament,</p>
       <p>Wher he bequath to his disciples there</p>
       <p>And yaf his pees, which is the foundement</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">180</div></div><p>Of charit�, withouten whos assent</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">180</div></div><p>Of charitè, withouten whos assent</p>
       <p>The worldes pees may never wel be tryed,</p>
-      <p>Ne lov� kept, ne law� justifyed.</p>
+      <p>Ne lovë kept, ne lawë justifyed.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -15065,13 +15028,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>But they among hem-self stode ever in pees;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">185</div></div><p>Why shulde than our pees stonde out of herre,</p>
       <p>Which Crist hath chose unto his owne encrees?</p>
-      <p>For Crist is more than was Mo�ses;</p>
+      <p>For Crist is more than was Moÿses;</p>
       <p>And Crist hath set the parfit of the lawe,</p>
       <p>The whiche shulde in no wyse be withdrawe.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">190</div></div><p>To yeve us pees was caus� why Crist dyde,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">190</div></div><p>To yeve us pees was causë why Crist dyde,</p>
       <p>Withoute pees may nothing stonde avayled;</p>
       <p>But now a man may see on every syde</p>
       <p>How Cristes fayth is every day assayled,</p>
@@ -15097,16 +15060,16 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>But Cristes owne cause in special,</p>
       <p>Ther ben the swerdes and the speres dulle.</p>
       <p>And with the sentence of the popes bulle</p>
-      <p>As for to doon the folk pay�n obeye,</p>
+      <p>As for to doon the folk payën obeye,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">210</div></div><p>The chirche is tourned al another weye.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>It is wonder, above any mannes wit,</p>
       <p>Withoute werre how Cristes fayth was wonne;</p>
-      <p>And we that been upon this erth� yit</p>
+      <p>And we that been upon this erthë yit</p>
       <p>Ne kepe it nat as it was first begonne.</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">215</div></div><p>To every cr�ature under the sonne</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">215</div></div><p>To every crëature under the sonne</p>
       <p>Crist bad him-self, how that we shulde preche,</p>
       <p>And to the folke his evangely teche.</p>
     </div>
@@ -15133,11 +15096,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>If holy chirche after the dewet�</p>
+      <p>If holy chirche after the dewetè</p>
       <p>Of Cristes word ne be nat al avysed</p>
-      <p>To make pees, accord, and unit�</p>
+      <p>To make pees, accord, and unitè</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">235</div></div><p>Among the kinges that be now devysed,</p>
-      <p>Yet, natheles, the law� stant assysed</p>
+      <p>Yet, natheles, the lawë stant assysed</p>
       <p>Of mannes wit, to be so resonable</p>
       <p>Withoute that to stande hem-selve stable.</p>
     </div>
@@ -15180,7 +15143,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>The heed above hem hath nat underfongen</p>
 <!-- Page 213 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page213"></a>[213]</span>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">265</div></div><p>To sette pees, but every man sleeth other;</p>
-      <p>And in this wyse hath charit� no brother.</p>
+      <p>And in this wyse hath charitè no brother.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -15189,7 +15152,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Between the two, they fallen in a-midde</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">270</div></div><p>Wher now al-day they fynde an open gate.</p>
       <p>Lo! thus the deedly werre stant al-gate.</p>
-      <p>But ever I hop� of king Henries grace,</p>
+      <p>But ever I hopë of king Henries grace,</p>
       <p>That he it is which shal the pees embrace.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -15200,12 +15163,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>As for thy part, that Cristes pees be served.</p>
       <p>So shal thy highe mede be reserved</p>
       <p>To him, whiche al shal quyten atte laste;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">280</div></div><p>For this lyf her� may no whyle laste.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">280</div></div><p>For this lyf herë may no whyle laste.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>See Alisandre, Hector, and Julius,</p>
-      <p>See Machabeus, David, and Josu�,</p>
+      <p>See Machabeus, David, and Josuë,</p>
       <p>See Charlemayne, Godfray, and Arthus</p>
       <p>Fulfild of werre and of mortalitee!</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">285</div></div><p>Hir fame abit, but al is vanitee;</p>
@@ -15237,7 +15200,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>The worldes chaunces upon aventure</p>
       <p>Ben ever set; but thilke chaunce of pees</p>
-      <p>Is so behovely to the cr�ature</p>
+      <p>Is so behovely to the crëature</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">305</div></div><p>That it above al other is peerlees.</p>
       <p>But it may nat &dagger;be gete, nathelees,</p>
       <p>Among the men to lasten any whyle,</p>
@@ -15247,7 +15210,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>The pees is as it were a sacrament</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">310</div></div><p>To-fore the god, and shal with wordes playne</p>
-      <p>Withouten any double entend�ment</p>
+      <p>Withouten any double entendëment</p>
       <p>Be treted; for the trouthe can nat feyne.</p>
       <p>But if the men within hem-self be vayne,</p>
       <p>The substaunce of the pees may nat be trewe,</p>
@@ -15255,7 +15218,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>But who that is of charit� parfyte,</p>
+      <p>But who that is of charitè parfyte,</p>
       <p>He voydeth alle sleightes fer aweye,</p>
       <p>And set his word upon the same plyte</p>
       <p>Wher that his herte hath founde a siker weye;</p>
@@ -15266,59 +15229,59 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Th'apostel sayth, ther may no lyf be good</p>
-      <p>Whiche is nat grounded upon charit�;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">325</div></div><p>For charit� ne shedde never blood.</p>
-      <p>So hath the werre, as ther, no propert�;</p>
-      <p>For thilke vertue which is sayd 'pit�'</p>
-      <p>With charit� so ferforth is acquaynted</p>
+      <p>Whiche is nat grounded upon charitè;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">325</div></div><p>For charitè ne shedde never blood.</p>
+      <p>So hath the werre, as ther, no propertè;</p>
+      <p>For thilke vertue which is sayd 'pitè'</p>
+      <p>With charitè so ferforth is acquaynted</p>
       <p>That in her may no fals sembla[u]nt be paynted.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">330</div></div><p>Cassodore, whos wryting is authorysed</p>
-      <p>Sayth: 'wher that pit� regneth, ther is grace';</p>
+      <p>Sayth: 'wher that pitè regneth, ther is grace';</p>
       <p>Through which the pees hath al his welthe assysed,</p>
       <p>So that of werre he dredeth no manace.</p>
-      <p>Wher pit� dwelleth, in the same place</p>
+      <p>Wher pitè dwelleth, in the same place</p>
 <!-- Page 215 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page215"></a>[215]</span>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">335</div></div><p>Ther may no deedly cruelt� sojourne</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">335</div></div><p>Ther may no deedly crueltè sojourne</p>
       <p>Wherof that mercy shulde his wey[e] tourne.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>To see what pit�, forth with mercy, doth,</p>
+      <p>To see what pitè, forth with mercy, doth,</p>
       <p>The cronique is at Rome, in thilke empyre</p>
       <p>Of Constantyn, which is a tale soth,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">340</div></div><p>Whan him was lever his owne deth desyre</p>
       <p>Than do the yonge children to martyre.</p>
       <p>Of crueltee he lefte the quarele;</p>
-      <p>Pit� he wroughte, and pit� was his hele.</p>
+      <p>Pitè he wroughte, and pitè was his hele.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>For thilke mannes pit� which he dede</p>
+      <p>For thilke mannes pitè which he dede</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">345</div></div><p>God was pitous, and made him hool at al;</p>
       <p>Silvester cam, and in the same stede</p>
       <p>Yaf him baptyme first in special,</p>
       <p>Which dide away the sinne original,</p>
       <p>And al his lepre it hath so purifyed,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">350</div></div><p>That his pit� for ever is magnifyed.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">350</div></div><p>That his pitè for ever is magnifyed.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Pit� was cause why this emperour</p>
+      <p>Pitè was cause why this emperour</p>
       <p>Was hool in body and in soule bothe;</p>
       <p>And Rome also was set in thilke honour</p>
       <p>Of Cristes fayth, so that the leve, of lothe</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">355</div></div><p>Whiche hadden be with Crist tofore wrothe,</p>
-      <p>Receyved wer� unto Cristes lore.</p>
-      <p>Thus shal pit� be praysed evermore.</p>
+      <p>Receyved werë unto Cristes lore.</p>
+      <p>Thus shal pitè be praysed evermore.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>My worthy liege lord, Henry by name,</p>
-      <p>Which Eng�lond hast to governe and righte,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">360</div></div><p>Men oughten wel thy pit� to proclame,</p>
+      <p>Which Engëlond hast to governe and righte,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">360</div></div><p>Men oughten wel thy pitè to proclame,</p>
       <p>Which openliche, in al the worldes sighte,</p>
       <p>Is shewed, with the helpe of god almighte,</p>
       <p>To yeve us pees, which long hath be debated,</p>
@@ -15327,12 +15290,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">365</div></div><p>My lord, in whom hath ever yet be founde</p>
-      <p>Pit�, withoute spotte of violence,</p>
+      <p>Pitè, withoute spotte of violence,</p>
       <p>Keep thilke pees alway, withinne bounde,</p>
       <p>Which god hath planted in thy conscience.</p>
       <p>So shal the cronique of thy pacience</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">370</div></div><p>Among the saynts be take in-to mem�rie</p>
-      <p>To the lo�nge of perdurable glorie.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">370</div></div><p>Among the saynts be take in-to memórie</p>
+      <p>To the loënge of perdurable glorie.</p>
 <!-- Page 216 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page216"></a>[216]</span>
     </div>
 
@@ -15352,7 +15315,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>That eche of hem his owne herte endyte</p>
       <p>And cese the werre, or more mescheef falle.</p>
       <p>Set eek the rightful pope upon his stalle;</p>
-      <p>Keep charit�, and draw pit� to honde,</p>
+      <p>Keep charitè, and draw pitè to honde,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">385</div></div><p>Maynteyne lawe; and so the pees shal stonde.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -15389,7 +15352,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p style="margin-left:6.1em">� <i>Explicit.</i></p>
+      <p style="margin-left:6.1em">¶ <i>Explicit.</i></p>
     </div>
   </div>
 
@@ -15488,17 +15451,17 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <div class="center" style="width:28em">
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Cupido, unto whos comaund�ment</p>
+      <p>Cupido, unto whos comaundëment</p>
       <p>The gentil kinrede of goddes on hy</p>
       <p>And people infernal been obedient,</p>
       <p>And mortel folk al serven besily,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">5</div></div><p>The goddesse son� Cithera soothly,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">5</div></div><p>The goddesse sonë Cithera soothly,</p>
       <p>To alle tho that to our deitee</p>
       <p>Ben sugets, hertly greting sende we!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>In general, we wol� that ye knowe</p>
+      <p>In general, we wolë that ye knowe</p>
       <p>That ladies of honour and reverence,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">10</div></div><p>And other gentil women, haven sowe</p>
       <p>Such seed of compleynt in our audience</p>
@@ -15520,10 +15483,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Hir wordes spoken ben so syghingly,</p>
-      <p>With so pitous� chere and contenaunce,</p>
+      <p>With so pitousë chere and contenaunce,</p>
       <p>That every wight that meneth trewely</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">25</div></div><p>Demeth that they in herte have such grevaunce;</p>
-      <p>They seyn so import�ble is hir penaunce</p>
+      <p>They seyn so importáble is hir penaunce</p>
       <p>That, but hir lady lust to shewe hem grace,</p>
       <p>They right anoon &dagger;mot sterven in the place.</p>
     </div>
@@ -15554,8 +15517,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">45</div></div><p>They graunte hem grace of hir benignitee</p>
       <p>For that men shulde nat for hir sake dey;</p>
       <p>And with good herte sette hem in the wey</p>
-      <p>Of blisful lov�&mdash;kepe it if they conne;</p>
-      <p>Thus other-whyl� women beth y-wonne.</p>
+      <p>Of blisful lovë&mdash;kepe it if they conne;</p>
+      <p>Thus other-whylë women beth y-wonne.</p>
 <!-- Page 219 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page219"></a>[219]</span>
     </div>
 
@@ -15565,7 +15528,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>With that woman he kepeth not to dele,</p>
       <p>After if he may fynden in the toun</p>
       <p>Any woman, his blinde affeccioun</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">55</div></div><p>On to bestow�; evel mote he preve!</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">55</div></div><p>On to bestowë; evel mote he preve!</p>
       <p>A man, for al his othes, is hard to leve!</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -15590,7 +15553,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>To her�? Nay, yet was it no repreef;</p>
+      <p>To herë? Nay, yet was it no repreef;</p>
       <p>For al for vertu was it that she wroughte;</p>
       <p>But he that brewed hath al this mischeef,</p>
       <p>That spak so faire, and falsly inward thoughte,</p>
@@ -15613,7 +15576,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">85</div></div><p>Betrayen men not citees grete, and kinges?</p>
       <p>What wight is that can shape remedye</p>
-      <p>Ageynes thise falsly purp�sed thinges?</p>
+      <p>Ageynes thise falsly purpósed thinges?</p>
       <p>Who can the craft such craftes to espye</p>
       <p>But man, whos wit ay redy is t'aplye</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">90</div></div><p>To thing that souneth in-to hy falshede?</p>
@@ -15624,8 +15587,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And furthermore han thise men in usage</p>
       <p>That, where as they not lykly been to spede,</p>
       <p>Suche as they been with a double visage</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">95</div></div><p>They pr�curen, for to pursewe hir nede;</p>
-      <p>He prayeth him in his caus� to procede,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">95</div></div><p>They prócuren, for to pursewe hir nede;</p>
+      <p>He prayeth him in his causë to procede,</p>
       <p>And largely guerdoneth he his travayle;</p>
       <p>Smal witen wommen how men hem assayle!</p>
     </div>
@@ -15637,11 +15600,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>She for the rode of folke is so desyred</p>
       <p>And, as an hors, fro day to day is hyred</p>
       <p>That, when thou twinnest fro hir companye,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">105</div></div><p>Another comth, and blered is thyn ey�!</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">105</div></div><p>Another comth, and blered is thyn eyë!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>'Now prikke on fast�, and ryd thy journey</p>
+      <p>'Now prikke on fastë, and ryd thy journey</p>
       <p>Whyl thou art there; for she, behind thy bak,</p>
       <p>So liberal is, she wol no wight with-sey,</p>
       <p>But smertly of another take a snak;</p>
@@ -15675,7 +15638,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>'Every womman,' he seyth, 'is light to gete;</p>
       <p>Can noon sey "nay," if she be wel y-soght.</p>
       <p>Who-so may leyser han, with her to trete,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">130</div></div><p>Of his purp�s ne shal he faile noght,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">130</div></div><p>Of his purpós ne shal he faile noght,</p>
       <p>But he on madding be so depe y-broght</p>
       <p>That he shende al with open hoomlinesse;</p>
       <p>That loven wommen nat, as that I gesse!'</p>
@@ -15714,7 +15677,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">155</div></div><p>Whan that the high god aungels formed had,</p>
-      <p>Among hem alle whether ther wer� noon</p>
+      <p>Among hem alle whether ther werë noon</p>
       <p>That founden was malicious and bad?</p>
       <p>Yis! al men woot that ther was many oon</p>
       <p>That, for hir pryde, fil from heven anoon.</p>
@@ -15724,8 +15687,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Of twelve apostels oon a traitour was;</p>
-      <p>The rem�nant yit god� were and trewe.</p>
-      <p>Than, if it happe men fynd�, per cas,</p>
+      <p>The remënant yit godë were and trewe.</p>
+      <p>Than, if it happe men fyndë, per cas,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">165</div></div><p>Oo womman fals, swich good is for t'eschewe,</p>
       <p>And deme nat that they ben alle untrewe.</p>
       <p>I see wel mennes owne falsenesse</p>
@@ -15754,7 +15717,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>An old prov�rb� seyd is in English:</p>
+      <p>An old provérbë seyd is in English:</p>
       <p>Men seyn, 'that brid or foul is dishonest,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">185</div></div><p>What that he be, and holden ful churlish,</p>
       <p>That useth to defoule his owne nest.'</p>
@@ -15765,10 +15728,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">190</div></div><p>Thise ladies eek compleynen hem on clerkes</p>
-      <p>That they han maad bok�s of hir diffame,</p>
+      <p>That they han maad bokës of hir diffame,</p>
       <p>In which they lakken wommen and hir werkes</p>
       <p>And speken of hem greet repreef and shame,</p>
-      <p>And caus�lees yive hem a wikked name.</p>
+      <p>And causëlees yive hem a wikked name.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">195</div></div><p>Thus they despysed been on every syde,</p>
       <p>And sclaundred, and bilowen on ful wyde.</p>
     </div>
@@ -15778,14 +15741,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>How they betrayden, in especial,</p>
       <p>Adam, David, Sampsoun, and Salamoun,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">200</div></div><p>And many oon mo; who may rehersen al</p>
-      <p>The treson that they hav� doon, and shal?</p>
+      <p>The treson that they havë doon, and shal?</p>
       <p>The world hir malice may not comprehende;</p>
       <p>As that thise clerkes seyn, it hath non ende.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Ovyde, in his boke called 'Remedye</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">205</div></div><p>Of Lov�,' greet repreef of wommen wryteth;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">205</div></div><p>Of Lovë,' greet repreef of wommen wryteth;</p>
       <p>Wherin, I trowe, he dide greet folye,</p>
       <p>And every wight that in such cas delyteth.</p>
 <!-- Page 224 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page224"></a>[224]</span>
@@ -15909,7 +15872,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Nat can I seen, ne my wit comprehende</p>
       <p>That art and peyne and sotiltee sholde fayle</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">290</div></div><p>For to conqu�re, and sone make an ende,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">290</div></div><p>For to conquére, and sone make an ende,</p>
       <p>Whan man a feble place shal assayle;</p>
       <p>And sone also to venquisshe a batayle</p>
       <p>Of which no wight dar maken resistence,</p>
@@ -15920,7 +15883,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">295</div></div><p>Than moot it folwen of necessitee,</p>
       <p>Sin art asketh so greet engyn and peyne</p>
       <p>A womman to disceyve, what she be,</p>
-      <p>Of constaunc� they been not so bareyne</p>
+      <p>Of constauncë they been not so bareyne</p>
       <p>As that somme of thise sotil clerkes feyne;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">300</div></div><p>But they ben as that wommen oghten be,</p>
       <p>Sad, constant, and fulfilled of pitee.</p>
@@ -15929,9 +15892,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>How frendly was Medea to Jasoun</p>
-      <p>In the conqu�ring of the flees of gold!</p>
+      <p>In the conquéring of the flees of gold!</p>
       <p>How falsly quitte he her affeccioun</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">305</div></div><p>By whom vict�rie he gat, as he hath wold!</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">305</div></div><p>By whom victórie he gat, as he hath wold!</p>
       <p>How may this man, for shame, be so bold</p>
       <p>To falsen her, that from his dethe and shame</p>
       <p>Him kepte, and gat him so gret prys and name?</p>
@@ -15940,7 +15903,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Of Troye also the traitour Eneas,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">310</div></div><p>The feythles wrecche, how hath he him forswore</p>
-      <p>To Dido, that queen of Cart�g� was,</p>
+      <p>To Dido, that queen of Cartágë was,</p>
       <p>That him releved of his smertes sore!</p>
       <p>What gentilesse might she han doon more</p>
       <p>Than she with herte unfeyned to him kidde?</p>
@@ -15962,8 +15925,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Unto wommannes crabbed wikkednesse!'</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">325</div></div><p>O woman! How shalt thou thy-self chevyce,</p>
       <p>Sin men of thee so muchel harm witnesse?</p>
-      <p>No fors! Do forth! Tak� no hevinesse!</p>
-      <p>Kep� thyn own�, what men clappe or crake;</p>
+      <p>No fors! Do forth! Takë no hevinesse!</p>
+      <p>Kepë thyn ownë, what men clappe or crake;</p>
       <p>And somme of hem shul smerte, I undertake!</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -16009,7 +15972,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Th' env�ous swelling that the feend, our fo,</p>
+      <p>Th' envýous swelling that the feend, our fo,</p>
       <p>Had unto man in herte, for his welthe,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">360</div></div><p>Sente a serpent, and made her for to go</p>
       <p>To disceyve Eve; and thus was mannes helthe</p>
@@ -16020,18 +15983,18 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">365</div></div><p>Wherfore I sey, this god� womman Eve</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">365</div></div><p>Wherfore I sey, this godë womman Eve</p>
       <p>Our fader Adam ne deceyved noght.</p>
       <p>Ther may no man for a deceyt it preve</p>
       <p>Proprely, but-if that she, in her thoght,</p>
       <p>Had it compassed first, er it was wroght;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">370</div></div><p>And, for swich was nat her impressioun,</p>
-      <p>Men calle it may no d�ceyt, by resoun.</p>
+      <p>Men calle it may no déceyt, by resoun.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>No wight deceyveth but he it purp�se;</p>
-      <p>The feend this d�ceyt caste, and nothing she.</p>
+      <p>No wight deceyveth but he it purpóse;</p>
+      <p>The feend this déceyt caste, and nothing she.</p>
       <p>Than is it wrong to demen or suppose</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">375</div></div><p>That she sholde of this harm the cause be.</p>
       <p>Wyteth the feend, and his be the maugree;</p>
@@ -16083,8 +16046,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Her heped vertu hath swich excellence</p>
       <p>That al to lene is mannes facultee</p>
-      <p>To d�clare it, and therfor in suspence</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">410</div></div><p>Her du� preysing put mot nedes be.</p>
+      <p>To déclare it, and therfor in suspence</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">410</div></div><p>Her duë preysing put mot nedes be.</p>
       <p>But this we witen verrayly, that she,</p>
       <p>Next god, the best frend is that to man longeth;</p>
       <p>The key of mercy by her girdil hongeth.</p>
@@ -16118,7 +16081,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>For ever I werrey ayein chastitee,</p>
       <p>And ever shal; but this, lo! meveth me,</p>
       <p>Her loving herte and constant to her lay</p>
-      <p>Dryve out of r�membraunc� I ne may.</p>
+      <p>Dryve out of rémembrauncë I ne may.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -16167,7 +16130,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>We yow comaunde, our ministres, echoon</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">465</div></div><p>That redy been to our hestes enclyne,</p>
       <p>That of thise false men, our rebel foon,</p>
-      <p>Ye do punissh�ment, and that anoon!</p>
+      <p>Ye do punisshëment, and that anoon!</p>
       <p>Voide hem our court and banish hem for ever</p>
       <p>So that ther-inne they ne come never.</p>
     </div>
@@ -16394,7 +16357,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>To princes alle, in love and buxumnesse</p>
       <p>To holy chirche, O verray sustenour</p>
       <p>And piler of our feith, and werreyour</p>
-      <p>Ageyn the heresy�s bitter galle,</p>
+      <p>Ageyn the heresyës bitter galle,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">15</div></div><p>Do forth, do forth, continue your socour!</p>
       <p>Hold up Cristes baner; lat it nat falle!</p>
 <!-- Page 234 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page234"></a>[234]</span>
@@ -16407,7 +16370,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">20</div></div><p>Weneth fully to cacche a tyme and hour</p>
       <p>To have on us, your liges, a sharp shour,</p>
       <p>And to his servitude us knitte and thralle.</p>
-      <p>But ay we truste in you, our pr�tectour;</p>
+      <p>But ay we truste in you, our prótectour;</p>
       <p>On your constaunce we awayten alle.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -16432,14 +16395,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">35</div></div><p>Of Cristes cause; in honour of his name</p>
       <p>Shove on, and putte his foos to the outrance!</p>
       <p>God wolde so; so wolde eek your ligeaunce;</p>
-      <p>To tho two prikketh you your du�tee.</p>
+      <p>To tho two prikketh you your duëtee.</p>
       <p>Who-so nat kepeth this double observaunce</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">40</div></div><p>Of merit and honour naked is he!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Your style seith that ye ben foos to shame;</p>
-      <p>Now kythe of your feith the pers�veraunce,</p>
+      <p>Now kythe of your feith the perséveraunce,</p>
       <p>In which an heep of us arn halte and lame.</p>
       <p>Our Cristen king of England and of Fraunce,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">45</div></div><p>And ye, my lordes, with your alliaunce,</p>
@@ -16464,8 +16427,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Stif stande in that, and ye shul greve and grame</p>
       <p>The fo to pees, the norice of distaunce;</p>
       <p>That now is ernest, torne it into game;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">60</div></div><p>Dampn�ble fro feith wer� variaunce!</p>
-      <p>Lord lige, and lordes, have in r�membraunce,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">60</div></div><p>Dampnáble fro feith werë variaunce!</p>
+      <p>Lord lige, and lordes, have in rémembraunce,</p>
       <p>Lord of al is the blessed Trinitee,</p>
       <p>Of whos vertu the mighty habundaunce</p>
       <p>You herte and strengthe in feithful unitee! Amen.</p>
@@ -16523,17 +16486,17 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>My noble sones, and eek my lordes dere,</p>
       <p>I, your fader called, unworthily,</p>
       <p>Sende un-to you this litel tretys here</p>
-      <p>Writen with myn owne hand full rud�ly;</p>
+      <p>Writen with myn owne hand full rudëly;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">5</div></div><p>Although it be that I not reverently</p>
       <p>Have writen to your estats, yet I you praye,</p>
-      <p>Myn unconning taketh benign�ly</p>
+      <p>Myn unconning taketh benignëly</p>
       <p>For goddes sake, and herken what I seye.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>I complayn sore, whan I remembre me</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">10</div></div><p>The sodeyn age that is upon me falle;</p>
-      <p>More I complayn my mispent juvent�</p>
+      <p>More I complayn my mispent juventè</p>
       <p>The whiche is impossible ayein to calle.</p>
 <!-- Page 238 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page238"></a>[238]</span>
       <p>But certainly, the most complaynte of alle</p>
@@ -16544,12 +16507,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Of whiche I aske mercy of thee, lord,</p>
-      <p>That art almighty god in majest�,</p>
+      <p>That art almighty god in majestè,</p>
       <p>Beseking thee, to make so even accord</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">20</div></div><p>Betwix thee and my soule, that vanit�</p>
-      <p>Of worldly lust, ne blynd prosperit�</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">20</div></div><p>Betwix thee and my soule, that vanitè</p>
+      <p>Of worldly lust, ne blynd prosperitè</p>
       <p>Have no lordship over my flesshe so frele.</p>
-      <p>Thou lord of reste and parfit unit�,</p>
+      <p>Thou lord of reste and parfit unitè,</p>
       <p>Put fro me vyce, and keep my soules hele.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -16557,7 +16520,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">25</div></div><p>And yeve me might, whyl I have lyf and space,</p>
       <p>Me to conforme fully to thy plesaunce;</p>
       <p>Shewe upon me th'abundaunce of thy grace,</p>
-      <p>In gode werkes graunt me pers�veraunce.</p>
+      <p>In gode werkes graunt me perséveraunce.</p>
       <p>Of al my youthe forget the ignoraunce;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">30</div></div><p>Yeve me good wil, to serve thee ay to queme;</p>
       <p>Set al my lyf after thyn ordinaunce,</p>
@@ -16610,7 +16573,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">65</div></div><p>My mayster Chaucer, god his soul� have!</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">65</div></div><p>My mayster Chaucer, god his soulë have!</p>
       <p>That in his langage was so curious,</p>
       <p>He sayde, the fader whiche is deed and grave,</p>
       <p>Biquath nothing his vertue with his hous</p>
@@ -16633,7 +16596,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Thinketh how, betwix� vertue and estat</p>
+      <p>Thinketh how, betwixë vertue and estat</p>
       <p>There is a parfit blessed mariage;</p>
       <p>Vertue is cause of pees, vyce of debat</p>
       <p>In mannes soule; for which, with ful corage,</p>
@@ -16702,7 +16665,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>The losse in youthe of vertue can complayne;</p>
       <p>Wherfore I pray you, dooth your diligence,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">130</div></div><p>For your estats and goddes reverence,</p>
-      <p>T'enprint� vertue fully in your mynde,</p>
+      <p>T'enprintë vertue fully in your mynde,</p>
       <p>That, whan ye come in your juges presence,</p>
       <p>Ye be not set as vertules behynde.</p>
     </div>
@@ -16715,14 +16678,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>That of that art ye have no joy to here.</p>
       <p>But, as a ship that is withouten stere</p>
       <p>Dryveth up and doun, withouten governaunce,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">140</div></div><p>Wening that calm wol last�, yeer by yere,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">140</div></div><p>Wening that calm wol lastë, yeer by yere,</p>
       <p>Right so fare ye, for very ignoraunce.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>For very sham�, knowe ye nat, by r�son</p>
+      <p>For very shamë, knowe ye nat, by réson</p>
       <p>That, after an ebbe, ther cometh a flood ful rage?</p>
-      <p>In the same wyse, whan youth passeth his s�son,</p>
+      <p>In the same wyse, whan youth passeth his séson,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">145</div></div><p>Cometh croked and unweldy palled age;</p>
       <p>Sone after comen kalends of dotage;</p>
       <p>And if your youth no vertue have provyded,</p>
@@ -16731,19 +16694,19 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">150</div></div><p>Bo�ce the clerk, as men may rede and see,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">150</div></div><p>Boëce the clerk, as men may rede and see,</p>
       <p>Saith, in his Boke of Consolacioun,</p>
       <p>What man desyreth &dagger;have of vyne or tree</p>
       <p>Plentee of fruit, in the ryping sesoun,</p>
       <p>Must ay eschewe to doon oppressioun</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">155</div></div><p>Unto the rote, whyle it is yong and grene;</p>
       <p>Ye may wel see, by this conclusioun,</p>
-      <p>That youth� vertulees doth mochel tene.</p>
+      <p>That youthë vertulees doth mochel tene.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Seeth, there-ayenst, how vertuous noblesse</p>
-      <p>Roted in youthe, with good pers�veraunce,</p>
+      <p>Roted in youthe, with good perséveraunce,</p>
 <!-- Page 243 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page243"></a>[243]</span>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">160</div></div><p>Dryveth away al vyce and wrecchednesse,</p>
       <p>As slogardrye, ryote and distaunce!</p>
@@ -16770,7 +16733,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>They hated vertue, equitee, and pees.</p>
       <p>Loke how Antiochus fil fro his char,</p>
       <p>That he his skin and bones al to-tar!</p>
-      <p>Loke what meschaunc� they had for hir vyces!</p>
+      <p>Loke what meschauncë they had for hir vyces!</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">180</div></div><p>Who-so that wol not by these signes be war,</p>
       <p>I dar wel say, infortunat or nyce is.</p>
     </div>
@@ -16838,7 +16801,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   besekyng; A. beseching. 72. Th. haue; A. H. gete. Th. p<i>ar</i>te. A.
   feyre; Th. H. <i>om.</i></p>
 
-  <p>74. A. Com�e. 75. A. thorugh; Cx. thurgh; Th. by. A. leofful; Th.
+  <p>74. A. Comþe. 75. A. thorugh; Cx. thurgh; Th. by. A. leofful; Th.
   leful; H. leeful. 77. Th. you ye; A. H. <i>om.</i> ye. 78. Th. house. A.
   soo wyse; Th. H. suche a. 79. Th. <i>om.</i> it. 80. H. A. worldly; Th.
   worldes. 81. Th. howe betwyxe; A. howe bytwene. 82. Th. parfyte. 84. H.
@@ -16944,7 +16907,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>My sekenes sat ay so nigh my herte.</p>
       <p>But, for to finde socour of my smerte,</p>
 <!-- Page 246 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page246"></a>[246]</span>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">20</div></div><p>Or at the leste som r�les of my peyne,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">20</div></div><p>Or at the leste som réles of my peyne,</p>
       <p>That me so sore halt in every veyne,</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -16994,7 +16957,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Al oversprad with tapites that Nature</p>
       <p>Had mad her-selve, celured eek alofte</p>
       <p>With bowes grene, the floures for to cure,</p>
-      <p>That in hir beaut� they may longe endure</p>
+      <p>That in hir beautè they may longe endure</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">55</div></div><p>From al assaut of Phebus fervent fere,</p>
       <p>Whiche in his spere so hote shoon and clere.</p>
     </div>
@@ -17020,8 +16983,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Ther saw I eek the fresshe haw�thorn</p>
-      <p>In whyte motl�, that so swote doth smelle,</p>
+      <p>Ther saw I eek the fresshe hawëthorn</p>
+      <p>In whyte motlè, that so swote doth smelle,</p>
       <p>Ash, firre, and ook, with many a yong acorn,</p>
 <!-- Page 248 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page248"></a>[248]</span>
       <p>And many a tree&mdash;mo than I can telle;</p>
@@ -17033,7 +16996,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>The gravel gold, the water pure as glas,</p>
       <p>The bankes rounde, the welle envyroning;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">80</div></div><p>And softe as velu�t the yonge gras</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">80</div></div><p>And softe as veluët the yonge gras</p>
       <p>That therupon lustily cam springing;</p>
       <p>The sute of trees aboute compassing</p>
       <p>Hir shadowe caste, closing the welle rounde,</p>
@@ -17045,15 +17008,15 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Through might of herbes growing there besyde,</p>
       <p>Not lyk the welle, wher-as Narcisus</p>
       <p>Y-slayn was, through vengeaunce of Cupyde,</p>
-      <p>Where so covertly he did� hyde</p>
+      <p>Where so covertly he didë hyde</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">90</div></div><p>The grayn of cruel dethe upon ech brinke,</p>
       <p>That deeth mot folowe, who that ever drinke;</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Ne lyk the pitt� of the Pegac�</p>
-      <p>Under Pernaso, where poet�s slepte;</p>
-      <p>Nor lyk the welle of pure chastit�</p>
+      <p>Ne lyk the pittë of the Pegacè</p>
+      <p>Under Pernaso, where poetës slepte;</p>
+      <p>Nor lyk the welle of pure chastitè</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">95</div></div><p>Which that Dyane with her nymphes kepte,</p>
       <p>Whan she naked into the water lepte,</p>
       <p>That slow Acteon with his houndes felle</p>
@@ -17061,7 +17024,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>B�t this welle, that I here reherce,</p>
+      <p>Bút this welle, that I here reherce,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">100</div></div><p>So hoolsom was, that it wolde aswage</p>
       <p>Bollen hertes, and the venim perce</p>
       <p>Of pensifheed, with al the cruel rage,</p>
@@ -17086,25 +17049,25 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Of the brenning that sat so nigh my herte,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">115</div></div><p>That verily anon I gan to fele</p>
       <p>An huge part relesed of my smerte;</p>
-      <p>And therwithall� anon up I sterte,</p>
+      <p>And therwithallë anon up I sterte,</p>
       <p>And thoughte I wolde walke, and see more</p>
       <p>Forth in the parke, and in the holtes hore.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">120</div></div><p>And through a laund� as I yede a-pace</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">120</div></div><p>And through a laundë as I yede a-pace</p>
       <p>And gan aboute faste to beholde,</p>
-      <p>I found anon a d�litable place</p>
-      <p>That was beset with tre�s yonge and olde,</p>
+      <p>I found anon a délitable place</p>
+      <p>That was beset with treës yonge and olde,</p>
       <p>Whose names here for me shal not be tolde;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">125</div></div><p>Amidde of whiche stood an herber grene,</p>
       <p>That benched was, with colours newe and clene.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Th�s herber was ful of floures inde,</p>
+      <p>Thís herber was ful of floures inde,</p>
       <p>In-to the whiche as I beholde gan,</p>
-      <p>Betwix an hulfere and a wod�binde,</p>
+      <p>Betwix an hulfere and a wodëbinde,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">130</div></div><p>As I was war, I saw wher lay a man</p>
       <p>In blakke and whyte colour, pale and wan,</p>
       <p>And wonder deedly also of his hewe,</p>
@@ -17127,7 +17090,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Greetly wondring what it mighte be</p>
       <p>That he so lay, and hadde no felawe,</p>
       <p>Ne that I coude no wight with him see;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">145</div></div><p>Wherof I hadde routhe, and eek pit�,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">145</div></div><p>Wherof I hadde routhe, and eek pitè,</p>
       <p>And gan anon, so softely as I coude,</p>
       <p>Among the busshes me prively to shroude;</p>
     </div>
@@ -17165,8 +17128,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And, for me semeth that it is sitting</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">170</div></div><p>His wordes al to putte in remembraunce,</p>
-      <p>To me, that herd� al his complayning</p>
-      <p>And al the ground� of his woful chaunce,</p>
+      <p>To me, that herdë al his complayning</p>
+      <p>And al the groundë of his woful chaunce,</p>
       <p>If ther-withal I may you do plesaunce,</p>
       <p>I wol to you, so as I can, anon,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">175</div></div><p>Lyk as he sayde, reherce hem everichon.</p>
@@ -17176,7 +17139,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>But who shal helpe me now to complayne?</p>
       <p>Or who shal now my style gye or lede?</p>
-      <p>O Niob�, let now thy teres rayne</p>
+      <p>O Niobè, let now thy teres rayne</p>
       <p>In-to my penne; and helpe eek in this nede,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">180</div></div><p>Thou woful Mirre, that felest my herte blede</p>
       <p>Of pitous wo, and myn hand eek quake</p>
@@ -17185,7 +17148,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>For unto wo accordeth complayning</p>
-      <p>And doleful cher� unto hevinesse;</p>
+      <p>And doleful cherë unto hevinesse;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">185</div></div><p>To sorowe also, syghing and weping,</p>
       <p>And pitous mourning, unto drerinesse;</p>
       <p>And whoso that shal wryten of distresse</p>
@@ -17216,7 +17179,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And if that any now be in this place</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">205</div></div><p>That fele in love brenning or fervence,</p>
-      <p>Or hindred wer� to his lady grace</p>
+      <p>Or hindred werë to his lady grace</p>
       <p>With false tonges, that with pestilence</p>
       <p>Slee trewe men that never did offence</p>
       <p>In word nor dede, ne in hir entent&mdash;</p>
@@ -17229,7 +17192,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>With doleful chere and sobre countenaunce,</p>
       <p>To here this man, by ful high sentence,</p>
       <p>His mortal wo and his gret perturbaunce</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">215</div></div><p>C�mplayning, now lying in a traunce,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">215</div></div><p>Cómplayning, now lying in a traunce,</p>
       <p>With lokes upcaste, and with ruful chere,</p>
       <p>Th' effect of whiche was as ye shal here.&mdash;</p>
     </div>
@@ -17244,7 +17207,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">220</div></div><p>The woful gost, the herte rent and tore,</p>
       <p>The pitous chere, pale in compleyning,</p>
       <p>The deedly face, lyk ashes in shyning,</p>
-      <p>The salte teres that fro myn ey�n falle,</p>
+      <p>The salte teres that fro myn eyën falle,</p>
       <p>Parcel declare grounde of my peynes alle:</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -17265,7 +17228,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">235</div></div><p>For hete I brenne; and thus, betwixe twayne,</p>
       <p>I possed am, and al forcast in payne;</p>
       <p>So that my hete plainly, as I fele,</p>
-      <p>Of grevous cold is caus�, every-deel.</p>
+      <p>Of grevous cold is causë, every-deel.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -17291,10 +17254,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Ayeines me, and his arowes to fyle</p>
-      <p>To take vengeaunce of wilful cruelt�;</p>
+      <p>To take vengeaunce of wilful crueltè;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">255</div></div><p>And tonges false, through hir sleightly wyle,</p>
       <p>Han gonne a werre that wil not stinted be;</p>
-      <p>And fals Envye, Wrathe, and Enmit�,</p>
+      <p>And fals Envye, Wrathe, and Enmitè,</p>
       <p>Have conspired, ayeines al right and lawe,</p>
       <p>Of hir malyce, that Trouthe shal be slawe.</p>
     </div>
@@ -17306,7 +17269,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>That Misbeleve and Fals-Suspeccioun,</p>
       <p>Have Trouthe brought to his dampnacioun,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">265</div></div><p>So that, alas! wrongfully he dyeth,</p>
-      <p>And Falsnes now his plac� occupyeth,</p>
+      <p>And Falsnes now his placë occupyeth,</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -17315,7 +17278,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>O rightful god, that first the trouthe fond,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">270</div></div><p>How may thou suffre such oppressioun,</p>
       <p>That Falshood shulde have jurisdiccioun</p>
-      <p>In Trouthes right, to slee him gilt�lees?</p>
+      <p>In Trouthes right, to slee him giltëlees?</p>
       <p>In his fraunchyse he may not live in pees.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -17324,15 +17287,15 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">275</div></div><p>Without answere, whyl he was absent,</p>
       <p>He dampned was, and may not ben excused,</p>
 <!-- Page 254 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page254"></a>[254]</span>
-      <p>For Cruelt� sat in jug�ment</p>
-      <p>Of hastinesse, withoute avys�ment,</p>
+      <p>For Crueltè sat in jugëment</p>
+      <p>Of hastinesse, withoute avysëment,</p>
       <p>And bad Disdayn do execute anon</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">280</div></div><p>His jug�ment, in presence of his foon.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">280</div></div><p>His jugëment, in presence of his foon.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Attourney noon ne may admitted been</p>
-      <p>T'�xcuse Trouth�, ne a word to speke;</p>
+      <p>T'ëxcuse Trouthë, ne a word to speke;</p>
       <p>To fayth or ooth the juge list not seen,</p>
       <p>There is no gayn, but he wil be wreke.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">285</div></div><p>O lord of trouthe, to thee I calle and clepe;</p>
@@ -17342,7 +17305,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Now god, that art of trouthe soverain</p>
-      <p>And se�st how I lye for trouthe bounde,</p>
+      <p>And seëst how I lye for trouthe bounde,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">290</div></div><p>So sore knit in loves fyry chain</p>
       <p>Even at the deth, through-girt with many a wounde</p>
       <p>That lykly are never for to sounde,</p>
@@ -17355,14 +17318,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>How that myn herte professed whylom was</p>
       <p>For to be trewe with al my fulle might</p>
       <p>Only to oon, the whiche now, alas!</p>
-      <p>Of volunt�, withoute any trespas,</p>
+      <p>Of voluntè, withoute any trespas,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">300</div></div><p>Myn accusours hath taken unto grace,</p>
       <p>And cherissheth hem, my deth for to purchace.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>What meneth this? what is this wonder ure</p>
-      <p>Of purveyaunc�, if I shal it calle,</p>
+      <p>Of purveyauncë, if I shal it calle,</p>
       <p>Of god of love, that false hem so assure,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">305</div></div><p>And trewe, alas! doun of the whele ben falle?</p>
       <p>And yet in sothe, this is the worst of alle,</p>
@@ -17372,17 +17335,17 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>This blinde chaunce, this stormy aventure,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">310</div></div><p>In lov� hath most his experience;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">310</div></div><p>In lovë hath most his experience;</p>
       <p>For who that doth with trouthe most his cure</p>
 <!-- Page 255 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page255"></a>[255]</span>
       <p>Shal for his mede finde most offence,</p>
       <p>That serveth love with al his diligence;</p>
-      <p>For who can fayn�, under lowliheed,</p>
+      <p>For who can faynë, under lowliheed,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">315</div></div><p>Ne fayleth not to finde grace and speed.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>For I loved oon, ful long� sith agoon,</p>
+      <p>For I loved oon, ful longë sith agoon,</p>
       <p>With al my herte, body, and ful might,</p>
       <p>And, to be deed, my herte can not goon</p>
       <p>From his hest, but holde that he hath hight;</p>
@@ -17392,8 +17355,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>For ever, sith� that the world began,</p>
-      <p>Who-so list lok�, and in storie rede,</p>
+      <p>For ever, sithë that the world began,</p>
+      <p>Who-so list lokë, and in storie rede,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">325</div></div><p>He shal ay finde that the trewe man</p>
       <p>Was put abakke, wher-as the falshede</p>
       <p>Y-furthered was; for Love taketh non hede</p>
@@ -17448,7 +17411,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">360</div></div><p>Unto the herte with fresh Venus sight</p>
       <p>Y-wounded was, through Cupydes bowe,</p>
       <p>And yet his lady liste him not to knowe.</p>
-      <p>Though for her love his herte did� blede,</p>
+      <p>Though for her love his herte didë blede,</p>
       <p>She leet him go, and took of him no hede.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -17457,7 +17420,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Of trew Tristram, for al his hye renoun?</p>
       <p>Of Achilles, or of Antonius?</p>
       <p>Of Arcite eke, or of him Palemoun?</p>
-      <p>What was the end� of hir passioun</p>
+      <p>What was the endë of hir passioun</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">370</div></div><p>But, after sorowe, deeth, and than hir grave?</p>
       <p>Lo, here the guerdon that these lovers have!</p>
     </div>
@@ -17465,9 +17428,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>But false Jason, with his doublenesse,</p>
       <p>That was untrewe at Colkos to Medee,</p>
-      <p>And Theseus, rote of unkind�nesse,</p>
+      <p>And Theseus, rote of unkindënesse,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">375</div></div><p>And with these two eek the false Enee;</p>
-      <p>Lo! thus the fals�, ay in oon degr�,</p>
+      <p>Lo! thus the falsë, ay in oon degrè,</p>
       <p>Had in love hir lust and al hir wille;</p>
       <p>And, save falshood, ther was non other skille.</p>
     </div>
@@ -17486,7 +17449,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>For trewe Adon was slayn with the bore</p>
       <p>Amid the forest, in the grene shade;</p>
-      <p>For Venus love he felt� al the sore.</p>
+      <p>For Venus love he feltë al the sore.</p>
       <p>But Vulcanus with her no mercy made;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">390</div></div><p>The foule chorl had many nightes glade,</p>
       <p>Wher Mars, her worthy knight, her trewe man,</p>
@@ -17520,7 +17483,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">410</div></div><p>Manhood, ne might, in armes worthinesse,</p>
       <p>Pursute of worship, nor no hy prowesse,</p>
       <p>In straunge lande ryding, ne travayle,</p>
-      <p>Ful lyte or nought in lov� doth avayle.</p>
+      <p>Ful lyte or nought in lovë doth avayle.</p>
 <!-- Page 258 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page258"></a>[258]</span>
     </div>
 
@@ -17566,7 +17529,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>My woful herte for to ryve a-two</p>
-      <p>For faute of mercy, and lak of pit�</p>
+      <p>For faute of mercy, and lak of pitè</p>
       <p>Of her that causeth al my payne and wo</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">445</div></div><p>And list not ones, of grace, for to see</p>
       <p>Unto my trouthe through her crueltee;</p>
@@ -17577,12 +17540,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And wilfully hath [she] my deeth y-sworn</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">450</div></div><p>Al gilt�lees, and wot no cause why</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">450</div></div><p>Al giltëlees, and wot no cause why</p>
       <p>Save for the trouthe that I have had aforn</p>
       <p>To her alone to serve faithfully!</p>
-      <p>O god of lov�! unto thee I cry,</p>
+      <p>O god of lovë! unto thee I cry,</p>
       <p>And to thy blinde double deitee</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">455</div></div><p>Of this gret wrong� I compleyne me,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">455</div></div><p>Of this gret wrongë I compleyne me,</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -17618,8 +17581,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Thus fareth it now even by me,</p>
       <p>That to my fo, that yaf myn herte a wounde,</p>
-      <p>Mote aske grace, mercy, and pit�,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">480</div></div><p>And nam�ly, ther wher non may be founde!</p>
+      <p>Mote aske grace, mercy, and pitè,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">480</div></div><p>And namëly, ther wher non may be founde!</p>
       <p>For now my sore my leche wil confounde,</p>
 <!-- Page 260 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page260"></a>[260]</span>
       <p>And god of kinde so hath set myn ure,</p>
@@ -17647,7 +17610,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>For bount�, beaut�, shappe, and semeliheed,</p>
+      <p>For bountè, beautè, shappe, and semeliheed,</p>
       <p>Prudence, wit, passingly fairnesse,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">500</div></div><p>Benigne port, glad chere with lowliheed,</p>
       <p>Of womanheed right plenteous largesse,</p>
@@ -17660,7 +17623,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">505</div></div><p>Whan Mistrust also, and Fals-Suspeccioun,</p>
       <p>With Misbeleve, she made for to be</p>
       <p>Cheef of counsayl to this conclusioun,</p>
-      <p>For to exyle Routhe, and eek Pit�,</p>
+      <p>For to exyle Routhe, and eek Pitè,</p>
       <p>Out of her court to make Mercy flee,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">510</div></div><p>So that Dispyt now holdeth forth her reyne,</p>
       <p>Through hasty bileve of tales that men feyne.</p>
@@ -17722,7 +17685,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And she it knowe in every circumstaunce;</p>
       <p>And after, I am wel apayd that she</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">550</div></div><p>If that hir list, of dethe to do vengeaunce</p>
-      <p>Unt� me, that am under her legeaunce;</p>
+      <p>Untó me, that am under her legeaunce;</p>
 <!-- Page 262 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page262"></a>[262]</span>
       <p>It sit me not her doom to disobeye,</p>
       <p>But, at her luste, wilfully to deye.</p>
@@ -17732,8 +17695,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Withoute grucching or rebellioun</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">555</div></div><p>In wille or worde, hoolly I assent,</p>
       <p>Or any maner contradiccioun,</p>
-      <p>Fully to be at her commaund�ment;</p>
-      <p>And, if I dy�, in my testament</p>
+      <p>Fully to be at her commaundëment;</p>
+      <p>And, if I dyë, in my testament</p>
       <p>My herte I sende, and my spirit also,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">560</div></div><p>What-so-ever she list, with hem to do.</p>
     </div>
@@ -17781,20 +17744,20 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And for bicause that it drow to the night</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">590</div></div><p>And that the sonne his ark diurn�l</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">590</div></div><p>And that the sonne his ark diurnál</p>
       <p>Y-passed was, so that his persaunt light,</p>
       <p>His brighte bemes and his stremes al</p>
       <p>Were in the wawes of the water fal,</p>
-      <p>Under the bordure of our oc�an,</p>
+      <p>Under the bordure of our ocëan,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">595</div></div><p>His char of golde his cours so swiftly ran:</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And whyl the twylight and the rowes rede</p>
-      <p>Of Phebus light were d�aurat a lyte,</p>
+      <p>Of Phebus light were dëaurat a lyte,</p>
       <p>A penne I took, and gan me faste spede</p>
-      <p>The woful playnt� of this man to wryte</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">600</div></div><p>Word by word�, as he did endyte;</p>
+      <p>The woful playntë of this man to wryte</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">600</div></div><p>Word by wordë, as he did endyte;</p>
       <p>Lyk as I herde, and coude him tho reporte,</p>
       <p>I have here set, your hertes to disporte.</p>
     </div>
@@ -17803,10 +17766,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>If ought be mis, layeth the wyte on me,</p>
       <p>For I am worthy for to bere the blame</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">605</div></div><p>If any thing [here] misreported be,</p>
-      <p>To make this dyt� for to seme lame</p>
+      <p>To make this dytè for to seme lame</p>
       <p>Through myn unconning; but, to sayn the same,</p>
       <p>Lyk as this man his complaynt did expresse,</p>
-      <p>I aske mercy and forgiv�nesse.</p>
+      <p>I aske mercy and forgivënesse.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -17834,7 +17797,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Togider, bothe twayne, in the same whyle</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">625</div></div><p>That al the court above celestial</p>
       <p>At youre shame gan for to laughe and smyle!</p>
-      <p>A! fair� lady! welwilly founde at al,</p>
+      <p>A! fairë lady! welwilly founde at al,</p>
       <p>Comfort to careful, O goddesse immortal!</p>
       <p>Be helping now, and do thy diligence</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">630</div></div><p>To let the stremes of thyn influence</p>
@@ -17846,7 +17809,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Shew now thy might, and on hir wo have routhe</p>
       <p>Er fals Daunger slee hem and confounde.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">635</div></div><p>And specially, let thy might be founde</p>
-      <p>For to socour�, what-so that thou may,</p>
+      <p>For to socourë, what-so that thou may,</p>
       <p>The trewe man that in the herber lay,</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -17857,7 +17820,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Her herte of stele to mercy so enclyne,</p>
       <p>Er that thy bemes go up, to declyne,</p>
       <p>And er that thou now go fro us adoun,</p>
-      <p>F�r that love thou haddest to Adoun!'</p>
+      <p>Fór that love thou haddest to Adoun!'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -17884,9 +17847,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>I mene thus, that, in al honestee,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">660</div></div><p>Withoute more, ye may togider speke</p>
-      <p>What so ye list�, at good libertee,</p>
+      <p>What so ye listë, at good libertee,</p>
       <p>That eche may to other hir herte breke,</p>
-      <p>On Jelousy� only to be wreke,</p>
+      <p>On Jelousyë only to be wreke,</p>
       <p>That hath so longe, of malice and envye,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">665</div></div><p>Werreyed Trouthe with his tirannye.</p>
     </div>
@@ -17897,11 +17860,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Princesse, plese it your benignitee</p>
-      <p>This litel dyt� for to have in mynde!</p>
-      <p>Of womanhed� also for to see</p>
+      <p>This litel dytè for to have in mynde!</p>
+      <p>Of womanhedë also for to see</p>
       <p>Your trewe man may youre mercy finde;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">670</div></div><p>And Pit� eek, that long hath be behinde,</p>
-      <p>Let him ayein be pr�voked to grace;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">670</div></div><p>And Pitè eek, that long hath be behinde,</p>
+      <p>Let him ayein be próvoked to grace;</p>
       <p>For, by my trouthe, it is ayeines kinde,</p>
       <p>Fals Daunger for to occupye his place!</p>
     </div>
@@ -17912,9 +17875,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And be right glad; for she shal thee seen;</p>
       <p>Suche is thy grace! But I, alas! in payne</p>
       <p>Am left behinde, and not to whom to playne.</p>
-      <p>For Mercy, Routhe, Grace, and eek Pit�</p>
+      <p>For Mercy, Routhe, Grace, and eek Pitè</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">680</div></div><p>Exyled be, that I may not attayne</p>
-      <p>Recure to finde of myn adversit�.</p>
+      <p>Recure to finde of myn adversitè.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -18097,7 +18060,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>553. T. D. luste; Th. F. B. lust. S. Quherso hir list to do me lyue or
   deye. 555. S. hoolly; Th. holy. 560. Th. T. D. lyste; F. S. P. list. 561.
-  S. vnto; <i>rest</i> to. 566. S. quhill �<i>a</i>t me. 568. Th. mater.
+  S. vnto; <i>rest</i> to. 566. S. quhill þ<i>a</i>t me. 568. Th. mater.
   571. F. B. P. hest. 573. T. liste; <i>rest</i> list (lust). 575. T. sike;
   S. to sike; Th. D. sygh; F. B. sile (!). 577. Th. no worde. 581. Th. long
   wisshing (!). Th. S. for; F. B. D. P. for his; T. for her. 583. S. P.
@@ -18135,7 +18098,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Was horned, ful of Phebus fyry light,</p>
       <p>And that she gan to reyse her stremes sone,</p>
       <p>Saint Valentyne! upon thy blisful night</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">5</div></div><p>Of du�tee, whan glad is every wight,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">5</div></div><p>Of duëtee, whan glad is every wight,</p>
       <p>And foules chese (to voyde hir olde sorowe)</p>
       <p>Everich his make, upon the nexte morowe;</p>
     </div>
@@ -18145,16 +18108,16 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Ful lustely, agayn the morowe gray&mdash;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">10</div></div><p>'Awake, ye lovers, out of your slombringe,</p>
       <p>This gladde morowe, in al the haste ye may;</p>
-      <p>Some �bservaunce doth unto this day,</p>
+      <p>Some óbservaunce doth unto this day,</p>
       <p>Your choise ayen of herte to renewe</p>
-      <p>In c�nfirming, for ever to be trewe!</p>
+      <p>In cónfirming, for ever to be trewe!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">15</div></div><p>And ye that be, of chesing, at your large,</p>
       <p>This lusty day, by custome of nature,</p>
       <p>Take upon you the blisful holy charge</p>
-      <p>To serve lov�, whyl your lyf may dure,</p>
+      <p>To serve lovë, whyl your lyf may dure,</p>
       <p>With herte, body, and al your besy cure,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">20</div></div><p>For evermore, as Venus and Cipryde</p>
       <p>For you disposeth, and the god Cupyde.</p>
@@ -18172,10 +18135,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Th�t whan I had herd, and listed longe,</p>
+      <p>Thát whan I had herd, and listed longe,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">30</div></div><p>With devout herte, the lusty melodye</p>
       <p>Of this hevenly comfortable songe</p>
-      <p>So �greable, as by harmonye,</p>
+      <p>So ágreable, as by harmonye,</p>
       <p>I roos anon, and faste gan me hye</p>
       <p>Toward a grove, and the way [gan] take</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">35</div></div><p>Foules to sene, everich chese his make.</p>
@@ -18215,7 +18178,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>The sely wrenne, the titmose also,</p>
       <p>The litel redbrest, have free eleccioun</p>
-      <p>To flyen y-fer� and &dagger;togider go</p>
+      <p>To flyen y-ferë and &dagger;togider go</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">60</div></div><p>Wher-as hem liste, abouten enviroun,</p>
       <p>As they of kynde have inclinacoun,</p>
       <p>And as Nature, emperesse and gyde,</p>
@@ -18236,7 +18199,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Thus may I [soothly] seen, and playne, alas!</p>
       <p>My woful houre and my disaventure,</p>
       <p>That dolefully stonde in the same cas</p>
-      <p>So fer behynd�, from al helth and cure.</p>
+      <p>So fer behyndë, from al helth and cure.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">75</div></div><p>My wounde abydeth lyk a sursanure;</p>
       <p>For me Fortune so felly list dispose,</p>
       <p>My harm is hid, that I dar not disclose.</p>
@@ -18255,7 +18218,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">85</div></div><p>The whiche twayne ay stondeth in my wey</p>
       <p>Maliciously; and Fals Suspeccioun</p>
-      <p>Is very caus� also that I dey,</p>
+      <p>Is very causë also that I dey,</p>
       <p>Ginning and rote of my distruccioun;</p>
       <p>So that I fele, [as] in conclusioun,</p>
 <!-- Page 269 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page269"></a>[269]</span>
@@ -18265,7 +18228,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Yet, or I dye, with herte, wil, and thought</p>
-      <p>To god of lov� this avowe I make,</p>
+      <p>To god of lovë this avowe I make,</p>
       <p>(As I best can, how dere that it be bought,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">95</div></div><p>Wher-so it be, that I slepe or wake,</p>
       <p>Whyl Boreas doth the leves shake)</p>
@@ -18280,23 +18243,23 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Nor curiously by no crafte endyte,</p>
       <p>Yet lever I have, that she putte the wyte</p>
       <p>In unconning than in negligence,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">105</div></div><p>What-ever I say� of her excellence.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">105</div></div><p>What-ever I sayë of her excellence.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>What-ever I saye, it is of du�tee,</p>
+      <p>What-ever I saye, it is of duëtee,</p>
       <p>In sothfastnesse and no presumpcioun;</p>
       <p>This I ensure to you that shal it see,</p>
       <p>That it is al under correccioun;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">110</div></div><p>What I reherce in commendacioun</p>
-      <p>Of her� that I shal to you, as blyve,</p>
+      <p>Of herë that I shal to you, as blyve,</p>
       <p>So as I can, her vertues here discryve.&mdash;</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>� Right by example as the somer-sonne</p>
+      <p>¶ Right by example as the somer-sonne</p>
       <p>Passeth the sterre with his bemes shene,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">115</div></div><p>And Lucifer among the sky�s donne</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">115</div></div><p>And Lucifer among the skyës donne</p>
       <p>A-morowe sheweth to voyde nightes tene,</p>
       <p>So verily, withouten any wene,</p>
       <p>My lady passeth (who-so taketh hede)</p>
@@ -18304,14 +18267,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">120</div></div><p>And as the ruby hath the soveraint�</p>
-      <p>Of riche stones and the regaly�;</p>
-      <p>And [as] the rose, of swetnesse and beaut�,</p>
-      <p>Of fresshe floures, withouten any ly�;</p>
-      <p>Right so, in sothe, with her goodly y�,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">120</div></div><p>And as the ruby hath the soveraintè</p>
+      <p>Of riche stones and the regalyë;</p>
+      <p>And [as] the rose, of swetnesse and beautè,</p>
+      <p>Of fresshe floures, withouten any lyë;</p>
+      <p>Right so, in sothe, with her goodly yë,</p>
 <!-- Page 270 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page270"></a>[270]</span>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">125</div></div><p>She passeth al in bountee and fairnesse,</p>
-      <p>Of maner ek�, and of gentilnesse.</p>
+      <p>Of maner ekë, and of gentilnesse.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -18319,7 +18282,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>To reken al in very sothfastnesse;</p>
       <p>For every vertue is in her at reste;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">130</div></div><p>And furthermore, to speke of stedfastnesse,</p>
-      <p>She is the rot�; and of seemlinesse</p>
+      <p>She is the rotë; and of seemlinesse</p>
       <p>The very mirrour; and of governaunce</p>
       <p>To al example, withouten variaunce.</p>
     </div>
@@ -18329,8 +18292,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">135</div></div><p>Having evermore her trewe advertence</p>
       <p>Alway to reson; so that her desyre</p>
       <p>Is brydeled ay by witte and providence;</p>
-      <p>Thereto, of witt� and of hy prudence</p>
-      <p>She is the well�, ay devoide of pryde,</p>
+      <p>Thereto, of wittë and of hy prudence</p>
+      <p>She is the wellë, ay devoide of pryde,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">140</div></div><p>That unto vertue her-selven is the gyde!</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -18340,7 +18303,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And goodly gladde by attemperaunce,</p>
       <p>That every wight, of high and low degree,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">145</div></div><p>Are gladde in herte with her for to be;</p>
-      <p>S� that, shortly, if I shal not lye,</p>
+      <p>Só that, shortly, if I shal not lye,</p>
       <p>She named is 'The Flour of Curtesye.'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -18376,12 +18339,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>So trew�ly in mening she is set,</p>
+      <p>So trewëly in mening she is set,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">170</div></div><p>Without chaunging or any doublenesse;</p>
       <p>For bountee and beautee ar togider knet</p>
-      <p>In her person�, under faithfulnesse;</p>
-      <p>For void she is of new�fangelnesse;</p>
-      <p>In herte ay oon, for ever to pers�ver</p>
+      <p>In her personë, under faithfulnesse;</p>
+      <p>For void she is of newëfangelnesse;</p>
+      <p>In herte ay oon, for ever to perséver</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">175</div></div><p>Ther she is set, and never to dissever.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -18390,8 +18353,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Cunningly [for] to discryve and wryte;</p>
       <p>For wel ye wot, colour[es] have I noon</p>
       <p>Lyk her discrecioun craftely t'endyte;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">180</div></div><p>For what I say�, al it is to lyte.</p>
-      <p>Wh�rfor to you thus I me excuse,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">180</div></div><p>For what I sayë, al it is to lyte.</p>
+      <p>Whérfor to you thus I me excuse,</p>
       <p>That I aqueynted am not with no muse!</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -18400,7 +18363,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>In her preyse and commendacioun,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">185</div></div><p>I am to blind, so hyly to discerne,</p>
       <p>Of her goodnesse to make discripcioun,</p>
-      <p>Save thus I say�, in conclusioun,</p>
+      <p>Save thus I sayë, in conclusioun,</p>
       <p>If that I shal shortly [her] commende,</p>
       <p>In her is naught that Nature can amende.</p>
     </div>
@@ -18410,7 +18373,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And, in fairnesse, to the quene Helayne;</p>
       <p>Stedfast of herte, as was Dorigene,</p>
 <!-- Page 272 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page272"></a>[272]</span>
-      <p>And wyfly trouth�, if I shal not fayne:</p>
+      <p>And wyfly trouthë, if I shal not fayne:</p>
       <p>In constaunce eke and faith, she may attayne</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">195</div></div><p>To Cleopatre; and therto as &dagger;secree</p>
       <p>As was of Troye the whyte Antigone;</p>
@@ -18422,14 +18385,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And to Grisilde lyk in pacience,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">200</div></div><p>And Ariadne, of discrecioun;</p>
       <p>And to Lucrece, that was of Rome toun,</p>
-      <p>She may be lykned, as for honest�;</p>
+      <p>She may be lykned, as for honestè;</p>
       <p>And, for her faith, unto Penelope.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>To faire Phyllis and to Hipsiphilee,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">205</div></div><p>For innocenc� and for womanhede;</p>
-      <p>For seemliness�, unto Canacee;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">205</div></div><p>For innocencë and for womanhede;</p>
+      <p>For seemlinessë, unto Canacee;</p>
       <p>And over this, to speke of goodlihede,</p>
       <p>She passeth alle that I can of rede;</p>
       <p>For worde and dede, that she naught ne falle,</p>
@@ -18450,7 +18413,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>This is to mene, bountee goth afore,</p>
       <p>Lad by prudence, and hath the soveraintee;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">220</div></div><p>And beautee folweth, ruled by her lore,</p>
-      <p>That she &dagger;n'offend� her in no degree;</p>
+      <p>That she &dagger;n'offendë her in no degree;</p>
       <p>So that, in one, this goodly fresshe free</p>
       <p>Surmounting al, withouten any were,</p>
       <p>Is good and fair, in oon persone y-fere.</p>
@@ -18460,9 +18423,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">225</div></div><p>And though that I, for very ignoraunce,</p>
       <p>Ne may discryve her vertues by and by,</p>
 <!-- Page 273 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page273"></a>[273]</span>
-      <p>Yet on this day, for a r�membraunce,</p>
+      <p>Yet on this day, for a rémembraunce,</p>
       <p>Only supported under her mercy,</p>
-      <p>With quaking hond�, I shal ful humbly</p>
+      <p>With quaking hondë, I shal ful humbly</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">230</div></div><p>To her hynesse, my rudenes for to quyte,</p>
       <p>A litel balade here bineth endyte,</p>
     </div>
@@ -18481,7 +18444,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>We may assaye for to counterfete</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">240</div></div><p>His gaye style, but it wil not be;</p>
       <p>The welle is drye, with the licour swete,</p>
-      <p>Bothe of Clio and of Caliop�;</p>
+      <p>Bothe of Clio and of Caliopè;</p>
       <p>And first of al, I wol excuse me</p>
       <p>To her, that is [the] ground of goodlihede;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">245</div></div><p>And thus I saye until hir womanhede:&mdash;</p>
@@ -18492,12 +18455,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>� 'With al my might�, and my beste entente,</p>
+      <p>¶ 'With al my mightë, and my beste entente,</p>
       <p>With al the faith that mighty god of kynde</p>
       <p>Me yaf, sith he me soule and knowing sente,</p>
       <p>I chese, and to this bonde ever I me bynde,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">250</div></div><p>To love you best, whyl I have lyf and mynde':&mdash;</p>
-      <p>Thus herde I foules in the daw�ninge</p>
+      <p>Thus herde I foules in the dawëninge</p>
       <p>Upon the day of saint Valentyne singe.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -18514,12 +18477,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">260</div></div><p>'And over this, myn hertes lust to-bente,</p>
-      <p>In honour only of the wod�bynde,</p>
+      <p>In honour only of the wodëbynde,</p>
       <p>Hoolly I yeve, never to repente</p>
       <p>In joye or wo, wher-so that I wynde</p>
-      <p>Tofore Cupyde, with his ey�n blynde':&mdash;</p>
+      <p>Tofore Cupyde, with his eyën blynde':&mdash;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">265</div></div><p>The foules alle, whan Tytan did springe,</p>
-      <p>With d�vout herte, me thoughte I herde singe!</p>
+      <p>With dévout herte, me thoughte I herde singe!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -18527,8 +18490,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>� Princesse of beautee, to you I represente</p>
-      <p>This simple dyt�, rude as in makinge,</p>
+      <p>¶ Princesse of beautee, to you I represente</p>
+      <p>This simple dytè, rude as in makinge,</p>
       <p>Of herte and wil faithful in myn entente,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">270</div></div><p>Lyk as, this day, [the] foules herde I singe.</p>
     </div>
@@ -18639,7 +18602,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>To love suche oon, al women surmounting,</p>
       <p>To be benigne to me, and merciable,</p>
 <!-- Page 276 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page276"></a>[276]</span>
-      <p>That is of pit� the welle and eek the spring!</p>
+      <p>That is of pitè the welle and eek the spring!</p>
       <p>Wherfor of her, in laude and in praysing,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">20</div></div><p>So as I can, supported by her grace,</p>
       <p>Right thus I say, kneling tofore her face:&mdash;</p>
@@ -18657,12 +18620,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>O rightful rule, O rote of holinesse,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">30</div></div><p>And lightsom lyne of pit� for to playne,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">30</div></div><p>And lightsom lyne of pitè for to playne,</p>
       <p>Original ginning of grace and al goodnesse,</p>
       <p>Clenest conduit of vertue soverayne,</p>
       <p>Moder of mercy, our trouble to restrayne,</p>
-      <p>Chambre and closet clenest of chastit�,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">35</div></div><p>And named herberwe of the deit�!</p>
+      <p>Chambre and closet clenest of chastitè,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">35</div></div><p>And named herberwe of the deitè!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -18681,7 +18644,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">45</div></div><p>Vyneyerd vermayle, refressher of our food,</p>
 <!-- Page 277 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page277"></a>[277]</span>
       <p>Licour ayein languor, palled that may not be,</p>
-      <p>Blisful bawme-blossom, byding in bount�,</p>
+      <p>Blisful bawme-blossom, byding in bountè,</p>
       <p>Thy mantel of mercy on our mischef sprede,</p>
       <p>And er wo wake, wrappe us under thy wede!</p>
     </div>
@@ -18707,9 +18670,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>To hem that rennen thou art itiner�rie,</p>
+      <p>To hem that rennen thou art itinerárie,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">65</div></div><p>O blisful bravie to knightes of thy werre;</p>
-      <p>To wery werkmen thou art diourn den�rie,</p>
+      <p>To wery werkmen thou art diourn denárie,</p>
       <p>Mede unto mariners that have sayled ferre;</p>
       <p>Laureat crowne, streming as a sterre</p>
       <p>To hem that putte hem in palestre for thy sake,</p>
@@ -18743,13 +18706,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>O stedfast dyamaunt of duracioun,</p>
       <p>That fewe feres that tyme might thou finde,</p>
       <p>For noon to him was founden half so kinde!</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">90</div></div><p>O hardy herte, O loving cr�ature,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">90</div></div><p>O hardy herte, O loving crëature,</p>
       <p>What was it but love that made thee so endure?</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Semely saphyre, depe loupe, and blewe ewage,</p>
-      <p>Stable as the loupe, ewage of pit�,</p>
+      <p>Stable as the loupe, ewage of pitè,</p>
       <p>This is to say, the fresshest of visage,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">95</div></div><p>Thou lovest hem unchaunged that serven thee.</p>
       <p>And if offence or wrything in hem be,</p>
@@ -18771,7 +18734,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Lo, here the blossom and the budde of glorie,</p>
       <p>Of which the prophet spak so longe aforn;</p>
-      <p>Lo, here the same that was in mem�rie</p>
+      <p>Lo, here the same that was in memórie</p>
       <p>Of Isaie, so longe or she was born;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">110</div></div><p>Lo, here of David the delicious corn;</p>
       <p>Lo, here the ground that list [him] to onbelde,</p>
@@ -18815,19 +18778,19 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Columpne and base, up bering from abyme;</p>
       <p>Why nere I conning, thee for to discryve?</p>
       <p>Chosen of Joseph, whom he took to wyve,</p>
-      <p>Unknowing him, childing by greet mir�cle,</p>
+      <p>Unknowing him, childing by greet mirácle,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">140</div></div><p>And of our manhode trewe tabernacle!</p>
     </div>
   </div>
 
   <p><i>From</i> Th.; <i>collated with</i> A. (Ashmole 59); <i>and</i> Sl.
-  (Sloane 1212). 1. A. I kou�e to you. 2. A. clerkis (<i>for</i> poetes);
+  (Sloane 1212). 1. A. I kouþe to you. 2. A. clerkis (<i>for</i> poetes);
   the (<i>for</i> this). 3. A. cane mens hertes presse (!). 4. Th. hem; A.
-  �eire hertes. Th. in fere; A. a fuyre. 5. A. With ful daunger paye�e his
+  þeire hertes. Th. in fere; A. a fuyre. 5. A. With ful daunger payeþe his
   subgettes hyre. Sl. weere; Th. fere. 7. Th. Sl. euer; A. aye. Sl. A. his
   ... doth; Th. her ... do. 8. Th. nowe; A. <i>om.</i> Sl. redresse. 10. A.
   Ellas I ne can ne may not ful expresse. 11. Th. Sl. and that; A. the
-  whiche. 12. Th. wynde. Sl. into; Th. unto. A. �ou blowe nowe to my. 13.
+  whiche. 12. Th. wynde. Sl. into; Th. unto. A. þou blowe nowe to my. 13.
   Th. auryate; A. aureate. A. <i>om.</i> of. 14. A. tenspyre of whiche I
   thenk to wryte. Sl. wold; Th. wol. 15. A. But sith I am sonworthy (!).
   16. Sl. on; Th. A. one. 17. A. To; Th. Sl. But she.</p>
@@ -18845,7 +18808,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   clerenesse. 38. A. Fructyff; Th. Fructyfyed. Th. fayre; A. so feyre. 39.
   A. <i>om.</i> And. A. <i>om.</i> most. 40. A <i>om.</i> on. Sl. pecchours
   (<i>for</i> sinners). A. unto; Th. Sl. that to the be. 41. Th. Sl. Or
-  wikked; A. Er foule. A. on hem �eire wrathe. Sl. upon; Th. on. 42. Th.
+  wikked; A. Er foule. A. on hem þeire wrathe. Sl. upon; Th. on. 42. Th.
   <i>om.</i> be. 43. A. Thou Paradys plesante, gladnesse of goode. 44. A.
   And benigne braunche. 45. A. Vyneyerde vermayle; Th. Sl. Vynarie
   enuermayled. Sl. food; Th. A. bote.</p>
@@ -18939,7 +18902,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>That I may see thee or myn herte colde,</p>
       <p>And or I passe out of my dayes olde,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">20</div></div><p>Tofore singing evermore utterly&mdash;</p>
-      <p>'Your ey�n two wol slee me sodainly.'</p>
+      <p>'Your eyën two wol slee me sodainly.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -18957,9 +18920,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>God wot, on musike I can not, but I gesse,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">30</div></div><p>(Alas! why so?) that I might say or singe,</p>
       <p>So love I you, myn own soverain maistresse,</p>
-      <p>And ever shal, withouten d�partinge.</p>
-      <p>Mirrour of beaut�, for you out shuld I ringe,</p>
-      <p>In r�membraunce eke of your eyen clere,</p>
+      <p>And ever shal, withouten départinge.</p>
+      <p>Mirrour of beautè, for you out shuld I ringe,</p>
+      <p>In rémembraunce eke of your eyen clere,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">35</div></div><p>Thus fer from you, my soverain lady dere!</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -18979,7 +18942,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">45</div></div><p>Whos grace ne may flye fro your womanhede,</p>
       <p>Disdayneth not for to remembre on me!</p>
       <p>Myn herte bledeth, for I may nat you see;</p>
-      <p>And sith ye wot my mening d�sirous,</p>
+      <p>And sith ye wot my mening désirous,</p>
       <p><i>Pleurez pur moi, si vous plaist amorous!</i></p>
     </div>
 
@@ -18988,7 +18951,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>I am departed from you, my soveraine;</p>
       <p>Fortune, alas! <i>dont vient la destenee</i>,</p>
       <p>That in no wyse I can ne may attayne</p>
-      <p>To see the beaut� of your ey�n twayne.</p>
+      <p>To see the beautè of your eyën twayne.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">55</div></div><p>Wherfore I say, for tristesse doth me grame,</p>
       <p><i>Tant me fait mal departir de ma dame!</i></p>
     </div>
@@ -19008,7 +18971,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>To live wel mery, two lovers were y-fere,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">65</div></div><p>So may I say withouten any blame;</p>
       <p>If any man [per cas] to wilde were,</p>
-      <p>I coude him [son�] teche to be tame;</p>
+      <p>I coude him [sonë] teche to be tame;</p>
       <p>Let him go love, and see wher it be game!</p>
       <p>For I am brydled unto sobernesse</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">70</div></div><p>For her, that is of women cheef princesse.</p>
@@ -19035,7 +18998,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">85</div></div><p>Al our lov� is but ydelnesse</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">85</div></div><p>Al our lovë is but ydelnesse</p>
       <p>Save your aloon; who might therto attayne?</p>
       <p>Who-so wol have a name of gentillesse,</p>
       <p>I counsayle him in love that he not fayne.</p>
@@ -19046,7 +19009,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Nought may be told, withouten any fable,</p>
-      <p>Your high renome, your womanly beaut�;</p>
+      <p>Your high renome, your womanly beautè;</p>
       <p>Your governaunce, to al worship able,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">95</div></div><p>Putteth every herte in ese in his degree.</p>
       <p>O violet, <i>O flour desiree</i>,</p>
@@ -19071,7 +19034,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Therfore I love no labour that ye lese,</p>
       <p>Whan, in longing, sorest ye be stad;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">110</div></div><p>Loke up, ye lovers [alle], and be right glad</p>
-      <p>Ayeines s�ynt Valentynes day,</p>
+      <p>Ayeines sëynt Valentynes day,</p>
       <p>For I have chose that never forsake I may!</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -19131,17 +19094,17 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">10</div></div><p>Anon the people, of malice, wol nat fayle,</p>
       <p>Without advyce or reson, for to sayn</p>
       <p>That thyn array is mad and wrought in vayn;</p>
-      <p>What! suffre hem spek�!&mdash;and trust right wel this,</p>
+      <p>What! suffre hem spekë!&mdash;and trust right wel this,</p>
       <p>A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">15</div></div><p>Thou wilt to kinges be equipolent,</p>
-      <p>With gret� lordes even and peregal;</p>
+      <p>With gretë lordes even and peregal;</p>
       <p>And, if thou be to-torn and al to-rent,</p>
       <p>Than wol they say, and jangle over-al,</p>
-      <p>Thou art a slogard, that never thryv� shal;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">20</div></div><p>Yet suffre hem spek�!&mdash;and trust right wel this,</p>
+      <p>Thou art a slogard, that never thryvë shal;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">20</div></div><p>Yet suffre hem spekë!&mdash;and trust right wel this,</p>
       <p>A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.</p>
 <!-- Page 286 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page286"></a>[286]</span>
     </div>
@@ -19152,48 +19115,48 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>If thou be foul and ugly on to see,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">25</div></div><p>They wol afferme that thou art vicious,</p>
       <p>The peple of langage is so dispitous;</p>
-      <p>Suffre hem spek�, and trust right wel this,</p>
+      <p>Suffre hem spekë, and trust right wel this,</p>
       <p>A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>And if it fall� that thou take a wyf,</p>
+      <p>And if it fallë that thou take a wyf,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">30</div></div><p>[Than] they wol falsly say, in hir entent,</p>
       <p>That thou art lykly ever to live in stryf,</p>
-      <p>Voyd of al rest, without aleg�ment;</p>
-      <p>Wyves be maistres, this is hir jug�ment;</p>
-      <p>Yet suffre hem spek�&mdash;and trust right wel this,</p>
+      <p>Voyd of al rest, without alegëment;</p>
+      <p>Wyves be maistres, this is hir jugëment;</p>
+      <p>Yet suffre hem spekë&mdash;and trust right wel this,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">35</div></div><p>A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And if it so be that, of parfitnesse,</p>
       <p>Thou hast avowed to live in chastitee,</p>
-      <p>Th�n wol folk of thy persone expresse</p>
+      <p>Thán wol folk of thy persone expresse</p>
       <p>Say thou art impotent t'engendre in thy degree;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">40</div></div><p>And thus, whether thou be chast or deslavee,</p>
-      <p>Suffre hem spek�&mdash;and trust right wel this,</p>
+      <p>Suffre hem spekë&mdash;and trust right wel this,</p>
       <p>A wikked tonge wel alway deme amis.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And if that thou be fat or corpulent,</p>
       <p>Than wol they say that thou art a glotoun,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">45</div></div><p>A devourour, or ell�s vinolent;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">45</div></div><p>A devourour, or ellës vinolent;</p>
       <p>If thou be lene or megre of fassioun,</p>
       <p>Cal thee a nigard, in hir opinioun;</p>
-      <p>Yet suffre hem spek�&mdash;and trust right wel this,</p>
+      <p>Yet suffre hem spekë&mdash;and trust right wel this,</p>
       <p>A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.</p>
 <!-- Page 287 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page287"></a>[287]</span>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">50</div></div><p>If thou be rich�, som wol yeve thee laud,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">50</div></div><p>If thou be richë, som wol yeve thee laud,</p>
       <p>And say, it cometh of prudent governaunce;</p>
       <p>And som wol sayen, that it cometh of fraud,</p>
       <p>Outher by sleight, or by fals chevisaunce;</p>
       <p>To say the worst, folk have so gret plesaunce;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">55</div></div><p>Yet suffre hem say�&mdash;and trust right wel this,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">55</div></div><p>Yet suffre hem sayë&mdash;and trust right wel this,</p>
       <p>A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -19203,7 +19166,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And if [that] thou be glad of daliaunce,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">60</div></div><p>Men wol deme it dissolucioun,</p>
       <p>And calle thy fair speche, adulacioun;</p>
-      <p>Yet let hem spek�&mdash;and trust right wel this,</p>
+      <p>Yet let hem spekë&mdash;and trust right wel this,</p>
       <p>A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -19213,7 +19176,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And who is mery, of clene entencioun,</p>
       <p>Men say, in ryot he doth him delyte;</p>
       <p>Som mourne in blak; som laughe in clothes whyte;</p>
-      <p>What! suffre them spek�&mdash;and trust right wel this,</p>
+      <p>What! suffre them spekë&mdash;and trust right wel this,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">70</div></div><p>A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -19229,7 +19192,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Who speketh moch�, men calle him prudent;</p>
+      <p>Who speketh mochë, men calle him prudent;</p>
       <p>And who debateth, men say, he is hardy;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">80</div></div><p>And who saith litel with gret sentiment,</p>
       <p>Som men yet wol edwyte him of foly;</p>
@@ -19242,7 +19205,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">85</div></div><p>For though a man were al-so pacient</p>
       <p>As was David, through his humilitee,</p>
       <p>Or with Salamon in wysdom as prudent,</p>
-      <p>Or in knighthode egal with Josu�,</p>
+      <p>Or in knighthode egal with Josuë,</p>
       <p>Or manly proved as Judas Machabee,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">90</div></div><p>Yet, for al that&mdash;trust right wel this,</p>
       <p>A wicked tonge wol alway deme amis.</p>
@@ -19280,9 +19243,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>The wyfly trouth� of Penelope,</p>
+      <p>The wyfly trouthë of Penelope,</p>
       <p>Though they it hadde in hir possessioun,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">115</div></div><p>Eleynes beaut�, the kindnes of Medee,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">115</div></div><p>Eleynes beautè, the kindnes of Medee,</p>
       <p>The love unfeyned of Marcia Catoun,</p>
       <p>Or of Alcest the trewe affeccioun,</p>
       <p>Yit dar I say and truste right wel this,</p>
@@ -19306,7 +19269,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 <!-- Page 290 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page290"></a>[290]</span>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">130</div></div><p>(By the wryting and sentence of Catoun),</p>
       <p>Is a good tonge, in his opinioun;</p>
-      <p>Chastyse the r�vers, and of wysdom do this,</p>
+      <p>Chastyse the révers, and of wysdom do this,</p>
       <p>Withdraw your hering from al that deme amis.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -19511,7 +19474,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>So wel fort�ned is hir chaunce</p>
+      <p>So wel fortúned is hir chaunce</p>
       <p>The dys to turnen up-so-doun,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">75</div></div><p>With sys and sink they can avaunce,</p>
       <p>And than, by revolucioun,</p>
@@ -19614,11 +19577,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>I mene, in women, for al hir cheres queinte,</p>
-      <p>Trust nat to moche; hir trouth� is but geson;</p>
+      <p>Trust nat to moche; hir trouthë is but geson;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">10</div></div><p>The fairest outward ful wel can they peinte,</p>
       <p>Hir stedfastnes endureth but a seson;</p>
       <p>For they feyn frendlines and worchen treson.</p>
-      <p>And for they be chaunge�ble naturally,</p>
+      <p>And for they be chaungeáble naturally,</p>
       <p>Bewar therfore; the blinde et many a fly.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -19636,7 +19599,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>What wight on-lyve trusteth in hir cheres</p>
       <p>Shal haue at last his guerdon and his mede;</p>
-      <p>They can shave nerer then ras�urs or sheres;</p>
+      <p>They can shave nerer then rasóurs or sheres;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">25</div></div><p>Al is nat gold that shyneth! Men, take hede;</p>
       <p>Hir galle is hid under a sugred wede.</p>
       <p>Hit is ful hard hir fantasy t'aspy;</p>
@@ -19665,7 +19628,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>In short to say, though al the erth so wan</p>
-      <p>Were parch�myn smothe, whyte and scribable,</p>
+      <p>Were parchëmyn smothe, whyte and scribable,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">45</div></div><p>And the gret see, cleped the occian,</p>
       <p>Were torned in inke, blakker then is sable,</p>
       <p>Ech stik a penne, ech man a scriveyn able,</p>
@@ -19724,7 +19687,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Ther beth four thinges that maketh a man a fool,</p>
-      <p>H�nour first putteth him in outrage,</p>
+      <p>Hónour first putteth him in outrage,</p>
       <p>And alder-next solitarie and sool;</p>
       <p>The second is unweldy croked age;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">5</div></div><p>Women also bring men in dotage;</p>
@@ -19754,10 +19717,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>If it befalle, that god thee list visyte</p>
       <p>With any tourment or adversitee,</p>
       <p>Thank first the lord; and [than], thyself to quyte,</p>
-      <p>Upon suffraunc� and humilitee</p>
+      <p>Upon suffrauncë and humilitee</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">5</div></div><p>Found thou thy quarrel, what-ever that it be;</p>
       <p>Mak thy defence (and thou shall have no losse)</p>
-      <p>The r�membraunce of Crist and of his crosse.</p>
+      <p>The rémembraunce of Crist and of his crosse.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
 
@@ -19788,8 +19751,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Half in a dreme, not fully wel awaked,</p>
       <p>The golden sleep me wrapped under his wing;</p>
       <p>Yet nat for-thy I roos, and wel nigh naked,</p>
-      <p>Al sodaynly my-selve r�membring</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">5</div></div><p>Of a mat�r, leving al other thing</p>
+      <p>Al sodaynly my-selve rémembring</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">5</div></div><p>Of a matér, leving al other thing</p>
       <p>Which I shold do, with-outen more delay,</p>
       <p>For hem to whom I durst nat disobey.</p>
     </div>
@@ -19798,7 +19761,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>My charge was this, to translate by and by,</p>
       <p>(Al thing forgive), as part of my penaunce,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">10</div></div><p>A book called Belle Dame sans Mercy</p>
-      <p>Which mayster Aleyn made of r�membraunce,</p>
+      <p>Which mayster Aleyn made of rémembraunce,</p>
       <p>Cheef secretarie with the king of Fraunce.</p>
       <p>And ther-upon a whyle I stood musing,</p>
       <p>And in my-self gretly imagening</p>
@@ -19817,7 +19780,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>I cast my clothes on, and went my way,</p>
-      <p>This foresayd charge having in r�membraunce,</p>
+      <p>This foresayd charge having in rémembraunce,</p>
       <p>Til I cam to a lusty green valey</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">25</div></div><p>Ful of floures, to see, a gret plesaunce;</p>
       <p>And so bolded, with their benygn suffraunce</p>
@@ -19931,7 +19894,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>The ladies sat, ech as hem semed best.</p>
       <p>Were non that did servyce within that place</p>
       <p>But chosen men, right of the goodliest:</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">105</div></div><p>And som ther were, perav�nture most fresshest,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">105</div></div><p>And som ther were, peravénture most fresshest,</p>
       <p>That sawe their juges, sitting ful demure,</p>
       <p>Without semblaunt either to most or lest,</p>
       <p>Notwithstanding they had hem under cure.</p>
@@ -19976,9 +19939,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And wel he couth, right as it semed me.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">135</div></div><p>But evermore, whan he was in presence,</p>
       <p>His chere was don; it wold non other be.</p>
-      <p>His scole-maister had suche auctorit�</p>
+      <p>His scole-maister had suche auctoritè</p>
       <p>That, al the whyle he bood stille in the place,</p>
-      <p>Speke coude he nat, but upon her beaut�</p>
+      <p>Speke coude he nat, but upon her beautè</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">140</div></div><p>He loked stil, with right a pitous face.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -20022,7 +19985,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>If that her hert were set to his plesaunce</p>
       <p>As moche as was her beauteous persone.</p>
       <p>For who that ever set his trust upon</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">170</div></div><p>The r�port of the eyen, withouten more,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">170</div></div><p>The réport of the eyen, withouten more,</p>
       <p>He might be deed and graven under stoon</p>
       <p>Or ever he shulde his hertes ese restore.</p>
     </div>
@@ -20121,7 +20084,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Though it be so, that I can nat deserve</p>
       <p>To have your grace, but alway live in drede,</p>
       <p>Yet suffre me you for to love and serve</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">240</div></div><p>Without maugr� of your most goodlihede;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">240</div></div><p>Without maugrè of your most goodlihede;</p>
 <!-- Page 307 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page307"></a>[307]</span>
       <p>Both faith and trouth I give your womanhede,</p>
       <p>And my servyse, withoute ayein-calling.</p>
@@ -20137,7 +20100,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>'Me thinketh, sir, your thought is greet foly!</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">250</div></div><p>Purpose ye not your labour for to cese?</p>
       <p>For thinketh not, whyl that ye live and I,</p>
-      <p>In this mat�re to set your hert in pees!'</p>
+      <p>In this matére to set your hert in pees!'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -20146,7 +20109,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">255</div></div><p>For with your eyen the letters written be,</p>
       <p>By which I am defyed and put a-fer.</p>
       <p>Your plesaunt look, my verray lode-sterre,</p>
-      <p>Was made heraud of thilk same d�fyaunce</p>
+      <p>Was made heraud of thilk same défyaunce</p>
       <p>Which utterly behight me to forbarre</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">260</div></div><p>My faithful trust and al myn affyaunce.'</p>
     </div>
@@ -20170,7 +20133,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 <!-- Page 308 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page308"></a>[308]</span>
       <p>And, sith Fortune not only, by her chaunce,</p>
       <p>Hath caused me to suffre al this payn,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">275</div></div><p>But your beaut�, with al the circumstaunce,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">275</div></div><p>But your beautè, with al the circumstaunce,</p>
       <p>Why list ye have me in so greet disdayn?'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -20192,7 +20155,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>That I, unware, am casten in your chayne;</p>
       <p>And sith so is, as Fortune list ordayne,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">290</div></div><p>Al my welfare is in your handes falle,</p>
-      <p>In eschewing of more misch�vous payn;</p>
+      <p>In eschewing of more mischévous payn;</p>
       <p>Who sonest dyeth, his care is leest of alle.'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -20233,7 +20196,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p><i>Lam.</i> 'Love, which that joy and sorowe doth departe,</p>
       <p>Hath set the ladies out of al servage,</p>
-      <p>And larg�ly doth graunt hem, for their parte,</p>
+      <p>And largëly doth graunt hem, for their parte,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">320</div></div><p>Lordship and rule of every maner age.</p>
       <p>The poor servaunt nought hath of avauntage</p>
       <p>But what he may get only of purchace;</p>
@@ -20277,12 +20240,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p><i>Lam.</i> 'Sith for-as-moche as god and eke nature</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">350</div></div><p>Hath &dagger;love avaunced to so hye degr�,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">350</div></div><p>Hath &dagger;love avaunced to so hye degrè,</p>
       <p>Moch sharper is the point, this am I sure,</p>
       <p>Yet greveth more the faute, wher-ever it be.</p>
-      <p>Who hath no cold, of hete hath no deynt�,</p>
+      <p>Who hath no cold, of hete hath no deyntè,</p>
       <p>The toon for the tother asked is expresse;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">355</div></div><p>And of plesaunce knoweth non the certeynt�</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">355</div></div><p>And of plesaunce knoweth non the certeyntè</p>
       <p>But it be wonne with thought and hevinesse.'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -20348,7 +20311,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>But, for his love, among your thoughtes al,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">400</div></div><p>As think upon my woful sorowes smert;</p>
       <p>For of my payne, wheder your tender hert</p>
-      <p>Of swete pit� be not therwith agreved,</p>
+      <p>Of swete pitè be not therwith agreved,</p>
       <p>And if your grace to me were discovert,</p>
       <p>Than, by your mene, sone shulde I be releved.'</p>
 <!-- Page 312 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page312"></a>[312]</span>
@@ -20434,7 +20397,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p><i>Lam.</i> 'In-to this world was never formed non,</p>
-      <p>Nor under heven cr�ature y-bore,</p>
+      <p>Nor under heven crëature y-bore,</p>
       <p>Nor never shal, save only your persone,</p>
       <p>To whom your worship toucheth half so sore,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">465</div></div><p>But me, which have no seson, lesse ne more,</p>
@@ -20530,7 +20493,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>That it ne may give credence, in no wyse,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">530</div></div><p>To thing which is not sowning unto trouthe;</p>
       <p>Other counsayl, it ar but fantasyes,</p>
-      <p>Save of your grace to shewe pit� and routhe.'</p>
+      <p>Save of your grace to shewe pitè and routhe.'</p>
 <!-- Page 316 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page316"></a>[316]</span>
     </div>
 
@@ -20542,7 +20505,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And he that wil not after counsayl do,</p>
       <p>His sute he putteth in desesperaunce;</p>
       <p>And al the good, which that shulde falle him to,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">540</div></div><p>Is left as deed, clene out of r�membraunce.'</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">540</div></div><p>Is left as deed, clene out of rémembraunce.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -20614,10 +20577,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p><i>Lam.</i> 'If trouth me cause, by vertue soverayne,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">590</div></div><p>To shew good love, and alway fynd contr�ry,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">590</div></div><p>To shew good love, and alway fynd contráry,</p>
       <p>And cherish that which sleeth me with the payne,</p>
       <p>This is to me a lovely adversary!</p>
-      <p>Whan that pit�, which long a-slepe doth tary,</p>
+      <p>Whan that pitè, which long a-slepe doth tary,</p>
       <p>Hath set the fyne of al myn hevinesse,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">595</div></div><p>Yet her comfort, to me most necessary,</p>
       <p>Shuld set my wil more sure in stablenesse.'</p>
@@ -20636,7 +20599,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">605</div></div><p><i>Lam.</i> 'Now god defend but he be hav�lesse</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">605</div></div><p><i>Lam.</i> 'Now god defend but he be havëlesse</p>
       <p>Of al worship or good that may befal,</p>
       <p>That to the werst tourneth, by his lewdnesse,</p>
       <p>A gift of grace, or any-thing at al</p>
@@ -20651,17 +20614,17 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>By which of right oon may recovered be;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">615</div></div><p>Oon curseth fast, another doth manace,</p>
       <p>Yet dyeth non, as ferre as I can see,</p>
-      <p>But kepe their cours alway, in oon degr�,</p>
+      <p>But kepe their cours alway, in oon degrè,</p>
       <p>And evermore their labour doth encrese</p>
-      <p>To bring ladyes, by their gret sotelt�,</p>
+      <p>To bring ladyes, by their gret soteltè,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">620</div></div><p>For others gilte, in sorowe and disese!'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p><i>Lam.</i> 'Al-be-it so oon do so greet offence,</p>
-      <p>And be not deed, nor put to no ju�se,</p>
+      <p>And be not deed, nor put to no juÿse,</p>
       <p>Right wel I wot, him gayneth no defence,</p>
-      <p>But he must ende in ful misch�vous wyse,</p>
+      <p>But he must ende in ful mischévous wyse,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">625</div></div><p>And al that ever is good wil him dispyse.</p>
       <p>For falshed is so ful of cursednesse</p>
 <!-- Page 319 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page319"></a>[319]</span>
@@ -20693,7 +20656,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">645</div></div><p><i>La D.</i> 'To love trewly ther-as ye ought of right,</p>
-      <p>Ye may not be mistaken, dout�lesse;</p>
+      <p>Ye may not be mistaken, doutëlesse;</p>
       <p>But ye be foul deceyved in your sight</p>
       <p>By lightly understanding, as I gesse.</p>
       <p>Yet may ye wel repele your businesse</p>
@@ -20711,14 +20674,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Their wil and myn be medled al in oon,</p>
       <p>And therwith bounden with so strong a cheyne</p>
       <p>That, as in hem, departing shal be noon,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">660</div></div><p>But pit� breke the mighty bond atwayne.'</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">660</div></div><p>But pitè breke the mighty bond atwayne.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p><i>La D.</i> 'Who loveth not himself, what-ever he be</p>
       <p>In love, he stant forgete in every place;</p>
-      <p>And of your wo if ye have no pit�,</p>
-      <p>Others pit� bileve not to purchace;</p>
+      <p>And of your wo if ye have no pitè,</p>
+      <p>Others pitè bileve not to purchace;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">665</div></div><p>But beth fully assured in this case,</p>
       <p>I am alway under oon ordinaunce,</p>
       <p>To have better; trusteth not after grace,</p>
@@ -20727,12 +20690,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p><i>Lam.</i> 'I have my hope so sure and so stedfast</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">670</div></div><p>That suche a lady shulde nat fail pit�;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">670</div></div><p>That suche a lady shulde nat fail pitè;</p>
       <p>But now, alas! it is shit up so fast,</p>
-      <p>That Daunger sheweth on me his cruelt�.</p>
+      <p>That Daunger sheweth on me his crueltè.</p>
       <p>And if she see the vertue fayle in me</p>
       <p>Of trew servyce, then she to fayle also</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">675</div></div><p>No wonder were; but this is the suret�,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">675</div></div><p>No wonder were; but this is the suretè,</p>
       <p>I must suffre, which way that ever it go.'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -20751,22 +20714,22 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">685</div></div><p><i>Lam.</i> 'Ye say as falleth most for your plesaunce,</p>
       <p>And your power is greet; al this I see;</p>
 <!-- Page 321 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page321"></a>[321]</span>
-      <p>But hope shal never out of my r�membraunce,</p>
-      <p>By whiche I felt so greet adversit�.</p>
-      <p>For whan nature hath set in you plent�</p>
+      <p>But hope shal never out of my rémembraunce,</p>
+      <p>By whiche I felt so greet adversitè.</p>
+      <p>For whan nature hath set in you plentè</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">690</div></div><p>Of al goodnesse, by vertue and by grace,</p>
       <p>He never assembled hem, as semeth me,</p>
-      <p>To put Pit� out of his dwelling-place.'</p>
+      <p>To put Pitè out of his dwelling-place.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p><i>La D.</i> 'Pit� of right ought to be resonable,</p>
+      <p><i>La D.</i> 'Pitè of right ought to be resonable,</p>
       <p>And to no wight of greet disavantage;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">695</div></div><p>There-as is nede, it shuld be profitable,</p>
       <p>And to the pitous shewing no damage.</p>
       <p>If a lady wil do so greet out-rage</p>
-      <p>To shewe pit�, and cause her own debate,</p>
-      <p>Of such pit� cometh dispitous rage,</p>
+      <p>To shewe pitè, and cause her own debate,</p>
+      <p>Of such pitè cometh dispitous rage,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">700</div></div><p>And of the love also right deedly hate.'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -20776,8 +20739,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>But ye, that bere an herte of such duresse,</p>
       <p>And a fair body formed to the same,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">705</div></div><p>If I durst say, ye winne al this defame</p>
-      <p>By Cruelt�, which sitteth you ful il,</p>
-      <p>But-if Pit�, which may al this attame,</p>
+      <p>By Crueltè, which sitteth you ful il,</p>
+      <p>But-if Pitè, which may al this attame,</p>
       <p>In your high herte may rest and tary stil.'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -20787,13 +20750,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Ought he be wroth, or shulde I blamed be,</p>
       <p>Though I did noght as he wolde have me do?</p>
       <p>If I medled with suche or other mo,</p>
-      <p>It might be called pit� manerlesse;</p>
+      <p>It might be called pitè manerlesse;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">715</div></div><p>And, afterward if I shulde live in wo,</p>
       <p>Than to repent it were to late, I gesse.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p><i>Lam.</i> 'O marble herte, and yet more hard, pard�,</p>
+      <p><i>Lam.</i> 'O marble herte, and yet more hard, pardè,</p>
       <p>Which mercy may nat perce, for no labour,</p>
 <!-- Page 322 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page322"></a>[322]</span>
       <p>More strong to bowe than is a mighty tree,</p>
@@ -20861,9 +20824,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">765</div></div><p><i>Lam.</i> 'Now knowe I wel, of very certaynt�,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">765</div></div><p><i>Lam.</i> 'Now knowe I wel, of very certayntè,</p>
       <p>Though oon do trewly, yet shal he be shent,</p>
-      <p>Sith al maner of justice and pit�</p>
+      <p>Sith al maner of justice and pitè</p>
       <p>Is banisshed out of a ladyes entent.</p>
       <p>I can nat see but al is at oo stent,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">770</div></div><p>The good and il, the vyce and eek vertue!</p>
@@ -20888,10 +20851,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>May not be had, but alway kept in store,</p>
       <p>I pele to god, for he may here my moon,</p>
       <p>Of the duresse, which greveth me so sore.</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">785</div></div><p>And of pit� I pleyn me further-more,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">785</div></div><p>And of pitè I pleyn me further-more,</p>
       <p>Which he forgat, in al his ordinaunce,</p>
       <p>Or els my lyf to have ended before,</p>
-      <p>Which he so sone put out of r�membraunce.'</p>
+      <p>Which he so sone put out of rémembraunce.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -20915,9 +20878,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>His woful hert almost to-brast in twayne,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">800</div></div><p>Ful lyke to dye, forth walking in a traunce,</p>
       <p>And sayd, 'Now, deeth, com forth! thy-self avaunce,</p>
-      <p>Or that myn hert forgete his propert�;</p>
+      <p>Or that myn hert forgete his propertè;</p>
       <p>And make shorter al this woful penaunce</p>
-      <p>Of my pore lyfe, ful of adversit�!'</p>
+      <p>Of my pore lyfe, ful of adversitè!'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -20944,13 +20907,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Refus hath mad for al such flateryes</p>
       <p>His castelles strong, stuffed with ordinaunce,</p>
       <p>For they have had long tyme, by their offyce,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">820</div></div><p>The hool countr� of Love in obeysaunce.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">820</div></div><p>The hool countrè of Love in obeysaunce.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And ye, ladyes, or what estat ye be,</p>
       <p>In whom Worship hath chose his dwelling-place,</p>
-      <p>For goddes love, do no such cruelt�,</p>
+      <p>For goddes love, do no such crueltè,</p>
       <p>Namely, to hem that have deserved grace.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">825</div></div><p>Nor in no wyse ne folowe not the trace</p>
       <p>Of her, that here is named rightwisly,</p>
@@ -20975,7 +20938,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Pray hem also, with thyn humble servyce,</p>
-      <p>Thy bold�nesse to pardon in this case;</p>
+      <p>Thy boldënesse to pardon in this case;</p>
       <p>For els thou art not able, in no wyse,</p>
       <p>To make thy-self appere in any place.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">840</div></div><p>And furthermore, beseche hem, of their grace,</p>
@@ -20996,8 +20959,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">850</div></div><p>Right thus I make an ende of this processe,</p>
       <p>Beseching him that al hath in balaunce</p>
-      <p>That no trew man be vexed, caus�lesse,</p>
-      <p>As this man was, which is of r�membraunce;</p>
+      <p>That no trew man be vexed, causëlesse,</p>
+      <p>As this man was, which is of rémembraunce;</p>
       <p>And al that doon their faythful observaunce,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">855</div></div><p>And in their trouth purpose hem to endure,</p>
       <p>I pray god sende hem better aventure.</p>
@@ -21442,7 +21405,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Quhen Diomed had all his appetyt,</p>
       <p>And mair, fulfillit of this fair lady,</p>
       <p>Upon ane uther he set his haill delyt,</p>
-      <p>And send to hir ane lybel of r�pudy,</p>
+      <p>And send to hir ane lybel of répudy,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">75</div></div><p>And hir excludit fra his company.</p>
       <p>Than desolait sho walkit up and doun,</p>
       <p>And, sum men sayis, into the court commoun.</p>
@@ -21514,7 +21477,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">120</div></div><p>But past into ane secreit orature</p>
       <p>Quhair sho micht weip hir wofull desteny.</p>
       <p>Behind hir bak sho cloisit fast the dure,</p>
-      <p>And on hir kn�is bair fell down in hy.</p>
+      <p>And on hir knëis bair fell down in hy.</p>
       <p>Upon Venus and Cupid angerly</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">125</div></div><p>Sho cryit out, and said on this same wys,</p>
       <p>'Allas! that ever I maid yow sacrifys!</p>
@@ -21552,9 +21515,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Quhilk hes pow�r of all thing gener�bill</p>
+      <p>Quhilk hes powèr of all thing generábill</p>
       <p>To reull and steir, be thair greit influence,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">150</div></div><p>Wedder and wind and coursis vari�bill.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">150</div></div><p>Wedder and wind and coursis variábill.</p>
       <p>And first of all Saturn gave his sentence,</p>
       <p>Quhilk gave to Cupid litill reverence,</p>
       <p>But as ane busteous churl, on his maneir,</p>
@@ -21582,9 +21545,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Than Juppiter richt fair and ami�bill,</p>
+      <p>Than Juppiter richt fair and amiábill,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">170</div></div><p>God of the starnis in the firmament,</p>
-      <p>And nureis to all thing[is] gener�bill,</p>
+      <p>And nureis to all thing[is] generábill,</p>
       <p>Fra his father Saturn far different,</p>
       <p>With burely face, and browis bricht and brent;</p>
       <p>Upon his heid ane garland wonder gay</p>
@@ -21625,7 +21588,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Than fair Phebus, lanterne and lamp of licht</p>
       <p>Of man and beist, baith frute and flourishing,</p>
-      <p>Tender nur�is, and banisher of nicht,</p>
+      <p>Tender nuréis, and banisher of nicht,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">200</div></div><p>And of the warld causing, be his moving</p>
       <p>And influence, lyf in all eirdly thing;</p>
       <p>Without comfort of quhom, of force to nocht</p>
@@ -21633,7 +21596,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>As king roy�ll he raid upon his chair,</p>
+      <p>As king royáll he raid upon his chair,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">205</div></div><p>The quhilk Phaeton gydit sum-tyme unricht;</p>
       <p>The brichtnes of his face, quhen it was bair,</p>
 <!-- Page 334 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page334"></a>[334]</span>
@@ -21645,8 +21608,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>The first was soyr, with mane als reid as rois,</p>
-      <p>Callit E�y, in-to the orient;</p>
-      <p>The secund steid to name hecht Ethi�s,</p>
+      <p>Callit Eöy, in-to the orient;</p>
+      <p>The secund steid to name hecht Ethiös,</p>
       <p>Quhytly and paill, and sum-deill ascendent;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">215</div></div><p>The thrid Peros, richt hait and richt fervent;</p>
       <p>The feird was blak, callit &dagger;Philegoney,</p>
@@ -21660,7 +21623,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>The ane half grene, the uther half sabill-blak;</p>
       <p>Quhyte hair as gold, kemmit and shed abak;</p>
       <p>But in hir face semit greit variance,</p>
-      <p>Quhyles perfit treuth, and quhyl�s inconstance.</p>
+      <p>Quhyles perfit treuth, and quhylës inconstance.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -21687,8 +21650,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>With buik in hand than com Mercurius,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">240</div></div><p>Richt eloquent and full of rethory;</p>
-      <p>With p�lite termis and delicious;</p>
-      <p>With pen and ink to r�port all redy;</p>
+      <p>With pólite termis and delicious;</p>
+      <p>With pen and ink to réport all redy;</p>
       <p>Setting sangis, and singand merily.</p>
       <p>His hude was reid, heklit atour his croun,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">245</div></div><p>Lyk to ane poeit of the auld fassoun.</p>
@@ -21746,7 +21709,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Saying, of hir greit infelicit�</p>
+      <p>Saying, of hir greit infelicitè</p>
       <p>I was the caus; and my mother Venus,</p>
       <p>Ane blind goddes hir cald, that micht not see,</p>
       <p>With slander and defame injurious.</p>
@@ -21757,19 +21720,19 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And sen ye ar all sevin deificait,</p>
-      <p>Participant of d�vyn sapience,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">290</div></div><p>This greit inj�ry don to our hy estait</p>
+      <p>Participant of dévyn sapience,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">290</div></div><p>This greit injúry don to our hy estait</p>
       <p>Me-think with pane we suld mak recompence;</p>
       <p>Was never to goddis don sic violence.</p>
       <p>As weill for yow as for myself I say;</p>
-      <p>Thairfoir ga help to r�venge, I yow pray.'</p>
+      <p>Thairfoir ga help to révenge, I yow pray.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">295</div></div><p>Mercurius to Cupid gave answeir,</p>
       <p>And said, 'Shir king, my counsall is that ye</p>
       <p>Refer yow to the hyest planeit heir,</p>
-      <p>And tak to him the lawest of degr�,</p>
+      <p>And tak to him the lawest of degrè,</p>
       <p>The pane of Cresseid for to modify;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">300</div></div><p>As god Saturn, with him tak Cynthia.'</p>
       <p>'I am content,' quod he, 'to tak thay twa.'</p>
@@ -21782,8 +21745,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>For the dispyt to Cupid sho had done,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">305</div></div><p>And to Venus oppin and manifest,</p>
       <p>In all hir lyf with pane to be opprest</p>
-      <p>And torment sair, with seiknes incur�bill,</p>
-      <p>And to all lovers be abomin�bill.</p>
+      <p>And torment sair, with seiknes incurábill,</p>
+      <p>And to all lovers be abominábill.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -21824,7 +21787,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 <!-- Page 338 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page338"></a>[338]</span>
       <p>'Fra heil of body I thee now depryve,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">335</div></div><p>And to thy seiknes sal be na recure,</p>
-      <p>But in dol�ur thy dayis to indure.</p>
+      <p>But in dolóur thy dayis to indure.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -21843,7 +21806,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And all that court and convocatioun</p>
       <p>Vanischit away. Than rais sho up and tuik</p>
       <p>Ane poleist glas, and hir shaddow coud luik;</p>
-      <p>And quhen sho saw hir face sa d�formait,</p>
+      <p>And quhen sho saw hir face sa déformait,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">350</div></div><p>Gif sho in hart was wa aneuch, god wait!</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -21863,7 +21826,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">360</div></div><p>First knokkit at the dure, and syne coud call&mdash;</p>
       <p>'Madame, your father biddis you cum in hy;</p>
       <p>He has mervell sa lang on grouf ye ly,</p>
-      <p>And sayis, "Your pray�rs been to lang sum-deill;</p>
+      <p>And sayis, "Your prayërs been to lang sum-deill;</p>
       <p>The goddis wait all your intent full weill."'</p>
 <!-- Page 339 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page339"></a>[339]</span>
     </div>
@@ -21892,7 +21855,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Quhen thay togidder murnit had full lang,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">380</div></div><p>Quod Cresseid, 'Father, I wald not be kend;</p>
       <p>Thairfoir in secreit wyse ye let me gang</p>
-      <p>To yon hosp�tall at the tounis end;</p>
+      <p>To yon hospítall at the tounis end;</p>
       <p>And thidder sum meit, for cheritie, me send</p>
       <p>To leif upon; for all mirth in this eird</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">385</div></div><p>Is fra me gane; sik is my wikkit weird.'</p>
@@ -21910,7 +21873,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Sum knew hir weill, and sum had na knawlege</p>
-      <p>Of hir, becaus sho was sa d�formait</p>
+      <p>Of hir, becaus sho was sa déformait</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">395</div></div><p>With bylis blak, ourspred in hir visage,</p>
       <p>And hir fair colour faidit and alterait.</p>
 <!-- Page 340 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page340"></a>[340]</span>
@@ -21954,7 +21917,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">With saipheron sals of ane gude sessoun;</p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">Thy gay garmentis, with mony gudely goun,</p>
       <p>Thy plesand lawn pinnit with goldin prene?</p>
-      <p style="margin-left:1.2em">All is areir thy greit roy�ll renoun!</p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.2em">All is areir thy greit royáll renoun!</p>
 <!-- Page 341 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page341"></a>[341]</span>
     </div>
 
@@ -22045,7 +22008,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Throw jeopardy of weir had strikkin doun</p>
       <p>Knichtis of Grece in number mervellous.</p>
 <!-- Page 343 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page343"></a>[343]</span>
-      <p>With greit tri�mph and laud victorious</p>
+      <p>With greit triúmph and laud victorious</p>
       <p>Agane to Troy richt royally thay raid</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">490</div></div><p>The way quhair Cresseid with the lipper baid.</p>
     </div>
@@ -22094,7 +22057,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>For knichtly pity and memoriall</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">520</div></div><p>Of fair Cresseid, ane girdill can he tak,</p>
-      <p>Ane purs of gold and mony gay jow�ll,</p>
+      <p>Ane purs of gold and mony gay jowáll,</p>
       <p>And in the skirt of Cresseid doun can swak;</p>
       <p>Than raid away, and not ane word he spak,</p>
       <p>Pensive in hart, quhill he com to the toun,</p>
@@ -22204,9 +22167,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Quhen he had hard hir greit infirmit�,</p>
+      <p>Quhen he had hard hir greit infirmitè,</p>
       <p>Hir legacy and lamentatioun,</p>
-      <p>And how sho endit in sik povert�,</p>
+      <p>And how sho endit in sik povertè,</p>
       <p>He swelt for wo, and fell doun in ane swoun;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">600</div></div><p>For greit sorrow his hart to birst was boun.</p>
       <p>Syching full sadly, said, 'I can no moir;</p>
@@ -22226,7 +22189,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">610</div></div><p>Now, worthy wemen, in this ballet short,</p>
       <p>Made for your worship and instructioun,</p>
-      <p>Of cherit� I monish and exhort,</p>
+      <p>Of cheritè I monish and exhort,</p>
       <p>Ming not your luf with fals deceptioun.</p>
       <p>Beir in your mynd this short conclusioun</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">615</div></div><p>Of fair Cresseid, as I have said befoir;</p>
@@ -22475,7 +22438,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>For whan they mowe here the briddes singe,</p>
       <p>And see the floures and the leves springe,</p>
-      <p>That bringeth into hertes r�membraunce</p>
+      <p>That bringeth into hertes rémembraunce</p>
       <p>A maner ese, medled with grevaunce,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">30</div></div><p>And lusty thoughtes fulle of greet longinge.</p>
     </div>
@@ -22516,7 +22479,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And then I thoghte, anon as it was day,</p>
       <p>I wolde go som whider to assay</p>
-      <p>If that I might a nightingal� here;</p>
+      <p>If that I might a nightingalë here;</p>
       <p>For yet had I non herd of al this yere,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">55</div></div><p>And hit was tho the thridde night of May.</p>
     </div>
@@ -22549,7 +22512,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>They coude that servyce al by rote;</p>
       <p>Ther was many a lovely straunge note;</p>
-      <p>Some songe loud�, as they hadde pleyned,</p>
+      <p>Some songe loudë, as they hadde pleyned,</p>
       <p>And some in other maner vois y-feyned,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">75</div></div><p>And some al out, with al the fulle throte.</p>
     </div>
@@ -22582,7 +22545,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 <!-- Page 351 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page351"></a>[351]</span>
       <p>And that was on a tree right fast[e] by;</p>
       <p>But who was than evel apayd but I?</p>
-      <p>'Now god,' quod I, 'that dy�d on the crois</p>
+      <p>'Now god,' quod I, 'that dyëd on the crois</p>
       <p>Yeve sorow on thee, and on thy lewde vois!</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">95</div></div><p>For litel joye have I now of thy cry.'</p>
     </div>
@@ -22590,7 +22553,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And as I with the cukkow thus gan chyde,</p>
       <p>I herde, in the nexte bush besyde,</p>
-      <p>A Nightingal� so lustily singe</p>
+      <p>A Nightingalë so lustily singe</p>
       <p>That with her clere vois she made ringe</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">100</div></div><p>Through-out al the grene wode wyde.</p>
     </div>
@@ -22605,7 +22568,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>But now I wol you telle a wonder thing:</p>
-      <p>As long� as I lay in that swowning,</p>
+      <p>As longë as I lay in that swowning,</p>
       <p>Me thoughte, I wiste what the briddes ment,</p>
       <p>And what they seyde, and what was her entent,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">110</div></div><p>And of her speche I hadde good knowing.</p>
@@ -22655,7 +22618,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Ey!' quod the Cukkow, 'this is a queint lawe,</p>
       <p>That every wight shal love or be to-drawe!</p>
-      <p>But I forsake al such� companye.</p>
+      <p>But I forsake al suchë companye.</p>
       <p>For myn entent is neither for to dye,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">140</div></div><p>Ne, whyl I live, in loves yok to drawe.</p>
     </div>
@@ -22663,7 +22626,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
 <!-- Page 353 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page353"></a>[353]</span>
       <p>For lovers ben the folk that been on-lyve</p>
-      <p>That most dises� han, and most unthryve,</p>
+      <p>That most disesë han, and most unthryve,</p>
       <p>And, most enduren sorow, wo, and care;</p>
       <p>And, at the laste, failen of welfare;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">145</div></div><p>What nedeth hit ayeines trouth to stryve?'</p>
@@ -22679,10 +22642,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>For ther-of, trewly, cometh al goodnesse,</p>
-      <p>Al hon�ur, and [eke] al gentilnesse,</p>
-      <p>Worship, es�, and al hertes lust,</p>
+      <p>Al honóur, and [eke] al gentilnesse,</p>
+      <p>Worship, esë, and al hertes lust,</p>
       <p>Parfit joye, and ful assured trust,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">155</div></div><p>Jolitee, plesaunc�, and freshnesse,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">155</div></div><p>Jolitee, plesauncë, and freshnesse,</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -22715,7 +22678,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Sorowe and care, and mony a greet seknesse,</p>
       <p>Dispyt, debat, [and] anger, and envye,</p>
       <p>Repreef and shame, untrust and jelousye,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">175</div></div><p>Pryde and mischeef, pov�rtee, and woodnesse.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">175</div></div><p>Pryde and mischeef, povértee, and woodnesse.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -22735,7 +22698,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>'Fy!' quod she, 'on thy nam� and on thee!</p>
+      <p>'Fy!' quod she, 'on thy namë and on thee!</p>
       <p>The god of love ne let thee never y-thee!</p>
       <p>For thou art wors a thousand-fold than wood.</p>
       <p>For many on is ful worthy and ful good,</p>
@@ -22747,7 +22710,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>For Love his servaunts ever-more amendeth,</p>
       <p>And from al evel taches hem defendeth,</p>
       <p>And maketh hem to brenne right as fyr</p>
-      <p>In trouth� and in worshipful desyr,</p>
+      <p>In trouthë and in worshipful desyr,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">195</div></div><p>And, whom him liketh, joye y-nough hem sendeth.'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -22764,7 +22727,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>For he is blind alwey, and may not see;</p>
       <p>And whom he hit he not, or whom he fayleth;</p>
       <p>And in his court ful selden trouthe avayleth;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">205</div></div><p>S� dyv�rs and so wilf�l is he.'</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">205</div></div><p>Só dyvérs and so wilfúl is he.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -22828,7 +22791,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 <!-- Page 357 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page357"></a>[357]</span>
       <p>'Ye, use thou,' quod she, 'this medicyne;</p>
       <p>Every day this May, or that thou dyne,</p>
-      <p>Go loke upon the fresshe day�sy�.</p>
+      <p>Go loke upon the fresshe dayësyë.</p>
       <p>And though thou be for wo in poynt to dye,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">245</div></div><p>That shal ful gretly lissen thee of thy pyne.</p>
     </div>
@@ -22843,7 +22806,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And whan she hadde songe hit to the ende,</p>
-      <p>'N�w farewel,' quod she, 'for I mot wende;</p>
+      <p>'Nów farewel,' quod she, 'for I mot wende;</p>
       <p>And god of love, that can right wel and may,</p>
       <p>As mochel joye sende thee this day</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">255</div></div><p>As ever yet he any lover sende!'</p>
@@ -22861,7 +22824,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Forth she fley, the gentil Nightingale,</p>
       <p>To al the briddes that were in that dale,</p>
       <p>And gat hem alle into a place in-fere,</p>
-      <p>And &dagger;hem besoughte that they wold� here</p>
+      <p>And &dagger;hem besoughte that they woldë here</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">265</div></div><p>Her disese; and thus began her tale:&mdash;</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -22922,7 +22885,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   That; F. B. Ff. What; S. Quhom. 11. Th. tel; wytte. 12, 13. Th. T.
   <i>transpose these lines</i>. 12. Th. Ff. wol; <i>rest</i> can. 13. Th.
   folke. 14. <i>I supply</i> eke. Th. T. <i>om.</i> in (S. <i>has</i>
-  in-to). F. lyther; S. lidd<i>er</i>; Th. Ff. lythy; T. le�i. Th. folke.
+  in-to). F. lyther; S. lidd<i>er</i>; Th. Ff. lythy; T. leþi. Th. folke.
   Th. T. to distroyen; <i>rest om.</i> to.</p>
 
   <p>17. Ff. T. Ageynes; S. Ageynest; Th. Agaynst; F. B. Ayenst. Th. Ff. T.
@@ -22987,7 +22950,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   line runs badly.</i>) 104. F. B. <i>om.</i> hast. 105. Th. T. <i>om.</i>
   that. Th. yuel fyre. Th. S. her; <i>rest</i> him. Th. bren; <i>rest</i>
   brenne. 106. Th. nowe; tel. 107. Th. laye. (<i>The line runs badly;
-  read</i> long� <i>or</i> swowening.) 108. Th. thought; wyst. Th. T. what;
+  read</i> longë <i>or</i> swowening.) 108. Th. thought; wyst. Th. T. what;
   <i>rest</i> al that. 109. Th. sayd. 110. T. hade; <i>rest</i> had. 111.
   Th. <i>om.</i> And. Th. T. there (<i>for</i> than). 112. Th. Nowe good.
   113. Th. lette. 114. Th. the.</p>
@@ -23154,7 +23117,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Who hath thee caused, or yeve thee hardinesse</p>
       <p>For to appere in my ladyes presence?</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">5</div></div><p>I am ful siker, thou knowest her benivolence</p>
-      <p>Ful �greable to alle hir obeyinge;</p>
+      <p>Ful ágreable to alle hir obeyinge;</p>
       <p>For of al goode she is the best livinge.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -23229,55 +23192,55 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Had whirled up the sterry sky aloft,</p>
       <p>And in the Bole was entred certainly;</p>
       <p>Whan shoures swete of rain discended &dagger;soft,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">5</div></div><p>Causing the ground, fel� tymes and oft,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">5</div></div><p>Causing the ground, felë tymes and oft,</p>
       <p>Up for to give many an hoolsom air,</p>
       <p>And every plain was [eek y-]clothed fair</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>With newe grene, and maketh smal� floures</p>
+      <p>With newe grene, and maketh smalë floures</p>
       <p>To springen here and there in feld and mede;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">10</div></div><p>So very good and hoolsom be the shoures</p>
       <p>That it reneweth, that was old and deede</p>
       <p>In winter-tyme; and out of every seede</p>
-      <p>Springeth the herb�, so that every wight</p>
+      <p>Springeth the herbë, so that every wight</p>
       <p>Of this sesoun wexeth [ful] glad and light.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">15</div></div><p>And I, s� glad of the seson swete,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">15</div></div><p>And I, só glad of the seson swete,</p>
       <p>Was happed thus upon a certain night;</p>
       <p>As I lay in my bed, sleep ful unmete</p>
       <p>Was unto me; but, why that I ne might</p>
       <p>Rest, I ne wist; for there nas erthly wight,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">20</div></div><p>As I suppose, had more hert�s ese</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">20</div></div><p>As I suppose, had more hertës ese</p>
       <p>Than I, for I n'ad siknesse nor disese.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
 <!-- Page 362 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page362"></a>[362]</span>
       <p>Wherfore I mervail gretly of my-selve,</p>
-      <p>That I so long withouten sleep� lay;</p>
+      <p>That I so long withouten sleepë lay;</p>
       <p>And up I roos, three houres after twelve,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">25</div></div><p>About the [very] springing of the day,</p>
       <p>And on I put my gere and myn array;</p>
-      <p>And to a plesaunt grov� I gan passe,</p>
-      <p>Long or the bright� sonne uprisen was,</p>
+      <p>And to a plesaunt grovë I gan passe,</p>
+      <p>Long or the brightë sonne uprisen was,</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>In which were ok�s grete, streight as a lyne,</p>
+      <p>In which were okës grete, streight as a lyne,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">30</div></div><p>Under the which the gras, so fresh of hew,</p>
       <p>Was newly spronge; and an eight foot or nyne</p>
       <p>Every tree wel fro his felawe grew,</p>
       <p>With braunches brode, laden with leves new,</p>
-      <p>That sprongen out ayein the sonn� shene,</p>
+      <p>That sprongen out ayein the sonnë shene,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">35</div></div><p>Som very rede, and som a glad light grene;</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Which, as me thought, was right a plesaunt sight.</p>
-      <p>And eek the briddes song[�s] for to here</p>
+      <p>And eek the briddes song[ës] for to here</p>
       <p>Would have rejoised any erthly wight.</p>
       <p>And I, that couth not yet, in no manere,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">40</div></div><p>Here the nightingale of al the yere,</p>
@@ -23290,14 +23253,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>I found, that gretly had not used be,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">45</div></div><p>For it forgrowen was with gras and weede,</p>
       <p>That wel unneth a wight [ther] might it see.</p>
-      <p>Thought I, this path som whider goth, pard�,</p>
-      <p>And so I folow�d, til it me brought</p>
+      <p>Thought I, this path som whider goth, pardè,</p>
+      <p>And so I folowèd, til it me brought</p>
       <p>To right a plesaunt herber, wel y-wrought,</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">50</div></div><p>That benched was, and [al] with turves new</p>
-      <p>Freshly turved, wherof the gren� gras</p>
+      <p>Freshly turved, wherof the grenë gras</p>
       <p>So small, so thik, so short, so fresh of hew,</p>
       <p>That most lyk to grene &dagger;wol, wot I, it was.</p>
 <!-- Page 363 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page363"></a>[363]</span>
@@ -23341,9 +23304,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Thought sodainly I felt so sweet an air</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">80</div></div><p>[Come] of the eglantere, that certainly,</p>
       <p>Ther is no hert, I deme, in such despair,</p>
-      <p>Ne with [no] thought�s froward and contrair</p>
+      <p>Ne with [no] thoughtës froward and contrair</p>
       <p>So overlaid, but it shuld soone have bote,</p>
-      <p>If it had on�s felt this savour sote.</p>
+      <p>If it had onës felt this savour sote.</p>
 <!-- Page 364 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page364"></a>[364]</span>
     </div>
 
@@ -23351,17 +23314,17 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">85</div></div><p>And as I stood and cast asyde myn y,</p>
       <p>I was ware of the fairest medle-tree</p>
       <p>That ever yet in al my lyf I sy,</p>
-      <p>As full of blossom�s as it might be.</p>
+      <p>As full of blossomës as it might be.</p>
       <p>Therin a goldfinch leping pretily</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">90</div></div><p>Fro bough to bough, and, as him list, he eet</p>
       <p>Here and there, of buddes and floures sweet.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>And to the herber-syd� was joining</p>
-      <p>This fair� tree, of which I have you told;</p>
+      <p>And to the herber-sydë was joining</p>
+      <p>This fairë tree, of which I have you told;</p>
       <p>And, at the last, the brid began to sing,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">95</div></div><p>Whan he had eten what he et� wold,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">95</div></div><p>Whan he had eten what he etë wold,</p>
       <p>So passing sweetly, that, by manifold,</p>
       <p>It was more plesaunt than I coud devyse;</p>
       <p>And whan his song was ended in this wyse,</p>
@@ -23369,17 +23332,17 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>The nightingale with so mery a note</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">100</div></div><p>Answ�red him, that al the wod� rong</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">100</div></div><p>Answéred him, that al the wodë rong</p>
       <p>So sodainly, that, as it were a sot,</p>
       <p>I stood astonied; so was I with the song</p>
-      <p>Through ravish�d, that, [un]til late and long</p>
+      <p>Through ravishèd, that, [un]til late and long</p>
       <p>Ne wist I in what place I was, ne where;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">105</div></div><p>And &dagger;ay, me thought, she song even by myn ere.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Wherfore about I waited busily</p>
-      <p>On every syde, if I her might� see;</p>
+      <p>On every syde, if I her mightë see;</p>
       <p>And, at the last, I gan ful wel aspy</p>
       <p>Wher she sat in a fresh green laurer-tree</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">110</div></div><p>On the further syde, even right by me,</p>
@@ -23393,9 +23356,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">115</div></div><p>Into Paradyse, where my desyr</p>
       <p>Was for to be, and no ferther [to] passe</p>
 <!-- Page 365 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page365"></a>[365]</span>
-      <p>As for that day, and on the sot� gras</p>
+      <p>As for that day, and on the sotë gras</p>
       <p>I sat me doun; for, as for myn entent,</p>
-      <p>The bird�s song was more convenient,</p>
+      <p>The birdës song was more convenient,</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -23409,13 +23372,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>And as I sat, the bridd�s herkning thus,</p>
+      <p>And as I sat, the briddës herkning thus,</p>
       <p>Me thought that I herd voices sodainly,</p>
       <p>The most sweetest and most delicious</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">130</div></div><p>That ever any wight, I trow trewly,</p>
       <p>Herde in &dagger;his lyf, for [that] the armony</p>
       <p>And sweet accord was in so good musyk,</p>
-      <p>Th�t the voice to angels most was lyk.</p>
+      <p>Thát the voice to angels most was lyk.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -23423,7 +23386,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">135</div></div><p>That was right goodly and plesaunt to sight,</p>
       <p>I sy where there cam singing lustily</p>
       <p>A world of ladies; but to tell aright</p>
-      <p>Their greet beaut�, it lyth not in my might,</p>
+      <p>Their greet beautè, it lyth not in my might,</p>
       <p>Ne their array; nevertheless, I shal</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">140</div></div><p>Tell you a part, though I speke not of al.</p>
     </div>
@@ -23432,31 +23395,31 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>&dagger;In surcotes whyte, of veluet wel sitting,</p>
       <p>They were [y-]clad; and the semes echoon,</p>
       <p>As it were a maner garnishing,</p>
-      <p>Was set with emeraud�s, oon and oon,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">145</div></div><p>By and by; but many a rich� stoon</p>
+      <p>Was set with emeraudës, oon and oon,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">145</div></div><p>By and by; but many a richë stoon</p>
       <p>Was set [up-]on the purfils, out of dout,</p>
-      <p>Of colors, sleves, and train�s round about;</p>
+      <p>Of colors, sleves, and trainës round about;</p>
 <!-- Page 366 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page366"></a>[366]</span>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>As gret[e] perl�s, round and orient,</p>
-      <p>Diamond�s fyne and rubies rede,</p>
+      <p>As gret[e] perlës, round and orient,</p>
+      <p>Diamondës fyne and rubies rede,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">150</div></div><p>And many another stoon, of which I &dagger;want</p>
-      <p>The nam�s now; and everich on her hede</p>
-      <p>A rich� fret of gold, which, without drede,</p>
-      <p>Was ful of statly rich� ston�s set;</p>
-      <p>And every lady had a chap�let</p>
+      <p>The namës now; and everich on her hede</p>
+      <p>A richë fret of gold, which, without drede,</p>
+      <p>Was ful of statly richë stonës set;</p>
+      <p>And every lady had a chapëlet</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">155</div></div><p>On her hede, of [leves] fresh and grene,</p>
-      <p>So wel [y-]wrought, and so merv�ilously,</p>
-      <p>Th�t it was a noble sight to sene;</p>
+      <p>So wel [y-]wrought, and so mervéilously,</p>
+      <p>Thát it was a noble sight to sene;</p>
       <p>Some of laurer, and some ful plesauntly</p>
-      <p>Had chap�lets of woodbind, and sadly</p>
+      <p>Had chapëlets of woodbind, and sadly</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">160</div></div><p>Some of <i>agnus-castus</i> ware also</p>
-      <p>Ch�p�lets fresh; but there were many tho</p>
+      <p>Chápëlets fresh; but there were many tho</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -23465,8 +23428,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>But oon ther yede in-mid the company</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">165</div></div><p>Sole by her-self; but al folowed the pace</p>
       <p>[Which] that she kept, whos hevenly-figured face</p>
-      <p>So plesaunt was, and her wel-shape pers�n,</p>
-      <p>That of beaut� she past hem everichon.</p>
+      <p>So plesaunt was, and her wel-shape persòn,</p>
+      <p>That of beautè she past hem everichon.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -23483,11 +23446,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And she began a roundel lustily,</p>
       <p>That <i>Sus le foyl de vert moy</i> men call,</p>
       <p><i>Seen, et mon joly cuer endormi</i>;</p>
-      <p>And than the company answ�red all</p>
+      <p>And than the company answéred all</p>
 <!-- Page 367 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page367"></a>[367]</span>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">180</div></div><p>With voice[s] swete entuned and so small,</p>
       <p>That me thought it the sweetest melody</p>
-      <p>That ever I herd� in my lyf, soothly.</p>
+      <p>That ever I herdë in my lyf, soothly.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -23503,30 +23466,30 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">190</div></div><p>They had not daunced but a litel throw</p>
       <p>When that I herd, not fer of, sodainly</p>
-      <p>So greet a noise of thundring trump�s blow,</p>
-      <p>As though it shuld have d�parted the sky;</p>
+      <p>So greet a noise of thundring trumpës blow,</p>
+      <p>As though it shuld have départed the sky;</p>
       <p>And, after that, within a whyle I sy</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">195</div></div><p>From the same grove, where the ladyes come out,</p>
-      <p>Of men of arm�s coming such a rout</p>
+      <p>Of men of armës coming such a rout</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>As al the men on erth had been assembled</p>
       <p>In that place, wel horsed for the nones,</p>
-      <p>Stering so fast, that al the erth[�] trembled;</p>
+      <p>Stering so fast, that al the erth[ë] trembled;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">200</div></div><p>But for to speke of riches and [of] stones,</p>
-      <p>And men and hors, I trow, the larg� wones</p>
+      <p>And men and hors, I trow, the largë wones</p>
       <p>Of Prester John, ne al his tresory</p>
       <p>Might not unneth have bought the tenth party!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Of their array who-so list her� more,</p>
+      <p>Of their array who-so list herë more,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">205</div></div><p>I shal reherse, so as I can, a lyte.</p>
       <p>Out of the grove, that I spak of before,</p>
       <p>I sy come first, al in their clokes whyte,</p>
       <p>A company, that ware, for their delyt,</p>
-      <p>Chap�lets fresh of ok�s cereal</p>
+      <p>Chapëlets fresh of okës cereal</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">210</div></div><p>Newly spronge, and trumpets they were al.</p>
 <!-- Page 368 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page368"></a>[368]</span>
     </div>
@@ -23534,8 +23497,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>On every trumpe hanging a brood banere</p>
       <p>Of fyn tartarium, were ful richly bete;</p>
-      <p>Every trumpet his lord�s arm�s &dagger;bere;</p>
-      <p>About their nekk�s, with gret perl�s set,</p>
+      <p>Every trumpet his lordës armës &dagger;bere;</p>
+      <p>About their nekkës, with gret perlës set,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">215</div></div><p>Colers brode; for cost they would not lete,</p>
       <p>As it would seme; for their scochones echoon</p>
       <p>Were set about with many a precious stoon.</p>
@@ -23544,17 +23507,17 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Their hors-harneys was al whyte also;</p>
       <p>And after hem next, in on company,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">220</div></div><p>C�m� king�s of arm�s, and no mo,</p>
-      <p>In clok�s of whyte cloth of gold, richly;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">220</div></div><p>Cámë kingës of armës, and no mo,</p>
+      <p>In clokës of whyte cloth of gold, richly;</p>
       <p>Chapelets of greene on their hedes on hy,</p>
-      <p>The crown�s that they on their scochones bere</p>
-      <p>Were set with perl�, ruby, and saphere,</p>
+      <p>The crownës that they on their scochones bere</p>
+      <p>Were set with perlë, ruby, and saphere,</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">225</div></div><p>And eek gret diamond�s many on;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">225</div></div><p>And eek gret diamondës many on;</p>
       <p>But al their hors-harneys and other gere</p>
-      <p>Was in a sute �ccording, everichon,</p>
+      <p>Was in a sute àccording, everichon,</p>
       <p>As ye have herd the foresayd trumpets were;</p>
       <p>And, by seeming, they were nothing to lere;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">230</div></div><p>And their gyding they did so manerly.</p>
@@ -23562,31 +23525,31 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Of heraud�s and pursevaunt�s eke</p>
-      <p>Arrayed in cloth�s of whyt velu�t;</p>
+      <p>Of heraudës and pursevauntës eke</p>
+      <p>Arrayed in clothës of whyt veluët;</p>
       <p>And hardily, they were nothing to seke</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">235</div></div><p>How they [up]on hem shuld the harneys set;</p>
-      <p>And every man had on a chap�let;</p>
-      <p>Sc�chones and eke hors-harneys, indede,</p>
+      <p>And every man had on a chapëlet;</p>
+      <p>Scóchones and eke hors-harneys, indede,</p>
       <p>They had in sute of hem that before hem yede.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Next after hem, came in armour bright,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">240</div></div><p>Al save their hedes, seemely knight�s nyne;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">240</div></div><p>Al save their hedes, seemely knightës nyne;</p>
       <p>And every clasp and nail, as to my sight,</p>
       <p>Of their harneys, were of red gold fyne;</p>
 <!-- Page 369 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page369"></a>[369]</span>
       <p>With cloth of gold, and furred with ermyne</p>
-      <p>Were the trappur�s of their sted�s strong,</p>
+      <p>Were the trappurës of their stedës strong,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">245</div></div><p>Wyde and large, that to the ground did hong;</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And every bosse of brydel and peitrel</p>
       <p>That they had, was worth, as I would wene,</p>
-      <p>A thousand pound; and on their hed�s, wel</p>
-      <p>Dressed, were crown�s [al] of laurer grene,</p>
+      <p>A thousand pound; and on their hedës, wel</p>
+      <p>Dressed, were crownës [al] of laurer grene,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">250</div></div><p>The best [y-]mad that ever I had seen;</p>
       <p>And every knight had after him ryding</p>
       <p>Three henshmen, [up]on him awaiting;</p>
@@ -23594,7 +23557,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Of whiche &dagger;the first, upon a short tronchoun,</p>
-      <p>His lord�s helme[t] bar, so richly dight,</p>
+      <p>His lordës helme[t] bar, so richly dight,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">255</div></div><p>That the worst was worth[y] the raunsoun</p>
       <p>Of a[ny] king; the second a sheld bright</p>
       <p>Bar at his nekke; the thridde bar upright</p>
@@ -23605,19 +23568,19 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">260</div></div><p>A fresh chapelet upon his heres bright;</p>
       <p>And clokes whyte, of fyn veluet they ware;</p>
-      <p>Their sted�s trapped and [a]rayed right</p>
-      <p>Without[en] difference, as their lord�s were.</p>
+      <p>Their stedës trapped and [a]rayed right</p>
+      <p>Without[en] difference, as their lordës were.</p>
       <p>And after hem, on many a fresh co[u]rsere,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">265</div></div><p>There came of armed knight�s such a rout</p>
-      <p>That they besprad the larg� feld about.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">265</div></div><p>There came of armed knightës such a rout</p>
+      <p>That they besprad the largë feld about.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And al they ware[n], after their degrees,</p>
-      <p>Chap�lets new, made of laurer grene,</p>
+      <p>Chapëlets new, made of laurer grene,</p>
       <p>Some of oke, and some of other trees;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">270</div></div><p>Some in their hand�s ber� bough�s shene,</p>
-      <p>Some of laurer, and some of ok�s kene,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">270</div></div><p>Some in their handës berë boughës shene,</p>
+      <p>Some of laurer, and some of okës kene,</p>
       <p>Some of hawthorn, and some of woodbind,</p>
       <p>And many mo, which I had not in mind.</p>
 <!-- Page 370 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page370"></a>[370]</span>
@@ -23625,9 +23588,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And so they came, their hors freshly stering</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">275</div></div><p>With bloody sown�s of hir tromp�s loud;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">275</div></div><p>With bloody sownës of hir trompës loud;</p>
       <p>Ther sy I many an uncouth disgysing</p>
-      <p>In the array of these knight�s proud;</p>
+      <p>In the array of these knightës proud;</p>
       <p>And at the last, as evenly as they coud,</p>
       <p>They took their places in-middes of the mede,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">280</div></div><p>And every knight turned his horse[s] hede</p>
@@ -23635,18 +23598,18 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>To his felawe, and lightly laid a spere</p>
-      <p>In the [a]rest, and so just�s began</p>
+      <p>In the [a]rest, and so justës began</p>
       <p>On every part about[en], here and there;</p>
       <p>Som brak his spere, som drew down hors and man;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">285</div></div><p>About the feld astray the sted�s ran;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">285</div></div><p>About the feld astray the stedës ran;</p>
       <p>And, to behold their rule and governaunce,</p>
       <p>I you ensure, it was a greet plesaunce.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>And so the just�s last an houre and more;</p>
+      <p>And so the justës last an houre and more;</p>
       <p>But tho that crowned were in laurer grene</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">290</div></div><p>Wan the pryse; their dint�s were so sore</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">290</div></div><p>Wan the pryse; their dintës were so sore</p>
       <p>That ther was non ayenst hem might sustene;</p>
       <p>And [than] the justing al was left of clene;</p>
       <p>And fro their hors the &dagger;nine alight anon;</p>
@@ -23656,7 +23619,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">295</div></div><p>And forth they yede togider, twain and twain,</p>
       <p>That to behold, it was a worldly sight,</p>
-      <p>Toward the ladies on the gren� plain,</p>
+      <p>Toward the ladies on the grenë plain,</p>
       <p>That song and daunced, as I sayd now right.</p>
       <p>The ladies, as soone as they goodly might,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">300</div></div><p>They breke[n] of both the song and dance,</p>
@@ -23665,9 +23628,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And every lady took, ful womanly,</p>
-      <p>B� the hond a knight, and forth they yede</p>
+      <p>Bý the hond a knight, and forth they yede</p>
       <p>Unto a fair laurer that stood fast by,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">305</div></div><p>With lev�s lade, the bough�s of gret brede;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">305</div></div><p>With levës lade, the boughës of gret brede;</p>
       <p>And to my dome, there never was, indede,</p>
 <!-- Page 371 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page371"></a>[371]</span>
       <p>[A] man that had seen half so fair a tree;</p>
@@ -23678,7 +23641,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>An hundred persons, at their own plesaunce,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">310</div></div><p>Shadowed fro the hete of Phebus bright</p>
       <p>So that they shuld have felt no [greet] grevaunce</p>
-      <p>Of rain, ne hail, that hem hurt[�] might.</p>
+      <p>Of rain, ne hail, that hem hurt[ë] might.</p>
       <p>The savour eek rejoice would any wight</p>
       <p>That had be sick or melancolious,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">315</div></div><p>It was so very good and vertuous.</p>
@@ -23709,49 +23672,49 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And everich had a chapelet on her hede;</p>
       <p>Which did right wel upon the shyning here,</p>
       <p>Made of goodly floures, whyte and rede.</p>
-      <p>The knight�s eke, that they in hond lede,</p>
+      <p>The knightës eke, that they in hond lede,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">335</div></div><p>In sute of hem, ware chapelets everichon;</p>
       <p>And hem before went minstrels many on,</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>As harp�s, pyp�s, lut�s, and sautry,</p>
-      <p>Al in greene; and on their hed�s bare</p>
-      <p>Of dyvers flour�s, mad ful craftily,</p>
+      <p>As harpës, pypës, lutës, and sautry,</p>
+      <p>Al in greene; and on their hedës bare</p>
+      <p>Of dyvers flourës, mad ful craftily,</p>
 <!-- Page 372 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page372"></a>[372]</span>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">340</div></div><p>Al in a sute, goodly chapelets they ware;</p>
       <p>And so, dauncing, into the mede they fare,</p>
       <p>In-mid the which they found a tuft that was</p>
-      <p>Al oversprad with flour�s in compas.</p>
+      <p>Al oversprad with flourës in compas.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Where[un]to they enclyned everichon</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">345</div></div><p>With greet reverence, and that ful humblely;</p>
-      <p>And, at the last[�], there began anon</p>
+      <p>And, at the last[ë], there began anon</p>
       <p>A lady for to sing right womanly</p>
       <p>A bargaret in praising the daisy;</p>
-      <p>For, as me thought, among her not�s swete,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">350</div></div><p>She sayd, '<i>Si douc� est la Margarete</i>.'</p>
+      <p>For, as me thought, among her notës swete,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">350</div></div><p>She sayd, '<i>Si doucë est la Margarete</i>.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Th�n they al answ�red her infere,</p>
+      <p>Thén they al answéred her infere,</p>
       <p>So passingly wel, and so plesauntly,</p>
-      <p>Th�t it was a blisful noise to here.</p>
+      <p>Thát it was a blisful noise to here.</p>
       <p>But I not [how], it happed sodainly,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">355</div></div><p>As, about noon, the sonne so fervently</p>
       <p>Wex hoot, that [al] the prety tender floures</p>
-      <p>Had lost the beaut� of hir fresh coloures,</p>
+      <p>Had lost the beautè of hir fresh coloures,</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>For-shronk with hete; the ladies eek to-brent,</p>
       <p>That they ne wist where they hem might bestow.</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">360</div></div><p>The knight�s swelt, for lak of shade ny shent;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">360</div></div><p>The knightës swelt, for lak of shade ny shent;</p>
       <p>And after that, within a litel throw,</p>
       <p>The wind began so sturdily to blow,</p>
-      <p>That down goth al the flour�s everichon</p>
+      <p>That down goth al the flourës everichon</p>
       <p>So that in al the mede there laft not on,</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -23761,7 +23724,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Growing under hegges and thikke greves;</p>
       <p>And after that, there came a storm of hail</p>
       <p>And rain in-fere, so that, withouten fail,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">370</div></div><p>The ladies ne the knight�s n'ade o threed</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">370</div></div><p>The ladies ne the knightës n'ade o threed</p>
       <p>Drye [up]on hem, so dropping was hir weed.</p>
 <!-- Page 373 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page373"></a>[373]</span>
     </div>
@@ -23769,27 +23732,27 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And when the storm was clene passed away,</p>
       <p>Tho [clad] in whyte, that stood under the tree,</p>
-      <p>They felt[�] nothing of the grete affray,</p>
+      <p>They felt[ë] nothing of the grete affray,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">375</div></div><p>That they in greene without had in y-be.</p>
-      <p>To hem they yed� for routh and pit�,</p>
+      <p>To hem they yedë for routh and pitè,</p>
       <p>Hem to comfort after their greet disese;</p>
       <p>So fain they were the helpless for to ese.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Then was I ware how oon of hem in grene</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">380</div></div><p>Had on a crown[�], rich and wel sitting;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">380</div></div><p>Had on a crown[ë], rich and wel sitting;</p>
       <p>Wherfore I demed wel she was a quene,</p>
       <p>And tho in greene on her were awaiting.</p>
       <p>The ladies then in whyte that were coming</p>
-      <p>Toward[�s] hem, and the knight�s in-fere</p>
+      <p>Toward[ës] hem, and the knightës in-fere</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">385</div></div><p>Began to comfort hem and make hem chere.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>The quene in whyte, that was of grete beaut�,</p>
+      <p>The quene in whyte, that was of grete beautè,</p>
       <p>Took by the hond the queen that was in grene,</p>
-      <p>And said, 'Suster, I have right greet pit�</p>
+      <p>And said, 'Suster, I have right greet pitè</p>
       <p>Of your annoy, and of the troublous tene</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">390</div></div><p>Wherein ye and your company have been</p>
       <p>So long, alas! and, if that it you plese</p>
@@ -23809,28 +23772,28 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">400</div></div><p>In lyke wyse, ech of hem took a knight</p>
       <p>Clad in grene, and forth with hem they fare</p>
-      <p>[Un]to an hegg�, where they, anon-right,</p>
-      <p>To make their just�s, [lo!] they would not spare</p>
-      <p>Bough�s to hew down, and eek tre�s square,</p>
+      <p>[Un]to an heggë, where they, anon-right,</p>
+      <p>To make their justës, [lo!] they would not spare</p>
+      <p>Boughës to hew down, and eek treës square,</p>
 <!-- Page 374 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page374"></a>[374]</span>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">405</div></div><p>Wherewith they made hem stately fyres grete</p>
-      <p>To dry their cloth�s that were wringing wete.</p>
+      <p>To dry their clothës that were wringing wete.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>And after that, of herb�s that there grew,</p>
+      <p>And after that, of herbës that there grew,</p>
       <p>They made, for blisters of the sonne brenning,</p>
       <p>Very good and hoolsom ointments new,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">410</div></div><p>Where that they yede, the sick fast anointing;</p>
       <p>And after that, they yede about gadring</p>
-      <p>Plesaunt salad�s, which they made hem ete,</p>
+      <p>Plesaunt saladës, which they made hem ete,</p>
       <p>For to refresh their greet unkindly hete.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>The lady of the Leef then gan to pray</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">415</div></div><p>Her of the Flour, (for so to my seeming</p>
-      <p>They should[�] be, as by their [quaint] array),</p>
+      <p>They should[ë] be, as by their [quaint] array),</p>
       <p>To soupe with her; and eek, for any thing,</p>
       <p>That she should with her al her people bring.</p>
       <p>And she ayein, in right goodly manere,</p>
@@ -23839,7 +23802,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Saying plainly, that she would obey</p>
-      <p>With al her hert al her commaund�ment,</p>
+      <p>With al her hert al her commaundëment,</p>
       <p>And then anon, without lenger delay,</p>
       <p>The lady of the Leef hath oon y-sent</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">425</div></div><p>For a palfray, [as] after her intent,</p>
@@ -23853,7 +23816,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">430</div></div><p>That they needed; and then, ful lustily,</p>
       <p>Even by the herber where I was sitting,</p>
       <p>They passed al, so plesantly singing,</p>
-      <p>That it would have comf�rted any wight;</p>
+      <p>That it would have comfórted any wight;</p>
       <p>But then I sy a passing wonder sight:&mdash;</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -23873,14 +23836,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Was fled, for hete, into the bushes cold,</p>
       <p>Unto the lady of the Flour gan flee,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">445</div></div><p>And on her hond he set him, as he wold,</p>
-      <p>And plesantly his wing�s gan to fold;</p>
+      <p>And plesantly his wingës gan to fold;</p>
       <p>And for to sing they pained hem both as sore</p>
       <p>As they had do of al the day before.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And so these ladies rood forth a gret pace,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">450</div></div><p>And al the rout of knight�s eek in-fere;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">450</div></div><p>And al the rout of knightës eek in-fere;</p>
       <p>And I, that had seen al this wonder case,</p>
       <p>Thought [that] I would assay, in some manere,</p>
       <p>To know fully the trouth of this matere,</p>
@@ -23902,7 +23865,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>'Madam,' quod I, 'if that I durst enquere</p>
       <p>Of you, I wold fain, of that company,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">465</div></div><p>Wit what they be that past by this herbere?'</p>
-      <p>And she ayein answ�red right freendly:</p>
+      <p>And she ayein answéred right freendly:</p>
       <p>'My fair daughter, al tho that passed hereby</p>
       <p>In whyte clothing, be servants everichoon</p>
       <p>Unto the Leef, and I my-self am oon.</p>
@@ -23911,8 +23874,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">470</div></div><p>See ye not her that crowned is,' quod she,</p>
-      <p>'Al in whyte?' 'Madam�,' quod I, 'yis!'</p>
-      <p>'That is Diane, goddesse of chastit�;</p>
+      <p>'Al in whyte?' 'Madamë,' quod I, 'yis!'</p>
+      <p>'That is Diane, goddesse of chastitè;</p>
       <p>And, for bicause that she a maiden is,</p>
       <p>In her hond the braunch she bereth, this</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">475</div></div><p>That <i>agnus-castus</i> men call properly;</p>
@@ -23920,7 +23883,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Which ye see of that herb[�] chaplets were,</p>
+      <p>Which ye see of that herb[ë] chaplets were,</p>
       <p>Be such as han kept &dagger;ay hir maidenhede;</p>
       <p>And al they that of laurer chaplets bere</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">480</div></div><p>Be such as hardy were and &dagger;wan, indede,</p>
@@ -23930,11 +23893,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>And tho that wer� chapelets on hir hede</p>
+      <p>And tho that werë chapelets on hir hede</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">485</div></div><p>Of fresh woodbind, be such as never were</p>
       <p>To love untrew in word, [ne] thought, ne dede,</p>
       <p>But ay stedfast; ne for plesaunce, ne fere,</p>
-      <p>Though that they shuld hir hert�s al to-tere,</p>
+      <p>Though that they shuld hir hertës al to-tere,</p>
       <p>Would never flit, but ever were stedfast,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">490</div></div><p>Til that their lyves there asunder brast.'</p>
     </div>
@@ -23942,20 +23905,20 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Now, fair madam,' quod I, 'yet I would pray</p>
       <p>Your ladiship, if that it might be,</p>
-      <p>That I might know[�], by some maner way,</p>
-      <p>Sith that it hath [y-]lyked your beaut�,</p>
+      <p>That I might know[ë], by some maner way,</p>
+      <p>Sith that it hath [y-]lyked your beautè,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">495</div></div><p>The trouth of these ladies for to tel me;</p>
-      <p>What that these knight�s be, in rich armour;</p>
+      <p>What that these knightës be, in rich armour;</p>
       <p>And what tho be in grene, and were the flour;</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And why that some did reverence to the tree,</p>
-      <p>And some unto the plot of flour�s fair?'</p>
+      <p>And some unto the plot of flourës fair?'</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">500</div></div><p>'With right good wil, my fair doughter,' quod she,</p>
       <p>'Sith your desyr is good and debonair.</p>
 <!-- Page 377 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page377"></a>[377]</span>
-      <p>Tho nine, crown�d, be very exemplair</p>
+      <p>Tho nine, crownèd, be very exemplair</p>
       <p>Of all honour longing to chivalry,</p>
       <p>And those, certain, be called the Nine Worthy,</p>
     </div>
@@ -23965,23 +23928,23 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>That in hir tyme did many a noble dede,</p>
       <p>And, for their worthines, ful oft have bore</p>
       <p>The crowne of laurer-leves on their hede,</p>
-      <p>As ye may in your old[�] bokes rede;</p>
+      <p>As ye may in your old[ë] bokes rede;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">510</div></div><p>And how that he, that was a conquerour,</p>
       <p>Had by laurer alway his most honour.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>And tho that bere bough�s in their hond</p>
-      <p>Of the precious laurer so not�ble,</p>
+      <p>And tho that bere boughës in their hond</p>
+      <p>Of the precious laurer so notáble,</p>
       <p>Be such as were, I wol ye understond,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">515</div></div><p>Noble knight�s of the Round[�] Table,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">515</div></div><p>Noble knightës of the Round[ë] Table,</p>
       <p>And eek the Douseperes honourable;</p>
       <p>Which they bere in signe of victory,</p>
       <p>&dagger;As witness of their dedes mightily.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Eek there be knight�s olde of the Garter,</p>
+      <p>Eek there be knightës olde of the Garter,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">520</div></div><p>That in hir tyme did right worthily;</p>
       <p>And the honour they did to the laurer</p>
       <p>Is, for by [it] they have their laud hoolly,</p>
@@ -23996,13 +23959,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And it be doon so as it ought to be,</p>
       <p>Is more honour then any thing erthly.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">530</div></div><p>Witnesse of Rome that founder was, truly,</p>
-      <p>Of all knighthood and ded�s marvelous;</p>
+      <p>Of all knighthood and dedës marvelous;</p>
       <p>Record I take of Titus Livius.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And as for her that crowned is in greene,</p>
-      <p>It is Flora, of these flour�s goddesse;</p>
+      <p>It is Flora, of these flourës goddesse;</p>
 <!-- Page 378 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page378"></a>[378]</span>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">535</div></div><p>And al that here on her awaiting been,</p>
       <p>It are such [folk] that loved idlenes,</p>
@@ -24017,25 +23980,25 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>They unto it do such [gret] obeisaunce,</p>
       <p>As ye may see.' 'Now, fair madame,' quod I,</p>
       <p>'If I durst ask what is the cause and why</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">545</div></div><p>That knight�s have the signe of [al] honour</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">545</div></div><p>That knightës have the signe of [al] honour</p>
       <p>Rather by the Leef than by the Flour?'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Sothly, doughter,' quod she, 'this is the trouth:</p>
-      <p>For knight�s ever should be pers�vering,</p>
+      <p>For knightës ever should be persévering,</p>
       <p>To seeke honour without feintyse or slouth,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">550</div></div><p>Fro wele to better, in al maner thing;</p>
-      <p>In signe of which, with Lev�s ay lasting</p>
+      <p>In signe of which, with Levës ay lasting</p>
       <p>They be rewarded after their degree,</p>
       <p>Whos lusty grene may not appeired be,</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>But ay keping hir beaut� fresh and greene;</p>
+      <p>But ay keping hir beautè fresh and greene;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">555</div></div><p>For there nis storm [non] that may hem deface,</p>
-      <p>Hail nor snow, wind nor frost�s kene;</p>
-      <p>Wherfore they have this propert� and grace.</p>
+      <p>Hail nor snow, wind nor frostës kene;</p>
+      <p>Wherfore they have this propertè and grace.</p>
       <p>And for the Flour within a litel space</p>
       <p>Wol be [y-]lost, so simple of nature</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">560</div></div><p>They be, that they no grevance may endure,</p>
@@ -24053,8 +24016,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>For now I am ac�rtain�d throughly</p>
-      <p>Of every thing I d�sired to know.'</p>
+      <p>For now I am acértainèd throughly</p>
+      <p>Of every thing I désired to know.'</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">570</div></div><p>'I am right glad that I have said, sothly,</p>
       <p>Ought to your pleysir, if ye wil me trow,'</p>
       <p>Quod she ayein, 'but to whom do ye ow</p>
@@ -24067,14 +24030,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Unto the Leef I ow myn observaunce.'</p>
       <p>'That is,' quod she, 'right wel don, certainly,</p>
       <p>And I pray god to honour you avaunce,</p>
-      <p>And kepe you fro the wikked r�membraunce</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">580</div></div><p>Of Male-Bouche, and al his cruelt�;</p>
+      <p>And kepe you fro the wikked rémembraunce</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">580</div></div><p>Of Male-Bouche, and al his crueltè;</p>
       <p>And alle that good and wel-condicioned be.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>For here may I no lenger now abyde,</p>
-      <p>I must folowe the gret[�] company</p>
+      <p>I must folowe the gret[ë] company</p>
       <p>That ye may see yonder before you ryde.'</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">585</div></div><p>And forth[right], as I couth, most humblely,</p>
       <p>I took my leve of her as she gan hy</p>
@@ -24147,7 +24110,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   162. eke. 163. all; compace. 164. one. 165. Soole; selfe; all followed.
   166. <i>I supply</i> Which; whose heauenly. 167. pleasaunt; wele. 168.
   beauty; <span class="nw">-one.</span> 169. beseene. 171. head; pleasaunt.
-  172. gold� (?). 173. eke bearing. 175. <i>I supply</i> al. 176. roundell
+  172. goldë (?). 173. eke bearing. 175. <i>I supply</i> al. 176. roundell
   lustely. 177. Suse; foyle. 178. Seen (<i>sic</i>); en dormy, <i>before
   which we should perhaps supply</i> est.</p>
 
@@ -24289,13 +24252,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And some alone, after her fantasyes.</p>
       <p>Thus occupyed we were in dyvers wyse;</p>
       <p>And yet, in trouthe, we were not al alone;</p>
-      <p>Ther were knight�s and squyers many one.</p>
+      <p>Ther were knightës and squyers many one.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">15</div></div><p>'Wherof I served?' oon of hem asked me;</p>
       <p>I sayde ayein, as it fel in my thought,</p>
-      <p>'To walke about the mase, in certaynt�,</p>
+      <p>'To walke about the mase, in certayntè,</p>
       <p>As a woman that [of] nothing rought.'</p>
       <p>He asked me ayein&mdash;'whom that I sought,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">20</div></div><p>And of my colour why I was so pale?'</p>
@@ -24344,7 +24307,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">50</div></div><p>That, as me thought, ther might no cr�ature</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">50</div></div><p>That, as me thought, ther might no crëature</p>
       <p>Devyse a better, by dew proporcioun;</p>
       <p>Safe it was closed wel, I you ensure,</p>
 <!-- Page 382 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page382"></a>[382]</span>
@@ -24367,16 +24330,16 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>The flore beneth was paved faire and smothe</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">65</div></div><p>With stones square, of many dyvers hew,</p>
-      <p>So wel joyn�d that, for to say the sothe,</p>
+      <p>So wel joynëd that, for to say the sothe,</p>
       <p>Al semed oon (who that non other knew);</p>
-      <p>And underneth, the strem�s new and new,</p>
+      <p>And underneth, the stremës new and new,</p>
       <p>As silver bright, springing in suche a wyse</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">70</div></div><p>That, whence it cam, ye coude it not devyse.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>A litel whyle thus was I al alone,</p>
-      <p>Beholding wel this d�lectable place;</p>
+      <p>Beholding wel this délectable place;</p>
       <p>My felawship were coming everichone,</p>
       <p>So must me nedes abyde, as for a space.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">75</div></div><p>Rememb[e]ring of many dyvers cace</p>
@@ -24402,7 +24365,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p><i>Bien et loyalment</i>, as I coud devyse.</p>
       <p>Than prayde I her, in every maner wyse</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">90</div></div><p>That of her name I might have remembraunce;</p>
-      <p>She sayd, she called was Pers�veraunce.</p>
+      <p>She sayd, she called was Perséveraunce.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -24412,11 +24375,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">95</div></div><p>"My dwelling is, and hath ben many a day</p>
       <p>With a lady."&mdash;"What lady, I you pray?"</p>
       <p>"Of greet estate, thus warne I you," quod she;</p>
-      <p>"What cal ye her?"&mdash;"Her name is Loyalt�."</p>
+      <p>"What cal ye her?"&mdash;"Her name is Loyaltè."</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>"In what offyce stand ye, or in what degr�?"</p>
+      <p>"In what offyce stand ye, or in what degrè?"</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">100</div></div><p>Quod I to her, "that wolde I wit right fayn."</p>
       <p>"I am," quod she, "unworthy though I be,</p>
       <p>Of her chambre her ussher, in certayn;</p>
@@ -24426,11 +24389,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>She charged me, by her commaund�ment,</p>
+      <p>She charged me, by her commaundëment,</p>
       <p>To warn you and your felawes everichon,</p>
       <p>That ye shuld come there as she is present,</p>
       <p>For a counsayl, which shal be now anon,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">110</div></div><p>Or seven day�s be comen and gon.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">110</div></div><p>Or seven dayës be comen and gon.</p>
       <p>And furthermore, she bad that I shuld say</p>
       <p>Excuse there might be non, nor [no] delay.</p>
     </div>
@@ -24443,7 +24406,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Al your felawes and ye must come in blew,</p>
       <p>Every liche able your maters for to sew;</p>
       <p>With more, which I pray you thinke upon,</p>
-      <p>Your word�s on your slev�s everichon.</p>
+      <p>Your wordës on your slevës everichon.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -24535,7 +24498,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Of her were good to have som acquaintaunce.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">180</div></div><p>She can tel how ye shal you best avaunce,</p>
       <p>And how to come to her ladyes presence;</p>
-      <p>To her word�s I rede you yeve credence.</p>
+      <p>To her wordës I rede you yeve credence.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -24545,7 +24508,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And I thank you of your gret gentilnesse.</p>
       <p>Your comfort hath yeven me suche hardinesse</p>
       <p>That now I shal be bold, withouten fayl,</p>
-      <p>To do after your �vyse and counsayl."</p>
+      <p>To do after your ávyse and counsayl."</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -24559,13 +24522,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>"I am," quod she, "a simple cr�ature</p>
+      <p>"I am," quod she, "a simple crëature</p>
       <p>Sent from the court; my name is Diligence.</p>
       <p>As sone as I might come, I you ensure,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">200</div></div><p>I taried not, after I had licence;</p>
       <p>And now that I am come to your presence,</p>
       <p>Look, what servyce that I can do or may,</p>
-      <p>Commaund� me; I can no further say."</p>
+      <p>Commaundë me; I can no further say."</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -24584,7 +24547,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>It were ful good," quod she, "as I coud gesse."</p>
       <p>"How fer," quod I, "have we unto that place?"</p>
       <p>"A dayes journey," quod she, "but litel lesse;</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">215</div></div><p>Wherfore I red� that we onward dresse;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">215</div></div><p>Wherfore I redë that we onward dresse;</p>
       <p>For, I suppose, our felawship is past,</p>
       <p>And for nothing I wold that we were last."</p>
     </div>
@@ -24614,7 +24577,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>A gentilwoman of myn aquaintaunce.</p>
       <p>"I have mervayl," quod I, "what maner way</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">235</div></div><p>Ye had knowlege of al this ordenaunce."</p>
-      <p>"Yis, yis," quod she, "I herd Pers�veraunce,</p>
+      <p>"Yis, yis," quod she, "I herd Perséveraunce,</p>
 <!-- Page 388 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page388"></a>[388]</span>
       <p>How she warned your felawes everichon,</p>
       <p>And what aray that ye shulde have upon."</p>
@@ -24653,7 +24616,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">260</div></div><p>Than went we forth, and met at aventure</p>
       <p>A yong woman, an officer seming:</p>
-      <p>"What is your name," quod I, "good cr�ature?"</p>
+      <p>"What is your name," quod I, "good crëature?"</p>
       <p>"Discrecioun," quod she, "without lesing."</p>
       <p>"And where," quod I, "is your most abyding?"</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">265</div></div><p>"I have," quod she, "this office of purchace,</p>
@@ -24672,7 +24635,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Thus with tal�s we cam streight to the yate;</p>
+      <p>Thus with talës we cam streight to the yate;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">275</div></div><p>This yong woman departed was and gon;</p>
       <p>Cam Diligence, and knokked fast therat;</p>
       <p>"Who is without?" quod Countenaunce anon.</p>
@@ -24683,17 +24646,17 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Than opened she the yate, and in we go;</p>
-      <p>With word�s fair she sayd ful gentilly,</p>
+      <p>With wordës fair she sayd ful gentilly,</p>
       <p>"Ye are welcome, ywis! are ye no mo?"</p>
       <p>"Nat oon," quod she, "save this woman and I."</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">285</div></div><p>"Now than," quod she, "I pray yow hertely,</p>
       <p>Tak my chambre, as for a whyl, to rest</p>
-      <p>Til your felaw�s come, I holde it best."</p>
+      <p>Til your felawës come, I holde it best."</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>I thanked her, and forth we gon echon</p>
-      <p>Til her chambre, without[en] word�s mo.</p>
+      <p>Til her chambre, without[en] wordës mo.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">290</div></div><p>Cam Diligence, and took her leve anon;</p>
       <p>"Wher-ever you list," quod I, "now may ye go;</p>
       <p>And I thank you right hertely also</p>
@@ -24702,7 +24665,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">295</div></div><p>Than Countenaunc� asked me anon,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">295</div></div><p>Than Countenauncë asked me anon,</p>
       <p>"Your felawship, where ben they now?" quod she.</p>
       <p>"For sothe," quod I, "they be coming echon;</p>
 <!-- Page 390 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page390"></a>[390]</span>
@@ -24718,7 +24681,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Her gown was blew, this wot I verely,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">305</div></div><p>Of good fasoun, and furred wel with gray;</p>
       <p>Upon her sleve her word (this is no nay),</p>
-      <p>Which sayd thus, as my penn� can endyte,</p>
+      <p>Which sayd thus, as my pennë can endyte,</p>
       <p><i>A moi que je voy</i>, writen with lettres whyte.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -24728,14 +24691,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>"Forsothe," quod I, "ye shal wel knowe and see,</p>
       <p>And for my word, I have non; this is trew.</p>
       <p>It is ynough that my clothing be blew,</p>
-      <p>As here-before I had commaund�ment;</p>
+      <p>As here-before I had commaundëment;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">315</div></div><p>And so to do I am right wel content.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>But tel me this, I pray you hertely,</p>
       <p>The steward here, say me, what is her name?"</p>
-      <p>"She hight Largesse, I say you su�rly;</p>
+      <p>"She hight Largesse, I say you suërly;</p>
       <p>A fair lady, and of right noble fame.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">320</div></div><p>Whan ye her see, ye wil report the same.</p>
       <p>And under her, to bid you welcome al,</p>
@@ -24770,7 +24733,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">340</div></div><p>Your mater hool tel her, without fayning;</p>
       <p>Ye shal her finde ful good and ful loving."</p>
       <p>"Tel me her name," quod I, "of gentilnesse."</p>
-      <p>"By my good sooth," quod she, "Avys�nesse."</p>
+      <p>"By my good sooth," quod she, "Avysënesse."</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -24818,7 +24781,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>I counsail you to take a litel rest</p>
       <p>In my chambre, if it be your plesaunce.</p>
       <p>Whan ye be there, me thinketh for the best</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">375</div></div><p>That I go in, and cal Pers�veraunce,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">375</div></div><p>That I go in, and cal Perséveraunce,</p>
       <p>Because she is oon of your aquaintaunce;</p>
       <p>And she also wil tel you every thing</p>
       <p>How ye shal be ruled of your coming."</p>
@@ -24835,7 +24798,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>The porter cam, and brought Pers�veraunce;</p>
+      <p>The porter cam, and brought Perséveraunce;</p>
       <p>She welcomed us in ful curteys manere:</p>
       <p>"Think ye nat long," quod she, "your attendaunce;</p>
 <!-- Page 393 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page393"></a>[393]</span>
@@ -24847,7 +24810,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And whan [that] she departed was and gon,</p>
-      <p>We saw folk�s coming without the wal,</p>
+      <p>We saw folkës coming without the wal,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">395</div></div><p>So greet people, that nombre coud we non;</p>
       <p>Ladyes they were and gentilwomen al,</p>
       <p>Clothed in blew, echon her word withal;</p>
@@ -24856,7 +24819,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">400</div></div><p>With that anon cam in Pers�veraunce,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">400</div></div><p>With that anon cam in Perséveraunce,</p>
       <p>And where I stood, she cam streight [un]to me.</p>
       <p>"Ye been," quod she, "of myne olde acquaintaunce;</p>
       <p>You to enquere, the bolder wolde I be;</p>
@@ -24869,7 +24832,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>"We been," quod I, "fyve ladies al in-fere,</p>
       <p>And gentilwomen foure in company;</p>
       <p>Whan they begin to open hir matere,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">410</div></div><p>Than shal ye knowe hir word�s by and by;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">410</div></div><p>Than shal ye knowe hir wordës by and by;</p>
       <p>But as for me, I have non verely,</p>
       <p>And so I told Countenaunce here-before;</p>
       <p>Al myne aray is blew; what nedeth more?"</p>
@@ -24897,7 +24860,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Than went we forth, after Pers�veraunce,</p>
+      <p>Than went we forth, after Perséveraunce,</p>
       <p>To see the prees; it was a wonder cace;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">430</div></div><p>There for to passe it was greet comb[e]raunce,</p>
       <p>The people stood so thikke in every place.</p>
@@ -24939,7 +24902,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Wherein was graven of stories many oon;</p>
-      <p>First how Phyllis, of womanly pit�,</p>
+      <p>First how Phyllis, of womanly pitè,</p>
       <p>Deyd pitously, for love of Demophoon.</p>
       <p>Nexte after was the story of Tisbee,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">460</div></div><p>How she slew her-self under a tree.</p>
@@ -24958,13 +24921,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">470</div></div><p>And, bicause the wall�s shone so bright,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">470</div></div><p>And, bicause the wallës shone so bright,</p>
       <p>With fyne umple they were al over-sprad,</p>
       <p>To that intent, folk shuld nat hurte hir sight;</p>
       <p>And thorugh it the stories might be rad.</p>
       <p>Than furthermore I went, as I was lad;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">475</div></div><p>And there I saw, without[en] any fayl,</p>
-      <p>A chayr� set, with ful riche aparayl.</p>
+      <p>A chayrë set, with ful riche aparayl.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -24982,9 +24945,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>For, wite ye wel, I was right nere that,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">485</div></div><p>So as I durst, beholding by and by;</p>
       <p>Above ther was a riche cloth of estate,</p>
-      <p>Wrought with the nedle ful straung�ly,</p>
+      <p>Wrought with the nedle ful straungëly,</p>
       <p>Her word thereon; and thus it said trewly,</p>
-      <p><i>A endurer</i>, to tel you in word�s few,</p>
+      <p><i>A endurer</i>, to tel you in wordës few,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">490</div></div><p>With grete letters, the better I hem knew.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -24992,14 +24955,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Thus as we stode, a dore opened anon;</p>
       <p>A gentilwoman, semely of stature,</p>
       <p>Beringe a mace, cam out, her-selfe aloon;</p>
-      <p>Sothly, me thought, a goodly cr�ature!</p>
+      <p>Sothly, me thought, a goodly crëature!</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">495</div></div><p>She spak nothing to lowde, I you ensure,</p>
       <p>Nor hastily, but with goodly warning:</p>
       <p>"Mak room," quod she, "my lady is coming!"</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>With that anon I saw Pers�veraunce,</p>
+      <p>With that anon I saw Perséveraunce,</p>
       <p>How she held up the tapet in her hand.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">500</div></div><p>I saw also, in right good ordinaunce,</p>
       <p>This greet lady within the tapet stand,</p>
@@ -25009,7 +24972,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">505</div></div><p>Of their nam�s I wold nothing enquere</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">505</div></div><p>Of their namës I wold nothing enquere</p>
       <p>Further than suche as we wold sewe unto,</p>
       <p>Sauf oo lady, which was the chauncellere,</p>
       <p>Attemperaunce; sothly her name was so.</p>
@@ -25019,14 +24982,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Of this lady her beaut� to discryve,</p>
+      <p>Of this lady her beautè to discryve,</p>
       <p>My conning is to simple, verely;</p>
-      <p>For never yet, the day�s of my lyve,</p>
+      <p>For never yet, the dayës of my lyve,</p>
 <!-- Page 397 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page397"></a>[397]</span>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">515</div></div><p>So inly fair I have non seen, trewly.</p>
       <p>In her estate, assured utterly,</p>
       <p>There wanted naught, I dare you wel assure,</p>
-      <p>That longed to a goodly cr�ature.</p>
+      <p>That longed to a goodly crëature.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -25034,7 +24997,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">520</div></div><p>I shal you tel the maner of her gown;</p>
       <p>Of clothe of gold ful riche, it is no nay;</p>
       <p>The colour blew, of a right good fasoun;</p>
-      <p>In tabard-wyse the slev�s hanging doun;</p>
+      <p>In tabard-wyse the slevës hanging doun;</p>
       <p>And what purfyl there was, and in what wyse,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">525</div></div><p>So as I can, I shal it you devyse.</p>
     </div>
@@ -25042,10 +25005,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>After a sort the coller and the vent,</p>
       <p>Lyk as ermyne is mad in purfeling;</p>
-      <p>With grete perl�s, ful fyne and orient,</p>
-      <p>They were couch�d, al after oon worching,</p>
+      <p>With grete perlës, ful fyne and orient,</p>
+      <p>They were couchèd, al after oon worching,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">530</div></div><p>With dyamonds in stede of powdering;</p>
-      <p>The slev�s and purfilles of assyse;</p>
+      <p>The slevës and purfilles of assyse;</p>
       <p>They were [y-]mad [ful] lyke, in every wyse.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -25077,14 +25040,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">550</div></div><p>Of her entent knowing nothing at al,</p>
       <p>"Voyd bak the prees," quod she, "up to the wal;</p>
       <p>Mak larger roum, but look ye do not tary,</p>
-      <p>And tak these bill�s to the secretary."</p>
+      <p>And tak these billës to the secretary."</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>The chamberlayn did her commaund�ment,</p>
+      <p>The chamberlayn did her commaundëment,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">555</div></div><p>And cam agayn, as she was bid to do;</p>
       <p>The secretary there being present,</p>
-      <p>The bill�s were delivered her also,</p>
+      <p>The billës were delivered her also,</p>
       <p>Not only ours, but many other mo.</p>
       <p>Than the lady, with good advyce, agayn</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">560</div></div><p>Anon withal called her chamberlayn.</p>
@@ -25093,9 +25056,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>"We wol," quod she, "the first thing that ye do,</p>
       <p>The secretary, make her come anon</p>
-      <p>With her bill�s; and thus we wil also,</p>
+      <p>With her billës; and thus we wil also,</p>
       <p>In our presence she rede hem everichon,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">565</div></div><p>That we may tak� good advyce theron</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">565</div></div><p>That we may takë good advyce theron</p>
       <p>Of the ladyes, that been of our counsayl;</p>
       <p>Look this be don, withouten any fayl."</p>
     </div>
@@ -25103,7 +25066,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>The chamberlayn, whan she wiste her entent,</p>
       <p>Anon she did the secretary cal:</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">570</div></div><p>"Let your bill�s," quod she, "be here present,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">570</div></div><p>"Let your billës," quod she, "be here present,</p>
       <p>My lady it wil." "Madame," quod she, "I shal."</p>
       <p>"And in presence she wil ye rede hem al."</p>
       <p>"With good wil; I am redy," quod she,</p>
@@ -25113,12 +25076,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">575</div></div><p>And upon that was mad an ordinaunce,</p>
-      <p>They that cam first, hir bill�s shuld be red.</p>
-      <p>Ful gentelly than sayd Pers�veraunce,</p>
+      <p>They that cam first, hir billës shuld be red.</p>
+      <p>Ful gentelly than sayd Perséveraunce,</p>
       <p>"Resoun it wold that they were sonest sped."</p>
       <p>Anon withal, upon a tapet spred,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">580</div></div><p>The secretary layde hem doun echon;</p>
-      <p>Our bill�s first she redde hem on by on.</p>
+      <p>Our billës first she redde hem on by on.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -25132,13 +25095,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Her next felaw�s word was in this wyse,</p>
+      <p>Her next felawës word was in this wyse,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">590</div></div><p><i>Une sans chaungier</i>; and thus she did complayn,</p>
       <p>Though she had been guerdoned for her servyce,</p>
       <p>Yet nothing lyke as she that took the payn;</p>
       <p>Wherfore she coude in no wyse her restrayn,</p>
       <p>But in this cas sewe until her presence,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">595</div></div><p>As reson wold�, to have recompence.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">595</div></div><p>As reson woldë, to have recompence.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -25185,7 +25148,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And in lyk wyse as they had don before,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">625</div></div><p>The gentilwomen of our company</p>
-      <p>Put up hir bill�s; and, for to tel you more,</p>
+      <p>Put up hir billës; and, for to tel you more,</p>
       <p>Oon of hem wroot <i>cest sanz dire</i>, verily;</p>
       <p>And her matere hool to specify,</p>
       <p>With-in her bil she put it in wryting;</p>
@@ -25204,7 +25167,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Desyringe her, and lowly b�seching,</p>
+      <p>Desyringe her, and lowly béseching,</p>
       <p>That she for her wold seke a better way,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">640</div></div><p>As she that had ben, al her dayes living,</p>
       <p>Stedfast and trew, and so wil be alway.</p>
@@ -25216,11 +25179,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">645</div></div><p><i>En dieu est</i>, she wroot in her devyse;</p>
       <p>And thus she sayd, withouten any fayl,</p>
-      <p>Her trouth� might be taken in no wyse</p>
+      <p>Her trouthë might be taken in no wyse</p>
       <p>Lyke as she thought, wherfore she had mervayl;</p>
       <p>For trouth somtyme was wont to take avayl</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">650</div></div><p>In every matere; but al that is ago;</p>
-      <p>The more pit�, that it is suffred so.</p>
+      <p>The more pitè, that it is suffred so.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -25247,11 +25210,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p><i>Soyes en sure</i>, this was her word, certayn,</p>
       <p>And thus she wroot, but in a litel space;</p>
-      <p>There she lov�d, her labour was in vayn,</p>
+      <p>There she lovëd, her labour was in vayn,</p>
       <p>For he was set al in another place;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">670</div></div><p>Ful humblely desyring, in that cace,</p>
       <p>Som good comfort, her sorow to appese,</p>
-      <p>That she might liv� more at hertes ese.</p>
+      <p>That she might livë more at hertes ese.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -25265,11 +25228,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">680</div></div><p>"Ye have rehersed me these bill�s al,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">680</div></div><p>"Ye have rehersed me these billës al,</p>
       <p>But now, let see somwhat of your entent."</p>
       <p>"It may so hap, paraventure, ye shal.</p>
       <p>Now I pray you, whyle I am here present,</p>
-      <p>Ye shal, pard�, have knowlege, what I ment.</p>
+      <p>Ye shal, pardè, have knowlege, what I ment.</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">685</div></div><p>But thus I say in trouthe, and make no fable,</p>
       <p>The case itself is inly lamentable.</p>
     </div>
@@ -25287,7 +25250,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>"Nothing so leef as deth to come to me</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">695</div></div><p>For fynal ende of my sorowes and payn;</p>
-      <p>What shulde I more desyre, as sem� ye?</p>
+      <p>What shulde I more desyre, as semë ye?</p>
 <!-- Page 403 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page403"></a>[403]</span>
       <p>And ye knewe al aforn it for certayn,</p>
       <p>I wot ye wolde; and, for to tel you playn,</p>
@@ -25306,11 +25269,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Whan these bill�s were rad everichon,</p>
+      <p>Whan these billës were rad everichon,</p>
       <p>This lady took a good advysement;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">710</div></div><p>And hem to answere, ech by on and on,</p>
       <p>She thought it was to moche in her entent;</p>
-      <p>Wherfore she yaf hem in commaund�ment,</p>
+      <p>Wherfore she yaf hem in commaundëment,</p>
       <p>In her presence to come, bothe oon and al,</p>
       <p>To yeve hem there her answer general.</p>
     </div>
@@ -25318,7 +25281,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">715</div></div><p>What did she than, suppose ye verely?</p>
       <p>She spak herself, and sayd in this manere,</p>
-      <p>"We have wel seen your bill�s by and by,</p>
+      <p>"We have wel seen your billës by and by,</p>
       <p>And some of hem ful pitous for to here.</p>
       <p>We wol therfore ye knowe al this in-fere,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">720</div></div><p>Within short tyme our court of parliment</p>
@@ -25358,7 +25321,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Now verily, your dreem is passing good,</p>
-      <p>And worthy to be had in r�membraunce;</p>
+      <p>And worthy to be had in rémembraunce;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">745</div></div><p>For, though I stande here as longe as I stood,</p>
       <p>It shuld to me be non encomb[e]raunce;</p>
       <p>I took therin so inly greet plesaunce.</p>
@@ -25368,9 +25331,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">750</div></div><p>As for this book, to say you very right,</p>
-      <p>And of the name to tel the certeynt�,</p>
-      <p><span class="sc">L'assembl� de Dames</span>, thus it hight;</p>
-      <p>How think ye?' 'That the name is good, pard�!'</p>
+      <p>And of the name to tel the certeyntè,</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">L'assemblè de Dames</span>, thus it hight;</p>
+      <p>How think ye?' 'That the name is good, pardè!'</p>
       <p>'Now go, farwel! for they cal after me,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">755</div></div><p>My felawes al, and I must after sone;</p>
       <p>Rede wel my dreem; for now my tale is doon.'</p>
@@ -25689,7 +25652,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <div class="center" style="width:28em">
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p class="hgps">� Moder of norture, best beloved of al,</p>
+      <p class="hgps">¶ Moder of norture, best beloved of al,</p>
       <p>And fresshest flour, to whom good thrift god sende.</p>
       <p>Your child, if it list you me so to cal,</p>
       <p>Al be I unable my-self so to pretende,</p>
@@ -25700,7 +25663,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Most desyre I, and have, and ever shal</p>
-      <p>Thing, whiche might your hert�s ese amende;</p>
+      <p>Thing, whiche might your hertës ese amende;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">10</div></div><p>Have me excused, my power is but smal;</p>
       <p>Natheles, of right ye ought[e] to commende</p>
       <p>My good[e] will, which fayn wolde entende</p>
@@ -25712,7 +25675,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">15</div></div><p><i>Meulx un</i>: in herte, which never shal apal,</p>
       <p>Ay fresshe and newe, and right glad to dispende</p>
       <p>My tyme in your servyce, what-so befal,</p>
-      <p>Beseching your exc�llence to defende</p>
+      <p>Beseching your excéllence to defende</p>
       <p>My simplenesse, if ignoraunce offende</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">20</div></div><p>In any wyse; sith that myn affiaunce</p>
       <p>Is hoolly to be under your governaunce.</p>
@@ -25720,7 +25683,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p class="hgps">� Daisy of light! very ground of comfort!</p>
+      <p class="hgps">¶ Daisy of light! very ground of comfort!</p>
       <p>The sonnes doughter ye hight, as I rede;</p>
       <p>For when he westreth, farwel your disport!</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">25</div></div><p>By your nature anon, right for pure drede</p>
@@ -25732,10 +25695,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Dawing the day to his kinde resort,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">30</div></div><p>Phebus your fader, with his stremes rede,</p>
-      <p>Adorneth the morow, c�nsuming the sort</p>
-      <p>Of misty cloud�s, that wolde overlede</p>
-      <p>Trewe humble hert�s with hir mistihede,</p>
-      <p>Nere comfort a-dayes, whan ey�n clere</p>
+      <p>Adorneth the morow, cónsuming the sort</p>
+      <p>Of misty cloudës, that wolde overlede</p>
+      <p>Trewe humble hertës with hir mistihede,</p>
+      <p>Nere comfort a-dayes, whan eyën clere</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">35</div></div><p>Disclose and sprede my lyves lady dere.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -25744,23 +25707,23 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p class="hgps">� <i>Je vouldray</i>:&mdash;but [the] gret[e] god disposeth</p>
+      <p class="hgps">¶ <i>Je vouldray</i>:&mdash;but [the] gret[e] god disposeth</p>
       <p>And maketh casuel by his providence</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">45</div></div><p>Such thing as mann�s frel� wit purposeth;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">45</div></div><p>Such thing as mannës frelë wit purposeth;</p>
       <p>Al for the best, if that our conscience</p>
       <p>Nat grucche it, but in humble pacience</p>
       <p>It receyve; for god saith, without[e] fable,</p>
-      <p>A faithful hert� ever is accept�ble.</p>
+      <p>A faithful hertë ever is acceptáble.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">50</div></div><p>Cautels who useth gladly, gloseth;</p>
       <p>To eschewe suche it is right high prudence;</p>
-      <p>What ye said[e] on�s, [now] myn herte opposeth,</p>
-      <p>"That my wryting jap�s, in your absence,</p>
+      <p>What ye said[e] onës, [now] myn herte opposeth,</p>
+      <p>"That my wryting japës, in your absence,</p>
       <p>Plesed you moche bet than my presence!"</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">55</div></div><p>Yet can I more, ye be nat excus�ble;</p>
-      <p>A faithful hert� ever is accept�ble.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">55</div></div><p>Yet can I more, ye be nat excusáble;</p>
+      <p>A faithful hertë ever is acceptáble.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -25771,7 +25734,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 <!-- Page 407 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page407"></a>[407]</span>
       <p>That mis is, is caused of negligence</p>
       <p>And not of malice; therfor beth merciable;</p>
-      <p>A faithful hert� ever is accept�ble.</p>
+      <p>A faithful hertë ever is acceptáble.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -25779,7 +25742,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p class="hgps">� Forth, complaynt! forth, lakking eloquence,</p>
+      <p class="hgps">¶ Forth, complaynt! forth, lakking eloquence,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">65</div></div><p>Forth, litel lettre, of endyting lame!</p>
       <p>I have besought my ladies sapience</p>
       <p>Of thy behalfe, to accept in game</p>
@@ -25835,9 +25798,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Go forth, king, rule thee by sapience;</p>
       <p>Bishop, be able to minister doctryne;</p>
       <p>Lord, to trew consayl yeve audience;</p>
-      <p>Womanheed, to chastit� ever enclyne;</p>
+      <p>Womanheed, to chastitè ever enclyne;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">5</div></div><p>Knight, let thy dedes worship determyne;</p>
-      <p>Be rightwis, jug�, in saving thy name;</p>
+      <p>Be rightwis, jugë, in saving thy name;</p>
       <p>Rich, do almesse, lest thou lese blis with shame.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -25974,13 +25937,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>So than apace I jorned forth among,</p>
       <p>And as he seid, so fond I there truly.</p>
       <p>For I beheld the towres high and strong,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">75</div></div><p>And high pin�cles, large of hight and long,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">75</div></div><p>And high pinácles, large of hight and long,</p>
       <p>With plate of gold bespred on every side,</p>
       <p>And presious stones, the stone-werk for to hide.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>No saphir ind, no rub� riche of price,</p>
+      <p>No saphir ind, no rubè riche of price,</p>
       <p>There lakked than, nor emeraud so grene,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">80</div></div><p>Baleis Turkeis, ne thing to my devise,</p>
       <p>That may the castell maken for to shene:</p>
@@ -26004,7 +25967,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>But he hath ben right soget unto Love:</p>
       <p>Jove, Pluto, or what-so-ever he is,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">95</div></div><p>Ne creature in erth, or yet above;</p>
-      <p>Of thise the r�vers may no wight approve.</p>
+      <p>Of thise the révers may no wight approve.</p>
       <p>But furthermore, the castell to descry,</p>
       <p>Yet saw I never non so large and high.</p>
     </div>
@@ -26097,7 +26060,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>I spied a frend of myne, and that full soon,</p>
       <p>A gentilwoman, was the chamberer</p>
       <p>Unto the quene, that hote, as ye shall here,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">160</div></div><p>Philobone, that lov�d all her life:</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">160</div></div><p>Philobone, that lovëd all her life:</p>
       <p>Whan she me sey, she led me furth as blyfe;</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -26138,7 +26101,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">185</div></div><p>The gretter is your trespace and offence,</p>
       <p>And in your nek ye moot bere all the charge:</p>
       <p>For better were ye ben withouten barge,</p>
-      <p>Amidd� see, in tempest and in rain,</p>
+      <p>Amiddë see, in tempest and in rain,</p>
       <p>Than byden here, receiving woo and pain,</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -26174,9 +26137,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>And though that fervent loves qualit�</p>
+      <p>And though that fervent loves qualitè</p>
       <p>In me did never worch truly, yit I</p>
-      <p>With all obeisaunce and humilit�,</p>
+      <p>With all obeisaunce and humilitè,</p>
       <p>And benign hert, shall serve him til I dye:</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">215</div></div><p>And he that Lord of &dagger;might is, grete and highe,</p>
       <p>Right as him list me chastice and correct,</p>
@@ -26187,7 +26150,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Thise wordes seid, she caught me by the lap,</p>
       <p>And led me furth intill a temple round,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">220</div></div><p>Large and wyde: and, as my blessed hap</p>
-      <p>And good av�nture was, right sone I found</p>
+      <p>And good avénture was, right sone I found</p>
       <p>A tabernacle reised from the ground,</p>
       <p>Where Venus sat, and Cupid by her syde;</p>
       <p>Yet half for drede I gan my visage hyde.</p>
@@ -26352,8 +26315,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Nor of a sight to be over squeymous;</p>
       <p>And so, verily, this statut was to kepe,</p>
       <p>To turne and walowe in my bed and wepe,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">335</div></div><p>When that my lady, of her cruelt�,</p>
-      <p>Wold from her herte exylen all pit�.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">335</div></div><p>When that my lady, of her crueltè,</p>
+      <p>Wold from her herte exylen all pitè.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -26534,7 +26497,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And lust is leid, and all the fire is queint,</p>
       <p>As freshly than thou shalt begin to fon,</p>
       <p>And dote in love, and all her image paint</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">460</div></div><p>In r�membraunce, til thou begin to faint,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">460</div></div><p>In rémembraunce, til thou begin to faint,</p>
       <p>&dagger;As in the first seson thyn hert began:</p>
       <p>And her desire, though thou ne may ne can</p>
     </div>
@@ -26653,7 +26616,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">540</div></div><p>For it parav�nture may right so befall,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">540</div></div><p>For it paravénture may right so befall,</p>
       <p>That they be bound by nature to disceive,</p>
       <p>And spinne, and wepe, and sugre strewe on gall,</p>
       <p>The hert of man to ravissh and to reyve,</p>
@@ -26786,7 +26749,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>'Fairest of all that ever were or be!</p>
-      <p>&dagger;Lucerne and light to pensif cr�ature!</p>
+      <p>&dagger;Lucerne and light to pensif crëature!</p>
       <p>Myn hole affiaunce, and my lady free,</p>
       <p>My goddes bright, my fortune and my ure,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">635</div></div><p>I yeve and yeld my hart to thee full sure,</p>
@@ -26799,7 +26762,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Without offence of mutabilitee,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">640</div></div><p>Humbly to serve, whyl I have wit and mind,</p>
       <p>Myn hole affiaunce, and my lady free!</p>
-      <p>In thilk� place, there ye me sign to be:</p>
+      <p>In thilkë place, there ye me sign to be:</p>
       <p>And, sith this thing of newe is yeve me, ay</p>
       <p>To love and serve, needly must I obey.</p>
     </div>
@@ -26887,7 +26850,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Is shryned there, and Pit� is her name.</p>
+      <p>Is shryned there, and Pitè is her name.</p>
       <p>She saw an egle wreke him on a fly,</p>
       <p>And pluk his wing, and eke him, in his game,</p>
       <p>And tender herte of that hath made her dy:</p>
@@ -26901,17 +26864,17 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Ne of his wo the torment or the rage</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">710</div></div><p>&dagger;Aslaken, for he was sure, withouten faile,</p>
       <p>That of his grief she coud the hete aswage.</p>
-      <p>In sted of Pit�, spedeth hot corage</p>
+      <p>In sted of Pitè, spedeth hot corage</p>
       <p>The maters all of court, now she is dede;</p>
       <p>I me report in this to womanhede.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">715</div></div><p>For weile and wepe, and crye, and speke, and pray,&mdash;</p>
-      <p>Women wold not have pit� on thy plaint;</p>
+      <p>Women wold not have pitè on thy plaint;</p>
       <p>Ne by that mene to ese thyn hart convey,</p>
       <p>But thee receiven for their own talent:</p>
-      <p>And sey, that Pit� causith thee, in consent</p>
+      <p>And sey, that Pitè causith thee, in consent</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">720</div></div><p>Of rewth, to take thy service and thy pain</p>
       <p>In that thow mayst, to plese thy souverain.</p>
     </div>
@@ -27002,7 +26965,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>For if I shall all fully her discryve,</p>
       <p>Her hede was round, by compace of nature,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">780</div></div><p>Her here as gold,&mdash;she passed all on-lyve,&mdash;</p>
-      <p>And lily forhede had this cr�ature,</p>
+      <p>And lily forhede had this crëature,</p>
       <p>With lovelich browes, flawe, of colour pure,</p>
       <p>Bytwene the which was mene disseveraunce</p>
       <p>From every brow, to shewe[n] a distaunce.</p>
@@ -27070,7 +27033,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>In bownt�, favor, port, and semliness,</p>
+      <p>In bowntè, favor, port, and semliness,</p>
       <p>Plesaunt of figure, mirrour of delyt,</p>
       <p>Gracious to sene, and rote of gentilness,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">830</div></div><p>With angel visage, lusty rede and white:</p>
@@ -27102,7 +27065,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Now am I caught, and unwar sodenly,</p>
-      <p>With persant stremes of your y�n clere,</p>
+      <p>With persant stremes of your yën clere,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">850</div></div><p>Subject to ben, and serven you meekly,</p>
       <p>And all your man, y-wis, my lady dere,</p>
       <p>Abiding grace, of which I you requere,</p>
@@ -27187,7 +27150,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>That ye ben of? Let see, com of and say!</p>
       <p>Fain wold I know your disposicion:&mdash;</p>
       <p>Ye have put on your old entencion;</p>
-      <p>But what ye mene to serv� me I noot,</p>
+      <p>But what ye mene to servë me I noot,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">910</div></div><p>Sauf that ye say ye love me wonder hoot.'</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -27280,7 +27243,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">970</div></div><p>That rewthles ye me &dagger;give these woundes wyde!</p>
       <p>What have I don? why may it not betyde,</p>
       <p>That for my trouth I may received be?</p>
-      <p>Alas! your daunger and your cruelt�!</p>
+      <p>Alas! your daunger and your crueltè!</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -27300,7 +27263,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>That never erst I felt so harde a fit:</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">985</div></div><p>Confounded ben my spirits and my wit,</p>
       <p>Till that my lady take me to her cure,</p>
-      <p>Which I love best of erthely cr�ature.</p>
+      <p>Which I love best of erthely crëature.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -27420,7 +27383,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1065</div></div><p>To reson fast, and legge auctorit�:</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1065</div></div><p>To reson fast, and legge auctoritè:</p>
       <p>'Nay,' quod Delyt, 'love is a vertue clere,</p>
       <p>And from the soule his progress holdeth he:</p>
 <!-- Page 438 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page438"></a>[438]</span>
@@ -27477,7 +27440,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 <!-- Page 439 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page439"></a>[439]</span>
       <p>There thought that they ben in confusion:</p>
       <p>'Alas,' thay sayn, 'we fayn perfeccion,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1105</div></div><p>In clothes wide, and lak our libert�;</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1105</div></div><p>In clothes wide, and lak our libertè;</p>
       <p>But all the sin mote on our frendes be.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -27503,17 +27466,17 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>O Fortune cursed, why now and wherefore</p>
-      <p>Hast thow,' they seid, 'beraft us libert�,</p>
+      <p>Hast thow,' they seid, 'beraft us libertè,</p>
       <p>Sith nature yave us instrument in store,</p>
       <p>And appetyt to love and lovers be?</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1125</div></div><p>Why mot we suffer suche adversit�,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1125</div></div><p>Why mot we suffer suche adversitè,</p>
       <p>Diane to serve, and Venus to refuse?</p>
       <p>Ful often sith this matier doth us muse.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>We serve and honour, sore ayenst our will,</p>
-      <p>Of chastit� the goddes and the quene;</p>
+      <p>Of chastitè the goddes and the quene;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1130</div></div><p>Us leffer were with Venus byden still,</p>
       <p>And have reward for love, and soget been</p>
       <p>Unto thise women courtly, fressh, and shene.</p>
@@ -27526,7 +27489,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>In raging wo crying ful pitously;</p>
       <p>And as I yede, full naked and full bare</p>
       <p>Some I behold, looking dispitously,</p>
-      <p>On povert� that dedely cast their y;</p>
+      <p>On povertè that dedely cast their y;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1140</div></div><p>And 'Welaway!' they cried, and were not fain,</p>
       <p>For they ne might their glad desire attain.</p>
 <!-- Page 440 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page440"></a>[440]</span>
@@ -27556,7 +27519,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And as I stood beholding here and there,</p>
       <p>I was war of a sort full languisshing,</p>
       <p>Savage and wild of loking and of chere,</p>
-      <p>Their mantels and their cloth�s ay tering;</p>
+      <p>Their mantels and their clothës ay tering;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1160</div></div><p>And oft thay were of nature complaining,</p>
       <p>For they their members lakked, fote and hand,</p>
       <p>With visage wry and blind, I understand.</p>
@@ -27569,13 +27532,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Venus the bright, and leften all behind</p>
       <p>His other werkes clene and out of mind:</p>
       <p>'For other have their full shape and bewtee,</p>
-      <p>And we,' quod they, 'ben in deformit�.'</p>
+      <p>And we,' quod they, 'ben in deformitè.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1170</div></div><p>And nye to thaim there was a company,</p>
       <p>That have the susters waried and misseid;</p>
-      <p>I mene, the three of fatall destin�,</p>
+      <p>I mene, the three of fatall destinè,</p>
       <p>That be our &dagger;werdes; and sone, in a brayd,</p>
       <p>Out gan they cry as they had been affrayd,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1175</div></div><p>'We curse,' quod thay, 'that ever hath nature</p>
@@ -27584,11 +27547,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And there he was contrite, and gan repent,</p>
-      <p>Confessing hole the wound that Cither�</p>
+      <p>Confessing hole the wound that Citherè</p>
       <p>Hath with the dart of hot desire him sent,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1180</div></div><p>And how that he to love must subjet be:</p>
 <!-- Page 441 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page441"></a>[441]</span>
-      <p>Than held he all his skornes vanit�,</p>
+      <p>Than held he all his skornes vanitè,</p>
       <p>And seid, that lovers lede a blisful lyfe,</p>
       <p>Yong men and old, and widow, maid and wyfe.</p>
     </div>
@@ -27600,7 +27563,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>That in thy service dwell: for I did rave:</p>
       <p>This know I well right now, so god me save,</p>
       <p>And I shal be the chief post of thy feith,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1190</div></div><p>And love uphold, the r�vers who-so seith.'</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1190</div></div><p>And love uphold, the révers who-so seith.'</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -27625,10 +27588,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1205</div></div><p>In loves art, so gan she to abasshe,</p>
-      <p>Ne durst not utter all her privit�:</p>
+      <p>Ne durst not utter all her privitè:</p>
       <p>Many a stripe and many a grevous lasshe</p>
       <p>She gave to thaim that wolden loveres be,</p>
-      <p>And hindered sore the simpill comonalt�,</p>
+      <p>And hindered sore the simpill comonaltè,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1210</div></div><p>That in no wyse durst grace and mercy crave;</p>
       <p>For were not she, they need but ask and have;</p>
     </div>
@@ -27677,7 +27640,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1240</div></div><p>Thus hath Avaunter blowen every-where</p>
       <p>Al that he knowith, and more, a thousand-fold;</p>
-      <p>His auncetrye of kin was to Li�re,</p>
+      <p>His auncetrye of kin was to Lière,</p>
       <p>For firste he makith promise for to hold</p>
       <p>His ladies councell, and it not unfold;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1245</div></div><p>Wherfore, the secret when he doth unshit,</p>
@@ -27698,7 +27661,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>'Take hede,' quod she, this litell Philobone,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1255</div></div><p>'Where Envy rokketh in the corner yond,</p>
       <p>And sitteth dirk; and ye shall see anone</p>
-      <p>His len� bodie, fading face and hond;</p>
+      <p>His lenë bodie, fading face and hond;</p>
 <!-- Page 443 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page443"></a>[443]</span>
       <p>Him-self he fretteth, as I understond;</p>
       <p>Witnesse of Ovid Methamorphosose;</p>
@@ -27738,7 +27701,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Whom folowest thow? where is thy harte y-set?</p>
       <p>But my demaunde asoile, I thee require.'</p>
-      <p>'Me thought,' quod he, 'no cr�ature may let</p>
+      <p>'Me thought,' quod he, 'no crëature may let</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1285</div></div><p>&dagger;Me to ben here, and where-as I desire:</p>
       <p>For where-as absence hath don out the fire,</p>
       <p>My mery thought it kindleth yet again,</p>
@@ -27768,7 +27731,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>I am of councell ferre and wyde, I wot,</p>
-      <p>With lord and lady, and their previt�</p>
+      <p>With lord and lady, and their previtè</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1305</div></div><p>I wot it all; but be it cold or hot,</p>
       <p>They shall not speke without licence of me,</p>
       <p>I mene, in suche as sesonable be;</p>
@@ -27797,7 +27760,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1320</div></div><p>Ne never had to your desire obeyd,</p>
       <p>Till sodenly, me thought, me was affrayed,</p>
       <p>To seen you wax so dede of countenaunce;</p>
-      <p>And Pit� bad me don you some plasaunce.</p>
+      <p>And Pitè bad me don you some plasaunce.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -27812,7 +27775,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>'Gramercy, Pit�! might I &dagger;but suffice</p>
+      <p>'Gramercy, Pitè! might I &dagger;but suffice</p>
       <p>To yeve the lawde unto thy shryne of gold,</p>
       <p>God wot, I wold; for sith that &dagger;thou did rise</p>
       <p>From deth to lyve for me, I am behold</p>
@@ -27963,7 +27926,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>And furth goth all the Court, both most and lest,</p>
       <p>To feche the floures fressh, and braunche and blome;</p>
       <p>And namly, hawthorn brought both page and grome.</p>
-      <p>With fressh garland�s, partie blewe and whyte,</p>
+      <p>With fressh garlandës, partie blewe and whyte,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:25em;">1435</div></div><p>And thaim rejoysen in their greet delyt.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -28146,7 +28109,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>731. demeane. 732. spede; S. speke (<i>a needless alteration</i>).
   733. MS. mir and ioye and blisse; S. mirrour ioye and blisse. 738.
   abeisen. 740. withouten. 742. is (<i>read</i> as); <i>supply</i> is;
-  youen (S. yeuon). 745. be; S. by. 747. think; S. thanke. 749. the (= �e,
+  youen (S. yeuon). 745. be; S. by. 747. think; S. thanke. 749. the (= þe,
   <i>error for</i> ye); S. thei (!). 751. fayne. 755. opon. 756. piteously;
   S. pitously. 757. faier. 758. vertuse (<i>sic</i>). 759. heire (!). 760.
   ote (!); S. hote. 764. godely; whoes.</p>
@@ -28506,7 +28469,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   name="page452"></a>[452]</span>proses 10 and 11, where 'perfection' is
   represented by <i>suffisaunce</i>, as, e.g., in iii. pr. 11. l. 18.</p>
 
-  <p>50. Aristotle's Metaphysics begins with the words: <span title="pantes anthr�poi tou eidenai oregontai phusei" class="grk"
+  <p>50. Aristotle's Metaphysics begins with the words: <span title="pantes anthrôpoi tou eidenai oregontai phusei" class="grk"
   >&pi;&#x1F71;&nu;&tau;&epsilon;&sigmaf;
   &#x1F04;&nu;&theta;&rho;&omega;&pi;&omicron;&iota; &tau;&omicron;&#x1FE6;
   &#x1F10;&iota;&delta;&#x1F73;&nu;&alpha;&iota;
@@ -28578,7 +28541,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>101, 102. <i>his reson</i>, the reason of him. <i>hayne</i>,
   hatred.</p>
 
-  <p>110. <i>Bo�ce</i>, Boethius. No doubt the author simply consulted
+  <p>110. <i>Boëce</i>, Boethius. No doubt the author simply consulted
   Chaucer's translation. See the Introduction.</p>
 
   <p>115. <i>slye</i>, cunning; evidently alluding to the parable of the
@@ -28681,7 +28644,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>126. Thynne has <i>ioleynynge</i> for <i>ioleyuynge</i>, i.e.
   <i>joleyving</i>, cheering, making joyous. The word is riot given in
-  Stratmann or in M�tzner, but Godefroy has the corresponding O.F. verb
+  Stratmann or in Mätzner, but Godefroy has the corresponding O.F. verb
   <i>joliver</i>, to caress.</p>
 
   <p><b>Chap. II.</b> 18. <i>a lady</i>; this is evidently copied from
@@ -28706,7 +28669,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <i>my disciple</i>.</p>
 
   <p>60. <i>by thyn owne vyse</i>, by thine own resolve; i.e. of thine own
-  accord; see <i>Advice</i> in the New E. Dict. � 6. <i>Vyse</i> is put for
+  accord; see <i>Advice</i> in the New E. Dict. § 6. <i>Vyse</i> is put for
   <i>avyse</i>, the syllable <i>a</i> being dropped. Halliwell notes that
   <i>vice</i>, with the sense of 'advice,' is still in use.</p>
 
@@ -28914,7 +28877,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   also <i>by that other</i>, with reference to your second question, in l.
   71.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Chap. V.</b> 8. Acrisius shut his daughter Dana� up in a tower, to
+  <p><b>Chap. V.</b> 8. Acrisius shut his daughter Danaë up in a tower, to
   keep her safe; nevertheless she became the mother of Perseus, who
   afterwards killed Acrisius accidentally.</p>
 
@@ -28936,7 +28899,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>37. <i>A tree</i>, &amp;c.; a common illustration; cf. Troil. i.
   964.</p>
 
-  <p>43. <i>this countr�</i>; a common saying; cf. Troil. ii. 28 (and
+  <p>43. <i>this countrè</i>; a common saying; cf. Troil. ii. 28 (and
   note), 42. And see l. 47 below.</p>
 
   <p>45. 'the salve that he healed his heel with.' From HF. 290.</p>
@@ -28997,7 +28960,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   promotion of Aeneas from being in hell (l. 129). Cf. <i>Europe</i> in
   Troil. iii. 722.</p>
 
-  <p>128. <i>lowest degr�</i>; not true, as Caesar's father was praetor,
+  <p>128. <i>lowest degrè</i>; not true, as Caesar's father was praetor,
   and his aunt married Marius. But cf. C. T., B 3862.</p>
 
   <p><b>Chap. VI.</b> 3. <i>enfame</i>, infamy, obloquy; from Lat.
@@ -29173,7 +29136,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>112. <i>helpe of unkyndnesse</i>, relieve from unkind treatment. <!--
   Page 461 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page461"></a>[461]</span></p>
 
-  <p>115-6. <i>fleddest</i>, didst avoid. <i>privit� to counsayle</i>,
+  <p>115-6. <i>fleddest</i>, didst avoid. <i>privitè to counsayle</i>,
   knowledge of a secret.</p>
 
   <p>120-1. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 8. ll. 31-3.</p>
@@ -29429,7 +29392,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   signifies Holy Church, to which the treatise is accordingly dedicated.
   <i>tytled of Loves name</i>, entitled the Testament of Love.</p>
 
-  <p>103. <i>inse�res</i>, lookers into it, readers.</p>
+  <p>103. <i>inseëres</i>, lookers into it, readers.</p>
 
   <p>104. <i>Every thing</i>; with respect to everything to which
   appertains a cause which is wrought with a view to its accomplishment,
@@ -29486,7 +29449,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   cloth, garment, robe. <i>mouled</i>, become mouldy; the very form from
   which the mod. E. <i>mould-y</i> has been evolved; see <i>muwlen</i> in
   Stratmann, and <i>mouldy</i> in my Etym. Dict. (Supplement).
-  <i>whicche</i>, chest, from A.S. <i>hw�cca</i>; see P. Plowm. A. iv. 102,
+  <i>whicche</i>, chest, from A.S. <i>hwæcca</i>; see P. Plowm. A. iv. 102,
   where some copies have <i>huche</i>, a hutch, a word of French origin.
   Thus <i>pannes mouled in a whicche</i> signifies garments that have
   become mouldy in a chest. See note to C. T., C 734.</p>
@@ -29648,7 +29611,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>45, 46. <i>what thing to women it is</i>, what a thing it is for
   women. Ll. 45-58 are borrowed, sometimes word for word, from Ch. HF.
   269-85. See note to l. 70 below, and the Introduction, <a
-  href="#sect11">� 11</a>.</p>
+  href="#sect11">§ 11</a>.</p>
 
   <p>47. 'All that glisters is not gold'; see Ch. C. T., G 962, and the
   note. But it is here copied from Ch. HF. 272.</p>
@@ -29693,7 +29656,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>20-1. <i>by wayes of riches</i>; cf. <i>richesses</i> in Ch. Boeth.
   bk. iii. pr. 2. 20; so also <i>dignite</i> answers to <i>digne</i> of
   <i>reverence</i> in the same, l. 21; <i>power</i> occurs in the same, l.
-  24; and <i>renom�</i> answers to <i>renoun</i> in l. 26.</p>
+  24; and <i>renomè</i> answers to <i>renoun</i> in l. 26.</p>
 
   <p>21. <i>wening me</i>, seeing that I supposed.</p>
 
@@ -29710,8 +29673,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   'resonable' are left.</p>
 
   <p>61. <i>riches</i>, &amp;c.; from Boethius. See <i>riches</i> discussed
-  in Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 5; <i>dignit�</i>, in pr. 6; <i>renom�</i>, or
-  fame, in pr. 7; and <i>power</i>, along with <i>dignit�</i>, in pr.
+  in Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 5; <i>dignitè</i>, in pr. 6; <i>renomè</i>, or
+  fame, in pr. 7; and <i>power</i>, along with <i>dignitè</i>, in pr.
   6.</p>
 
   <p>99. <i>as a litel assay</i>, as if for a short trial, for a while.</p>
@@ -29776,7 +29739,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>30. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 6. 75-8.</p>
 
-  <p>38. Perhaps read <i>dignit� in suche thing tene y-wrought</i>; 'as
+  <p>38. Perhaps read <i>dignitè in suche thing tene y-wrought</i>; 'as
   dignity in such a case wrought harm, so, on the contrary, the substance
   in dignity, being changed, rallied (so as) to bring in again a good
   condition in its effect.' Obscure. 'Dignities' are further discussed in
@@ -29850,7 +29813,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>20. Copied <i>without material alteration</i> from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii.
   pr. 5. 5-7.</p>
 
-  <p>23. <i>power of r�almes</i>; from the same, l. 7.</p>
+  <p>23. <i>power of rëalmes</i>; from the same, l. 7.</p>
 
   <p>30-9. Copied, in part literally, from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 5.
   8-17.</p>
@@ -29949,7 +29912,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   thise weyes ne ben a maner misledinges to blisfulnesse'; Ch. Boeth. bk.
   iii. pr. 8. 1-2.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Chap. VIII.</b> 5. <i>renom�</i>, renown; answering to <i>glori</i>
+  <p><b>Chap. VIII.</b> 5. <i>renomè</i>, renown; answering to <i>glori</i>
   and <i>renoun</i> in Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 6. 1, 6. But there is not
   much imitation of Chaucer in the former part of this chapter. <!-- Page
   472 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page472"></a>[472]</span></p>
@@ -30116,7 +30079,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   upon the assignment of the <i>first</i> hour) is obviously&mdash;the Sun,
   the Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn; or, in Anglo-Saxon
   terminology, the Sun, the Moon, T&#x12B;w, W&#x14D;den, Thunor (Thur),
-  Frige, and S�tern (S�ter).</p>
+  Frige, and Sætern (Sæter).</p>
 
   <p>178. Cf. 'here wo into wele wende mote atte laste'; P. Plowman, C.
   xxi. 210. See notes to ch. 13. 86 below, and bk. i. 3. 153.</p>
@@ -30124,7 +30087,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>180. Cf. Troil. iv. 836, and the note (vol. ii. p. 490).</p>
 
   <p>196. <i>slawe</i>, slain; the usual expression; cf. Compl. of Mars,
-  186; Compl. unto Pit�, 112.</p>
+  186; Compl. unto Pitè, 112.</p>
 
   <p><b>Chap. X.</b> 1-6. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 9. 1-4; pr. 10.
   1-4.</p>
@@ -30312,7 +30275,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>53. <i>apeted to</i>, sought after, longed for, desired. <i>Apete</i>
   is a correct form, as it represents an O.F. <i>*apeter</i>; but the usual
-  O.F. form is <i>appeter</i> (Littr�, s.v. <i>app�ter</i>), from Lat.
+  O.F. form is <i>appeter</i> (Littré, s.v. <i>appéter</i>), from Lat.
   <i>appetere</i>. See New E. Dict., s.v. <i>Appete</i>, where a quotation
   is given from Chaucer, L. G. W. 1582. <!-- Page 477 --><span
   class="pagenum"><a name="page477"></a>[477]</span>But the right reading
@@ -30398,12 +30361,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>38. <i>shewed thee thy Margarite</i>; meaning (I suppose) shewn thee
   the excellence of the church as it is.</p>
 
-  <p>40. <i>Silo�</i>, Siloam. It is a wonder where the author found this
+  <p>40. <i>Siloë</i>, Siloam. It is a wonder where the author found this
   description of the waters of the pool of Siloam; but I much suspect that
   it arose from a gross misunderstanding of Isaiah, viii. 6, 7,
   thus:&mdash;'the waters of Shiloah that go softly ... shall come up over
   all his channels, and go over all his banks.' In the Vulgate: 'aquas
-  Silo�, quae uadunt cum silentio ... ascendet super omnes riuos eius, et
+  Siloë, quae uadunt cum silentio ... ascendet super omnes riuos eius, et
   fluet super uniuersas ripas eius.' Hence <i>cankes</i> in l. 44 is
   certainly an error for <i>bankes</i>; the initial <i>c</i> was caught
   from the preceding <i>circuit</i>.</p>
@@ -30485,7 +30448,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>37. He says that the English alter the name <i>Margarite-perle</i>
   into <i>Margery-perle</i>, whereas Latin, French, and many other
   languages keep the true form. Cf. Lat. <i>margarita</i>, O.F.
-  <i>marguerite</i>, <i>margarete</i>, Gk. <span title="margarit�s" class="grk"
+  <i>marguerite</i>, <i>margarete</i>, Gk. <span title="margaritês" class="grk"
   >&mu;&alpha;&rho;&gamma;&alpha;&rho;&#x1F77;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</span>,
   Pers. <i>marw&#x101;r&#x12B;d</i>, Arab. <i>marj&#x101;n</i>; all from
   Skt. <i>manjar&#x12B;</i>, a pearl.</p>
@@ -30807,7 +30770,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>53. <i>no wode lay use</i>, sing no mad song.</p>
 
   <p>59. <i>Aristotel</i>. The reference appears to be to Aristotle, De
-  Interpretatione (<span title="peri herm�neias" class="grk"
+  Interpretatione (<span title="peri hermêneias" class="grk"
   >&pi;&epsilon;&rho;&#x1F76;
   &#x1F11;&rho;&mu;&eta;&nu;&epsilon;&#x1F77;&alpha;&sigmaf;</span>), ch.
   1. <i>Voice</i> seems to mean 'a word unrelated to a sentence,' i.e. not
@@ -30866,7 +30829,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>146. <i>forward</i>, thenceforward, afterwards.</p>
 
-  <p>155-6. <i>in his owne comodit�</i>, in what is suitable for him;
+  <p>155-6. <i>in his owne comodité</i>, in what is suitable for him;
   <i>comodites</i>, desires that are suitable. The examples of the word in
   this passage are older than any given, s.v. <i>Commodity</i>, in the New
   E. Dict. Cf. ll. 159, 165.</p>
@@ -31006,8 +30969,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <i>permagall</i>, where the <i>m</i> is clearly for <i>in</i>; the
   spelling <i>peringall</i> being intended. Godefroy has O.F.
   <i>parivel</i>, also <i>parigal</i>, <i>paregal</i>, <i>perigal</i>,
-  <i>paringal</i> [with intrusive <i>n</i>], 'adj. et s., tout � fait �gal,
-  tout � fait semblable.' From Lat. <i>peraequalis</i>.</p>
+  <i>paringal</i> [with intrusive <i>n</i>], 'adj. et s., tout à fait ègal,
+  tout à fait semblable.' From Lat. <i>peraequalis</i>.</p>
 
   <p>135. 'Painted and adorned with colours.' Cf. 'peynt and portred'; P.
   Pl. Crede, 192; 'portreid and paynt,' 121.</p>
@@ -31033,10 +30996,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>187. <i>gold-mastling</i> is a compound word, and should have been
   printed with a hyphen. It means the same as <i>latoun</i>, unless
   <i>latoun</i> was an imitation of an older and richer alloy. Thus, in
-  Wright's A.S. Vocabularies, we find: '<i>Auricalcum</i>, goldm�slinc,'
+  Wright's A.S. Vocabularies, we find: '<i>Auricalcum</i>, goldmæslinc,'
   col. 334, 10; '<i>Auricalcum</i>, goldmestling,' col. 550, 34;
   '<i>Auricalcum</i>, <i>Anglice</i> latoun,' col. 567, 5. As to
-  <i>latoun</i>, see note in vol. v. p. 270. Cf. A.S. <i>m�stling</i>, G.
+  <i>latoun</i>, see note in vol. v. p. 270. Cf. A.S. <i>mæstling</i>, G.
   <i>Messing</i>; words of uncertain origin.</p>
 
   <p>193-4. Cf. 1 John, iv. 3. <i>admirall</i>, prince, chief.</p>
@@ -31172,7 +31135,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>490. <i>offrend</i>; O.F. <i>offrende</i>; cf. '<i>Offrande</i>, an
   offering'; Cotgrave.</p>
 
-  <p>520. Read <i>punish�ments</i>, as in the old edition; it is a word of
+  <p>520. Read <i>punishëments</i>, as in the old edition; it is a word of
   four syllables; from O.F. <i>punissement</i> (Godefroy), which often
   appears in verse as a word of four syllables.</p>
 
@@ -31238,9 +31201,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   the Idg. root <i>gu</i>, in Fick.</p>
 
   <p>723. 'A title of dignity, to be as a play-mate to them'; a curious
-  expression. Godefroy gives O.F. '<i>personage</i>, s.m., dignit�,
-  b�n�fice eccl�siastique; en particulier personnat, dignit� eccl�siastique
-  qui donnait quelque pr��minence au <i>chanoine</i> qui en �tait rev�tu
+  expression. Godefroy gives O.F. '<i>personage</i>, s.m., dignité,
+  bénéfice ecclésiastique; en particulier personnat, dignité ecclésiastique
+  qui donnait quelque prééminence au <i>chanoine</i> qui en était revêtu
   dans le chapitre auquel il appartenait.' Cotgrave has: '<i>Personat</i>,
   a place, or title of honour, enjoyed by a beneficed person, without any
   manner of jurisdiction, in the church.'</p>
@@ -31305,7 +31268,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <i>hale</i> is to haul or pull. <i>Heave and hale</i>, or <i>heave and
   hoe</i>, was a cry used for men to pull all together; hence <i>with heve
   and hale</i> just corresponds to the modern 'with might and main.'
-  Cotgrave has (s.v. <i>Cor</i>) the phrase: '<i>� cor et � cry</i>, by
+  Cotgrave has (s.v. <i>Cor</i>) the phrase: '<i>À cor et à cry</i>, by
   proclamation; also, by might and maine, with heave and hoe, eagerly,
   vehemently, seriously.'</p>
 
@@ -31396,7 +31359,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>1153. <i>For ye woll</i>, because you wish to.</p>
 
-  <p>1166. <i>distaunce</i>, disagreement, strife; see M�tzner.</p>
+  <p>1166. <i>distaunce</i>, disagreement, strife; see Mätzner.</p>
 
   <p>1174. 'Why do ye meddle, who have nothing to do with it?'</p>
 
@@ -31735,7 +31698,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>27. I find that there is no need to insert <i>the</i>. Read
   <i>requeste</i>, in three syllables, as it really had a final <i>e</i>,
-  being a feminine substantive. Cf. 'Et lor <i>request�</i> refaison'; Rom.
+  being a feminine substantive. Cf. 'Et lor <i>requestë</i> refaison'; Rom.
   Rose, 4767. <i>Requeste</i> is trisyllabic in Troil. iv. 57; L. Good Wom.
   448.</p>
 
@@ -31784,8 +31747,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   us.</p>
 
   <p>281-3. These are the nine worthies; of whom three were heathen (281),
-  three Jewish (282), and three Christian (283); as noted in Reliqui�
-  Antiqu�, i. 287. Sometimes they varied; thus Shakespeare introduces
+  three Jewish (282), and three Christian (283); as noted in Reliquiæ
+  Antiquæ, i. 287. Sometimes they varied; thus Shakespeare introduces
   Hercules and Pompey among the number; L. L. L. v. 2. 538.
   <i>Machabeus</i>, Judas Maccabeus. <i>Godfray</i>, Godfrey of Bouillon.
   <i>Arthus</i>, King Arthur.</p>
@@ -31822,7 +31785,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
       <p class="hgsq">'Cassiodore in his aprise telleth,</p>
-      <p>The regne is sauf, where pit� dwelleth.'</p>
+      <p>The regne is sauf, where pitè dwelleth.'</p>
     </div>
   </div>
 
@@ -31850,7 +31813,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p class="hgsq">'Thus saide whylom Constantyn:&mdash;</p>
       <p>What emperour that is enclyn</p>
-      <p>To pit� for to be servaunt,</p>
+      <p>To pitè for to be servaunt,</p>
       <p>Of al the worldes remenaunt</p>
       <p>He is worthy to ben a lord.'</p>
     </div>
@@ -31906,8 +31869,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>This poem is imitated, rather than translated, from the French poem
   entitled L'Epistre au Dieu d'Amours, written by Christine de Pisan in
-  May, 1399; printed in &OElig;uvres Po�tiques de Christine de Pisan,
-  publi�es par Maurice Roy, ii. 1-27; Soci�t� des Anciens Textes Fran�ais,
+  May, 1399; printed in &OElig;uvres Poétiques de Christine de Pisan,
+  publiées par Maurice Roy, ii. 1-27; Société des Anciens Textes Français,
   1891. Hoccleve even rearranges some of the material; and Dr. Furnivall
   has printed all the lines of the original of which the English poet has
   made use, in the Notes to his edition of Hoccleve's Works, published for
@@ -31946,7 +31909,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   209.</p>
 
   <p>16. <i>Albion</i>. Of course Hoccleve has adapted the poem for English
-  readers. The original has:&mdash;'Sur tous pa�s se complaignent de
+  readers. The original has:&mdash;'Sur tous païs se complaignent de
   <i>France</i>.'</p>
 
   <p>28. I read <i>mot</i> for the sake of the grammar and scansion; the
@@ -31966,11 +31929,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>50. 'Has the pot by the handle'; i.e. holds it securely.</p>
 
-  <p>54. Note the accentuation: 'An� wom�n.' This accentuation of words on
+  <p>54. Note the accentuation: 'Aný womán.' This accentuation of words on
   the latter syllable in rather unlikely cases, is a marked peculiarity of
-  Hoccleve's verse. Cf. <i>wom�n</i> in l. 79, <i>journ�y</i> in l. 106;
-  <i>ax�ng</i> in l. 122, <i>purp�s</i> in l. 130. Cf. <i>womm�n</i> in l.
-  170 with <i>w�mman</i> in l. 174.</p>
+  Hoccleve's verse. Cf. <i>womán</i> in l. 79, <i>journéy</i> in l. 106;
+  <i>axíng</i> in l. 122, <i>purpós</i> in l. 130. Cf. <i>wommán</i> in l.
+  170 with <i>wómman</i> in l. 174.</p>
 
   <p>71. <i>To here?</i> to her? Dr. Furnivall notes that Hoccleve
   frequently makes <i>here</i> dissyllabic, when it represents the personal
@@ -31982,7 +31945,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>90. <i>souneth in-to</i>, tends to; cf. note to C. T., B 3157.</p>
 
   <p>95. 'They procure such assistants as have a double face.' The
-  accentuation of <i>pr�curen</i> on the <i>o</i> was at this time common;
+  accentuation of <i>prócuren</i> on the <i>o</i> was at this time common;
   we even find the form <i>proker</i> (see Stratmann).</p>
 
   <p>120-2. <i>wolde ... Men wiste</i>, would like men to know.</p>
@@ -31994,7 +31957,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>184. <i>dishonest</i>, unworthy of honour, blameworthy. Ray gives the
   proverb&mdash;'it's an ill bird that bewrays its own nest'; and compares
-  the Greek&mdash;<span title="ton oikoi th�sauron diaballein" class="grk"
+  the Greek&mdash;<span title="ton oikoi thêsauron diaballein" class="grk"
   >&tau;&#x1F78;&nu; &omicron;&#x1F34;&kappa;&omicron;&iota;
   &theta;&eta;&sigma;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F78;&nu;
   &delta;&iota;&alpha;&beta;&#x1F71;&lambda;&lambda;&epsilon;<!--
@@ -32018,8 +31981,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p>Furent tenus, mais il sont d'amer las,</p>
       <p>Ou par vieillece ou deffaulte de cuer,</p>
       <p>Si ne veulent plus amer a nul fuer,</p>
-      <p>Et convenant m'ont de tous poins ny�,</p>
-      <p>Moy et mon fait guerpy et reni�,</p>
+      <p>Et convenant m'ont de tous poins nyé,</p>
+      <p>Moy et mon fait guerpy et renié,</p>
       <p>Comme mauvais serviteurs et rebelles.'</p>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -32035,7 +31998,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>281. Jean de Meun, author of the latter and more satirical part of the
   famous Roman de la Rose; see vol. i.</p>
 
-  <p>298. 'They are not so void of constancy.' Read <i>c�nstaunc�</i>.</p>
+  <p>298. 'They are not so void of constancy.' Read <i>cónstauncè</i>.</p>
 
   <p>302. See Ch. Legend of Good Women, 1580.</p>
 
@@ -32081,8 +32044,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p class="hgsq">'Donn� en l'air, en nostre grant palais,</p>
-      <p>Le jour de May la solempn�e feste</p>
+      <p class="hgsq">'Donné en l'air, en nostre grant palais,</p>
+      <p>Le jour de May la solempnée feste</p>
       <p>Ou les amans nous font mainte requeste,</p>
       <p>L'An de grace Mil trois cens quate vins</p>
       <p>Et dix et neuf, present dieux et divins,' &amp;c.</p>
@@ -32133,11 +32096,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   p. 15; st. 28.</p>
 
   <p>15. <i>do forth</i>, proceed, continue to do as you have done in the
-  past. Not a common expression; see <i>forth</i> in M�tzner.</p>
+  past. Not a common expression; see <i>forth</i> in Mätzner.</p>
 
   <p>18. Very characteristic of Hoccleve; the accents required by the verse
   are thrown upon the weak words <i>your</i> and <i>the</i>. But perhaps
-  <i>your</i> is emphatic. Cf. <i>full�</i> in l. 20, <i>� sharp</i>,
+  <i>your</i> is emphatic. Cf. <i>fullý</i> in l. 20, <i>á sharp</i>,
   21.</p>
 
   <p>30. Hoccleve is clearly urging the King to repress Lollardry.</p>
@@ -32153,7 +32116,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>47. <i>nuisaunce</i>, annoyance; referring to heresy; cf. l. 50.</p>
 
-  <p>52. <i>Slep� nat this</i>, be not sleepy about this; a rare
+  <p>52. <i>Slepë nat this</i>, be not sleepy about this; a rare
   construction.</p>
 
   <p>58. <i>norice of distaunce</i>, nurse of debate or strife.</p>
@@ -32326,7 +32289,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>43-49. This stanza answers to Rom. Rose, ll. 105-8, 78-9. <!-- Page
   505 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page505"></a>[505]</span></p>
 
-  <p>52. <i>cel�red</i>, canopied, over-arched (New E. Dict.).</p>
+  <p>52. <i>celúred</i>, canopied, over-arched (New E. Dict.).</p>
 
   <p>53-6. Cf. Rom. Rose, 1398-1400.</p>
 
@@ -32381,13 +32344,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p class="hgsq">'About the <i>brinkes</i> of thise welles,</p>
       <p>And by the stremes over-al elles</p>
       <p><i>Sprang up the gras</i>, as thikke y-set</p>
-      <p><i>And softe as any velu�t</i>.'</p>
+      <p><i>And softe as any veluët</i>.'</p>
     </div>
   </div>
 
   <p>It is remarkable that the French original merely has 'Poignoit l'erbe
   freschete et drue,' without any mention of <i>softe</i> or of
-  <i>velu�t</i>. It thus becomes clear that Lydgate is actually quoting
+  <i>veluët</i>. It thus becomes clear that Lydgate is actually quoting
   <i>Chaucer's version</i>.</p>
 
   <p>81. The reading seems to be <i>lustily cam springing</i>; it would be
@@ -32634,7 +32597,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>20. <i>Cipryde</i>, really the same as Venus, but here distinguished;
   see Parl. Foules, 277.</p>
 
-  <p>38. Apparently accented as 'A�ror�'; Ch. has Aur�ra, L. G. W. 774.</p>
+  <p>38. Apparently accented as 'Aúrorà'; Ch. has Auróra, L. G. W. 774.</p>
 
   <p>49. <i>crampessh at</i> must be <i>crampisshed</i>, i.e. constrained
   painfully, tortured; see note to Anelida, 171 (vol. i. p. 535).</p>
@@ -32653,7 +32616,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>113. <i>somer-sonne</i>; imitated from the Book of the Duch.
   821-4.</p>
 
-  <p>125. 'To speke of bount� or of gentilles,' &amp;c.; T. G. 287.</p>
+  <p>125. 'To speke of bountè or of gentilles,' &amp;c.; T. G. 287.</p>
 
   <p>140. 'To alle hir werkes virtu is hir gyde'; C. T., B 164.</p>
 
@@ -32679,7 +32642,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>It is obvious that the extraordinary word <i>setrone</i> (see the
   footnote) arose from a desire on the part of the scribe to secure a rime
   for the name in the next line, which he must have imagined to be
-  <i>An-ti-g�ne</i>, in <i>three</i> syllables, with a mute final <i>e</i>!
+  <i>An-ti-góne</i>, in <i>three</i> syllables, with a mute final <i>e</i>!
   This turned <i>secree</i> into <i>secrone</i>, which Thynne probably
   misread as <i>setrone</i>, since <i>c</i> and <i>t</i> are alike in many
   MSS. But there are no such words as <i>secrone</i> or <i>setrone</i>; and
@@ -32752,8 +32715,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>251. Cf. Compl. Mars, 13, 14. The metre almost seems to require an
   accent on the second syllable of <i>Valentyn</i>, with suppressed final
   <i>e</i>; but a much more pleasing line, though less regular, can be made
-  by distributing the pauses artificially thus: Up�n . the d�y of . saint
-  V�len . t�ne . s�nge. The word <i>saint</i> is altogether unemphatic; cf.
+  by distributing the pauses artificially thus: Upón . the dáy of . saint
+  Válen . týne . sínge. The word <i>saint</i> is altogether unemphatic; cf.
   ll. 4, 100.</p>
 
   <p>257. <i>fetheres ynde</i>, blue feathers; possibly with a reference to
@@ -32810,14 +32773,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>60. Cf. 'I flee for socour to thy tente'; ABC, 41.</p>
 
-  <p>64. <i>itiner�rie</i>, a description of the way.</p>
+  <p>64. <i>itinerárie</i>, a description of the way.</p>
 
   <p>65. <i>bravie</i>, prize, especially in an athletic contest; Lat.
   <i>brauium</i>, Gk. <span title="brabeion" class="grk"
   >&beta;&rho;&alpha;&beta;&epsilon;&#x1FD6;&omicron;&nu;</span>, in 1 Cor.
   ix. 24. See note to C. T., D 75.</p>
 
-  <p>66. <i>diourn den�rie</i>, daily pay, as of a penny a day; referring
+  <p>66. <i>diourn denárie</i>, daily pay, as of a penny a day; referring
   to Matt. xx. 2: 'Conventione autem facta cum operariis ex <i>denario
   diurno</i>.'</p>
 
@@ -32842,9 +32805,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page512"></a>[512]</span></p>
 
   <p>92, 93. <i>loupe</i>; cf. F. <i>loupe</i>, an excrescence, fleshy
-  kernel, knot in wood, lens, knob. It was also a term in jewellery. Littr�
-  has: 'pierre pr�cieuse que la nature n'a pas achev�e. Loupe de saphir,
-  loupe de rubis, certaines parties imparfaites et grossi�res qui se
+  kernel, knot in wood, lens, knob. It was also a term in jewellery. Littré
+  has: 'pierre précieuse que la nature n'a pas achevée. Loupe de saphir,
+  loupe de rubis, certaines parties imparfaites et grossières qui se
   trouvent quelquefois dans ces pierres.' Hence it is not a very happy
   epithet, but Lydgate must have meant it in a good sense, as expressing
   the densest portion of a jewel; hence his 'stable (i.e. firm) as the
@@ -32854,8 +32817,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   ii. 14; but it is here described as <i>blue</i>, and must therefore refer
   to a stone of the colour of water in a lake.</p>
 
-  <p>98. Read <i>h�rt�</i> for the scansion; but it is a bad line. It
-  runs:&mdash;And h�m . rec�yvest . w�th . h�rt� . ful tr�we.</p>
+  <p>98. Read <i>hértè</i> for the scansion; but it is a bad line. It
+  runs:&mdash;And hém . recéyvest . wíth . hértè . ful tréwe.</p>
 
   <p>99. <i>gladded</i>, gladdened; referring to the Annunciation.</p>
 
@@ -32925,7 +32888,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   immediately from the Vulgate version of John v. 2: 'Est autem Ierosolymis
   <i>probatica piscina</i>, quae cognominatur hebraice Bethsaida'; i.e. the
   reference is to the well-known pool of Bethesda. The Greek has: <span
-  title="epi t�i probatik�i kolumb�thra" class="grk">&#x1F10;&pi;&#x1F76;
+  title="epi têi probatikêi kolumbêthra" class="grk">&#x1F10;&pi;&#x1F76;
   &tau;&#x1FC7; &pi;&rho;&omicron;&beta;&alpha;&tau;&iota;&kappa;&#x1FC7;
   &kappa;&omicron;&lambda;&upsilon;&mu;&beta;&#x1F75;&theta;&rho;&alpha;</span>.
   The etymology is obvious, from Gk. <span title="probaton" class="grk"
@@ -32959,9 +32922,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   so).'</p>
 
   <p>14. 'I have all my trust in thee.' The scansion is got by grouping the
-  syllables thus: J'�y . en v�us . t�ute . m� . fi�unce. It is a line of
+  syllables thus: J'áy . en vóus . tóute . má . fiáunce. It is a line of
   the Lydgate type, in which the first syllable in the normal line, and the
-  first syllable after the c�sura, are alike dropped.</p>
+  first syllable after the cæsura, are alike dropped.</p>
 
   <p>17. <i>thou knette</i>, mayst thou knit; the subj. or optative
   mood.</p>
@@ -33027,7 +32990,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>40. <i>deslavee</i>, loose, unchaste; see Gloss. to Chaucer.</p>
 
-  <p>45. Accent <i>d�vourour</i> on the first syllable.</p>
+  <p>45. Accent <i>dévourour</i> on the first syllable.</p>
 
   <p>60. <i>dissolucioun</i>, dissolute behaviour.</p>
 
@@ -33177,7 +33140,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p class="hgsq">'A�re quid leuius? fulgur; quid fulgure? uentus.</p>
+      <p class="hgsq">'Aëre quid leuius? fulgur; quid fulgure? uentus.</p>
       <p>Vento quid? mulier. Quid muliere? nichil.'</p>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -33233,8 +33196,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p class="hgsq">'Qui vouldroit mon vouloir contraindre</p>
       <p>A ioyeuses choses escrire,</p>
-      <p><i>Ma plume</i> n'y s�auroit attaindre,</p>
-      <p>Non feroit ma langue � les dire.</p>
+      <p><i>Ma plume</i> n'y sçauroit attaindre,</p>
+      <p>Non feroit ma langue à les dire.</p>
       <p>Ie n'ay bouche qui puisse rire</p>
       <p>Que les yeulx ne la desmentissent:</p>
       <p>Car le cueur l'en vouldroit desdire</p>
@@ -33265,7 +33228,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   name="page518"></a>[518]</span></p>
 
   <p>105. <i>most fresshest</i>, who had most newly arrived; 'Tels y ot qui
-  � l'heure vinrent.'</p>
+  à l'heure vinrent.'</p>
 
   <p>137. <i>scole-maister</i>, i.e. his mistress who ruled him; cf.
   <i>her</i> in l. 139.</p>
@@ -33277,7 +33240,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
       <p class="hgsq">'I'apperceu le <i>trait</i> de ses yeulx</p>
-      <p>Tout empenn� d'humbles requestes.'</p>
+      <p>Tout empenné d'humbles requestes.'</p>
     </div>
   </div>
 
@@ -33364,7 +33327,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>340. 'Preuue ses parolles par oeuure.'</p>
 
   <p>348. <i>their</i> is an error for <i>his</i> (Love's), due to the
-  translator. 'Lors il [Amour] descouure sa fiert�.'</p>
+  translator. 'Lors il [Amour] descouure sa fierté.'</p>
 
   <p>351.</p>
 
@@ -33391,12 +33354,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>449. <i>wanteth</i>, is wanting, is lacking.</p>
 
-  <p>468. 'Qui soit donn� � autre office.'</p>
+  <p>468. 'Qui soit donné à autre office.'</p>
 
   <p>469. 'D'assez grant charge se cheuit,' he gets rid of a great
   responsibility. The translator gives the contrary sense.</p>
 
-  <p>506. 'D'en donner � qui les reffuse.'</p>
+  <p>506. 'D'en donner à qui les reffuse.'</p>
 
   <p>509. That <i>He</i>, not <i>Who</i>, should begin the line, is certain
   by comparison with the French:&mdash;'<i>Il</i> ne doit pas cuider
@@ -33432,7 +33395,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>555. 'Ne de l'aprendre n'ay-ie cure.'</p>
 
-  <p>559. 'Et le deuoir d'amours payer Qui franc cueur a, pris� et
+  <p>559. 'Et le deuoir d'amours payer Qui franc cueur a, prisé et
   droit.'</p>
 
   <p>566. <i>That</i> is a mere conjunction; the reading <i>Which</i>
@@ -33449,7 +33412,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>605. 'De tous soit celuy deguerpiz.'</p>
 
   <p>608. <i>or anything at al</i>, &amp;c.; 'et le bien fait De sa Dame
-  qui l'a reffait Et ramen� de mort a vie'; i.e. and the kindness of his
+  qui l'a reffait Et ramené de mort a vie'; i.e. and the kindness of his
   Lady, who has new made him, and brought him back from death to life. The
   English follows some different reading, and is obscurely expressed.</p>
 
@@ -33469,7 +33432,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
       <p class="hgsq">'Et si bien aprins qu'ils retiennent</p>
-      <p>A changer d�s qu'ils ont clamez.'</p>
+      <p>A changer dés qu'ils ont clamez.'</p>
     </div>
   </div>
 
@@ -33482,12 +33445,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>667. <i>to have better</i>, to get a better lover.</p>
 
-  <p>668. 'Et prenez en gr� le reffus.'</p>
+  <p>668. 'Et prenez en gré le reffus.'</p>
 
   <p>673. The original shews that <i>she</i> really refers to <i>Pity</i>,
   denoted by <i>it</i> in l. 671, not to the Lady herself.</p>
 
-  <p>680. 'Et iamais � bout n'en vendrez.'</p>
+  <p>680. 'Et iamais á bout n'en vendrez.'</p>
 
   <p>706. <i>By</i>; French, <i>De</i>; hence <i>By</i> should be
   <i>Of</i>. Read <i>defame of cruelty</i>, an ill name for cruelty. The
@@ -33593,7 +33556,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   derived it, but intimates that it is a fiction; I suppose he invented it
   himself.</p>
 
-  <p>74. <i>lybel of r�pudy</i>, Lat. 'libellum repudii,' as in Matt. xix.
+  <p>74. <i>lybel of répudy</i>, Lat. 'libellum repudii,' as in Matt. xix.
   7.</p>
 
   <p>77. 'And, as some say, into the common court'; i.e. she became a
@@ -33670,7 +33633,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   my Etym. Dict.</p>
 
   <p>212-6. The names of the four horses are curiously corrupted from the
-  names given in Ovid, Met. ii. 153, viz. E�us, �thon, Pyr�eis, and
+  names given in Ovid, Met. ii. 153, viz. Eöus, Æthon, Pyröeis, and
   Phlegon. As <i>Eous</i> means 'belonging to the dawn,' we may consider
   the words <i>into the Orient</i>, i.e. in the East, as explanatory of the
   name <i>Eoy</i>; 'called Eoy, (which signifies) in the East.' As to the
@@ -33708,7 +33671,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <i>sow</i>.</p>
 
   <p>290. As Henryson usually refrains from the addition of a syllable at
-  the c�sura, we should probably read <i>injure</i>, not <i>injury</i>; see
+  the cæsura, we should probably read <i>injure</i>, not <i>injury</i>; see
   Troil. iii. 1018.</p>
 
   <p>297, 298. <i>hyest</i>, i.e. Saturn; <i>lawest</i> (lowest), i.e.
@@ -33821,7 +33784,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   'a <i>grain</i> of sense.' We may also note the Fr. <i>teindre en
   graine</i>, to dye in grain, to dye of a fast colour; and we occasionally
   find <i>grain</i> in the sense of 'tint.' Godefroy cites 'ung couvertoer
-  d'une <i>graigne</i> vermeille'; and 'une manche vermeille, ne s�ay se
+  d'une <i>graigne</i> vermeille'; and 'une manche vermeille, ne sçay se
   c'est <i>graine</i> ou autre taincture.' <i>Grane</i> also means 'groan,'
   and 'groin,' and 'fork of a tree'; but none of these senses suit.</p>
 
@@ -33976,7 +33939,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>90. As <i>brid</i> is a monosyllable (cf. ll. 212, 260, 270, 271), it
   is necessary to make <i>lew-ed-e</i> a trisyllable; as also in l. 103.
-  But it becomes <i>lew'de</i> in ll. 50, 94. Chaucer has <i>lew-�d</i>, P.
+  But it becomes <i>lew'de</i> in ll. 50, 94. Chaucer has <i>lew-ëd</i>, P.
   F. 616, &amp;c.</p>
 
   <p>105. <i>him</i>; the cuckoo is male, but the nightingale, by way of
@@ -33990,7 +33953,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>124. <i>I</i> seems to be strongly accented. It is a pity that there
   is no authority for inserting <i>For</i> before it. Otherwise, read <i>I
-  hav-�</i>.</p>
+  hav-ë</i>.</p>
 
   <p>In Old French, <i>oci oci</i>, represented the cry of the nightingale;
   Godefroy gives examples from Raoul de Houdenc, Froissart, and Deschamps.
@@ -34044,7 +34007,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>185. 'And then you shall be called as <i>I</i> am.' I. e. your loved
   one will forsake you, and you will be called a cuckold. This remark is
   founded on the fact that the O.F. <i>coucou</i> or <i>cocu</i> had the
-  double sense of cuckoo and cuckold. See <i>cocu</i> in Littr�. This
+  double sense of cuckoo and cuckold. See <i>cocu</i> in Littré. This
   explains l. 186.</p>
 
   <p>201-5. Bell, by an oversight, omits this stanza.</p>
@@ -34070,7 +34033,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>267. A syllable seems lacking after <i>I</i>; such lines are common in
   <!-- Page 529 --><span class="pagenum"><a
   name="page529"></a>[529]</span>Lydgate. The reading <i>y-chid</i> would
-  render the line complete; or we may read <i>hav-�</i>, as perhaps in l.
+  render the line complete; or we may read <i>hav-ë</i>, as perhaps in l.
   124.</p>
 
   <p>275. An obvious allusion to Chaucer's Parlement of Foules, in which he
@@ -34130,7 +34093,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>27-8. This rime of <i>passe</i> with <i>was</i> occurs again below
   (114-6); and in A. L. 436-8.</p>
 
-  <p>30. Chaucer has <i>hew-�</i>, <i>new-�</i>; but here <i>hew</i>,
+  <p>30. Chaucer has <i>hew-ë</i>, <i>new-ë</i>; but here <i>hew</i>,
   <i>new</i> rime with the pt. t. <i>grew</i>. So, in A. L. 65-8,
   <i>hew</i>, <i>new</i> rime with the pt. t. <i>knew</i>. <!-- Page 530
   --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page530"></a>[530]</span></p>
@@ -34353,7 +34316,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>243. Cf. '<i>and furred</i> wel <i>with gray</i>'; A. L. 305.</p>
 
   <p>252. <i>henshmen</i>, youths mounted on horseback, who attended their
-  lords. See numerous quotations for this word in A Student's Pastime, ��
+  lords. See numerous quotations for this word in A Student's Pastime, §§
   264, 272, 415-8. Each of them is called <i>a child</i>, l. 259.</p>
 
   <p>253. For <i>every on</i>, it is absolutely necessary to read <i>the
@@ -34426,7 +34389,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>403. Bell thinks this corrupt. I think it means, that, before engaging
   with them in jousts in a friendly manner, they procured some logs of wood
-  and thoroughly dried them. Hence <i>To make hir just�s</i> = in order to
+  and thoroughly dried them. Hence <i>To make hir justës</i> = in order to
   joust with them afterwards.</p>
 
   <p>410. 'Quickly anointing the sick, wherever they went.' <!-- Page 534
@@ -34484,7 +34447,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   III, was anything but a recent event.</p>
 
   <p>530. I. e. 'Witness <i>him</i> of Rome, who was the founder of
-  knighthood.' Alluding to Julius C�sar, to whom was decreed by the senate
+  knighthood.' Alluding to Julius Cæsar, to whom was decreed by the senate
   the right of wearing a laurel-crown; Dryden mentions him by name.</p>
 
   <p>550. Cf. '<i>De mieulx en mieulx</i>'; Temple of Glas, 310.</p>
@@ -34564,10 +34527,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   not ousted from the place.'</p>
 
   <p>61. <i>Ne-m'oublie-mies</i>; from O.F. <i>ne m'oublie-mie</i>, a
-  forget-me-not. Littr�, s.v. <i>ne m'oubliez pas</i>, quotes, from Charles
-  d'Orl�ans, 'Des <!-- Page 536 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  forget-me-not. Littré, s.v. <i>ne m'oubliez pas</i>, quotes, from Charles
+  d'Orléans, 'Des <!-- Page 536 --><span class="pagenum"><a
   name="page536"></a>[536]</span>fleurs de <i>ne m'oubliez mie</i>'; and
-  again, from a later source, 'Un diamant taill� en fleur de <i>ne m'oblie
+  again, from a later source, 'Un diamant taillé en fleur de <i>ne m'oblie
   mie</i>.' The recovery of this true reading (by the help of MS. A.) is
   very interesting; as all the editions, who follow Thynne, are hopelessly
   wrong. Thynne, misreading the word, printed <i>Ne momblysnesse</i>;
@@ -34577,10 +34540,10 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   form:&mdash;'<i>Momblishness</i>, muttering talk; Bailey (1731).'</p>
 
   <p><i>sovenez</i> doubtless corresponds to the name <i>remember-me</i>,
-  given in Yorkshire and Scotland to the <i>Veronica cham�drys</i>, more
+  given in Yorkshire and Scotland to the <i>Veronica chamædrys</i>, more
   commonly called the germander speedwell, and in some counties
   forget-me-not. But we should rather, in this passage, take forget-me-not
-  (above) to refer, as is most usual, to the <i>Myosotis</i>; as Littr�
+  (above) to refer, as is most usual, to the <i>Myosotis</i>; as Littré
   also explains it. Here Thynne was once more at a loss, and printed the
   word as <i>souenesse</i>, which was 'improved' by Stowe into
   <i>sonenesse</i>. Hence another ghost-word, recorded by Bailey in the
@@ -34588,7 +34551,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>62. <i>pensees</i>, pansies; alluding, of course, to the <i>Viola
   tricolor</i>. The spelling is correct, as it represents the O.F.
-  <i>pensee</i>, thought; and it seems to have been named, as Littr�
+  <i>pensee</i>, thought; and it seems to have been named, as Littré
   remarks, in a similar way to the forget-me-not, and (I may add) to the
   remember-me.</p>
 
@@ -34650,7 +34613,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>463. <i>Hawes</i>, probably the same name as <i>Havise</i>, which
   occurs in the old story of Fulke Fitzwarine. But it is remarkable that
-  MS. A. has the reading:&mdash;'That other syd� was, how Enclusene'; and
+  MS. A. has the reading:&mdash;'That other sydë was, how Enclusene'; and
   this looks like an error for <i>Melusene</i>, variant of <i>Melusine</i>.
   This would agree with the next line, which means 'was untruly deceived in
   her bath.' The story of Melusine is given in the Romance of Partenay. She
@@ -34812,7 +34775,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>69. I can find no such word as <i>jouesse</i>, so I alter it to
   <i>jonesse</i>, i.e. youth. For the spelling <i>jonesce</i> in the 14th
-  century, see Littr�, s.v. <!-- Page 540 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  century, see Littré, s.v. <!-- Page 540 --><span class="pagenum"><a
   name="page540"></a>[540]</span><i>jeunesse</i>. The expression <i>have
   more yet</i> implies that the phrase or motto <i>je serve jonesse</i> is
   added as a postscript, and that there was some special point in it; but
@@ -34913,7 +34876,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>45. Cf. 'Ther was enclosed <i>rype and sad corage</i>'; C. T., E
   220.</p>
 
-  <p>49, 50. Here the mountain of Cith�ron, in B&oelig;otia, is confused
+  <p>49, 50. Here the mountain of Cithæron, in B&oelig;otia, is confused
   with the island of Cythera, sacred to Venus, whence her name Cytherea was
   derived. The mistake arose, of course, from the similarity of the names,
   and occurs (as said in vol. v. p. 78, note to A 1936), in the Roman de la
@@ -34923,7 +34886,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p class="hgsq">'Citeron est une montaigne ...</p>
       <p>Venus, qui les dames espire,</p>
-      <p>Fist l� son principal manoir'; ll. 15865-71.</p>
+      <p>Fist là son principal manoir'; ll. 15865-71.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
 
@@ -34946,7 +34909,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>78. <i>ind</i>, blue; as in The Black Knight, 127.</p>
 
   <p>80. <i>Baleis Turkeis</i> (MS. <i>Bales turkes</i>). <i>Baleis</i> is
-  a better spelling, answering to F. <i>balais</i> in Littr�. It also
+  a better spelling, answering to F. <i>balais</i> in Littré. It also
   occurs as <i>balai</i> in O.F.; and the word was probably suggested by
   the mention of it in Rom. de la Rose, 20125:&mdash;'Que saphirs, rubis,
   ne <i>balai</i>.' Hence also the mention of it in the King's Quhair, st.
@@ -35013,11 +34976,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>139, 140. 'Bihinde <i>her bak, a yerde long</i>'; C. T., A 1050.</p>
 
   <p>148. <i>In mewet</i>, in an inaudible voice, to myself; like mod. F.
-  <i>� la muette</i> (Littr�).</p>
+  <i>à la muette</i> (Littré).</p>
 
   <p>167. <i>non erst</i>; false grammar for <i>non er</i>, no sooner; 'no
   soonest' is nonsense. We find, however, the phrases <i>not erst</i> and
-  <i>never erst</i> elsewhere; see New E. Dict., s.v. <i>Erst</i>, � B.
+  <i>never erst</i> elsewhere; see New E. Dict., s.v. <i>Erst</i>, § B.
   4.</p>
 
   <p>170. This is the earliest quotation given in the New E. Dict., s.v.
@@ -35154,7 +35117,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>367. <i>yern</i>, earn; so <i>yearne</i> in Spenser, F. Q. vi. 1. 40;
   A.S. <i>geearnian</i>.</p>
 
-  <p>368-9. 'Of <i>grace and pit�</i>, and nought of rightwisnes'; T. G.
+  <p>368-9. 'Of <i>grace and pitè</i>, and nought of rightwisnes'; T. G.
   979.</p>
 
   <p>378. <i>a-croke</i> (MS. <i>a croke</i>), awry; see <i>Acrook</i> in
@@ -35293,14 +35256,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>634. <i>ure</i>, destiny; from O.F. <i>eur</i>, Lat. <i>augurium</i>.
   A word that first appeared in Northern English; it occurs at least eight
   times in Barbour's Bruce. And in the Kingis Quair, st. 10, we have the
-  whole phrase&mdash;'my fort�ne and ure.' It is also used by Lydgate; see
+  whole phrase&mdash;'my fortúne and ure.' It is also used by Lydgate; see
   VIII. 151, 302, 482 (pp. 250, 254, 260). <!-- Page 547 --><span
   class="pagenum"><a name="page547"></a>[547]</span></p>
 
   <p>641. An exact repetition of l. 633 above.</p>
 
   <p>642. Here, for a wonder, is an example of the final <i>e</i>; the
-  author took the whole phrase 'In thilk-� place' from some previous
+  author took the whole phrase 'In thilk-ë place' from some previous
   author; cf. 'In thilke places' (<i>sic</i>); Rom. Rose, 660 (Thynne).
   <i>sign</i>, assign.</p>
 
@@ -35426,7 +35389,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   Europa, Antiopa, Alcmene, and Danae, are all mentioned together in Ovid,
   Met. vi. 103-13. It follows that our author had read Ovid.</p>
 
-  <p>831. '<i>There is no lak, saue</i> onli of pit�'; T. G. 749.</p>
+  <p>831. '<i>There is no lak, saue</i> onli of pitè'; T. G. 749.</p>
 
   <p>841. The word <i>the</i> was probably written like <i>ye</i>, giving,
   apparently, the reading <i>ye ye</i>; then one of these was dropped. The
@@ -35577,7 +35540,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p>1136. Cf. 'With sobbing teris, and with ful pitous soune'; T. G.
   197.</p>
 
-  <p>1139. Cf. 'And other eke, that for <i>pouert�</i>'; T. G. 159.</p>
+  <p>1139. Cf. 'And other eke, that for <i>pouertè</i>'; T. G. 159.</p>
 
   <p>1150. <i>prang</i>, pang (MS. <i>prange</i>; and so in Stowe); altered
   to <i>pang</i> by Bell and Morris. '<i>Pronge</i>, Erumpna' [aerumna];
@@ -35635,7 +35598,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p>1253. <i>sojoure</i>, sojourn, dwell, used quite wrongly; for O.F.
   <i>sojur</i> (originally <i>sojorn</i>) is a sb. only, like mod. F.
-  <i>s�jour</i>. The O.F. verb was <i>sojorner</i>, <i>sojourner</i>,
+  <i>séjour</i>. The O.F. verb was <i>sojorner</i>, <i>sojourner</i>,
   whence M.E. <i>sojornen</i>, <i>sojournen</i>, correctly used by Chaucer.
   The sb. <i>sojour</i> occurs in Rom. Rose, 4282, 5150. The mistake is so
   bad that even the scribe has here written <i>soiorne</i>; but, unluckily,
@@ -35873,7 +35836,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p><b>A deblys</b>, (<i>perhaps</i>) to the devil, as if devoted to the
   devil, I. ii. 13. 99. See the note.</p>
 
-  <p><b>A dewe</b>, (<i>perhaps for</i> � dieu), I. ii. 13. 99. See the
+  <p><b>A dewe</b>, (<i>perhaps for</i> à dieu), I. ii. 13. 99. See the
   note.</p>
 
   <p><b>A this halfe</b>, on this side, below, I. i. 9. 39.</p>
@@ -36340,7 +36303,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Attyred</b>, <i>pp.</i> attired, II. 192.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Auctorit�</b>, <i>s.</i> authority, I. i. 4. 9; XVI. 137.</p>
+  <p><b>Auctoritè</b>, <i>s.</i> authority, I. i. 4. 9; XVI. 137.</p>
 
   <p><b>Auctour</b>, <i>s.</i> author, I. iii. 4. 245.</p>
 
@@ -36449,7 +36412,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Ayencoming</b>, <i>pres. pt.</i> returning, I. iii. 9. 66.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Ayen�s</b>, <i>prep.</i> in return for, II. 1297; Ayens, ready for,
+  <p><b>Ayenës</b>, <i>prep.</i> in return for, II. 1297; Ayens, ready for,
   VIII. 63.</p>
 
   <p><b>Ayen-looking</b>, <i>pres. pt.</i> looking back, I. i. 8. 17.</p>
@@ -36673,7 +36636,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Bestiallich</b>, <i>adj.</i> bestial, I. ii. 4. 45.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Bestialt�</b>. <i>s.</i> fleshliness, I. iii. 9. 48.</p>
+  <p><b>Bestialtè</b>. <i>s.</i> fleshliness, I. iii. 9. 48.</p>
 
   <p><b>Beswinke</b>, <i>ger.</i> to toil for, I. i. 1. 40.</p>
 
@@ -36727,7 +36690,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Bitte</b>, <i>s.</i> bit, I. ii. 6. 83.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Bla</b>, <i>adj.</i> livid, XVII. 159. Icel. <i>bl�r</i>.</p>
+  <p><b>Bla</b>, <i>adj.</i> livid, XVII. 159. Icel. <i>blár</i>.</p>
 
   <p><b>Blabbing</b>, <i>pres. pt.</i> prattling, V. 116.</p>
 
@@ -37001,7 +36964,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Careckes</b>, <i>s. pl.</i> characters, marks, II. 542.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Cark�</b>, <i>v.</i> be anxious, II. 250, 1123.</p>
+  <p><b>Carkë</b>, <i>v.</i> be anxious, II. 250, 1123.</p>
 
   <p><b>Carpen</b>, <i>1 pr. pl.</i> talk about, discuss, I. ii. 8. 30.</p>
 
@@ -37240,15 +37203,15 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p><b>Commensal</b>, <i>adj.</i> partaking of a common repast, feeding
   with others, I. i. 4. 25.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Comminalt�</b>, <i>s.</i> commons, II. 654; <i>pl.</i> communities,
+  <p><b>Comminaltè</b>, <i>s.</i> commons, II. 654; <i>pl.</i> communities,
   I. iii. 1. 89.</p>
 
   <p><b>Comming</b>, <i>pres. pt. as adj.</i> future, sure to happen, I.
   iii. 3. 26; I. iii. 3. 82.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Comodit�</b>, <i>s.</i> advantage, I. iii. 8. 155.</p>
+  <p><b>Comoditè</b>, <i>s.</i> advantage, I. iii. 8. 155.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Comonalt�</b>, <i>s.</i> commonalty, XXIV. 1209.</p>
+  <p><b>Comonaltè</b>, <i>s.</i> commonalty, XXIV. 1209.</p>
 
   <p><b>Comparacion</b>, <i>s.</i> comparison, I. ii. 11. 35.</p>
 
@@ -37351,7 +37314,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Contrarious</b>, <i>adj.</i> contrary, I. ii. 6. 95.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Contrarioust�</b>, <i>s.</i> contrariety, I. ii. 8. 50;
+  <p><b>Contrarioustè</b>, <i>s.</i> contrariety, I. ii. 8. 50;
   contradiction, I. iii. 4. 229; opposition, I. iii. 1. 125.</p>
 
   <p><b>Contrary-doers</b>, <i>s. pl.</i> trespassers, I. iii. 2. 8.</p>
@@ -37450,7 +37413,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Crede</b>, <i>s.</i> Creed, II. 413, 1066.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Crep�</b>, <i>v.</i> creep, II. 942.</p>
+  <p><b>Crepë</b>, <i>v.</i> creep, II. 942.</p>
 
   <p><b>Cresse</b>, <i>s.</i> blade of a cress, I. i. 5. 133; I. ii. 7.
   109; I. iii. 5. 45.</p>
@@ -37519,7 +37482,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p><b>Damoselles</b>, <i>s. pl.</i> damsels, I. ii. 2. 42; girls, II.
   928.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Dampn�ble</b>, <i>adj.</i> damnable, VI. 60.</p>
+  <p><b>Dampnáble</b>, <i>adj.</i> damnable, VI. 60.</p>
 
   <p><b>Dampne</b>, <i>v.</i> condemn, II. 630; <i>pr. s.</i> II. 224;
   <i>pp.</i> damned, I. i. 7. 55; condemned, VIII. 276.</p>
@@ -37597,9 +37560,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Delated</b>; see <b>Debated</b>.</p>
 
-  <p><b>D�lectable</b>, <i>adj.</i> delightful, XXI. 72.</p>
+  <p><b>Délectable</b>, <i>adj.</i> delightful, XXI. 72.</p>
 
-  <p><b>D�litable</b>, <i>adj.</i> delightful, VIII. 122.</p>
+  <p><b>Délitable</b>, <i>adj.</i> delightful, VIII. 122.</p>
 
   <p><b>Deliver</b>, <i>adj.</i> nimble, VIII. 164.</p>
 
@@ -37706,7 +37669,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Dewe</b>, <i>s.</i> due; <i>of dewe</i>, duly, XXIV. 1397.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Dewet�</b>, <i>s.</i> duty, due course, IV. 232.</p>
+  <p><b>Dewetè</b>, <i>s.</i> duty, due course, IV. 232.</p>
 
   <p><b>Deydest</b>, <i>2 pt. s.</i> didst die, were to die, I. i. 9. 65;
   <i>pt. s.</i> died, VII. 102.</p>
@@ -37936,11 +37899,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Drowry</b>, <i>s.</i> love-token, XVII. 583.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Dualit�</b>, <i>s.</i> duality, doubleness, I. ii. 13. 30.</p>
+  <p><b>Dualitè</b>, <i>s.</i> duality, doubleness, I. ii. 13. 30.</p>
 
   <p><b>Duchees</b>, <i>s. pl.</i> duchies, V. 333.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Du�tee</b>, <i>s.</i> duty, VI. 38; IX. 5, 106.</p>
+  <p><b>Duëtee</b>, <i>s.</i> duty, VI. 38; IX. 5, 106.</p>
 
   <p><b>Duleful</b>, <i>adj.</i> grievous, XVII. 309.</p>
 
@@ -37965,7 +37928,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Dys</b>, <i>s. pl.</i> dice, XIII. 74.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Dyt�</b>, <i>s.</i> ditty, song, poem, VIII. 606; IX. 268; XVII.
+  <p><b>Dytè</b>, <i>s.</i> ditty, song, poem, VIII. 606; IX. 268; XVII.
   1.</p>
 
   <p>&nbsp;</p>
@@ -38296,7 +38259,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p><b>Falsen</b>, <i>ger.</i> to deceive, V. 307; <i>pt. s.</i> gave way,
   failed, I. ii. 8. 127; was false to, I. i. 2. 92.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Falset�</b>, <i>s.</i> falsehood, I. ii. 3. 57; <i>pl.</i> I. ii.
+  <p><b>Falsetè</b>, <i>s.</i> falsehood, I. ii. 3. 57; <i>pl.</i> I. ii.
   1. 73.</p>
 
   <p><b>Falsheed</b>, <i>s.</i> falsehood, I. iii. 6. 127.</p>
@@ -38644,7 +38607,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p><b>Fra</b>, <i>adv.</i> from, XVII. 7; from the time that, as soon as,
   XVII. 101.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Fraternit�</b>, <i>s.</i> fraternity, III. 246.</p>
+  <p><b>Fraternitè</b>, <i>s.</i> fraternity, III. 246.</p>
 
   <p><b>Fraunchyse</b>, <i>s.</i> freedom, XVI. 236, 364;   liberality,
   XVI. 422;   privileged place, VIII. 273.</p>
@@ -39098,7 +39061,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   Sc. <i>dude</i>, do it (Jamieson).</p>
 
   <p><b>Heklit</b>, <i>pp.</i> drawn forward over, XVII. 244. Cf. Icel.
-  <i>hekla</i>, <i>h�kull</i>.</p>
+  <i>hekla</i>, <i>hökull</i>.</p>
 
   <p><b>Helde</b>, <i>v.</i> hold, II. 704; Helden, <i>3 pr. s. subj.</i>
   might hold, XXIV. 347 (ungrammatical).</p>
@@ -39271,7 +39234,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Hors-harneys</b>, <i>s.</i> horse-trappings, XX. 218, 226, 237.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Hosp�tall</b>, <i>s.</i> hospital, XVII. 382.</p>
+  <p><b>Hospítall</b>, <i>s.</i> hospital, XVII. 382.</p>
 
   <p><b>Hostel</b>, <i>s.</i> lodging, I. i. 2. 57.</p>
 
@@ -39333,7 +39296,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Imperfite</b>, <i>adj.</i> imperfect, III. 186, 199.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Import�ble</b>, <i>adj.</i> unbearable, I. i. 1. 108; V. 26.</p>
+  <p><b>Importáble</b>, <i>adj.</i> unbearable, I. i. 1. 108; V. 26.</p>
 
   <p><b>Impossible</b>, <i>s.</i> a thing impossible, I. ii. 4. 152;
   Impossible, VII. 12.</p>
@@ -39349,7 +39312,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Inclose</b>, <i>pp.</i> included, I. iii. 4. 164.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Incommodit�</b>, <i>s.</i> inconvenience, I. iii. 8. 141.</p>
+  <p><b>Incommoditè</b>, <i>s.</i> inconvenience, I. iii. 8. 141.</p>
 
   <p><b>Inconvenience</b>, <i>s.</i> unfitness, I. iii. 4. 139;   mistake,
   I. ii. 4. 153.</p>
@@ -39399,7 +39362,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Input</b>, <i>pp.</i> placed in, implanted, I. ii. 2. 120.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Inse�r</b>, <i>s.</i> investigator, looker into, I. iii. 1. 141; I.
+  <p><b>Inseër</b>, <i>s.</i> investigator, looker into, I. iii. 1. 141; I.
   iii. 9. 91;   reader, I. iii. 1. 25;   <i>pl.</i> I. ii. 1. 103.</p>
 
   <p><b>Insight</b>, <i>s.</i> perception, I. ii. 6. 96.</p>
@@ -39487,7 +39450,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Justificacion</b>, <i>s.</i> justification, I. ii. 13. 88.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Juvent�</b>, <i>s.</i> youth, VII. 11.</p>
+  <p><b>Juventè</b>, <i>s.</i> youth, VII. 11.</p>
 
   <p><b>Juyse</b>, <i>s.</i> penalty, XVI. 622.</p>
 
@@ -39578,7 +39541,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p><b>Laced</b>, <i>pp.</i> bound, I. i. 3. 144.</p>
 
   <p><b>Lache</b>, <i>2 pr. s. subj.</i> loosen (it), let go, <i>or
-  perhaps</i>, turn coward, relax, I. ii. 14. 83. F. <i>l�cher</i>.</p>
+  perhaps</i>, turn coward, relax, I. ii. 14. 83. F. <i>lâcher</i>.</p>
 
   <p><b>Lacke</b>, <i>v.</i> fail, III. 222.</p>
 
@@ -39645,7 +39608,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Laughande</b>, <i>pres. pt.</i> laughing, I. i. 1. 47.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Laund�</b>, <i>s.</i> glade, VIII. 120; XVIII. 61.</p>
+  <p><b>Laundë</b>, <i>s.</i> glade, VIII. 120; XVIII. 61.</p>
 
   <p><b>Laureat</b>, <i>adj.</i> made of laurel, X. 68.</p>
 
@@ -39894,7 +39857,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Lodesterre</b>, <i>s.</i> lode-star, guiding star, XVI. 257.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Lo�nge</b>, <i>s.</i> praise, IV. 371.</p>
+  <p><b>Loënge</b>, <i>s.</i> praise, IV. 371.</p>
 
   <p><b>Logge</b>, <i>s.</i> lodge, VIII. 585.</p>
 
@@ -40105,13 +40068,13 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Mater</b>, <i>s.</i> matter, I. iii. 9. 85.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Maugr�</b>, <i>prep.</i> in spite of, II. 886; V. 232; <i>m.
+  <p><b>Maugrè</b>, <i>prep.</i> in spite of, II. 886; V. 232; <i>m.
   me</i>, in spite of myself, unwillingly, I. iii. 3. 114.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Maugr�</b>, <i>s.</i> ill will, XVI. 240; Maugree, dislike, V. 376;
+  <p><b>Maugrè</b>, <i>s.</i> ill will, XVI. 240; Maugree, dislike, V. 376;
   displeasure, I. ii. 6. 53.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Maund�ments</b>, <i>s. pl.</i> commandments, II. 633.</p>
+  <p><b>Maundëments</b>, <i>s. pl.</i> commandments, II. 633.</p>
 
   <p><b>Mavis</b>, <i>s.</i> thrush, XVII. 430; XXIV. 798.</p>
 
@@ -40158,7 +40121,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p><b>Meedful</b>, <i>adj.</i> meritorious, III. 178.</p>
 
   <p><b>Mees</b>, <i>s. pl.</i> dwellings, houses, V. 334. O.F. <i>mes</i>,
-  <i>meis</i>, <i>meix</i>, 'ferme ... habitation, d�meure'; Godefroy.</p>
+  <i>meis</i>, <i>meix</i>, 'ferme ... habitation, démeure'; Godefroy.</p>
 
   <p><b>Meid</b>, <i>s.</i> reward, recompense, XVII. 277.</p>
 
@@ -40200,7 +40163,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Mes</b>, <i>s.</i> dish, course of meats, XVI. 154.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Meschaunc�</b>, <i>s.</i> misfortune, VII. 179.</p>
+  <p><b>Meschauncë</b>, <i>s.</i> misfortune, VII. 179.</p>
 
   <p><b>Mescreaunce</b>, <i>s.</i> unbelief, VI. 50.</p>
 
@@ -40363,7 +40326,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Mote</b>, <i>pr. s. subj.</i> may, II. 60; V. 111.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Motl�</b>, <i>s.</i> motley, VIII. 72.</p>
+  <p><b>Motlë</b>, <i>s.</i> motley, VIII. 72.</p>
 
   <p><b>Mouche</b>, <i>pr. pl.</i> sneak about, II. 947.</p>
 
@@ -40560,7 +40523,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p><b>Nyce</b>, <i>adj.</i> foolish, V. 148; VII. 14; XVIII. 13; Nyse, I.
   i. 4. 55.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Nycet�</b>, <i>s.</i> folly, I. iii. 4. 257.</p>
+  <p><b>Nycetè</b>, <i>s.</i> folly, I. iii. 4. 257.</p>
 
   <p><b>Nye-bore</b>, <i>s.</i> neighbour, I. ii. 9. 144.</p>
 
@@ -40803,11 +40766,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p><b>Parcel</b>, <i>s.</i> part, portion, I. i. 10. 32; <i>as adv.</i>
   in part, VIII. 224.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Pard�</b>, pardieu, XX. 47; XXI. 753.</p>
+  <p><b>Pardè</b>, pardieu, XX. 47; XXI. 753.</p>
 
   <p><b>Pardurable</b>, <i>adj.</i> everlasting, I. ii. 8. 87.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Parfyt�</b>, <i>adj. fem.</i> perfect, IV. 316.</p>
+  <p><b>Parfytë</b>, <i>adj. fem.</i> perfect, IV. 316.</p>
 
   <p><b>Parishens</b>, <i>s. pl.</i> parishioners, II. 767; III. 114.</p>
 
@@ -40850,7 +40813,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p><b>Pay</b>, <i>s.</i> satisfaction; <i>her to pay</i>, for a
   satisfaction to her, VIII. 536.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Pay�n</b>, <i>adj.</i> pagan, IV. 45; <i>s. pl.</i> IV. 183.</p>
+  <p><b>Payën</b>, <i>adj.</i> pagan, IV. 45; <i>s. pl.</i> IV. 183.</p>
 
   <p><b>Paynims</b>, <i>pl. adj.</i> pagan, I. ii. 1. 49; <i>s. pl.</i> I.
   ii. 1. 46.</p>
@@ -40917,7 +40880,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Perse</b>, <i>pr. pl.</i> pierce, XXIV. 940.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Pers�ver</b>, <i>v.</i> persevere, IX. 174.</p>
+  <p><b>Perséver</b>, <i>v.</i> persevere, IX. 174.</p>
 
   <p><b>Personage</b>, <i>s.</i> dignity, title, II. 269, 723; titles, II.
   953. See note to II. 723, p. 465.</p>
@@ -40959,11 +40922,11 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Piscyne</b>, <i>s.</i> fish-pool, X. 134.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Pitous</b>, <i>adj.</i> merciful, IV. 345; Pitous�, <i>fem.</i>
+  <p><b>Pitous</b>, <i>adj.</i> merciful, IV. 345; Pitousë, <i>fem.</i>
   piteous, V. 23. <!-- Page 586 --><span class="pagenum"><a
   name="page586"></a>[586]</span></p>
 
-  <p><b>Pitt�</b>, <i>s.</i> pit, well, VIII. 92.</p>
+  <p><b>Pittë</b>, <i>s.</i> pit, well, VIII. 92.</p>
 
   <p><b>Plain</b>, <i>adj.</i> open, true, XIII. 39.</p>
 
@@ -41043,7 +41006,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Post</b>, <i>s.</i> support, XXIV. 1189.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Posteriorit�</b>, <i>s.</i> being behind, I. iii. 4. 166.</p>
+  <p><b>Posterioritè</b>, <i>s.</i> being behind, I. iii. 4. 166.</p>
 
   <p><b>Pothecairis</b>, <i>s. pl.</i> apothecaries, XVII. 248.</p>
 
@@ -41112,8 +41075,8 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p><b>Prime face</b>, first look; <i>at the p. f.</i>, prim&#x101; facie,
   I. i. 6. 57.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Principalit�</b>, <i>s.</i> rule, I. i. 9. 47; <span
-  class="nw">-alt�,</span> dominion, I. ii. 3. 12.</p>
+  <p><b>Principalitè</b>, <i>s.</i> rule, I. i. 9. 47; <span
+  class="nw">-altè,</span> dominion, I. ii. 3. 12.</p>
 
   <p><b>Print</b>, <i>s.</i> impression, XVI. 477.</p>
 
@@ -41145,7 +41108,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Proper</b>, <i>s.</i> personal property, III. 190.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Propinquit�</b>, <i>s.</i> nearness of kin, I. ii. 2. 101.</p>
+  <p><b>Propinquitè</b>, <i>s.</i> nearness of kin, I. ii. 2. 101.</p>
 
   <p><b>Proporcions</b>, <i>s. pl.</i> suppositions, I. iii. 3. 19.
   (<i>Probably for</i> propositions.)</p>
@@ -41188,7 +41151,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Punical</b>, <i>adj.</i> Punic, X. 121. See Pome.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Punissh�ment</b>, <i>s.</i> punishment, V. 467; <i>pl.</i> II.
+  <p><b>Punisshëment</b>, <i>s.</i> punishment, V. 467; <i>pl.</i> II.
   520.</p>
 
   <p><b>Purchace</b>, <i>s.</i> earning (it), obtaining (it), XVI. 322;
@@ -41348,9 +41311,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Rayle</b>, <i>s.</i> rail, bar, XXI. 42. See note.</p>
 
-  <p><b>R�almes</b>, <i>s. pl.</i> kingdoms, I. ii. 7. 23, 33.</p>
+  <p><b>Rëalmes</b>, <i>s. pl.</i> kingdoms, I. ii. 7. 23, 33.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Reb�l</b>, <i>adj.</i> rebellious, XVI. 656.</p>
+  <p><b>Rebél</b>, <i>adj.</i> rebellious, XVI. 656.</p>
 
   <p><b>Recche</b>, <i>v.</i> reck, care, I. iii. 2. 68; III. 332; <i>pr.
   s. subj.</i> I. ii. 7. 63; <i>pr. s.</i> I. iii. 6. 118.</p>
@@ -41428,7 +41391,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Rekes</b>, <i>s. pl.</i> ricks, I. i. <i>pr.</i> 100.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Relees</b>, <i>s.</i> release, VIII. 332; R�les, VIII. 20.</p>
+  <p><b>Relees</b>, <i>s.</i> release, VIII. 332; Réles, VIII. 20.</p>
 
   <p><b>Relesse</b>, <i>v.</i> relax, XXIV. 1014.</p>
 
@@ -41448,7 +41411,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Remeid</b>, <i>v.</i> remedy, cure, XVII. 473.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Rem�nant</b>, <i>s.</i> rest, V. 163.</p>
+  <p><b>Remënant</b>, <i>s.</i> rest, V. 163.</p>
 
   <p><b>Remes</b>, <i>s. pl.</i> realms, V. 333; X. 117.</p>
 
@@ -41466,7 +41429,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p><b>Renne</b>, <i>ger.</i> to run, I. i. 1. 107; <i>pr. pl.</i> X. 64;
   <i>pres. pt.</i> running, variable, VIII. 458.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Renom�</b>, <i>s.</i> renown, fame, I. ii. 4. 21; XI. 93.</p>
+  <p><b>Renomè</b>, <i>s.</i> renown, fame, I. ii. 4. 21; XI. 93.</p>
 
   <p><b>Renommed</b>, <i>pp.</i> renowned, XVI. 756.</p>
 
@@ -41510,7 +41473,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Repugneth</b>, <i>pr. s.</i> opposes, I. iii. 2 158.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Request�</b>, <i>s.</i> request (trisyllabic), IV. 27 (not
+  <p><b>Requestë</b>, <i>s.</i> request (trisyllabic), IV. 27 (not
   <i>request</i>, as in the text); <i>withoute r.</i>, unintentionally,
   XVI. 122.</p>
 
@@ -41640,7 +41603,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Rore</b>, <i>s.</i> tumult, I. i. 6. 150.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Ros�-flour</b>, <i>s.</i> rose, II. 752.</p>
+  <p><b>Rosë-flour</b>, <i>s.</i> rose, II. 752.</p>
 
   <p><b>Rosen</b>, <i>adj.</i> rosy, VIII. 656.</p>
 
@@ -42159,7 +42122,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Sonde</b>, <i>s.</i> sending, ordinance, IV. 84.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Son�</b>, <i>s.</i> son, V. 5.</p>
+  <p><b>Sonë</b>, <i>s.</i> son, V. 5.</p>
 
   <p><b>Songe</b>, <i>pp.</i> sung, III. 95.</p>
 
@@ -42184,7 +42147,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Sotell-persing</b>, <i>adj.</i> subtly piercing, XXIV. 768.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Sotelt�</b>, <i>s.</i> subtlety, XVI. 619.</p>
+  <p><b>Soteltè</b>, <i>s.</i> subtlety, XVI. 619.</p>
 
   <p><b>Soth</b>, <i>s.</i> truth, II. 171.</p>
 
@@ -42206,7 +42169,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Souled</b>, <i>pp.</i> conferred on the soul, I. iii. 1. 15.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Soul�-hele</b>, <i>s.</i> health of the soul, salvation, II.
+  <p><b>Soulë-hele</b>, <i>s.</i> health of the soul, salvation, II.
   1193.</p>
 
   <p><b>Soun</b>, <i>s.</i> sound, VIII. 200.</p>
@@ -42215,7 +42178,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Sounde</b>, <i>ger.</i> to heal, VIII. 292.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Soup�</b>, <i>v.</i> sup, II. 1096; <i>ger.</i> XX. 417.</p>
+  <p><b>Soupë</b>, <i>v.</i> sup, II. 1096; <i>ger.</i> XX. 417.</p>
 
   <p><b>Souple</b>, <i>adj.</i> supple, weak, II. 58.</p>
 
@@ -42664,7 +42627,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Tenetz</b>, <i>s.</i> tennis, IV. 295. See note.</p>
 
-  <p><b>T'enprint�</b>, to imprint, VII. 131.</p>
+  <p><b>T'enprintë</b>, to imprint, VII. 131.</p>
 
   <p><b>Terme</b>, <i>s.</i> term, appointed age, I. iii. 4. 112; <i>t. of
   my lyf</i>, for all my lifetime, XVIII. 289. <!-- Page 596 --><span
@@ -43159,7 +43122,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   i. 2. 163. <!-- Page 599 --><span class="pagenum"><a
   name="page599"></a>[599]</span></p>
 
-  <p><b>Velu�t</b>, <i>s.</i> velvet, VIII. 80; XX. 233; Veluet, XX. 141,
+  <p><b>Veluët</b>, <i>s.</i> velvet, VIII. 80; XX. 233; Veluet, XX. 141,
   261.</p>
 
   <p><b>Vengeable</b>, <i>adj.</i> revengeful, I. ii. 11. 92; II. 805.</p>
@@ -43185,7 +43148,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p><b>Very</b>, <i>adv.</i> extremely, XX. 10, 35; very, XX. 409; XXI.
   479.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Vest�ment</b>, <i>s.</i> vestment, II. 278, 934.</p>
+  <p><b>Vestëment</b>, <i>s.</i> vestment, II. 278, 934.</p>
 
   <p><b>Viage</b>, <i>s.</i> voyage, journey, I. i. 5. 84; IV. 57; XXI.
   46.</p>
@@ -43211,7 +43174,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Voluntarious</b>, <i>adj.</i> voluntary, free, I. ii. 8. 116.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Volunt�</b>, <i>s.</i> free will, VIII. 299.</p>
+  <p><b>Voluntè</b>, <i>s.</i> free will, VIII. 299.</p>
 
   <p><b>Voluptuously</b>, <i>adv.</i> luxuriously, I. ii. 10. 18.</p>
 
@@ -43743,7 +43706,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Ye</b>, yea, I. i. 7. 34.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Y�</b>, <i>s.</i> eye, IX. 124.</p>
+  <p><b>Yë</b>, <i>s.</i> eye, IX. 124.</p>
 
   <p><b>Yede</b>, <i>1 pt. s.</i> went, VIII. 120;   <i>pt. s.</i> I. i.
   10. 111; XX. 54;   <i>pt. pl.</i> XX. 295, 301.</p>
@@ -43875,7 +43838,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Y-tyed</b>, <i>pp.</i> tied, V. 226.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Yv�-lefe</b>, <i>s.</i> ivy-leaf, I. iii. 7. 50.</p>
+  <p><b>Yvè-lefe</b>, <i>s.</i> ivy-leaf, I. iii. 7. 50.</p>
 
   <p><b>Yuel-spekers</b>, <i>s. pl.</i> evil-speakers, I. i. 9. 6.</p>
 
@@ -43990,7 +43953,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Canacee</b>, IX. 206.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Cart�g�</b>, Carthage, V. 311; XXIV. 231.</p>
+  <p><b>Cartágë</b>, Carthage, V. 311; XXIV. 231.</p>
 
   <p><b>Cassodore</b>, Cassiodorus, IV. 330.</p>
 
@@ -44009,7 +43972,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   <p><b>Cipryde</b>, Venus, IX. 20. (<i>Venus and Cipryde</i>, Venus and
   the Cyprian goddess, really one and the same.)</p>
 
-  <p><b>Citharea</b>, Venus, XXIV. 50, 556; Cithera, V. 5; Cither�, XXIV.
+  <p><b>Citharea</b>, Venus, XXIV. 50, 556; Cithera, V. 5; Citherè, XXIV.
   1178.</p>
 
   <p><b>Citharee</b>, Cythera, <i>but an error for</i> Cithaeron, XXIV. 49.
@@ -44041,7 +44004,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Dalida</b>, Delilah, XIII. 83; XXIV. 538.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Dane</b>, Dana�, I. i. 5. 8; XXIV. 824.</p>
+  <p><b>Dane</b>, Danaë, I. i. 5. 8; XXIV. 824.</p>
 
   <p><b>Daphne</b>, VIII. 64.</p>
 
@@ -44078,7 +44041,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Englissh</b>, English, I. iii. 4. 249.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Englond</b>, England, XXIV. 1226; Eng�lond, IV. 358.</p>
+  <p><b>Englond</b>, England, XXIV. 1226; Engëlond, IV. 358.</p>
 
   <p><b>Eoy</b>, Eous, XVII. 212.</p>
 
@@ -44187,7 +44150,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Joseph</b>, X. 138.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Josu�</b>, Joshua, IV. 282; XII. 88.</p>
+  <p><b>Josuë</b>, Joshua, IV. 282; XII. 88.</p>
 
   <p><b>Jove</b>, Jupiter, XXIV. 94, 820; Jovis, I. ii. 9. 167.</p>
 
@@ -44270,7 +44233,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Niobe</b>, VIII. 178.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Noe</b>, Noah, I. i. 8. 56; No�s, <i>gen.</i> I. i. 7. 83; I. ii.
+  <p><b>Noe</b>, Noah, I. i. 8. 56; Noës, <i>gen.</i> I. i. 7. 83; I. ii.
   2. 108.</p>
 
   <p><b>Normandes</b>, <i>s. pl.</i> Normans', I. ii. 7. 19.</p>
@@ -44297,7 +44260,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Paulyn</b>, Paulinus, I. iii. 2. 19, 21. See note.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Pegac�</b>, <i>s.</i> Pegasus, VIII. 92.</p>
+  <p><b>Pegacè</b>, <i>s.</i> Pegasus, VIII. 92.</p>
 
   <p><b>Penelope</b>, IX. 203; XII. 113.</p>
 
@@ -44305,7 +44268,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Pernaso</b>, <i>s.</i> Parnassus, VIII. 93.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Peros</b>, Pyro�is, XVII. 215.</p>
+  <p><b>Peros</b>, Pyroëis, XVII. 215.</p>
 
   <p><b>Peter</b>, II. 365, 443; <i>gen.</i> II. 66.</p>
 
@@ -44381,7 +44344,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><b>Septembre</b>, September, XXI. 1.</p>
 
-  <p><b>Silo�</b>, Siloam, I. ii. 14. 40.</p>
+  <p><b>Siloë</b>, Siloam, I. ii. 14. 40.</p>
 
   <p><b>Silvester</b>, pope, IV. 346.</p>
 
@@ -44480,14 +44443,14 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Cardinal Virtues, <a href="#page479">479</a>.</p>
       <p>Chaucer's death alluded to, <a href="#page510">510</a>.</p>
-      <p>Chaucer's Bo�thius, alluded to, <a href="#page451">451</a>, <a href="#page453">453</a>-<a href="#page454">4</a>, <a href="#page457">457</a>-<a href="#page458">8</a>, <a href="#page461">461</a>-<a href="#page463">3</a>, <a href="#page466">466</a>-<a href="#page476">76</a>, <a href="#page481">481</a>-<a href="#page483">3</a>.</p>
+      <p>Chaucer's Boëthius, alluded to, <a href="#page451">451</a>, <a href="#page453">453</a>-<a href="#page454">4</a>, <a href="#page457">457</a>-<a href="#page458">8</a>, <a href="#page461">461</a>-<a href="#page463">3</a>, <a href="#page466">466</a>-<a href="#page476">76</a>, <a href="#page481">481</a>-<a href="#page483">3</a>.</p>
       <p>&mdash; Anelida, <a href="#page537">537</a>, <a href="#page543">543</a>.</p>
       <p>&mdash; Book of the Duchess, <a href="#page473">473</a>, <a href="#page530">530</a>.</p>
       <p>&mdash; Canterbury Tales, <a href="#page456">456</a>, <a href="#page503">503</a>, &amp;c.</p>
       <p>&mdash; Compleynt of Venus, <a href="#page548">548</a>-<a href="#page549">9</a>.</p>
       <p>&mdash; House of Fame, imitated, <a href="#page467">467</a>-<a href="#page468">8</a>.</p>
       <p>&mdash; Legend of Good Women, <a href="#page452">452</a>, <a href="#page467">467</a>, <a href="#page483">483</a>, <a href="#page500">500</a>-<a href="#page501">1</a>, <a href="#page537">537</a>, <a href="#page542">542</a>-<a href="#page543">3</a>, <a href="#page547">547</a>.</p>
-      <p>&mdash; Merciless Beaut�, <a href="#page513">513</a>.</p>
+      <p>&mdash; Merciless Beautè, <a href="#page513">513</a>.</p>
       <p>&mdash; Rom. of the Rose, <a href="#page456">456</a>-<a href="#page457">7</a>, <a href="#page504">504</a>-<a href="#page506">6</a>, <a href="#page545">545</a>, <a href="#page549">549</a>, <a href="#page551">551</a>.</p>
       <p>&mdash; Troilus, <a href="#page452">452</a>, <a href="#page455">455</a>, <a href="#page457">457</a>, <a href="#page459">459</a>, <a href="#page472">472</a>, <a href="#page481">481</a>-<a href="#page483">3</a>, <a href="#page521">521</a>-<a href="#page523">3</a>, <a href="#page525">525</a>, <a href="#page551">551</a>.</p>
       <p>Christine de Pisan, <a href="#page499">499</a>.</p>
@@ -44650,12 +44613,12 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p><span class="sc">Besant, Sir Walter</span>, Hampstead, London, N.W.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Bevan, G. L.</span>, Esq., London, W.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Bibliotheek van de Rijks-Universiteit te Groningen.</span></p>
-      <p><span class="sc">Biblioth�que Albert-Dumont</span>, Paris.</p>
-      <p><span class="sc">Biblioth�que de l'�cole Normale Sup�rieure.</span></p>
-      <p><span class="sc">Biblioth�que de l'Universit� de Bordeaux.</span></p>
-      <p><span class="sc">Biblioth�que de l'Universit� de Paris.</span></p>
-      <p><span class="sc">Biblioth�que de l'Universit� de Poitiers.</span></p>
-      <p><span class="sc">Biblioth�que Nationale</span>, Paris.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Bibliothèque Albert-Dumont</span>, Paris.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Bibliothèque de l'École Normale Supérieure.</span></p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Bibliothèque de l'Université de Bordeaux.</span></p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Bibliothèque de l'Université de Paris.</span></p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Bibliothèque de l'Université de Poitiers.</span></p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Bibliothèque Nationale</span>, Paris.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Bickers &amp; Son</span>, Booksellers, London, W.C. (<i>thirty copies</i>).</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Billson, C. J.</span>, Esq., M.A., Leicester.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Bilsland, William</span>, Esq., Glasgow.</p>
@@ -44823,9 +44786,9 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p><span class="sc">Ellershaw</span>, Rev. H., M.A., Durham.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Elliot, Andrew</span>, Bookseller, Edinburgh.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Ellis, F. S.</span>, Esq., Torquay.</p>
-      <p><span class="sc">Englisches Seminar der Universit�t</span>, Gr�tz, Austria.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Englisches Seminar der Universität</span>, Grätz, Austria.</p>
 <!-- Page 615 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page615"></a>[615]</span>
-      <p><span class="sc">Englisches Seminar der Universit�t</span>, Strassburg.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Englisches Seminar der Universität</span>, Strassburg.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Evans, H. A.</span>, Esq., Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Everard, C. H.</span>, Esq., East Grinstead.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Exeter College</span>, Oxford, The Rev. the <span class="sc">Rector of</span>.</p>
@@ -44849,7 +44812,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p><span class="sc">Fletcher, Charles E.</span>, Esq., Maidstone.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Flower, Wickham</span>, Esq., London, S.W.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Ford</span>, Hon. W. C., Washington, D.C., U.S.A.</p>
-      <p><span class="sc">F�rster</span>, Prof. Dr. <span class="sc">Max</span>, University, Bonn.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Förster</span>, Prof. Dr. <span class="sc">Max</span>, University, Bonn.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Foster</span>, Prof. <span class="sc">Gregory</span>, London, W.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Fowler, H. W.</span>, Esq., Sedbergh.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Fox</span>, Mrs. <span class="sc">Hamilton</span>, Keston, Kent.</p>
@@ -44932,7 +44895,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p><span class="sc">Hirschfeld Bros.</span>, Booksellers, London, E.C.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Hitchman, John</span>, Bookseller, Birmingham.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Hodgson, T. T.</span>, Esq.</p>
-      <p><span class="sc">H�lder, A.</span>, Esq., Vienna.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">Hölder, A.</span>, Esq., Vienna.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Hollingworth</span>, Miss, London, W.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Hollins, F.</span>, Esq., Eastbourne.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">Holmes, Timothy</span>, Esq., London, W.</p>
@@ -45316,7 +45279,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
       <p><span class="sc">University Library</span>, Edinburgh.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">University Library</span>, Glasgow.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">University Library</span>, Sydney.</p>
-      <p><span class="sc">University Library</span>, T�bingen.</p>
+      <p><span class="sc">University Library</span>, Tübingen.</p>
 <!-- Page 627 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page627"></a>[627]</span>
       <p><span class="sc">University Library</span>, Utrecht.</p>
       <p><span class="sc">University of Colorado</span>, Boulder, U.S.A.</p>
@@ -45513,7 +45476,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
   <p><a name="Nt_25" href="#NtA_25">[25]</a> Hence F. 148, 'As gret-e
   perl-es, round and orient,' reappears in A. 528 without the final
-  <i><span class="nw">-e</span></i>, in the form: 'With gret' perl�s,
+  <i><span class="nw">-e</span></i>, in the form: 'With gret' perlés,
   <i>ful</i> fyne and orient.'</p>
 
   <p><a name="Nt_26" href="#NtA_26">[26]</a> The examples of <i>trewly</i>
@@ -45534,7 +45497,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   Bohn's Library, i. 214.</p>
 
   <p><a name="Nt_33" href="#NtA_33">[33]</a> A piece entitled 'De Duodecim
-  Abusivis' is one of three pieces appended to �lfric's Lives of the Saints
+  Abusivis' is one of three pieces appended to Ælfric's Lives of the Saints
   in MS. Julius E. 7.</p>
 
   <p><a name="Nt_34" href="#NtA_34">[34]</a> No. 61 is The Storie of
@@ -45548,7 +45511,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   professed to accept Tyrwhitt's canon, this piece was omitted; but it was
   revived once more by Bell.</p>
 
-  <p><a name="Nt_37" href="#NtA_37">[37]</a> See The Athen�um, Nov. 4,
+  <p><a name="Nt_37" href="#NtA_37">[37]</a> See The Athenæum, Nov. 4,
   1876; The Academy, June 3, 1878; Aug. 3, 1878.</p>
 
   <p><a name="Nt_38" href="#NtA_38">[38]</a> My remark upon the Trinity MS.
@@ -45559,7 +45522,7 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
   seventeenth has been cut out and the last three are blank; and this quire
   is quite distinct from the rest as regards the date of the writing, which
   is considerably later than 1500, and exhibits a marked change. There are
-  two <i>lacun�</i> in the poem, one after l. 1022, and another after l.
+  two <i>lacunæ</i> in the poem, one after l. 1022, and another after l.
   1316; probably six stanzas are lost in each case, owing to the loss of
   the two corresponding leaves in the original from which the existing copy
   was made.</p>
@@ -45599,384 +45562,6 @@ Of double worstede y-dy&#x21D;t (228).</td>
 
 </div>
 
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
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-</pre>
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+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43195 ***</div>
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chaucerian and Other Pieces, edited by Walter Skeat
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
-
-
-Title: Chaucerian and Other Pieces
-       Being a Supplement to the Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer
-
-Editor: Walter Skeat
-
-Release Date: July 11, 2013 [EBook #43195]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ASCII
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAUCERIAN AND OTHER PIECES ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
-are listed at the end of the text.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-In this text [gh] represents the Middle English letter "yogh", which
-appears similar to the numeral 3. [=a] signifies "a macron", and so forth.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-CHAUCERIAN
-
-AND OTHER PIECES
-
-_EDITED, FROM NUMEROUS MANUSCRIPTS_
-
-BY THE REV.
-
-WALTER W. SKEAT, LITT.D., D.C.L., LL.D., PH.D.
-ELRINGTON AND BOSWORTH PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON
-AND FELLOW OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
-
-
-
-BEING A SUPPLEMENT TO THE
-COMPLETE WORKS OF GEOFFREY CHAUCER
-(OXFORD, IN SIX VOLUMES, 1894)
-
-   * * *
-  * * * *
-
- 'And yit ye shul han better loos,
-  Right in dispyt of alle your foos,
-  Than worthy is; and that anoon.'
-                      _Hous of Fame, 1667-9._
-
-Oxford
-
-AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
-
-M DCCC XCVII
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-Oxford
-
-PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
-BY HORACE HART, M.A.,
-PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-CONTENTS.
-
-  INTRODUCTION.--Sec. 1. Works appended to those of Chaucer in various
-  editions. Sec. 2. Thynne's collection in 1532. _A Praise of Women._
-  _The Lamentation of Mary Magdalen._ _The Remedy of Love._ Sec. 3. Other
-  non-Chaucerian pieces. _The Craft of Lovers._ _A Balade._ _The Ten
-  Commandments of Love._ _The Nine Ladies Worthy._ _Virelai._ _The
-  Judgement of Paris._ _A Balade pleasaunte._ _Another Balade._ _The
-  Court of Love._ Sec. 4. Additions by Speght. _Chaucer's Dream._ _Eight
-  Goodly Questions._ Sec. 5. Editions and MSS. consulted. Sec. 6.
-  Authorities for the pieces here printed. Sec. 7. I. THE TESTAMENT OF
-  LOVE. Sec. 8. The acrostic found in it. Name of the author. Sec. 9. Fate
-  of Thomas Usk. Sec. 10. Idea of the work. Sec. 11. The author's
-  plagiarisms from Chaucer. Sec. 12. How he stole a passage from The
-  House of Fame. Sec. 13. Borrowings from Troilus and Piers Plowman.
-  Sec. 14. The author's inaccuracies. Sec. 15. The title; and the meaning
-  of Margaret. Sec. 16. Plan of the work. Sec. 17. Outline of Book I. Sec. 18.
-  Outline of Book II. Sec. 19. Outline of Book III. Sec. 20. II. THE
-  PLOWMANS TALE. Sec. 21. Never supposed to be Chaucer's. Sec. 22. Written
-  by the author of The Ploughmans Crede. Sec. 23. III. JACK UPLAND. Sec. 24.
-  Date, A.D. 1402. Sec. 25. Traces of two texts. Sec. 26. Not originally
-  written in alliterative verse. Sec. 27. IV. THE PRAISE OF PEACE. By John
-  Gower. Sec. 28. The Trentham MS. Sec. 29. Date, A.D. 1399. Sec. 30. V. THE
-  LETTER OF CUPID. By Thomas Hoccleve. Sec. 31. VI. TWO BALADES. By Thomas
-  Hoccleve. Sec. 32. VII. A MORAL BALADE. By Henry Scogan. Date, about
-  1407. Sec. 33. The supper at the Vintry. Sec. 34. VIII. THE COMPLAINT OF
-  THE BLACK KNIGHT. By John Lydgate. Sec. 35. His quotations from Chaucer's
-  version of the Romaunt of the Rose. Date, about 1402. Sec. 36. IX. THE
-  FLOUR OF CURTESYE. By John Lydgate. Date, about 1401. Sec. 37. X. A BALADE
-  IN COMMENDATION OF OUR LADY. By John Lydgate. Sec. 38. A new stanza and
-  a new MS. Sec. 39. XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY. By John Lydgate. Sec. 40. XII.
-  BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL. By John Lydgate. Sec. 41. XIII. BEWARE OF
-  DOUBLENESS. By John Lydgate. Sec. 42. XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN, &c.
-  By John Lydgate. Sec. 43. XV. THREE SAYINGS. By John Lydgate. Sec. 44. XVI.
-  LA BELLE DAME SANS MERCY. By Sir Richard Ros. Date, about 1460.
-  Sec. 45. Apparently in the Leicestershire dialect. Sec. 46. Alan Chartier.
-  Sec. 47. Thynne's text and the MSS. Sec. 48. XVII. THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
-  By Robert Henryson. Date, about 1460. Sec. 49. XVIII. THE CUCKOO AND THE
-  NIGHTINGALE. Probably by Sir Thomas Clanvowe. Sec. 50. The queen at
-  Woodstock; about A.D. 1403. Sec. 51. Clanvowe's excessive use of the
-  final _-e_. Sec. 52. His partiality for 'headless' lines. Sec. 53. Milton's
-  Sonnet to the Nightingale. Sec. 54. XIX. ENVOY TO ALISON. Not by Clanvowe.
-  Sec. 55. XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF. By the authoress of The Assembly
-  of Ladies. Sec. 56. The former is the earlier poem. Neither of them is
-  by Chaucer. Sec. 57. Variations from Chaucer's usages. Sec. 58. Examination
-  of the Rimes. Sec. 59. Change in pronunciation. Sec. 60. Gower on the
-  Flower and the Leaf. Sec. 61. XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES. By the
-  authoress of The Flower and the Leaf. Sec. 62. Ordering of a medieval
-  household. Sec. 63. XXII. A GOODLY BALADE. By John Lydgate. Imperfect.
-  Sec. 64. XXIII. GO FORTH, KING. By John Lydgate. Sec. 65. _Duodecim
-  Abusiones._ Sec. 66. XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE. First printed in 1561.
-  Sec. 67. Tyrwhitt's plan for a Glossary to the Canterbury Tales. Sec. 68.
-  Moxon's edition of Chaucer; establishing an erroneous canon of
-  Chaucer's Works. Sec. 69. How to draw up such a canon correctly. Sec. 70.
-  The Court of Love discussed. Sec. 71. The Trinity MS. and the language.
-  Sec. 72. Artificiality of the archaisms affected. Sec. 73. Examination of
-  the Rimes. Sec. 74. Comparison with Chaucerian English. Sec. 75. The
-  Courts of Love. Sec. 76. Pieces numbered XXV-XXIX. Sec. 77. Twelve
-  authors (at least) distinguished in the present volume. Sec. 78.
-  There are probably four more. Sec. 79. Improvements in the present      PAGE
-  edition                                                                ix
-
-       I. THOMAS USK: THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE.
-           BOOK I: PROLOGUE AND CHAPTERS I-X                              1
-           BOOK II: CHAPTERS I-XIV                                       46
-           BOOK III: CHAPTERS I-IX                                      101
-
-      II. THE PLOWMANS TALE                                             147
-
-     III. JACK UPLAND                                                   191
-
-      IV. JOHN GOWER: THE PRAISE OF PEACE                               205
-
-       V. THOMAS HOCCLEVE: THE LETTER OF CUPID                          217
-
-      VI. THE SAME: TO THE KINGES MOST NOBLE GRACE                      233
-                    TO THE LORDES AND KNIGHTES OF THE GARTER            234
-
-     VII. HENRY SCOGAN: A MORAL BALADE                                  237
-
-    VIII. JOHN LYDGATE: THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR,
-           THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE                              245
-
-      IX. THE SAME: THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE                               266
-
-      X. THE SAME: A BALADE; IN COMMENDATION OF OUR LADY                275
-
-      XI. THE SAME: TO MY SOVERAIN LADY                                 281
-
-     XII. THE SAME: BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL                              285
-
-    XIII. THE SAME: BEWARE OF DOUBLENESS                                291
-
-     XIV. THE SAME: A BALADE: WARNING MEN TO BEWARE OF DECEITFUL WOMEN  295
-
-      XV. THE SAME: THREE SAYINGS                                       297
-
-     XVI. SIR RICHARD ROS: LA BELLE DAME SANS MERCY                     299
-
-    XVII. ROBERT HENRYSON: THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID                    327
-
-   XVIII. THE CUCKOO AND THE NIGHTINGALE; OR, THE BOOK OF CUPID,
-            GOD OF LOVE. (By Clanvowe)                                  347
-
-     XIX. AN ENVOY TO ALISON                                            359
-
-      XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF (By a Lady)                           361
-
-     XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES (By the same)                          380
-
-    XXII. A GOODLY BALADE. (By John Lydgate)                            405
-
-   XXIII. GO FORTH, KING. (By John Lydgate)                             408
-
-    XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE                                             409
-
-     XXV. A VIRELAI                                                     448
-
-    XXVI. PROSPERITY. (By John Walton)                                  449
-
-   XXVII. LEAULTE VAULT RICHESSE                                        449
-
-  XXVIII. SAYINGS PRINTED BY CAXTON                                     450
-
-    XXIX. BALADE IN PRAISE OF CHAUCER                                   450
-
-  NOTES TO THE FOREGOING PIECES                                         451
-
-  GLOSSARIAL INDEX                                                      555
-
-  INDEX OF NAMES                                                        603
-
-  INDEX TO SOME SUBJECTS EXPLAINED IN THE NOTES                         607
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-ERRATA AND ADDENDA
-
-P. 26, l. 45. _For_ conuersion _read_ conversion.
-
-P. 32, l. 38. Mr. Bradley suggests that _maistresse_ is a misprint of
-Thynne's for _maistres secre_, i.e. master's secret; alluding to John of
-Northampton.
-
-P. 33, l. 75. _For_ may it be sayd in that thinge 'this man thou demest,
-_read_ may it be sayd, 'in that thinge this man thou demest,
-
-P. 50, l. 28. _For_ in sacke, sowed with wolle _perhaps read_ in sacke
-sowed, with wolle.
-
-P. 52, ll. 107, 109. Mr. Bradley suggests that 'Caynes' and 'Cayn' are
-Thynne's misprints for 'Cames' and 'Cam'; where _Cam_ (misread as _Cain_)
-means _Ham_, for which the Vulgate has _Cham_.
-
-P. 153, l. 187. _Insert a hyphen in_ gold-mastling.
-
-P. 163, l. 520. _For_ punishments _read_ punishements. (_See_ note.)
-
-P. 180, l. 1050. _For_ [ful] _read_ [not]. (_See_ note.)
-
-P. 186, l. 1231. End the line with a semicolon.
-
-P. 192, l. 36. _Insert a mark of interrogation after_ speketh of.
-
-P. 206, l. 27. _For_ request [the] _read_ requeste. (_See_ note.)
-
-P. 213, l. 294. _For_ men _perhaps read_ pees. (_See_ note.)
-
-P. 215, l. 363. _For_ debated _read_ delated. (_See_ note.)
-
-P. 237; footnotes, l. 1. _For_ 1542 _read_ 1532.
-
-P. 256, l. 371. _For_ tha _read_ that.
-
-P. 458; note to l. 117. See also P. Pl. B. xiii. 277, 292.
-
-P. 458; note to l. 53. For fuller details, see the Introduction.
-
-P. 473; note to l. 155. Chaucer's Astrolabe was not written till 1391,
-after Usk's death.
-
-P. 475; note to Ch. XI. l. 11. On the subject of Grace, see Bk. iii. ch. 8.
-
-P. 478; note to l. 47. _For_ taken from _read_ compare.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-INTRODUCTION
-
-Sec. 1. The following pieces are selected, as being the most important, from
-among the very numerous ones which have been appended to Chaucer's works in
-various editions.
-
-I use the word 'appended' advisedly. It is not true that these works were
-all attributed to Chaucer in the black-letter editions. The Praise of Peace
-was marked as Gower's in Thynne's first edition of 1532. Another piece in
-that edition is attributed to Scogan. The Letter of Cupid is expressly
-dated 1402, though Chaucer died in 1400. The Flower of Curtesye contains
-the words 'Chaucer is dede'; and The Testament of Cresseid contains a
-remark which, in modern English, would run thus--'Who knows if all that
-Chaucer wrote is true?'
-
-Those who, through ignorance or negligence, regard Thynne's edition of
-Chaucer as containing 'Works attributed to Chaucer' make a great mistake;
-and even if the mistake be excused on the ground that it has been very
-generally and very frequently made, this does not lessen its magnitude. The
-title of Thynne's book is very instructive, and really runs thus:--'The
-Workes of Geffray Chaucer newly printed, with dyuers workes which were
-neuer in print before, &c.' This is strictly and literally true; for it
-contains such works of Chaucer's as had previously been printed by Caxton,
-Wynkyn de Worde, and Julian Notary (see vol. i. p. 28), together with
-'dyuers workes [_of various authors_] which were neuer in print before.'
-Which is the simple solution of the whole matter, as far as this edition is
-concerned. The same remarks apply to the second edition in 1542, and the
-third, printed about 1550. But Stowe, in 1561, altered the title so as to
-give it a new meaning. The title-page of his edition runs thus:--'The
-Woorkes of Geffrey Chaucer, newly printed with diuers Addicions which were
-neuer in printe before.' Here the authorship of Chaucer was, _for the first
-time_, practically claimed for the whole of Thynne's volume. At the same
-time, Stowe did not really mean what he seems to say, for it was he who
-first added the words--'made by Ihon lidgate'--to the title of 'The Flower
-of Curtesie,' and who first assigned a title (ascribing the poem to _dan
-Ihon lidgat_) to the poem beginning 'Consider wel'; see no. 40 (vol. i. p.
-33).
-
-Sec. 2. It is clear that Thynne's intention was to print a collection of
-poems, including all he could find of Chaucer and anything else of a
-similar character that he could lay his hands on[1]. In other words, the
-collection was, from the beginning, a collection of the Works of Chaucer
-_and other writers_; and this fact was in no way modified by the adoption
-by Stowe and Speght of misleading titles that actually assigned to Chaucer
-all the poems in the volume! See further, as to this subject, in the
-discussion of The Court of Love below.
-
-The number of pieces appended, at various times, to Chaucer's Works are so
-numerous that I have been obliged to restrict myself to giving a selection
-of them only.
-
-Of the non-Chaucerian pieces printed by Thynne in 1532, I have included all
-but three. The rejected pieces are those numbered 18, 21, and 22 in the
-list given at p. 32 of vol. i. They are all poor and uninteresting, but I
-add a few words of description.
-
-18. _A Praise of Women._ Noticed in vol. i. p. 37. Though decisively
-rejected by Tyrwhitt, and excluded from Moxon's reprint, it was revived
-(for no good reason) by Bell, and consequently appeared in the Aldine
-edition, which was founded on Bell's. It enumerates the merits of
-womankind, and condemns the slanders of men concerning them. We ought to
-worship all women out of reverence for the Queen of heaven, and we shall do
-well to pray to Our Lady to bring us to the heaven in which she and all
-good women will be found. Thynne is not the sole authority for this poem,
-as it occurs also (in a Scottish dress) in the Bannatyne MS., fol. 275. The
-whole of this MS. (written in 1568) was printed for the Hunterian Club in
-1873-9; see p. 799 of that edition.
-
-21. _The Lamentation of Mary Magdalen._ Noticed in vol. i. p. 37. This
-lugubrious piece was probably the wail of a nun, who had no book but a
-Vulgate version of the Bible, from which all her quotations are taken. It
-bears no resemblance to any work by Chaucer, nor to any of the pieces in
-the present volume. It consists of 102 seven-line stanzas. The metre
-resembles Lydgate's, but the final _-e_ is hardly ever used. Bell's text is
-not taken from Thynne, but from some later and inferior reprint of it. For
-this poem, Thynne's first edition is the sole authority.
-
-22. _The Remedy of Love._ Noticed in vol. i. p. 38. It appears that the
-'remedy of love' is to be found in a consideration of the wicked ways of
-women. Twelve whole stanzas are taken up with a metrical translation of one
-of the chapters in the book of Proverbs. The author refers us to 'the fifth
-chapter,' but he is wrong. He means chapter vii, verses 6-27. He also
-quotes from Ecclesiasticus, ix. 9, and xxv. 25.
-
-Nos. 28, 29, 30 (vol. i. p. 32) are not found in Thynne, but were first
-printed by Stowe. I give them below, at p. 297. The first two stanzas are
-Lydgate's; and probably the third is his also. It is no great matter.
-
-No. 41 (vol. i. p. 33) was also first printed by Stowe. To save words, I
-have printed it below, at p. 450, from the original MS.
-
-Sec. 3. I now consider the non-Chaucerian pieces in Part II. of Stowe's
-Edition (see vol. i. p. 33). Of these, nos. 45, 50, 56, and 59 are here
-reprinted.
-
-Nos. 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, and 55 were all taken by Stowe from
-MS. Trin. R. 3. 19. Perhaps they are sufficiently noticed in vol. i. p. 41,
-as they present few points of interest. However, I enumerate them, adding a
-few remarks.
-
-No. 46. _The Craft of Lovers._ In 23 seven-line stanzas; 161 lines. Besides
-the copy in the Trin. MS., there are copies (almost duplicates) in MSS.
-Addit. 34360, fol. 73, back (p. 142), and Harl. 2251, fol. 53 (now called
-52). Dated 1448 in the Trin. MS., but 1459 in the other two. The first line
-ought to run:--'To moralise, who list these ballets sewe'; but it is clear
-that some one added the words 'A similitude' in the margin, and that this
-remark was afterwards incorporated in the text. Hence the first line, in
-the latter MSS., stands:--'To moralise a similitude who list these balettis
-sewe'; which is more than enough for a line of five accents. After two
-introductory stanzas, the poem becomes a dialogue, in alternate stanzas,
-between a wooer, named _Cupido_, and a lass, named _Diana_[2]; the result
-of which is successful. This may be compared with La Belle Dame sans Merci,
-and with the Nut-brown Maid. The twenty-third stanza forms the author's
-_Conclusio_, which is followed by an Envoy in the Addit. MS., and in the
-Harl. MS. only. The same MSS. _seem_ to superadd two more stanzas; but they
-really belong to another piece.
-
-No. 47. Taken by Stowe from MS. Trin. R. 3. 19, fol. 156, back. _A Balade._
-In 4 seven-line stanzas; 28 lines. Begins--'Of their nature they greatly
-them delite'; i.e. Women are by nature hypocrites; they like kissing live
-images rather than shrines. So I advise young men to take warning: 'Beware
-alwaye, the blind eateth many [a] flye'; a line which is quoted from
-Lydgate's ballad printed at p. 295. The author then prays God to keep the
-fly out of his dish; and ends by congratulating himself on being anonymous,
-because women would else blame him.
-
-No. 48. _The Ten Commandments of Love_; from Trin. MS., fol. 109. Also in
-MS. Fairfax 16. Begins:--'Certes, ferre extendeth yet my reason.' In 14
-stanzas of seven-lines; the last two form the Envoy. After two introductory
-stanzas, the author gives the ladies their ten commandments. They are, it
-appears, to exhibit Faith, Entencion, Discrecion, Patience, Secretnesse,
-Prudence, Perseverance, Pity, Measure [Moderation], and Mercy. In the
-Envoy, the author says, truly enough, that he is devoid of cunning,
-experience, manner of enditing, reason, and eloquence; and that he is 'a
-man unknown.'
-
-No. 49. _The Nine Ladies Worthy._ In 9 seven-line stanzas, one stanza for
-each lady. Begins: 'Profulgent in preciousnes, O Sinope the quene.' Only
-remarkable for the curious selection made. The Nine Ladies are: (1) Sinope,
-daughter of Marsepia, queen of the Amazons; see Orosius, Hist. i. 10; (2)
-Hippolyta, the Amazon, wife of Theseus; (3) Deipyle, daughter of Adrastus,
-wife of Tydeus; (4) Teuta, queen of the Illyrians; see note to C. T., F
-1453 (vol. v. p. 398); (5) Penthesilea the Amazon, slain by Achilles before
-Troy; (6) queen Tomyris, who slew Cyrus in battle, B.C. 529; (7) Lampeto
-the Amazon, sister of Marsepia, and aunt of Sinope; (8) Semiramis of
-Babylon; (9) Menalippe or Melanippe, sister of Antiope, queen of the
-Amazons, taken captive by Hercules, according to Justinus, ii. 4. 23. Most
-of these queens are mentioned by Orosius, i. 10, ii. 1, ii. 4; see also
-Higden's Polychronicon, bk. ii. chapters 9, 21, 24, and bk. iii. c. 7. From
-the Trin. MS., fol. 113, back.
-
-[No. 50. _Virelai._ Printed below, at p. 448.]
-
-No. 51. _A Ballade._ Begins:--'In the season of Feuerere when it was full
-colde.' In 7 seven-line stanzas. In praise of the daisy. Very poor. From
-the Trin. MS., fol. 160.
-
-No. 52. _A Ballade._ Begins--'O Mercifull and o merciable.' In 12
-seven-line stanzas. The Trin. MS. has 13 stanzas; but Stowe omitted the
-tenth, because it coincides with st. 19 of the Craft of Lovers. It is made
-up of scraps from other poems. Stanzas 1-4 form part of a poem on the fall
-of man, from Lydgate's _Court of Sapience_ (see vol. i. p. 57). In st. 8
-occurs the assonance of _hote_ (hot) and _stroke_; and in st. 9, that of
-_cureth_ and _renueth_. From the Trin. MS., fol. 161.
-
-No. 53. _The Judgement of Paris._ In 4 seven-line stanzas; the first is
-allotted to Pallas, who tells Paris to take the apple, and give it to the
-fairest of the three goddesses. After this, he is addressed in succession
-by Juno, Venus, and Minerva (as she is now called). Then the poem ends.
-Trin. MS., fol. 161, back.
-
-No. 54. _A Balade pleasaunte._ Begins--'I haue a Ladie where so she bee.'
-In 7 seven-line stanzas. Meant to be facetious; e.g. 'Her skin is smothe as
-any oxes tong.' The author says that when he was fifteen years old, he saw
-the wedding of queen Jane; and that was so long ago that there cannot be
-many such alive. As Joan of Navarre was married to Henry IV in 1403, he was
-born in 1388, and would have been sixty-two in 1450. It is an imitation of
-Lydgate's poem entitled A Satirical Description of his Lady; see Minor
-Poems, ed. Halliwell, p. 199. Trin. MS., fol. 205.
-
-No. 55. _Another Balade._ Begins--'O mossie Quince, hangyng by your
-stalke.' In 4 seven-line stanzas, of which Stowe omits the second. A
-scurrilous performance. Trin. MS., fol. 205, back.
-
-[No. 56. A Ballad by Lydgate; printed below, at p. 295.]
-
-No. 58 is a Balade in 9 seven-line stanzas, of no merit, on the theme of
-the impossibility of restoring a woman's chastity.
-
-No. 59. _The Court of Love._ Printed below, at p. 409.
-
-No. 60 is a genuine poem; and no. 61 is Lydgate's Story of Thebes. And here
-Stowe's performance ceases.
-
-Sec. 4. The subsequent additions made by Speght are discussed in vol. i. pp.
-43-46. Of these, The Flower and the Leaf, Jack Upland, and Hoccleve's poem
-to Henry V, are here reprinted; and Chaucer's ABC is genuine. He also
-reprinted the Sayings at p. 450. The pieces not reprinted here are
-Chaucer's Dream and Eight Goodly Questions.
-
-_Chaucer's Dream_ is a false title, assigned to it by Speght; its proper
-name is _The Isle of Ladies_. Begins--'Whan Flora, the quene of
-pleasaunce.' The MS. at Longleat is said to have been written about 1550. A
-second MS. has been acquired by the British Museum, named MS. Addit. 10303;
-this is also in a hand of the sixteenth century, and presents frequent
-variations in the text. It is very accessible, in the texts by Moxon, Bell,
-and Morris; but how Tyrwhitt ever came to dream that it could be genuine,
-must remain a mystery. I originally hoped to include this poem in the
-present selection, but its inordinate length compelled me to abandon my
-intention. In a prologue of seventy lines, the author truthfully states, at
-l. 60, that he is 'a slepy[3] writer.' There are many assonances, such as
-_undertakes_, _scapes_ (337); _named_, _attained_ (597); _tender_,
-_remember_ (1115, 1415); _rome_, _towne_ (1567). Note also such rimes as
-_destroied_, _conclude_ (735); _queen_, _kneen_, pl. of _knee_ (1779);
-_nine_, _greene_ (1861); _vertuous_, _use_ (1889). Some rimes exhibit the
-Northern dialect; as _paines_, _straines_, pr. s., 909; _wawe_,
-_overthrawe_, pp., 1153; _servand_, _livand_, pres. pt., 1629; _greene_,
-_eene_ (pl. of _e_, eye), 1719; _hand_, _avisand_, pres. pt., 1883; &c. Yet
-the writer is not particular; if he wants a rime to _wroth_, he uses the
-Southern form _goth_, 785; but if he wants a rime to _rose_, he uses the
-Northern form _gose_ (goes), 1287, 1523. But before any critic can
-associate this poem with Chaucer, he has first to prove that it was written
-before 1450. Moreover, it belongs to the cycle of metrical romances, being
-connected (as Tyrwhitt says) with the _Eliduc_ of Marie de France; and,
-perhaps, with her _Lanval_.
-
-To the _Isle of Ladies_ Speght appended two other poems, of which the
-former contains a single stanza of 6 lines, and the latter is a ballad in 3
-seven-line stanzas.
-
-No. 66. _Eight Goodly Questions_; in Bell's Chaucer, iv. 421. In 9
-seven-line stanzas. First printed in 1542. There are at least two
-manuscript copies; one in the Trinity MS., marked R. 3. 15; and another in
-the Bannatyne MS., printed at p. 123 of the print of the Bannatyne MS.,
-issued by the Hunterian Club in 1873. In l. 19, the latter MS. corrects
-_tree_ to _coffour_, the Scottish form of _cofre_. It is merely expanded
-from the first seven lines of a poem by Ausonius, printed in Walker's
-_Corpus Poetarum Latinorum_, with the title Eorundem Septem Sapientum
-Sententiae. This English version is quite in Lydgate's style.
-
-Sec. 5. EDITIONS AND MSS. CONSULTED.
-
-I have repeatedly explained that there were but four black-letter editions
-of Collected Works before Speght's; and these I call Thynne's first edition
-(1532), Thynne's second edition (1542), the undated edition (about 1550,
-which I call 1550 for brevity), and Stowe's edition (1561) respectively. I
-shall denote these editions below by the symbols 'Th.,' ed. 1542, ed. 1550,
-and 'S.' respectively. Of these editions, the first is the best; the second
-is derived from the first; the third is derived from the second; and the
-fourth from the third[4]. In every case it is useless to consult a later
-edition when an earlier one can be found.
-
-The following is the list of the pieces which depend on the editions
-_only_, or for which the editions have been collated. I always cite the
-earliest; that the later ones _also_ contain the piece in question must,
-once for all, be understood.
-
-Caxton.--XXVIII. No. VII. was also collated with a print by Caxton.
-
-Wynkyn de Worde.--XXIII.
-
-Wynkyn de Worde.--VIII.
-
-Chepman and Miller (1508).--VIII.
-
-Th.--I. IX. XI. XXII. Also collated for IV. V. VII. VIII. X. XII. XVI.
-XVII. XVIII. XIX. XXI. XXIII.
-
-Thynne had access to excellent MSS., and is always worth consulting.
-
-Ed. 1542.--II. XXVIII. Collated for VI.
-
-An early printed edition of Jack Upland.--III.
-
-S. (1561).--XV. Collated for XIII. XIV. XXIV. XXV. XXIX.
-
-A printed edition of the Testament of Cresseid (1593).--XVII.
-
-Speght (1598).--XX. Collated for III.
-
-The following twenty MSS. have been collated or consulted.
-
-Trentham MS.--IV. (See Introduction.)
-
-Fairfax 16.-V. VIII. XIII. XVI. XVIII. XIX. (See vol. i. p. 51.)
-
-Bodley 638.--V. VIII. XVIII. (See vol. i. p. 53.)
-
-Tanner 346.--V. VIII. XVIII. XIX. (See vol. i. p. 54.)
-
-Ashmole 59.--VII. X. XIII. (See vol. i. p. 53.)
-
-Arch. Selden B. 24.--V. VIII. XVIII. XXVI. XXVII. (See vol. i. p. 54.)
-
-Digby 181.--V. VIII. (See vol. i. p. 54.)
-
-Camb. Univ. Lib. Ff. 1. 6.--V. XII. XVI. XVIII. (See vol. i. p. 55.)
-
-Pepys 2006.--VIII. (See vol. i. p. 55.)
-
-Trin. Coll. R. 3. 19.--XIV. XVI. XXI. XXIV. XXV. XXIX. (See vol. i. p. 56.)
-
-Trin. Coll. R. 3. 20.--V. (One of Shirley's MSS.)
-
-Trin. Coll. O. 9. 38.--XIV.
-
-Addit. 16165, B. M.--XIII. (See vol. i. p. 56.)
-
-Addit. 34360, B. M.--XXI.
-
-Harl. 372, B. M.--XVI. (See vol. i. p. 58.)
-
-Harl. 2251, B. M.--VII. XII. XIV. (See vol. i. p. 57.)
-
-Harl. 7578, B. M.--XIII. (See vol. i. p. 58.)
-
-Sloane 1212, B. M.--X. (A fair copy.)
-
-Phillipps 8151.--VI. (See Hoccleve's Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 1.)
-
-Ashburnham 133.--V. (See the same, p. xxvii.)
-
-Sec. 6. Conversely, I here give the authorities from which each piece is
-derived. For further comments on some of them, see the separate
-introductions to each piece below.
-
-I. _The Testament of Love_ (prose).--Th. (Thynne, 1532).
-
-II. _The Plowmans Tale_ (1380 lines).--Th. (Thynne, 1542).
-
-III. _Jack Upland_ (prose).--Early edition, Caius College library; Speght
-(1598).
-
-IV. _Praise of Peace_ (385 lines).--Th. (1532); Trentham MS.
-
-V. _Letter of Cupid_ (476 lines).--Th. (1532); Fairfax, Bodley, Tanner,
-Selden, Ashburnham, Digby MSS.; Trin. Coll. R. 3. 20; Camb. Ff. 1. 6; also
-in the Bannatyne MS.
-
-VI. _To the King's Grace_ (64).--Th. (1542); Phillipps 8151.
-
-VII. _A Moral Balade_ (189).--Th. (1532); Caxton; Ashmole 59, Harl. 2251.
-(I also find a reference to Harl. 367, fol. 85, back.)
-
-VIII. _Complaint of the Black Knight_ (681).--Th. (1532); Fairfax, Bodley,
-Tanner, Digby, Selden, Pepys; Addit. 16165. Also printed, separately, by
-Wynkyn de Worde (n. d.); and at Edinburgh, by Chepman and Miller, in 1508.
-
-IX. _The Flour of Curtesye_ (270).--Th. (1532).
-
-X. _In Commendation of our Lady_ (140).--Th.; Ashmole 59; Sloane 1212.
-
-XI. _To my Soverain Lady_ (112).--Th.
-
-XII. _Ballad of Good Counsel_ (133).--Th.; Camb. Ff. 1. 6; Harl. 2251.
-
-XIII. _Beware of Doubleness_ (104).--Stowe (1561); Fairfax 16, Ashmole 59,
-Harl. 7578, Addit. 16165.
-
-XIV. _A Balade: Warning Men_ (49).--Stowe (1561); Harl. 2251, fol. 149,
-back; Trin. R. 3. 19; Trin. O. 9. 38.
-
-XV. _Three Sayings_ (21).--Stowe (1561).
-
-XVI. _La Belle Dame sans Mercy_ (856).--Th.; Fairfax, Harl. 372; Camb. Ff.
-1. 6; Trin. R. 3. 19, fol. 98.
-
-XVII. _Testament of Cresseid_ (616).--Th.; Edinburgh edition (1593).
-
-XVIII. _The Cuckoo and the Nightingale_ (290).--Th.; Fairfax, Bodley,
-Tanner, Selden; Camb. Ff. 1. 6.
-
-XIX. _Envoy to Alison_ (27).--Th.; Fairfax, Tanner.
-
-XX. _The Flower and the Leaf_ (595).--Speght (1598).
-
-XXI. _The Assembly of Ladies_ (756).--Th.; Addit. 34360; Trin. R. 3. 19.
-
-XXII. _A goodly Balade_ (71).--Th.
-
-XXIII. _Go forth, King_ (14).--Wynkyn de Worde; Th.
-
-XXIV. _The Court of Love_ (1442).--Stowe (1561); Trin. R. 3. 19.
-
-XXV. _Virelai_ (20).--Stowe (1561); Trin. R. 3. 19.
-
-XXVI. _Prosperity_ (8); XXVII. _Loyalty_ (7).--Selden MS.
-
-XXVIII. _Sayings_ (14).--Caxton; reprinted, Th. (1542).
-
-XXIX. _In Praise of Chaucer_ (7).--Stowe (1561); Trin. R. 3. 19.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-Sec. 7. I. THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE; BY THOMAS USK.
-
-Of this piece no MS. copy has been discovered. The only authority is
-Thynne's edition of 1532, whence all later editions have been copied more
-or less incorrectly. The reprints will be found to grow steadily worse, so
-that the first edition is the only one worth consulting.
-
-The present edition is printed from a transcript of Thynne (1532), made by
-myself; the proof-sheets being carefully read with the original. In making
-the transcript, I have altered the symbol _u_ to _v_, when used as a
-consonant; and (in the few places where it occurs) the consonantal _i_ to
-_j_. I have also substituted _i_ for _y_ when the vowel is short, chiefly
-in the case of the suffix _-yng_ or _-ynge_, here printed _-ing_ or
-_-inge_. In nearly all other cases, the original spellings are given in the
-footnotes. Thynne's chief errors of printing occur in places where he has
-persistently altered the spelling of the MS. to suit the spelling in
-fashion in the days of Henry VIII. His chief alterations are as follows. He
-prints _ea_ for open _ee_, written _ee_ or _e_ at the beginning of the
-fifteenth century; thus, he has _ease_ for _ese_, and _please_ for _plese_.
-He most perversely adds a useless final _e_ to the words _howe_, _nowe_,
-and some others; and he commits the anachronism of printing _father_,
-_mother_, _together_, _wether_, _gather_, in place of _fader_, _moder_,
-_togeder_, _weder_, _gader_; whereas the termination in these words
-invariably appears as _-der_ till shortly before 1500. Further, he prints
-_catche_ for _cacche_, _perfection_ for _perfeccion_, and the like; and in
-several other ways has much impaired the spelling of his original. Many of
-these things I have attempted to set right; and the scholar who compares
-the text with the footnotes will easily see why each alteration has been
-made, if he happens to be at all conversant with MSS. written in the
-fourteenth century.
-
-I believe that this piece is almost unparalleled as regards the shameful
-corruption of its text. It cannot be supposed that Thynne or any one else
-ever read it over with the view of seeing whether the result presented any
-sense. Originally written in an obscure style, every form of carelessness
-seems to have been employed in order to render it more obscure than before.
-In a great number of places, it is easy to restore the sense by the
-insertion of such necessary words as _of_, or _but_, or _by_. In other
-places, non-existent words can be replaced by real ones; or some correction
-can be made that is more or less obvious. I have marked all inserted words
-by placing them within square brackets, as, e.g., _am_ in l. 46 on p. 6.
-Corrections of readings are marked by the use of a dagger (+); thus 'I +wot
-wel' in l. 78 on p. 7 is my emendation of Thynne's phrase 'I wol wel,'
-which is duly recorded in the footnote. But some sentences remain in which
-the sense is not obvious; and one is almost tempted to think that the
-author did not clearly know what he intended to say. That he was remarkable
-for a high degree of inaccuracy will appear presently.
-
-A strange misprint occurs in Book III. ch. 4, ll. 30, 31 (p. 117), where
-nearly two whole lines occur twice over; but the worst confusion is due to
-an extraordinary dislocation of the text in Book III. (c. iv. l. 56--c. ix.
-l. 46), as recently discovered by the sagacity of Mr. H. Bradley, and
-explained more fully below.
-
-I have also, for the first time, revised the punctuation, which in Thynne
-is only denoted by frequent sloping strokes and full stops, which are not
-always inserted in the right places. And I have broken up the chapters into
-convenient paragraphs.
-
-Sec. 8. A very curious point about this piece is the fact which I was the
-first to observe, viz. that the initial letters of the various chapters
-were certainly intended to form an acrostic. Unfortunately, Thynne did not
-perceive this design, and has certainly begun some of the chapters either
-with the wrong letter or at a wrong place. The sense shews that the first
-letter of Book I. ch. viii. should be E, not O (see the note); and, with
-this correction, the initial letters of the First Book yield the
-words--MARGARETE OF.
-
-In Book II, Thynne begins Chapters XI and XII at wrong places, viz. with
-the word 'Certayn' (p. 86, l. 133), and the word 'Trewly' (p. 89, l. 82).
-He thus produces the words--VIRTW HAVE MCTRCI. It is obvious that the last
-word ought to be MERCI, which can be obtained by beginning Chapter XI with
-the word 'Every,' which suits the sense quite as well.
-
-For the chapters of Book III, we are again dependent on Thynne. If we
-accept his arrangement as it stands, the letters yielded are--ON THSKNVI;
-and the three books combined give us the sentence:--MARGARETE OF VIRTW,
-HAVE MERCI ON THSKNVI. Here 'Margarete of virtw' means 'Margaret endued
-with divine virtue'; and the author appeals either to the Grace of God, or
-to the Church. The last word ought to give us the author's name; but in
-that case the letters require rearrangement before the riddle can be read
-with certainty.
-
-After advancing so far towards the solution of the mystery, I was here
-landed in a difficulty which I was unable to solve. But Mr. H. Bradley, by
-a happy inspiration, hit upon the idea that the text might have suffered
-dislocation; and was soon in a position to prove that no less than six
-leaves of the MS. must have been out of place, to the great detriment of
-the sense and confusion of the argument. He very happily restored the right
-order, and most obligingly communicated to me the result. I at once
-cancelled the latter part of the treatise (from p. 113 to the end), and
-reprinted this portion in the right order, according to the sense. With
-this correction, the unmeaning THSKNVI is resolved into the two words THIN
-USK, i.e. 'thine Usk'; a result the more remarkable because Mr. Bradley had
-_previously_ hit upon Usk as being the probable author. For the
-autobiographical details exactly coincide, in every particular, with all
-that is known of the career of Thomas Usk, according to Walsingham, the
-Rolls of Parliament, and the continuation of Higden's Polychronicon by John
-Malverne (ed. Lumby, vol. ix. pp. 45-6, 134, 150, 169); cf. Lingard, ed.
-1874, iii. 163-7.
-
-The date of the composition of this piece can now be determined without
-much error. Usk was executed on March 4, 1388, and we find him referring to
-past events that happened towards the end of 1384 or later. The most likely
-date is about 1387. I here append an exact account of the order of the text
-_as it appears in Thynne_; every break in the text being denoted, in the
-present volume, by a dark asterisk.
-
-Thynne's text is in a correct order from p. 1 to p. 118, l. 56:--any
-mouable tyme there (Th. fol. 354, col. 2, l. 11)[5].
-
-(1) Next comes, in Thynne, the passage beginning at p. 135, l. 94:--Fole,
-haue I not seyd--and ending at p. 143, l. 46:--syth god is the greatest
-loue and the (Th. fol. 356, back, col. 1, l. 5).
-
-(2) Next, in Thynne, the passage beginning at p. 131, l. 97:--ne ought to
-loke thynges with resonnyng--and ending at p. 132, l. 161, at the end of a
-chapter (Th. fol. 356, back, col. 2, last line).
-
-(3) Next, in Thynne, the passage beginning at p. 124, l. 8:--Now trewly,
-lady--and ending at p. 128, at the end of the chapter (Th. fol. 357, last
-line).
-
-(4) Next, in Thynne, the passage beginning at p. 132, new chapter:--Uery
-trouth (quod she)--and ending at p. 135, l. 94:--that shal bringe out frute
-that (Th. fol. 358, back, col. 1, l. 25).
-
-(5) Next, in Thynne, the passage beginning at p. 118, l. 56:--is nothyng
-preterit ne passed--and ending at p. 124, l. 7:--euer to onbyde (Th. fol.
-360, col. 1, l. 24).
-
-(6) Next, in Thynne, the passage beginning at p. 128, new chapter:--Nowe,
-lady (quod I) that tree to set--and ending at p. 131, l. 97:--vse ye (Th.
-fol. 360, back, col. 2, l. 9).
-
-(7) Lastly, the text reverts to the true order, at p. 143, l. 46, with the
-words:--greatest wisdom (Th. fol. 360, back, col. 2, l. 9. as before). See
-The Athenaeum, no. 3615, Feb. 6, 1897.
-
-It is not difficult to account for this somewhat confusing dislocation. It
-is clear that the original MS. was written on quires of the usual size,
-containing 8 folios apiece. The first 10 quires, which we may call _a_,
-_b_, _c_, _d_, _e_, _f_, _g_, _h_, _i_, and _k_, were in the right order.
-The rest of the MS. occupied quire _l_ (of 8 folios), and quire _m_ (of
-only 2); the last page being blank. The seventh folio of _l_ was torn up
-the back, so that the two leaves parted company; and the same happened to
-both the folios in quire _m_, leaving six leaves loose. What then happened
-was this:--first of all, folios _l__1--_l__4, were reversed and turned
-inside out; then came the former halves of _m__1, and _m__2, and the latter
-half of _l__7; next _l__5 and _l__6 (undetached), with the former half of
-_l__7 thrust in the middle; so that the order in this extraordinary quire
-was as follows: _l__4, _l__3, _l__2, _l__1, all inside out, half of _m__1,
-half of _m__2, the latter half of _l__7, _l__5, _l__6, and the former half
-of _l__7, followed by the six undetached leaves. The last quire simply
-consisted of _l__8 (entire), followed by the latter halves of _m__2 and
-_m__1, which were kept in the right order by the fact that the last page
-was blank.
-
-It has thus become possible for us to make some progress towards the right
-understanding of the work, which has hitherto been much misunderstood.
-Warton (Hist. E. Poetry, 1840, ii. 218) dismisses it in two lines:--'It is
-a lover's parody of Boethius's book De Consolatione mentioned above';
-whereas the author was not a lover at all, except in a spiritual sense.
-Even the fuller account in Morley's English Writers (1890), v. 261, is not
-wholly correct. The statement is there made, that 'it professes to be
-written, and probably was written, by a prisoner in danger of his life';
-but the prison[6] may have been _at first_ metaphorical, as he could hardly
-have written the whole work in two or three months. In Book iii. ch. 9, ll.
-131, 132, he prays that 'God's hand, which has scourged him in mercy, may
-hereafter mercifully keep and defend him in good plight.' The whole tone of
-the treatise shews that he is writing to justify himself, and thinks that
-he has succeeded. But a stern doom was close at hand.
-
-Sec. 9. The truth is that the attempts of Godwin and others to make the
-autobiographical statements of the author fit into the life of Chaucer,
-have quite led the critics out of the right track. That the author was
-_not_ Chaucer is perfectly obvious to every one who reads the passage in
-the lower half of p. 140 with moderate attention; for the author there
-refers to Chaucer as Love's 'noble philosophical poet in English,' who
-wrote a treatise of Love's servant Troilus, and who 'passeth all other
-makers in wit and in good reason of sentence'; praise which, however true
-it may be of Chaucer, the writer was certainly not entitled to claim for
-himself. The sole point in which the circumstances of the author agree with
-those of Chaucer is this--that they were both born in London; which is,
-obviously, too slight a coincidence to build upon. Now that we know the
-author's name to have been Thomas Usk, the matter assumes quite another
-complexion. Usk was much inclined, in his early days, to a belief in
-Lollard opinions; but when he found that persistence in such belief was
-likely to lead to trouble and danger, he deemed it prudent to recant as
-completely as he could[7], and contemplates his consequent security with
-some complacency.
-
-In just the same way, it appears that he had changed sides in politics. We
-first find him in the position of confidential clerk to John of
-Northampton, mayor of London in 1381-2 and 1382-3. In July, 1384, Usk was
-arrested and imprisoned in order to induce him to reveal certain secrets
-implicating Northampton. This he consented to do, and accused Northampton
-before the king at Reading, on the 18th of August. Northampton strenuously
-denied the charges against him, but was condemned as guilty, and sent to
-Corfe castle[8]. After this, Usk joined the party of Sir Nicholas Brembre,
-mayor of London in 1383-4, 1384-5, and 1385-6, and Collector of Customs in
-1381-3, when Chaucer was Comptroller of the same. Brembre had been active
-in procuring the condemnation of Northampton, and was, at the close of
-1386, one of the few personal adherents who remained faithful to the king.
-In 1387, Richard was busily devising means for the overthrow of the duke of
-Gloucester's regency, Brembre and Usk being on the king's side; but his
-attempts were unsuccessful, and, in November of the same year, the duke of
-Gloucester and his partisans, who were called the 'appellants,' became
-masters of the situation; they accused the king's councillors of treason,
-and imprisoned or banished their opponents. On Feb. 3, 1388, the appellants
-produced their charges against their victims, Brembre and Usk being among
-the number. Both were condemned and executed, Brembre on Feb. 20, and Usk
-on the 4th of March. Usk's offence was that he had been appointed
-sub-sheriff of Middlesex by Brembre's influence[9], with a view to the
-arrest of the duke of Gloucester and others of his party. His defence was
-that all that he had done was by the king's orders, a defence on which he
-doubtless relied. Unfortunately for him, it was an aggravation of his
-crime. It was declared that he ought to have known that the king was not at
-the time his own master, but was acting according to the counsel of false
-advisers; and this sealed his fate. He was sentenced to be drawn, hung, and
-beheaded, and that his head should be set up over Newgate. The sentence was
-barbarously carried out; he was hung but immediately cut down, and clumsily
-beheaded by nearly thirty strokes of a sword. 'Post triginta mucronis ictus
-fere decapitatus semper usque ad mortem nunquam fatebatur se deliquisse
-contra Johannem Northampton, sed erant omnia vera quae de eo praedicaverat
-coram rege in quodam consilio habito apud Radyngum anno elapso.'--Higden,
-App. 169. John of Malverne speaks as if he had some personal recollection
-of Usk, of whom he says--'Satagebat namque astu et arte illorum amicitiam
-sibi attrahere quos procul dubio ante capitales hostes sibi fuisse
-cognovit,'--Ib. p. 45.
-
-We can now readily understand that Usk's praise of Chaucer must have been
-more embarrassing than acceptable; and perhaps it was not altogether
-without design that the poet, in his House of Fame, took occasion to let
-the world know how he devoted his leisure time to other than political
-subjects.
-
-Sec. 10. Some of the events of his life are alluded to by Usk in the present
-treatise. He justifies his betrayal of Northampton (p. 26, ll. 53-103, p.
-28, ll. 116-201), and is grateful for the king's pardon (p. 60, ll. 120-4).
-He refers to his first imprisonment (p. 60, l. 104), and tells us that he
-offered wager of battle against all who disputed his statements (p. 60, l,
-116; p. 31, l. 10); but no one accepted the wager.
-
-He further tells us how he endeavoured to make his peace with the Church.
-Taking his cue from the parable of the merchantman seeking goodly pearls
-(p. 16, l. 84), he likens the visible Church of Christ to the pearl of
-great price (p. 145, l. 103; p. 94, l. 121), and piteously implores her
-mercy (p. 8, l. 135); and the whole tone of the piece shews his confidence
-that he is reasonably safe (p. 144, l. 120). He sees clearly that lollardy
-is unacceptable, and indulges in the usual spiteful fling against the
-cockle (_lolia_) which the Lollards were reproached with sowing (p. 48, l.
-93). He had once been a heretic (p. 99, l. 29), and in danger of 'never
-returning' to the true Church (p. 99, l. 38); but he secured his safety by
-a full submission (p. 105, l. 133).
-
-At the same time, there is much about the piece that is vague, shifty, and
-unsatisfactory. He is too full of excuses, and too plausible; in a word,
-too selfish. Hence he has no real message for others, but only wishes to
-display his skill, which he does by help of the most barefaced and
-deliberate plagiarism. It was not from the Consolatio Philosophiae of
-Boethius, but from the English translation of that work by Chaucer, that he
-really drew his materials; and he often takes occasion to lift lines or
-ideas from the poem of Troilus whenever he can find any that come in handy.
-In one place he turns a long passage from the House of Fame into very
-inferior prose. There are one or two passages that remind us of the Legend
-of Good Women (i. pr. 100, ii. 3. 38, iii. 7. 38); but they are remarkably
-few. But he keeps a copy of Chaucer's Boethius always open before him, and
-takes from it passage after passage, usually with many alterations,
-abbreviations, expansions, and other disfigurements; but sometimes without
-any alteration at all. A few examples will suffice, as a large number of
-parallel passages are duly pointed out in the Notes.
-
-Sec. 11. In Chaucer's Boethius (bk. i. pr. 3. 10), when Philosophy, the
-heavenly visitant, comes to comfort the writer, her first words are:--'_O
-my norry_, sholde I forsaken thee now?' In the Testament (p. 10, l. 37),
-Heavenly Love commences her consolations with the same exclamation:--'_O my
-nory_, wenest thou that my maner be, to foryete my frendes or my
-servaunts?' The Latin text--'An te, _alumne_, desererem?'--does not suggest
-this remarkable mode of address.
-
-This, however, is a mere beginning; it is not till further on that
-plagiarisms begin to be frequent. At first, as at p. 37, the author copies
-the sense rather than the words; but he gradually begins to copy words and
-phrases also. Thus, at p. 43, l. 38, his '_chayres_ of domes' comes from
-Chaucer's 'heye _chayres_' in bk. i. met. 5. 27; and then, in the next
-line, we find '_vertue, shynende naturelly ... is hid_ under cloude,' where
-Chaucer has '_vertu_, cler-_shyninge naturelly is hid_ in derke
-derknesses'; bk. i. met. 5. 28. At p. 44, l. 66, we have: '_Whan nature
-brought thee forth_, come thou not _naked out of thy moders wombe_? Thou
-haddest no richesse'; where Chaucer has: '_Whan_ that _nature broughte thee
-forth out of thy moder wombe_, I receyved thee _naked_, and nedy of alle
-thinges'; bk. ii. pr. 2. 10. Just a few lines below (ll. 71-76) we have the
-sense, but not the words, of the neighbouring passage in Chaucer (ll.
-23-25). Further literal imitations are pointed out in the Notes to l. 85 in
-the same chapter, and elsewhere. See, for example, the Notes to Book ii.
-ch. iv. 4, 14, 20, 61; ch. v. 15, 57, 65, 67, 79; ch. vi. 11, 30, 74, 117,
-123, 129, 132, 143; ch. vii. 8, 14, 20, 23, 30, 39, 50, 74, 95, 98, 105,
-109, 114, 117, 130, 135, 139, 148; &c.
-
-Those who require conviction on this point may take such an example as
-this.
-
-'O! a noble thing and clere is power, that is not founden mighty to kepe
-himselfe'; (p. 70, l. 20).
-
-'O! a noble thing and a cleer thing is power, that is nat founden mighty to
-kepen it-self'; Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 5. 5-7.
-
-The Latin text is: 'O praeclara potentia quae nec ad conseruationem quidem
-sui satis efficax inuenitur.' I see no reason for supposing that the author
-anywhere troubled himself to consult the Latin original. Indeed, it is
-possible to correct errors in the text by help of Chaucer's version; see
-the last note on p. 461.
-
-Sec. 12. We get the clearest idea of the author's method by observing his
-treatment of the House of Fame, 269-359. It is worth while to quote the
-whole passage:--
-
- 'Lo! how a woman doth amis
-  _To love_ him that unknowen is!...                  270
-  Hit _is not_ al _gold_ that glareth;...
-  Ther _may be under_ goodliheed
-  Kevered _many_ a shrewed _vyce_;                    275
-  _Therefore_ be _no wight_ so nyce,
-  To take a love only for _chere_,
-  For _speche_, or for frendly manere;
-  For this shal every woman finde
-  That som _man_, of his pure kinde,                  280
-  Wol _shewen outward_ the faireste
-  _Til he have_ caught that what him leste;
-  And _thanne wol_ he _causes finde_,
-  And swere how that she is unkinde,
-  _Or fals_, or prevy, or double was ...              285
-  Therfor I wol seye a proverbe,
-  That "he that fully knoweth th'erbe                 290
-  May saufly leye hit to his ye" ...
-  Allas! is every man thus trewe,
-  That every yere wolde have a newe, ...
-  As thus: of _oon_ he wolde _have fame_,             305
-  In magnifying of his name;
-  Another _for frendship_, seith he;
-  And yet ther shal the _thri de_ be,
-  That shal be taken _for delyt_ ...
-  _Allas, that ever_ hadde routhe                     332
-  _Any woman_ on any man!
-  Now see I wel, and telle can,
-  We wrecched _women conne_ non art ...               335
-  How sore that _ye men_ conne _grone_,
-  Anoon, as we have yow receyved,
-  Certeinly we _ben deceyved_;...                     340
-  For through you is my name _lorn_,
-  And alle my actes _red and songe_
-  Over al this land on every tonge.                   348
-  O wikke _Fame_!...
-  Eek, thogh I mighte _duren ever_,
-  _That_ I _have doon, rekever_ I _never_ ...         354
-  And that I shal thus juged be--
- "Lo, right as she hath doon, now she
-  Wol do eftsones, hardily."'                         359
-
-If the reader will now turn to p. 54, l. 45, and continue down to l. 81 on
-the next page, he will find the whole of this passage turned into prose,
-with numerous cunning alterations and a few insertions, yet including all
-such words as are printed above in italics! That is, he will find all
-except the proverb in ll. 290, 291; but this also is not far off; for it
-occurs over the leaf, on p. 56, at l. 115, and again at p. 22, ll. 44-45!
-Surely, this is nothing but book-making, and the art of it does not seem to
-be difficult.
-
-Sec. 13. The author expressly acknowledges his admiration of Troilus (p. 140,
-l. 292); and it is easy to see his indebtedness to that poem. He copies
-Chaucer's curious mistake as to Styx being a pit (p. 3, l. 80, and the
-note). He adopts the words _let-game_ (p. 18, l. 124) and _wiver_ (p. 129,
-l. 27). He quotes a whole line from Troilus at p. 27, l. 78 (see note); and
-spoils another one at p. 34, ch. viii. l. 5, a third at p. 80, l. 116, and
-a fourth at p. 128, ch. vii. l. 2. We can see whence he took his allusion
-to 'playing raket,' and to the dock and nettle, at p. 13, ll. 166, 167; and
-the phrase to 'pype with an yve-lefe' at p. 134, l. 50.
-
-It is further observable that he had read a later text of Piers Plowman
-with some care, but he seems to quote it from memory, as at p. 18, l. 153,
-and p. 24, l. 118. A few other passages in which he seems to have taken
-ideas from this popular and remarkable poem are pointed out in the Notes.
-It is probable that he thence adopted the words _legistres_ and _skleren_;
-for which see the Glossary, and consult the Notes for the references which
-are there given.
-
-Sec. 14. The author is frequently guilty of gross inaccuracies. He seems to
-confuse Cain with Ham (p. 52, ll. 107, 109), but _Cayn_, says Mr. Bradley,
-may be Thynne's misprint for _Cam_, i.e. Ham. He certainly confuses
-Perdiccas with Arrhidaeus (p. 52, l. 116). He speaks of the _eighth_ year,
-instead of the _seventh_, as being a sabbatical year, and actually declares
-that the ordinary week contains _seven_ working-days (p. 24, ll. 102-104)!
-He tells us that Sunday begins 'at the first hour after noon (!) on
-Saturday' (p. 82, l. 163). Hence it is not to be wondered at that some of
-his arguments and illustrations are quite unintelligible.
-
-Sec. 15. The title of the work, viz. THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE, readily reminds us
-of the passage in Gower already quoted in vol. iii. p. xliii., in which the
-goddess Venus proposes that Chaucer should write 'his testament of love,'
-in order 'to sette an ende of alle his werke.' I have already explained
-that the real reference in this passage is to the Legend of Good Women; but
-I am not prepared, at present, to discuss the connection between the
-expression in Gower and the treatise by Usk. The fact that our author
-adopted the above title may have led to the notion that Chaucer wrote the
-treatise here discussed; but it is quite clear that he had nothing to do
-with it.
-
-Professor Morley well says that 'the writer of this piece uses the word
-Testament in the old Scriptural sense of a witnessing, and means by Love
-the Divine Love, the Christian spirit encouraging and directing the wish
-for the grace of God, called Margaret, the pearl beyond all price.' To
-which, however, it is highly essential to add that Margaret is not used in
-the sense of 'grace' alone, but is also employed, in several passages, to
-signify 'the visible Church of Christ.' The author is, in fact, careful to
-warn us of the varying, the almost Protean sense of the word at p. 145,
-where he tells us that 'Margarite, a woman [i.e. properly a woman's name],
-betokeneth _grace_, _lerning_, or _wisdom of god_, or els _holy church_.'
-His object seems to have been to extend the meaning of the word so as to
-give him greater scope for ingenuity in varying his modes of reference to
-it. He has certainly succeeded in adding to the obscurity of his subject.
-That by 'holy church' he meant the visible Church of Christ of his own
-time, appears from the remarkable assertion that it is 'deedly,' i.e.
-mortal (p. 94, l. 121). Such an epithet is inapplicable to the Church in
-its spiritual character. It may also be observed that, however much the
-sense implied by Margarite may vary, it never takes the meaning which we
-should most readily assign to it; i.e. it never means a live woman, nor
-represents even an imaginary object of natural human affection. The nearest
-approach to such an ideal is at p. 94, l. 114, where we are told that the
-jewel which he hopes to attain is as precious a pearl as a woman is by
-nature.
-
-Sec. 16. It hardly seems worth while to give a detailed analysis of the whole
-piece. An analysis of the First Book (which is, on the whole, the best) is
-given by Professor Morley; and the hints which I have already given as to
-the character and situation of the author will enable the reader to regard
-the treatise from a right point of view. But it is proper to observe that
-the author himself tells us how he came to divide the work into three
-books[10], and what are the ideas on which each book is founded. Each of
-the three books has an introductory chapter. That to the First Book I have
-called a Prologue; and perhaps it would have been strictly correct to have
-called the first chapters of the other books by the same name. In the
-introductory chapter to the Third Book, p. 101, he declares that the First
-Book is descriptive of Error, or Deviation (which the editions print as
-Demacion!); the Second, of Grace; and the Third, of Joy. In other words,
-the First Book is particularly devoted to recounting the errors of his
-youth, especially how he was led by others into a conspiracy against the
-state and into deviation from orthodoxy. In the Prologue, he excuses
-himself for writing in English, and announces the title of the work. He
-then assures us that he is merely going to gather up the crumbs that have
-fallen from the table, and to glean handfuls of corn which Boethius has
-dropped. 'A sly servant in his own help is often much commended'; and this
-being understood, he proceeds to help himself accordingly, as has already
-been explained.
-
-Sec. 17. BOOK I: CH. I. In Chapter I, he describes his misery, and hopes that
-the dice will turn, and implores the help of Margaret, here used
-(apparently) to typify the grace of God. He represents himself as being in
-prison, in imitation of Boethius; but I suspect that, _in the present
-passage_, the prison was metaphorical. (He had been imprisoned in 1384, and
-in 1387 was imprisoned again; but that is another matter.)
-
-CH. II. Heavenly Love suddenly appears to him, as Philosophy appeared to
-Boethius, and is ready to console and reclaim him. She is aware of his
-losses, and he tries to vindicate his constancy of character.
-
-CH. III. He describes how he once wandered through the woods at the close
-of autumn, and was attacked by some animals who had suddenly turned wild.
-To save himself, he embarks on board a ship; but the reader is disappointed
-to find that the adventure is wholly unreal; the ship is the ship of
-Travail, peopled by Sight, Lust, Thought, and Will. He is driven on an
-island, where he catches a glimpse of Love, and finds a Margaret, a pearl
-of price. He appeals to Love to comfort him.
-
-CH. IV. Love first reproves and then consoles him. She enquires further
-into his complaints.
-
-CH. V. She advises him to contemn such as have spoken against him. He
-complains that he has served seven years for Rachel, and prays for comfort
-in his eighth year. She exhorts him to perseverance.
-
-CH. VI. He here goes into several details as to his previous conduct. The
-authorities threatened to keep him in prison, unless he would reveal a
-certain secret or plot. He was afraid that the peace of his native place,
-London, would suffer; and to procure its peace, he 'declared certain
-points.' Being charged upon oath to reveal certain secret dealings, he at
-once did so; for which he incurred much odium.
-
-CH. VII. To prove that he had only spoken the truth, he offered wager of
-battle; and was justified by the fact that no one accepted it. He had not
-perjured himself, because his oath in the law-court was superior to his
-former oath of secrecy. He only meant truth, but was sadly slandered. It is
-absurd to be 'a stinking martyr' in a false cause.
-
-CH. VIII. Love tells him he has greatly erred, and must expect much
-correction. Earthly fame should be despised, whilst he looks for the fame
-that comes after death.
-
-CH. IX. Love vindicates the greatness of God and the goodness of His
-providence.
-
-CH. X. The author complains of his hard fortune; he has lost his goods and
-has been deprived of his office. Love explains that adversity teaches
-salutary lessons, and that the true riches may still be his own.
-
-Sec. 18. BOOK II. In the first chapter (or Prologue) of the Second Book, he
-again discusses the object of his work. In Chapter II, Love sings him a
-Latin song, introducing complaints against the clergy such as frequently
-occur in Piers the Plowman. In Chapter III, we find a discourse on
-womankind, largely borrowed from Chaucer's House of Fame. The next eight
-chapters are chiefly devoted to a discussion of the way by which the
-repentant sinner may come to 'the knot' of Heavenly bliss; and it is here,
-in particular, that a large portion of Chaucer's Boethius is freely
-imitated or copied. The last three chapters recount the excellences of
-Margaret, which in many passages refers rather to the visible Church than
-to divine Grace.
-
-Sec. 19. BOOK III. The first chapter is again introductory, explaining why the
-number of Books is three. 'The Margaret in virtue is likened to Philosophy,
-with her three kinds.' It is remarkable that this Third Book, which is
-dedicated to Joy, is the dullest of the three, being largely taken up with
-the questions of predestination and free will, with more borrowings from
-Chaucer's Boethius. In Chapter V, Love explains how continuance in good
-will produces the fruit of Grace; and, in Chapters VI and VII, shews how
-such grace is to be attained. Chapter IX recurs to the subject of
-predestination; after which the work comes to a formal conclusion, with
-excuses for its various imperfections.
-
-Sec. 20. II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
-
-This piece does not appear in Thynne's first edition of 1532, but occurs,
-for the first time, in the second edition of 1542, where it is added at the
-end of the Canterbury Tales, after the Parson's Tale. In the next (undated)
-edition, probably printed about 1550, it is placed _before_ the Parson's
-Tale, as if it were really Chaucer's, and the same arrangement occurs in
-the fourth edition, that of 1561, by John Stowe. It is worth mentioning
-that some booksellers put forward a fable as to the true date of the
-undated edition being 1539, in order to enhance the value of their copies;
-but the pretence is obviously false, as is shewn by collation[11]; besides
-which, it is not likely that the Plowman's Tale would have been _at first_
-inserted before the Parson's Tale, _then_ placed after it, and then _again_
-placed before it. It is best to separate the first four editions by nearly
-equal intervals, their dates being, respectively, 1532, 1542, about 1550,
-and 1561.
-
-Comparison of the black-letter editions shews that the first is the best;
-and the later ones, being mere reprints, grow gradually worse. Hence, in
-this case, the edition of 1542 is the sole authority, and the readings of
-the inferior copies may be safely neglected. It is remarkable that Mr. T.
-Wright, in his edition of this poem printed in his Political Poems and
-Songs, i. 304, should have founded his text upon a reprint of Speght in
-1687, when he might have taken as his authority a text more than 140 years
-older. The result is, naturally, that his text is much worse than was at
-all necessary.
-
-According to Speght, there was once a MS. copy of this piece in Stowe's
-library, but no one knows what became of it. According to Todd, in his
-Illustrations of Gower and Chaucer, p. xxxix, there was once a black-letter
-edition of it, entitled 'The Plouuman's tale compylled by syr Geffray
-Chaucer knyght.' Todd says: 'It is of the duodecimo size, in the black
-letter, without date, and imprinted at London in Paules churche-yarde at
-the sygne of the Hyll, by Wyllyam Hyll. I have compared with the poem as
-printed by Urry forty or fifty lines, and I found almost as many variations
-between them[12]. The colophon of this book is, _Thus endeth the boke of
-Chaunterburye Tales_. This rarity belongs to the Rev. Mr. Conybeare, the
-present Professor of the Saxon language in the University of Oxford.' This
-edition can no longer be traced. Hazlitt mentions a black-letter edition of
-this piece, printed separately by Thomas Godfray (about 1535), on twenty
-leaves; of which only one copy is known, viz. that at Britwell. There is
-also a late print of it in the Bodleian Library, dated 1606.
-
-Sec. 21. It is needless to discuss the possibility that Chaucer wrote this
-Tale, as it is absent from all the MSS.; and it does not appear that the
-ascription of it to him was taken seriously. It is obvious, from the
-introductory Prologue (p. 147), that the author never intended his work to
-be taken for Chaucer's; he purposely chooses a different metre from any
-that occurs in the Canterbury Tales, and he introduces his Ploughman as
-coming under the Host's notice quite suddenly, so that the Host is
-constrained to ask him--'what man art thou?' The whole manner of the Tale
-is conspicuously and intentionally different from that of Chaucer; and
-almost the only expression which at all resembles Chaucer occurs in ll. 51,
-52:--
-
- 'I pray you that no man me reproche
-  Whyl that I am my tale telling.'
-
-Chaucer himself, before reciting his Tale of Melibeus, said much the same
-thing:--
-
- 'And let me tellen al my tale, I preye.'
-
-I do not know why Mr. Wright, when reprinting this piece, omitted the
-Prologue. It is a pity that half of the sixth stanza is missing.
-
-Sec. 22. At l. 1065 we meet with a most important statement:--
-
- 'Of freres I have told before
-  In a making of a Crede.'
-
-It is generally agreed that the author here claims to have previously
-written the well-known piece entitled Pierce the Ploughman's Crede, which I
-edited for the Early English Text Society in 1867. I then took occasion to
-compare the language of these two pieces (which I shall shortly call the
-Crede and the Tale), and I found ample confirmation, from internal
-evidence, that the claim is certainly true. There are many similarities of
-expression, some of which I here lay before the reader.
-
-      FROM THE CREDE.                      FROM THE TALE.
-
-  Curteis Crist (1, 140).              curteys Christ (482).
-
-  cutted cote (434).                   cutted clothes (929).
-
-  y can noh[gh]t my Crede (8).         Suche that conne nat hir Crede
-                                         (413).
-
-  At marketts and myracles, we         Market-beters, and medling make
-    medleth us nevere (107).             (871).
-
-  For we buldeth a burw[gh], a brod    And builde als brode as a cite
-    and a large (118).                   (743).
-
-  portreid and peint (121).            I-paynted and portred (135).
-  peynt and portred (192).
-
-  y sey coveitise catel to fongen      To catche catell as covytous (385;
-    (146).                               cf. 856).
-
-  Of double worstede y-dy[gh]t (228).  With double worsted well y-dight
-                                         (1002).
-
-  Than ther lefte in Lucifer, er he    As lowe as Lucifer such shall fall
-    were lowe fallen (374).              (124).
-
-  opon the plow hongen (421).          honged at the plow (1042).
-
-  povere in gost God him-self          The pore in spirit gan Christ
-    blisseth (521).                      blesse (915).
-
-  ben maysters icalled, That the       Maysters be called defended he tho
-    gentill Jesus ... purly defended     (1115).
-    (574).
-
-  to brenne the bodye in a bale of     Thou shalt be brent in balefull
-    fijr (667).                          fyre (1234).
-
-  Thei shulden nou[gh]t after the      They nolde nat demen after the
-    face ... demen (670).                face (714).
-
-  Thei schulden delven and diggen      Threshing and dyking fro town to
-    and dongen the erthe,                town,
-
-  And mene mong-corn bred to her       With sory mete, and not half y-now
-    mete fongen (785).                   (1043).
-
-  He mi[gh]te no maistre ben kald,     Maysters be called defended he tho
-    for Crist that defended (838).       (1115).
-
-The Crede is written in alliterative verse; and it will be observed that
-alliteration is employed in the Tale very freely. Another peculiarity in
-the Tale may here be noticed, viz. the use of the same rime, _fall_ or
-_befall_, throughout Part I, with the exception of ll. 205-228. Indeed, in
-the first line of Part II, the author apologizes for being unable to find
-any more rimes for _fall_, and proceeds to rime upon _amend_ throughout
-that Part. In Part III, he begins to rime upon _grace_ in the first two
-stanzas, but soon abandons it for the sake of freedom; however, at l. 1276,
-he recurs to _grace_, and continues to rime upon it till the end. It is
-clear that the author possessed considerable facility of expression. We can
-date these pieces approximately without much error. The proceedings against
-Walter Brute, expressly alluded to in the Crede, l. 657, lasted from Oct.
-15, 1391, to Oct. 6, 1393, when he submitted himself to the bishop of
-Hereford. We may well date the Crede about 1394, and the Tale (which
-probably soon followed it, as the author repeats some of his expressions)
-about 1395[13].
-
-Both these pieces are written in a spirited style, and are of considerable
-interest for the light which they throw upon many of the corrupt practices
-of the monks, friars, and clergy. The Crede is directed against the friars
-in particular, and reflects many of the opinions of Wyclif, as will easily
-appear by comparing it with Wyclif's works. See, in particular, his Fifty
-Heresies and Errors of Friars (Works, ed. Arnold, iii. 366). It would have
-been easy to crowd the Notes with quotations from Wyclif; but it is
-sufficient to point out so obvious a source. I have not observed any
-passage in which the author copies the exact language of Langland. The
-dialect seems to be some form of Midland, and is somewhat archaic; many of
-the verbal forms are of some value to the philologist. Taken altogether, it
-is a piece of considerable interest and merit. Ten Brink alludes to it as
-'that transparent, half-prophetic allegory of the Quarrel between the
-Griffin and the Pelican'; and adds--'The Griffin was the representative of
-the prelates and the monks, the Pelican that of real Christianity in
-Wyclif's sense. At a loss for arguments, the Griffin calls in at last all
-the birds of prey in order to destroy its rival. The Phoenix, however,
-comes to the help of the Pelican, and terribly destroys the robber-brood.'
-
-Tyrwhitt observed, with great acuteness, that Spenser's allusion, in the
-Epilogue to his Shepheards Calender, to 'the Pilgrim that the Ploughman
-playde awhyle,' may well refer to the author of the Plowman's Tale rather
-than to Langland[14]. Cf. p. 147, l. 12. It was natural that Spenser should
-mention him along with Chaucer, because their productions were bound up
-together in the same volume; a volume which was, to Spenser, a
-treasure-house of archaic words.
-
-The discussion on points of religion between the Griffin and the Pelican
-clearly suggested to Dryden his discussion between the Hind and the
-Panther. His choice of quadrupeds in place of birds is certainly no
-improvement.
-
-Sec. 23. III. JACK UPLAND.
-
-Of this piece, no MS. copy is known. It is usually said to have been first
-printed by Speght, in his second edition of Chaucer's Works in 1602; but I
-have been so fortunate as to find a better and earlier text in the library
-of Caius College, Cambridge, to which my attention was drawn by a note in
-Hazlitt's Bibliographer's Handbook. This copy, here taken as the basis of
-my text, and collated with Speght, is a small book consisting of only 16
-leaves. The title-page contains the following words, within a square
-border. � Jack vp Lande | Compyled by the | famous Geoffrey | Chaucer. |
-Ezechielis. xiii. | � Wo be vnto you that | dishonour me to me (_sic_) peo
-| ple for an handful of bar | lye & for a pece of bread. | Cum priuilegio |
-Regali.
-
-At the end of the treatise is the colophon: � Prynted for Ihon Gough. Cum
-Priuilegio Regali.
-
-Hazlitt conjectures that it was printed about 1540. I think we may safely
-date it in 1536; for it is bound up in a volume with several other tracts,
-and it so happens that the tract next following it is by Myles Coverdale,
-and is dated 1536, being printed in just the very same type and style. We
-can also tell that it must have been printed after 1535, because the verse
-from Ezekiel xiii, as quoted on the title-page (see above), exactly
-corresponds with Coverdale's version of the Bible, the first edition of
-which appeared in that year.
-
-The text of Jack Upland, in the Caius College copy, has the following
-heading, in small type:--'� These b[=e] the lewed questions of Freres rytes
-and obseruaunces the whych they chargen more than Goddes lawe, and therfore
-men shulden not gyue hem what so they beggen, tyll they hadden answered and
-clerely assoyled these questions.'
-
-As this copy is, on the whole, considerably superior to Speght's both as
-regards sense and spelling, I have not given his inferior readings and
-errors. In a very few places, Speght furnishes some obvious corrections;
-and in such instances his readings are noted.
-
-Sec. 24. A very convenient reprint of Speght's text is given in Wright's
-edition of Political Poems and Songs (Record Series), vol. ii. p. 16. In
-the same volume, p. 39, is printed a reply to Jack Upland's questions by a
-friar who facetiously calls himself Friar Daw Topias, though it appears
-(from a note printed at p. 114) that his real name was John Walsingham. Nor
-is this all; for Friar Daw's reply is further accompanied by Jack Upland's
-rejoinder, printed, for convenience, below Friar Daw's text. It is most
-likely, as Mr. Wright concludes, that all three pieces may be dated in the
-same year. It was necessary that Friar Daw (who gave himself this name in
-order to indicate that he is a comparatively unlearned man, yet easily able
-to refute his audacious questioner) should produce his reply at once; and
-we may be sure that Jack's rejoinder was not long delayed. Fortunately, the
-date can be determined with sufficient exactness; for Jack's rejoinder
-contains the allusion: 'and the kyng by his juges trwe [sholde] execute his
-lawe, as he _did now late_, whan he hangid you traytours,' p. 86. This
-clearly refers to June, 1402[15], when eight Franciscan friars were hanged
-at Tyburn for being concerned in a plot against the life of Henry IV. We
-may, accordingly, safely refer all three pieces to the year 1402; shortly
-after Chaucer's death.
-
-Sec. 25. It is also tolerably clear that there must have been two texts of
-'Jack Upland,' an earlier and a later one. The earlier one, of which we
-have no copy, can easily be traced by help of Friar Daw's reply, as he
-quotes all that is material point by point. It only extended as far as the
-54th question in the present edition (p. 199); after which followed two
-more questions which do not here reappear. The later copy also contains a
-few questions, not far from the beginning, which Friar Daw ignores. It is
-clear that we only possess a later, and, on the whole, a fuller copy. One
-of the omitted questions relates to transubstantiation; and, as any
-discussion of it was extremely likely, at that date, to be ended by burning
-the disputant at the stake, it was certainly prudent to suppress it. Not
-perceiving this point, Mr. Wright too hastily concluded that our copy of
-Jack Upland is extremely corrupt, a conclusion quite unwarranted; inasmuch
-as Friar Daw, in spite of his affectation of alliterative verse, quotes his
-adversary's questions with reasonable correctness. On this unsound theory
-Mr. Wright has built up another, still less warranted, viz. that the
-original copy of Jack Upland must have been written in alliterative verse;
-for no other reason than because Friar Daw's reply is so written. It is
-obvious that alliteration is conspicuously absent, except in the case of
-the four lines (424-7), which are introduced, by way of flourish, at the
-end. My own belief is that our copy of Jack Upland is a second edition,
-i.e. an amended and extended copy, which has been reasonably well
-preserved. It is more correct than the Plowmans Tale, and very much more
-correct than the Testament of Love.
-
-Sec. 26. Mr. Wright further imagines that Jack Upland's rejoinder to Friar
-Daw's reply, which he prints from 'a contemporary MS. in the Bodleian
-Library at Oxford, MS. Digby 41,' was also originally in alliterative
-verse. This supposition is almost as gratuitous as the former; for,
-although there are very frequent traces of alliteration as an occasional
-embellishment, it is otherwise written in ordinary prose. The mere chopping
-up of prose into bits of not very equal length, as in Mr. Wright's print,
-does not produce verse of any kind. Friar Daw's verses are bad enough, as
-he did not understand his model (obviously the Ploughman's Crede), but he
-usually succeeds in making a kind of jingle, with pauses, for the most
-part, in the right place. But there is no verse discoverable in Jack
-Upland; he preferred straightforward prose, for reasons that are perfectly
-obvious.
-
-For further remarks, I beg leave to refer the reader to Mr. Wright's
-Introduction, pp. xii-xxiv, where he will find an excellent summary of the
-arguments adduced on both sides. There is a slight notice of Jack Upland in
-Morley's English Writers, vi. 234.
-
-Sec. 27. IV. JOHN GOWER: THE PRAISE OF PEACE.
-
-In Morley's English Writers, iv. 157, this poem is entitled 'De Pacis
-Commendatione,' on MS. authority (see p. 216). Mr. E. B. Nicholson, who has
-made a special study of Gower's poems, suggested 'The Praise of Peace,'
-which I have gladly adopted. I am much obliged to Mr. Nicholson for his
-assistance in various ways; and, in particular, for the generous loan of
-his own transcript of this poem.
-
-Sec. 28. In Todd's Illustrations of Gower and Chaucer, p. 95, is a notice of a
-MS. 'in the present Marquis of Stafford's library at Trentham,' which had
-been previously described in Warton's Hist. of E. Poetry as being 'in Lord
-Gower's library.' Mr. Wright alludes to it as 'a contemporary MS. in the
-possession of his grace the duke of Sutherland.' It may be called 'the
-Trentham MS.' 'The Praise of Peace' was printed from it by Mr. Wright, in
-his Political Poems and Songs, ii. 4-15; and I have followed his text,
-which I denote by 'T.' At the same time, I have collated it with the text
-of Thynne's edition of 1532, which is a very good one. The differences are
-slight.
-
-Warton describes the MS. as 'a thin oblong MS. on vellum, containing some
-of Gower's poems in Latin, French, and English. By an entry in the first
-leaf, in the handwriting and under the signature of Thomas lord Fairfax,
-Cromwell's general, an antiquarian, and a lover and collector of curious
-manuscripts, it appears that this book was presented by the poet Gower,
-about 1400[16], to Henry IV; and that it was given by lord Fairfax to his
-friend and kinsman Sir Thomas Gower, knight and baronet, in the year 1656.'
-He goes on to say that Fairfax had it from Charles Gedde, Esq., of St.
-Andrews; and that it was at one time in the possession of King Henry VII,
-while earl of Richmond, who wrote in it his own name in the form
-'Rychemond.'
-
-The MS. contains (1) The Praise of Peace, _preceded by_ the seven Latin
-lines (386-392), which I have relegated to the end of the poem, as in
-Thynne. The title is given in the colophon (p. 216); after which follow the
-twelve Latin lines (393-404), printed on the same page. (2) Some
-complimentary verses in Latin, also addressed to Henry IV, printed in
-Wright's Political Poems, ii. 1-3. (3) Fifty Balades in French, which have
-been printed by Stengel (Warton prints _four_ of them), with the
-colophon--'Expliciunt carmina Joh[=i]s Gower que Gallice composita
-_Balades_ dicuntur.' (4) Two short Latin poems in elegiacs; see Warton. (5)
-A French poem on the Dignity or Excellence of Marriage. (6) Seventeen Latin
-hexameters. (7) Gower's Latin verses on his blindness, beginning--
-
- 'Henrici quarti primus regni fuit annus,
-    Quo michi defecit visus ad acta mea,' &c.
-
-See Todd and Warton for more minute particulars.
-
-Sec. 29. The poem itself may safely be dated in the end of 1399, for reasons
-given in the note to l. 393. It is of some interest, as being Gower's last
-poem in English, and the spirit of it is excellent, though it contains no
-very striking lines. We have not much of Gower's work in the form of
-seven-line stanzas. The Confessio Amantis contains only twelve such
-stanzas; iii. 349-352. I draw attention to the earliest known reference (l.
-295) to the game of 'tenetz'; the enumeration of the nine worthies (ll.
-281-3); and the reference to a story about Constantine which, in the
-Confessio Amantis, is related at considerable length (l. 339).
-
-We may compare with this poem the stanzas in praise of peace in Hoccleve's
-De Regimine Principum, quoted in Morley's English Writers (1890), vol. vi.
-pp. 131-2.
-
-Sec. 30. V. THOMAS HOCCLEVE: THE LETTER OF CUPID.
-
-This poem needs little discussion. It is known to be Hoccleve's; see Dr.
-Furnivall's edition of Hoccleve's Minor Poems, E. E. T. S., 1892, p. 72. As
-explained in the notes, it is rather closely imitated from the French poem
-entitled L'Epistre au Dieu d'Amours, written by Christine de Pisan. At the
-end of her poem, Christine gives the date of its composition, viz. 1399;
-and Hoccleve, in like manner, gives the date of his poem as 1402. The poem
-consists of sixty-eight stanzas, of which not more than eighteen are wholly
-independent of the original. The chief original passages are ll. 176-189,
-316-329, and 374-434.
-
-The poem is entirely occupied with a defence of women, such as a woman
-might well make. It takes the form of a reproof, addressed by Cupid to all
-male lovers; and is directed, in particular, against the sarcasms of Jean
-de Meun (l. 281) in the celebrated Roman de la Rose.
-
-Of this poem there are several MS. copies; see footnotes at p. 217. The
-best is probably the Ashburnham MS., but it has not yet been printed. I
-chiefly follow MS. Fairfax 16, which Dr. Furnivall has taken as the basis
-of his text.
-
-There is also a poor and late copy in the Bannatyne MS., at fol. 269; see
-the print of it for the Hunterian Club, 1879; p. 783.
-
-Sec. 31. VI. THE SAME: TWO BALADES.
-
-These two Balades, also by Hoccleve, were composed at the same time. The
-former is addressed to King Henry V, and the latter to the Knights of the
-Garter. They are very closely connected with a much longer poem of 512
-lines, which was addressed to Sir John Oldcastle in August, 1415; and must
-have been written at about that date. It was natural enough that, whilst
-addressing his appeal to Oldcastle to renounce his heresies, the poet
-should briefly address the king on the same subject at the same time. I
-think we may safely date this piece, like the other, in August, 1415.
-
-The remarkable likeness between the two pieces appears most in the
-references to Justinian and to Constantine. In fact, the reference to
-Justinian in l. 3 of the former of the Balades here printed would be
-unintelligible but for the full explanation which the companion poem
-affords. I have quoted, in the note to l. 3, the Latin note which is
-written in the margin of st. 24 of the address to Oldcastle; and I quote
-here the stanza itself:--
-
- 'The Cristen emperour Justinian,
-  As it is writen, who-so list it see,
-  Made a lawe deffending every man,
-  Of what condicion or what degree
-  That he were of, nat sholde hardy be
-  For to despute of the feith openly;
-  And ther-upon sundry peynes sette he,
-  That peril sholde eschued be therby.'
-                  Minor Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 14.
-
-Compare with this the fourth stanza of Balade I.
-
-We may regret that Hoccleve's desire to make an example of heretics was so
-soon fulfilled. Only three years later, in Dec. 1418, Sir John Oldcastle
-was captured in Wales, brought up to London, and publicly burnt.
-
-My text follows the sole good MS. (Phillipps 8151); which I have collated
-with the earliest printed text, that of 1542. There is, indeed, another MS.
-copy of the poem in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge (R. 3. 15);
-but it is only a late copy made from the printed book.
-
-Sec. 32. VII. HENRY SCOGAN: A MORAL BALADE.
-
-The heading to this poem is from MS. Ashmole 59; it is, unfortunately,
-somewhat obscure. It is, of course, not contemporaneous with the poem, but
-was added, by way of note, by John Shirley, when transcribing it. In fact,
-the third son of Henry IV was not created duke of Bedford till 1415, after
-the accession of Henry V; whereas Henry V is here referred to as being
-still 'my lord the Prince.' Hence the poem was written in the reign of
-Henry IV (1399-1413); but we can easily come much nearer than this to the
-true date. We may note, first of all, that Chaucer is referred to as being
-dead (l. 65); so that the date is after 1400. Again, the poem does not
-appear to have been recited by the author; it was _sent_, in the author's
-handwriting, to the assembled guests (l. 3). Further, Scogan says that he
-was 'called' the 'fader,' i.e. tutor, of the young princes (l. 2); and that
-he sent the letter to them out of fervent regard for their welfare, in
-order to warn them (l. 35). He regrets that sudden age has come upon him
-(l. 10), and wishes to impart to them the lessons which the approach of old
-age suggests. All this points to a time when Scogan was getting past his
-regular work as tutor, though he still retained the title; which suggests a
-rather late date. We find, however, from the Inquisitiones post Mortem
-(iii. 315), that Henry Scogan died in 1407, and I have seen it noted (I
-forget where) that he only attained the age of forty-six. This shews that
-he was only relatively old, owing, probably, to infirm health; and we may
-safely date the poem in 1406 or 1407, the latter being the more likely. In
-1407, the ages of the young princes were nineteen, eighteen, seventeen, and
-sixteen respectively, and it is not likely that Scogan had been their tutor
-for more than twelve years at most. This provisional date of 1407
-sufficiently satisfies all the conditions.
-
-The four sons of Henry IV were Henry, prince of Wales, born at Monmouth in
-1388; Thomas, born in 1389, and created duke of Clarence in 1412; John,
-born in 1390, created duke of Bedford in 1415; and Humphrey, born in 1391,
-created duke of Gloucester in 1414.
-
-Sec. 33. The expression _at a souper of feorthe merchande_ is difficult, and I
-can only guess at the sense. _Feorthe_ is Shirley's spelling of _ferthe_,
-i.e. fourth. _Merchande_ is probably equivalent to O.F. _marchandie_ or
-_marchandise_. Godefroy gives an example of the latter in the sense of
-'merchant's company.' I suppose that _feorthe merchande_ means 'fourth
-meeting of merchants,' or the fourth of the four quarterly meetings of a
-guild. Toulmin Smith, in his English Gilds, p. 32, says that quarterly
-meetings for business were common; though some guilds met only once, twice,
-or thrice in the course of a year.
-
-The Vintry is described by Stow in his Survey of London (ed. Thoms, p. 90):
-'Then next over against St. Martin's church, is a large house built of
-stone and timber, with vaults for the stowage of wines, and is called the
-Vintry.... In this house Henry Picard [lord mayor in 1356-7] feasted four
-kings in one day.'
-
-I need not repeat here what I have already said about Scogan in vol. i. p.
-83.
-
-I may add to the note about Lewis John (vol. i. p. 84), that he was a
-person of some note. In 1423 (Feb. 8), 'Ludowicus Johan, armiger,
-constitutus est seneschall et receptor generalis ducatus Cornub.': see
-Ordinances of the Privy Council, iii. 24. He is further mentioned in the
-same, ii. 334, 342.
-
-Chaucer's Balade on Gentilesse, quoted in full in ll. 105-125, is in
-seven-line stanzas; and is thus distinguished from the rest of the poem,
-which is written in eight-line stanzas. It may be noted that Scogan's rimes
-are extremely correct, if we compare them with Chaucer's as a standard.
-
-Of this piece there are two early printed copies, one by Caxton, and one by
-Thynne (1532); and two MSS., Ashmole 59 and Harl. 2251. It is remarkable
-that the printed copies are better than the MSS. as regards readings.
-
-Sec. 34. VIII. THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT.
-
-Such is the title in Thynne's edition (1532). In MS. F. (Fairfax 16), it is
-entitled--'Complaynte of a Loveres Lyfe'; and there is a printed edition
-with the title--'The Complaynte of a Louers Lyfe. Imprynted at London in
-the flete strete at the sygne of the Sonne, by Wynkyn de Worde'; no date,
-4to. on twelve leaves. In MS. S. (Arch. Selden, B. 24), there is an
-erroneous colophon--'Here endith the Maying and disporte of Chaucere';
-which gives the wrong title, and assigns it to the wrong author. In
-accordance with the last MS., it was printed, with the erroneous
-title--'Here begynnys the mayng or disport of chaucer'--in a volume
-'Imprentit in the south gait of Edinburgh be Walter chepman and Androw
-myllar the fourth day of ap_er_ile the yhere of god . M.CCCCC. and viii
-yheris' [1508]; and this scarce copy was reprinted as piece no. 8 in The
-Knightly Tale of Golagrus and Gawane, &c., as reprinted by Laing in 1827.
-
-But the fullest title is that in MS. Ad. (Addit. 16165), written out by
-John Shirley, who says: 'And here filowyng begynnethe a Right lusty amorous
-balade, made in wyse of a complaynt of a Right worshipfull_e_ Knyght that
-truly euer serued his lady, enduryng grete disese by fals envye and
-malebouche; made by Lydegate' (fol. 190, back). Some of the pages have the
-heading, 'The compleynte of a Knight made by Lidegate[17].'
-
-This attribution of the poem to Lydgate, by so good a judge as Shirley,
-renders the authorship certain; and the ascription is fully confirmed by
-strong internal evidence. Much of it is in Lydgate's best manner, and his
-imitation of Chaucer is, in places, very close; while, at the same time, it
-is easy to point out non-Chaucerian rimes, such as _whyte_, _brighte_, 2;
-_pitously_, _malady_ (Ch. _maladye_), 137; _felyngly_, _malady_, 188;
-_mente_, _diligent_, 246; _grace_, _alas_, 529; _seyn_, _payn_ (Ch.
-_peyne_), 568; _diurnal_, _fal_, (Ch. _falle_), 590; _payn_, _agayn_, 650;
-_queen_ (Ch. _quene_), _seen_, 674. Besides which, there are two mere
-assonances in two consecutive stanzas, viz. _forjuged_, _excused_, 274; and
-_wreke_, _clepe_, 284. The occurrence of this pair of assonances is quite
-enough to settle the question. If we apply a more delicate test, we may
-observe that, in ll. 218-220, the word _s[=o]re_ (with long _o_) rimes with
-_tore_, in which the _o_ was originally short; on this point, see vol. vi.
-p. xxxii.
-
-As to this poem, Ten Brink well remarks: 'His talent was fairly qualified
-for a popular form of the 'Complaint'--a sort of long monologue, interwoven
-with allegory and mythology, and introduced by a charming picture of
-nature. His _Complaint of the Black Knight_, which contains reminiscences
-from the Romance of the Rose, the Book of the Duchesse, and the Parlement
-of Foules, was long considered a production of Chaucer's, and is still
-frequently included in editions of his works--although with reservations.
-The critic, however, will not be deceived by the excellent descriptive
-passages of this poem, but will easily detect the characteristic marks of
-the imitator in the management of verse and rhyme, and especially in the
-diffusiveness of the story and the monotony even of the most important
-parts.'
-
-Sec. 35. Lydgate's reminiscences of Chaucer are often interesting. In
-particular, we should observe the passages suggested by the Roman de la
-Rose in ll. 36-112; for we are at once reminded of Chaucer's _own version_
-of it, as preserved in Fragment A of the Romaunt. After noticing that he
-uses _costey_ (36) for the F. _costoiant_, where Chaucer has _costeying_
-(134); and _attempre_ (57) where Chaucer has _attempre_ (131), though one
-French text has _atrempee_, it is startling to find him reproducing (80)
-Chaucer's very phrase _And softe as veluet_ (R. R. 1420), where the French
-original has nothing corresponding either to _soft_ or to _velvet_! This
-clearly shews that Lydgate was acquainted with Fragment A of the English
-version, and believed that version to be Chaucer's; for otherwise he would
-hardly have cared to imitate it at all.
-
-The date of this poem is discussed in the Introduction to Schick's edition
-of the Temple of Glas, by the same author; pp. c, cxii. He dates it in
-Lydgate's early period, or about A.D. 1402.
-
-The text is based upon Thynne's edition, which is quite as good as the
-MSS., though the spellings are often too late in form. The late excellent
-edition by E. Krausser (Halle, 1896) reached me after my text was printed.
-His text (from MS. F.) has much the same readings, and is accompanied by a
-full Introduction and eleven pages of useful notes.
-
-Sec. 36. IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
-
-This piece has no author's name prefixed to it in the first three editions;
-but in the fourth edition by Stowe, printed in 1561, the title is: 'The
-Floure of Curtesie, made by Iohn lidgate.' Probably Stowe had seen it
-attributed to him in some MS., and made a note of it; but I know of no MS.
-copy now extant.
-
-Few poems bear Lydgate's impress more clearly; there can be no doubt as to
-its authorship. Schick refers it to Lydgate's early period, and dates it
-about 1400-1402; see his edition of the Temple of Glas, p. cxii. As it was
-written after Chaucer's death (see l. 236), and probably when that sad loss
-was still recent, we cannot be far wrong if we date it about 1401; and the
-Black Knight, a somewhat more ambitious effort, about 1402.
-
-The 'Flour of Curtesye' is intended as a portrait of one whom the poet
-honours as the best of womankind. The character is evidently founded on
-that of Alcestis as described in the Prologue to the Legend of Good Women;
-and throughout the piece we are frequently reminded of Chaucer; especially
-of the Legend, the Complaint of Mars, and the Parliament of Foules.
-
-The Envoy presents a very early example of the four-line stanza, similar to
-that employed in Gray's famous Elegy.
-
-Sec. 37. X. A BALADE IN COMMENDATION OF OUR LADY.
-
-This piece is attributed to 'Lidegate of Bury' in the Ashmole MS. no. 59;
-and the ascription is obviously correct. It abounds with evident marks of
-his peculiar style of metre; for which see Schick's Introduction to the
-Temple of Glas, p. lvi. We note in it a few reminiscences of Chaucer, as
-pointed out in the Notes; in particular, it was probably suggested by
-Chaucer's A B C, which furnished hints for ll. 27, 60, and 129. It is
-perhaps worth while to add that we have thus an independent testimony for
-the genuineness of that poem.
-
-As an illustration of Lydgate's verse, I may notice the additional syllable
-after the caesura, which too often clogs his lines. Thus in l. 8 we must
-group the syllables thus:--
-
-Wherefor : now playnly : I wol : my style : dresse. Similarly, we find
-_licour_ in l. 13, _pite_ (18), _living_ (24), _bemes_ (25), _ginning_
-(31), _mercy_ (33), _garden_ (36), &c., all occupying places where a
-monosyllable would have been more acceptable.
-
-The poem is strongly marked by alliteration, shewing that the poet (usually
-in a hurry) took more than usual pains with it. In the seventh stanza
-(43-49) this tendency is unmistakably apparent.
-
-It is hardly possible to assign a date to a poem of this character. I can
-only guess it to belong to the middle period of his career; say, the reign
-of Henry V. We have not yet obtained sufficient data for the arrangement of
-Lydgate's poems.
-
-Sec. 38. Lines 121-127 are here printed for the first time. In the old
-editions, l. 120 is succeeded by l. 128, with the result that _Sion_ (120)
-would not rime with _set afere_ (129); but the scribe of the Ashmole MS.
-was equal to the emergency, for he altered l. 129 so as to make it end with
-_fuyrless thou sette vppon_, which is mere nonsense. Thynne has _fyrelesse
-fyre set on_, which is just a little better.
-
-This addition of seven lines was due to my fortunate discovery of a new
-MS.; for which I was indebted to the excellent MS. 'Index of First Lines'
-in the British Museum. This told me that a poem (hitherto unrecognised)
-existed in MS. Sloane 1212, of which the first line is 'A thousand
-stories,' &c. On examining the MS., it turned out to be a copy, on paper,
-of Hoccleve's De Regimine Principum, with four leaves of vellum at the
-beginning, and two more at the end, covered with writing of an older
-character. The two vellum leaves at the end were then transposed, but have
-since been set right, at my suggestion. They contain a few lines of the
-conclusion of some other piece, followed by the unique _complete_ copy of
-the present Balade. This copy turned out to be much the best, and restored
-several of the readings. Indeed, the Ashmole MS. is very imperfect, having
-in it a lacuna of eight stanzas (ll. 64-119). I am thus able to give quite
-a presentable text.
-
-The correction that most interested me was one in l. 134, where the Ashmole
-MS. and Thynne have _probatyf piscyne_. On June 5, 1896, I read a paper at
-the Philological Society, in which (among other things) I pointed out that
-the right reading must certainly be _probatik_. The very next day I found
-the Sloane MS.; and behold, its reading was _probatyk_! It is not often
-that a 'conjectural emendation' is confirmed, on unimpeachable authority,
-within twenty-four hours.
-
-Another remarkable correction is that of _dyamaunt_ for _dyametre_ in l.
-87. It was all very well to compare Our Lady to a diamond; but to call her
-a _diameter_ (as in all the editions) is a little too bad. Again, in l. 121
-(now first printed) we have the remarkable expression _punical pome_ for a
-pomegranate, which is worthy of notice; and in l. 123 we find a new word,
-_agnelet_, which is not to be found in the New English Dictionary.
-
-All the printed editions print the next piece as if it _formed a part_ of
-the present one; but they have absolutely no point in common beyond the
-fact of having a common authorship.
-
-Sec. 39. XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.
-
-In all the old editions, this piece forms part of the preceding, though it
-is obviously distinct from it, when attention is once drawn to the fact.
-Instead of being addressed, like no. X, to the Virgin, it is addressed to a
-lady whose name the poet wishes to commend (l. 7); and from whom he is
-parted (51); whereas two lovers ought to be together, if they wish to live
-'well merry' (64). Her goodly fresh face is a merry mirror (73); and he has
-chosen her as his Valentine (111).
-
-It is evidently a conventional complimentary poem, written to please some
-lady of rank or of high renown (93), one, in fact, who is 'of women chief
-princesse' (70). It is prettily expressed, and does Lydgate some credit,
-being a favourable specimen of his more playful style; I wish we had more
-of the same kind. L. 68--'Let him go love, and see wher [_whether_] it be
-game'--is excellent.
-
-I shall here submit to the reader a pure guess, for what it is worth. My
-impression is that this piece, being a complimentary Valentine, was
-suggested by queen Katherine's visit to England; the lover whose passion is
-here described being no other than king Henry V, who was parted from his
-queen for a week. The pair arrived at Dover on Feb. 2, 1421, and Henry went
-on to London, arriving on Feb. 14; the queen did not arrive till Feb. 21,
-just in time for her coronation on Feb. 23.
-
-This hypothesis satisfies several conditions. It explains why the lover's
-_English_ is not good enough to praise the lady; why so many French lines
-are quoted; the significant allusion to the lily, i.e. the lily of France,
-in l. 16; the lover's consolation found in English roundels (40); the
-expression 'cheef princesse' in l. 70; and the very remarkable exclamation
-of _Salve, regina_, in l. 83, which doubtless made Thynne imagine that the
-poem was addressed to the Virgin Mary. The expression 'for your departing'
-in l. 105 does not necessarily mean 'on account of your departure from me';
-it is equally in accordance with Middle-English usage to suppose that it
-means 'on account of your separation from me'; see _Depart_ and _Departing_
-in the New English Dictionary.
-
-It is well known that Lydgate provided the necessary poetry for the entry
-of Henry VI into London in Feb. 1432.
-
-Some resemblances to Chaucer are pointed out in the Notes. The most
-interesting circumstance about this poem is that the author quotes, at the
-end of his third stanza, the first line of 'Merciles Beaute'; this is a
-strong point in favour of the attribution of that poem to his master.
-
-This piece is distinguished from the preceding by the difference of its
-subject; by the difference in the character of the metre (there is here no
-alliteration); and, most significant of all, by its absence from MS.
-Ashmole 59 and MS. Sloane 1212, both of which contain the preceding piece.
-The two poems may have been brought together, in the MS. which Thynne
-followed, by the accident of being written about the same time.
-
-Sec. 40. XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.
-
-The title of this piece in Stowe's edition stands as follows: 'A balade of
-good counseile, translated out of Latin verses into Englishe, by dan Iohn
-lidgat cleped the monke of Buri.' What were the Latin verses here referred
-to, I have no means of ascertaining.
-
-This Ballad is eminently characteristic of Lydgate's style, and by no means
-the worst of its kind. When he once gets hold of a refrain that pleases
-him, he canters merrily along till he has absolutely no more to say. I
-think he must have enjoyed writing it, and that he wrote it to please
-himself.
-
-He transgresses one of Chaucer's canons in ll. 79-82; where he rimes
-_hardy_ with _foly_ and _flatery_. The two latter words are, in Chaucer,
-_foly-e_ and _flatery-e_, and never rime with a word like _hardy_, which
-has no final _-e_.
-
-Lydgate is very fond of what may be called _catalogues_; he begins by
-enumerating every kind of possibility. You may be rich, or strong, or
-prudent, &c.; or fair (22) or ugly (24); you may have a wife (29), or you
-may not (36); you may be fat (43), or you may be lean (46); or staid (57),
-or holy (64); your dress may be presentable (71), or poor (72), or middling
-(73); you may speak much (78) or little (80); and so on; for it is hard to
-come to an end. At l. 106, he begins all over again with womankind; and the
-conclusion is, that you should govern your tongue, and never listen to
-slander.
-
-Thynne's text is not very good; the MSS. are somewhat better. He makes the
-odd mistake of printing _Holynesse beautie_ for _Eleynes beaute_ (115); but
-Helen had not much to do with holiness. Two of the stanzas (71-7 and
-106-112) are now printed for the first time, as they occur in the MSS.
-only. Indeed, MS. H. (Harl. 2251) is the sole authority for the former of
-these two stanzas.
-
-Sec. 41. XIII. BEWARE OF DOUBLENESS.
-
-This is a favourable example of Lydgate's better style; and is written with
-unusual smoothness, owing to the shortness of the lines. It was first
-printed in 1561. There is a better copy in the Fairfax MS., which has been
-taken as the basis of the text. The copy in MS. Ashmole 59 is very poor.
-The title--'Balade made by Lydgate'--occurs in MS. Addit. 16165. Stowe,
-being unacquainted with the phrase _ambes as_ (l. 78), though it occurs in
-Chaucer, turned _ambes_ into _lombes_, after which he wrongly inserted a
-comma; and _lombes_ appears, accordingly, in all former editions, with a
-comma after it. What sense readers have hitherto made of this line, I am at
-a loss to conjecture.
-
-Sec. 42. XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN, ETC.
-
-First printed by Stowe in 1561, from the MS. in Trinity College Library,
-marked R. 3. 19, which I have used in preference to the printed edition.
-
-There is another, and more complete copy in the same library, marked O. 9.
-38, which has contributed some excellent corrections. Moreover, it gives a
-better arrangement of stanzas three and four, which the old editions
-transpose. More than this, it contains a unique stanza (36-42), which has
-not been printed before.
-
-The poem also occurs in Shirley's MS. Harl. 2251, which contains a large
-number of poems by Lydgate; and is there followed by another poem of seven
-stanzas, attributed to Lydgate. That the present poem is Lydgate's, cannot
-well be doubted; it belongs to the same class of his poems as no. XII
-above. I find it attributed to him in the reprint of 'Chaucer's Poems' by
-Chalmers, in 1810.
-
-The substitution of the contracted and idiomatic form _et_ for the later
-form _eteth_ is a great improvement. It is due to MS. O. 9. 38, where the
-scribe first wrote _ette_, but was afterwards so weak as to 'correct' it to
-_etyth_. But this 'correction' just ruins the refrain. _Et_ was no doubt
-becoming archaic towards the middle of the fifteenth century.
-
-Two variations upon the last stanza occur in the Bannatyne MS., fol. 258,
-back; see the print by the Hunterian Club, 1879, pp. 754, 755.
-
-Sec. 43. XV. THREE SAYINGS.
-
-First printed by Stowe; I know of no MS. copy. The first two Sayings are
-attributed to Lydgate; so we may as well credit him with the third. The
-second expresses the same statements as the first, but varies somewhat in
-form; both are founded upon a Latin line which occurs in MS. Fairfax 16
-(fol. 196) and in MS. Harl. 7578 (fol. 20), and runs as follows:--'Quatuor
-infatuant, honor, etas, femina, uinum.'
-
-Note that these Three Sayings constitute the _only_ addition made by Stowe
-to Thynne in 'Part I' of Stowe's edition. See nos. 28, 29, 30 in vol. i. p.
-32. Stowe introduced them _in order to fill a blank half-column_ between
-nos. 27 and 31.
-
-Sec. 44. XVI. LA BELLE DAME SANS MERCY.
-
-First printed in Thynne's Chaucer (1532). Tyrwhitt first pointed out that
-it could not possibly be his, seeing that Alan Chartier's poem with the
-same name, whence the English version was made, could not have been written
-in Chaucer's lifetime. Chartier was born in 1386, and was only fourteen
-years old at the time of Chaucer's death. Tyrwhitt further stated that the
-author's name, Sir Richard Ros, was plainly given in MS. Harl. 372, fol.
-61, where the poem has this title:--'La Belle Dame Sanz Mercy. Translatid
-out of Frenche by Sir Richard Ros.' I have not been able to find the date
-of the French original, as there is no modern edition of Chartier's poems;
-but it can hardly have been written before 1410, when the poet was only
-twenty-four years old; and the date of the translation must be later still.
-But we are not wholly left to conjecture in this matter. A short notice of
-Sir Richard Ros appeared in Englische Studien, X. 206, written by H.
-Groehler, who refers us to his dissertation 'Ueber Richard Ros'
-mittelenglische uebersetzung des gedichtes von Alain Chartier La Belle Dame
-sans Mercy,' published at Breslau in 1886; of which Dr. Groehler has most
-obligingly sent me a copy, whence several of my Notes have been derived. He
-tells us, in this article, that his dissertation was founded on the copy of
-the poem in MS. Harl. 372, which (in 1886) he believed to be unique;
-whereas he had since been informed that there are three other MSS., viz.
-Camb. Ff. 1. 6, Trin. Coll. Camb. R. 3. 19, and Fairfax 16; and further,
-that the Trinity MS. agrees with the Harleian as to misarrangement of the
-subject-matter[18]. He also proposed to give a new edition of the poem in
-Englische Studien, but I am unable to find it; and Dr. Koelbing courteously
-informs me that it never appeared.
-
-Dr. Groehler further tells us, that Mr. Joseph Hall, of Manchester, had sent
-him some account, extracted from the county history of Leicestershire by
-Nichols, of the family of Roos or Ros, who were lords of Hamlake and
-Belvoir in that county. According to Nichols, the Sir Richard Ros who was
-presumably the poet, was the second son of Sir Thomas Ros; and Sir Thomas
-was the second son of Sir W. Ros, who married Margaret, daughter of Sir
-John Arundel. If this be right, we gain the further information that Sir
-Richard was born in 1429[19], and is known to have been alive in 1450, when
-he was twenty-one years old.
-
-The dates suit very well, as they suggest that the English poem was
-written, probably, between 1450 and 1460, or at the beginning of the second
-half of the fifteenth century; which sufficiently agrees with the language
-employed and with the probable age of the MSS. The date assigned in the New
-English Dictionary, s.v. _Currish_, is 1460; which cannot be far wrong. It
-can hardly be much later.
-
-Sec. 45. The above notice also suggests that, as Sir Richard Ros was of a
-Leicestershire family, the dialect of the piece may, originally at least,
-have been North Leicestershire. Belvoir is situate in the N.E. corner of
-Leicestershire, not far from Grantham in Lincolnshire, and at no great
-distance from the birthplace of Robert of Brunne. It is well known that
-Robert of Brunne wrote in a variety of the Midland dialect which coincides,
-to a remarkable extent, with the form of the language which has become the
-standard literary English. Now it is easily seen that La Belle Dame has the
-same peculiarity, and I venture to think that, on this account, it is worth
-special attention. If we want to see a specimen of what the Midland
-literary dialect was like in the middle of the fifteenth century, it is
-here that we may find it. Many of the stanzas are, in fact, remarkably
-modern, both in grammar and expression; we have only to alter the spelling,
-and there is nothing left to explain. Take for example the last stanza on
-p. 301 (ll. 77-84):--
-
- 'In this great thought, sore troubled in my mind,
-  Alone thus rode I all the morrow-tide,
-  Till, at the last, it happed me to find
-  The place wherein I cast me to abide
-
-  When that I had no further for to ride.
-  And as I went my lodging to purvey,
-  Right soon I heard, but little me beside,
-  In a garden, where minstrels gan to play.'
-
-A large number of stanzas readily lend themselves to similar treatment; and
-this is quite enough to dissociate the poem from Chaucer. The great
-difficulty about modernising Chaucer is, as every one knows, his use of the
-final _-e_ as a distinct syllable; but we may search a whole page of La
-Belle Dame without finding anything of the kind. When Sir Richard's words
-have an extra syllable, it is due to the suffix _-es_ or the suffix _-ed_;
-and even these are not remarkably numerous; we do not arrive at _cloth-es_,
-a plural in _-es_, before l. 22; and, in the course of the first four
-stanzas, all the words in _-ed_ are _awak-ed_, _nak-ed_, _vex-ed_,
-_tourn-ed_, and _bold-ed_, none of which would be surprising to a student
-of Elizabethan poetry. That there was something of a Northern element in
-Sir Richard's language appears from the rime of _long-es_ with _song-es_,
-in ll. 53-55; where _longes_ is the third person singular of the present
-tense; but modern English has _belongs_, with the same suffix! Again, he
-constantly uses the Northern possessive pronoun _their_; but modern English
-does the same!
-
-Sec. 46. Another remarkable point about the poem is the perfect smoothness and
-regularity of the metre in a large number of lines, even as judged by a
-modern standard. The first line--'Half in a dream, not fully well
-awaked'--might, from a metrical point of view, have been written yesterday.
-It is a pity that the poem is somewhat dull, owing to its needless
-prolixity; but this is not a little due to Alan Chartier. Sir Richard has
-only eight stanzas of his own, four at the beginning, and four at the end;
-and it is remarkable that these are in the seven-line stanza, while the
-rest of the stanzas have eight lines, like their French original, of which
-I here give the first stanza, from the Paris edition of 1617, p. 502. (See
-l. 29 of the English version.)
-
- 'N'agueres cheuauchant pensoye,
-  Comme homme triste et douloreux,
-  Au dueil ou il faut que ie soye
-  Le plus dolant des amoureux;
-  Puisque par son dart rigoureux
-  La mort me tolli ma Maistresse,
-  Et me laissa seul langoureux
-  En la conduicte de tristesse.'
-
-I have cited in the Notes a few passages of the original text which help to
-explain the translation.
-
-Sec. 47. The text in Thynne is a good one, and it seemed convenient to make it
-the basis of the edition; but it has been carefully controlled by collation
-with MS. Ff. 1. 6, which is, in some respects, the best MS. I am not sure
-that Thynne always followed his MS.; he may have collated some other one,
-as he professes in some cases to have done. MS. Ff. 1. 6, the Trinity MS.,
-and Thynne's principal MS. form one group, which we may call A; whilst the
-Fairfax and Harleian MSS. form a second group, which we may call B: and of
-these, group A is the better. The MSS. in group B sadly transpose the
-subject-matter, and give the poem in the following order; viz. lines 1-428,
-669-716, 525-572, 477-524, 621-668, 573-620, 429-476, 717-856. The cause of
-this dislocation is simple enough. It means that the B-group MSS. were
-copied from one in which three leaves, each containing six stanzas, were
-misarranged. The three leaves were placed one within the other, to form a
-sheet, and were written upon. Then the outer pair of these leaves was
-turned inside out, whilst the second and third pair changed places. This
-can easily be verified by making a little book of six leaves and numbering
-each page with the numbers 429-452, 453-476, 477-500, 501-524, &c. (i.e.
-with 24 lines on a page, ending with 716), and then misarranging the leaves
-in the manner indicated.
-
-The copy in MS. Harl. 372 was printed, just as it stands, by Dr. Furnivall,
-in his volume entitled Political, Religious, and Love Poems, published for
-the E. E. T. S. in 1866; at p. 52. The text is there, accordingly,
-misarranged as above stated.
-
-There is another MS. copy, as has been said above, in MS. Trin. Coll. Camb.
-R. 3. 19; but I have not collated it. It seems to be closely related to MS.
-Ff., and to present no additional information. Not only do the MSS. of the
-A-group contain the text in the right order, but they frequently give the
-better readings. Thus, in l. 47, we have the odd line--'My _pen_ coud never
-have knowlege what it ment'; as given in MS. Ff., the Trinity MS., and
-Thynne. The word _pen_ is altered to _eyen_ in MSS. H. and F.;
-nevertheless, it is perfectly right, for the French original has _plume_;
-see the Note on the line. Other examples are given in the Notes.
-
-In l. 174, MS. Ff. alone has the right reading, _apert_. I had made up my
-mind that this was the right reading even before consulting that MS.,
-because the old reading--'One wyse nor other, prevy nor _perte_'--is so
-extremely harsh. There is no sense in using the clipped form of the word
-when the true _and usual_ form will scan so much better. See C. T., F 531,
-Ho. Fame, 717. The Trinity MS. gets out of the difficulty by a material
-alteration of the line, so that it there becomes--'In any wyse, nether
-preuy nor perte.'
-
-Sec. 48. XVII. THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
-
-I do not suppose this was ever supposed to be Chaucer's even by Thynne.
-Line 64--'Quha wait gif all that Chaucer wrait was trew?'--must have
-settled the question from the first. No doubt Thynne added it simply as a
-pendant to Troilus, and he must have had a copy before him in the Northern
-dialect, which he modified as well as he could. Nevertheless, he gives us
-_can_ for the Southern _gan_ in l. 6, _wrate_ for _wrote_ in l. 64, and has
-many similar Northern forms.
-
-The poem was printed at Edinburgh in 1593 with the author's name. The title
-is as follows--� THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID, Compylit be M. Robert
-Henrysone, Sculemai-ster in Dunfermeling. IMPRENTIT AT EDIN = burgh be
-Henrie Charteris. MD. XCIII. The text is in 4to, ten leaves, black-letter.
-Only one copy has been preserved, which is now in the British Museum; but
-it was reprinted page for page in the volume presented by Mr. Chalmers to
-the Bannatyne Club in 1824. The present edition is from this reprint, with
-very few modifications, such as _sh_ for _sch_, and final _-y_ for final
-_-ie_ in immaterial cases. All other modifications are accounted for in the
-footnotes below. No early MS. copy is known; there was once a copy in the
-Asloan MS., but the leaves containing it are lost.
-
-Thynne's print must have been a good deal altered from the original, to
-make it more intelligible. It is odd to find him altering _quhisling_ (20)
-to _whiskyng_, and _ringand_ (144) to _tynkyng_. I note all Thynne's
-variations that are of any interest. He must have been much puzzled by
-_aneuch in_ (which he seems to have regarded as one word and as a past
-participle) before he turned it into _enewed_ (110). But in some cases
-Thynne gives us real help, as I will now point out.
-
-In l. 48, E. (the Edinburgh edition) has--'Quhill Esperus reioisit him
-agane'; where _Esperus_ gives no good sense. But Thynne prints _esperous_,
-which at once suggests _esperans_ (hope), as opposed to _wanhope_ in the
-preceding line.
-
-In l. 155, E. has _frosnit_, which Laing interprets 'frozen,' as if the pp.
-of _freeze_ could have both a strong and weak pp. suffix at the same
-moment! But Thynne has _frounsed_, evidently put for _fronsit_, as used
-elsewhere by Henryson in The Fable of the Paddock and the Mous, l.
-43:--'The Mous beheld unto her _fronsit_ face.' A printer's error of _sn_
-for _ns_ is not surprising.
-
-In ll. 164, 178, 260, E. has _gyis_ or _gyse_; but Thynne has preserved the
-true Chaucerian word _gyte_, which the printer evidently did not
-understand. It is true that in l. 164 he turned it into _gate_; but when he
-found it recur, he let it alone.
-
-In l. 205, E. has _upricht_ (!); which Thynne corrects.
-
-In l. 290, Th. has _iniure_ for _iniurie_, and I think he is right, though
-I have let _injurie_ stand; _iniure_ is Chaucer's form (Troil. iii. 1018),
-and it suits the scansion better.
-
-In l. 382, Thynne corrects _Unto_ to _To_; and in l. 386, has _Beuer_ for
-_bawar_. In l. 441, he has _syder_ for _ceder_. In l. 501, he has _plyte_
-for _plye_, where a letter may have dropped out in E.; but see the note (p.
-525). In l. 590, his reading _tokenyng_ suggests that _takning_ (as in E.)
-should be _takining_ or _takinning_; the line will then scan. The
-contracted form _taikning_ occurs, however, in l. 232, where the word is
-less emphatic.
-
-Note further, that in l. 216 the original must have had _Philogoney_ (see
-the Note). This appears in the astonishing forms _Philologie_ (E.), and
-_Philologee_ (Th.). Laing prints _Phlegonie_, which will neither scan nor
-rime, without any hint that he is departing from his exemplar. All his
-corrections are made silently, so that one cannot tell where they occur
-without reference to the original.
-
-For further information concerning Robert Henryson, schoolmaster of
-Dunfermline, see the preface to David Laing's edition of The Poems and
-Fables of Robert Henryson, Edinburgh, 1865; and Morley's English Writers,
-1890, vol. vi. p. 250. He is supposed to have been born about 1425, and to
-have died about 1500. On Sept. 10, 1462, the Venerable Master Robert
-Henrysone, Licentiate in Arts and Bachelor in Decrees, was incorporated or
-admitted a member of the newly founded university of Glasgow; and he is
-known to have been a notary public. Perhaps The Testament of Cresseid was
-written about 1460. It is a rather mature performance, and is his best
-piece. Perhaps it is the best piece in the present volume.
-
-Sec. 49. XVIII. THE CUCKOO AND THE NIGHTINGALE.
-
-Of this piece there are several MSS., which fall into two main classes:
-(A)--Ff. (Ff. 1. 6, in the Camb. Univ. Library); T. (Tanner 346); Th. (MS.
-used by Thynne, closely allied to T.); and (B)--F. (Fairfax 16), and B.
-(Bodley 638), which are closely allied. There is also S. (Selden, B. 24)
-imperfect, which has readings of its own[20]. Of these groups, A is the
-better, and MS. Ff. is, in some respects, the most important. Nevertheless,
-MS. Ff. has never been collated hitherto, so that I am able to give a
-somewhat improved text. For example, in all former editions lines 12 and 13
-are transposed. In l. 180, the reading _haire_ (as in Bell and Morris) is
-somewhat comic (see the Note). In l. 203, MS. Ff. restores the true reading
-_hit_, i.e. hitteth. Bell, by some accident, omits the stanza in which this
-word occurs. In vol. i. p. 39, I took occasion to complain of the riming of
-_now_ with _rescow-e_ in ll. 228-9, according to Bell. The right reading,
-however, is not _now_, but _avow-e_, which rimes well enough. MS. Selden
-has _allowe_, which Morris follows, though it is clearly inferior and is
-unsupported. On the other hand, MS. Selden correctly, and alone, has _leve_
-in l. 237; but the confusion between _e_ and _o_ is endless, so that the
-false reading _loue_ creates no surprise.
-
-This poem is very interesting, and has deservedly been a favourite one. It
-is therefore a great pleasure to me to have found the author's name. This
-is given at the end of the poem in MS. Ff. (the best MS., but hitherto
-neglected), where we find, in firm distinct letters, in the same
-handwriting as the poem itself, the remark--EXPLICIT CLANVOWE. Remembering
-that the true title of the poem is 'The Book of Cupid, God of Love[21],' I
-applied to Dr. Furnivall, asking him if he had met with the name. He at
-once referred me to his preface to Hoccleve's Works, p. x, where Sir John
-Clanvowe and Thomas Hoccleve are both mentioned in the same document (about
-A.D. 1385). But Sir John Clanvowe died in 1391, and therefore could not
-have imitated the title of Hoccleve's poem, which was not written till
-1402. Our poet was probably Sir Thomas Clanvowe, concerning whom several
-particulars are known, and who must have been a well-known personage at the
-courts of Richard II and Henry IV. We learn from Wylie's Hist. of Henry IV,
-vol. iii. p. 261, that he was one of twenty-five knights who accompanied
-John Beaufort (son of John of Gaunt) to Barbary in 1390. This Sir Thomas
-favoured the opinions of the Lollards, but was nevertheless a friend of
-'Prince Hal,' at the time when the prince was still friendly to
-freethinkers. He seems to have accompanied the prince in the mountains of
-Wales; see Wylie, as above, iii. 333. In 1401, he is mentioned as being one
-of 'vi Chivalers' in the list of esquires who were summoned to a council by
-king Henry IV; see the Acts of the Privy Council, ed. Nicolas, temp. Henry
-IV, p. 162. (It may be noted that Sir John Clanvowe was a witness, in 1385,
-to the will of the widow of the Black Prince; see Testamenta Vetusta, ed.
-Nicolas.)
-
-Sec. 50. It now becomes easy to explain the reference to the queen at
-Woodstock, which has never yet been accounted for. The poem begins with the
-words--'_The God of Love!_ Ah benedicite,' quoted from Chaucer, the title
-of the poem being 'The Book of Cupid, _God of Love_,' as has been said; and
-this title was imitated from Hoccleve's poem of 1402. But there was no
-queen of England after Henry's accession till Feb. 7, 1403, when the king
-married Joan of Navarre; and it was she who held as a part of her dower the
-manor and park of Woodstock; see Wylie, as above, ii. 284. Hence the
-following hypothesis will suit the facts--namely, that the poem, imitating
-Chaucer's manner, and having a title imitated from Hoccleve's poem of 1402,
-was written by Sir Thomas Clanvowe, who held Lollard opinions[22] and was a
-friend (at one time) of Henry of Monmouth. And it was addressed to Joan of
-Navarre, Henry's stepmother, queen of England from 1403 to 1413, who held
-as a part of her dower the manor of Woodstock. If so, we should expect it
-to have been written before April, 1410, when Thomas Badby, the Lollard,
-was executed in the presence of the prince of Wales. Further, as it was
-probably written early rather than late in this period, I should be
-inclined to date it in 1403; possibly in May, as it relates so much to the
-time of spring.
-
-I may add that the Clanvowes were a Herefordshire family, from the
-neighbourhood of Wigmore. The only remarkable non-Chaucerian word in the
-poem is the verb _greden_, to cry out (A.S. _gr[=ae]dan_); a word found in
-many dialects, and used by Layamon, Robert of Gloucester, Langland, and
-Hoccleve.
-
-The poem is written in a light and pleasing style, which Wordsworth has
-fairly reproduced. The final _-e_ is suppressed in _assay-e_ (l. 52). The
-non-Chaucerian rimes are few, viz. _gren-e_ and _sen-e_ as riming with
-_been_ (61-5), shewing that Clanvowe cut down those dissyllables to _green_
-and _seen_. And further, the forms _ron_ and _mon_ are employed, in order
-to rime with _upon_ (81-5); whereas Chaucer only has the form _man_; whilst
-of _ran_ I remember no example at the end of a line[23].
-
-Sec. 51. But there is one point about Clanvowe's verse which renders it, for
-the fifteenth century, quite unique. In imitating Chaucer's use of the
-final _-e_, he employs this suffix with unprecedented freedom, and rather
-avoids than seeks elision. This gives quite a distinctive character to his
-versification, and is very noticeable when attention has once been drawn to
-it. If, for example, we compare it with the Parliament of Foules, which it
-most resembles in general character, we find the following results. If, in
-the Cuckoo and Nightingale, we observe the first 21 lines, we shall find
-(even if we omit the example of _hy-e_ in l. 4, and all the examples of
-final _-e_ at the end of a line) the following clear examples of its
-use:--_low-e_, _lyk-e_, _hard-e_, _sek-e_, _hol-e_ (twice), _mak-e_,
-_hav-e_, _wys-e_, _proud-e_, _grev-e_, _trew-e_, _hert-e_, i.e. 13
-examples, besides the 5 examples of final _-en_ in _mak-en_, _bind-en_,
-_unbind-en_, _bound-en_, _destroy-en_. But in the first 21 lines of the
-Parliament of Foules there are only 2 examples of the final _-e_ in the
-middle of a line, viz. _lust-e_ (15) and _long-e_ (21), whilst of the final
-_-en_ there is none. The difference between 18 and 2 must strike even the
-most inexperienced reader, when it is once brought under his notice.
-However, it is an extreme case.
-
-Yet again, if the _last_ 21 lines in the Cuckoo be compared with ll.
-659-679 of the Parliament (being the _last_ 21 lines, if we dismiss the
-roundel and the stanza that follows it), we find in the former 7 examples
-of final _-e_ and 2 of _-en_, or 9 in all, whilst in Chaucer there are 7 of
-final _-e_, and 1 of _-en_, or 8 in all; and this also happens to be an
-extreme case in the other direction, owing to the occurrence in the former
-poem of the words _egle_, _maple_, and _chambre_, which I have not taken
-into account.
-
-This suggests that, to make sure, we must compare much longer passages. In
-the whole of the Cuckoo, I make about 120 such cases of final _-e_, and 23
-such cases of final _-en_, or 143 in all. In 290 lines of the Parliament of
-Foules, I make about 68 and 19 such cases respectively; or about 87 in all.
-Now the difference between 143 and 87 is surely very marked.
-
-The cause of this result is obvious, viz. that Chaucer makes a more
-frequent use of elision. In the first 21 lines of the Parl. of Foules, we
-find elisions of _men'_, _sor'_, _wak'_, _oft'_ (twice), _red'_ (twice),
-_spek'_, _fast'_, _radd'_; i.e. 10 examples; added to which, Chaucer has
-_joy(e)_, _love_, _knowe_, _usage_, _boke_, at the caesura, and suppresses
-the _e_ in _write_ (written). But in ll. 1-21, Clanvowe has (in addition to
-_love_, _make_, _lowe_, _make_ (twice), _gladde_ at the caesura) only 3
-examples of true elision, viz. _fressh'_, _tell'_, and _mak'_ (15).
-
-And further, we seldom find _two_ examples of the use of the final _-e_ in
-the _same_ line in Chaucer. I do not observe any instance, in the Parl. of
-Foules, till we arrive at l. 94:--'Took rest that mad-_e_ me to slep-_e_
-faste.' But in Clanvowe they are fairly common. Examples are: Of sek-_e_
-folk ful hol-_e_ (7); For every trew-_e_ gentil hert-_e_ free (21); That
-any hert-_e_ shuld-_e_ slepy be (44); I went-_e_ forth alon-_e_ bold-e-ly
-(59); They coud-_e_ that servyc-_e_ al by rote (71); and the like. In l.
-73, we have even _three_ examples in _one_ line; Some song-_e_ loud-_e_, as
-they hadd-_e_ playned. From all of which it appears that the critics who
-have assigned the Cuckoo to Chaucer have taken no pains whatever to check
-their opinion by any sort of analysis. They have trusted to their own mere
-opinion, without looking the facts in the face.
-
-Sec. 52. I will point out yet one more very striking difference. We know that
-Chaucer sometimes employs headless lines, such as: Twenty bokes at his
-beddes heed. But he does so sparingly, especially in his Minor Poems. But
-in the Cuckoo, they are not uncommon; see, e.g. lines 16, 50, 72, 100, 116,
-118, 146, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 166, 205, 232, 242, 252,
-261, 265, 268. It is true that, in Morris's edition, lines 72, 146, 153,
-161, and 205 are slightly altered; but in no case can I find that the
-alteration is authorised. And even then, this does not get rid of the _five
-consecutive_ examples in ll. 154-158, which cannot be explained away. Once
-more, I repeat, the critics have failed to use their powers of observation.
-
-I think the poem may still be admired, even if it be allowed that Clanvowe
-wrote it some three years after Chaucer's death.
-
-Sec. 53. At any rate, it was admired by so good a judge of poetry as John
-Milton, who of course possessed a copy of it in the volume which was so
-pleasantly called 'The Works of Chaucer.' That his famous sonnet 'To the
-Nightingale' owed something to Clanvowe, I cannot doubt. 'Thou with fresh
-hope the lover's heart dost fill' is, in part, the older poet's theme; see
-ll. 1-30, 149-155, 191-192. Even his first line reminds one of ll. 77, 288.
-If Milton writes of May, so does Clanvowe; see ll. 20, 23, 34, 55, 70, 230,
-235, 242; note especially l. 230. But the real point of contact is in the
-lines--
-
- 'Thy liquid notes that close the eye of day,
-  First heard before the shallow cuckoo's bill,
-  Portend success in love ...
-  Now timely sing, ere the rude bird of hate
-  Foretell my hopeless doom in some grove nigh;
-  As thou from year to year hast sung too late
-  For my relief, yet hadst no reason why:
-  Whether the Muse or Love call thee his mate,
-  Both them I serve, and of their train am I.'
-
-With which compare:--
-
- 'That it were good to here the nightingale
-  Rather than the lewde cukkow singe': (49).
- 'A litel hast thou been to longe henne;
-  For here hath been the lew[e]de cukkow,
-  And songen songes rather than hast thou': (102).
- 'Ye, quod she, and be thou not amayed,
-  Though thou have herd the cukkow er than me.
-  For, if I live, it shal amended be
-  The nexte May, if I be not affrayed': (232).
- 'And I wol singe oon of my songes newe
-  For love of thee, as loude as I may crye': (247).
- 'For in this worlde is noon so good servyse
-  To every wight that gentil is of kinde': (149).
-
-Sec. 54. XIX. ENVOY TO ALISON.
-
-This piece has always hitherto been printed _without any title_, and is
-made to follow The Cuckoo and the Nightingale, as if there were some sort
-of connection between them. This is probably because it happens to follow
-that poem in the Fairfax and Tanner MSS., and probably did so in the MS.
-used by Thynne, which has a striking resemblance to the Tanner MS. However,
-the poem is entirely absent from the Cambridge, Selden, and Bodley MSS.,
-proving that there is no connection with the preceding poem, from which it
-differs very widely in style, in language, and in metre.
-
-I call it an Envoy to Alison. For first, it is an Envoy[24], as it refers
-to the author's 'lewd book,' which it recommends to a lady. What the book
-is, no one can say; but it may safely be conjectured that it was of no
-great value. And secondly, the lady's name was Alison, as shewn by the
-acrostic in lines 22-27; and the author has recourse to almost ludicrous
-efforts, in order to secure the first four letters of the name.
-
-Briefly, it is a very poor piece; and my chief object in reprinting it is
-to shew how unworthy it is of Clanvowe, not to mention Chaucer. We have no
-right even to assign it to Lydgate. And its date may be later than 1450.
-
-Sec. 55. XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
-
-This piece many 'critics' would assign to Chaucer, merely because they like
-it. This may be sentiment, but it is not criticism; and, after all, a
-desire to arrive at the truth should be of more weight with us than
-indulgence in ignorant credulity.
-
-It is of some consequence to learn, first of all, that it is hardly
-possible to separate this piece from the next. The authoress of one was the
-authoress of the other. That The Assembly of Ladies is longer and duller,
-and has not held its own in popular estimation, is no sound argument to the
-contrary; for it is only partially true. Between the first eleven stanzas
-of the Assembly and the first eleven stanzas of the present poem, there is
-a strong general resemblance, and not much to choose. Other stanzas of the
-Assembly that are well up to the standard of the Flower will be found in
-lines 456-490, 511-539. The reason of the general inferiority of the
-Assembly lies chiefly in the choice of the subject; it was meant to
-interest some medieval household, but it gave small scope for retaining the
-reader's attention, and must be held to be a failure.
-
-The links connecting these poems are so numerous that I must begin by
-asking the reader to let me denote The Flower and the Leaf by the letter F
-(= Flower), and The Assembly of Ladies by the letter A (= Assembly).
-
-The first point is that (with the sole exception of the Nutbrown Maid) no
-English poems exist, as far as I remember, written previously to 1500, and
-purporting to be written by a woman. In the case of F. and A., this is
-assumed throughout. When the author of F. salutes a certain fair lady, the
-lady replies--'_My doughter, gramercy_'; 462. And again she says, '_My fair
-doughter_'; 467, 500, 547. The author of A. says she was one of five
-ladies; 5-7, 407. Again, she was a woman; 18. The author of A. and some
-other ladies salute Lady Countenance, who in reply says 'fair sisters';
-370. Again, she and others salute a lady-chamberlain, who replies by
-calling them 'sisters'; 450; &c.
-
-The poem A. is supposed to be an account of a dream, told by the authoress
-to a gentleman; with the exception of this gentleman, all the characters of
-the poem are _ladies_; and hence its title. The poem F. is not quite so
-exclusive, but it comes very near it; all the principal characters are
-ladies, and the chief personages are queens, viz. the queen of the Leaf and
-the queen of the Flower. The 'world of ladies' in l. 137 take precedence of
-the Nine Worthies, who were merely men. A recognition of this fact makes
-the whole poem much clearer.
-
-But the most characteristic thing is the continual reference to colours,
-dresses, ornaments, and decorations. In F., we have descriptions of, or
-references to, white surcoats, velvet, seams, emeralds, purfils, colours,
-sleeves, trains, pearls, diamonds, a fret of gold, chaplets of leaves,
-chaplets of woodbine, chaplets of _agnus-castus_, a crown of gold,
-thundering trumpets, the treasury of Prester John, white cloaks, chaplets
-of oak, banners of Tartary-silk, more pearls, collars, escutcheons,
-kings-of-arms, cloaks of white cloth, crowns set with pearls, rubies,
-sapphires, and diamonds. Then there is a company all clad in one suit (or
-livery); heralds and poursuivants, more chaplets and escutcheons, men in
-armour with cloth of gold and horse-trappings, with bosses on their bridles
-and peitrels--it is surely needless to go on, though we have only arrived
-at l. 246.
-
-In A., we have much the same sort of thing all over again, though it does
-not set in before l. 83. Then we meet with blue colours, an embroidered
-gown, and a purfil with a device. After a respite, we begin again at l.
-206--'Her gown was blue'; and the lady wore a French motto. Diligence tells
-the authoress that she looks well in her new blue gown (259). At l. 305,
-there is another blue gown, furred with gray, with a motto on the sleeve;
-and there are plenty more mottoes to follow. At l. 451 we come to a paved
-floor, and walls made of beryl and crystal, engraved with stories; next, a
-well-apparelled chair or throne, on five stages, wrought of 'cassidony,'
-with four pommels of gold, and set with sapphires; a cloth of estate,
-wrought with the needle (486); cloth of gold (521); a blue gown, with
-sleeves wrought tabard-wise, of which the collar and the _vent_ (slit in
-front of the neck) are described as being like ermine; it was couched with
-great pearls, powdered with diamonds, and had sleeves and purfils; then we
-come to rubies, enamel, a great balas-ruby, and more of the same kind.
-Again, it is useless to go further. Surely these descriptions of seams, and
-collars, and sleeves, are due to a woman.
-
-The likeness comes out remarkably in two parallel stanzas. One of them is
-from F. 148, and the other from A. 526.
-
- 'As grete perles, round and orient,
-  Diamondes fyne and rubies rede,
-  And many another stoon, of which I want
-  The names now; and everich on her hede
-  A riche fret of gold, which, without drede,
-  Was ful of statly riche stones set;
-  And every lady had a chapelet,' &c.
-
- 'After a sort the coller and the vent,
-  Lyk as ermyne is mad in purfeling;
-  With grete perles, ful fyne and orient,
-  They were couched, al after oon worching,
-  With dyamonds in stede of powdering;
-  The sleves and purfilles of assyse;
-  They were y-mad [ful] lyke, in every wyse.'
-
-I wonder which the reader prefers; for myself, I have really no choice.
-
-For I do not see how to choose between such lines as these following:--
-
-  And on I put my gere and myn array; F. 26.
-  That ye wold help me on with myn aray; A. 241.
-  _or_, So than I dressed me in myn aray; A. 253.
-  As grete perles, round and orient; F. 148.
-  With grete perles, ful fyne and orient; A. 528.
-  And forth they yede togider, twain and twain; F. 295.
-  See how they come togider, twain and twain; A. 350.
-  So long, alas! and, if that it you plese
-  To go with me, I shal do yow the ese; F. 391.
-  And see, what I can do you for to plese,
-  I am redy, that may be to your ese; A. 447.
-  I thank you now, in my most humble wyse; F. 567.
-  We thanked her in our most humble wyse; A. 729.
-
-Besides these striking coincidences in whole lines, there are a large
-number of phrases and endings of lines that are common to the two poems;
-such as--_the springing of the day_, F. 25, A. 218; _Which, as me thought_,
-F. 36, A. 50; _wel y-wrought_, F. 49, A. 165; _by mesure_, F. 58, A. 81; _I
-you ensure_, F. 60, 287, A. 52, 199; _in this wyse_, F. 98, A. 589; _I sat
-me doun_, F. 118, A. 77; _oon and oon_, F. 144, A. 368, 543, 710; _by and
-by_, F. 59, 146, A. 87; _withouten fail_, F. 369, A. 567, 646; _herself
-aloon_, F. 458, A. 84; _ful demure_, F. 459, A. 82; _to put in wryting_, F.
-589, A. 664; and others that are printed out in the Notes.
-
-Very characteristic of female authorship is the remark that the ladies vied
-with each other as to which looked the best; a remark which occurs in
-_both_ poems; see F. 188, A. 384.
-
-A construction common to both poems is the use of _very_ with an adjective,
-a construction used by Lydgate, but not by Chaucer; examples are _very
-rede_, F. 35; _very good_, F. 10, 315; _very round_, A. 479.
-
-It is tedious to enumerate how much these poems have in common. They open
-in a similar way, F. with the description of a grove, A. with the
-description of a garden with a maze. In the eighth stanza of F., we come to
-'a herber that benched was'; and in the seventh stanza of A. we come to a
-similar 'herber, mad with benches'; both from The Legend of Good Women.
-
-In F., the authoress has a waking vision of 'a world of ladies' (137); in
-A. she sees in a dream the 'assembly of ladies.' In both, she sees an
-abundance of dresses, and gems, and bright colours. Both introduce several
-scraps of French. In both, the authoress has interviews with allegorical or
-visionary personages, who address her either as daughter or sister. I have
-little doubt that the careful reader will discover more points of
-resemblance for himself.
-
-Sec. 56. The chief appreciable difference between the two poems is that F. was
-probably written considerably earlier than A. This appears from the more
-frequent use of the final _-e_, which the authoress occasionally uses as an
-archaic embellishment, though she frequently forgets all about it for many
-stanzas together. In the former poem (F.) there seem to be about 50
-examples, whilst in the latter (A.) there are hardly 10[25]. In almost
-every case, it is correctly used, owing, no doubt, to tradition or to a
-perusal of older poetry. The most important cases are the abundant ones in
-which a final _e_ is omitted where Chaucer would inevitably have inserted
-it. For example, such a line as F. 195--From the same grove, where the
-ladyes come out--would become, in Chaucer--From the sam-e grov-e wher the
-ladyes come out--giving at least twelve syllables in the line. The examples
-of the omission of final _-e_, where such omission makes a difference to
-the scansion, are not very numerous, because many such come before a vowel
-(where they might be elided) or at the caesura (where they might be
-tolerated). Still we may note such a case as _green_ in l. 109 where
-Chaucer would have written _gren-e_, giving _a fresh gren-e laurer-tree_,
-to the ruin of the scansion. Similar offences against Chaucer's usage are
-_herd_ for _herd-e_, 128 (cf. 191); _spek'_ for _spek-e_, 140; _al_ for
-_all-e_, plural, 165; _sight_ for _sight-e_, 174; _lyf_ for _lyv-e_, 182;
-_sam'_ for _sam-e_, 195; _the tenth_ for _the tenth-e_, 203; _gret_ for
-_gret-e_, plural, 214, 225; _red_ for _red-e_, 242; _the worst_ for _the
-worst-e_, 255; _yed'_ for _yed-e_, 295, 301; _fast_ for _fast-e_, 304;
-_rejoice_ for _rejoy-se_, 313; _noise_ for _nois-e_, 353; _sonn'_ for
-_son-ne_, 355, 408; _hir fresh_ for _hir fres-she_, 357; _laft_ for
-_laft-e_, pt. t., 364; _their greet_ for _hir gret-e_, 377; _sick_ for
-_sek-e_, 410; _about_ for _about-e_, 411; _to soup_ for _to soup-e_, 417;
-_without_ for _without-e_, 423, 549; _the hool_ for _the hol-e_, 437; _to
-know_ for _to know-e_, 453; _past_ for _pass-ede_ or _past-e_, 465; _My
-fair_ for _My fair-e_, vocative, 467, 500; _to tel_ for _to tell-e_, 495;
-_nin(e)_ for _nyn-e_, 502; _imagin(e)_ for _imagin-en_, 525; _they last_
-for _they last-e_, 562; _thy rud(e)_ for _thy rud-e_, 595. Those who
-believe that The Flower and the Leaf was written by Chaucer will have to
-explain away every one of these cases; and when they have done so, there is
-more to be said.
-
-Sec. 57. For it is well known that such a word as _sweetly_ (96) was
-trisyllabic, as _swet-e-ly_, in Chaucer; C. T., A 221. Similarly, our
-authoress has _trewly_ for _trew-e-ly_[26], 130; _richly_ for _rich-e-ly_,
-169; _woodbind_ for _wod-e-bind-e_, 485. Similar is _ointments_ for
-_oin-e-ments_, 409. And, moreover, our authoress differs from Chaucer as to
-other points of grammar. Thus she has _Forshronk_ as a strong pp., 358,
-which ought to be _forshronk-en_ or _forshronk-e_. Still more marked is her
-use of _rood_ as the _plural_ of the past tense, 449, 454, where Chaucer
-has _rid-en_; and her use of _began_ as a plural, 385, where Chaucer has
-_bigonn-e_. Can these things be explained away also? If so, there is more
-to be said.
-
-Sec. 58. All the above examples have been made out, without so much as looking
-at the rimes. But the rimes are much harder to explain away, where they
-differ from Chaucer's. Here are a few specimens.
-
-_Pas-se_ rimes with _was_, 27; so it must have been cut down to _pas_!
-Similarly, _hew-e_ has become _hew_; for it rimes with _grew_, sing., 32.
-_Sight-e_ has become _sight_, to rime with _wight_, 37. _Brought_ should
-rather be _brought-e_, but it rimes with _wrought_, 48. Similar
-difficulties occur in _peyn_ (for _peyn-e_), r. w. _seyn_ (62); _syd'_ for
-_syd-e_, r. w. _espy'd_ for _espy-ed_, 72; _eet_, r. w. _sweet_ for
-_swet-e_, 90; _not'_ for _not-e_, r. w. _sot_, 99; _busily_, r. w. _aspy'_
-for _aspy-e_, 106; _trewly_, r. w. _armony'_ for _armony-e_, 130; _orient_
-(_oriant_?), r. w. _want_ for _want-e_, 148; _person_ for _person-e_, r. w.
-_everichon_, 167. It is tedious to go on; let the critic finish the list,
-if he knows how to do it. If not, let him be humble. For there is more to
-come.
-
-Sec. 59. Besides the grammar, there is yet the pronunciation to be considered;
-and here comes in the greatest difficulty of all. For, in ll. 86-89, we
-have the unusual rime of _tree_ and _be_ with _pretily_. This so staggered
-Dr. Morris, that he was induced to print the last word as _pretile_; which
-raises the difficulty without explaining it. For the explanation, the
-reader should consult the excellent dissertation by Dr. Curtis on The
-Romance of Clariodus (Halle, 1894), p. 56, Sec. 187. He remarks that a rime of
-this character gives evidence of the transition of M.E. long close _e_ to
-(Italian) long _i_ [as in the change from A.S. _m[=e]_ to mod. E. _me_],
-and adds: 'this change became general in the fifteenth century, but had
-begun in some dialects at an earlier date.' Its occurrence in the present
-poem is a strong indication that it is later than the year 1400, and
-effectually disposes of any supposed connection with Midland poems of the
-fourteenth century.
-
-Both poems are remarkably free from classical allusions and from references
-to such medieval authors as are freely quoted by Chaucer. There is nothing
-to shew that the authoress was acquainted with Latin, though she knew
-French, especially the French of songs and mottoes.
-
-The Flower and the Leaf is chiefly famous for having been versified by
-Dryden. The version is a free one, in a manner all his own, and is finer
-than the original, which can hardly be said of his 'versions' of Palamon
-and Arcite and The Cock and the Fox. It is doubtless from this version that
-many critics have formed exaggerated ideas of the poem's value; otherwise,
-it is difficult to understand for what reasons it was considered worthy of
-so great a master as Geoffrey Chaucer.
-
-Sec. 60. It will be seen, from the Notes, that the authoress was well
-acquainted with the Prologue to The Legend of Good Women; and it can hardly
-be questioned that she took the main idea of the poem from that source,
-especially ll. 188-194 of the later text. At the same time she was well
-acquainted with Gower's lines on the same subject, in the Conf. Amantis,
-iii. 357, 358; see vol. iii. pp. xlii, 297. Gower has:--
-
- 'Me thoughte I sigh to-fore myn hede
-  Cupide with his bowe bent,
-  And like unto a parlement
-  Which were ordeined for the nones,
-  With him cam al the world atones[27]
-  Of gentil folk, that whylom were
-  Lovers; I sigh hem alle there ...
-  Her hedes kempt, and therupon
-  Garlondes, nought of o colour,
-  Some of the Lefe, some of the Flour,[28]
-  And some of grete perles were.[29] ...
-  So loude that on every syde
-  It thoughte as al the heven cryde[30]
-  In such accorde and suche a soun
-  Of bombard and of clarioun ...
-  So glad a noise for to here.
-  The grene Leef is overthrowe[31] ...
-  Despuiled is the somer fare,' &c. (p. 371).
-
-Sec. 61. XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
-
-This has already been discussed, in some measure, in considering the
-preceding poem. Both pieces were written by the same authoress; but the
-former is the more sprightly and probably the earlier. With the exception
-of the unusual rime of _tree_ with _pretily_ (discussed above), nearly all
-the peculiarities of the preceding poem occur here also. The Chaucerian
-final _-e_ appears now and then, as in _commaund-e_ (probably plural), 203;
-_red-e_, 215; _countenanc-e_, 295; _pen-ne_ [or else _seyd-e_], 307;
-_chayr-e_, 476; _tak-e_, 565; _trouth-e_, 647; _liv-e_, 672; _sem-e_ (pr.
-s. subj.), 696. But it is usually dropped, as in _The fresh_ for _The
-fres-she_, 2; &c. In l. 11, Thynne prints _fantasyse_ for _fantasyes_; for
-it obviously rimes with _gyse_ (monosyllabic); cf. 533-535. _Hew-e_ and
-_new-e_ are cut down to _hew_ and _new_, to rime with _knew_, 67. _Bold_
-rimes with _told_, clipped form of _told-e_, 94; and so on. So, again,
-_trewly_ appears in place of Chaucer's _trew-e-ly_, 488. It is needless to
-pursue the subject.
-
-The description of the maze and the arbour, in ll. 29-70, is good. Another
-pleasing passage is that contained in ll. 449-497; and the description of a
-lady's dress in ll. 519-539. As for the lady herself--
-
- 'It was a world to loke on her visage.'
-
-There is a most characteristic touch of a female writer in lines 253-254:--
-
- 'So than I dressed me in myn aray,
-  And asked her, _whether it were wel or no?_'
-
-To attribute such a question as 'how will my dress do' to a male writer is
-a little too dramatic for a mere narrative poem.
-
-The two MSS. have now been collated for the first time and afford some
-important corrections, of which l. 61 presents remarkable instances. MS.
-Addit. 34360 is of some value.
-
-Sec. 62. A considerable part of The Assembly of Ladies that is now of little
-interest may have been much appreciated at the time, as having reference to
-the ordering of a large medieval household, with its chambers, parlours,
-bay-windows, and galleries, carefully kept in good order by the various
-officers and servants; such as Perseverance the usher, Countenance the
-porter, Discretion the chief purveyor, Acquaintance the harbinger, Largesse
-the steward, Bel-cheer the marshal of the hall, Remembrance the
-chamberlain, and the rest. The authoress must have been perfectly familiar
-with spectacles and pageants and all the amusements of the court; but she
-was too humble to aspire to wear a motto.
-
- 'And for my "word," I have non; this is trew.
-  It is ynough that my clothing be blew
-  As here-before I had commaundement;
-  And so to do I am right wel content'; A. 312.
-
-We must not forget that the period of the Wars of the Roses, especially
-from 1455 to 1471, was one during which the composition of these poems was
-hardly possible. It is obviously very difficult to assign a date to them;
-perhaps they may be referred to the last quarter of the fifteenth century.
-We must not put them too late, because The Assembly exists in MSS. that
-seem to be as old as that period.
-
-Sec. 63. XXII. A GOODLY BALADE.
-
-For this poem there is but one authority, viz. Thynne's edition of 1532. He
-calls it 'A goodly balade of Chaucer'; but it is manifestly Lydgate's.
-Moreover, it is really a triple Balade, with an Envoy, on the model of
-Chaucer's Fortune and Compleynt of Venus; only it has seven-line stanzas
-instead of stanzas of eight lines. An inspection of Thynne's volume shews
-that it was inserted to fill a gap, viz. a blank page at the back of the
-concluding lines of The Legend of Good Women, so that the translation of
-Boethius might commence on a new leaf.
-
-It is obvious that the third stanza of the second Balade was missing in
-Thynne's MS. He did not leave it out for lack of space; for there is plenty
-of room on his page.
-
-That it is not Chaucer's appears from the first Balade, where the use of
-the monosyllables _shal_ and _smal_ in ll. 8 and 10 necessitates the use of
-the clipped forms _al_ for _al-le_, _cal_ for _cal-le_, _apal_ for
-_apal-le_, and _befal_ for _befal-le_. Moreover, the whole style of it
-suggests Lydgate, and does not suggest Chaucer.
-
-The sixth stanza probably began with the letter _D_; in which case, the
-initial letters of the stanzas give us _M_, _M_, _M_; _D_, _D_, _D_; _J_,
-_C_, _Q_. And, as it was evidently addressed to a lady named _Margaret_
-(see the Notes), we seem to see here _Margaret, Dame Jacques_. The name of
-_Robert Jacques_ occurs in the Writs of Parliament; Bardsley's English
-Surnames, 2nd ed., p. 565. Of course this is a guess which it is easy to
-deride; but it is very difficult to account otherwise for the introduction
-of the letters _J_, _C_, _Q_ in the third Balade; yet it was evidently
-intentional, for much force was employed to achieve the result. To make the
-first stanza begin with _J_, recourse is had to French; and the other two
-stanzas both begin with inverted clauses.
-
-Sec. 64. XXIII. GO FORTH, KING.
-
-I give this from Thynne's first edition; but add the Latin lines from the
-copy printed in Schick's edition of The Temple of Glas, at p. 68. His text
-is from that printed by Wynken de Worde about 1498, collated with the
-second and third prints from the same press at somewhat later dates, and a
-still later copy printed by Berthelet.
-
-The only difference between Thynne's text and that given by Schick is that
-Wynken de Worde printed _ar_ in the last line where Thynne has printed
-_be_. Schick also notes that 'the Chaucer-Prints of 1561 and 1598 omit
-_thou_' in l. 9; and I find that it is also omitted in the third edition
-(undated, about 1550). But it occurs in the edition of 1532, all the same;
-shewing that the later reprints cannot always be relied upon.
-
-I have already said (vol. i. p. 40)--'Surely it must be Lydgate's.' For it
-exhibits his love for 'catalogues,' and presents his peculiarities of
-metre. Dr. Schick agrees with this ascription, and points out that its
-appearance in the four prints above-mentioned, in all of which it is
-annexed to Lydgate's Temple of Glas, tends to strengthen my supposition. I
-think this may be taken as removing all doubt on the subject.
-
-Sec. 65. I beg leave to quote here Schick's excellent remarks upon the poem
-itself.
-
-'There are similar pieces to these _Duodecim Abusiones_ in earlier English
-literature (see ten Brink, _Geschichte der englischen Literatur_, i. 268,
-and note).[32] The "twelf un�[=e]awas" existed also in Old-English; a
-homily on them is printed in Morris, _Old Eng. Homilies_, pp. 101-119[33].
-It is based on the Latin Homily "De octo viciis et de duodecim abusivis
-huius saeculi," attributed to St. Cyprian or St. Patrick; see Dietrich in
-Niedner's _Zeitschrift fuer historische Theologie_, 1855, p. 518; Wanley's
-_Catalogus_, passim (cf. the Index _sub voce_ Patrick). In the
-Middle-English period we meet again with more or less of these "Abusions";
-see Morris, _Old Eng. Miscellany_, p. 185 (11 Abusions); Furnivall, _Early
-Eng. Poems_, Berlin, 1862 (Phil. Soc.), p. 161; "Five Evil Things," Wright
-and Halliwell, _Reliquiae Antiquae_, i. 316, and ii. 14.'
-
-Sec. 66. XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
-
-This piece was first printed by Stowe in 1561. Stowe happened to have
-access to a MS. which was really a miscellaneous collection of
-Middle-English pieces of various dates; and he proceeded to print them as
-being 'certaine workes of Geffray Chauser,' without paying any regard to
-their contents or style. In vol. i. pp. 33, 34, I give a list of his
-additions, numbered 42-60[34]. By good fortune, the very MS. in question is
-now in Trinity College Library, marked R. 3. 19. We can thus tell that he
-was indebted to it for the pieces numbered 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54,
-55, 56, and 59. These eleven pieces are all alike remarkable for being
-non-Chaucerian; indeed, no. 56 is certainly Lydgate's. But it has so
-happened that no. 59, or The Court of Love, being the best of these pieces,
-was on that account 'attributed' to Chaucer, whilst the others were
-unhesitatingly rejected. And it happened on this wise.
-
-Sec. 67. After Tyrwhitt had edited the Canterbury Tales afresh, it occurred to
-him to compile a Glossary. He rightly reasoned that the Glossary would be
-strengthened and made more correct if he included in it all the harder
-words found in the _whole_ of Chaucer's Works, instead of limiting the
-vocabulary to words which occur in the Canterbury Tales only. For this
-purpose, he proceeded to draw up a List of what he conceived to be
-Chaucer's _genuine_ works; and we must remember that the only process open
-to him was to consider all the old editions, and _reject_ such as he
-conceived to be spurious. Hence his List is not really a list of genuine
-works, but one made by striking out from all previous lists the works which
-he _knew_ to be spurious. A moment's reflection will show that this is a
-very different thing.
-
-Considering that he had only his own acumen to guide him, and had no access
-to linguistic or grammatical tests, still less to tests derived from an
-examination of rimes or phonology, it is wonderful how well he did his
-work. In the matter of rejection, he did not make a single mistake. His
-first revision was made by considering only the pieces numbered 1-41, in
-the _first_ part of Stowe's print (see vol. i. pp. 31-33); and he struck
-out the following, on the express ground that they were _known to have been
-written by other authors_; viz. nos. 4, 11, 13, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, and
-40[35].
-
-Then he went over the list again, and struck out, on internal evidence,
-nos. 15, 18, 21, 22, and 32[36].
-
-Truly, here was a noble beginning! The only non-Chaucerian pieces which he
-failed to reject explicitly, among nos. 1-41, were the following, viz. 6 (A
-Goodly Balade of Chaucer), 17 (The Complaint of the Black Knight), 20 (The
-Testament of Love), 31 (The Cuckoo and the Nightingale), 38 (Go forth,
-King), and 41 (A Balade in Praise of Chaucer). Of course he rejected the
-last of these, but it was not worth his while to say so; and, in the same
-way, he tacitly rejected or ignored nos. 6, 30, and 38. Hence it was that
-nos. 6, 30, 38, and 41 did not appear in Moxon's Chaucer, and even no. 32
-was carefully excluded. In his final list, out of nos. 1-41, Tyrwhitt
-actually got rid of all but nos. 17, 20, and 31 (The Black Knight, The
-Testament of Love, and The Cuckoo).
-
-As to the remaining articles, he accepted, among the longer pieces, nos.
-59, 62, and 63, i.e. The Court of Love, Chaucer's Dream, and The Flower and
-the Leaf; to which he added nos. 42, 43, and 60 (as to which there is no
-doubt), and also the Virelai (no. 50), on the slippery ground that it _is_
-a virelai (which, strictly speaking, it is not).
-
-Sec. 68. One result of his investigations was that an edition of Chaucer was
-published by Moxon (my copy is dated 1855), in which all the poems were
-included which Tyrwhitt accepted, followed by Tyrwhitt's Account of the
-Works of Chaucer.
-
-Owing to the popularity of this edition, many scholars accepted the poems
-contained in it as being certainly genuine; but it is obvious that this was
-a very risky thing to do, in the absence of external evidence; especially
-when it is remembered that Tyrwhitt merely wanted to illustrate his
-glossary to the Canterbury Tales by adding words from other texts. The idea
-of drawing up a canon by the process of striking out from luxuriant lists
-the names of pieces that are obviously spurious, is one that should never
-have found acceptance.
-
-Sec. 69. There is only one correct method of drawing up a canon of genuine
-works, viz. that adopted by Mr. Henry Bradshaw, formerly our Cambridge
-University Librarian. It is simple enough, viz. to take a clean sheet of
-paper, and enter upon it, first of all, the names of all the pieces that
-are admittedly genuine; and then to see if it can fairly be augmented by
-adding such pieces as have reasonable evidence in their favour. In making a
-list of this character, The Court of Love has no claim to be considered at
-all, as I fully proved about twenty years ago[37]; and there is an end of
-the matter. The MS. copy is in a hand of the sixteenth century[38], and
-there is no internal evidence to suggest an earlier date.
-
-Sec. 70. Our task is to determine what it really is, and what can be made of
-it as it stands. We learn from the author that he was 'a clerk of
-Cambridge' (913), which we may readily accept. Beyond this, there is
-nothing but internal evidence; but of this there is much. That our 'clerk'
-had read Ovid and Maximian appears from the Notes; he even seems to have
-imbibed something of 'the new learning,' as he makes up the names
-Philo-genet and Philo-bone by help of a Greek adjective[39]. Dr. Schick has
-made it clear that he was well acquainted with Lydgate's Temple of Glas,
-which he imitates freely; see Schick's edition of that poem, p. cxxix. Mr.
-J. T. T. Brown, in his criticism on 'The Authorship of the Kingis Quair,'
-Glasgow, 1896, draws many parallels between The Court of Love and The
-Kingis Quair, and concludes that The Kingis Quair was indebted to The Court
-of Love; but it is tolerably certain that the indebtedness was in the other
-direction. For, in The Kingis Quair, some knowledge of the true use of
-Chaucer's final _-e_ is still exhibited, even in a Northern poem, whilst in
-The Court of Love, it is almost altogether dead, though the poem is in the
-Midland dialect. I shall presently shew that our clerk, whilst very nearly
-ignoring the final _-e_, occasionally employs the final _-en_; but this he
-does in a way which clearly shews that he did not understand when to use it
-aright, a fact which is highly significant.
-
-I am much indebted to my friend Professor Hales for pointing out another
-very cogent argument. He draws attention to the numerous instances in which
-the author of The Court of Love fails to end a stanza with a stop. There is
-no stop, for example, at the end of ll. 14, 567, 672, 693, 700, 763, 826,
-1064, 1288; and only a slight pause at the end of ll. 28, 49, 70, 84, 189,
-231, 259, 280, 371, 406, 427, &c. In Chaucer's Parlement of Foules, on the
-other hand, there is but one stanza without a stop at the end, viz. at l.
-280; and but one with a slight pause, viz. at l. 154. The difference
-between these results is very marked, and would convince any mathematician.
-I should like to add that the same test disposes of the claims of The
-Flower and the Leaf to be considered as Chaucer's; it has no stop at the
-end of ll. 7, 70, 154, 161, 196, 231, 280, 308, 392, 476, and has mere
-commas at the end of ll. 28, 49, 56, 98, 119, 224, 259, 329, 336, &c. In
-the Assembly of Ladies this departure from Chaucer's usage has been nearly
-abandoned, which is one reason why that piece is in a less lively style.
-
-Sec. 71. The sole MS. copy of The Court of Love belongs to the sixteenth
-century, and there is nothing to shew that the poem itself was of earlier
-date. Indeed, the language of it is remarkably like that of the former half
-of that century. If it be compared with Sackville's famous 'Induction,' the
-metrical form of the stanzas is much the same; there is the same smoothness
-of rhythm and frequent modernness of form, quite different from the halting
-lines of Lydgate and Hawes. This raises a suggestion that the author may
-have learnt his metre from Scottish authors, such as Henryson and Dunbar;
-and it is surprising to find him employing such words as _celsitude_ and
-_pulcritude_, and even riming them together, precisely as Dunbar did (ll.
-611-613, and the note). One wonders where he learnt to use such words, if
-not from Scottish authors. Curiously enough, a single instance of the use
-of a Northern inflexion occurs in the phrase _me thynkes_, 874. And I admit
-the certainty that he consulted The Kingis Quair.
-
-I have no space to discuss the matter at length; so shall content myself
-with saying that the impression produced upon me is that we have here the
-work of one of the heralds of the Elizabethan poetry, of the class to which
-belonged Nicholas Grimoald, Thomas Sackville, Lord Surrey, Lord Vaux, and
-Sir Francis Bryan. There must have been much fairly good poetry in the time
-of Henry VIII that is lost to us. Tottell's Miscellany clearly shews this,
-as it is a mere selection of short pieces, which very nearly perished; but
-for this fortunate relic, we should not have known much about Wyat and
-Surrey. Sackville, when at Cambridge, acquired some distinction for Latin
-and English verse, but we possess none of it. However, Sackville was not
-the author of The Court of Love, seeing that it was published in a
-'Chaucer' collection in 1561, long before his death.
-
-The fact that our clerk was well acquainted with so many pieces by Chaucer,
-such as The Knight's Tale, the Complaint of Pity, The Legend of Good Women,
-Troilus, and Anelida, besides giving us reminiscences of The Letter of
-Cupid, and (perhaps) of The Cuckoo and Nightingale, raises the suspicion
-that he had access to Thynne's edition of 1532; and it is quite possible
-that this very book inspired him for his effort. This suspicion becomes
-almost a certainty if it be true that ll. 495-496 are borrowed from Rom.
-Rose, 2819-20; see note at p. 545. I can find no reason for dating the poem
-earlier than that year.
-
-Sec. 72. However this may be, the chief point to notice is that his archaisms
-are affectations and not natural. He frequently dispenses with them
-altogether for whole stanzas at a time. When they occur, they are such as
-he found in Chaucer abundantly; I refer to such phrases as _I-wis_ or
-_y-wis_; _as blyve_; the use of _ich_ for _I_ (661); _besy cure_ (36); _gan
-me dresse_ (113; cf. C. T., G 1271); _by the feith I shall to god_ (131;
-cf. Troil. iii. 1649); and many more. He rarely uses the prefix _i-_ or
-_y-_ with the pp.; we find _y-born_ (976), _y-formed_ (1176), _y-heried_
-(592), _y-sped_ (977), all in Chaucer; besides these, I only note _y-fed_
-(975), _y-ravisshed_ (153), _y-stope_ (281), the last being used in the
-sense of Chaucer's _stope_. The most remarkable point is the almost total
-absence of the final _-e_; I only observe _His len-e body_ (1257); _to
-serv-e_ (909); _to dred-e_ (603); and _in thilk-e place_ (642); the last of
-which is a phrase (cf. R. R. 660). On the other hand, whilst thus
-abstaining from the use of the final _-e_, he makes large use of the longer
-and less usual suffix _-en_, which he employs with much skill to heighten
-the archaic effect. Thus we find the past participles _holden_, 62;
-_growen_, 182; _yoven_ or _yeven_, 742; _shapen_, 816, 1354; _blowen_,
-1240; the gerunds _writen_, 35; _dressen_, 179; _byden_, 321; _semen_, 607;
-_seken_, 838; _worshippen_, 1165, and a few others; the infinitives
-_maken_, 81; _byden_, 189; _quyten_, 327, &c., this being the commonest
-use; the present plurals _wailen_, 256; _foten_, 586; _speden_, 945, &c.;
-with the same form for the first person, as in _wailen_, 1113; _bleden_,
-1153; and for the second person, as in _waxen_, 958; _slepen_, 999.
-Occasionally, this suffix is varied to _-yn_ or _-in_, as in _exilyn_, v.,
-336; _serchyn_, v., 950; _spakyn_, pt. pl., 624; _approchyn_, pr. pl.,
-1212. This may be the scribe's doing, and is consistent with East Anglian
-spelling.
-
-But the artificial character of these endings is startlingly revealed when
-we find _-en_ added in an impossible position, shewing that its true
-grammatical use was quite dead. Yet we find such examples. A serious error
-(hardly the scribe's) occurs in l. 347: 'Wheder that she me _helden_ lefe
-or loth.' _Hold_ being a strong verb, the pt. t. is _held_; we could
-however justify the use of _held-e_, by supposing it to be the subjunctive
-mood, which suits the sense; but _held-en_ (with _-en_) is the _plural_
-form, while _she_ is singular; and really this use of _-e_ in the
-subjunctive must have been long dead. In l. 684, we have a case that is
-even worse, viz. _I kepen in no wyse_; here the use of _-en_ saves a
-hiatus, but the concord is false, like the Latin _ego seruamus_. In l. 928,
-the same thing recurs, though the scribe has altered _greven_ into
-_growen_[40]; for this present tense is supposed to agree with _I_! A very
-clear case occurs in l. 725: _For if by me this mater springen out_; where
-the use of _-en_, again meant to save a hiatus, is excruciatingly wrong;
-for _mater_ is singular! This cannot be the fault of the scribe. Other
-examples of false grammar are: _thou serven_, 290; _thou sene_, 499. But
-the climax is attained in l. 526, where we meet with _thay kepten ben_,
-where the _-en_ is required for the metre. _Kepten_, as a _past
-participle_, is quite unique; let us drop a veil over this sad lapse, and
-say no more about it[41].
-
-We may, however, fairly notice the constant use of the Northern forms
-_their_ and _thaim_ or _theim_, where Chaucer has _hir_ and _hem_. The use
-of _their_ and _them_ (not _thaim_) was well established by the year 1500
-in literary English, as, e.g., in Hawes and Skelton. Caxton uses all four
-forms, _hem_ and _them_, _her_ and _their_.
-
-Sec. 73. I add a few notes, suggested by an examination of the rimes employed.
-
-The final _-e_ is not used at the end of a line. This is easily seen, if
-carefully looked into. Thus _lette_ (1284) stands for _let_, for it rimes
-with _y-set_; _grace_ and _trespace_ rime with _was_, 163; _kene_ rimes
-with _bene_, misspelling of _been_, 252; _redde_, put for _red_, rimes with
-_spred_, 302; _yerde_, put for _yerd_, rimes with _aferd_, 363; _ende_
-rimes with _frend_ and _fend_, 530; and so on throughout[42]. The following
-assonances occur: _here_, _grene_, 253; _kepe_, _flete_, 309; and the
-following rimes are imperfect: _plaint_, _talent_, _consent_, 716; _frend_,
-_mynd_, 1056; _nonne_ (for _non_), _boun_, 1149; _like_ (_i_ long), _stike_
-(_i_ short), 673; and perhaps _hold_, _shuld_[43], 408; _hard_, _ferd_,
-151. _Hard_ is repeated, 149, 151; 1275, 1277. A curious rime is that of
-_length_ with _thynketh_, 1059; read _thenk'th_, and it is good enough.
-Noteworthy are these: _thryse_ (for Chaucer's _thry-es_), _wyse_, 537;
-_hens_ (for Chaucer's _henn-es_), _eloquence_, 935; _desire_, _here_, 961,
-1301; _eke_, _like_, 561; _tretesse_ (for Chaucer's _tretys_),
-_worthinesse_, 28; _write_, _aright_, 13; _sey_ (I saw), _way_, 692. In one
-place, he has _discryve_, 778, to rime with _lyve_; and in another _discry_
-(miswritten _discryve_, 97), to rime with _high_. As in Chaucer, he
-sometimes has _dy_, to die, riming with _remedy_, 340, and elsewhere _dey_,
-to rime with _pray_, 582; and again _fire_, _fyr_, riming with _hyre_, 883,
-or with _desire_, 1285, and at another time the Kentish form _fere_
-(borrowed from Chaucer), with the same sense, r. w. _y-fere_, 622. The most
-curious forms are those for 'eye.' When it rimes with _degree_, 132, _see_,
-768, we seem to have the Northern form _ee_ or _e_; but elsewhere it rimes
-with _besily_, 299, _pretily_, 419, _wounderly_, 695, _dispitously_, 1139,
-or with _I_, 282; and the plural _yen_ (= _y'n_) rimes with _lyne_, 135.
-The sounds represented by _[=e]_ and _y_ obviously afford permissible
-rimes; that the sounds were not identical appears from ll. 1051-1055, which
-end with _me_, _remedy_, _be_, _dy_, _company_ consecutively.
-
-Sec. 74. Perhaps an easier way for enabling a learner to recognise the
-peculiarities of The Court of Love, and the difference of its language from
-Chaucer, is to translate some lines of it into Chaucerian English. The
-effect upon the metre is startling.
-
-  So thanne I went-e by straunge and fer-re contrees; 57.
-  Alceste it was that kept-e there her sojour; 105.
-  To whom obeyd-en the ladies god-e nynten-e; 108.
-  And yong-e men fel-e cam-e forth with lusty pace; 110.
-  O bright-e Regina, who mad-e thee so fair? 141.
-  And mercy ask-e for al my gret-e trespas; 166.
-  This eight-e-ten-e yeer have kept yourself at large; 184.
-  In me did never worch-e trew-e-ly, yit I; 212.
-  And ther I sey the fres-she quene of Cartage; 231.
-  A! new-e com-en folk, abyde, and woot ye why; 271.
-  Than gan I me present-e tofor-e the king; 274.
-  That thou be trew-e from henn-es-forth, to thy might; 289.
-  And nam-e-ly haw-e-thorn brought-en both-e page and grom-e; 1433.
-
-Very many more such examples may be given. Or take the following; Chaucer
-has (L. G. W. 476):--
-
-  For Love ne wol nat countrepleted be.
-
-And this is how it reappears in C. L. 429:--
-
-  For Love wil not be counterpleted, indede!
-
-Here the melody of the line is completely spoilt.
-
-In the present state of our knowledge of the history of the English
-language, any notion of attributing The Court of Love to Chaucer is worse
-than untenable; for it is wholly disgraceful. Everything points to a very
-late date, and tends to exclude it, not only from the fourteenth, but even
-from the fifteenth century.
-
-At the same time, it will readily be granted that the poem abounds with
-Chaucerian words and phrases to an extent that almost surpasses even the
-poems of Lydgate. The versification is smooth, and the poem, as a whole, is
-pleasing. I have nothing to say against it, when considered on its own
-merits.
-
-Sec. 75. Space fails me to discuss the somewhat vexed question of the Courts
-of Love, of which some have denied the existence. However, there seems to
-be good evidence to shew that they arose in Provence, and were due to the
-extravagances of the troubadours. They were travesties of the courts of
-law, with a lady of rank for a judge, and minstrels for advocates; and they
-discussed subtle questions relating to affairs of love, usually between
-troubadours and ladies. The discussions were conducted with much
-seriousness, and doubtless often served to give much amusement to many idle
-people. Not unfrequently they led to tragedies, as is easily understood
-when we notice that the first of one set of thirty-one Laws of Love runs as
-follows:--'Marriage cannot be pleaded as an excuse for refusing to love.'
-The reader who requires further information is referred to 'The Troubadours
-and Courts of Love,' by J. F. Rowbotham, M.A., London, Swan Sonnenschein
-and Co., 1895.
-
-It is perhaps necessary to observe that the said Courts have very little to
-do with the present poem, which treats of a Court of Cupid in the
-Chaucerian sense (Leg. Good Women, 352). Even the statutes of the Court are
-largely imitated from Lydgate.
-
-Sec. 76. PIECES NUMBERED XXV-XXIX.
-
-XXV. VIRELAY. This piece, from the Trinity MS., belongs to the end of the
-fifteenth century, and contains no example of the final _-e_ as
-constituting a syllable. Chaucer would have used _sore_ (l. 2), _more_ (l.
-12), _trouth_ (l. 13), as dissyllables; and he would not have rimed _pleyn_
-and _disdayn_ with _compleyn_ and _absteyn_, as the two latter require a
-final _-e_. The rime of _finde_ with _ende_ is extraordinary.
-
-The title 'Virelai' is given to this piece in Moxon's Chaucer, and is,
-strictly speaking, incorrect; in the MS. and in Stowe's edition, it has no
-title at all! Tyrwhitt cautiously spoke of it as being 'perhaps by
-Chaucer'; and says that 'it comes nearer to the description of a _Virelay_,
-than anything else of his that has been preserved.' This is not the case;
-see note to Anelida, 256; vol. i. p. 536. Tyrwhitt quotes from
-Cotgrave--'_Virelay_, a round, freemen's song,' and adds--'There is a
-particular description of a _Virlai_, in the _Jardin de plaisance_, fol.
-xii, where it makes the _decima sexta species Rhetorice Gallicane_.' For
-further remarks, see p. 554.
-
-XXVI. PROSPERITY: BY JOHN WALTON. 'To Mr. [Mark] Liddell belongs the honour
-of the discovery of John Walton as the author of the little poem on fol.
-119 [of MS. Arch. Seld. B. 24]. The lines occur as part of the Prologue
-(ll. 83-90) to Walton's translation of Boethius' _De Consolatione_.'--J. T.
-T. Brown, _The Authorship of the Kingis Quair_, Glasgow, 1896; p. 71. See
-the account of Walton in Warton's Hist. E. Poetry, sect. xx. The original
-date of the stanza was, accordingly, 1410; but we here find it in a late
-Scottish dress. The ascription of it to 'Chaucer,' in the MS., is an
-obvious error; it was written ten years after his death.
-
-XXVII. LEAULTE VAULT RICHESSE. This piece, like the former, has no title in
-the MS.; but the words _Leaulte vault Richesse_ (Loyalty deserves riches)
-occur at the end of it. If the original was in a Midland dialect, it must
-belong to the latter part of the fifteenth century. Even in these eight
-lines we find a contradiction to Chaucer's usage; for he always uses
-_lent_, pp., as a monosyllable, and _rent-e_ as a dissyllable. It is
-further remarkable that he never uses _content_ as an adjective; it first
-appears in Rom. Rose, 5628.
-
-XXVIII. SAYINGS. I give these sayings as printed by Caxton; see vol. i. p.
-46, where I note that Caxton did not ascribe them to Chaucer. They are not
-at all in his style.
-
-In MS. Ashmole 59, fol. 78, I find a similar prophecy:--
-
-      _Prophecia merlini doctoris perfecti._
-
-  Whane lordes wol leefe theire olde lawes,
-  And preestis been varyinge in theire sawes,
-  And leccherie is holden solace,
-  And oppressyou_n_ for truwe p_ur_chace;
-  And whan the moon is on dauid stall,
-  And the kynge passe Arthures hall,
-  Than[44] is [the] lande of Albyon
-  Nexst to his confusyoun.
-
-It is extremely interesting to observe the ascription of these lines to
-_Merlin_; see King Lear, iii. 2. 95.
-
-XXIX. BALADE. This poor stanza, with its long-drawn lines, appears in Stowe
-at the end of 'Chaucer's Works.' In the Trinity MS., it occurs at the end
-of a copy of The Parlement of Foules.
-
-Sec. 77. An examination of the pieces contained in the present volume leads us
-to a somewhat remarkable result, viz. that we readily distinguish in them
-the handiwork of _at least_ twelve different authors, of whom no two are
-much alike, whilst every one of them can be distinguished from Chaucer.
-
-These are: (1) the author of The Testament of Love, who writes in a prose
-style all his own; (2) the author of The Plowmans Tale and Plowmans Crede,
-with his strong powers of invective and love of alliteration, whose style
-could never have been mistaken for Chaucer's in any age[45]; (3) the author
-of Jack Upland, with his direct and searching questions; (4) John Gower,
-with his scrupulous regularity of grammatical usages; (5) Thomas Hoccleve,
-who too often accents a dissyllable on the latter syllable when it should
-be accented on the former; (6) Henry Scogan, whose lines are lacking in
-interest and originality; (7) John Lydgate[46], who allows his verse too
-many licences, so that it cannot always be scanned at the first trial; (8)
-Sir Richard Ros, who writes in English of a quite modern cast, using
-_their_ and _them_ as in modern English, and wholly discarding the use of
-final _-e_ as an inflexion; (9) Robert Henryson, who writes smoothly enough
-and with a fine vein of invention, but employs the Northern dialect; (10)
-Sir Thomas Clanvowe, who employs the final _-e_ much more frequently than
-Chaucer or even Gower; (11) the authoress of The Flower and the Leaf and
-The Assembly of Ladies, to whom the final _-e_ was an archaism, very
-convenient for metrical embellishment; and (12) the author of The Court of
-Love, who, while discarding the use of the final _-e_, was glad to use the
-final _-en_ to save a hiatus or to gain a syllable, and did not hesitate to
-employ it where it was grammatically wrong to do so.
-
-Sec. 78. If the reader were to suppose that this exhausts the list, he would
-be mistaken; for it is quite easy to add at least one known name, and to
-suggest three others. For the piece numbered XXVI, on p. 449, has been
-identified as the work of John Walton, who wrote a verse translation of
-Boethius in the year 1410; whilst it is extremely unlikely that no. XXVII,
-written in Lowland Scottish, was due to Henryson, the only writer in that
-dialect who has been mentioned above. This gives a total of _fourteen_
-authors already; and I believe that we require yet two more before the
-Virelai and the Sayings printed by Caxton (nos. XXV and XXVIII) can be
-satisfactorily accounted for. As for no. XIX--the Envoy to Alison--it _may_
-be Lydgate's, but, on the other hand, it may not. And as for no. XXIX, it
-is of no consequence.
-
-Moreover, it must be remembered that I here only refer to the selected
-pieces printed in the present volume. If we go further afield, we soon find
-several more authors, all distinct from those above-mentioned, from each
-other, and from Chaucer. I will just instance the author of the Isle of
-Ladies, the authoress (presumably) of The Lamentation of Mary Magdalen, the
-author of The Craft of Lovers, the 'man unknown' who wrote The Ten
-Commandments of Love, and the author of the clumsy lines dignified by the
-title of The Nine Ladies Worthy. It is quite certain that _not less_ than
-twenty authors are represented in the mass of heterogeneous material which
-appears under Chaucer's name in a compilation such as that which is printed
-in the first volume of Chalmers' British Poets; which, precisely on that
-very account, is useful enough in its own peculiar way.
-
-Sec. 79. I believe it may be said of nearly every piece in the volume, that it
-now appears in an improved form. In several cases, I have collated MSS.
-that have not previously been examined, and have found them to be the best.
-The Notes are nearly all new; very few have been taken from Bell's Chaucer.
-Several are due to Schick's useful notes to The Temple of Glas; and some to
-Krausser's edition of The Black Knight, and to Groehler's edition of La
-Belle Dame, both of which reached me after my own notes were all in type. I
-have added a Glossary of the harder words; for others, see the Glossary
-already printed in vol. vi.
-
-In extenuation of faults, I may plead that I have found it much more
-difficult to deal with such heterogenous material as is comprised in the
-present volume than with pieces all written by the same author. The style,
-the grammar, the mode of scansion, the dialect, and even the pronunciation
-are constantly shifting, instead of being reasonably consistent, as in the
-genuine works of Chaucer. Any one who will take the pains to observe these
-points, to compile a sufficient number of notes upon difficult passages,
-and to prepare a somewhat full glossary, may thus practically convince
-himself, as I have done, that not a single piece in the present volume
-ought ever to have been 'attributed' to Chaucer. That any of them should
-have been so attributed--and some of them never were--has been the result
-of negligence, superficiality, and incapacity, such as (it may be hoped) we
-have seen the last of.
-
-I wish once more to acknowledge my obligations to Mr. E. B. Nicholson, for
-the loan of his transcript of The Praise of Peace; to Mr. Bradley, for his
-discovery of the authorship of The Testament of Love and for other
-assistance as regards the same; to Dr. E. Krausser, for his edition of The
-Complaint of the Black Knight; to Dr. Groehler, for his dissertation on La
-Belle Dame sans Mercy; and to Professor Hales for his kind help as to some
-difficult points, and particularly with regard to The Court of Love.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE.
-
-                          PROLOGUE.
-
-  Many men there ben that, with eeres openly sprad, so
-  moche swalowen the deliciousnesse of jestes and of ryme,
-  by queynt knitting coloures, that of the goodnesse or of the
-  badnesse of the sentence take they litel hede or els non.
-
-  Soothly, dul wit and a thoughtful soule so sore have myned              5
-  and graffed in my spirites, that suche craft of endyting wol not
-  ben of myn acqueyntaunce. And, for rude wordes and boystous
-  percen the herte of the herer to the in[ne]rest point, and planten
-  there the sentence of thinges, so that with litel helpe it is able
-  to springe; this book, that nothing hath of the greet flode of         10
-  wit ne of semelich colours, is dolven with rude wordes and
-  boystous, and so drawe togider, to maken the cacchers therof
-  ben the more redy to hente sentence.
-
-  Some men there ben that peynten with colours riche, and
-  some with vers, as with red inke, and some with coles and              15
-  chalke; and yet is there good matere to the leude people of
-  thilke chalky purtreyture, as hem thinketh for the tyme; and
-  afterward the sight of the better colours yeven to hem more
-  joye for the first leudnesse. So, sothly, this leude clowdy occupacion
-  is not to prayse but by the leude; for comunly leude                   20
-  leudnesse commendeth.  Eke it shal yeve sight, that other
-  precious thinges shal be the more in reverence. In Latin
-  and French hath many soverayne wittes had greet delyt to
-  endyte, and have many noble thinges fulfild; but certes, there
-  ben some that speken their poysye-mater in Frenche, of whiche          25
-  speche the Frenche men have as good a fantasye as we have
-  in hering of Frenche mennes English. And many termes there
-  ben in English, [of] whiche unneth we Englishmen connen declare
-  the knowleginge. How shulde than a Frenche man born suche
-  termes conne jumpere in his mater, but as the jay chatereth            30
-  English? Right so, trewly, the understanding of Englishmen
-  wol not strecche to the privy termes in Frenche, what-so-ever we
-  bosten of straunge langage. Let than clerkes endyten in Latin,
-  for they have the propertee of science, and the knowinge in that
-  facultee; and let Frenchmen in their Frenche also endyten their        35
-  queynt termes, for it is kyndely to their mouthes; and let us
-  shewe our fantasyes in suche wordes as we lerneden of our dames
-  tonge.
-
-  And although this book be litel thank-worthy for the leudnesse
-  in travaile, yet suche wrytinges excyten men to thilke thinges that    40
-  ben necessarie; for every man therby may, as by a perpetual
-  mirrour, seen the vyces or vertues of other, in whiche thing
-  lightly may be conceyved to eschewe perils, and necessaries to
-  cacche, after as aventures have fallen to other people or persons.
-
-  Certes, [perfeccion is] the soveraynest thing of desyre, and           45
-  moste +creatures resonable have, or els shulde have, ful appetyte
-  to their perfeccion; unresonable beestes mowen not, sith reson
-  hath in hem no werking. Than resonable that wol not is comparisoned
-  to unresonable, and made lyke hem. For-sothe, the
-  most soverayne and fynal perfeccion of man is in knowing of            50
-  a sothe, withouten any entent disceyvable, and in love of oon
-  very god that is inchaungeable; that is, to knowe and love his
-  creatour.
-
-  � Now, principally, the mene to bringe in knowleging and
-  loving his creatour is the consideracion of thinges made by the        55
-  creatour, wherthrough, by thilke thinges that ben made understonding
-  here to our wittes, arn the unsene privitees of god
-  made to us sightful and knowing, in our contemplacion and
-  understonding. These thinges than, forsoth, moche bringen us
-  to the ful knowleginge [of] sothe, and to the parfit love of the       60
-  maker of hevenly thinges. Lo, David sayth, 'thou hast delyted
-  me in makinge,' as who sayth, to have delyt in the tune, how god
-  hath lent me in consideracion of thy makinge.
-
-  Wherof Aristotle, in the boke _de Animalibus_, saith to naturel
-  philosophers: 'it is a greet lyking in love of knowinge their          65
-  creatour; and also in knowinge of causes in kyndely thinges.'
-  Considred, forsoth, the formes of kyndly thinges and the shap,
-  a greet kindely love me shulde have to the werkman that
-  hem made. The crafte of a werkman is shewed in the werke.
-  Herfore, truly, the philosophers, with a lyvely studie, many           70
-  noble thinges right precious and worthy to memory writen;
-  and by a greet swetande travayle to us leften of causes [of] the
-  propertees in natures of thinges. To whiche (therfore) philosophers
-  it was more joy, more lykinge, more herty lust, in
-  kyndely vertues and maters of reson, the perfeccion by busy            75
-  study to knowe, than to have had al the tresour, al the richesse,
-  al the vainglory that the passed emperours, princes, or kinges
-  hadden. Therfore the names of hem, in the boke of perpetual
-  memory, in vertue and pees arn writen; and in the contrarye, that
-  is to sayne, in Styx, the foule pitte of helle, arn thilke pressed     80
-  that suche goodnesse hated. And bycause this book shal be of
-  love, and the pryme causes of steringe in that doinge, with passions
-  and diseses for wantinge of desyre, I wil that this book be cleped
-  THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE.
-
-  But now, thou reder, who is thilke that wil not in scorne              85
-  laughe, to here a dwarfe, or els halfe a man, say he wil rende
-  out the swerde of Hercules handes, and also he shuld sette
-  Hercules Gades a myle yet ferther; and over that, he had
-  power of strengthe to pulle up the spere, that Alisander the
-  noble might never wagge? And that, passing al thinge, to ben           90
-  mayster of Fraunce by might, there-as the noble gracious Edward
-  the thirde, for al his greet prowesse in victories, ne might al yet
-  conquere?
-
-  Certes, I wot wel, ther shal be mad more scorne and jape
-  of me, that I, so unworthily clothed al-togider in the cloudy cloude   95
-  of unconninge, wil putten me in prees to speke of love, or els
-  of the causes in that matter, sithen al the grettest clerkes han
-  had ynough to don, and (as who sayth) +gadered up clene toforn
-  hem, and with their sharpe sythes of conning al mowen, and
-  mad therof grete rekes and noble, ful of al plentees, to fede me      100
-  and many another. Envye, forsothe, commendeth nought his
-  reson that he hath in hayne, be it never so trusty. And al-though
-  these noble repers, as good workmen and worthy their hyre,
-  han al drawe and bounde up in the sheves, and mad many
-  shockes, yet have I ensample to gadere the smale crommes,             105
-  and fullen my walet of tho that fallen from the borde among
-  the smale houndes, notwithstandinge the travayle of the
-  almoigner, that hath drawe up in the cloth al the remissailes,
-  as trenchours, and the relief, to bere to the almesse.
-
-  Yet also have I leve of the noble husbande Boece, al-though           110
-  I be a straunger of conninge, to come after his doctrine, and
-  these grete workmen, and glene my handfuls of the shedinge
-  after their handes; and, if me faile ought of my ful, to encrese
-  my porcion with that I shal drawe by privitees out of the shocke.
-  A slye servaunt in his owne helpe is often moche commended;           115
-  knowing of trouth in causes of thinges was more hardyer in the
-  first sechers (and so sayth Aristotle), and lighter in us that han
-  folowed after. For their passing +studies han fresshed our wittes,
-  and our understandinge han excyted, in consideracion of trouth,
-  by sharpnesse of their resons. Utterly these thinges be no            120
-  dremes ne japes, to throwe to hogges; it is lyflich mete for
-  children of trouthe; and as they me betiden, whan I pilgrimaged
-  out of my kith in winter; whan the +weder out of mesure was
-  boystous, and the wylde wind Boreas, as his kind asketh, with
-  dryinge coldes maked the wawes of the occian-see so to aryse          125
-  unkyndely over the commune bankes, that it was in poynte to
-  spille al the erthe.
-
-  THUS ENDETH THE PROLOGUE; AND HERE-AFTER FOLOWETH THE
-  FIRST BOOK OF THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE.
-
-2. delyciousnesse; (_and elsewhere_, y _is often replaced by_ i). 4. none.
-5. Sothely. wytte. 8. inrest poynte. 10. spring. boke. great floode. 12.
-catchers. 13. hent. 18. afterwarde. 19. leudenesse. 20. comenly. 21.
-leudenesse. 23. gret delyte.
-
-24. fulfylde. 27. englysshe. 28. englysshe; _supply_ of. englyssh-. 29.
-Howe. borne. 31. englyssh. englyssh-. 32. stretche. 34. propertie. 35.
-facultie. lette. 39. boke. thanke worthy. 42. sene. 44. catche. 45. _I
-supply_ perfeccion is; _to make sense_. soueraynst. 46. creature (_sic_).
-reasonable. 47, 50. perfection. 47. sythe reason. 48. reasonable. 51. one.
-54. Nowe. meane. 56. be (_for_ by). 57. arne.
-
-60. _I supply_ of. parfyte. 61. haste. 62. delyte (_this sentence is
-corrupt_). 64. saythe. 65. great. 66, 67. thyng_es_ co_n_sydred. Forsoth
-(_sic_). 68. great. me (_sic_); _for_ men. 72. great. _Supply_ of. 73.
-propertyes. 75. matters of reason. perfection. 76. treasour. 79. peace. 80.
-stixe. 81. boke. 83. dyseases. boke. 85. nowe. 87. set. 89. pul. 92. great.
-94. wote. made. 95. vnworthely.
-
-98. gathered. toforne. 100. made. great. plentyes. 102. reason. hayn
-(_sic_). 102. -thoughe. 103. hyer. 104. made. 105. gader. 106. fullyn.
-amonge. 108. remyssayles. 109. relyef. 112. great. 113. encrease. 114.
-priuytyes. 116. knoweyng. 118. study (_sic_). 120. reasons. 121. lyfelyche
-meate. 122. betiden (_sic_); _past tense_. 123. wether. measure. 124. wynde
-Borias. kynde. 125. dryenge. 127. spyl. (_rubric_) boke.
-
-                          CHAPTER I.
-
-  Alas! Fortune! alas! I that som-tyme in delicious houres
-  was wont to enjoye blisful stoundes, am now drive by
-  unhappy hevinesse to bewaile my sondry yvels in tene!
-
-  Trewly, I leve, in myn herte is writte, of perdurable letters, al the
-  entencions of lamentacion that now ben y-nempned! For any               5
-  maner disese outward, in sobbing maner, sheweth sorowful yexinge
-  from within. Thus from my comfort I ginne to spille, sith she
-  that shulde me solace is fer fro my presence.  Certes, her
-  absence is to me an helle; my sterving deth thus in wo it myneth,
-  that endeles care is throughout myne herte clenched; blisse of         10
-  my joye, that ofte me murthed, is turned in-to galle, to thinke on
-  thing that may not, at my wil, in armes me hente! Mirth is
-  chaunged in-to tene, whan swink is there continually that reste was
-  wont to sojourne and have dwelling-place. Thus witless, thoughtful,
-  sightles lokinge, I endure my penaunce in this derke prison,           15
-  +caitived fro frendshippe and acquaintaunce, and forsaken of al
-  that any +word dare speke. Straunge hath by waye of intrucioun
-  mad his home, there me shulde be, if reson were herd as he
-  shulde. Never-the-later yet hertly, lady precious Margarit, have
-  mynde on thy servaunt; and thinke on his disese, how lightles he       20
-  liveth, sithe the bemes brennende in love of thyn eyen are so
-  bewent, that worldes and cloudes atwene us twey wol nat suffre
-  my thoughtes of hem to be enlumined! Thinke that oon vertue
-  of a Margarite precious is, amonges many other, the sorouful to
-  comforte; yet +whyles that, me sorouful to comforte, is my lust        25
-  to have nought els at this tyme, d[r]ede ne deth ne no maner
-  traveyle hath no power, myn herte so moche to fade, as shulde
-  to here of a twinkling in your disese! Ah! god forbede that;
-  but yet let me deye, let me sterve withouten any mesure of
-  penaunce, rather than myn hertely thinking comfort in ought            30
-  were disesed! What may my service avayle, in absence of her
-  that my service shulde accepte? Is this nat endeles sorowe to
-  thinke? Yes, yes, god wot; myn herte breketh nigh a-sonder.
-  How shulde the ground, without kyndly noriture, bringen forth
-  any frutes? How shulde a ship, withouten a sterne, in the grete see    35
-  be governed? How shulde I, withouten my blisse, my herte, my
-  desyre, my joye, my goodnesse, endure in this contrarious prison,
-  that thinke every hour in the day an hundred winter? Wel may
-  now Eve sayn to me, 'Adam, in sorowe fallen from welth, driven
-  art thou out of paradise, with swete thy sustenaunce to beswinke!'     40
-  Depe in this pyninge pitte with wo I ligge y-stocked,
-  with chaynes linked of care and of tene. It is so hye from thens
-  I lye and the commune erth, there ne is cable in no lande maked,
-  that might strecche to me, to drawe me in-to blisse; ne steyers
-  to steye on is none; so that, without recover, endeles here to         45
-  endure, I wot wel, I [am] purveyed. O, where art thou now,
-  frendship, that som-tyme, with laughande chere, madest bothe
-  face and countenaunce to me-wardes? Truely, now art thou
-  went out of towne. But ever, me thinketh, he wereth his olde
-  clothes, and that the soule in the whiche the lyfe of frendship was    50
-  in, is drawen out from his other spirites. Now than, farewel,
-  frendship! and farewel, felawes! Me thinketh, ye al han taken
-  your leve; no force of you al at ones. But, lady of love, ye wote
-  what I mene; yet thinke on thy servaunt that for thy love
-  spilleth; al thinges have I forsake to folowen thyn hestes;            55
-  rewarde me with a thought, though ye do naught els. Remembraunce
-  of love lyth so sore under my brest, that other thought
-  cometh not in my mynde but gladnesse, to thinke on your goodnesse
-  and your mery chere; +ferdnes and sorowe, to thinke on your
-  wreche and your daunger; from whiche Christ me save! My                60
-  greet joye it is to have in meditacion the bountees, the vertues,
-  the nobley in you printed; sorowe and helle comen at ones, to
-  suppose that I be +weyved. Thus with care, sorowe, and tene
-  am I shapt, myn ende with dethe to make. Now, good goodly,
-  thinke on this. O wrecched foole that I am, fallen in-to so lowe,      65
-  the hete of my brenning tene hath me al defased. How shulde
-  ye, lady, sette prise on so foule fylthe? My conninge is thinne,
-  my wit is exiled; lyke to a foole naturel am I comparisoned.
-  Trewly, lady, but your mercy the more were, I wot wel al my
-  labour were in ydel; your mercy than passeth right. God graunt         70
-  that proposicion to be verifyed in me; so that, by truste of good
-  hope, I mowe come to the haven of ese. And sith it is impossible,
-  the colours of your qualitees to chaunge: and forsothe I
-  wot wel, wem ne spot may not abyde there so noble vertue
-  haboundeth, so that the defasing to you is verily [un]imaginable,      75
-  as countenaunce of goodnesse with encresinge vertue is so in you
-  knit, to abyde by necessary maner: yet, if the revers mighte falle
-  (which is ayenst kynde), I +wot wel myn herte ne shulde therfore
-  naught flitte, by the leste poynt of gemetrye; so sadly is it
-  +souded, that away from your service in love may he not departe.       80
-  O love, whan shal I ben plesed? O charitee, whan shal I ben
-  esed? O good goodly, whan shal the dyce turne? O ful of
-  vertue, do the chaunce of comfort upwarde to falle! O love,
-  whan wolt thou thinke on thy servaunt? I can no more but here,
-  out-cast of al welfare, abyde the day of my dethe, or els to see the   85
-  sight that might al my wellinge sorowes voyde, and of the flode
-  make an ebbe. These diseses mowen wel, by duresse of sorowe,
-  make my lyfe to unbodye, and so for to dye; but certes ye, lady,
-  in a ful perfeccion of love ben so knit with my soule, that deth
-  may not thilke knotte unbynde ne departe; so that ye and my            90
-  soule togider +in endeles blisse shulde dwelle; and there shal
-  my soule at the ful ben esed, that he may have your presence, to
-  shewe th'entent of his desyres.  Ah, dere god! that shal be a
-  greet joye! Now, erthely goddesse, take regarde of thy servant,
-  though I be feble; for thou art wont to prayse them better that        95
-  wolde conne serve in love, al be he ful mener than kinges or
-  princes that wol not have that vertue in mynde.
-
-  Now, precious Margaryte, that with thy noble vertue hast
-  drawen me in-to love first, me weninge therof to have blisse,
-  [ther]-as galle and aloes are so moche spronge, that savour of        100
-  swetnesse may I not ataste. Alas! that your benigne eyen, in
-  whiche that mercy semeth to have al his noriture, nil by no
-  waye tourne the clerenesse of mercy to me-wardes! Alas! that
-  your brennande vertues, shyning amonges al folk, and enlumininge
-  al other people by habundaunce of encresing, sheweth to me            105
-  but smoke and no light! These thinges to thinke in myn herte
-  maketh every day weping in myn eyen to renne. These liggen
-  on my backe so sore, that importable burthen me semeth on my
-  backe to be charged; it maketh me backwarde to meve, whan
-  my steppes by comune course even-forth pretende. These                110
-  thinges also, on right syde and lift, have me so envolved with
-  care, that wanhope of helpe is throughout me ronne; trewly,
-  +I leve, that graceles is my fortune, whiche that ever sheweth it
-  me-wardes by a cloudy disese, al redy to make stormes of tene;
-  and the blisful syde halt stil awayward, and wol it not suffre to     115
-  me-wardes to turne; no force, yet wol I not ben conquered.
-
-  O, alas! that your nobley, so moche among al other creatures
-  commended by +flowinge streme +of al maner vertues, but
-  ther ben wonderful, I not whiche that let the flood to come
-  in-to my soule; wherefore, purely mated with sorowe thorough-sought,  120
-  my-selfe I crye on your goodnesse to have pite on this
-  caytif, that in the in[ne]rest degree of sorowe and disese is left,
-  and, without your goodly wil, from any helpe and recovery.
-  These sorowes may I not sustene, but-if my sorowe shulde be
-  told and to you-wardes shewed; although moche space is bitwene        125
-  us twayne, yet me thinketh that by suche +joleyvinge wordes my
-  disese ginneth ebbe. Trewly, me thinketh that the sowne of my
-  lamentacious weping is right now flowe in-to your presence, and
-  there cryeth after mercy and grace, to which thing (me semeth)
-  thee list non answere to yeve, but with a deynous chere ye            130
-  commaunden it to avoide; but god forbid that any word shuld of
-  you springe, to have so litel routh! Parde, pite and mercy in
-  every Margarite is closed by kynde amonges many other vertues,
-  by qualitees of comfort; but comfort is to me right naught worth,
-  withouten mercy and pite of you alone; whiche thinges hastely         135
-  god me graunt for his mercy!
-
-CH. I. 2. enioy. 3. sondrye. 5. nowe. 6. disease outwarde. 7. comforte. 8.
-ferre. 9. hell. dethe. 10. endelesse. 12. hent. 13. swynke. 14. dwellynge-.
-wytlesse. 15. syghtlesse. prisone. 16. caytisned (_for_ caytifued). 17.
-wode (!); _for_ worde; _read_ word. 18. made. reason. herde. 20. disease.
-21. beames. 22. _For_ be-went, Th. _has_ be-we_n_t. 23. one. 25. wyl of;
-_apparently an error for_ whyles (_which I adopt_). luste. 26. dede (_for_
-drede). 27. myne. 28. twynckelynge. disease. 29. lette (_twice_). dey.
-measure. 30. myne. comforte. 31. diseased. maye. aueyle. 32. endlesse.
-
-33. wote; myne hert breaketh. 34. howe. grou_n_de. forthe. 35. howe.
-shippe. great. 36. Howe. 39. nowe. sayne. 40. arte. weate. 44. stretche.
-45. stey. endlesse. 46. wotte. _I supply_ am. spurveyde. arte. nowe. 47.
-frenshyppe (_sic_). 48. nowe arte. 49. weareth. 51. Nowe. 53. leaue. 57.
-lythe. 59. frendes (_sic_); _for_ ferdnes: _cf._ p. 9, l. 9. 60. Christe.
-61. great. bounties. 62. hel. 63. veyned (_sic_); _for_ weyued. 64. shapte.
-Nowe. 65. wretched. 66. heate. 68. wytte.
-
-69. wote. 72. ease. sythe. 73. qualyties. 74. wote. wemme ne spotte maye.
-75. _Read_ unimaginable. 77. knytte. fal. 78. wol wel (_for_ wot wel). 80.
-sonded; _read_ souded. maye. 81. pleased. charyte. 82. eased. 83. comforte.
-fal. 85. out caste. daye. se. 86. flodde. 87. diseases. 89. perfectyon.
-knytte. dethe. 91. togyther is endelesse in blysse(!). dwel. 92. eased. 93.
-thentent. 94. great. Nowe. 95. arte wonte. 98. Nowe. haste. 100. _I supply_
-ther. 104. folke.
-
-105. encreasing. 110. forthe. 112, 113. trewly and leue; _read_ trewly I
-leve. 113. gracelesse. 114. disease. 115. halte. 117. (_The sentence
-beginning_ O, alas _seems hopelessly corrupt; there are pause-marks after_
-vertues _and_ wonderful.) 118. folowynge; _read_ flowinge. by; _read_ of.
-119. flode. 122. caytife. inrest. disease. lefte. 124. maye. 125. tolde.
-126. ioleynynge (_sic_). 127. disease. 128. nowe. 130. the lyst none. 131.
-worde. 134. qualites of comforte. worthe.
-
-                          CHAPTER II.
-
-  Rehersinge these thinges and many other, without tyme
-  or moment of rest, me semed, for anguisshe of disese, that
-  al-togider I was ravisshed, I can not telle how; but hoolly all my
-  passions and felinges weren lost, as it semed, for the tyme; and
-  sodainly a maner of drede lighte in me al at ones; nought suche         5
-  fere as folk have of an enemy, that were mighty and wolde hem
-  greve or don hem disese. For, I trowe, this is wel knowe to many
-  persones, that otherwhyle, if a man be in his soveraignes presence,
-  a maner of ferdnesse crepeth in his herte, not for harme, but of
-  goodly subjeccion; namely, as men reden that aungels ben aferde        10
-  of our saviour in heven. And parde, there ne is, ne may no
-  passion of disese be; but it is to mene, that angels ben adradde,
-  not by +ferdnes of drede, sithen they ben perfitly blissed, [but]
-  as [by] affeccion of wonderfulnesse and by service of obedience.
-  Suche ferde also han these lovers in presence of their loves, and      15
-  subjectes aforn their soveraynes. Right so with ferdnesse myn
-  herte was caught. And I sodainly astonied, there entred in-to
-  the place there I was logged a lady, the semeliest and most
-  goodly to my sight that ever to-forn apered to any creature; and
-  trewly, in the blustringe of her looke, she yave gladnesse and         20
-  comfort sodaynly to al my wittes; and right so she doth to
-  every wight that cometh in her presence. And for she was so
-  goodly, as me thought, myn herte began somdele to be enbolded,
-  and wexte a litel hardy to speke; but yet, with a quakinge
-  voyce, as I durste, I salued her, and enquired what she was;           25
-  and why she, so worthy to sight, dayned to entre in-to so foule
-  a dongeon, and namely a prison, without leve of my kepers.
-  For certes, al-though the vertue of dedes of mercy strecchen to
-  visiten the poore prisoners, and hem, after that facultees ben had,
-  to comforte, me semed that I was so fer fallen in-to miserye and       30
-  wrecched hid caytifnesse, that me shulde no precious thing
-  neighe; and also, that for my sorowe every wight shulde ben
-  hevy, and wisshe my recovery. But whan this lady had somdele
-  apperceyved, as wel by my wordes as by my chere, what thought
-  besied me within, with a good womanly countenance she sayde            35
-  these wordes:--
-
-  'O my nory, wenest thou that my maner be, to foryete my
-  frendes or my servauntes? Nay,' quod she, 'it is my ful entente
-  to visyte and comforte al my frendshippes and allyes, as wel in
-  tyme of perturbacion as of moost propertee of blisse; in me shal       40
-  unkyndnesse never be founden: and also, sithen I have so fewe
-  especial trewe now in these dayes. Wherefore I may wel at more
-  leysar come to hem that me deserven; and if my cominge may
-  in any thinge avayle, wete wel, I wol come often.'
-
-  'Now, good lady,' quod I, 'that art so fayre on to loke,               45
-  reyninge hony by thy wordes, blisse of paradys arn thy lokinges,
-  joye and comfort are thy movinges. What is thy name? How
-  is it that in you is so mokel werkinge vertues enpight, as me
-  semeth, and in none other creature that ever saw I with myne
-  eyen?'                                                                 50
-
-  'My disciple,' quod she, 'me wondreth of thy wordes and on
-  thee, that for a litel disese hast foryeten my name. Wost thou
-  not wel that I am LOVE, that first thee brought to thy service?'
-
-  'O good lady,' quod I, 'is this worship to thee or to thyn
-  excellence, for to come in-to so foule a place? Parde, somtyme,        55
-  tho I was in prosperite and with forayne goodes envolved, I had
-  mokil to done to drawe thee to myn hostel; and yet many
-  werninges thou madest er thou liste fully to graunte, thyn home
-  to make at my dwelling-place; and now thou comest goodly by
-  thyn owne vyse, to comforte me with wordes; and so there-thorough      60
-  I ginne remembre on passed gladnesse. Trewly, lady,
-  I ne wot whether I shal say welcome or non, sithen thy coming
-  wol as moche do me tene and sorowe, as gladnesse and mirthe.
-  See why: for that me comforteth to thinke on passed gladnesse,
-  that me anoyeth efte to be in doinge. Thus thy cominge bothe           65
-  gladdeth and teneth, and that is cause of moche sorowe. Lo, lady,
-  how than I am comforted by your comminge'; and with that
-  I gan in teeres to distille, and tenderly wepe.
-
-  'Now, certes,' quod Love, 'I see wel, and that me over-thinketh,
-  that wit in thee fayleth, and [thou] art in pointe                     70
-  to dote.'
-
-  'Trewly,' quod I, 'that have ye maked, and that ever wol
-  I rue.'
-
-  'Wottest thou not wel,' quod she, 'that every shepherde ought
-  by reson to seke his sperkelande sheep, that arn ronne in-to           75
-  wildernesse among busshes and perils, and hem to their pasture
-  ayen-bringe, and take on hem privy besy cure of keping? And
-  though the unconninge sheep scattred wolde ben lost, renning to
-  wildernesse, and to desertes drawe, or els wolden putte hem-selfe
-  to the swalowinge wolfe, yet shal the shepherde, by businesse and      80
-  travayle, so putte him forth, that he shal not lete hem be lost by
-  no waye. A good shepherde putteth rather his lyf to ben lost for
-  his sheep. But for thou shalt not wene me being of werse
-  condicion, trewly, for everich of my folke, and for al tho that to
-  me-ward be knit in any condicion, I wol rather dye than suffre         85
-  hem through errour to ben spilte. For me liste, and it me lyketh,
-  of al myne a shepherdesse to be cleped. Wost thou not wel,
-  I fayled never wight, but he me refused and wolde negligently go
-  with unkyndenesse? And yet, parde, have I many such holpe
-  and releved, and they have ofte me begyled; but ever, at the ende,     90
-  it discendeth in their owne nekkes. Hast thou not rad how kinde
-  I was to Paris, Priamus sone of Troy? How Jason me falsed,
-  for al his false behest? How Cesars +swink, I lefte it for no tene
-  til he was troned in my blisse for his service? What!' quod she,
-  'most of al, maked I not a loveday bytwene god and mankynde,           95
-  and chees a mayde to be nompere, to putte the quarel at ende?
-  Lo! how I have travayled to have thank on al sydes, and yet list
-  me not to reste, and I might fynde on +whom I shulde werche.
-  But trewly, myn owne disciple, bycause I have thee founde, at al
-  assayes, in thy wil to be redy myn hestes to have folowed, and        100
-  hast ben trewe to that Margarite-perle that ones I thee shewed;
-  and she alwaye, ayenward, hath mad but daungerous chere;
-  I am come, in propre person, to putte thee out of errours, and
-  make thee gladde by wayes of reson; so that sorow ne disese shal
-  no more hereafter thee amaistry. Wherthrough I hope thou              105
-  shalt lightly come to the grace, that thou longe hast desyred, of
-  thilke jewel. Hast thou not herd many ensamples, how I have
-  comforted and releved the scholers of my lore? Who hath
-  worthyed kinges in the felde? Who hath honoured ladyes in
-  boure by a perpetuel mirrour of their tr[o]uthe in my service?        110
-  Who hath caused worthy folk to voyde vyce and shame? Who
-  hath holde cytees and realmes in prosperite? If thee liste clepe
-  ayen thyn olde remembraunce, thou coudest every point of this
-  declare in especial; and say that I, thy maistresse, have be cause,
-  causing these thinges and many mo other.'                             115
-
-  'Now, y-wis, madame,' quod I, 'al these thinges I knowe wel
-  my-selfe, and that thyn excellence passeth the understanding of
-  us beestes; and that no mannes wit erthely may comprehende thy
-  vertues.'
-
-  'Wel than,' quod she, 'for I see thee in disese and sorowe,           120
-  I wot wel thou art oon of my nories; I may not suffre thee so to
-  make sorowe, thyn owne selfe to shende. But I my-selfe come
-  to be thy fere, thyn hevy charge to make to seme the lesse. For wo
-  is him that is alone; and to the sorye, to ben moned by a sorouful
-  wight, it is greet gladnesse. Right so, with my sicke frendes I am    125
-  sicke; and with sorie I can not els but sorowe make, til whan
-  I have hem releved in suche wyse, that gladnesse, in a maner of
-  counterpaysing, shal restore as mokil in joye as the passed hevinesse
-  biforn did in tene. And also,' quod she, 'whan any of my
-  servauntes ben alone in solitary place, I have yet ever besied me     130
-  to be with hem, in comfort of their hertes, and taught hem to
-  make songes of playnte and of blisse, and to endyten letters of
-  rethorike in queynt understondinges, and to bethinke hem in what
-  wyse they might best their ladies in good service plese; and
-  also to lerne maner in countenaunce, in wordes, and in bering,        135
-  and to ben meke and lowly to every wight, his name and fame to
-  encrese; and to yeve gret yeftes and large, that his renome may
-  springen. But thee therof have I excused; for thy losse and thy
-  grete costages, wherthrough thou art nedy, arn nothing to me
-  unknowen; but I hope to god somtyme it shal ben amended, as           140
-  thus I sayd. In norture have I taught al myne; and in curtesye
-  made hem expert, their ladies hertes to winne; and if any wolde
-  [b]en deynous or proude, or be envious or of wrecches acqueyntaunce,
-  hasteliche have I suche voyded out of my scole. For
-  al vyces trewly I hate; vertues and worthinesse in al my power        145
-  I avaunce.'
-
-  'Ah! worthy creature,' quod I, 'and by juste cause the name
-  of goddesse dignely ye mowe bere! In thee lyth the grace
-  thorough whiche any creature in this worlde hath any goodnesse.
-  Trewly, al maner of blisse and preciousnesse in vertue out of         150
-  thee springen and wellen, as brokes and rivers proceden from
-  their springes. And lyke as al waters by kynde drawen to the see,
-  so al kyndely thinges thresten, by ful appetyte of desyre, to drawe
-  after thy steppes, and to thy presence aproche as to their kyndely
-  perfeccion. How dare than beestes in this worlde aught forfete        155
-  ayenst thy devyne purveyaunce? Also, lady, ye knowen al the
-  privy thoughtes; in hertes no counsayl may ben hid from your
-  knowing. Wherfore I wot wel, lady, that ye knowe your-selfe that
-  I in my conscience am and have ben willinge to your service, al
-  coude I never do as I shulde; yet, forsothe, fayned I never to        160
-  love otherwyse than was in myn herte; and if I coude have made
-  chere to one and y-thought another, as many other doon alday
-  afore myn eyen, I trowe it wolde not me have vayled.'
-
-  'Certes,' quod she, 'haddest thou so don, I wolde not now
-  have thee here visited.'                                              165
-
-  'Ye wete wel, lady, eke,' quod I, 'that I have not played raket,
-  "nettil in, docke out," and with the wethercocke waved; and
-  trewly, there ye me sette, by acorde of my conscience I wolde
-  not flye, til ye and reson, by apert strength, maden myn herte to
-  tourne.'                                                              170
-
-  'In good fayth,' quod she, 'I have knowe thee ever of tho
-  condicions; and sithen thou woldest (in as moch as in thee was)
-  a made me privy of thy counsayl and juge of thy conscience
-  (though I forsook it in tho dayes til I saw better my tyme), wolde
-  never god that I shuld now fayle; but ever I wol be redy              175
-  witnessing thy sothe, in what place that ever I shal, ayenst al tho
-  that wol the contrary susteyne. And for as moche as to me is
-  naught unknowen ne hid of thy privy herte, but al hast thou tho
-  thinges mad to me open at the ful, that hath caused my cominge
-  in-to this prison, to voyde the webbes of thyne eyen, to make thee    180
-  clerely to see the errours thou hast ben in. And bycause that
-  men ben of dyvers condicions, some adradde to saye a sothe, and
-  some for a sothe anon redy to fighte, and also that I may not my-selfe
-  ben in place to withsaye thilke men that of thee speken
-  otherwyse than the sothe, I wol and I charge thee, in vertue of       185
-  obedience that thou to me owest, to wryten my wordes and sette
-  hem in wrytinges, that they mowe, as my witnessinge, ben
-  noted among the people. For bookes written neyther dreden ne
-  shamen, ne stryve conne; but only shewen the entente of the
-  wryter, and yeve remembraunce to the herer; and if any wol in         190
-  thy presence saye any-thing to tho wryters, loke boldely; truste on
-  Mars to answere at the ful. For certes, I shal him enfourme of
-  al the trouthe in thy love, with thy conscience; so that of his
-  helpe thou shalt not varye at thy nede. I trowe the strongest and
-  the beste that may be founde wol not transverse thy wordes;           195
-  wherof than woldest thou drede?'
-
-CH. II. 2. disease. 3. tel howe. holy. 4. loste. 5. light. 6. feare. folke.
-7. done. disease. 9. ferdenesse. 10. subiection. 11. maye. 12. disease.
-meane. 13. frendes; _read_ ferdnes; _see_ l. 16. perfytely. _I supply_ but
-_and_ by. 14. affection. 16. aforne. ferdenesse. 18. lodged. moste. 19.
-to-forne. 21. comforte sodaynely. dothe. 23. myne. beganne. 27. prisone.
-leaue. 28. al-thoughe. stretchen. 29. faculties. 30. ferre. 31. wretched
-hyd. thynge. 33. heauy.
-
-37. wenyst. foryet. 38. naye. 39. frenshippes. alyes. 40. propertye. 42.
-nowe. 42, 43. maye. 45. Nowe. 46. honny. paradise. 47. comforte. howe. 49.
-sawe. 52. the. disease haste. Woste. 53. the. 54. worshyppe. the. thyne.
-57. the. 58. graunt thyne. 59. nowe. 60. thyne. 61. thoroughe. 62. wotte.
-none. 64. se. 67. howe. 69. Nowe. se.
-
-70. wytte in the. _I supply_ thou. arte. 74. shepeherde. 75. shepe. arne.
-76. amonge. 78. tho. shepe. loste. 79. put. 80. shepeherde. 81. put.
-forthe. let. loste. 82. shepeherde. lyfe. loste. 83. shepe. shalte. 85.
-mewarde. 86. throughe. 91. Haste. radde howe. 92. so_n_ne. 93. _For_ false
-_read_ faire. howe Sesars sonke (_sic_); _corrupt_. 95. louedaye. 96.
-chese. put. 97. howe. thanke. 98. rest. home; _read_ whom. 99. the. 101.
-haste. the. 102. ayenwarde. made. 103. put the. 104. the. reason. disease.
-
-105. the. 106. shalte. haste. 107. Haste. herde. howe. 111. folke. 112.
-cyties. the. cleape. 113. poynte. 116. Nowe. 118. wytte. 120. se the in
-disease. 121. wote. arte one. maye. the. 123. thyne. 125. great. 129.
-byforne. 131. comforte. 134. please. 135. bearyng. 137. encrease. maye.
-138. the. 139. great. wherthroughe. arte. arne no-thinge.
-
-141. thus as I; _om._ as. 143. endeynous; _read_ ben deynous. wretches.
-144. schole. 148. beare. the lythe. 151. the. 155. perfection. Howe. 157.
-counsayle maye. hydde. 158. wote. 162. doone aldaye. 164. done. nowe. 165.
-the. 166. playde. 169. reason. aperte. 171. faythe. the. 172. the. 173.
-counsayle. 174. forsoke. 175. nowe.
-
-178. hert. 179. made. 180. the. 181. se. 183. anone. fyght. maye. 184.
-withsay. the. 185. the. 188. amonge. 189. onely. 191. -thynge. 194. shalte.
-195. maye. transuers.
-
-                          CHAPTER III.
-
-  Gretly was I tho gladded of these wordes, and (as who
-  saith) wexen somdel light in herte; both for the auctorite
-  of witnesse, and also for sikernesse of helpe of the forsayd
-  beheste, and sayd:--
-
-  'Trewly, lady, now am I wel gladded through comfort of                  5
-  your wordes. Be it now lykinge unto your nobley to shewe
-  whiche folk diffame your servauntes, sithe your service ought
-  above al other thinges to ben commended.'
-
-  'Yet,' quod she, 'I see wel thy soule is not al out of the
-  amased cloude. Thee were better to here thing that thee might          10
-  lighte out of thyn hevy charge and after knowing of thyn owne
-  helpe, than to stirre swete wordes and such resons to here;
-  for in a thoughtful soule (and namely suche oon as thou art)
-  wol not yet suche thinges sinken. Come of, therfore, and let
-  me seen thy hevy charge, that I may the lightlier for thy comfort      15
-  purveye.'
-
-  'Now, certes, lady,' quod I, 'the moste comfort I might have
-  were utterly to wete me be sure in herte of that Margaryte I
-  serve; and so I thinke to don with al mightes, whyle my lyfe
-  dureth.'                                                               20
-
-  'Than,' quod she, 'mayst thou therafter, in suche wyse that
-  misplesaunce ne entre?'
-
-  'In good fayth,' quod I, 'there shal no misplesaunce be
-  caused through trespace on my syde.'
-
-  'And I do thee to weten,' quod she, 'I sette never yet person          25
-  to serve in no place (but-if he caused the contrary in defautes
-  and trespaces) that he ne spedde of his service.'
-
-  'Myn owne erthly lady,' quod I tho, 'and yet remembre to
-  your worthinesse how long sithen, by many revolving of yeres,
-  in tyme whan Octobre his leve ginneth take and Novembre                30
-  sheweth him to sight, whan bernes ben ful of goodes as is the
-  nutte on every halke; and than good lond-tillers ginne shape
-  for the erthe with greet travayle, to bringe forth more corn to
-  mannes sustenaunce, ayenst the nexte yeres folowing. In suche
-  tyme of plentee he that hath an home and is wyse, list not to          35
-  wander mervayles to seche, but he be constrayned or excited.
-  Oft the lothe thing is doon, by excitacion of other mannes
-  opinion, whiche wolden fayne have myn abydinge. [Tho gan I]
-  take in herte of luste to travayle and see the wynding of the erthe
-  in that tyme of winter. By woodes that large stretes wern in,          40
-  by smale pathes that swyn and hogges hadden made, as lanes
-  with ladels their maste to seche, I walked thinkinge alone
-  a wonder greet whyle; and the grete beestes that the woode
-  haunten and adorneth al maner forestes, and heerdes gonne to
-  wilde. Than, er I was war, I neyghed to a see-banke; and for           45
-  ferde of the beestes "shipcraft" I cryde. For, lady, I trowe ye
-  wete wel your-selfe, nothing is werse than the beestes that
-  shulden ben tame, if they cacche her wildenesse, and ginne ayen
-  waxe ramage. Thus forsothe was I a-ferd, and to shippe me
-  hyed.                                                                  50
-
-  Than were there y-nowe to lacche myn handes, and drawe me
-  to shippe, of whiche many I knew wel the names. Sight was
-  the first, Lust was another, Thought was the thirde; and Wil eke
-  was there a mayster; these broughten me within-borde of this
-  shippe of Traveyle. So whan the sayl was sprad, and this ship          55
-  gan to move, the wind and water gan for to ryse, and overthwartly
-  to turne the welken. The wawes semeden as they kiste togider;
-  but often under colour of kissinge is mokel old hate prively
-  closed and kept. The storm so straungely and in a devouring
-  maner gan so faste us assayle, that I supposed the date of my          60
-  deth shulde have mad there his ginning. Now up, now downe,
-  now under the wawe and now aboven was my ship a greet
-  whyle. And so by mokel duresse of +weders and of stormes,
-  and with greet avowing [of] pilgrimages, I was driven to an yle,
-  where utterly I wende first to have be rescowed; but trewly, +at       65
-  the first ginning, it semed me so perillous the haven to cacche,
-  that but thorow grace I had ben comforted, of lyfe I was ful
-  dispayred. Trewly, lady, if ye remembre a-right of al maner
-  thinges, your-selfe cam hastely to sene us see-driven, and to
-  weten what we weren. But first ye were deynous of chere, after         70
-  whiche ye gonne better a-lighte; and ever, as me thought, ye
-  lived in greet drede of disese; it semed so by your chere.
-  And whan I was certifyed of your name, the lenger I loked in
-  you, the more I you goodly dradde; and ever myn herte on you
-  opened the more; and so in a litel tyme my ship was out of             75
-  mynde. But, lady, as ye me ladde, I was war bothe of beestes
-  and of fisshes, a greet nombre thronging togider; among whiche
-  a muskel, in a blewe shel, had enclosed a Margaryte-perle, the
-  moste precious and best that ever to-forn cam in my sight.
-  And ye tolden your-selfe, that ilke jewel in his kinde was so          80
-  good and so vertuous, that her better shulde I never finde, al
-  sought I ther-after to the worldes ende. And with that I held
-  my pees a greet whyle; and ever sithen I have me bethought on
-  the man that sought the precious Margarytes; and whan he had
-  founden oon to his lyking, he solde al his good to bye that jewel.     85
-  Y-wis, thought I, (and yet so I thinke), now have I founden the
-  jewel that myn herte desyreth; wherto shulde I seche further?
-  Trewly, now wol I stinte, and on this Margaryte I sette me for
-  ever: now than also, sithen I wiste wel it was your wil that
-  I shulde so suche a service me take; and so to desyre that thing,      90
-  of whiche I never have blisse. There liveth non but he hath
-  disese; your might than that brought me to suche service, that to
-  me is cause of sorowe and of joye. I wonder of your worde that
-  ye sayn, "to bringen men in-to joye"; and, parde, ye wete wel
-  that defaut ne trespace may not resonably ben put to me-wardes,        95
-  as fer as my conscience knoweth.
-
-  But of my disese me list now a whyle to speke, and to enforme
-  you in what maner of blisse ye have me thronge. For truly
-  I wene, that al gladnesse, al joye, and al mirthe is beshet under
-  locke, and the keye throwe in suche place that it may not be          100
-  founde. My brenning wo hath altred al my hewe. Whan
-  I shulde slepe, I walowe and I thinke, and me disporte. Thus
-  combred, I seme that al folk had me mased. Also, lady myne,
-  desyre hath longe dured, some speking to have; or els at the lest
-  have ben enmoysed with sight; and for wantinge of these thinges       105
-  my mouth wolde, and he durst, pleyne right sore, sithen yvels
-  for my goodnesse arn manyfolde to me yolden. I wonder, lady,
-  trewly, save evermore your reverence, how ye mowe, for shame,
-  suche thinges suffre on your servaunt to be so multiplied.
-  Wherfore, kneling with a lowe herte, I pray you to rue on this        110
-  caytif, that of nothing now may serve. Good lady, if ye liste,
-  now your help to me shewe, that am of your privyest servantes
-  at al assayes in this tyme, and under your winges of proteccion.
-  No help to me-wardes is shapen; how shal than straungers in
-  any wyse after socour loke, whan I, that am so privy, yet of helpe    115
-  I do fayle? Further may I not, but thus in this prison abyde;
-  what bondes and chaynes me holden, lady, ye see wel your-selfe.
-  A renyant forjuged hath not halfe the care. But thus, syghing
-  and sobbing, I wayle here alone; and nere it for comfort of your
-  presence, right here wolde I sterve. And yet a litel am I gladded,    120
-  that so goodly suche grace and non hap have I hent, graciously
-  to fynde the precious Margarite, that (al other left) men shulde
-  bye, if they shulde therfore selle al her substaunce. Wo is me,
-  that so many let-games and purpose-brekers ben maked wayters,
-  suche prisoners as I am to overloke and to hinder; and, for           125
-  suche lettours, it is hard any suche jewel to winne. Is this, lady,
-  an honour to thy deitee? Me thinketh, by right, suche people
-  shulde have no maistrye, ne ben overlokers over none of thy
-  servauntes. Trewly, were it leful unto you, to al the goddes
-  wolde I playne, that ye rule your devyne purveyaunce amonges          130
-  your servantes nothing as ye shulde. Also, lady, my moeble is
-  insuffysaunt to countervayle the price of this jewel, or els to
-  make th'eschange. Eke no wight is worthy suche perles to were
-  but kinges or princes or els their peres. This jewel, for vertue,
-  wold adorne and make fayre al a realme; the nobley of vertue is       135
-  so moche, that her goodnesse overal is commended. Who is it
-  that wolde not wayle, but he might suche richesse have at his
-  wil? The vertue therof out of this prison may me deliver, and
-  naught els. And if I be not ther-thorow holpen, I see my-selfe
-  withouten recovery. Although I might hence voyde, yet wolde           140
-  I not; I wolde abyde the day that destenee hath me ordeyned,
-  whiche I suppose is without amendement; so sore is my herte
-  bounden, that I may thinken non other. Thus strayte, lady,
-  hath sir Daunger laced me in stockes, I leve it be not your wil;
-  and for I see you taken so litel hede, as me thinketh, and wol        145
-  not maken by your might the vertue in mercy of the Margaryte
-  on me for to strecche, so as ye mowe wel in case that you liste,
-  my blisse and my mirthe arn feld; sicknesse and sorowe ben
-  alwaye redy. The cope of tene is wounde aboute al my body,
-  that stonding is me best; unneth may I ligge for pure misesy          150
-  sorowe. And yet al this is litel ynough to be the ernest-silver in
-  forwarde of this bargayne; for treble-folde so mokel muste I suffer
-  er tyme come of myn ese. For he is worthy no welthe, that may
-  no wo suffer. And certes, I am hevy to thinke on these thinges;
-  but who shal yeve me water ynough to drinke, lest myn eyen            155
-  drye, for renning stremes of teres? Who shal waylen with me
-  myn owne happy hevinesse? Who shal counsaile me now in
-  my lyking tene, and in my goodly harse? I not. For ever the
-  more I brenne, the more I coveyte; the more that I sorow, the
-  more thrist I in gladnesse. Who shal than yeve me a contrarious       160
-  drink, to stanche the thurste of my blisful bitternesse? Lo, thus
-  I brenne and I drenche; I shiver and I swete. To this reversed
-  yvel was never yet ordeyned salve; forsoth al +leches ben unconning,
-  save the Margaryte alone, any suche remedye to purveye.'
-
-CH. III. 1. gladed; _see_ l. 5. 2. somdele. 5. nowe. comforte. 6. nowe. 7.
-folke. 9. se. 10. the (_twice_). 11. light. 13. one. arte.
-
-15. sene. comforte. 16. puruey. 17. Nowe. comforte. 21. mayste. 25. the.
-set. 29. howe. 30. leaue. 32. londe-. 33. great. forthe. corne. 35.
-plentie. lyste. 37. doone. 38. _I supply_ Tho gan I. 39. se. 40. werne. 41.
-swyne. 43. great. great. 44. gone; _read_ gonne. 45. ware. 46. shypcrafte.
-48. catche. 49. a-ferde. 51. lache.
-
-52. many; _read_ meynee. knewe. 55. sayle. shyppe. 56. wynde. 58. olde. 59.
-kepte. storme. 61. made. 61, 62. nowe. 62. shyppe. 62, 64. great. 63.
-wethers; _read_ weders. 64. _I supply_ of. 65. as; _read_ at. 66. catche.
-67. thorowe. 69. came. 71. a-lyght. 72. great. disease. 75. shyppe. 76.
-lad. ware. 77. great. amonge. 79. to-forne came. 82. helde. 83. peace.
-great. 85. one. 86. nowe. 87. myne.
-
-88. nowe. 89. Nowe. 91. none. 92. disease. 94. sayne. 95. reasonably. 96.
-ferre. 97. disease. 103. folke. 106. mouthe. 107. arne. 108. howe. 111.
-caytife. 112. nowe. helpe. 113. protection. 114. helpe. howe. 115. socoure.
-116. maye. 117. se. 119. comforte. 120. gladed. 121. none. hente. 122.
-lefte. 123. sel.
-
-126. harde. 127. deytie. 133. weare. 139. ther-thorowe. se. 141. daye.
-destenye. 143. maye. none. 145. se. 147. stretche. 148. arne. 150. miseasy.
-151. ynoughe. 153. ease. maye. 156. teares. 157. myne. nowe. 158. harse
-(_sic_); _for_ harme?
-
-161. drinke. 162. sweate. 163. lyches (for leches). 164. puruey.
-
-                          CHAPTER IV.
-
-  And with these wordes I brast out to wepe, that every teere
-  of myne eyen, for greetnesse semed they boren out the bal of
-  my sight, and that al the water had ben out-ronne. Than thought
-  me that Love gan a litel to hevye for miscomfort of my chere;
-  and gan soberly and in esy maner speke, wel avysinge what               5
-  she sayd. Comenly the wyse speken esily and softe for many
-  skilles. Oon is, their wordes are the better bileved; and also, in
-  esy spekinge, avysement men may cacche, what to putte forth
-  and what to holden in. And also, the auctorite of esy wordes is
-  the more; and eke, they yeven the more understandinge to other         10
-  intencion of the mater. Right so this lady esely and in a softe
-  maner gan say these wordes.
-
-  � 'Mervayle,' quod she, 'greet it is, that by no maner of semblaunt,
-  as fer as I can espye, thou list not to have any recour;
-  but ever thou playnest and sorowest, and wayes of remedye, for         15
-  folisshe wilfulnesse, thee list not to seche. But enquyre of thy
-  next frendes, that is, thyne inwit and me that have ben thy
-  maystresse, and the recour and fyne of thy disese; [f]or of disese is
-  gladnesse and joy, with a ful +vessel so helded, that it quencheth
-  the felinge of the firste tenes. But thou that were wont not only      20
-  these thinges remembre in thyne herte, but also fooles therof to
-  enfourmen, in adnullinge of their errours and distroying of their
-  derke opinions, and in comfort of their sere thoughtes; now canst
-  thou not ben comfort of thyn owne soule, in thinking of these
-  thinges. O where hast thou be so longe commensal, that hast so         25
-  mikel eeten of the potages of foryetfulnesse, and dronken so of
-  ignorance, that the olde souking[es] whiche thou haddest of me
-  arn amaystred and lorn fro al maner of knowing? O, this is
-  a worthy person to helpe other, that can not counsayle him-selfe!'
-  And with these wordes, for pure and stronge shame, I wox al            30
-  reed.
-
-  And she than, seing me so astonyed by dyvers stoundes,
-  sodainly (which thing kynde hateth) gan deliciously me comforte
-  with sugred wordes, putting me in ful hope that I shulde the
-  Margarite getten, if I folowed her hestes; and gan with a fayre        35
-  clothe to wypen the teres that hingen on my chekes; and than
-  sayd I in this wyse.
-
-  'Now, wel of wysdom and of al welthe, withouten thee may
-  nothing ben lerned; thou berest the keyes of al privy thinges.
-  In vayne travayle men to cacche any stedship, but-if ye, lady,         40
-  first the locke unshet. Ye, lady, lerne us the wayes and the
-  by-pathes to heven. Ye, lady, maken al the hevenly bodyes
-  goodly and benignely to don her cours, that governen us beestes
-  here on erthe. Ye armen your servauntes ayenst al debates with
-  imperciable harneys; ye setten in her hertes insuperable blood of      45
-  hardinesse; ye leden hem to the parfit good. Yet al thing
-  desyreth ye werne no man of helpe, that +wol don your
-  lore. Graunt me now a litel of your grace, al my sorowes
-  to cese.'
-
-  'Myne owne servaunt,' quod she, 'trewly thou sittest nye               50
-  myne herte; and thy badde chere gan sorily me greve. But
-  amonge thy playning wordes, me thought, thou allegest thinges to
-  be letting of thyne helpinge and thy grace to hinder; wherthrough,
-  me thinketh, that wanhope is crope thorough thyn hert. God
-  forbid that nyse unthrifty thought shulde come in thy mynde,           55
-  thy wittes to trouble; sithen every thing in coming is contingent.
-  Wherfore make no more thy proposicion by an impossible.
-  But now, I praye thee reherse me ayen tho thinges that
-  thy mistrust causen; and thilke thinges I thinke by reson to
-  distroyen, and putte ful hope in thyn herte. What understondest        60
-  thou there,' quod she, 'by that thou saydest, "many let-games
-  are thyn overlokers?" And also by "that thy moeble is insuffysaunt"?
-  I not what thou therof menest.'
-
-  'Trewly,' quod I, 'by the first I say, that janglers evermore
-  arn spekinge rather of yvel than of good; for every age of man         65
-  rather enclyneth to wickednesse, than any goodnesse to avaunce.
-  Also false wordes springen so wyde, by the stering of false lying
-  tonges, that fame als swiftely flyeth to her eres and sayth many
-  wicked tales; and as soone shal falsenesse ben leved as tr[o]uthe,
-  for al his gret sothnesse.                                             70
-
-  'Now by that other,' quod I, 'me thinketh thilke jewel so
-  precious, that to no suche wrecche as I am wolde vertue therof
-  extende; and also I am to feble in worldly joyes, any suche
-  jewel to countrevayle. For suche people that worldly joyes han
-  at her wil ben sette at the highest degree, and most in reverence      75
-  ben accepted. For false wening maketh felicite therin to be
-  supposed; but suche caytives as I am evermore ben hindred.'
-
-  'Certes,' quod she, 'take good hede, and I shal by reson to
-  thee shewen, that al these thinges mowe nat lette thy purpos
-  by the leest point that any wight coude pricke.                        80
-
-CH. IV. 2. great-. 4. heauy. 5. easy. 6. easyly. 7. One. 8. easy speakynge.
-catche. put forthe. 9. easy. 11. ladye easely. 13. great. 14. ferre. 16.
-the lyste. 17. inwytte. 18. disease (_twice_). 19. nessel; _misprint for_
-uessel. 20. wonte. onely. 22. distroyeng. 23. comforte. seare. 24.
-comforte. 25. haste. 27. soukyng. 28. arne.
-
-30. woxe. 33. thynge. 36. teares. 38. Nowe. wysedom. the. 39. bearest. 40.
-catche. 43. done her course. 45. blode. 46. leaden. parfyte. thynge. 47.
-wern. wele; _read_ wol. done. 48. nowe. 49. cease. 53. wherthroughe. 58.
-nowe. the. 59. reason. 60. put. 61. lette-games. 63. meanest. 65. arne.
-
-67. steeryng. lyeng. 68. eares. 72. wretche. 78. reason. 79. the. let.
-purpose.
-
-                          CHAPTER V.
-
-  Remembrest nat,' quod she, 'ensample is oon of the
-  strongest maner[es], as for to preve a mannes purpos?
-  Than if I now, by ensample, enduce thee to any proposicion, is
-  it nat preved by strength?'
-
-  'Yes, forsothe,' quod I.                                                5
-
-  'Wel,' quod she, 'raddest thou never how Paris of Troye and
-  Heleyne loved togider, and yet had they not entrecomuned of
-  speche? Also Acrisius shette Dane his doughter in a tour, for
-  suertee that no wight shulde of her have no maistry in my
-  service; and yet Jupiter by signes, without any speche, had            10
-  al his purpose ayenst her fathers wil. And many suche mo have
-  ben knitte in trouthe, and yet spake they never togider; for
-  that is a thing enclosed under secretnesse of privyte, why twey
-  persons entremellen hertes after a sight. The power in knowing,
-  of such thinges +to preven, shal nat al utterly be yeven to you        15
-  beestes; for many thinges, in suche precious maters, ben
-  reserved to jugement of devyne purveyaunce; for among lyving
-  people, by mannes consideracion, moun they nat be determined.
-  Wherfore I saye, al the envy, al the janglinge, that wel ny [al]
-  people upon my servauntes maken +ofte, is rather cause of esployte     20
-  than of any hindringe.'
-
-  'Why, than,' quod I, 'suffre ye such wrong; and moun, whan
-  ye list, lightly al such yvels abate? Me semeth, to you it is
-  a greet unworship.'
-
-  'O,' quod she, 'hold now thy pees. I have founden to many              25
-  that han ben to me unkynde, that trewly I wol suffre every wight
-  in that wyse to have disese; and who that continueth to the ende
-  wel and trewly, hem wol I helpen, and as for oon of myne in-to
-  blisse [don] to wende. As [in] marcial doing in Grece, who
-  was y-crowned? By god, nat the strongest; but he that rathest          30
-  com and lengest abood and continued in the journey, and spared
-  nat to traveyle as long as the play leste. But thilke person, that
-  profred him now to my service, [and] therin is a while, and anon
-  voideth and [is] redy to another; and so now oon he thinketh
-  and now another; and in-to water entreth and anon respireth:           35
-  such oon list me nat in-to perfit blisse of my service bringe.
-  A tree ofte set in dyvers places wol nat by kynde endure to bringe
-  forth frutes. Loke now, I pray thee, how myne olde servauntes
-  of tyme passed continued in her service, and folowe thou after
-  their steppes; and than might thou not fayle, in case thou worche      40
-  in this wyse.'
-
-  'Certes,' quod I, 'it is nothing lich, this world, to tyme
-  passed; eke this countre hath oon maner, and another countre
-  hath another. And so may nat a man alway putte to his eye the
-  salve that he heled with his hele. For this is sothe: betwixe          45
-  two thinges liche, ofte dyversite is required.'
-
-  'Now,' quod she, 'that is sothe; dyversite of nation, dyversite of
-  lawe, as was maked by many resons; for that dyversite cometh in
-  by the contrarious malice of wicked people, that han envyous hertes
-  ayenst other. But trewly, my lawe to my servauntes ever hath           50
-  ben in general, whiche may nat fayle. For right as mannes +lawe
-  that is ordained by many determinacions, may nat be knowe for
-  good or badde, til assay of the people han proved it and [founden]
-  to what ende it draweth; and than it sheweth the necessite
-  therof, or els the impossibilite: right so the lawe of my servauntes   55
-  so wel hath ben proved in general, that hitherto hath it not fayled.
-
-  Wiste thou not wel that al the lawe of kynde is my lawe, and
-  by god ordayned and stablisshed to dure by kynde resoun?
-  Wherfore al lawe by mannes witte purveyed ought to be underput
-  to lawe of kynde, whiche yet hath be commune to every kyndely          60
-  creature; that my statutes and my lawe that ben kyndely arn
-  general to al peoples. Olde doinges and by many turninges of
-  yeres used, and with the peoples maner proved, mowen nat so
-  lightly ben defased; but newe doinges, contrariauntes suche olde,
-  ofte causen diseses and breken many purposes. Yet saye I nat           65
-  therfore that ayen newe mischeef men shulde nat ordaynen
-  a newe remedye; but alwaye looke it contrary not the olde no
-  ferther than the malice streccheth. Than foloweth it, the olde
-  doinges in love han ben universal, as for most exployte[s] forth
-  used; wherfore I wol not yet that of my lawes nothing be adnulled.     70
-  But thanne to thy purpos: suche jangelers and lokers, and
-  wayters of games, if thee thinke in aught they mowe dere, yet
-  love wel alwaye, and sette hem at naught; and let thy port ben
-  lowe in every wightes presence, and redy in thyne herte to
-  maynteyne that thou hast begonne; and a litel thee fayne with          75
-  mekenesse in wordes; and thus with sleyght shalt thou surmount
-  and dequace the yvel in their hertes. And wysdom yet is to seme
-  flye otherwhyle, there a man wol fighte. Thus with suche thinges
-  the tonges of yvel shal ben stilled; els fully to graunte thy ful
-  meninge, for-sothe ever was and ever it shal be, that myn enemyes      80
-  ben aferde to truste to any fightinge. And therfore have thou no
-  cowardes herte in my service, no more than somtyme thou
-  haddest in the contrarye. For if thou drede suche jangleres, thy
-  viage to make, understand wel, that he that dredeth any rayn, to
-  sowe his cornes, he shal have than [bare] bernes. Also he that         85
-  is aferd of his clothes, let him daunce naked! Who nothing
-  undertaketh, and namely in my service, nothing acheveth. After
-  grete stormes the +weder is often mery and smothe. After
-  moche clatering, there is mokil rowning. Thus, after jangling
-  wordes, cometh "huissht! pees! and be stille!"'                        90
-
-  'O good lady!' quod I than, 'see now how, seven yere passed
-  and more, have I graffed and +grobbed a vyne; and with al the
-  wayes that I coude I sought to a fed me of the grape; but frute
-  have I non founde. Also I have this seven yere served Laban, to
-  a wedded Rachel his doughter; but blere-eyed Lya is brought to         95
-  my bedde, which alway engendreth my tene, and is ful of children
-  in tribulacion and in care. And although the clippinges and
-  kissinges of Rachel shulde seme to me swete, yet is she so
-  barayne that gladnesse ne joye by no way wol springe; so that
-  I may wepe with Rachel. I may not ben counsayled with solace,         100
-  sithen issue of myn hertely desyre is fayled. Now than I pray that
-  to me [come] sone fredom and grace in this eight[eth] yere; this
-  eighteth mowe to me bothe be kinrest and masseday, after the
-  seven werkedays of travayle, to folowe the Christen lawe; and,
-  what ever ye do els, that thilke Margaryte be holden so, lady, in     105
-  your privy chambre, that she in this case to none other person be
-  committed.'
-
-  'Loke than,' quod she, 'thou persever in my service, in whiche
-  I have thee grounded; that thilke scorn in thyn enemyes mowe
-  this on thy person be not sothed: "lo! this man began to edefye,      110
-  but, for his foundement is bad, to the ende may he it not bringe."
-  For mekenesse in countenaunce, with a manly hert in dedes and
-  in longe continuaunce, is the conisance of my livery to al my
-  retinue delivered. What wenest thou, that me list avaunce suche
-  persons as loven the first sittinges at feestes, the highest stoles   115
-  in churches and in hal, loutinges of peoples in markettes and fayres;
-  unstedfaste to byde in one place any whyle togider; wening his
-  owne wit more excellent than other; scorning al maner devyse
-  but his own? Nay, nay, god wot, these shul nothing parten of
-  my blisse. Truly, my maner here-toforn hath ben [to] worship[pe]      120
-  with my blisse lyons in the felde and lambes in chambre;
-  egles at assaute and maydens in halle; foxes in counsayle, stil[le]
-  in their dedes; and their proteccioun is graunted, redy to ben
-  a bridge; and their baner is arered, like wolves in the felde.
-  Thus, by these wayes, shul men ben avaunced; ensample of              125
-  David, that from keping of shepe was drawen up in-to the order
-  of kingly governaunce; and Jupiter, from a bole, to ben Europes
-  fere; and Julius Cesar, from the lowest degre in Rome, to be
-  mayster of al erthly princes; and Eneas from hel, to be king of
-  the countre there Rome is now stonding. And so to thee I say;         130
-  thy grace, by bering ther-after, may sette thee in suche plight,
-  that no jangling may greve the leest tucke of thy hemmes; that
-  [suche] are their +jangles, is nought to counte at a cresse in thy
-  disavauntage.
-
-CH. V. 1. one. 2. maner; _read_ maneres. purpose. 3. nowe. the. 4. proued.
-6. howe. 9. suertie. 15. so; _read_ to. 17. lyueng.
-
-19. _I supply_ al. 20. efte; _read_ ofte. 24. great. 25. holde nowe thy
-peace. 27. disease. 29. one. _I supply_ don. _I supply_ in. 31. come.
-abode. 32. lest. 33. nowe. _I supply_ and. 34. _I supply_ is. nowe one. 35.
-nowe. 36. one. p_er_fyte. 38. nowe. the howe. 42. worlde. 43. one. 44.
-alwaye put. 45. healed. 47. Nowe. 48. reasons. 51. lawes; _read_ lawe. 52.
-determinati[=o]s. 53. _I supply_ founden.
-
-58. reasoun. 59. purueyde. vnderputte. 61. arne. 65. diseases. breaken. 66.
-mischefe. 68. stretcheth. 69. exployte forthe. 70. nothynge. 71. purpose.
-72. the. 73. lette. porte. 75. the. 77. wysdome. 78. fyght. 79. graunt. 80.
-meanynge. 84. vnderstande. rayne. 85. _I supply_ bare. 86. aferde. 88.
-great. wether; _read_ weder. 90. huysshte. peace. styl. 91. se nowe howe.
-
-92. groubed. 94. none. 101. Nowe. 102. _I supply_ come. 103. kynrest
-(_sic_). 109. skorne. 110. this; _read_ thus? 120. toforne. 121. worship;
-_read_ worshippe (_verb_). 122. styl. 123. protection.
-
-130. nowe. the. 131. set the. 132. lest. 133. ianghes; _read_ jangles.
-
-                          CHAPTER VI.
-
-  Ever,' quod she, 'hath the people in this worlde desyred
-  to have had greet name in worthinesse, and hated foule
-  to bere any [en]fame; and that is oon of the objeccions thou
-  alegest to be ayen thyne hertely desyre.'
-
-  'Ye, forsothe,' quod I; 'and that, so comenly, the people wol           5
-  lye, and bringe aboute suche enfame.'
-
-  'Now,' quod she, 'if men with lesinges putte on thee enfame,
-  wenest thy-selfe therby ben enpeyred? That wening is wrong;
-  see why; for as moche as they lyen, thy meryte encreseth, and
-  make[th] thee ben more worthy, to hem that knowen of the soth;         10
-  by what thing thou art apeyred, that in so mokil thou art encresed
-  of thy beloved frendes. And sothly, a wounde of thy frende [is] to
-  thee lasse harm, ye, sir, and better than a fals kissing in disceyvable
-  glosing of thyne enemy; above that than, to be wel with thy
-  frende maketh [voyd] suche enfame. _Ergo_, thou art encresed           15
-  and not apeyred.'
-
-  'Lady,' quod I, 'somtyme yet, if a man be in disese, th'estimacion
-  of the envyous people ne loketh nothing to desertes of men,
-  ne to the merytes of their doinges, but only to the aventure of
-  fortune; and therafter they yeven their sentence. And some             20
-  loken the voluntary wil in his herte, and therafter telleth his
-  jugement; not taking hede to reson ne to the qualite of the
-  doing; as thus.  If a man be riche and fulfild with worldly
-  welfulnesse, some commenden it, and sayn it is so lent by juste
-  cause; and he that hath adversite, they sayn he is weked; and          25
-  hath deserved thilke anoy. The contrarye of these thinges some
-  men holden also; and sayn that to the riche prosperite is purvayed
-  in-to his confusion; and upon this mater many autorites
-  of many and greet-witted clerkes they alegen. And some men
-  sayn, though al good estimacion forsake folk that han adversite,       30
-  yet is it meryte and encrees of his blisse; so that these purposes
-  am so wonderful in understanding, that trewly, for myn adversite
-  now, I not how the sentence of the indifferent people wil jugen
-  my fame.'
-
-  'Therfore,' quod she, 'if any wight shulde yeve a trewe sentence       35
-  on suche maters, the cause of the disese maist thou see
-  wel. Understand ther-upon after what ende it draweth, that is to
-  sayne, good or badde; so ought it to have his fame +by goodnesse
-  or enfame by badnesse. For [of] every resonable person, and
-  namely of a wyse man, his wit ought not, without reson to-forn         40
-  herd, sodainly in a mater to juge. After the sawes of the wyse,
-  "thou shalt not juge ne deme toforn thou knowe."'
-
-  'Lady,' quod I, 'ye remembre wel, that in moste laude and
-  praysing of certayne seyntes in holy churche, is to rehersen their
-  conuersion from badde in-to good; and that is so rehersed, as          45
-  by a perpetual mirrour of remembraunce, in worshippinge of
-  tho sayntes, and good ensample to other misdoers in amendement.
-  How turned the Romayne Zedeoreys fro the Romaynes,
-  to be with Hanibal ayenst his kynde nacion; and afterwardes,
-  him seming the Romayns to be at the next degre of confusion,           50
-  turned to his olde alyes; by whose witte after was Hanibal
-  discomfited. Wherfore, to enfourme you, lady, the maner-why
-  I mene, see now. In my youth I was drawe to ben assentaunt
-  and (in my mightes) helping to certain conjuracions and other
-  grete maters of ruling of citizins; and thilke thinges ben my          55
-  drawers in; and ex[c]itours to tho maters wern so paynted and
-  coloured that (at the prime face) me semed them noble and
-  glorious to al the people. I than, wening mikel meryte have
-  deserved in furthering and mayntenaunce of tho thinges, besyed
-  and laboured, with al my diligence, in werkinge of thilke maters       60
-  to the ende. And trewly, lady, to telle you the sothe, me rought
-  litel of any hate of the mighty senatours in thilke cite, ne of
-  comunes malice; for two skilles. Oon was, I had comfort to ben
-  in suche plyte, that bothe profit were to me and to my frendes.
-  Another was, for commen profit in cominaltee is not but pees and       65
-  tranquilite, with just governaunce, proceden from thilke profit;
-  sithen, by counsayle of myne inwitte, me thought the firste painted
-  thinges malice and yvel meninge, withouten any good avayling to
-  any people, and of tyrannye purposed. And so, for pure sorowe,
-  and of my medlinge and badde infame that I was in ronne, tho           70
-  [the] teres [that] lasshed out of myne eyen were thus awaye
-  wasshe, than the under-hidde malice and the rancour of purposing
-  envye, forncast and imagined in distruccion of mokil people,
-  shewed so openly, that, had I ben blind, with myne hondes al the
-  circumstaunce I might wel have feled.                                  75
-
-  Now than tho persones that suche thinges have cast to redresse,
-  for wrathe of my first medlinge, shopen me to dwelle in this pynande
-  prison, til Lachases my threed no lenger wolde twyne. And
-  ever I was sought, if me liste to have grace of my lyfe and
-  frenesse of that prison, I shulde openly confesse how pees might       80
-  ben enduced to enden al the firste rancours. It was fully
-  supposed my knowing to be ful in tho maters. Than, lady,
-  I thought that every man that, by any waye of right, rightfully
-  don, may helpe any comune +wele to ben saved; whiche thing to
-  kepe above al thinges I am holde to mayntayne, and namely in           85
-  distroying of a wrong; al shulde I therthrough enpeche myn
-  owne fere, if he were gilty and to do misdeed assentaunt. And
-  mayster ne frend may nought avayle to the soule of him that
-  in falsnesse deyeth; and also that I nere desyred wrathe of the
-  people ne indignacion of the worthy, for nothinge that ever I          90
-  wrought or did, in any doing my-selfe els, but in the mayntenaunce
-  of these foresayd errours and in hydinge of the privitees therof.
-  And that al the peoples hertes, holdinge on the errours syde,
-  weren blinde and of elde so ferforth begyled, that debat and
-  stryf they maynteyned, and in distruccion on that other syde;          95
-  by whiche cause the pees, that moste in comunaltee shulde be
-  desyred, was in poynte to be broken and adnulled. Also the citee
-  of London, that is to me so dere and swete, in whiche I was forth
-  growen; (and more kyndely love have I to that place than to any
-  other in erthe, as every kyndely creature hath ful appetyte to that   100
-  place of his kyndly engendrure, and to wilne reste and pees
-  in that stede to abyde); thilke pees shulde thus there have ben
-  broken, and of al wyse it is commended and desyred. For knowe
-  thing it is, al men that desyren to comen to the perfit pees
-  everlasting must the pees by god commended bothe mayntayne and        105
-  kepe. This pees by angels voyce was confirmed, our god entringe
-  in this worlde. This, as for his Testament, he lefte to al his
-  frendes, whanne he retourned to the place from whence he cam;
-  this his apostel amonesteth to holden, without whiche man perfitly
-  may have non insight. Also this god, by his coming, made not          110
-  pees alone betwene hevenly and erthly bodyes, but also amonge
-  us on erthe so he pees confirmed, that in one heed of love oon
-  body we shulde perfourme. Also I remembre me wel how the
-  name of Athenes was rather after the god of pees than of batayle,
-  shewinge that pees moste is necessarie to comunaltees and citees.     115
-  I than, so styred by al these wayes toforn nempned, declared
-  certayne poyntes in this wyse. Firste, that thilke persones
-  that hadden me drawen to their purposes, and me not weting the
-  privy entent of their meninge, drawen also the feeble-witted
-  people, that have non insight of gubernatif prudence, to clamure      120
-  and to crye on maters that they styred; and under poyntes for
-  comune avauntage they enbolded the passif to take in the
-  actives doinge; and also styred innocentes of conning to crye
-  after thinges, whiche (quod they) may not stande but we ben
-  executours of tho maters, and auctorite of execucion by comen         125
-  eleccion to us be delivered. And that muste entre by strength of
-  your mayntenaunce. For we out of suche degree put, oppression
-  of these olde hindrers shal agayn surmounten, and putten you in
-  such subjeccion, that in endelesse wo ye shul complayne.
-
-  The governementes (quod they) of your cite, lefte in the handes       130
-  of torcencious citezins, shal bringe in pestilence and distruccion
-  to you, good men; and therfore let us have the comune administracion
-  to abate suche yvels. Also (quod they) it is worthy
-  the good to commende, and the gilty desertes to chastice. There
-  ben citezens many, for-ferde of execucion that shal be doon; for      135
-  extorcions by hem committed ben evermore ayenst these purposes
-  and al other good mevinges. Never-the-latter, lady, trewly the
-  meninge under these wordes was, fully to have apeched the
-  mighty senatoures, whiche hadden hevy herte for the misgovernaunce
-  that they seen. And so, lady, whan it fel that free                   140
-  eleccion [was mad], by greet clamour of moche people, [that] for
-  greet disese of misgovernaunce so fervently stoden in her eleccion
-  that they hem submitted to every maner +fate rather than have
-  suffred the maner and the rule of the hated governours;
-  notwithstandinge that in the contrary helden moche comune meyny,      145
-  that have no consideracion but only to voluntary lustes withouten
-  reson. But than thilke governour so forsaken, fayninge to-forn
-  his undoinge for misrule in his tyme, shoop to have letted thilke
-  eleccion, and have made a newe, him-selfe to have ben chosen;
-  and under that, mokil rore [to] have arered. These thinges, lady,     150
-  knowen among the princes, and made open to the people,
-  draweth in amendement, that every degree shal ben ordayned to
-  stande there-as he shulde; and that of errours coming herafter
-  men may lightly to-forn-hand purvaye remedye; in this wyse pees
-  and rest to be furthered and holde. Of the whiche thinges, lady,      155
-  thilke persones broughten in answere to-forn their moste soverayne
-  juge, not coarted by payninge dures, openly knowlegeden, and
-  asked therof grace; so that apertly it preveth my wordes ben
-  sothe, without forginge of lesinges.
-
-  But now it greveth me to remembre these dyvers sentences, in          160
-  janglinge of these shepy people; certes, me thinketh, they oughten
-  to maken joye that a sothe may be knowe. For my trouthe and
-  my conscience ben witnesse to me bothe, that this (knowinge
-  sothe) have I sayd, for no harme ne malice of tho persones, but
-  only for trouthe of my sacrament in my ligeaunce, by whiche           165
-  I was charged on my kinges behalfe. But see ye not now, lady,
-  how the felonous thoughtes of this people and covins of wicked
-  men conspyren ayen my sothfast trouth! See ye not every wight
-  that to these erroneous opinions were assentaunt, and helpes to
-  the noyse, and knewen al these thinges better than I my-selven,       170
-  apparaylen to fynden newe frendes, and clepen me fals, and
-  studyen how they mowen in her mouthes werse plyte nempne?
-  O god, what may this be, that thilke folk whiche that in tyme of
-  my mayntenaunce, and whan my might avayled to strecche to
-  the forsayd maters, tho me commended, and yave me name of             175
-  trouth, in so manyfolde maners that it was nyghe in every
-  wightes eere, there-as any of thilke people weren; and on the
-  other syde, thilke company somtyme passed, yevinge me name
-  of badde loos: now bothe tho peoples turned the good in-to
-  badde, and badde in-to good? Whiche thing is wonder, that             180
-  they knowing me saying but sothe, arn now tempted to reply her
-  olde praysinges; and knowen me wel in al doinges to ben trewe,
-  and sayn openly that I false have sayd many thinges! And they
-  aleged nothing me to ben false or untrewe, save thilke mater
-  knowleged by the parties hem-selfe; and god wot, other mater          185
-  is non. Ye also, lady, knowe these thinges for trewe; I avaunte
-  not in praysing of my-selfe; therby shulde I lese the precious
-  secre of my conscience. But ye see wel that false opinion of the
-  people for my trouthe, in telling out of false conspyred maters;
-  and after the jugement of these clerkes, I shulde not hyde the        190
-  sothe of no maner person, mayster ne other. Wherfore I wolde
-  not drede, were it put in the consideracion of trewe and of wyse.
-  And for comers hereafter shullen fully, out of denwere, al the
-  sothe knowe of these thinges in acte, but as they wern, I have
-  put it in scripture, in perpetuel remembraunce of true meninge.       195
-  For trewly, lady, me semeth that I ought to bere the name of
-  trouthe, that for the love of rightwysnesse have thus me +submitted.
-  But now than the false fame, which that (clerkes sayn)
-  flyeth as faste as doth the fame of trouthe, shal so wyde sprede
-  til it be brought to the jewel that I of mene; and so shal I ben      200
-  hindred, withouten any mesure of trouthe.'
-
-CH. VI. 2. great. beare. 3. _read_ enfame; _see l. 6_. one. obiections. 7.
-Nowe. leasynges put on the. 8. wronge. 9. se. encreaseth. 10. the. 11. arte
-encreased. 12. _I supply_ is. 13. the. harme. false. 15. _I supply_ voyd.
-arte. 17. disease. 22. reason. 23. fulfylde. 24. sayne. lente. 25. sayne.
-weaked; _read_ wikked? 26. anoye.
-
-27. sayne. 29. great. 30. forsaken; _read_ forsake. 31. encrease. 32. arne.
-33. nowe. howe. 36. disease. se. 37. vnderstande. 38. fame or by goodnesse
-enfame; _read_ fame by goodnesse or enfame. 39. _Supply_ of. reasonable.
-40. wytte. reason to-forne. 41. herde. 42. toforne. 45. conuercion. 48.
-Howe. zedeoreys _or_ [gh]edeoreys. 53. meane se nowe. 55. great. 56.
-exitours. werne. 61. tel.
-
-63. One. comforte. 64. profyte. 65. profyte. comynaltie. peace. 66.
-profyte. 68. meanynge. 71. _I supply_ the _and_ that. 72. rancoure. 73.
-fornecaste. distruction. 74. blynde. 76. Nowe. caste. 77. dwel. 78. threde.
-80. howe peace. 81. endused. 84. done. maye. helpe (_repeated after_
-comen); _read_ wele. thynge. 86. distroyeng. 87. misdede. 88. frende maye.
-94. -forthe. debate. 95. stryfe. distruction. 96. peace. comunaltie. 97.
-cytie. 98. forthe.
-
-101-6. peace (_five times_). 104. thynge. perfyte. 107. left. 108. came.
-109. perfytely. 110. none. 111-2. peace (_twice_). 112. one (_twice_). 113.
-howe. 114-5. peace (_twice_). 115. comunalties and cytes. 116. toforne.
-119. meanynge. feoble. 120. none. gubernatyfe. 122. passyfe. 126. election.
-128. agayne. 129. subiection. 131. distruction. 135. doone.
-
-138. meanynge. 139. heauy. 141. election. _Supply_ was mad. great
-(_twice_). _Supply_ that. 142. disease. election. 143. face; _read_ fate.
-146. onely. 147. reason. to-forne. 148. shope. 149. electyon. 151. amonge.
-154. to forne hande. peace. 156. to forne. 158. apertely. 159. leasynges.
-160. nowe. 162. maye. 164. sayde. 165. onely. leigeaunce. 166. se. nowe.
-168. Se. 171. cleapen. false.
-
-172. howe. 173. maye. folke. 174. stretch. 179. Nowe. 181. knowyuge
-(_sic_). sayng. arne nowe. 183. sayne. 184. nothynge. 185. wote. 186. none.
-188. se. 194. werne. 195. meanynge. 196. beare. 197. submytten (!). 198.
-nowe. sayne. 199. dothe. 200. meane. 201. measure.
-
-                          CHAPTER VII.
-
-  Than gan Love sadly me beholde, and sayd in a changed
-  voyce, lower than she had spoken in any tyme: 'Fayn
-  wolde I,' quod she, 'that thou were holpen; but hast thou sayd
-  any-thing whiche thou might not proven?'
-
-  'Parde,' quod I, 'the persones, every thing as I have sayd, han         5
-  knowleged hem-selfe.'
-
-  'Ye,' quod she, 'but what if they hadden nayed? How
-  woldest thou have maynteyned it?'
-
-  'Sothely,' quod I, 'it is wel wist, bothe amonges the greetest
-  and other of the realme, that I profered my body so largely in-to      10
-  provinge of tho thinges, that Mars shulde have juged the ende;
-  but, for sothnesse of my wordes, they durste not to thilke juge
-  truste.'
-
-  'Now, certes,' quod she, 'above al fames in this worlde, the
-  name of marcial doinges most plesen to ladyes of my lore; but          15
-  sithen thou were redy, and thyne adversaryes in thy presence
-  refused thilke doing; thy fame ought to be so born as if in dede
-  it had take to the ende. And therfore every wight that any
-  droppe of reson hath, and hereth of thee infame for these thinges,
-  hath this answere to saye: "trewly thou saydest; for thyne             20
-  adversaryes thy wordes affirmed." And if thou haddest lyed, yet
-  are they discomfited, the prise leved on thy syde; so that fame
-  shal holde down infame; he shal bringe [it in] upon none
-  halfe. What greveth thee thyne enemye[s] to sayn their owne
-  shame, as thus: "we arn discomfited, and yet our quarel is             25
-  trewe?" Shal not the loos of thy frendes ayenward dequace thilke
-  enfame, and saye they graunted a sothe without a stroke or fighting?
-  Many men in batayle ben discomfited and overcome in
-  a rightful quarel, that is goddes privy jugement in heven; but
-  yet, although the party be yolden, he may with wordes saye his         30
-  quarel is trewe, and to yelde him, in the contrarye, for drede of
-  dethe he is compelled; and he that graunteth and no stroke hath
-  feled, he may not crepe away in this wyse by none excusacion.
-  Indifferent folk wil say: "ye, who is trewe, who is fals, him-selfe
-  knowlegeth tho thinges." Thus in every syde fame sheweth to            35
-  thee good and no badde.'
-
-  'But yet,' quod I, 'some wil say, I ne shulde, for no dethe,
-  have discovered my maistresse; and so by unkyndnesse they
-  wol knette infame, to pursue me aboute. Thus enemyes of wil,
-  in manyfolde maner, wol seche privy serpentynes queintyses, to         40
-  quenche and distroye, by venim of many besinesses, the light of
-  tr[o]uthe; to make hertes to murmure ayenst my persone, to have
-  me in hayne withouten any cause.'
-
-  'Now,' quod she, 'here me a fewe wordes, and thou shalt fully
-  ben answered, I trowe. Me thinketh (quod she) right now, by            45
-  thy wordes, that sacrament of swering, that is to say, charging by
-  othe, was oon of the causes to make thee discover the malicious
-  imaginacions tofore nempned. Every ooth, by knittinge of copulation,
-  muste have these lawes, that is, trewe jugement and rightwysenesse;
-  in whiche thinge if any of these lacke, the ooth is                    50
-  y-tourned in-to the name of perjury. Than to make a trewe
-  serment, most nedes these thinges folowe. For ofte tymes, a man
-  to saye sothe, but jugement and justice folowe, he is forsworn;
-  ensample of Herodes, for holdinge of his serment was [he]
-  dampned.                                                               55
-
-  Also, to saye tr[o]uthe rightfulliche (but in jugement) otherwhile
-  is forboden, by that al sothes be nat to sayne. Therfore in
-  jugement, in tr[o]uthe, and rightwisenesse, is every creature
-  bounden, up payne of perjury, ful knowing to make, tho[ugh] it
-  were of his owne persone, for drede of sinne; after that worde,        60
-  "better is it to dey than live false." And, al wolde perverted people
-  fals report make in unkyndnesse, in that entent thy [en]fame to
-  reyse, whan light of tr[o]uthe in these maters is forth sprongen
-  and openly publisshed among commens, than shal nat suche
-  derke enfame dare appere, for pure shame of his falsnesse. As some     65
-  men ther ben that their owne enfame can none otherwyse voide
-  or els excuse, but +by hindringe of other mennes fame; which
-  that by non other cause clepen other men false, but for [that]
-  with their owne falsnesse mowen they nat ben avaunsed; or els
-  by false sklaund[r]inge wordes other men shenden, their owne           70
-  trewe sklaunder to make seme the lasse. For if such men wolden
-  their eyen of their conscience revolven, [they] shulden seen the
-  same sentence they legen on other springe out of their sydes, with
-  so many braunches, it were impossible to nombre. To whiche
-  therefore may it be sayd in that thinge, "this man thou demest,        75
-  therein thy-selfe thou condempnest."
-
-  But (quod she) understand nat by these wordes, that thou
-  wene me saye thee to be worthy sclaunder, for any mater tofore
-  written; truely I wolde witnesse the contrary; but I saye that
-  the bemes of sclaundring wordes may not be don awaye til the           80
-  daye of dome. For how shulde it nat yet, amonges so greet
-  plentee of people, ben many shrewes, sithen whan no mo but
-  eight persons in Noes shippe were closed, yet oon was a shrewe
-  and skorned his father? These thinges (quod she) I trowe, shewen
-  that fals fame is nat to drede, ne of wyse persons to accepte, and     85
-  namely nat of thy Margarite, whose wysdom here-after I thinke to
-  declare; wherfore I wot wel suche thing shal nat her asterte;
-  than of unkyndnesse thyn ooth hath thee excused at the fulle.
-  But now, if thou woldest nat greve, me list a fewe thinges to
-  shewe.'                                                                90
-
-  'Say on,' quod I, 'what ye wol; I trowe ye mene but trouthe
-  and my profit in tyme cominge.'
-
-  'Trewly,' quod she, 'that is sothe, so thou con wel kepe these
-  wordes, and in the in[ne]rest secre chambre of thyne herte so
-  faste hem close that they never flitte; than shalt thou fynde hem      95
-  avayling. Loke now what people hast thou served; whiche of
-  hem al in tyme of thyne exile ever thee refresshed, by the valewe
-  of the leste coyned plate that walketh in money? Who was sory,
-  or made any rewth for thy disese? If they hadden getten their
-  purpose, of thy misaventure sette they nat an hawe. Lo, whan          100
-  thou were emprisonned, how faste they hyed in helpe of thy
-  deliveraunce! I wene of thy dethe they yeve but lyte. They
-  loked after no-thing but after their owne lustes. And if thou liste
-  say the sothe, al that meyny that in this +brige thee broughten,
-  lokeden rather after thyne helpes than thee to have releved.          105
-
-  Owen nat yet some of hem money for his commens? Paydest
-  nat thou for some of her dispences, til they were tourned out of
-  Selande? Who yave thee ever ought for any rydinge thou madest?
-  Yet, parde, some of hem token money for thy chambre, and
-  putte tho pens in his purse, unwetinge of the renter.                 110
-
-  Lo for which a company thou medlest, that neither thee ne
-  them-selfe mighten helpe of unkyndnesse; now they bere the
-  name that thou supposest of hem for to have. What might thou
-  more have don than thou diddest, but-if thou woldest in a fals
-  quarel have been a stinkinge martyr? I wene thou fleddest, as         115
-  longe as thou might, their privite to counsayle; which thing thou
-  hele[de]st lenger than thou shuldest. And thilke that ought thee
-  money no penny wolde paye; they wende thy returne hadde ben
-  an impossible. How might thou better have hem proved, but thus
-  in thy nedy diseses? Now hast thou ensaumple for whom thou            120
-  shalt meddle; trewly, this lore is worth many goodes.'
-
-CH. VII. 2. Fayne. 3. haste. 4. -thynge. 7. Yea. Howe. 9. wyste. amongest.
-greatest. 14. Nowe. 15. moste pleasen. 17. borne. 19. reason. the. 22.
-leaued. 23. _Supply_ it in. 24. the. enemye (_sic_). sayne. 25. arne. 30.
-partie. 33. maye.
-
-34. folke. false. 36. the. 44. Nowe. shalte. 45. answerde. nowe. 46.
-swearyng. 47. one. the. 48. othe. copulation. 50. othe. 53. forsworne. 54.
-_Supply_ he. 61. false. 62. reporte. 63. forthe. 67. be; _for_ by. 68.
-cleapen. _Supply_ that. 70. sklaundynge. shendyn.
-
-72. _I supply_ they. sene. 73. legen [_for_ aleggen]. 75. maye. 77.
-vndersta_n_de. 78. the. 80. beames. done. 81. howe. great. 82. plentie. 83.
-one. 85. false. 86. wysedom. 87. wotte. thynge. 88. thyne othe. the. 89.
-nowe. 91. meane. 92. profyte. 94. inrest. 95. shalte. 96. nowe. haste. 97.
-the. 98. sorye. 99. disease. 101. howe. 103. -thynge. 104. brigge; _read_
-brige. 104, 105. the.
-
-108. the. 109. pardye. 111. the. 112. now. beare. 114. done. false. 117.
-helest; _read_ heledest. the. 119. Howe. 120. diseases. Nowe haste. 121.
-shalte. worthe.
-
-                          CHAPTER VIII.
-
-  +Eft gan Love to +steren me [with] these wordes: 'thinke
-  on my speche; for trewly here-after it wol do thee lykinge;
-  and how-so-ever thou see Fortune shape her wheele to tourne,
-  this meditacion [shal] by no waye revolve. For certes, Fortune
-  sheweth her fayrest, whan she thinketh to begyle. And as me             5
-  thought, here-toforn thou saydest, thy loos in love, for thy
-  rightwysenesse ought to be raysed, shulde be a-lowed in tyme cominge.
-  Thou might in love so thee have, that loos and fame shul so ben
-  raysed, that to thy frendes comfort, and sorowe to thyne enemys,
-  endlesse shul endure.                                                  10
-
-  But if thou were the oon sheep, amonges the hundred, were lost
-  in deserte and out of the way hadde erred, and now to the flocke
-  art restoored, the shepherd hath in thee no joye and thou ayen
-  to the forrest tourne. But that right as the sorowe and anguisshe
-  was greet in tyme of thyne out-waye goinge, right so                   15
-  joye and gladnesse shal be doubled to sene thee converted; and
-  nat as Lothes wyf ayen-lokinge, but [in] hool counsayle with the
-  shepe folowinge, and with them grasse and herbes gadre. Never-the-later
-  (quod she) I saye nat these thinges for no wantrust that
-  I have in supposinge of thee otherwyse than I shulde. For              20
-  trewly, I wot wel that now thou art set in suche a purpose, out of
-  whiche thee liste nat to parte. But I saye it for many men there
-  been, that to knowinge of other mennes doinges setten al their
-  cure, and lightly desyren the badde to clatter rather than the
-  good, and have no wil their owne maner to amende. They also            25
-  hate of olde rancours lightly haven; and there that suche thing
-  abydeth, sodaynly in their mouthes procedeth the habundaunce
-  of the herte, and wordes as stones out-throwe. Wherfore my
-  counsayl is ever-more openly and apertly, in what place thou sitte,
-  counterplete th'errours and meninges in as fer as thou hem             30
-  wistest false, and leve for no wight to make hem be knowe in
-  every bodyes ere; and be alway pacient and use Jacobes wordes,
-  what-so-ever men of thee clappen: "I shal sustayne my ladyes
-  wrathe which I have deserved, so longe as my Margarite hath
-  rightwysed my cause." And certes (quod she) I witnesse my-selfe,       35
-  if thou, thus converted, sorowest in good meninge in thyne herte,
-  [and] wolt from al vanite parfitly departe, in consolacioun of al
-  good plesaunce of that Margaryte, whiche that thou desyrest after
-  wil of thyn herte, in a maner of a +moders pite, [she] shul fully
-  accepte thee in-to grace. For right as thou rentest clothes in         40
-  open sighte, so openly to sowe hem at his worshippe withouten
-  reprofe [is] commended. Also, right as thou were ensample of
-  moche-folde errour, right so thou must be ensample of manyfolde
-  correccioun; so good savour to forgoing +of errour causeth diligent
-  love, with many playted praisinges to folowe; and than shal al         45
-  the firste errours make the folowinge worshippes to seme hugely
-  encresed. Blacke and white, set togider, every for other more
-  semeth; and so doth every thinges contrary in kynde. But
-  infame, that goth alwaye tofore, and praysinge worship by any
-  cause folowinge after, maketh to ryse the ilke honour in double        50
-  of welth; and that quencheth the spotte of the first enfame. Why
-  wenest, I saye, these thinges in hindringe of thy name? Nay,
-  nay, god wot, but for pure encresing worship, thy rightwysenesse to
-  commende, and thy trouthe to seme the more. Wost nat wel
-  thy-selfe, that thou in fourme of making +passest nat Adam that eet    55
-  of the apple? Thou +passest nat the stedfastnesse of Noe, that
-  eetinge of the grape becom dronke. Thou passest nat the
-  chastite of Lothe, that lay by his doughter; eke the nobley of
-  Abraham, whom god reproved by his pryde; also Davides
-  mekenesse, whiche for a woman made Urye be slawe. What?                60
-  also Hector of Troye, in whom no defaute might be founde, yet
-  is he reproved that he ne hadde with manhode nat suffred the
-  warre begonne, ne Paris to have went in-to Grece, by whom gan
-  al the sorowe. For trewly, him lacketh no venim of prive
-  consenting, whiche that openly leveth a wrong to withsaye.             65
-
-  Lo eke an olde proverbe amonges many other: "He that is
-  stille semeth as he graunted."
-
-  Now by these ensamples thou might fully understonde, that
-  these thinges ben writte to your lerning, and in rightwysenesse of
-  tho persones, as thus: To every wight his defaute committed            70
-  made goodnesse afterwardes don be the more in reverence and in
-  open shewing; for ensample, is it nat songe in holy churche,
-  "Lo, how necessary was Adams synne!" David the king gat
-  Salomon the king of her that was Uryes wyf. Truly, for reprofe
-  is non of these thinges writte.  Right so, tho I reherce thy           75
-  before-dede, I repreve thee never the more; ne for no villany of
-  thee are they rehersed, but for worshippe, so thou continewe wel
-  here-after: and for profit of thy-selfe I rede thou on hem thinke.'
-
-  Than sayde I right thus: 'Lady of unite and accorde, envy
-  and wrathe lurken there thou comest in place; ye weten wel             80
-  your-selve, and so don many other, that whyle I administred the
-  office of commen doinge, as in rulinge of the stablisshmentes
-  amonges the people, I defouled never my conscience for no
-  maner dede; but ever, by witte and by counsayle of the wysest,
-  the maters weren drawen to their right endes. And thus trewly          85
-  for you, lady, I have desyred suche cure; and certes, in your
-  service was I nat ydel, as fer as suche doinge of my cure
-  streccheth.'
-
-  'That is a thing,' quod she, 'that may drawe many hertes of
-  noble, and voice of commune in-to glory; and fame is nat but           90
-  wrecched and fickle. Alas! that mankynde coveyteth in so leude
-  a wyse to be rewarded of any good dede, sithe glorie of fame, in
-  this worlde, is nat but hindringe of glorie in tyme comminge!
-  And certes (quod she) yet at the hardest suche fame, in-to heven,
-  is nat the erthe but a centre to the cercle of heven? A pricke is      95
-  wonder litel in respect of al the cercle; and yet, in al this pricke,
-  may no name be born, in maner of peersing, for many obstacles,
-  as waters, and wildernesse, and straunge langages. And nat only
-  names of men ben stilled and holden out of knowleginge by these
-  obstacles, but also citees and realmes of prosperite ben letted to    100
-  be knowe, and their reson hindred; so that they mowe nat ben
-  parfitly in mennes propre understandinge. How shulde than the
-  name of a singuler Londenoys passe the glorious name of London,
-  whiche by many it is commended, and by many it is lacked, and
-  in many mo places in erthe nat knowen than knowen? For in             105
-  many countrees litel is London in knowing or in spech; and yet
-  among oon maner of people may nat such fame in goodnes
-  come; for as many as praysen, commenly as many lacken. Fy
-  than on such maner fame! Slepe, and suffre him that knoweth
-  previte of hertes to dele suche fame in thilke place there nothing    110
-  ayenst a sothe shal neither speke ne dare apere, by attourney
-  ne by other maner. How many greet-named, and many greet
-  in worthinesse losed, han be tofore this tyme, that now out
-  of memorie are slidden, and clenely forgeten, for defaute of
-  wrytinges! And yet scriptures for greet elde so ben defased, that     115
-  no perpetualte may in hem ben juged. But if thou wolt make
-  comparisoun to ever, what joye mayst thou have in erthly name?
-  It is a fayr lykenesse, a pees or oon grayn of whete, to a thousand
-  shippes ful of corne charged! What nombre is betwene the
-  oon and th'other? And yet mowe bothe they be nombred, and             120
-  ende in rekening have. But trewly, al that may be nombred is
-  nothing to recken, as to thilke that may nat be nombred. For
-  +of the thinges ended is mad comparison; as, oon litel, another
-  greet; but in thinges to have an ende, and another no ende,
-  suche comparisoun may nat be founden. Wherfore in heven to            125
-  ben losed with god hath non ende, but endlesse endureth; and
-  thou canst nothing don aright, but thou desyre the rumour therof
-  be heled and in every wightes ere; and that dureth but a pricke
-  in respecte of the other. And so thou sekest reward of folkes
-  smale wordes, and of vayne praysinges. Trewly, therin thou            130
-  lesest the guerdon of vertue; and lesest the grettest valour of
-  conscience, and uphap thy renome everlasting. Therfore boldely
-  renome of fame of the erthe shulde be hated, and fame after deth
-  shulde be desyred of werkes of vertue. [Trewly, vertue] asketh
-  guerdoning, and the soule causeth al vertue. Than the soule,          135
-  delivered out of prison of erthe, is most worthy suche guerdon
-  among to have in the everlastinge fame; and nat the body, that
-  causeth al mannes yvels.
-
-CH. VIII. 1. Ofte; _read_ Eft. sterne; _read_ steren. _I supply_ with. 2.
-the. 3. howe. se. 4. meditation. _I supply_ shal. 6. toforne. 8. the. 9.
-co_m_forte. 11. one shepe. 12. loste. nowe. 13. arte. shepeherd. the. 15.
-great. 16. the.
-
-17. wyfe. _I supply_ in. hoole. 20. the. 21. wotte. nowe. arte sette. 22.
-the. 23. bene. 26. thynge. 28. stones _repeated in_ Th. 29. counsayle.
-apertely. 30. therrours. meanynges. ferre. 31. wystyst. leaue. 32. eare.
-33. menne. the. 36. meanynge. 37. _I supply_ and. wolte. parfytely. 37.
-consolatyoun. 38. pleasaunce. 39. hert. mothers; _read_ moders. _I supply_
-she. 40. the. 42. _I supply_ is. 44. correctioun. al; _read_ of. _After_
-errour _I omit_ distroyeng (_gloss upon_ forgoing). 47. encreased. sette.
-48. dothe. 49. gothe. worshippe.
-
-52. wenyste. Naye nay god wotte. 53. encreasyng. 55-7. passeth (_twice_);
-passyst (_third time_). ete. 57. eatynge. become. 61. whome. 63. begon.
-ganne. 65. leaueth. wronge. withsay. 68. Nowe. 71. done. 72. song. 73.
-howe. gate. 74. wyfe. 75. none. 76-7. the (_twice_). 78. profyte. 81. done.
-87. ferre. 88. stretcheth.
-
-91. wretched. 96. respecte. 97. borne. 98. onely. 101. reason. 102.
-parfitely. Howe. 107. one. 108. Fye. 110. nothynge. 112. Howe. great
-(_twice_). 113. nowe. 115. great. 116. maye. wolte. 118. fayre. one grayne
-of wheate. thousande. 120. one. thother. 121-2. maye. 123. ofte; _read_ of
-the. made. one. 124. great.
-
-126. none. 127. canste nothynge done. rumoure. 128. healed; _read_ deled?
-eare. 129. rewarde. 131. valoure. consyence. 134. _Supply_ Trewly, vertue.
-136. prisone. guerdone.
-
-                          CHAPTER IX.
-
-  Of twey thinges art thou answered, as me thinketh (quod
-  Love); and if any thing be in doute in thy soule, shewe
-  it forth, thyn ignoraunce to clere, and leve it for no shame.'
-
-  'Certes,' quod I, 'there is no body in this worlde, that aught
-  coude saye by reson ayenst any of your skilles, as I leve; and by       5
-  my witte now fele I wel, that yvel-spekers or berers of enfame
-  may litel greve or lette my purpos, but rather by suche thinge my
-  quarel to be forthered.'
-
-  'Ye,' quod she,'and it is proved also, that the ilke jewel in
-  my kepinge shal nat there-thorow be stered, of the lest moment         10
-  that might be imagined.'
-
-  'That is soth,' quod I.
-
-  'Wel,' quod she, 'than +leveth there, to declare that thy
-  insuffisance is no maner letting, as thus: for that she is so worthy,
-  thou shuldest not clymbe so highe; for thy moebles and thyn            15
-  estate arn voyded, thou thinkest [thee] fallen in suche miserie,
-  that gladnesse of thy pursute wol nat on thee discende.'
-
-  'Certes,' quod I, 'that is sothe; right suche thought is in myn
-  herte; for commenly it is spoken, and for an olde proverbe it is
-  leged: "He that heweth to hye, with chippes he may lese                20
-  his sight." Wherfore I have ben about, in al that ever I might,
-  to studye wayes of remedye by one syde or by another.'
-
-  'Now,' quod she, 'god forbede +that thou seke any other
-  doinges but suche as I have lerned thee in our restinge-whyles,
-  and suche herbes as ben planted in oure gardins. Thou shalt            25
-  wel understande that above man is but oon god alone.'
-
-  'How,' quod I, 'han men to-forn this tyme trusted in writtes
-  and chauntements, and in helpes of spirites that dwellen in the
-  ayre, and therby they han getten their desyres, where-as first, for
-  al his manly power, he daunced behynde?'                               30
-
-  'O,' quod she, 'fy on suche maters! For trewly, that is
-  sacrilege; and that shal have no sort with any of my servauntes;
-  in myne eyen shal suche thing nat be loked after. How often is
-  it commaunded by these passed wyse, that "to one god shal men
-  serve, and not to goddes?" And who that liste to have myne             35
-  helpes, shal aske none helpe of foule spirites. Alas! is nat man
-  maked semblable to god? Wost thou nat wel, that al vertue of
-  lyvelich werkinge, by goddes purveyaunce, is underput to resonable
-  creature in erthe? Is nat every thing, a this halfe god, mad
-  buxom to mannes contemplation, understandinge in heven and             40
-  in erthe and in helle? Hath not man beinge with stones, soule of
-  wexing with trees and herbes? Hath he nat soule of felinge, with
-  beestes, fisshes, and foules? And he hath soule of reson and
-  understanding with aungels; so that in him is knit al maner
-  of lyvinges by a resonable proporcioun. Also man is mad of             45
-  al the foure elementes. Al universitee is rekened in him alone;
-  he hath, under god, principalite above al thinges. Now is his
-  soule here, now a thousand myle hence; now fer, now nygh;
-  now hye, now lowe; as fer in a moment as in mountenaunce of
-  ten winter; and al this is in mannes governaunce and disposicion.      50
-  Than sheweth it that men ben liche unto goddes, and children of
-  moost heyght. But now, sithen al thinges [arn] underput to the
-  wil of resonable creatures, god forbede any man to winne that
-  lordship, and aske helpe of any-thing lower than him-selfe; and than,
-  namely, of foule thinges innominable. Now than, why shuldest           55
-  thou wene to love to highe, sithen nothing is thee above but god
-  alone? Trewly, I wot wel that thilke jewel is in a maner even in
-  lyne of degree there thou art thy-selfe, and nought above, save
-  thus: aungel upon angel, man upon man, and devil upon devil
-  han a maner of soveraigntee; and that shal cese at the daye            60
-  of dome. And so I say: though thou be put to serve the
-  ilke jewel duringe thy lyfe, yet is that no servage of
-  underputtinge, but a maner of travayling plesaunce, to conquere and
-  gette that thou hast not. I sette now the hardest: in my service
-  now thou deydest, for sorowe of wantinge in thy desyres; trewly,       65
-  al hevenly bodyes with one voyce shul come and make melody in
-  thy cominge, and saye--"Welcome, our fere, and worthy to entre
-  into Jupiters joye! For thou with might hast overcome deth;
-  thou woldest never flitte out of thy service; and we al shul
-  now praye to the goddes, rowe by rowe, to make thilk Margarite,        70
-  that no routh had in this persone, but unkyndely without comfort
-  let thee deye, shal besette her-selfe in suche wyse, that in erthe,
-  for parte of vengeaunce, shal she no joye have in loves service;
-  and whan she is deed, than shal her soule ben brought up in-to
-  thy presence; and whider thou wilt chese, thilke soule shal ben        75
-  committed." Or els, after thy deth, anon al the foresayd hevenly
-  bodyes, by one accorde, shal +benimen from thilke perle al the
-  vertues that firste her were taken; for she hath hem forfeyted
-  by that on thee, my servaunt, in thy lyve, she wolde not suffre
-  to worche al vertues, withdrawen by might of the hygh bodyes.          80
-  Why than shuldest thou wene so any more? And if thee liste
-  to loke upon the lawe of kynde, and with order whiche to me
-  was ordayned, sothely, non age, non overtourninge tyme but
-  +hiderto had no tyme ne power to chaunge the wedding, ne
-  the knotte to unbynde of two hertes [that] thorow oon assent, in       85
-  my presence, +togider accorden to enduren til deth hem departe.
-  What? trowest thou, every ideot wot the meninge and the privy
-  entent of these thinges? They wene, forsothe, that suche accord
-  may not be, but the rose of maydenhede be plucked. Do way,
-  do way; they knowe nothing of this. For consent of two hertes          90
-  alone maketh the fasteninge of the knotte; neither lawe of kynde
-  ne mannes lawe determineth neither the age ne the qualite of
-  persones, but only accord bitwene thilke twaye. And trewly,
-  after tyme that suche accord, by their consent in hert, is enseled,
-  and put in my tresorye amonges my privy thinges, than ginneth          95
-  the name of spousayle; and although they breken forward bothe,
-  yet suche mater enseled is kept in remembrance for ever. And
-  see now that spouses have the name anon after accord, though
-  the rose be not take. The aungel bad Joseph take Marye his
-  spouse, and to Egypte wende. Lo! she was cleped "spouse,"             100
-  and yet, toforn ne after, neither of hem bothe mente no flesshly
-  lust knowe. Wherfore the wordes of trouthe acorden that my
-  servauntes shulden forsake bothe +fader and moder, and be adherand
-  to his spouse; and they two in unite of one flesshe
-  shulden accorde. And this wyse, two that wern firste in a litel       105
-  maner discordaunt, hygher that oon and lower that other, ben
-  mad evenliche in gree to stonde. But now to enfourme thee
-  that ye ben liche to goddes, these clerkes sayn, and in determinacion
-  shewen, that "three thinges haven [by] the names
-  of goddes ben cleped; that is to sayn: man, divel, and images";       110
-  but yet is there but oon god, of whom al goodnesse, al grace, and
-  al vertue cometh; and he +is loving and trewe, and everlasting,
-  and pryme cause of al being thinges. But men ben goddes
-  lovinge and trewe, but not everlasting; and that is by adopcioun
-  of the everlastinge god. Divels ben goddes, stirringe by              115
-  a maner of lyving; but neither ben they trewe ne everlastinge;
-  and their name of godliheed th[e]y han by usurpacion, as the
-  prophete sayth: "Al goddes of gentyles (that is to say, paynims)
-  are divels." But images ben goddes by nuncupacion; and they
-  ben neither livinge ne trewe, ne everlastinge. After these wordes     120
-  they clepen "goddes" images wrought with mennes handes.
-  But now [art thou a] resonable creature, that by adopcion alone
-  art to the grete god everlastinge, and therby thou art "god"
-  cleped: let thy +faders maners so entre thy wittes that thou might
-  folowe, in-as-moche as longeth to thee, thy +faders worship, so       125
-  that in nothinge thy kynde from his wil declyne, ne from his
-  nobley perverte. In this wyse if thou werche, thou art above
-  al other thinges save god alone; and so say no more "thyn herte
-  to serve in to hye a place."
-
-CH. IX. 1. arte. 2. thynge. 3. thyne. leaue. 5. reason. 6. nowe. bearers.
-7. purpose. 9. Yea. 10. -thorowe. steered. 13. leneth; _read_ leueth. 15.
-thyne. 16. arne. _I supply_ thee. 17. the. 18. myne hert.
-
-20. maye. 23. Nowe. are; _read_ that. 24. the. 25. shalte. 26. one. 27.
-Howe. to forne. 31. fye. 38. vnderputte. 39. thynge. made. 40. buxome. 41.
-manne. 43. reason. 44. knytte. 45. lyuenges. reasonable. made. 47. Nowe.
-48. nowe. nowe ferre nowe. thousande. 49. nowe (_twice_). ferre. momente.
-50. tenne. disposytion. 52. nowe. _I supply_ arn. vnderputte. 53.
-reasonable. 54. lordshippe. thynge.
-
-56. nothynge. the. 57. wote. euyn. 58. arte. 59. manne (_twice_). 60.
-soueraygntie. cease. 61. thoughe putte. 64. haste. 64-5. nowe. 68. haste.
-dethe. 70. nowe pray. 71. _For_ in _read_ on? comforte. 72. lette the. 75.
-wylte. 76. dethe anone. 77. beno_m_men; _read_ benimen. 79. the. 81. the.
-83. none (_twice_). 84. hytherto. 85. _Supply_ that. thorowe one. 86.
-togyther. dethe. 87. ydeot wotte. 88. accorde. 89. waye (_twice_). 90.
-consente.
-
-93. onely. 93-4. accorde. 94. ensealed. 96. breaken forwarde. 97. ensealed.
-kepte. 98. se nowe. accorde. 99. bade. 101. toforne. 102. luste. 103.
-father and mother; _rather_, fader and moder. adherande. 105. werne. 106.
-one. 107. made. nowe. the. 108. sayne. 109. thre. _I supply_ by. 110.
-cleaped. 111. one. 112. his; _read_ is. 116. lyueng. 117. thy; _read_ they.
-118. saythe. 121. cleapen. 122. nowe. _I supply_ art thou a. reasonable.
-123. arte (_twice_). great. 124. lette. 124-5. fathers; _read_ faders. 125.
-the. worshyppe.
-
-127. arte.
-
-                          CHAPTER X.
-
-  Fully have I now declared thyn estate to be good, so thou
-  folow therafter, and that the +objeccion first +by thee
-  aleged, in worthinesse of thy Margaryte, shal not thee lette, as
-  it shal forther thee, and encrese thee. It is now to declare, the
-  last objeccion in nothing may greve.'                                   5
-
-  'Yes, certes,' quod I, 'bothe greve and lette muste it nedes;
-  the contrarye may not ben proved; and see now why. Whyle
-  I was glorious in worldly welfulnesse, and had suche goodes in
-  welth as maken men riche, tho was I drawe in-to companyes
-  that loos, prise, and name yeven. Tho louteden blasours; tho           10
-  curreyden glosours; tho welcomeden flatterers; tho worshipped
-  thilke that now deynen nat to loke. Every wight, in such erthly
-  wele habundant, is holde noble, precious, benigne, and wyse to
-  do what he shal, in any degree that men him sette; al-be-it that
-  the sothe be in the contrarye of al tho thinges. But he that can       15
-  never so wel him behave, and hath vertue habundaunt in manyfolde
-  maners, and be nat welthed with suche erthly goodes, is holde
-  for a foole, and sayd, his wit is but sotted. Lo! how fals for
-  aver is holde trewe! Lo! how trewe is cleped fals for wanting
-  of goodes! Also, lady, dignitees of office maken men mikel             20
-  comended, as thus: "he is so good, were he out, his pere shulde
-  men not fynde." Trewly, I trowe of some suche that are so
-  praysed, were they out ones, another shulde make him so be
-  knowe, he shulde of no wyse no more ben loked after: but only
-  fooles, wel I wot, desyren suche newe thinges. Wherfore I wonder       25
-  that thilke governour, out of whom alone the causes proceden
-  that governen al thinges, whiche that hath ordeyned this world
-  in workes of the kyndely bodyes so be governed, not with
-  unstedfast or happyous thing, but with rules of reson, whiche
-  shewen the course of certayne thinges: why suffreth he suche           30
-  slydinge chaunges, that misturnen suche noble thinges as ben we
-  men, that arn a fayr parcel of the erthe, and holden the upperest
-  degree, under god, of benigne thinges, as ye sayden right now
-  your-selfe; shulde never man have ben set in so worthy a place
-  but-if his degre were ordayned noble. Alas! thou that knittest         35
-  the purveyaunce of al thinges, why lokest thou not to amenden
-  these defautes? I see shrewes that han wicked maners sitten in
-  chayres of domes, lambes to punisshen, there wolves shulden ben
-  punisshed. Lo! vertue, shynende naturelly, for povertee lurketh,
-  and is hid under cloude; but the moone false, forsworn (as             40
-  I knowe my-selfe) for aver and yeftes, hath usurped to shyne by
-  day-light, with peynture of other mens praysinges; and trewly,
-  thilke forged light fouly shulde fade, were the trouth away of
-  colours feyned. Thus is night turned in-to day, and day in-to
-  night; winter in-to sommer, and sommer in-to winter; not in            45
-  dede, but in misclepinge of foliche people.'
-
-  'Now,' quod she, 'what wenest thou of these thinges? How
-  felest thou in thyn hert, by what governaunce that this cometh
-  aboute?'
-
-  'Certes,' quod I, 'that wot I never; but-if it be that Fortune         50
-  hath graunt from above, to lede the ende of man as her lyketh.'
-
-  'Ah! now I see,' quod she, 'th'entent of thy mening! Lo,
-  bycause thy worldly goodes ben fulliche dispent, thou beraft out
-  of dignite of office, in whiche thou madest the +gaderinge of thilke
-  goodes, and yet diddest in that office by counsaile of wyse [before    55
-  that] any thing were ended; and true were unto hem whos profit
-  thou shuldest loke; and seest now many that in thilke hervest
-  made of thee mokel, and now, for glosing of other, deyneth thee
-  nought to forther, but enhaunsen false shrewes by witnessinge of
-  trouthe! These thinges greveth thyn herte, to sene thy-selfe thus      60
-  abated; and than, fraylte of mankynde ne setteth but litel by the
-  lesers of suche richesse, have he never so moche vertue; and so
-  thou wenest of thy jewel to renne in dispyt, and not ben accepted
-  in-to grace. Al this shal thee nothing hinder. Now (quod she)
-  first thou wost wel, thou lostest nothing that ever mightest thou      65
-  chalenge for thyn owne. Whan nature brought thee forth, come
-  thou not naked out of thy +moders wombe? Thou haddest no
-  richesse; and whan thou shalt entre in-to the ende of every
-  flesshly body, what shalt thou have with thee than? So, every
-  richesse thou hast in tyme of thy livinge, nis but lent; thou          70
-  might therin chalenge no propertee. And see now; every thing
-  that is a mannes own, he may do therwith what him lyketh, to
-  yeve or to kepe; bul richesse thou playnest from thee lost; if thy
-  might had strecched so ferforth, fayn thou woldest have hem kept,
-  multiplyed with mo other; and so, ayenst thy wil, ben they departed    75
-  from thee; wherfore they were never thyn. And if thou laudest
-  and joyest any wight, for he is stuffed with suche maner richesse,
-  thou art in that beleve begyled; for thou wenest thilke joye to be
-  selinesse or els ese; and he that hath lost suche happes to ben
-  unsely.'                                                               80
-
-  'Ye, forsoth,' quod I.
-
-  'Wel,' quod she, 'than wol I prove that unsely in that wise is
-  to preise; and so the tother is, the contrary, to be lacked.'
-
-  'How so?' quod I.
-
-  'For Unsely,' quod she, 'begyleth nat, but sheweth th'entent           85
-  of her working. _Et e contra_: Selinesse begyleth. For in prosperite
-  she maketh a jape in blyndnesse; that is, she wyndeth him to
-  make sorowe whan she withdraweth. Wolt thou nat (quod she)
-  preise him better that sheweth to thee his herte, tho[ugh] it be
-  with bytande wordes and dispitous, than him that gloseth and           90
-  thinketh in +his absence to do thee many harmes?'
-
-  'Certes,' quod I, 'the oon is to commende; and the other to
-  lacke and dispice.'
-
-  'A! ha!' quod she, 'right so Ese, while +she lasteth, gloseth
-  and flatereth; and lightly voydeth whan she most plesauntly            95
-  sheweth; and ever, in hir absence, she is aboute to do thee tene
-  and sorowe in herte. But Unsely, al-be-it with bytande chere,
-  sheweth what she is, and so doth not that other; wherfore
-  Unsely doth not begyle. Selinesse disceyveth; Unsely put away
-  doute. That oon maketh men blynde; that other openeth their           100
-  eyen in shewinge of wrecchidnesse. The oon is ful of drede to
-  lese that is not his owne; that other is sobre, and maketh men
-  discharged of mokel hevinesse in burthen. The oon draweth
-  a man from very good; the other haleth him to vertue by the
-  hookes of thoughtes. And wenist thou nat that thy disese hath         105
-  don thee mokel more to winne than ever yet thou lostest, and
-  more than ever the contrary made thee winne? Is nat a greet
-  good, to thy thinking, for to knowe the hertes of thy sothfast
-  frendes? Parde, they ben proved to the ful, and the trewe have
-  discevered fro the false. Trewly, at the goinge of the ilke brotel    110
-  joye, ther yede no more away than the ilke that was nat thyn
-  proper. He was never from that lightly departed; thyn owne
-  good therfore leveth it stille with thee. Now good (quod she);
-  for how moche woldest thou somtyme have bought this verry
-  knowing of thy frendes from the flatteringe flyes that thee glosed,   115
-  whan thou thought thy-selfe sely? But thou that playnest of losse
-  in richesse, hast founden the most dere-worthy thing; that thou
-  clepest unsely hath made thee moche thing to winnen. And
-  also, for conclusioun of al, he is frende that now leveth nat his
-  herte from thyne helpes. And if that Margarite denyeth now nat        120
-  to suffre her vertues shyne to thee-wardes with spredinge bemes,
-  as far or farther than if thou were sely in worldly joye, trewly,
-  I saye nat els but she is somdel to blame.'
-
-  'Ah! pees,' quod I, 'and speke no more of this; myn herte
-  breketh, now thou touchest any suche wordes!'                         125
-
-  'A! wel!' quod she, 'thanne let us singen; thou herest no
-  more of these thinges at this tyme.'
-
-  THUS ENDETH THE FIRSTE BOOK OF THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE;
-  AND HERAFTER FOLOWETH THE SECONDE.
-
-CH. X. 1. nowe. 2. abiection; _read_ objeccion. be; _read_ by. the. 3. the.
-4. the. encrease the. nowe. 5. obiection. 6. let. 7. maye. se nowe. 12.
-nowe. 14. set. 15. can ne never; _omit_ ne. 18. wytte. false. 19. auer
-(_sic_); _for_ aueir (_avoir_). howe. cleaped. false. 24. onely. 25. wotte.
-new. 26. whome. 27. worlde.
-
-29. reason. 32. arne a fayre parsel. 33. nowe. 37. se. 39. pouertie. 40.
-hydde. forsworne. 44. daye (_twice_). 46. miscleapynge. 50. wotte. 52. nowe
-I se. thentent. meanyng. 53. berafte. 54. gatherynge. 55. _I supply_ before
-that. 56. whose profyte. 57. nowe. 58. the (_twice_). nowe. 63. dispyte.
-64. the. Nowe. 65. woste.
-
-66. the forthe. 67. mothers; _read_ moders. 69. the. 70. haste. lente. 71.
-propertie. se nowe. 72. owne. 73. the. 74. stretched. fayne. 76. the. 78.
-arte. 79. ease. loste. 84. Howe. 85. thentent. 88. Wolte. 89. the. 91.
-their; _read_ his. the. 92. one. 94. ease. he; _read_ she. 99. dothe.
-awaye. 100-1. one (_twice_). 101. wretchydnesse.
-
-103. one. 105. disease. 106. done the. 107. the. great. 109. Pardy. 111.
-awaye. 111-2. thyne. 113. leaueth. the. Nowe. 114. howe. 115. the. 117.
-thynge. 118. cleapest. the. thynge. 119. nowe leaueth. 120. hert. nowe.
-121. the. spreadynge beames. 122. farre. 123. somdele. 124. peace. myne.
-125. breaketh nowe. 126. lette.
-
-                          BOOK II.
-
-                          CHAPTER I.
-
-  Very welth may not be founden in al this worlde; and that
-  is wel sene. Lo! how in my mooste comfort, as I wende
-  and moost supposed to have had ful answere of my contrary
-  thoughtes, sodaynly it was vanisshed. And al the workes of man
-  faren in the same wyse; whan folk wenen best her entent for to          5
-  have and willes to perfourme, anon chaunging of the lift syde to
-  the right halve tourneth it so clene in-to another kynde, that never
-  shal it come to the first plyte in doinge.
-
-  O this wonderful steering so soone otherwysed out of knowinge!
-  But for my purpos was at the beginninge, and so dureth yet, if god     10
-  of his grace tyme wol me graunt, I thinke to perfourme this
-  worke, as I have begonne, in love; after as my thinne wit, with
-  inspiracion of him that hildeth al grace, wol suffre. Grevously,
-  god wot, have I suffred a greet throwe that the Romayne
-  emperour, which in unite of love shulde acorde, and every with         15
-  other * * * * in cause of other to avaunce; and namely, sithe
-  this empyre [nedeth] to be corrected of so many sectes in heresie
-  of faith, of service, o[f] rule in loves religion. Trewly, al were
-  it but to shende erroneous opinions, I may it no lenger suffre.
-  For many men there ben that sayn love to be in gravel and sande,       20
-  that with see ebbinge and flowinge woweth, as riches that sodaynly
-  vanissheth. And some sayn that love shulde be in windy blastes,
-  that stoundmele turneth as a phane, and glorie of renome, which
-  after lustes of the varyaunt people is areysed or stilled.
-
-  Many also wenen that in the sonne and the moone and other              25
-  sterres love shulde ben founden; for among al other planettes
-  moste soveraynly they shynen, as dignitees in reverence of estates
-  rather than good han and occupyen. Ful many also there ben
-  that in okes and in huge postes supposen love to ben grounded,
-  as in strength and in might, whiche mowen not helpen their owne        30
-  wrecchidnesse, whan they ginne to falle. But [of] suche diversite
-  of sectes, ayenst the rightful beleve of love, these errours ben forth
-  spredde, that loves servantes in trewe rule and stedfast fayth in
-  no place daren apere. Thus irrecuperable joy is went, and anoy
-  endless is entred. For no man aright reproveth suche errours,          35
-  but [men] confirmen their wordes, and sayn, that badde is noble
-  good, and goodnesse is badde; to which folk the prophete biddeth
-  wo without ende.
-
-  Also manye tonges of greet false techinges in gylinge maner,
-  principally in my tymes, not only with wordes but also with armes,     40
-  loves servauntes and professe in his religion of trewe rule pursewen,
-  to confounden and to distroyen. And for as moche as holy +faders,
-  that of our Christen fayth aproved and strengthed to the Jewes, as
-  to men resonable and of divinite lerned, proved thilke fayth with
-  resones, and with auctorites of the olde testament and of the newe,    45
-  her pertinacie to distroy: but to paynims, that for beestes and
-  houndes were holde, to putte hem out of their errour, was +miracle
-  of god shewed. These thinges were figured by cominge of th'angel
-  to the shepherdes, and by the sterre to paynims kinges; as who
-  sayth: angel resonable to resonable creature, and sterre of miracle    50
-  to people bestial not lerned, wern sent to enforme. But I, lovers
-  clerk, in al my conning and with al my mightes, trewly I have no
-  suche grace in vertue of miracles, ne for no discomfit falsheedes
-  suffyseth not auctorites alone; sithen that suche [arn] heretikes
-  and maintaynours of falsites. Wherfore I wot wel, sithen that          55
-  they ben men, and reson is approved in hem, the clowde of errour
-  hath her reson beyond probable resons, whiche that cacchende
-  wit rightfully may not with-sitte. By my travaylinge studie I have
-  ordeyned hem, +whiche that auctorite, misglosed by mannes
-  reson, to graunt shal ben enduced.                                     60
-
-  Now ginneth my penne to quake, to thinken on the sentences
-  of the envyous people, whiche alway ben redy, both ryder and
-  goer, to scorne and to jape this leude book; and me, for rancour
-  and hate in their hertes, they shullen so dispyse, that although
-  my book be leude, yet shal it ben more leude holden, and by            65
-  wicked wordes in many maner apayred. Certes, me thinketh,
-  [of] the sowne of their badde speche right now is ful bothe myne
-  eeres. O good precious Margaryte, myne herte shulde wepe if
-  I wiste ye token hede of suche maner speche; but trewly, I wot
-  wel, in that your wysdom shal not asterte. For of god, maker of        70
-  kynde, witnesse I took, that for none envy ne yvel have I drawe
-  this mater togider; but only for goodnesse to maintayn, and
-  errours in falsetees to distroy. Wherfore (as I sayd) with reson
-  I thinke, thilke forsayd errours to distroye and dequace.
-
-  These resons and suche other, if they enduce men, in loves             75
-  service, trewe to beleve of parfit blisse, yet to ful faithe in
-  credence of deserte fully mowe they nat suffyse; sithen 'faith hath
-  no merite of mede, whan mannes reson sheweth experience in
-  doing.' For utterly no reson the parfit blisse of love by no waye
-  may make to be comprehended. Lo! what is a parcel of lovers            80
-  joye? Parfit science, in good service, of their desyre to comprehende
-  in bodily doinge the lykinge of the soule; not as by
-  a glasse to have contemplacion of tyme cominge, but thilke first
-  imagined and thought after face to face in beholding. What
-  herte, what reson, what understandinge can make his heven to be        85
-  feled and knowe, without assaye in doinge? Certes, noon. Sithen
-  thanne of love cometh suche fruite in blisse, and love in him-selfe
-  is the most among other vertues, as clerkes sayn; the seed of
-  suche springinge in al places, in al countreys, in al worldes shulde
-  ben sowe.                                                              90
-
-  But o! welawaye! thilke seed is forsake, and +mowe not ben
-  suffred, the lond-tillers to sette a-werke, without medlinge of
-  cockle; badde wedes whiche somtyme stonken +han caught the
-  name of love among idiotes and badde-meninge people. Never-the-later,
-  yet how-so-it-be that men clepe thilke +thing preciousest              95
-  in kynde, with many eke-names, that other thinges that the soule
-  yeven the ilke noble name, it sheweth wel that in a maner men
-  have a greet lykinge in worshippinge of thilke name. Wherfore
-  this worke have I writte; and to thee, tytled of Loves name,
-  I have it avowed in a maner of sacrifyse; that, where-ever it be      100
-  rad, it mowe in merite, by the excellence of thilke name, the
-  more wexe in authorite and worshippe of takinge in hede; and to
-  what entent it was ordayned, the inseeres mowen ben moved.
-  Every thing to whom is owande occasion don as for his ende,
-  Aristotle supposeth that the actes of every thinge ben in a maner     105
-  his final cause. A final cause is noblerer, or els even as noble,
-  as thilke thing that is finally to thilke ende; wherfore accion of
-  thinge everlasting is demed to be eternal, and not temporal;
-  sithen it is his final cause. Right so the actes of my boke 'Love,'
-  and love is noble; wherfore, though my book be leude, the cause       110
-  with which I am stered, and for whom I ought it doon, noble
-  forsothe ben bothe. But bycause that in conninge I am yong,
-  and can yet but crepe, this leude A. b. c. have I set in-to lerning;
-  for I can not passen the telling of three as yet. And if god
-  wil, in shorte tyme, I shal amende this leudnesse in joininge         115
-  syllables; whiche thing, for dulnesse of witte, I may not in three
-  letters declare. For trewly I saye, the goodnesse of my Margaryte-perle
-  wolde yeve mater in endyting to many clerkes; certes, her
-  mercy is more to me swetter than any livinges; wherfore my
-  lippes mowen not suffyse, in speking of her ful laude and worshippe   120
-  as they shulde. But who is that [wolde be wyse] in
-  knowing of the orders of heven, and putteth his resones in the
-  erthe? I forsothe may not, with blere eyen, the shyning sonne of
-  vertue in bright whele of this Margaryte beholde; therfore as yet
-  I may her not discryve in vertue as I wolde. In tyme cominge,         125
-  in another tretyse, thorow goddes grace, this sonne in clerenesse
-  of vertue to be-knowe, and how she enlumineth al this day,
-  I thinke to declare.
-
-CH. I. 2. howe. comforte. 3. hadde. 5. folke. 6. anone. 10. purpose. 12.
-wytte. 14. wotte. great. 16. _(Something seems to be lost here)._ 17. _I
-supply_ nedeth. 18. o; _read_ of. 19. erronyous. maye. 20. menne. sayne.
-26. amonge.
-
-31. wretchydnesse. fal. _I supply_ of. 32. forthe. 33. stedfaste faythe.
-34. darne. 35. endlesse. 36. _I supply_ men. 37. folke. 39. great. 40.
-onely. 42. fathers; _read_ faders. 44. faythe. 47. put. miracles; _read_
-miracle. 48. thangel. 50. saythe. 51. werne. 53. discomfyte. 54. _I supply_
-arn. 55. wotte. 56. reason. erroure. 57. reason. bewonde (_sic_). catchende
-wytte. 59. with; _read_ whiche. 60. reason. 61. Nowe. 62. alwaye. 63.
-booke. rancoure. 64. althoughe. 65. booke.
-
-67. _I supply_ of. nowe. 69. wotte. 70. wysdome 71. toke. 73. reason. 75.
-reasons. 76. parfyte. 78-9. reason (_twice_). 79. parfyte. 80. maye.
-persel. 81. parfyte. 85. reason. 86. none. 88. amonge. sayne. 88-91. sede.
-91. mowen; _read_ mowe. 92. londe-tyllers. set. 93. hath; _read_ han. 94.
-meanynge. 95. howe. menne cleape. kynge (_sic_); _read_ thing. 98. great.
-99. the. 101. radde.
-
-104. thynge. done. 107. thynge. 110. boke. 111. done (_sic_). 112. yonge.
-113. canne. sette. 114. thre. 116. thynge. maye. thre. 121. that in knowyng
-(_sic_); _supply_ wolde be wyse _before_ in knowing. 125. maye. 126.
-thorowe. 127. howe.
-
-                          CHAPTER II.
-
-  In this mene whyle this comfortable lady gan singe a wonder
-  mater of endytinge in Latin; but trewly, the noble colours in
-  rethorik wyse knitte were so craftely, that my conning wol not
-  strecche to remembre; but the sentence, I trowe, somdel have
-  I in mynde. Certes, they were wonder swete of sowne, and they           5
-  were touched al in lamentacion wyse, and by no werbles of
-  myrthe. Lo! thus gan she singe in Latin, as I may constrewe it
-  in our Englisshe tonge.
-
-  'Alas! that these hevenly bodyes their light and course shewen,
-  as nature yave hem in commaundement at the ginning of the first        10
-  age; but these thinges in free choice of reson han non
-  understondinge. But man that ought to passe al thing of doinge, of
-  right course in kynde, over-whelmed sothnesse by wrongful tytle,
-  and hath drawen the sterre of envye to gon by his syde, that the
-  clips of me, that shulde be his shynande sonne, so ofte is seye,       15
-  that it wened thilke errour, thorow hem come in, shulde ben myn
-  owne defaute. Trewly, therfore, I have me withdrawe, and mad
-  my dwellinge out of lande in an yle by my-selfe, in the occian
-  closed; and yet sayn there many, they have me harberowed; but,
-  god wot, they faylen. These thinges me greven to thinke, and           20
-  namely on passed gladnesse, that in this worlde was wont me
-  disporte of highe and lowe; and now it is fayled; they that
-  wolden maystries me have in thilke stoundes. In heven on
-  highe, above Saturnes sphere, in sesonable tyme were they
-  lodged; but now come queynte counsailours that in no house             25
-  wol suffre me sojourne, wherof is pite; and yet sayn some that
-  they me have in celler with wyne shed; in gernere, there corn is
-  layd covered with whete; in sacke, sowed with wolle; in purse,
-  with money faste knit; among pannes mouled in a +whicche;
-  in presse, among clothes layd, with riche pelure arayed; in stable,    30
-  among hors and other beestes, as hogges, sheep, and neet; and
-  in many other wyse. But thou, maker of light (in winking of
-  thyn eye the sonne is queynt), wost right wel that I in trewe name
-  was never thus herberowed.
-
-  Somtyme, toforn the sonne in the seventh partie was smiten,            35
-  I bar both crosse and mytre, to yeve it where I wolde. With me
-  the pope wente a-fote; and I tho was worshipped of al holy
-  church. Kinges baden me their crownes holden. The law was
-  set as it shuld; tofore the juge, as wel the poore durste shewe
-  his greef as the riche, for al his money. I defended tho taylages,     40
-  and was redy for the poore to paye. I made grete feestes in my
-  tyme, and noble songes, and maryed damoselles of gentil feture,
-  withouten golde or other richesse. Poore clerkes, for witte of
-  schole, I sette in churches, and made suche persones to preche;
-  and tho was service in holy churche honest and devout, in              45
-  plesaunce bothe of god and of the people. But now the leude
-  for symonye is avaunced, and shendeth al holy churche. Now is
-  steward, for his achates; now +is courtiour, for his debates; now
-  is eschetour, for his wronges; now is losel, for his songes,
-  personer; and [hath his] provendre alone, with whiche manye            50
-  thrifty shulde encrese. And yet is this shrewe behynde; free
-  herte is forsake; and losengeour is take. Lo! it acordeth; for
-  suche there ben that voluntarie lustes haunten in courte with
-  ribaudye, that til midnight and more wol playe and wake, but in
-  the churche at matins he is behynde, for yvel disposicion of his       55
-  stomake; therfore he shulde ete bene-breed (and so did his
-  syre) his estate ther-with to strengthen. His auter is broke, and
-  lowe lyth, in poynte to gon to the erthe; but his hors muste ben
-  esy and hye, to bere him over grete waters. His chalice poore,
-  but he hath riche cuppes. No towayle but a shete, there god            60
-  shal ben handled; and on his mete-borde there shal ben bord-clothes
-  and towelles many payre. At masse serveth but a clergion;
-  fyve squiers in hal. Poore chaunsel, open holes in every
-  syde; beddes of silke, with tapites going al aboute his chambre.
-  Poore masse-book and leud chapelayn, and broken surplice with          65
-  many an hole; good houndes and many, to hunte after hart and
-  hare, to fede in their feestes. Of poore men have they greet
-  care; for they ever crave and nothing offren, they wolden have
-  hem dolven! But among legistres there dar I not come; my
-  doinge[s], they sayn, maken hem nedy. They ne wolde for                70
-  nothing have me in town; for than were tort and +force nought
-  worth an hawe about, and plesen no men, but thilk grevous and
-  torcious ben in might and in doing. These thinges to-forn-sayd
-  mowe wel, if men liste, ryme; trewly, they acorde nothing. And
-  for-as-moch as al thinges by me shulden of right ben governed,         75
-  I am sory to see that governaunce fayleth, as thus: to sene smale
-  and lowe governe the hye and bodies above. Certes, that
-  policye is naught; it is forbode by them that of governaunce
-  treten and enformen.  And right as beestly wit shulde ben
-  subject to reson, so erthly power in it-selfe, the lower shulde ben    80
-  subject to the hygher. What is worth thy body, but it be
-  governed with thy soule? Right so litel or naught is worth
-  erthely power, but if reignatif prudence in heedes governe the
-  smale; to whiche heedes the smale owen to obey and suffre in
-  their governaunce. But soverainnesse ayenward shulde thinke in         85
-  this wyse: "I am servaunt of these creatures to me delivered,
-  not lord, but defendour; not mayster, but enfourmer; not
-  possessour, but in possession; and to hem liche a tree in whiche
-  sparowes shullen stelen, her birdes to norisshe and forth bringe,
-  under suretee ayenst al raveynous foules and beestes, and not to       90
-  be tyraunt them-selfe." And than the smale, in reste and quiete,
-  by the heedes wel disposed, owen for their soveraynes helth and
-  prosperite to pray, and in other doinges in maintenaunce therof
-  performe, withouten other administracion in rule of any maner
-  governaunce. And they wit have in hem, and grace to come to            95
-  suche thinges, yet shulde they cese til their heedes them cleped,
-  although profit and plesaunce shulde folowe. But trewly, other
-  governaunce ne other medlinge ought they not to clayme, ne
-  the heedes on hem to putte. Trewly, amonges cosinage dar
-  I not come, but-if richesse be my mene; sothly, she and other         100
-  bodily goodes maketh nigh cosinage, ther never propinquite ne
-  alyaunce in lyve was ne shulde have be, nere it for her medling
-  maners; wherfore kindly am I not ther leged. Povert of
-  kinred is behynde; richesse suffreth him to passe; truly he saith,
-  he com never of Japhetes childre. Whereof I am sory that              105
-  Japhetes children, for povert, in no linage ben rekened, and
-  Caynes children, for riches, be maked Japhetes heires. Alas! this
-  is a wonder chaunge bitwene tho two Noes children, sithen that
-  of Japhetes ofspring comeden knightes, and of Cayn discended
-  the lyne of servage to his brothers childre. Lo! how gentillesse      110
-  and servage, as cosins, bothe discended out of two brethern of
-  one body! Wherfore I saye in sothnesse, that gentilesse in
-  kinrede +maketh not gentil linage in succession, without desert
-  of a mans own selfe. Where is now the lyne of Alisaundre the
-  noble, or els of Hector of Troye? Who is discended of right           115
-  bloode of lyne fro king Artour? Parde, sir Perdicas, whom that
-  Alisandre made to ben his heire in Grece, was of no kinges
-  bloode; his dame was a tombestere. Of what kinred ben the
-  gentiles in our dayes? I trow therfore, if any good be in gentilesse,
-  it is only that it semeth a maner of necessite be input to            120
-  gentilmen, that they shulden not varyen fro the vertues of their
-  auncestres. Certes, al maner linage of men ben evenliche in
-  birth; for oon +fader, maker of al goodnes, enformed hem al,
-  and al mortal folk of one sede arn greyned. Wherto avaunt men
-  of her linage, in cosinage or in +elde-faders? Loke now the ginning,  125
-  and to god, maker of mans person; there is no clerk ne no
-  worthy in gentilesse; and he that norissheth his +corage with
-  vyces and unresonable lustes, and leveth the kynde course, to
-  whiche ende him brought forth his birthe, trewly, he is ungentil,
-  and among +cherles may ben nempned. And therfore, he that             130
-  wol ben gentil, he mot daunten his flesshe fro vyces that causen
-  ungentilnesse, and leve also reignes of wicked lustes, and drawe
-  to him vertue, that in al places gentilnesse gentilmen maketh.
-  And so speke I, in feminine gendre in general, of tho persones,
-  at the reverence of one whom every wight honoureth; for her           135
-  bountee and her noblesse y-made her to god so dere, that his
-  moder she became; and she me hath had so greet in worship,
-  that I nil for nothing in open declare, that in any thinge ayenst her
-  secte may so wene. For al vertue and al worthinesse of plesaunce
-  in hem haboundeth. And although I wolde any-thing speke,              140
-  trewly I can not; I may fynde in yvel of hem no maner mater.'
-
-CH. II. 1. meane. ganne. 4. stretche. somdele. 7. ganne.
-
-11. none. 12. thynge. 15. sey; _read_ seye _or_ seyen. 16. thorowe. 17.
-made. 19. sayne. 20. wote. 21. wonte. 23. nowe. 24. seasonable. 26. sayne.
-27. corne. 28. layde. 29. knytte. amonge (_twice_). wyche; _read_ whicche.
-30. layde. 31. amonge horse. shepe. nete. 33. woste. 36. bare. 37. went.
-40. grefe. 41. pay. great. 44. preache.
-
-45. deuoute. 46. nowe. 47. Nowe. 48. stewarde. nowe. it; _read_ is. nowe.
-49. eschetoure. nowe. 50. _I supply_ hath his. 51. encrease. 56. eate
-beane-. 58. lythe. gone. horse. 59. easy. beare. great. 61. meate-. borde-.
-65. boke. leude chapelayne. 66. harte. 67. great. 68. nothynge. 69. amonge.
-dare. 70. sayne. 71. forthe; _read_ force. 72. worthe. pleasen. 73.
-to-forne-. 74. nothynge. 76. sorye. se. 78. polesye. 79. treaten. wytte.
-
-80. subiecte. reason. 82. worthe. 83. reignatyfe. 85. ayenwarde. 87. lorde.
-88. possessoure. 89. forth bring. 90. suretie. 96. cease. 97. profyte.
-pleasaunce. 99. put. dare. 100. meane. 109. comeden (_sic_); _read_ comen?
-110. howe. 111. bretherne. 113. maken; _read_ maketh. deserte. 114. nowe.
-
-118. tombystere. 123. one. father; _read_ fader. 124. folke. arne. 125.
--fathers; _read_ -faders. 126. clerke. 127. corare; _read_ corage. 128.
-leaueth. 129. forthe. 130. amonge. clerkes (!); _read_ cherles. 131. mote.
-132. leaue. 136. bountie. 137. great. 139. maye.
-
-                          CHAPTER III.
-
-  Right with these wordes she stinte of that lamentable
-  melodye; and I gan with a lyvely herte to praye, if that
-  it were lyking unto her noble grace, she wolde her deyne to
-  declare me the mater that firste was begonne, in which she lefte
-  and stinte to speke beforn she gan to singe.                            5
-
-  'O,' quod she, 'this is no newe thing to me, to sene you men
-  desyren after mater, whiche your-selfe caused to voyde.'
-
-  'Ah, good lady,' quod I, 'in whom victorie of strength is proved
-  above al other thing, after the jugement of Esdram, whos lordship
-  al lignes: who is, that right as emperour hem commaundeth,             10
-  whether thilke ben not women, in whos lyknesse to me ye aperen?
-  For right as man halt the principalte of al thing under his beinge,
-  in the masculyne gender; and no mo genders ben there
-  but masculyn and femenyne; al the remenaunt ben no gendres but
-  of grace, in facultee of grammer: right so, in the femenyne, the       15
-  women holden the upperest degree of al thinges under thilke
-  gendre conteyned. Who bringeth forth kinges, whiche that ben
-  lordes of see and of erthe; and al peoples of women ben born.
-  They norisshe hem that graffen vynes; they maken men comfort
-  in their gladde cheres. Her sorowe is deth to mannes herte.            20
-  Without women, the being of men were impossible. They conne
-  with their swetnesse the crewel herte ravisshe, and make it meke,
-  buxom, and benigne, without violence mevinge. In beautee
-  of their eyen, or els of other maner fetures, is al mens desyres;
-  ye, more than in golde, precious stones, either any richesse.          25
-  And in this degree, lady, your-selfe many hertes of men have
-  so bounden, that parfit blisse in womankynde to ben men wenen,
-  and in nothinge els. Also, lady, the goodnesse, the vertue of
-  women, by properte of discrecion, is so wel knowen, by litelnesse
-  of malice, that desyre to a good asker by no waye conne they           30
-  warne. And ye thanne, that wol not passe the kynde werchinge
-  of your sectes by general discrecion, I wot wel, ye wol so enclyne
-  to my prayere, that grace of my requeste shal fully ben graunted.'
-
-  'Certes,' quod she, 'thus for the more parte fareth al mankynde,
-  to praye and to crye after womans grace, and fayne many fantasyes      35
-  to make hertes enclyne to your desyres. And whan these
-  sely women, for freelte of their kynde, beleven your wordes, and
-  wenen al be gospel the promise of your behestes, than graunt[en]
-  they to you their hertes, and fulfillen your lustes, wherthrough
-  their liberte in maystreship that they toforn had is thralled; and     40
-  so maked soverayn and to be prayed, that first was servaunt,
-  and voice of prayer used. Anon as filled is your lust, many of you
-  be so trewe, that litel hede take ye of suche kyndnesse; but
-  with traysoun anon ye thinke hem begyle, and let light of that
-  thing whiche firste ye maked to you wonders dere; so what              45
-  thing to women it is to loven any wight er she him wel knowe,
-  and have him proved in many halfe! For every glittring thing
-  is nat gold; and under colour of fayre speche many vices may
-  be hid and conseled. Therfore I rede no wight to trust on you
-  to rathe; mens chere and her speche right gyleful is ful ofte.         50
-  Wherfore without good assay, it is nat worth on many +of you
-  to truste. Trewly, it is right kyndely to every man that thinketh
-  women betraye, and shewen outward al goodnesse, til he have
-  his wil performed. Lo! the bird is begyled with the mery voice
-  of the foulers whistel. Whan a woman is closed in your nette,          55
-  than wol ye causes fynden, and bere unkyndenesse her +on
-  hande, or falsete upon her putte, your owne malicious trayson
-  with suche thinge to excuse. Lo! than han women non other
-  wreche in vengeaunce, but +blobere and wepe til hem list stint,
-  and sorily her mishap complayne; and is put in-to wening that          60
-  al men ben so untrewe. How often have men chaunged her
-  loves in a litel whyle, or els, for fayling their wil, in their
-  places hem set! For fren[d]ship shal be oon, and fame with another
-  him list for to have, and a thirde for delyt; or els were he lost
-  bothe in packe and in clothes! Is this fair? Nay, god wot.             65
-  I may nat telle, by thousande partes, the wronges in trechery
-  of suche false people; for make they never so good a bond,
-  al sette ye at a myte whan your hert tourneth. And they that
-  wenen for sorowe of you deye, the pite of your false herte is flowe
-  out of towne. Alas! therfore, that ever any woman wolde take           70
-  any wight in her grace, til she knowe, at the ful, on whom she
-  might at al assayes truste! Women con no more craft in queynt
-  knowinge, to understande the false disceyvable conjectementes
-  of mannes begylinges. Lo! how it fareth; though ye men
-  gronen and cryen, certes, it is but disceyt; and that preveth wel      75
-  by th'endes in your werkinge. How many women have ben
-  lorn, and with shame foule shent by long-lastinge tyme, whiche
-  thorow mennes gyle have ben disceyved? Ever their fame shal
-  dure, and their dedes [ben] rad and songe in many londes; that
-  they han don, recoveren shal they never; but alway ben demed           80
-  lightly, in suche plyte a-yen shulde they falle. Of whiche slaunders
-  and tenes ye false men and wicked ben the verey causes; on you
-  by right ought these shames and these reproves al hoolly discende.
-  Thus arn ye al nighe untrewe; for al your fayre speche, your
-  herte is ful fickel. What cause han ye women to dispyse? Better        85
-  fruite than they ben, ne swetter spyces to your behove, mowe ye
-  not fynde, as far as worldly bodyes strecchen. Loke to their
-  forminge, at the making of their persones by god in joye of
-  paradyce! For goodnesse, of mans propre body were they
-  maked, after the sawes of the bible, rehersing goddes wordes in        90
-  this wyse: "It is good to mankynde that we make to him an
-  helper." Lo! in paradyse, for your helpe, was this tree graffed,
-  out of whiche al linage of man discendeth. If a man be noble
-  frute, of noble frute it is sprongen; the blisse of paradyse, to
-  mennes sory hertes, yet in this tree abydeth. O! noble helpes          95
-  ben these trees, and gentil jewel to ben worshipped of every
-  good creature! He that hem anoyeth doth his owne shame; it is
-  a comfortable perle ayenst al tenes. Every company is mirthed
-  by their present being. Trewly, I wiste never vertue, but a woman
-  were therof the rote. What is heven the worse though Sarazins         100
-  on it lyen? Is your fayth untrewe, though +renegates maken
-  theron lesinges? If the fyr doth any wight brenne, blame his
-  owne wit that put him-selfe so far in the hete. Is not fyr gentillest
-  and most comfortable element amonges al other? Fyr
-  is cheef werker in fortheringe sustenaunce to mankynde. Shal          105
-  fyr ben blamed for it brende a foole naturelly, by his own stulty
-  witte in steringe? Ah! wicked folkes! For your propre malice
-  and shreudnesse of your-selfe, ye blame and dispyse the precious[es]t
-  thing of your kynde, and whiche thinges among other
-  moste ye desyren! Trewly, Nero and his children ben shrewes,          110
-  that dispysen so their dames. The wickednesse and gyling of
-  men, in disclaundring of thilke that most hath hem glad[d]ed
-  and plesed, were impossible to wryte or to nempne. Never-the-later
-  yet I say, he that knoweth a way may it lightly passe; eke
-  an herbe proved may safely to smertande sores ben layd. So            115
-  I say, in him that is proved is nothing suche yvels to gesse.
-  But these thinges have I rehersed, to warne you women al at
-  ones, that to lightly, without good assaye, ye assenten not to
-  mannes speche. The sonne in the day-light is to knowen from
-  the moone that shyneth in the night. Now to thee thy-selfe            120
-  (quod she) as I have ofte sayd, I knowe wel thyne herte; thou
-  art noon of al the tofore-nempned people. For I knowe wel the
-  continuaunce of thy service, that never sithen I sette thee
-  a-werke, might thy Margaryte for plesaunce, frendship, ne fayrhede
-  of none other, be in poynte moved from thyne herte; wherfore          125
-  in-to myne housholde hastely I wol that thou entre, and al the
-  parfit privite of my werking, make it be knowe in thy understonding,
-  as oon of my privy familiers. Thou desyrest (quod she)
-  fayn to here of tho thinges there I lefte?'
-
-  'Ye, forsothe,' quod I, 'that were to me a greet blisse.'             130
-
-  'Now,' quod she, 'for thou shalt not wene that womans condicions
-  for fayre speche suche thing belongeth:--
-
-CH. III. 2. ganne. 5. beforne. 6. thynge. menne. 9. thynge. whose.
-
-10. lignes (_sic_). 11. whose lykenesse. 12. halte. 15. facultie. 17.
-forthe. 18. borne. 19. comforte. 20. dethe. 23. buxome. beautie. 27.
-parfyte. 32. wotte. 38. graunt. 40. toforne.
-
-48. golde. 51. worthe. on; _read_ of. 53. -warde. 54. birde. 56. beare.
-vnha_n_de; _read_ on hande. 58. none. 59. bloder; _read_ blobere. 61. Howe.
-63. sette. frenship (_sic_). one. 64. lyste. delyte. 65. faire. 66. maye.
-tel. 67. bo_n_de. 69. dey. 72. trust. crafte. 74. howe. 76. thendes. Howe.
-77. lorne. longe-. 78. thorowe. 79. _I supply_ ben. radde. 80. done. 81.
-fal. 83. holy.
-
-84. arne. 87. farre. stretchen. 97. dothe. 99. wyst. 101. faythe. thoughe
-rennogates. 102. leasynges. fyre (_four times_) 103. wytte. farre. heate.
-104, 112. moste. 104. element comfortable; _read_ comfortable element. 105.
-chefe. 108. precioust. 109. amonge. 112-3. gladed and pleased. 115. layde.
-120. Nowe. the.
-
-122. arte none. 123. set the. 124. frendeshyp. fayrehede. 127. parfyte.
-128. one. 129. fayne. 130. great. 131. Nowe.
-
-                          CHAPTER IV.
-
-  Thou shalt,' quod she, 'understonde first among al other
-  thinges, that al the cure of my service to me in the parfit
-  blisse in doing is desyred in every mannes herte, be he never
-  so moche a wrecche; but every man travayleth by dyvers studye,
-  and seke[th] thilke blisse by dyvers wayes. But al the endes            5
-  are knit in selinesse of desyre in the parfit blisse, that is suche
-  joye, whan men it have gotten, there +leveth no thing more to
-  ben coveyted. But how that desyre of suche perfeccion in
-  my service be kindely set in lovers hertes, yet her erroneous
-  opinions misturne it by falsenesse of wening. And although             10
-  mannes understanding be misturned, to knowe whiche shuld ben
-  the way unto my person, and whither it abydeth; yet wote they
-  there is a love in every wight, [whiche] weneth by that thing that
-  he coveyteth most, he shulde come to thilke love; and that
-  is parfit blisse of my servauntes; but than fulle blisse may not       15
-  be, and there lacke any thing of that blisse in any syde. Eke it
-  foloweth than, that he that must have ful blisse lacke no blisse in
-  love on no syde.'
-
-  'Therfore, lady,' quod I tho, 'thilke blisse I have desyred,
-  and +soghte toforn this my-selfe, by wayes of riches, of dignite,      20
-  of power, and of renome, wening me in tho +thinges had ben
-  thilke blisse; but ayenst the heer it turneth. Whan I supposed
-  beste thilke blisse have +getten, and come to the ful purpose
-  of your service, sodaynly was I hindred, and throwen so fer
-  abacke, that me thinketh an inpossible to come there I lefte.'         25
-
-  'I +wot wel,' quod she; 'and therfore hast thou fayled; for
-  thou wentest not by the hye way. A litel misgoing in the ginning
-  causeth mikil errour in the ende; wherfore of thilke blisse thou
-  fayledest, for having of richesse; ne non of the other thinges thou
-  nempnedest mowen nat make suche parfit blisse in love as I shal        30
-  shewe. Therfore they be nat worthy to thilke blisse; and yet
-  somwhat must ben cause and way to thilke blisse. _Ergo_, there is
-  som suche thing, and som way, but it is litel in usage and that
-  is nat openly y-knowe. But what felest in thyne hert of the
-  service, in whiche by me thou art entred? Wenest aught thy-selfe       35
-  yet be in the hye way to my blisse? I shal so shewe it to
-  thee, thou shalt not conne saye the contrary.'
-
-  'Good lady,' quod I, 'altho I suppose it in my herte, yet
-  wolde I here thyn wordes, how ye menen in this mater.'
-
-  Quod she, 'that I shal, with my good wil. Thilke blisse                40
-  desyred, som-del ye knowen, altho it be nat parfitly. For kyndly
-  entencion ledeth you therto, but in three maner livinges is al suche
-  wayes shewed. Every wight in this world, to have this blisse, oon
-  of thilke three wayes of lyves must procede; whiche, after opinions
-  of grete clerkes, are by names cleped bestiallich, resonablich, [and   45
-  manlich. Resonablich] is vertuous. Manlich is worldlich. Bestialliche
-  is lustes and delytable, nothing restrayned by bridel of reson.
-  Al that joyeth and yeveth gladnesse to the hert, and it be ayenst
-  reson, is lykened to bestial living, which thing foloweth lustes and
-  delytes; wherfore in suche thinge may nat that precious blisse,        50
-  that is maister of al vertues, abyde. Your +faders toforn you have
-  cleped such lusty livinges after the flessh "passions of desyre,"
-  which are innominable tofore god and man both. Than, after
-  determinacion of suche wyse, we accorden that suche passions of
-  desyre shul nat be nempned, but holden for absolute from al other      55
-  livinges and provinges; and so +leveth in t[w]o livinges, manlich
-  and resonable, to declare the maters begonne. But to make thee
-  fully have understanding in manlich livinges, whiche is holden
-  worldlich in these thinges, so that ignorance be mad no letter,
-  I wol (quod she) nempne these forsayd wayes +by names and              60
-  conclusions. First riches, dignite, renome, and power shul in
-  this worke be cleped bodily goodes; for in hem hath ben, a gret
-  throw, mannes trust of selinesse in love: as in riches, suffisance
-  to have maintayned that was begonne by worldly catel; in dignite,
-  honour and reverence of hem that wern underput by maistry              65
-  therby to obeye. In renome, glorie of peoples praising, after
-  lustes in their hert, without hede-taking to qualite and maner of
-  doing; and in power, by trouth of lordships mayntenaunce, thing
-  to procede forth in doing. In al whiche thinges a longe tyme
-  mannes coveytise in commune hath ben greetly grounded, to come         70
-  to the blisse of my service; but trewly, they were begyled, and for
-  the principal muste nedes fayle, and in helping mowe nat availe.
-  See why. For holdest him not poore that is nedy?'
-
-  'Yes, parde,' quod I.
-
-  'And him for dishonored, that moche folk deyne nat to                  75
-  reverence?'
-
-  'That is soth,' quod I.
-
-  'And what him, that his mightes faylen and mowe nat helpen?'
-
-  'Certes,' quod I, 'me semeth, of al men he shulde be holden
-  a wrecche.'                                                            80
-
-  'And wenest nat,' quod she, 'that he that is litel in renome,
-  but rather is out of the praysinges of mo men than a fewe, be nat
-  in shame?'
-
-  'For soth,' quod I, 'it is shame and villany, to him that
-  coveyteth renome, that more folk nat prayse in name than preise.'      85
-
-  'Soth,' quod she, 'thou sayst soth; but al these thinges are
-  folowed of suche maner doinge, and wenden in riches suffisaunce,
-  in power might, in dignite worship, and in renome glorie; wherfore
-  they discended in-to disceyvable wening, and in that service disceit
-  is folowed. And thus, in general, thou and al suche other that so      90
-  worchen, faylen of my blisse that ye long han desyred. Wherfore
-  truly, in lyfe of reson is the hye way to this blisse; as I thinke
-  more openly to declare herafter. Never-the-later yet, in a litel to
-  comforte thy herte, in shewing of what waye thou art entred
-  *selfe, and that thy Margarite may knowe thee set in the hye way,      95
-  I wol enforme thee in this wyse. Thou hast fayled of thy first
-  purpos, bicause thou wentest wronge and leftest the hye way on
-  thy right syde, as thus: thou lokedest on worldly living, and that
-  thing thee begyled; and lightly therfore, as a litel assay, thou
-  songedest; but whan I turned thy purpos, and shewed thee              100
-  a part of the hye waye, tho thou abode therin, and no deth ne
-  ferdnesse of non enemy might thee out of thilk way reve; but
-  ever oon in thyn herte, to come to the ilke blisse, whan thou
-  were arested and firste tyme enprisoned, thou were loth to
-  chaunge thy way, for in thy hert thou wendest to have ben there       105
-  thou shuldest. And for I had routhe to sene thee miscaried,
-  and wiste wel thyn ablenesse my service to forther and encrese,
-  I com my-selfe, without other mene, to visit thy person in comfort
-  of thy hert. And perdy, in my comming thou were greetly
-  glad[d]ed; after whiche tyme no disese, no care, no tene, might       110
-  move me out of thy hert. And yet am I glad and greetly enpited,
-  how continually thou haddest me in mynde, with good avysement
-  of thy conscience, whan thy king and his princes by huge wordes
-  and grete loked after variaunce in thy speche; and ever thou
-  were redy for my sake, in plesaunce of the Margarite-perle and        115
-  many mo other, thy body to oblige in-to Marces doing, if any
-  contraried thy sawes. Stedfast way maketh stedfast hert, with
-  good hope in the ende. Trewly, I wol that thou it wel knowe;
-  for I see thee so set, and not chaunginge herte haddest in my
-  service; and I made thou haddest grace of thy kinge, in               120
-  foryevenesse of mikel misdede. To the gracious king art thou mikel
-  holden, of whos grace and goodnesse somtyme hereafter I thinke
-  thee enforme, whan I shew the ground where-as moral vertue
-  groweth. Who brought thee to werke? Who brought this grace
-  aboute? Who made thy hert hardy? Trewly, it was I. For                125
-  haddest thou of me fayled, than of this purpos had[dest thou]
-  never taken [hede] in this wyse. And therfore I say, thou might
-  wel truste to come to thy blisse, sithen thy ginninge hath ben hard,
-  but ever graciously after thy hertes desyr hath proceded. Silver
-  fyned with many hetes men knowen for trew; and safely men             130
-  may trust to the alay in werkinge. This +disese hath proved what
-  way hence-forward thou thinkest to holde.'
-
-  'Now, in good fayth, lady,' quod I tho, 'I am now in; me
-  semeth, it is the hye way and the right.'
-
-  'Ye, forsothe,' quod she, 'and now I wol disprove thy first           135
-  wayes, by whiche many men wenen to gette thilke blisse. But
-  for-as-moche as every herte that hath caught ful love, is tyed with
-  queynt knittinges, thou shalt understande that love and thilke
-  foresayd blisse toforn declared in this[e] provinges, shal hote the
-  knot in the hert.'                                                    140
-
-  'Wel,' quod I, 'this inpossession I wol wel understande.'
-
-  'Now also,' quod she, 'for the knotte in the herte muste ben
-  from one to an-other, and I knowe thy desyr, I wol thou understande
-  these maters to ben sayd of thy-selfe, in disproving of thy
-  first service, and in strengthinge of thilke that thou hast           145
-  undertake to thy Margaryte-perle.'
-
-  'A goddes halfe,' quod I, 'right wel I fele that al this case is
-  possible and trewe; and therfore I +admitte it altogither.'
-
-  '+Understand wel,' quod she, 'these termes, and loke no
-  contradiccion thou graunt.'                                           150
-
-  'If god wol,' quod I, 'of al these thinges wol I not fayle; and
-  if I graunt contradiccion, I shulde graunte an impossible; and
-  that were a foul inconvenience; for whiche thinges, lady, y-wis,
-  herafter I thinke me to kepe.'
-
-CH. IV. 1. shalte. amonge. 2. parfyte. 4. wretche. 5. seke; _read_ seketh.
-6. p_ar_fyte. 7. lyueth; _read_ leveth. thynge. 8. howe. perfection. 9.
-erronyous. 13. _I supply_ whiche. 14. moste. 15. parfyte. maye. 16. thynge.
-20. sothe; _read_ soghte. toforne.
-
-21. thrages (_sic_); _read_ thinges. 22. heere. 23. get; _read_ getten. 26.
-wol; _read_ wot. 30. p_ar_fite. 33. some (_twice_). 37. the. shalte. con.
-39. howe ye meanen. 41. so_m_e deale. 42. entention. thre. lyuenges. 43.
-one. 44. thre. 45. great. cleaped. _I supply_ and manlich. Resonablich. 47.
-nothynge. 47-9. reason (_twice_). 49. lyueng. thynge. 50. maye. 51.
-fathers. toforne. 52. lyuenges. 54. determination. 56. lyuenges (_twice_).
-lyueth; _read_ leveth. to; _read_ two.
-
-57. the. 58. lyuenges. 59. made. 60. be; _read_ by. 62. cleaped. 64. begon.
-65. werne. 66. obey. 70. greatly. 73. Se. 75. folke. 80. wretch. 89.
-disceite. 92. reason. 94. arte.
-
-95-6. the (_twice_). 97-100. purpose. 98. lyueng. 99. the. 100-2. the. 101.
-parte. dethe. 103. one. 106. the. 107. wyst. thyne. encrease. 108. come.
-mean. _For_ person _read_ prison? comforte. 109. greatly gladed. 110.
-disease. 111. gladde. greatly. 112. howe. 114. great. 115. peerle. 119. se
-the. 121. arte. 122. whose. 123. the. grounde. 124. the. 126. purpose. had;
-_read_ haddest thou. _I supply_ hede. 128. harde. 129. desyre. 130. heates.
-
-131. diseases (_sic_). waye. -forwarde. 133-142. Nowe (_four times_). 139.
-toforne. 143. desyre. 145. stre_n_ghthynge. haste. 148. admytted; _read_
-admytte it. 149. Vnderstanden (_sic_). 149-152. contradyction (_twice_).
-153. foule. ladye.
-
-                          CHAPTER V.
-
-  'Wel,' quod she, 'thou knowest that every thing is a cause,
-  wherthrough any thing hath being that is cleped "caused."
-  Than, if richesse +causeth knot in herte, thilke richesse +is cause
-  of thilke precious thinge being. But after the sentence of
-  Aristotle, every cause is more in dignite than his thinge caused;       5
-  wherthrough it foloweth richesse to ben more in dignite than
-  thilke knot. But richesses arn kyndely naughty, badde, and
-  nedy; and thilke knotte is thing kyndely good, most praysed
-  and desyred. _Ergo_, thing naughty, badde, and nedy in kyndely
-  understandinge is more worthy than thing kyndely good, most            10
-  desyred and praysed! The consequence is fals; nedes, the
-  antecedent mot ben of the same condicion. But that richesses
-  ben bad, naughty, and nedy, that wol I prove; wherfore they
-  mowe cause no suche thing that is so glorious and good. The
-  more richesse thou hast, the more nede hast thou of helpe hem          15
-  to kepe. _Ergo_, thou nedest in richesse, whiche nede thou
-  shuldest not have, if thou hem wantest. Than muste richesse
-  ben nedy, that in their having maken thee nedy to helpes, in
-  suretee thy richesse to kepen; wherthrough foloweth, richesse to
-  ben nedy. Everything causinge yvels is badde and naughty; but          20
-  richesse in one causen misese, in another they mowen not evenly
-  strecchen al about. Wherof cometh plee, debat, thefte, begylinges,
-  but richesse to winne; whiche thinges ben badde, and by richesse
-  arn caused. _Ergo_, thilke richesse[s] ben badde; whiche badnesse
-  and nede ben knit in-to richesse by a maner of kyndely propertee;      25
-  and every cause and caused accorden; so that it foloweth, thilke
-  richesse[s] to have the same accordaunce with badnesse and nede,
-  that their cause asketh. Also, every thing hath his being by his
-  cause; than, if the cause be distroyed, the being of caused is
-  vanisshed. And, so, if richesse[s] causen love, and richesse[s]        30
-  weren distroyed, the love shulde vanisshe; but thilke knotte, and
-  it be trewe, may not vanisshe, for no going of richesse. _Ergo_,
-  richesse is no cause of the knot. And many men, as I sayd,
-  setten the cause of the knotte in richesse; thilke knitten the
-  richesse, and nothing the yvel; thilke persons, what-ever they         35
-  ben, wenen that riches is most worthy to be had; and that make
-  they the cause; and so wene they thilke riches be better than the
-  person. Commenly, suche asken rather after the quantite than
-  after the qualite; and suche wenen, as wel by hem-selfe as by
-  other, that conjunccion of his lyfe and of his soule is no more        40
-  precious, but in as mikel as he hath of richesse. Alas! how may
-  he holden suche thinges precious or noble, that neither han lyf ne
-  soule, ne ordinaunce of werchinge limmes! Suche richesse[s]
-  ben more worthy whan they ben in +gadering; in departing,
-  ginneth his love of other mennes praysing. And avarice +gadering       45
-  maketh be hated, and nedy to many out-helpes; and whan leveth
-  the possession of such goodes, and they ginne vanissh, than
-  entreth sorowe and tene in their hertes. O! badde and strayte
-  ben thilke, that at their departinge maketh men teneful and sory,
-  and in the +gadering of hem make men nedy! Moche folk at               50
-  ones mowen not togider moche therof have. A good gest gladdeth
-  his hoste and al his meyny; but he is a badde gest that maketh
-  his hoste nedy and to be aferd of his gestes going.'
-
-  'Certes,' quod I, 'me wondreth therfore that the comune
-  opinion is thus: "He is worth no more than that he hath in             55
-  catel."'
-
-  'O!' quod she, 'loke thou be not of that opinion; for if gold or
-  money, or other maner of riches shynen in thy sight, whos is that?
-  Nat thyn. And tho[ugh] they have a litel beautee, they be nothing
-  in comparison of our kynde; and therfore, ye shulde nat sette          60
-  your worthinesse in thing lower than your-selfe. For the riches,
-  the fairnesse, the worthinesse of thilke goodes, if ther be any
-  suche preciousnesse in hem, are nat thyne; thou madest hem
-  so never; from other they come to thee, and to other they shul
-  from thee. Wherfore enbracest thou other wightes good, as              65
-  tho[ugh] they were thyn? Kynde hath drawe hem by hem-selfe.
-  It is sothe, the goodes of the erth ben ordayned in your fode
-  and norisshinge; but if thou wolt holde thee apayd with that
-  suffyseth to thy kynde, thou shalt nat be in daunger of no suche
-  riches; to kynde suffyseth litel thing, who that taketh hede.          70
-  And if thou wolt algates with superfluite of riches be a-throted,
-  thou shalt hastelich be anoyed, or els yvel at ese. And fairnesse
-  of feldes ne of habitacions, ne multitude of meyne, may nat be
-  rekened as riches that are thyn owne. For if they be badde, it is
-  greet sclaunder and villany to the occupyer; and if they be good       75
-  or faire, the mater of the workman that hem made is to prayse.
-  How shulde other-wyse bountee be compted for thyne? Thilke
-  goodnesse and fairnesse be proper to tho thinges hem-selfe; than,
-  if they be nat thyne, sorow nat whan they wende, ne glad thee
-  nat in pompe and in pride whan thou hem hast. For their                80
-  bountee and their beautees cometh out of their owne kynde, and
-  nat of thyne owne person. As faire ben they in their not having
-  as whan thou hast hem. They be nat faire for thou hast hem;
-  but thou hast geten hem for the fairnesse of them-selfe. And
-  there the vaylance of men is demed in richesse outforth, wenen         85
-  me[n] to have no proper good in them-selfe, but seche it in
-  straunge thinges. Trewly, the condicion of good wening is to
-  thee mistourned, to wene, your noblesse be not in your-selfe, but
-  in the goodes and beautee of other thinges. Pardy, the beestes
-  that han but feling soules, have suffisaunce in their owne selfe;      90
-  and ye, that ben lyke to god, seken encrese of suffisaunce from so
-  excellent a kynde of so lowe thinges; ye do greet wrong to him
-  that you made lordes over al erthly thinges; and ye putte your
-  worthinesse under the nombre of the fete of lower thinges and
-  foule. Whan ye juge thilke riches to be your worthinesse, than         95
-  putte ye your-selfe, by estimacion, under thilke foule thinges;
-  and than leve ye the knowing of your-selfe; so be ye viler than
-  any dombe beest; that cometh of shrewde vice. Right so thilke
-  persons that loven non yvel for dereworthinesse of the persone,
-  but for straunge goodes, and saith, the adornement in the knot        100
-  lyth in such thing; his errour is perilous and shrewd, and he
-  wryeth moche venim with moche welth; and that knot may
-  nat be good whan he hath it getten.
-
-  Certes, thus hath riches with flickering sight anoyed many;
-  and often, whan there is a throw-out shrewe, he coyneth al the        105
-  gold, al the precious stones that mowen be founden, to have in
-  his bandon; he weneth no wight be worthy to have suche thinges
-  but he alone. How many hast thou knowe, now in late tyme,
-  that in their richesse supposed suffisance have folowed, and now
-  it is al fayled!'                                                     110
-
-  'Ye, lady,' quod I, 'that is for mis medling; and otherwyse
-  governed [they] thilke richesse than they shulde.'
-
-  'Ye,' quod she tho, 'had not the flood greetly areysed, and
-  throwe to-hemward both gravel and sand, he had mad no medlinge.
-  And right as see yeveth flood, so draweth see ebbe, and               115
-  pulleth ayen under wawe al the firste out-throwe, but-if good pyles
-  of noble governaunce in love, in wel-meninge maner, ben sadly
-  grounded; +the whiche holde thilke gravel as for a tyme, that
-  ayen lightly mowe not it turne; and if the pyles ben trewe, the
-  gravel and sand wol abyde. And certes, ful warning in love shalt      120
-  thou never thorow hem get ne cover, that lightly with an ebbe, er
-  thou be ware, it [ne] wol ayen meve. In richesse many men
-  have had tenes and diseses, whiche they shulde not have had, if
-  therof they had fayled. Thorow whiche, now declared, partly it is
-  shewed, that for richesse shulde the knotte in herte neither ben      125
-  caused in one ne in other; trewly, knotte may ben knit, and
-  I trowe more stedfast, in love, though richesse fayled; and els,
-  in richesse is the knotte, and not in herte. And than suche
-  a knotte is fals; whan the see ebbeth and withdraweth the
-  gravel, that such richesse voydeth, thilke knotte wol unknitte.       130
-  Wherfore no trust, no way, no cause, no parfit being is in
-  richesse, of no suche knotte. Therfore another way muste we
-  have.
-
-CH. V. 1. thynge. 2. -throughe. 3. causen; _read_ causeth. arne; _read_ is.
-7. arne. 8, 9. thynge (_twice_). moste.
-
-10. thynge. moste. 11. false. 12. mote. 15. haste. 18. the. 19. suretie.
-21. misease. 22. stretchen. debate. 24. arne. richesse; _read_ richesses.
-25. propertie. 27-30. richesse; _read_ richesses (_thrice_). 35. nothynge.
-40. coniunction. 41. howe maye. 42. lyfe. 43. richesse; _read_ richesses.
-44-5. gatheryng.
-
-50. gatheryng. folke. 53. aferde. 55. worthe. 57. golde. 58. whose. 59.
-beautie. 60. set. 64-5. the (_twice_). 68. wolte. the apayde. 72. ease. 73.
-maye. 75. great. 76. workeman. 77. Howe. bountie. 79. the. 81. bountie.
-beautes. 83-4. haste (_thrice_).
-
-86. me; _read_ men. 87. co_n_dytion. 88. the. 89. beautie. 91. encrease.
-92. great. 93-6. put (_twice_). 101. shreude. 102. maye. 105. throwe out.
-106. golde. 108. Howe. haste. 108-9. nowe. 111. misse medlyng. 112.
-_Supply_ they. 113. floode greatly. 114. hemwarde. sande. made. 115.
-floode. 116. out throw. 117. meanynge. 118. to; _read_ the. 120. sande.
-121. shalte. thorowe.
-
-122. beware. _I supply_ ne. 123. diseases. 124. Thorowe. nowe. partely.
-126. maye. knytte. 129. false. 131. parfyte.
-
-                          CHAPTER VI.
-
-  Honour in dignite is wened to yeven a ful knot.'
-  'Ye, certes,' quod I, 'and of that opinion ben many;
-  for they sayn, dignite, with honour and reverence, causen hertes
-  to encheynen, and so abled to be knit togither, for the excellence
-  in soveraynte of such degrees.'                                         5
-
-  'Now,' quod she, 'if dignite, honour, and reverence causen
-  thilke knotte in herte, this knot is good and profitable. For
-  every cause of a cause is cause of thing caused. Than thus:
-  good thinges and profitable ben by dignite, honour, and reverence
-  caused. _Ergo_, they accorden; and dignites ben good with              10
-  reverences and honour. But contraries mowen not accorden.
-  Wherfore, by reson, there shulde no dignitee, no reverence, non
-  honour acorde with shrewes. But that is fals; they have ben
-  cause to shrewes in many shreudnes; for with hem they accorden.
-  _Ergo_, from beginning to argue ayenward til it come to the laste      15
-  conclusion, they are not cause of the knot. Lo, al day at eye arn
-  shrewes not in reverence, in honour, and in dignite? Yes, forsothe,
-  rather than the good. Than foloweth it that shrewes
-  rather than good shul ben cause of this knot. But of this [the]
-  contrarie of al lovers is bileved, and for a sothe openly determined   20
-  to holde.'
-
-  'Now,' quod I, 'fayn wolde I here, how suche dignitees acorden
-  with shrewes.'
-
-  'O,' quod she, 'that wol I shewe in manifolde wyse. Ye wene
-  (quod she) that dignites of office here in your cite is as the         25
-  sonne; it shyneth bright withouten any cloude; [of] whiche thing,
-  whan they comen in the handes of malicious tirauntes, there
-  cometh moche harm, and more grevaunce therof than of the
-  wilde fyre, though it brende al a strete. Certes, in dignite of
-  office, the werkes of the occupyer shewen the malice and the           30
-  badnesse in the person; with shrewes they maken manyfolde
-  harmes, and moche people shamen. How often han rancours,
-  for malice of the governour, shulde ben mainteyned? Hath not
-  than suche dignitees caused debat, rumours, and yvels? Yes,
-  god wot, by suche thinges have ben trusted to make mens understanding  35
-  enclyne to many queynte thinges. Thou wottest wel
-  what I mene.'
-
-  'Ye,' quod I, 'therfore, as dignite suche thing in tene y-wrought,
-  so ayenward, the substaunce in dignite chaunged, relyed to bring
-  ayen good plyte in doing.'                                             40
-
-  'Do way, do way,' quod she; 'if it so betyde, but that is
-  selde, that suche dignite is betake in a good mannes governaunce,
-  what thing is to recken in the dignitees goodnesse? Parde, the
-  bountee and goodnesse is hers that usen it in good governaunce;
-  and therfore cometh it that honour and reverence shulde ben            45
-  don to dignite bycause of encresinge vertue in the occupyer,
-  and not to the ruler bycause of soverayntee in dignite. Sithen
-  dignite may no vertue cause, who is worthy worship for suche
-  goodnesse? Not dignite, but person, that maketh goodnesse in
-  dignite to shyne.'                                                     50
-
-  'This is wonder thing,' quod I; 'for me thinketh, as the person
-  in dignite is worthy honour for goodnesse, so, tho[ugh] a person
-  for badnesse ma[u]gree hath deserved, yet the dignite leneth to
-  be commended.'
-
-  'Let be,' quod she, 'thou errest right foule; dignite with             55
-  badnesse is helper to performe the felonous doing. Pardy, were
-  it kyndly good, or any properte of kyndly vertue [that men]
-  hadden in hem-selfe, shrewes shulde hem never have; with hem
-  shulde they never accorde. Water and fyr, that ben contrarious,
-  mowen nat togider ben assembled; kynde wol nat suffre suche            60
-  contraries to joyne. And sithen at eye, by experience in doing,
-  we seen that shrewes have hem more often than good men, siker
-  mayst thou be, that kyndly good in suche thing is nat appropred.
-  Pardy, were they kyndly good, as wel oon as other shulden
-  evenlich in vertue of governaunce ben worthe; but oon fayleth in       65
-  goodnesse, another doth the contrary; and so it sheweth, kyndly
-  goodnesse in dignite nat be grounded. And this same reson
-  (quod she) may be mad, in general, on al the bodily goodes;
-  for they comen ofte to throw-out shrewes. After this, he is
-  strong that hath might to have grete burthens, and he is light         70
-  and swifte, that hath soverainte in ronning to passe other; right
-  so he is a shrewe, on whom shreude thinges and badde han most
-  werchinge. And right as philosophy maketh philosophers, and
-  my service maketh lovers, right so, if dignites weren good or
-  vertuous, they shulde maken shrewes good, and turne her malice,        75
-  and make hem be vertuous. But that they do nat, as it is
-  proved, but causen rancour and debat. _Ergo_, they be nat good,
-  but utterly badde. Had Nero never ben Emperour, shulde
-  never his dame have be slayn, to maken open the privite of his
-  engendrure. Herodes, for his dignite, slew many children. The          80
-  dignite of king John wolde have distroyed al England. Therfore
-  mokel wysdom and goodnesse both, nedeth in a person, the
-  malice in dignite slyly to brydel, and with a good bitte of arest
-  to withdrawe, in case it wolde praunce otherwyse than it shulde.
-  Trewly, ye yeve to dignites wrongful names in your cleping.            85
-  They shulde hete, nat dignite, but moustre of badnesse and
-  mayntenour of shrewes. Pardy, shyne the sonne never so bright,
-  and it bringe forth no hete, ne sesonably the herbes out-bringe of
-  the erthe, but suffre frostes and cold, and the erthe barayne to
-  ligge by tyme of his compas in circute about, ye wolde wonder,         90
-  and dispreyse that sonne! If the mone be at ful, and sheweth
-  no light, but derke and dimme to your sight appereth, and make
-  distruccion of the waters, wol ye nat suppose it be under cloude
-  or in clips, and that som prevy thing, unknowen to your wittes,
-  is cause of suche contrarious doinge? Than, if clerkes, that han       95
-  ful insight and knowing of suche impedimentes, enforme you of
-  the sothe, very idiottes ye ben, but-if ye yeven credence to thilk
-  clerkes wordes. And yet it doth me tene, to sene many wrecches
-  rejoycen in such maner planettes. Trewly, litel con[ne] they on
-  philosophy, or els on my lore, that any desyr haven suche             100
-  lightinge planettes in that wyse any more to shewe.'
-
-  'Good lady,' quod I, 'tel me how ye mene in these thinges.'
-
-  'Lo,' quod she, 'the dignites of your cite, sonne and mone,
-  nothing in kynde shew their shyning as they shulde. For the
-  sonne made no brenning hete in love, but freesed envye in             105
-  mennes hertes, for feblenesse of shyning hete; and the moone
-  was about, under an olde cloude, the livinges by waters to
-  distroye.'
-
-  'Lady,' quod I, 'it is supposed they had shyned as they
-  shulde.'                                                              110
-
-  'Ye,' quod she, 'but now it is proved at the ful, their beaute in
-  kyndly shyning fayled; wherfore dignite of him-selven hath no
-  beautee in fayrnesse, ne dryveth nat awaye vices, but encreseth;
-  and so be they no cause of the knotte. Now see, in good trouth;
-  holde ye nat such sonnes worthy of no reverence, and dignites         115
-  worthy of no worship, that maketh men to do the more harmes?'
-
-  'I not,' quod I.
-
-  'No?' quod she; 'and thou see a wyse good man, for his
-  goodnesse and wysnesse wolt thou nat do him worship? Therof
-  he is worthy.'                                                        120
-
-  'That is good skil,' quod I; 'it is dewe to suche, both reverence
-  and worship to have.'
-
-  'Than,' quod she, 'a shrewe, for his shreudnesse, altho he be
-  put forth toforn other for ferde, yet is he worthy, for shrewdnesse,
-  to be unworshipped; of reverence no part is he worthy to have,        125
-  [that] to contrarious doing belongeth: and that is good skil.
-  For, right as he besmyteth the dignites, thilke same thing ayenward
-  him smyteth, or els shulde smyte. And over this thou wost
-  wel (quod she) that fyr in every place heteth where it be, and
-  water maketh wete. Why? For kyndely werking is so y-put in            130
-  hem, to do suche thinges; for every kyndely in werking sheweth
-  his kynde. But though a wight had ben mayre of your city
-  many winter togider, and come in a straunge place there he were
-  not knowen, he shulde for his dignite have no reverence. Than
-  neither worshippe ne reverence is kyndely propre in no dignite,       135
-  sithen they shulden don their kynde in suche doinge, if any were.
-  And if reverence ne worshippe kyndely be not set in dignitees,
-  and they more therein ben shewed than goodnesse, for that in
-  dignite is shewed, but it proveth that goodnesse kyndely in hem
-  is not grounded. I-wis, neither worshippe, ne reverence, ne           140
-  goodnesse in dignite don non office of kynde; for they have non
-  suche propertee in nature of doinge but by false opinion of the
-  people. Lo! how somtyme thilke that in your city wern in
-  dignite noble, if thou liste hem nempne, they ben now overturned
-  bothe in worship, in name, and in reverence; wherfore                 145
-  such dignites have no kyndly werching of worshippe and of
-  reverence. He that hath no worthinesse on it-selfe, now it ryseth
-  and now it vanissheth, after the variaunt opinion in false hertes
-  of unstable people. Wherfore, if thou desyre the knotte of this
-  jewel, or els if thou woldest suppose she shulde sette the knotte     150
-  on thee for suche maner dignite, than thou wenest beautee or
-  goodnesse of thilke somwhat encreseth the goodnesse or vertue in
-  the body. But dignite[es] of hemself ben not good, ne yeven
-  reverence ne worshippe by their owne kynde. How shulde they
-  than yeve to any other a thing, that by no waye mowe they have        155
-  hem-selfe? It is sene in dignite of the emperour and of many
-  mo other, that they mowe not of hem-selve kepe their worshippe
-  ne their reverence; that, in a litel whyle, it is now up and now
-  downe, by unstedfaste hertes of the people. What bountee mowe
-  they yeve that, with cloude, lightly leveth his shyninge? Certes,     160
-  to the occupyer is mokel appeyred, sithen suche doinge doth
-  villanye to him that may it not mayntayne. Wherfore thilke way
-  to the knotte is croked; and if any desyre to come to the knot,
-  he must leve this way on his lefte syde, or els shal he never come
-  there.                                                                165
-
-CH. VI. 3. sayne. 4. knytte. 6. Nowe. 12. reason. none. 13. false. 15.
-ayenwarde. 16. arne. 19. _Supply_ the.
-
-22. Nowe. fayne. howe. 26. _I supply_ of. thynge. 28. harme. 32. Howe. 34.
-debate. 35. wote. 37. meane. 39. ayenwarde. 44. bountie. 45. honoure. 46.
-done. encreasynge. 47. soverayntie. 53. magre. 57. _Supply_ that. men _and_
-it. 59. fire.
-
-61. ioyn. 62. sene. menne. 63. mayste. 64-5. one (_twice_). 66. dothe. 68.
-made. 69. throwe out. 70. great burthyns. 77. debate. 80. slewe. 81.
-Engla_n_de. 82. wysedom. 88. bring forthe. heate. 89. colde. 91. son. 93.
-distruction. 94. some.
-
-98. wretches. 99. con; _read_ conne. 100. desyre. 102. howe. mean. 107.
-lyuenges. 111. nowe. 113. beautie. encreaseth. 114. Nowe se. 118. se. 119.
-wysenesse wolte. 124. forthe toforne. 125. parte. 126. _I supply_ that.
-127. ayenwarde. 128. woste. 129. fyre. heateth. 132. cytie.
-
-141. done none. none. 142. propertie. 143. howe. cytie werne. 144. nowe.
-147. _For_ He _read_ That thing? 147-8. nowe (_twice_). 151. the. beautie.
-152. encreaseth. 153. dignite; _read_ dignitees. 154. howe. 155. thynge.
-158. that that; _read_ that. nowe (_twice_). 159. bountie. 160. leaueth.
-161. dothe. 162. maye. waye. 164. leaue. waye.
-
-                          CHAPTER VII.
-
-  Avayleth aught (quod she) power of might in mayntenaunce
-  of [men, to maken hem] worthy to come to this
-  knot?'
-
-  'Parde,' quod I, 'ye; for hertes ben ravisshed from suche
-  maner thinges.'                                                         5
-
-  'Certes,' quod she, 'though a fooles herte is with thing
-  ravisshed, yet therfore is no general cause of the powers, ne of
-  a siker parfit herte to be loked after. Was not Nero the moste
-  shrewe oon of thilke that men rede, and yet had he power to
-  make senatours justices, and princes of many landes? Was not           10
-  that greet power?'
-
-  'Yes, certes,' quod I.
-
-  'Wel,' quod she, 'yet might he not helpe him-selfe out of
-  disese, whan he gan falle. How many ensamples canst thou
-  remembre of kinges grete and noble, and huge power +helden, and        15
-  yet they might not kepe hem-selve from wrecchednesse? How
-  wrecched was king Henry Curtmantil er he deyde? He had not
-  so moche as to cover with his membres; and yet was he oon
-  of the grettest kinges of al the Normandes ofspring, and moste
-  possession had. O! a noble thing and clere is power, that is not       20
-  founden mighty to kepe him-selfe! Now, trewly, a greet fole is
-  he, that for suche thing wolde sette the knotte in thyne herte!
-  Also power of realmes, is not thilke grettest power amonges the
-  worldly powers reckened? And if suche powers han wrecchednesse
-  in hem-selfe, it foloweth other powers of febler condicion to          25
-  ben wrecched; and than, that wrecchednesse shulde be cause of
-  suche a knotte! But every wight that hath reson wot wel that
-  wrecchednesse by no way may ben cause of none suche knotte;
-  wherfore suche power is no cause. That powers have wrecchednesse
-  in hem-selfe, may right lightly ben preved. If power lacke on          30
-  any syde, on that syde is no power; but no power is wrecchednesse:
-  for al-be-it so the power of emperours or kinges, or els
-  of their realmes (which is the power of the prince) strecchen
-  wyde and brode, yet besydes is ther mokel folk of whiche he
-  hath no commaundement ne lordshippe; and there-as lacketh his          35
-  power, his nonpower entreth, where-under springeth that maketh
-  hem wrecches. No power is wrecchednesse and nothing els;
-  but in this maner hath kinges more porcion of wrecchednesse
-  than of power. Trewly, suche powers ben unmighty; for ever
-  they ben in drede how thilke power from lesing may be keped            40
-  of sorow; so drede sorily prikkes ever in their hertes: litel
-  is that power whiche careth and ferdeth it-selfe to mayntayne.
-  Unmighty is that wrecchednesse whiche is entred by the ferdful
-  weninge of the wrecche him-selfe; and knot y-maked by wrecchednesse
-  is betwene wrecches; and wrecches al thing bewaylen;                   45
-  wherfore the knot shulde be bewayled; and there is no suche
-  parfit blisse that we supposed at the ginning! _Ergo_, power in
-  nothing shulde cause suche knottes. Wrecchednesse is a kyndely
-  propertee in suche power, as by way of drede, whiche they mowe
-  nat eschewe, ne by no way live in sikernesse. For thou wost wel        50
-  (quod she) he is nought mighty that wolde don that he may not
-  don ne perfourme.'
-
-  'Therfore,' quod I, 'these kinges and lordes that han suffisaunce
-  at the ful of men and other thinges, mowen wel ben
-  holden mighty; their comaundementes ben don; it is nevermore           55
-  denyed.'
-
-  'Foole,' quod she, 'or he wot him-selfe mighty, or wot it
-  not; for he is nought mighty that is blynde of his might and wot
-  it not.'
-
-  'That is sothe,' quod I.                                               60
-
-  'Than if he wot it, he must nedes ben a-drad to lesen it. He
-  that wot of his might is in doute that he mote nedes lese; and so
-  ledeth him drede to ben unmighty. And if he recche not to lese,
-  litel is that worth that of the lesing reson reccheth nothing; and
-  if it were mighty in power or in strength, the lesing shulde ben       65
-  withset; and whan it cometh to the lesing, he may it not withsitte.
-  _Ergo_, thilke might is leude and naughty. Such mightes
-  arn y-lyke to postes and pillers that upright stonden, and greet
-  might han to bere many charges; and if they croke on any syde,
-  litel thing maketh hem overthrowe.'                                    70
-
-  'This is a good ensample,' quod I, 'to pillers and postes that
-  I have seen overthrowed my-selfe; and hadden they ben underput
-  with any helpes, they had not so lightly falle.'
-
-  'Than holdest thou him mighty that hath many men armed
-  and many servauntes; and ever he is adrad of hem in his herte;         75
-  and, for he gasteth hem, somtyme he mot the more fere have.
-  Comenly, he that other agasteth, other in him ayenward werchen
-  the same; and thus warnisshed mot he be, and of warnisshe the
-  hour drede. Litel is that might and right leude, who-so taketh
-  hede.'                                                                 80
-
-  'Than semeth it,' quod I, 'that suche famulers aboute kinges
-  and grete lordes shulde greet might have. Although a sypher in
-  augrim have no might in significacion of it-selve, yet he yeveth
-  power in significacion to other; and these clepe I the helpes to
-  a poste to kepe him from falling.'                                     85
-
-  'Certes,' quod she, 'thilke skilles ben leude. Why? But-if
-  the shorers be wel grounded, the helpes shulden slyden and suffre
-  the charge to falle; her might litel avayleth.'
-
-  'And so me thinketh,' quod I, 'that a poste alone, stonding
-  upright upon a basse, may lenger in greet burthen endure than          90
-  croken pilers for al their helpes, and her ground be not siker.'
-
-  'That is sothe,' quod she; 'for as, [if] the blynde in bering of
-  the lame ginne stomble, bothe shulde falle, right so suche pillers,
-  so envyroned with helpes, in falling of the grounde fayleth
-  +altogider. How ofte than suche famulers, in their moste pryde         95
-  of prosperite, ben sodainly overthrowen! Thou hast knowe
-  many in a moment so ferre overthrowe, that cover might they
-  never. Whan the hevinesse of suche fayling cometh by case of
-  fortune, they mowe it not eschue; and might and power, if ther
-  were any, shulde of strength such thinges voyde and weyve; and        100
-  so it is not. Lo, than! whiche thing is this power, that, tho men
-  han it, they ben agast; and in no tyme of ful having be they
-  siker! And if they wold weyve drede, as they mow not, litel is
-  in worthines. Fye therfore on so naughty thing, any knot to
-  cause! Lo! in adversite, thilk ben his foes that glosed and           105
-  semed frendes in welth; thus arn his familiers his foes and his
-  enemyes; and nothing is werse, ne more mighty for to anoy than
-  is a familier enemy; and these thinges may they not weyve; so
-  trewly their might is not worth a cresse. And over al thinge, he
-  that may not withdrawe the brydel of his flesshly lustes and his      110
-  wrecched complayntes (now think on thy-selfe) trewly he is not
-  mighty; I can seen no way that lyth to the knotte. Thilke
-  people than, that setten their hertes upon suche mightes and
-  powers, often ben begyled. Parde, he is not mighty that may do
-  any thing, that another may doon him the selve, and that men          115
-  have as greet power over him as he over other. A justice that
-  demeth men ayenward hath ben often demed. Buserus slew his
-  gestes, and he was slayn of Hercules his geste. Hugest betraysshed
-  many men, and of Collo was he betrayed. He that with
-  swerde smyteth, with swerde shal be smitten.'                         120
-
-  Than gan I to studyen a whyle on these thinges, and made
-  a countenaunce with my hande in maner to ben huisht.
-
-  'Now let seen,' quod she, 'me thinketh somwhat there is
-  within thy soule, that troubleth thy understanding; saye on what
-  it is.'                                                               125
-
-  Quod I tho, 'me thinketh that, although a man by power have
-  suche might over me, as I have over another, that disproveth no
-  might in my person; but yet may I have power and might
-  never-the-later.'
-
-  'See now,' quod she, 'thyne owne leudenesse. He is mighty             130
-  that may without wrecchednesse; and he is unmighty that may it
-  not withsitte; but than he, that might over thee, and he wol,
-  putte on thee wrecchednesse, thou might it not withsitte. _Ergo_,
-  thou seest thy-selfe what foloweth! But now (quod she) woldest
-  thou not skorne, and thou see a flye han power to don harm to         135
-  an-other flye, and thilke have no might ne ayenturning him-selfe
-  to defende?'
-
-  'Yes, certes,' quod I.
-
-  'Who is a frayler thing,' quod she, 'than the fleshly body of
-  a man, over whiche have oftentyme flyes, and yet lasse thing than     140
-  a flye, mokel might in grevaunce and anoying, withouten any
-  withsittinge, for al thilke mannes mightes? And sithen thou
-  seest thyne flesshly body in kyndely power fayle, how shulde than
-  the accident of a thinge ben in more surete of beinge than
-  substancial? Wherfore, thilke thinges that we clepe power is but      145
-  accident to the flesshly body; and so they may not have that
-  suretee in might, whiche wanteth in the substancial body. Why
-  there is no way to the knotte, [for him] that loketh aright after
-  the hye way, as he shulde.
-
-CH. VII. 2. _I supply_ men, to maken hem. 8. parfyte. 9. one. 11. great.
-14. disease. fal. Howe. canste. 15. great. holden; _read_ helden. 16.
-wretchydnesse. Howe wretched. 18. one. 19. greatest. 20. thynge. 21. Nowe.
-great. 23. greatest. 24. wretchydnesse (_several times_); wretched
-(_several times_). 27. reason wote. 33. stretchen.
-
-34. folke. 40. howe. 41. prickes. 47. parfyte. 49. propertie. 50. woste.
-51-5. done (_thrice_). 57-62. wotte (_four times_). 61. a dradde. 63.
-leadeth. retche. 64. worthe. reason retcheth. 68. arne. great. 69. beare.
-70. thynge.
-
-72. sene. 73. fal. 75. adradde. 76. mote. feare. 77. ayenwarde. 78. mote.
-82. great (_twice_). Althoughe. 88. fal. 90. graet (_sic_). 91. grou_n_de.
-92. _Supply_ if. bearyng. 93. fal. 95. al togyther. howe. 96. haste. 108.
-enemye.
-
-109. worthe. 110. maye. 111. wretched. nowe thynke. 112. sene. waye. lythe.
-115. maye doone. 116. great. 117. ayenwarde. slewe. 118. slayne. 122.
-huyshte. 123. Nowe. sene. 130. Se nowe. 131. maye. wretchydnesse. 132. the.
-133. put. the wretchydnesse. 134. nowe. 135. se. done harme. 141. anoyeng.
-143. howe.
-
-147. suretie. 148. waye. _Supply_ for him. 149. waye.
-
-                          CHAPTER VIII.
-
-  Verily it is proved that richesse, dignite, and power ben not
-  trewe way to the knotte, but as rathe by suche thinges the
-  knotte to be unbounde; wherfore on these thinges I rede no
-  wight truste to gette any good knotte. But what shul we saye of
-  renome in the peoples mouthes? Shulde that ben any cause?               5
-  What supposest thou in thyn herte?'
-
-  'Certes,' quod I, 'yes, I trowe; for your slye resons I dare not
-  safely it saye.'
-
-  'Than,' quod she, 'wol I preve that shrewes as rathe shul ben
-  in the knotte as the good; and that were ayenst kynde.'                10
-
-  'Fayn,' quod I, 'wolde I that here; me thinketh wonder how
-  renome shuld as wel knitte a shrewe as a good person; renome
-  in every degree hath avaunced; yet wist I never the contrarye.
-  Shulde than renome accorde with a shrewe? It may not sinke in
-  my stomake til I here more.'                                           15
-
-  'Now,' quod she, 'have I not sayd alwayes, that shrewes shul
-  not have the knotte?'
-
-  'What nedeth,' quod I, 'to reherse that any more? I wot wel
-  every wight, by kyndely reson, shrewes in knitting wol eschewe.'
-
-  'Than,' quod she, 'the good ought thilke knotte to have.'              20
-
-  'How els?' quod I.
-
-  'It were greet harm,' quod she, 'that the good were weyved
-  and put out of espoire of the knotte, if he it desyred.'
-
-  'O,' quod I, 'alas! On suche thing to thinke, I wene that
-  heven wepeth to see suche wronges here ben suffred on erthe; the       25
-  good ought it to have, and no wight els.'
-
-  'The goodnesse,' quod she, 'of a person may not ben knowe
-  outforth but by renome of the knowers; wherfore he must be
-  renomed of goodnesse, to come to the knot.'
-
-  'So must it be,' quod I, 'or els al lost that we carpen.'              30
-
-  'Sothly,' quod she, 'that were greet harm, but-if a good man
-  might have his desyres in service of thilke knot, and a shrewe to
-  be +weyved, and they ben not knowen in general but by lacking
-  and praysing, and in renome; and so by the consequence it
-  foloweth, a shrewe to ben praysed and knit; and a good to be           35
-  forsake and unknit.'
-
-  'Ah,' quod I tho, 'have ye, lady, ben here abouten; yet wolde
-  I see, by grace of our argumentes better declared, how good and
-  bad do acorden by lacking and praysing; me thinketh it ayenst
-  kynde.'                                                                40
-
-  'Nay,' quod she, 'and that shalt thou see as yerne; these
-  elementes han contrarious qualitees in kynde, by whiche they
-  mowe not acorde no more than good and badde; and in [some]
-  qualitees they acorde, so that contraries by qualite acorden by
-  qualite. Is not erthe drye; and water, that is next and bitwene        45
-  th'erthe, is wete? Drye and wete ben contrarie, and mowen not
-  acorde, and yet this discordaunce is bounde to acorde by cloudes;
-  for bothe elementes ben colde. Right so the eyre, that is next
-  the water, is wete; and eke it is hot. This eyre by his hete
-  contrarieth water that is cold; but thilke contrariouste is oned +by   50
-  moysture; for bothe be they moyst. Also the fyr, that is next
-  the +eyre and it encloseth al about, is drye, wherthrough it
-  contrarieth +eyre, that is wete; and in hete they acorde; for
-  bothe they ben hote. Thus by these acordaunces discordantes
-  ben joyned, and in a maner of acordaunce they acorden by               55
-  conneccion, that is, knitting togither; of that accorde cometh
-  a maner of melodye that is right noble. Right so good and bad
-  arn contrarie in doinges, by lacking and praysing; good is bothe
-  lacked and praysed of some; and badde is bothe lacked and
-  praysed of some; wherfore their contrarioustee acorde bothe by         60
-  lacking and praysing. Than foloweth it, though good be never
-  so mokel praysed, [it] oweth more to ben knit than the badde;
-  or els bad, for the renome that he hath, must be taken as wel as
-  the good; and that oweth not.'
-
-  'No, forsothe,' quod I.                                                65
-
-  'Wel,' quod she, 'than is renome no way to the knot. Lo,
-  foole,' quod she, 'how clerkes wryten of suche glorie of renome:--"O
-  glorie, glorie, thou art non other thing to thousandes of folke
-  but a greet sweller of eeres!" Many oon hath had ful greet renome
-  by false opinion of variaunt people. And what is fouler than           70
-  folk wrongfully to ben praysed, or by malice of the people giltlesse
-  lacked? Nedes shame foloweth therof to hem that with wrong
-  prayseth, and also to the desertes praysed; and vilanye and
-  reproof of him that disclaundreth.
-
-  Good child (quod she) what echeth suche renome to the                  75
-  conscience of a wyse man, that loketh and mesureth his goodnesse,
-  not by slevelesse wordes of the people, but by sothfastnesse
-  of conscience? By god, nothing. And if it be fayr, a mans name
-  be eched by moche folkes praysing, and fouler thing that mo folk
-  not praysen? I sayd to thee a litel here-beforn, that no folk in       80
-  straunge countreyes nought praysen; suche renome may not
-  comen to their eeres, bycause of unknowing and other obstacles,
-  as I sayde: wherfore more folk not praysen, and that is right foul
-  to him that renome desyreth, to wete, lesse folk praisen than
-  renome enhaunce. I trowe, the thank of a people is naught              85
-  worth in remembraunce to take; ne it procedeth of no wyse
-  jugement; never is it stedfast pardurable. It is veyne and fleing;
-  with winde wasteth and encreseth. Trewly, suche glorie ought to
-  be hated. If gentillesse be a cleer thing, renome and glorie to
-  enhaunce, as in reckening of thy linage, than is gentilesse of thy     90
-  kinne; for-why it semeth that gentilesse of thy kinne is but
-  praysing and renome that come of thyne auncestres desertes:
-  and if so be that praysing and renome of their desertes make
-  their clere gentillesse, than mote they nedes ben gentil for their
-  gentil dedes, and not thou; for of thy-selfe cometh not such           95
-  maner gentilesse, praysinge of thy desertes. Than gentillesse of
-  thyne auncesters, that forayne is to thee, maketh thee not gentil,
-  but ungentil and reproved, and-if thou continuest not their
-  gentilesse. And therfore a wyse man ones sayde: "Better is it
-  thy kinne to ben by thee gentyled, than thou to glorifye of thy       100
-  kinnes gentilesse, and hast no desert therof thy-selfe."
-
-  How passinge is the beautee of flesshly bodyes, more flittinge
-  than movable floures of sommer! And if thyne eyen weren as good
-  as the lynx, that may seen thorow many stone walles, bothe fayre
-  and foule, in their entrayles, of no maner hewe shulde apere to       105
-  thy sight; that were a foule sight. Than is fayrnesse by feblesse
-  of eyen, but of no kynde; wherfore thilke shulde be no way to
-  the knot; whan thilke is went, the knotte wendeth after. Lo,
-  now, at al proves, none of al these thinges mowe parfitly ben in
-  understanding, to ben way to the during blisse of the knotte.         110
-  But now, to conclusion of these maters, herkeneth these wordes.
-  Very sommer is knowe from the winter: in shorter cours draweth
-  the dayes of Decembre than in the moneth of June; the springes
-  of Maye faden and +falowen in Octobre. These thinges ben not
-  unbounden from their olde kynde; they have not lost her werke         115
-  of their propre estat. Men, of voluntarious wil, withsitte that
-  hevens governeth. Other thinges suffren thinges paciently to
-  werche; man, in what estat he be, yet wolde he ben chaunged.
-  Thus by queynt thinges blisse is desyred; and the fruit that
-  cometh of these springes nis but anguis and bitter; al-though it      120
-  be a whyle swete, it may not be with-holde; hastely they departe;
-  thus al-day fayleth thinges that fooles wende. Right thus hast
-  thou fayled in thy first wening. He that thinketh to sayle, and drawe
-  after the course of the sterre _de polo antartico_, shal he never
-  come northward to the contrarye sterre of _polus articus_; of whiche  125
-  thinges if thou take kepe, thy first out-waye-going "prison" and
-  "exile" may be cleped. The ground falsed underneth, and so
-  hast thou fayled. No wight, I wene, blameth him that stinteth
-  in misgoing, and secheth redy way of his blisse. Now me
-  thinketh (quod she) that it suffyseth in my shewing; the wayes        130
-  by dignete, richesse, renome, and power, if thou loke clerely, arn
-  no wayes to the knotte.'
-
-CH. VIII. 2. waye. 11. Fayne. howe. 14. maye. 16. Nowe. 18. wotte. 19.
-reason. 21. Howe. 22. great harme. 25. se.
-
-31. great harme. 33. veyned; _read_ weyued. 38. se. howe. 41. se. 42.
-qualyties. 43. _I supply_ some. 46. therthe. 49. hotte. 50. colde.
-co_n_trariousty. my; _read_ by. 51. fyre. 52. erthe; _read_ eyre (_twice_).
-56. connection. 58. arne. 60. contraryoustie. 62. _I supply_ it. 66. waye.
-67. howe.
-
-68. arte none. thynge. 69. great. one. great. 71. folke. 74. reprofe. 75.
-chylde. 76. measureth. 78. fayre. 79. folke. 80. the. beforne. folke. 83.
-folke. foule. 84. folke. 85. thanke. 86. worthe. 88. encreaseth. 89. clear
-thynge. 97-100. the (_thrice_). 101. haste. deserte. 102. Howe. beautie.
-104. maye sene thorowe.
-
-106. fayrenesse. 109-111. nowe (_twice_). 110. waye. 111. nowe. 114.
-folowen; _read_ falowen. 115. loste. 116. estate. 119. fruite. 121. maye.
-122. al-daye. haste. 125. northwarde. 127. grounde. 129. Nowe. 132. ways.
-
-                          CHAPTER IX.
-
-  'Every argument, lady,' quod I tho, 'that ye han maked in
-  these fore-nempned maters, me thinketh hem in my ful
-  witte conceyved; shal I no more, if god wil, in the contrarye be
-  begyled. But fayn wolde I, and it were your wil, blisse of the
-  knotte to me were declared. I might fele the better how my              5
-  herte might assente, to pursue the ende in service, as he hath
-  begonne.'
-
-  'O,' quod she, 'there is a melodye in heven, whiche clerkes
-  clepen "armony"; but that is not in brekinge of voice, but it is
-  a maner swete thing of kyndely werching, that causeth joye[s]          10
-  out of nombre to recken, and that is joyned by reson and by
-  wysdome in a quantite of proporcion of knitting. God made al
-  thing in reson and in witte of proporcion of melody, we mowe not
-  suffyse to shewe. It is written by grete clerkes and wyse, that,
-  in erthly thinges, lightly by studye and by travayle the knowinge      15
-  may be getten; but of suche hevenly melody, mokel travayle wol
-  bringe out in knowing right litel. Swetenesse of this paradyse
-  hath you ravisshed; it semeth ye slepten, rested from al other
-  diseses; so kyndely is your herte therein y-grounded. Blisse of
-  two hertes, in ful love knitte, may not aright ben imagined; ever      20
-  is their contemplacion, in ful of thoughty studye to plesaunce,
-  mater in bringinge comfort everiche to other. And therfore, of
-  erthly thinges, mokel mater lightly cometh in your lerning.
-  Knowledge of understonding, that is nigh after eye, but not so
-  nigh the covetyse of knittinge in your hertes. More soverain           25
-  desyr hath every wight in litel heringe of hevenly conninge than
-  of mokel material purposes in erthe. Right so it is in propertee
-  of my servauntes, that they ben more affiched in steringe of litel
-  thinge in his desyr than of mokel other mater lasse in his
-  conscience. This blisse is a maner of sowne delicious in               30
-  a queynte voice touched, and no dinne of notes; there is non
-  impression of breking labour. I can it not otherwyse nempne,
-  for wantinge of privy wordes, but paradyse terrestre ful of delicious
-  melody, withouten travayle in sown, perpetual service in ful joye
-  coveyted to endure. Only kynde maketh hertes in understonding          35
-  so to slepe, that otherwyse may it nat be nempned, ne in other
-  maner names for lyking swetnesse can I nat it declare; al sugre
-  and hony, al minstralsy and melody ben but soot and galle in
-  comparison, by no maner proporcion to reken, in respect of this
-  blisful joye. This armony, this melody, this perdurable joye may       40
-  nat be in doinge but betwene hevens and elementes, or twey
-  kyndly hertes ful knit in trouth of naturel understonding, withouten
-  weninge and disceit; as hevens and planettes, whiche thinges
-  continually, for kyndly accordaunces, foryeteth al contrarious
-  mevinges, that in-to passive diseses may sowne; evermore it            45
-  thirsteth after more werking. These thinges in proporcion be
-  so wel joyned, that it undoth al thing whiche in-to badnesse by any
-  way may be accompted.'
-
-  'Certes,' quod I, 'this is a thing precious and noble. Alas!
-  that falsnesse ever, or wantrust shulde ever be maynteyned, this       50
-  joye to voyde. Alas! that ever any wrecche shulde, thorow wrath
-  or envy, janglinge dare make, to shove this melody so farre
-  a-backe, that openly dar it nat ben used; trewly, wrecches ben
-  fulfilled with envy and wrathe, and no wight els. Flebring
-  and tales in suche wrecches dare appere openly in every wightes        55
-  eere, with ful mouth so charged, [with] mokel malice moved
-  many innocentes to shende; god wolde their soule therwith were
-  strangled! Lo! trouth in this blisse is hid, and over-al under
-  covert him hydeth; he dar not come a-place, for waytinge of
-  shrewes. Commenly, badnesse goodnesse amaistreth; with my-selfe        60
-  and my soule this joye wolde I bye, if the goodnesse were
-  as moche as the nobley in melody.'
-
-  'O,' quod she, 'what goodnesse may be acompted more in
-  this material worlde? Truly, non; that shalt thou understonde.
-  Is nat every thing good that is contrariant and distroying yvel?'      65
-
-  'How els?' quod I.
-
-  'Envy, wrathe, and falsnesse ben general,' quod she; 'and
-  that wot every man being in his right mynde; the knotte, the
-  whiche we have in this blisse, is contrariaunt and distroyeth such
-  maner yvels. _Ergo_, it is good. What hath caused any wight            70
-  to don any good dede? Fynd me any good, but-if this knotte
-  be the cheef cause.  Nedes mot it be good, that causeth so
-  many good dedes. Every cause is more and worthier than thing
-  caused; and in that mores possession al thinges lesse ben
-  compted. As the king is more than his people, and hath in              75
-  possession al his realme after, right so the knot is more than
-  al other goodes; thou might recken al thinges lasse; and that
-  to him longeth, oweth in-to his mores cause of worship and of
-  wil +to turne; it is els rebel and out of his mores defending to
-  voyde. Right so of every goodnesse; in-to the knotte and               80
-  in-to the cause of his worship [it] oweth to tourne. And trewly,
-  every thing that hath being profitably is good, but nothing hath
-  to ben more profitably than this knot; kinges it mayntayneth,
-  and hem, their powers to mayntayne. It maketh misse to ben
-  amended with good governaunce in doing. It closeth hertes              85
-  so togider, that rancour is out-thresten. Who that it lengest
-  kepeth, lengest is glad[d]ed.'
-
-  'I trowe,' quod I, 'heretykes and misse-mening people hence-forward
-  wol maintayne this knotte; for therthorough shul they
-  ben maintayned, and utterly wol turne and leve their olde yvel         90
-  understanding, and knitte this goodnesse, and profer so ferre
-  in service, that name of servauntes might they have. Their
-  jangles shal cese; me thinketh hem lacketh mater now to alege.'
-
-  'Certes,' quod Love, 'if they, of good wil thus turned, as thou
-  sayst, wolen trewly perfourme, yet shul they be abled party            95
-  of this blisse to have; and they wol not, yet shul my servauntes
-  the werre wel susteyne in myn helpe of maintenaunce to the ende.
-  And they, for their good travayle, shullen in reward so ben meded,
-  that endelesse joye body and soule +to-gider in this shullen
-  abyden. There is ever accion of blisse withouten possible             100
-  corrupcion; there is accion perpetuel in werke without travayle;
-  there is everlasting passife, withouten any of labour; continuel
-  plyte, without cesinge coveyted to endure. No tonge may telle,
-  ne herte may thinke the leest point of this blisse.'
-
-  'God bring me thider!' quod I than.                                   105
-
-  'Continueth wel,' quod she, 'to the ende, and thou might not
-  fayle than; for though thou spede not here, yet shal the passion
-  of thy martred lyfe ben written, and rad toforn the grete Jupiter,
-  that god is of routhe, an high in the holownesse of heven, there
-  he sit in his trone; and ever thou shalt forward ben holden           110
-  amonge al these hevins for a knight, that mightest with no
-  penaunce ben discomfited. He is a very martyr that, livingly
-  goinge, is gnawen to the bones.'
-
-  'Certes,' quod I, 'these ben good wordes of comfort; a litel
-  myne herte is rejoyced in a mery wyse.'                               115
-
-  'Ye,' quod she; 'and he that is in heven felith more joye,
-  than whan he firste herde therof speke.'
-
-  'So it is,' quod I; 'but wist I the sothe, that after disese
-  comfort wolde folowe with blisse, so as ye have often declared,
-  I wolde wel suffre this passion with the better chere. But my         120
-  thoughtful sorowe is endelesse, to thinke how I am cast out
-  of a welfare; and yet dayneth not this yvel non herte, non hede,
-  to meward throwe: which thinges wolde greetly me by wayes
-  of comfort disporte, to weten in my-selfe a litel with other me[n]
-  ben y-moved; and my sorowes peysen not in her balaunce the            125
-  weyght of a peese. Slinges of her daunger so hevily peysen,
-  they drawe my causes so hye, that in her eyen they semen but
-  light and right litel.'
-
-  'O! for,' quod she, 'heven with skyes that foule cloudes
-  maken and darke +weders, with gret tempestes and huge,                130
-  maketh the mery dayes with softe shyning sonnes. Also the
-  yere with-draweth floures and beautee of herbes and of erth;
-  the same +yere maketh springes and jolite in Vere so to renovel
-  with peinted coloures, that erthe semeth as gay as heven. Sees
-  that blasteth and with wawes throweth shippes, of whiche the          135
-  living creatures for greet peril for hem dreden; right so, the
-  same sees maketh smothe waters and golden sayling, and comforteth
-  hem with noble haven that firste were so ferde. Hast
-  thou not (quod she) lerned in thy youth, that Jupiter hath in
-  his warderobe bothe garmentes of joye and of sorowe? What             140
-  wost thou how soone he wol turne of the garment of care,
-  and clothe thee in blisse? Parde, it is not ferre fro thee. Lo,
-  an olde proverbe aleged by many wyse:--"Whan bale is greetest,
-  than is bote a nye-bore." Wherof wilt thou dismaye? Hope
-  wel and serve wel; and that shal thee save, with thy good bileve.'    145
-
-  'Ye, ye,' quod I; 'yet see I not by reson how this blisse
-  is coming; I wot it is contingent; it may falle on other.'
-
-  'O,' quod she, 'I have mokel to done to clere thyne understanding,
-  and voyde these errours out of thy mynde. I wol
-  prove it by reson, thy wo may not alway enduren. Every thing          150
-  kyndely (quod she) is governed and ruled by the hevenly bodyes,
-  whiche haven ful werchinge here on erthe; and after course
-  of these bodyes, al course of your doinges here ben governed
-  and ruled by kynde.
-
-  Thou wost wel, by cours of planettes al your dayes proceden;          155
-  and to everich of singuler houres be enterchaunged stondmele
-  about, by submitted worching naturally to suffre; of whiche
-  changes cometh these transitory tymes that maketh revolving of
-  your yeres thus stondmele; every hath ful might of worchinge,
-  til al seven han had her course about. Of which worchinges and        160
-  possession of houres the dayes of the weke have take her names,
-  after denominacion in these seven planettes. Lo, your Sonday
-  ginneth at the first hour after noon on the Saturday, in whiche
-  hour is than the Sonne in ful might of worching; of whom Sonday
-  taketh his name. Next him foloweth Venus, and after                   165
-  Mercurius, and than the Moone; so than Saturnus, after whom
-  Jovis; and than Mars; and ayen than the Sonne; and so forth
-  +by .xxiiii. houres togider; in whiche hour ginning in the seconde
-  day stant the Moone, as maister for that tyme to rule; of whom
-  Monday taketh his name; and this course foloweth of al other          170
-  dayes generally in doing. This course of nature of these bodyes
-  chaunging stinten at a certain terme, limitted by their first kynde;
-  and of hem al governementes in this elemented worlde proceden,
-  as in springes, constellacions, engendrures, and al that folowen
-  kynde and reson; wherfore [in] the course that foloweth, sorowe       175
-  and joy kyndely moten entrechangen their tymes; so that
-  alway oon wele, as alway oon wo, may not endure. Thus seest
-  thou appertly, thy sorowe in-to wele mot ben chaunged; wherfore
-  in suche case to better syde evermore enclyne thou shuldest.
-  Trewly, next the ende of sorowe anon entreth joy; by maner            180
-  of necessite it wol ne may non other betyde; and so thy conti[n]gence
-  is disproved; if thou holde this opinion any more, thy
-  wit is right leude. Wherfore, in ful conclusion of al this, thilke
-  Margaryte thou desyrest hath ben to thee dere in thy herte, and
-  for her hast thou suffred many thoughtful diseses; herafter shal      185
-  [she] be cause of mokel mirth and joye; and loke how glad canst
-  thou ben, and cese al thy passed hevinesse with manifolde
-  joyes. And than wol I as blythly here thee speken thy mirthes
-  in joye, as I now have y-herd thy sorowes and thy complayntes.
-  And if I mowe in aught thy joye encrese, by my trouthe, on            190
-  my syde shal nat be leved for no maner traveyle, that I with
-  al my mightes right blythly wol helpe, and ever ben redy you
-  bothe to plese.' And than thanked I that lady with al goodly
-  maner that I worthily coude; and trewly I was greetly rejoysed
-  in myne herte of her fayre behestes; and profered me to be            195
-  slawe, in al that she me wolde ordeyne, while my lyf lested.
-
-CH. IX. 4. fayne. 5. howe.
-
-10. ioye; _read_ joyes. 11-3. reason. 14. great. 19. diseases. hertes;
-_read_ herte. 22. comforte. 24-5. nyghe (_twice_). 25. soueraine desyre.
-27. propertie. 29. desyre. 31. none. 32. breakynge laboure. canne. 35.
-Onely. 38. soote. 39. respecte.
-
-45. diseases. 51. wretch. thorowe. 53. dare. 53-5. wretches. 56. eare. _I
-supply_ with. 57. innocte_n_es; _misprint for_ innoce_n_tes. 59. dare. 65.
-distroyeng. 66. Howe. 71. Fynde. 72. chefe. mote. 73. thynge. 79. do;
-_read_ to, _as in_ l. 81. 81. _Supply_ it.
-
-88. meanynge. 89. forwarde. 90. leaue. 93. cease. nowe. 99. togyther.
-100-1. action (_twice_). 103. ceasynge. tel. 104. hert. 108. radde toforne.
-great. 110. sytte. forwarde. 114. comforte. 118. disease comforte.
-
-121. howe. 122. none (_twice_). 123. mewarde. greatly. 124. comforte. me;
-_read_ men? 130. wethers; _read_ weders. 132. beautie. 133. yeres; _read_
-yere. 136. great. 141. howe. 142. the. 143. greatest. 144. wylte. 145. the.
-146. se. reason howe. 147. wote. fal. 150. reason.
-
-162. denomination. 168. be; _for_ by. 169. stante. 172. certayne. 175.
-_Supply_ in. 177. on (_for_ oon; _twice_). 178. mote. 181. contygence. 184.
-the. 185. diseases. 186. _Supply_ she. howe. canste. 187. cease. 188. the.
-189. ioy. nowe. yherde. 190. encrease. 191. leaued.
-
-194. worthely. greatly. 195. hert. 196. lyfe.
-
-                          CHAPTER X.
-
-  'Me thinketh,' quod I, 'that ye have right wel declared,
-  that way to the knot shuld not ben in none of these
-  disprovinge thinges; and now, order of our purpos this asketh,
-  that ye shulde me shewe if any way be +thider, and whiche
-  thilke way shulde ben; so that openly may be seye the verry             5
-  hye way in ful confusioun of these other thinges.'
-
-  'Thou shalt,' quod she, 'understande that [of] one of three
-  lyves (as I first sayd) every creature of mankynde is sprongen,
-  and so forth procedeth. These lyves ben thorow names departed
-  in three maner of kyndes, as bestialliche, manliche, and resonabliche; 10
-  of whiche two ben used by flesshely body, and the thirde
-  by his soule. "Bestial" among resonables is forboden in every
-  lawe and every secte, bothe in Cristen and other; for every
-  wight dispyseth hem that liveth by lustes and delytes, as him
-  that is thral and bounden servaunt to thinges right foule; suche       15
-  ben compted werse than men; he shal nat in their degree ben
-  rekened, ne for suche one alowed. Heritykes, sayn they, chosen
-  lyf bestial, that voluptuously liven; so that (as I first sayde to
-  thee) in manly and resonable livinges our mater was to declare;
-  but [by] "manly" lyfe, in living after flesshe, or els flesshly wayes  20
-  to chese, may nat blisse in this knotte be conquered, as by reson
-  it is proved. Wherfore by "resonable" lyfe he must nedes it
-  have, sithe a way is to this knotte, but nat by the firste tway lyves;
-  wherfore nedes mot it ben to the thirde; and for to live in flesshe,
-  but nat after flessh, is more resonablich than manliche rekened        25
-  by clerkes. Therfore how this way cometh in, I wol it blythely
-  declare.
-
-  See now (quod she) that these bodily goodes of manliche
-  livinges yelden +sorowfulle stoundes and smertande houres. Who-so
-  +wol remembre him to their endes, in their worchinges they             30
-  ben thoughtful and sorie. Right as a bee that hath had his hony,
-  anon at his flight beginneth to stinge; so thilke bodily goodes at
-  the laste mote awaye, and than stinge they at her goinge, wherthrough
-  entreth and clene voydeth al blisse of this knot.'
-
-  'Forsothe,' quod I, 'me thinketh I am wel served, in shewing           35
-  of these wordes. Although I hadde litel in respect among other
-  grete and worthy, yet had I a fair parcel, as me thought, for the
-  tyme, in forthering of my sustenaunce; whiche while it dured,
-  I thought me havinge mokel hony to myne estat. I had richesse
-  suffisauntly to weyve nede; I had dignite to be reverenced in          40
-  worship. Power me thought that I had to kepe fro myne enemyes,
-  and me semed to shyne in glorie of renome as manhood asketh
-  in mene; for no wight in myne administracion coude non yvels
-  ne trechery by sothe cause on me putte. Lady, your-selve
-  weten wel, that of tho confederacies maked by my soverains             45
-  I nas but a servaunt, and yet mokel mene folk wol fully ayenst
-  reson thilke maters maynteyne, in whiche mayntenaunce [they]
-  glorien them-selfe; and, as often ye haven sayd, therof ought
-  nothing in yvel to be layd to me-wardes, sithen as repentaunt
-  I am tourned, and no more I thinke, neither tho thinges ne             50
-  none suche other to sustene, but utterly distroye, without medlinge
-  maner, in al my mightes. How am I now cast out of al
-  swetnesse of blisse, and mischevously [is] stongen my passed
-  joy! Soroufully muste I bewayle, and live as a wrecche.
-
-  Every of tho joyes is tourned in-to his contrary. For richesse,        55
-  now have I poverte; for dignite, now am I emprisoned; in
-  stede of power, wrecchednesse I suffre; and for glorie of renome,
-  I am now dispysed and foulich hated. Thus hath farn Fortune,
-  that sodaynly am I overthrowen, and out of al welth dispoyled.
-  Trewly, me thinketh this way in entree is right hard; god graunt       60
-  me better grace er it be al passed; the other way, lady, me
-  thought right swete.'
-
-  'Now, certes,' quod Love, 'me list for to chyde. What ayleth
-  thy darke dulnesse? Wol it nat in clerenesse ben sharped?
-  Have I nat by many resons to thee shewed, suche bodily goodes          65
-  faylen to yeve blisse, their might so ferforth wol nat strecche?
-  Shame (quod she) it is to say, thou lyest in thy wordes. Thou
-  ne hast wist but right fewe that these bodily goodes had al atones;
-  commenly they dwellen nat togider. He that plente hath in riches,
-  of his kinne is ashamed; another of linage right noble and wel         70
-  knowe, but povert him handleth; he were lever unknowe.
-  Another hath these, but renome of peoples praysing may he nat
-  have; overal he is hated and defamed of thinges right foule.
-  Another is fair and semely, but dignite him fayleth; and he that
-  hath dignite is croked or lame, or els misshapen and foully dispysed.  75
-  Thus partable these goodes dwellen commenly; in one
-  houshold ben they but silde. Lo! how wrecched is your truste
-  on thing that wol nat accorde! Me thinketh, thou clepest thilke
-  plyte thou were in "selinesse of fortune"; and thou sayest, for
-  that the selinesse is departed, thou art a wrecch. Than foloweth       80
-  this upon thy wordes; every soule resonable of man may nat dye;
-  and if deth endeth selinesse and maketh wrecches, as nedes of
-  fortune maketh it an ende. Than soules, after deth of the body,
-  in wrecchednesse shulde liven. But we knowe many that han
-  geten the blisse of heven after their deth. How than may this          85
-  lyf maken men blisful, that whan it passeth it yeveth no wrecchednesse,
-  and many tymes blisse, if in this lyfe he con live as he
-  shulde? And wolt thou acompt with Fortune, that now at [t]he
-  first she hath don thee tene and sorowe? If thou loke to the
-  maner of al glad thinges and sorouful, thou mayst nat nay it, that     90
-  yet, and namely now, thou standest in noble plyte in a good
-  ginning, with good forth-going herafter. And if thou wene to be
-  a wrecch, for such welth is passed, why than art thou nat wel
-  fortunate, for badde thinges and anguis wrecchednesse ben passed?
-  Art thou now come first in-to the hostry of this lyfe, or els the      95
-  both of this worlde? Art thou now a sodayn gest in-to this
-  wrecched exile? Wenest there be any thing in this erthe stable?
-  Is nat thy first arest passed, that brought thee in mortal sorowe?
-  Ben these nat mortal thinges agon with ignorance of beestial wit,
-  and hast receyved reson in knowing of vertue? What comfort is         100
-  in thy herte, the knowinge sikerly in my service [to] be grounded?
-  And wost thou nat wel, as I said, that deth maketh ende of al
-  fortune? What than? Standest thou in noble plyte, litel hede
-  or recking to take, if thou let fortune passe dy[i]ng, or els that
-  she fly whan her list, now by thy lyve? Pardy, a man hath             105
-  nothing so leef as his lyf; and for to holde that, he doth al his
-  cure and diligent traveyle. Than, say I, thou art blisful and
-  fortunat sely, if thou knowe thy goodes that thou hast yet
-  +beleved, whiche nothing may doute that they ne ben more worthy
-  than thy lyf?'                                                        110
-
-  'What is that?' quod I.
-
-  'Good contemplacion,' quod she, 'of wel-doing in vertue in tyme
-  coming, bothe in plesaunce of me and of thy Margarit-peerle.
-  Hastely thyn hert in ful blisse with her shal be esed. Therfore dismay
-  thee nat; Fortune, in hate grevously ayenst thy bodily person,        115
-  ne yet to gret tempest hath she nat sent to thee, sithen the holding
-  cables and ankers of thy lyfe holden by knitting so faste, that
-  thou discomforte thee nought of tyme that is now, ne dispayre
-  thee not of tyme to come, but yeven thee comfort in hope of
-  weldoing, and of getting agayn the double of thy lesing, with         120
-  encresing love of thy Margarite-perle therto! For this, hiderto,
-  thou hast had al her ful daunger; and so thou might amende al
-  that is misse and al defautes that somtyme thou diddest; and
-  that now, in al thy tyme, to that ilke Margaryte in ful service of
-  my lore thyne herte hath continued; wherfore she ought moche          125
-  the rather enclyne fro her daungerous sete. These thinges ben
-  yet knit by the holding anker in thy lyve, and holden mote they;
-  to god I pray, al these thinges at ful ben perfourmed. For whyle
-  this anker holdeth, I hope thou shalt safely escape; and [in a]
-  whyle thy trewe-mening service aboute bringe, in dispyte of al        130
-  false meners that thee of-newe haten; for [in] this trewe service
-  thou art now entred.'
-
-  'Certayn,' quod I, 'among thinges I asked a question, whiche
-  was the way to the knot. Trewly, lady, how-so it be I tempt you
-  with questions and answers, in speking of my first service, I am      135
-  now in ful purpos in the pricke of the herte, that thilke service
-  was an enprisonment, and alway bad and naughty, in no maner
-  to be desyred; ne that, in getting of the knot, may it nothing
-  aveyle. A wyse gentil herte loketh after vertue, and none other
-  bodily joyes alone. And bycause toforn this in tho wayes I was        140
-  set, I wot wel my-selfe I have erred, and of the blisse fayled; and
-  so out of my way hugely have I ronne.'
-
-  'Certes,' quod she, 'that is sothe; and there thou hast miswent,
-  eschewe the path from hens-forward, I rede. Wonder
-  I trewly why the mortal folk of this worlde seche these ways          145
-  outforth; and it is preved in your-selfe. Lo, how ye ben confounded
-  with errour and folly! The knowing of very cause and way is
-  goodnesse and vertue. Is there any thing to thee more precious
-  than thy-selfe? Thou shalt have in thy power that thou woldest
-  never lese, and that in no way may be taken fro thee; and thilke      150
-  thing is that is cause of this knot. And if deth mowe it nat reve
-  more than an erthly creature, thilke thing than abydeth with thy-selfe
-  soule. And so, our conclusion to make, suche a knot, thus
-  getten, abydeth with this thinge and with the soule, as long as
-  they laste. A soule dyeth never; vertu and goodnesse evermore         155
-  with the soule endureth; and this knot is parfit blisse. Than
-  this soule in this blisse endlesse shal enduren. Thus shul hertes
-  of a trewe knot ben esed: thus shul their soules ben plesed: thus
-  perpetually in joye shul they singe.'
-
-  'In good trouth,' quod I, 'here is a good beginning; yeve us          160
-  more of this way.'
-
-  Quod she, 'I said to thee nat longe sithen, that resonable lyf
-  was oon of three thinges; and it was proved to the soule.
-
-CH. X. 3. nowe. purpose. 4. thyther. 5. maye be sey. 6. waye. 7. _I supply_
-of. 7-10. thre (_twice_). 9. thorowe. 13. christen. 17. sayne. 18. lyfe.
-19. the. lyueng_es_. 20. _Supply_ by. lyueng. 21. reason. 24. mote. 26.
-howe. waye. 28. Se nowe. 29. lyuenges. soroufully; _read_ sorowfulle. 30.
-wele; _read_ wol.
-
-31. hadde. 32. anone. 36. respecte amonge. 37. great. faire. 39. estate.
-42. manhode. 43. meane. -tion. 46. meane folke. 47. reason. _I supply_
-they. 48. sayde. 49. nothynge. layde. 52. Howe. nowe caste. 53. _Supply_
-is. 54. wretche. 56. nowe (_thrice_). 57. wretchednesse. 58. nowe. 60.
-entre. harde. 61. ladye. 63. Nowe. 65. reasons. the. 66. ferforthe.
-stretche.
-
-74. faire. 75. fouly. 77. sylde. howe reetched (!). 80. arte a wretch. 82.
-dethe. wretches. 83. dethe. 84-6. wretchednesse. 85. dethe. Howe. 86. lyfe.
-88. wolte. now. he; _read_ the. 89. done the. 91. nowe. 93. wretch. 94.
-wretchednesse. 95-6. nowe (_twice_). 96. sodayne. 97. wretched. thynge. 98.
-the (_sic_). 100. reason. co_m_forte. 101. hert. _I supply_ to. 102. woste.
-
-104. rcekyng. dyng (_sic_). 106. lefe. lyfe. 109. beloued; _read_ beleued.
-nothynge. 112. conte_m_plation. 114. eased. 115-9. the (_five times_). 119.
-comforte. 120. agayne. encreasynge. 129. shalte. _Supply_ in a. 130.
-meanyng. 131. meaners. the. _Supply_ in. 132. arte nowe. 133. Certayn
-_begins with a large capital_ C, _on fol._ 306, verso. amonge. 134. howe.
-136. nowe. purpose. 136-9. hert.
-
-140. toforne. 141. sette. wote. 142. ron. 144. pathe. -forwarde. 145.
-folke. 146. howe. 148. thynge. the. 150. the. 151. dethe. 152. thynge. 155.
-last. 156. p_ar_fite. 158. eased. pleased. 162. the. lyfe. 163. one. thre.
-
-                          CHAPTER XI.
-
-  Every soule of reson hath two thinges of stering lyf, oon in
-  vertue, and another in the bodily workinge; and whan the
-  soule is the maister over the body, than is a man maister of him-selfe.
-  And a man, to be a maister over him-selfe, liveth in vertu and
-  in goodnesse, and as reson of vertue techeth. So the soule and the      5
-  body, worching vertue togider, liven resonable lyf, whiche clerkes
-  clepen "felicite in living"; and therein is the hye way to this knot.
-  These olde philosophers, that hadden no knowing of divine grace,
-  of kyndly reson alone, wenden that of pure nature, withouten any
-  helpe of grace, me might have y-shoned th'other livinges.              10
-  Resonably have I lived; and for I thinke herafter, if god wol,
-  and I have space, thilke grace after my leude knowing declare,
-  I leve it as at this tyme. But, as I said, he that out-forth loketh
-  after the wayes of this knot, [his] conning with whiche he shulde
-  knowe the way in-forth, slepeth for the tyme. Wherfore he that         15
-  wol this way knowe, must leve the loking after false wayes out-forth,
-  and open the eyen of his conscience, and unclose his herte.
-  Seest nat, he that hath trust in the bodily lyfe is so besy bodily
-  woundes to anointe, in keping from smert (for al-out may they nat
-  be heled), that of woundes in his true understanding he taketh no      20
-  hede; the knowing evenforth slepeth so harde: but anon, as in
-  knowing awake, than ginneth the prevy medicynes, for heling of
-  his trewe intent, inwardes lightly +helen conscience, if it be wel
-  handled. Than must nedes these wayes come out of the soule
-  by stering lyfe of the body; and els may no man come to parfit         25
-  blisse of this knotte. And thus, by this waye, he shal come to the
-  knotte, and to the parfit selinesse that he wende have had in
-  bodily goodes outforth.'
-
-  'Ye,' quod I, 'shal he have both knot, riches, power, dignite,
-  and renome in this maner way?'                                         30
-
-  'Ye,' quod she, 'that shal I shewe thee. Is he nat riche that
-  hath suffisaunce, and hath the power that no man may amaistrien?
-  Is nat greet dignite to have worship and reverence? And hath
-  he nat glorie of renome, whos name perpetual is during, and out
-  of nombre in comparacion?'                                             35
-
-  'These be thinges that men wenen to getten outforth,' quod I.
-
-  'Ye,' quod she; 'they that loken after a thing that nought is
-  therof, in al ne in partie, longe mowe they gapen after!'
-
-  'That is sothe,' quod I.
-
-  'Therfore,' quod she, 'they that sechen gold in grene trees, and       40
-  wene to gader precious stones among vynes, and layn her nettes
-  in mountains to fisshe, and thinken to hunte in depe sees after
-  hart and hynd, and sechen in erth thilke thinges that surmounteth
-  heven, what may I of hem say, but folisshe ignoraunce misledeth
-  wandring wrecches by uncouth wayes that shulden be forleten,           45
-  and maketh hem blynde fro the right pathe of trewe way that
-  shulde ben used? Therfore, in general, errour in mankynde
-  departeth thilke goodes by mis-seching, whiche he shulde have
-  hole, and he sought by reson. Thus goth he begyled of that he
-  sought; in his hode men have blowe a jape.'                            50
-
-  'Now,' quod I, 'if a man be vertuous, and al in vertue liveth,
-  how hath he al these thinges?'
-
-  'That shal I proven,' quod she. 'What power hath any man
-  to lette another of living in vertue? For prisonment, or any
-  other disese, [if] he take it paciently, discomfiteth he nat; the      55
-  tyrant over his soule no power may have. Than hath that man,
-  so tourmented, suche power, that he nil be discomfit; ne overcome
-  may he nat ben, sithen pacience in his soule overcometh,
-  and +is nat overcomen. Suche thing that may nat be a-maistred,
-  he hath nede to nothing; for he hath suffisaunce y-now, to helpe       60
-  him-selfe. And thilke thing that thus hath power and suffisance,
-  and no tyrant may it reve, and hath dignite to sette at nought al
-  thinges, here it is a greet dignite, that deth may a-maistry. Wherfore
-  thilke power [with] suffisaunce, so enclosed with dignite, by
-  al reson renome must have. This is thilke riches with suffisaunce      65
-  ye sholde loke after; this is thilke worshipful dignite ye shulde
-  coveyte; this is thilke power of might, in whiche ye shulde truste;
-  this is the ilke renome of glorie that endlesse endureth; and al
-  nis but substaunce in vertuous lyving.'
-
-  'Certes,' quod I, 'al this is sothe; and so I see wel that vertue      70
-  with ful gripe encloseth al these thinges. Wherfore in sothe
-  I may saye, by my trouth, vertue of my Margarite brought me
-  first in-to your service, to have knitting with that jewel, nat sodain
-  longinges ne folkes smale wordes, but only our conversacion
-  togider; and than I, seinge th'entent of her trewe mening with         75
-  florisshing vertue of pacience, that she used nothing in yvel, to
-  quyte the wicked lesinges that false tonges ofte in her have laid,
-  I have seye it my-selfe, goodly foryevenesse hath spronge out of
-  her herte.  Unite and accord, above al other thinges, she
-  desyreth in a good meke maner; and suffereth many wicked               80
-  tales.
-
-  Trewly, lady, to you it were a gret worship, that suche thinges
-  by due chastisment were amended.'
-
-  'Ye,' quod she, 'I have thee excused; al suche thinges as yet
-  mowe nat be redressed; thy Margarites vertue I commende wel            85
-  the more, that paciently suche anoyes suffreth. David king was
-  meke, and suffred mokel hate and many yvel speches; no despyt
-  ne shame that his enemys him deden might nat move pacience
-  out of his herte, but ever in one plyte mercy he used. Wherfore
-  god him-selfe took reward to the thinges; and theron suche             90
-  punisshment let falle. Trewly, by reson, it ought be ensample of
-  drede to al maner peoples mirth. A man vengeable in wrath no
-  governance in punisshment ought to have. Plato had a cause his
-  servant to +scourge, and yet cleped he his neibour to performe the
-  doinge; him-selfe wolde nat, lest wrath had him a-maistred; and        95
-  so might he have layd on to moche: evermore grounded vertue
-  sheweth th'entent fro within. And trewly, I wot wel, for her goodnesse
-  and vertue, thou hast desyred my service to her plesance
-  wel the more; and thy-selfe therto fully hast profered.'
-
-  'Good lady,' quod I, 'is vertue the hye way to this knot that         100
-  long we have y-handled?'
-
-  'Ye, forsoth,' quod she, 'and without vertue, goodly this knot
-  may nat be goten.'
-
-  'Ah! now I see,' quod I, 'how vertu in me fayleth; and I, as
-  a seer tree, without burjoning or frute, alwaye welke; and            105
-  so I stonde in dispeyre of this noble knot; for vertue in me
-  hath no maner workinge. A! wyde-where aboute have I
-  traveyled!'
-
-  'Pees,' quod she, 'of thy first way; thy traveyle is in ydel;
-  and, as touchinge the seconde way, I see wel thy meninge. Thou        110
-  woldest conclude me, if thou coudest, bycause I brought thee
-  to service; and every of my servantes I helpe to come to this
-  blisse, as I sayd here-beforn. And thou saydest thy-selfe, thou
-  mightest nat be holpen as thou wenest, bycause that vertue in
-  thee fayleth; and this blisse parfitly without vertue may nat be      115
-  goten; thou wenest of these wordes contradiccion to folowe.
-  Parde, at the hardest, I have no servant but he be vertuous in
-  dede and thought. I brought thee in my service, yet art thou
-  nat my servant; but I say, thou might so werche in vertue herafter,
-  that than shalt thou be my servant, and as for my servant             120
-  acompted. For habit maketh no monk; ne weringe of gilte
-  spurres maketh no knight. Never-the-later, in confort of thyne
-  herte, yet wol I otherwyse answere.'
-
-  'Certes, lady,' quod I tho, 'so ye muste nedes; or els I had
-  nigh caught suche a +cardiacle for sorowe, I wot it wel, I shulde     125
-  it never have recovered. And therfore now I praye [thee] to
-  enforme me in this; or els I holde me without recovery. I may
-  nat long endure til this lesson be lerned, and of this mischeef the
-  remedy knowen.'
-
-  'Now,' quod she, 'be nat wroth; for there is no man on-lyve           130
-  that may come to a precious thing longe coveited, but he somtyme
-  suffre teneful diseses: and wenest thy-selfe to ben unliche to al
-  other? That may nat ben. And with the more sorowe that
-  a thing is getten, the more he hath joye the ilke thing afterwardes
-  to kepe; as it fareth by children in scole, that for lerninge arn     135
-  beten, whan their lesson they foryetten. Commenly, after a good
-  disciplyning with a yerde, they kepe right wel doctrine of their
-  scole.'
-
-CH. XI. 1. euery (_with small_ e). reason. lyfe. one. 6. lyfe. 7. lyueng.
-9. reason.
-
-10. thother lyuenges. 13. leaue. 14. _I supply_ his. 16. leaue. 19. anoynt.
-20. healed. 22. healyng. 23. healeth; _read_ helen. 25. maye. p_ar_fite.
-27. p_ar_fyte. 30. waye. 31. the. 33. great. 34. whose. 35. co_m_paration.
-37. thynge. 40. golde. 41. amonge. layne. 42. hunt. 43. hynde. 45.
-wretches.
-
-48. mysse. 49. reason. 51. Nowe. 52. howe. 54. let. lyueng. 55. _I supply_
-if. 56. maye. 59. as; _read_ is. 60. ynowe. 63. great. 64. _I supply_ with.
-67. coueyt. 69. lyueng. 70. se. 74. onely. co_n_versation. 75. thentent.
-76. nothynge. 77. leasynges. layde. 78. sey. 79. hert. accorde. 82. Trewly
-(_with large capital_ T).
-
-84. the. 87. dispite. 89. Werfore. 90. toke rewarde. 91. fal. reason. 94.
-scoure (!); _read_ scourge. 96. layde. 97. thentent. wotte. 99. haste. 100.
-waye. 104. nowe I se. howe. 105. tre. 109. Peace. 110. se. meanyng. 111.
-the. 112. one. 113. beforne. 114. wenyst. 115. the. maye. 116.
-co_n_tradiction. 118. the. arte.
-
-121. habyte. monke. wearynge. 122. conforte. 125. nyghe. cordiacle; _read_
-cardiacle. wotte. 126. nowe. _I supply_ thee. 127. recouerye. 128.
-mischefe. 130. Nowe. wrothe. 131. maye. 132. diseases. wenyst. 133. maye.
-134. thynge. 135. schole. arne. 136. beaten. 138. schole.
-
-                          CHAPTER XII.
-
-  Right with these wordes, on this lady I threw up myne eyen,
-  to see her countenaunce and her chere; and she, aperceyving
-  this fantasye in myne herte, gan her semblaunt goodly on me
-  caste, and sayde in this wyse.
-
-  'It is wel knowe, bothe to reson and experience in doinge,              5
-  every active worcheth on his passive; and whan they ben togider,
-  "active" and "passive" ben y-cleped by these philosophers. If
-  fyr be in place chafinge thing able to be chafed or hete[d], and
-  thilke thinges ben set in suche a distaunce that the oon may
-  werche, the other shal suffre. Thilke Margarite thou desyrest is       10
-  ful of vertue, and able to be active in goodnesse: but every herbe
-  sheweth his vertue outforth from within. The sonne yeveth light,
-  that thinges may be seye. Every fyr heteth thilke thing that it
-  +neigheth, and it be able to be hete[d]. Vertue of this Margarite
-  outforth +wercheth; and nothing is more able to suffre worching,       15
-  or worke cacche of the actife, but passife of the same actife; and
-  no passife, to vertues of this Margaryte, but thee, in al my Donet
-  can I fynde! So that her vertue muste nedes on thee werche;
-  in what place ever thou be, within distaunce of her worthinesse,
-  as her very passife thou art closed. But vertue may thee nothing       20
-  profyte, but thy desyr be perfourmed, and al thy sorowes cesed.
-  _Ergo_, through werchinge of her vertue thou shalt esely ben
-  holpen, and driven out of al care, and welcome to this longe by
-  thee desyred!'
-
-  'Lady,' quod I, 'this is a good lesson in ginning of my joye;          25
-  but wete ye wel forsothe, though I suppose she have moche
-  vertue, I wolde my spousaile were proved, and than may I live
-  out of doute, and rejoice me greetly, in thinking of tho vertues
-  so shewed.'
-
-  'I herde thee saye,' quod she, 'at my beginning, whan I receyved       30
-  thee firste for to serve, that thy jewel, thilke Margaryte thou
-  desyrest, was closed in a muskle with a blewe shel.'
-
-  'Ye, forsothe,' quod I; 'so I sayd; and so it is.'
-
-  'Wel,' quod she, 'every-thing kyndly sheweth it-selfe; this
-  jewel, closed in a blewe shel, [by] excellence of coloures sheweth     35
-  vertue from within; and so every wight shulde rather loke to the
-  propre vertue of thinges than to his forayne goodes. If a thing
-  be engendred of good mater, comenly and for the more part, it
-  foloweth, after the congelement, vertue of the first mater (and
-  it be not corrupt with vyces) to procede with encrees of good          40
-  vertues; eke right so it fareth of badde. Trewly, greet excellence
-  in vertue of linage, for the more part, discendeth by kynde to
-  the succession in vertues to folowe. Wherfore I saye, the +colour
-  of every Margarit sheweth from within the fynesse in vertue.
-  Kyndely heven, whan mery +weder is a-lofte, apereth in mannes          45
-  eye of coloure in blewe, stedfastnesse in pees betokening within
-  and without. Margaryte is engendred by hevenly dewe, and
-  sheweth in it-selfe, by fynenesse of colour, whether the engendrure
-  were maked on morowe or on eve; thus sayth kynde of this
-  perle. This precious Margaryte that thou servest, sheweth it-selfe     50
-  discended, by nobley of vertue, from this hevenlich dewe, norisshed
-  and congeled in mekenesse, that +moder is of al vertues; and, by
-  werkes that men seen withouten, the significacion of the coloures
-  ben shewed, mercy and pitee in the herte, with pees to al other;
-  and al this is y-closed in a muskle, who-so redily these vertues       55
-  loken. Al thing that hath soule is reduced in-to good by mene thinges,
-  as thus: In-to god man is reduced by soules resonable; and so
-  forth beestes, or bodyes that mowe not moven, after place ben
-  reduced in-to manne by beestes +mene that moven from place to
-  place. So that thilke bodyes that han felinge soules, and move         60
-  not from places, holden the lowest degree of soulinge thinges in
-  felinge; and suche ben reduced in-to man by menes. So it
-  foloweth, the muskle, as +moder of al vertues, halt the place of
-  mekenesse, to his lowest degree discendeth downe of heven, and
-  there, by a maner of virgine engendrure, arn these Margarytes          65
-  engendred, and afterward congeled. Made not mekenesse so
-  lowe the hye heven, to enclose and cacche out therof so noble
-  a dewe, that after congelement, a Margaryte, with endelesse vertue
-  and everlasting joy, was with ful vessel of grace yeven to every
-  creature, that goodly wolde it receyve?'                               70
-
-  'Certes,' quod I, 'these thinges ben right noble; I have er this
-  herd these same sawes.'
-
-  'Than,' quod she, 'thou wost wel these thinges ben sothe?'
-
-  'Ye, forsothe,' quod I, 'at the ful.'
-
-  'Now,' quod she, 'that this Margaryte is ful of vertue, it is wel      75
-  proved; wherfore som grace, som mercy, among other vertues,
-  I wot right wel, on thee shal discende?'
-
-  'Ye,' quod I; 'yet wolde I have better declared, vertues in this
-  Margarite kyndely to ben grounded.'
-
-  'That shal I shew thee,' quod she, 'and thou woldest it lerne.'        80
-
-  'Lerne?' quod I, 'what nedeth suche wordes? Wete ye nat
-  wel, lady, your-selfe, that al my cure, al my diligence, and al my
-  might, have turned by your counsayle, in plesaunce of that perle?
-  Al my thought and al my studye, with your helpe, desyreth, in
-  worshippe [of] thilke jewel, to encrese al my travayle and al my       85
-  besinesse in your service, this Margaryte to gladde in some halve.
-  Me were lever her honour, her plesaunce, and her good chere
-  thorow me for to be mayntayned and kept, and I of suche thinge
-  in her lykinge to be cause, than al the welthe of bodily goodes ye
-  coude recken. And wolde never god but I putte my-selfe in              90
-  greet jeopardy of al that I +welde, (that is now no more but
-  my lyf alone), rather than I shulde suffre thilke jewel in any
-  pointe ben blemisshed; as ferre as I may suffre, and with my
-  mightes strecche.'
-
-  'Suche thing,' quod she, 'may mokel further thy grace, and             95
-  thee in my service avaunce. But now (quod Love) wilt thou
-  graunte me thilke Margaryte to ben good?'
-
-  'O! good +god,' quod I, 'why tempte ye me and tene with
-  suche maner speche? I wolde graunt that, though I shulde anon
-  dye; and, by my trouthe, fighte in the quarel, if any wight wolde     100
-  countreplede.'
-
-  'It is so moche the lighter,' quod Love, 'to prove our entent.'
-
-  'Ye,' quod I; 'but yet wolde I here how ye wolde prove that
-  she were good by resonable skil, that it mowe not ben denyed.
-  For although I knowe, and so doth many other, manifold goodnesse      105
-  and vertue in this Margaryte ben printed, yet some men
-  there ben that no goodnesse speken; and, wher-ever your wordes
-  ben herd and your resons ben shewed, suche yvel spekers, lady,
-  by auctorite of your excellence, shullen be stopped and ashamed!
-  And more, they that han non aquayntaunce in her persone, yet          110
-  mowe they knowe her vertues, and ben the more enfourmed in
-  what wyse they mowe sette their hertes, whan hem liste in-to your
-  service any entree make. For trewly al this to beginne, I wot
-  wel my-selfe that thilke jewel is so precious perle, as a womanly
-  woman in her kynde; in whom of goodnesse, of vertue, and also         115
-  of answeringe shappe of limmes, and fetures so wel in al pointes
-  acording, nothing fayleth. I leve that kynde her made with greet
-  studye; for kynde in her person nothing hath foryet[en], and that
-  is wel sene. In every good wightes herte she hath grace of
-  commending and of vertuous praysing. Alas! that ever kynde            120
-  made her deedly! Save only in that, I wot wel, that Nature,
-  in fourminge of her, in no-thinge hath erred.'
-
-CH. XII. 1. threwe. 2. se. 5. Reason. 7. ycleaped. 8. fyre. thynge. hete;
-_read_ heted. 9. sette. one. 12. outforthe. 13. sey. fyre. 14. neighed;
-_read_ neigheth. hete; _read_ heted.
-
-15. wrethe (!); _read_ wercheth. nothynge. 16. catche. 17-8. the (_twice_).
-20. arte. the. 21. desyre. ceased. 22. shalte easely. 24. the. 26. thoughe.
-27. maye. 28. greatly. 30. the say. 31. the. 35. _Supply_ by. 38. parte.
-40. encrease. 41. great. 42. parte. 43. colours; _read_ colour. 45. wether;
-_read_ weder. 46. peace. 48. coloure.
-
-52, 63. mother; _read_ moder. 53. sene. signification. 54. pytie. 56.
-meane. 58. forthe. 59. meue; _misprint for_ mene. mouyn. 62. meanes. 63.
-halte. 65. arne. 66. afterwarde. 67. catche. 72. herde. 73. woste. 75.
-Nowe. 76. some (_twice_). amonge. 77. wotte. 77, 80. the (_twice_). 85. _I
-supply_ of. encrease. 87. leauer. pleasaunce.
-
-88. thorowe. kepte. 90. put. 91. great ieoperdye. wolde; _read_ welde.
-nowe. lyfe. 94. stretche. 95. maye. 96. the. nowe. wylte. 98. good good;
-_read_ good god. 99. thoughe. anone. 100. fyght. 103. howe. 104.
-reasonable. 105. dothe. 108. herde. reasons. 110. none. 113. entre. wote.
-115. whome. 117. nothynge. great. 118. foryet. 121. onely.
-
-                          CHAPTER XIII.
-
-  'Certes,' quod Love, 'thou hast wel begonne; and I aske
-  thee this question: Is not, in general, every-thing good?'
-
-  'I not,' quod I.
-
-  'No?' quod she; '+saw not god everything that he made, and
-  weren right good?'                                                      5
-
-  'Than is wonder,' quod I, 'how yvel thinges comen a-place,
-  sithen that al thinges weren right good.'
-
-  'Thus,' quod she, 'I wol declare. Everiche qualite and every
-  accion, and every thing that hath any maner of beinge, it is of
-  god; and god it made, of whom is al goodnesse and al being.            10
-  Of him is no badnesse. Badde to be, is naught; good to be,
-  is somwhat; and therfore good and being is oon in
-  understanding.'
-
-  'How may this be?' quod I. 'For often han shrewes me
-  assailed, and mokel badnesse therin have I founden; and so me          15
-  semeth bad to be somwhat in kynde.'
-
-  'Thou shalt,' quod she, 'understande that suche maner badnesse,
-  whiche is used to purifye wrong-doers, is somwhat; and god it
-  made, and being [it] hath; and that is good. Other badnesse no
-  being hath utterly; it is in the negative of somwhat, and that is      20
-  naught and nothing being. The parties essential of being arn
-  sayd in double wyse, as that it is; and these parties ben founde
-  in every creature. For al thing, a this halfe the first being, is
-  being through participacion, taking partie of being; so that [in]
-  every creature is difference bitwene being of him through whom         25
-  it is, and his own being. Right as every good is a maner of
-  being, so is it good thorow being; for it is naught other to be.
-  And every thing, though it be good, is not of him-selfe good;
-  but it is good by that it is ordinable to the greet goodnesse.
-  This dualite, after clerkes +determinison, is founden in every         30
-  creature, be it never so single of onhed.'
-
-  'Ye,' quod I; 'but there-as it is y-sayd that god +saw every-thing
-  of his making, and [they] were right good (as your-selfe
-  sayd to me not longe tyme sithen), I aske whether every creature
-  is y-sayd "good" through goodnesse unfourmed eyther els fourmed;       35
-  and afterward, if it be accept utterly good?'
-
-  'I shal say thee,' quod she. 'These grete passed clerkes han
-  devyded good in-to good being alone, and that is nothing but
-  +god, for nothing is good in that wyse but god: also, in good by
-  participacion, and that is y-cleped "good" for far fet and             40
-  representative of +godly goodnesse. And after this maner manyfold
-  good is sayd, that is to saye, good in kynde, and good in gendre,
-  and good of grace, and good of joy. Of good in kynde Austen
-  sayth, "al that ben, ben good." But peraunter thou woldest
-  wete, whether of hem-selfe it be good, or els of anothers goodnesse:   45
-  for naturel goodnesse of every substaunce is nothing els than his
-  substancial being, which is y-cleped "goodnesse" after comparison
-  that he hath to his first goodnesse, so as it is inductatife by menes
-  in-to the first goodnesse. Boece sheweth this thing at the ful, that
-  this name "good" is, in general, name in kynde, as it is comparisoned  50
-  generally to his principal ende, which is god, knotte of
-  al goodnesse. Every creature cryeth "god us made"; and so
-  they han ful apeted to thilke god by affeccion such as to hem
-  longeth; and in this wyse al thinges ben good of the gret god,
-  which is good alone.'                                                  55
-
-  'This wonder thing,' quod I, 'how ye have by many resons
-  proved my first way to be errour and misgoing, and cause[d] of
-  badnesse and feble meninge in the grounde ye aleged to be roted.
-  Whence is it that suche badnesse hath springes, sithen al thinges
-  thus in general ben good, and badnesse hath no being, as ye have       60
-  declared? I wene, if al things ben good, I might than with the
-  first way in that good have ended, and so by goodnesse have comen
-  to blisse in your service desyred.'
-
-  'Al thing,' quod she, 'is good by being in participacion out of
-  the firste goodnesse, whiche goodnesse is corrupt by badnesse          65
-  and badde-mening maners. God hath [ordeyned] in good thinges,
-  that they ben good by being, and not in yvel; for there is absence
-  of rightful love. For badnesse is nothing but only yvel wil of the
-  user, and through giltes of the doer; wherfore, at the ginninge of
-  the worlde, every thing by him-selfe was good; and in universal        70
-  they weren right good. An eye or a hand is fayrer and betterer
-  in a body set, in his kyndely place, than from the body dissevered.
-  Every thing in his kyndly place, being kyndly, good doth werche;
-  and, out of that place voyded, it dissolveth and is defouled him-selve.
-  Our noble god, in gliterande wyse, by armony this world                75
-  ordeyned, as in purtreytures storied with colours medled, in
-  whiche blacke and other derke colours commenden the golden
-  and the asured paynture; every put in kyndely place, oon, besyde
-  another, more for other glitereth. Right so litel fayr maketh
-  right fayr more glorious; and right so, of goodnesse, and of other     80
-  thinges in vertue. Wherfore other badde and not so good perles
-  as this Margaryte that we han of this matier, yeven by the ayre
-  litel goodnesse and litel vertue, [maken] right mokel goodnesse
-  and vertue in thy Margaryte to ben proved, in shyning wyse to be
-  founde and shewed. How shulde ever goodnesse of pees have              85
-  ben knowe, but-if unpees somtyme reigne, and mokel yvel +wrathe?
-  How shulde mercy ben proved, and no trespas were, by due
-  justification, to be punisshed? Therfore grace and goodnesse of
-  a wight is founde; the sorouful hertes in good meninge to endure,
-  ben comforted; unite and acord bitwene hertes knit in joye to          90
-  abyde. What? wenest thou I rejoyce or els accompte him among
-  my servauntes that pleseth Pallas in undoinge of Mercurye, al-be-it
-  that to Pallas he be knit by tytle of lawe, not according to
-  resonable conscience, and Mercurie in doinge have grace to ben
-  suffered; or els him that +weyveth the moone for fayrenesse of         95
-  the eve-sterre? Lo! otherwhyle by nightes, light of the moone
-  greetly comforteth in derke thoughtes and blynde. Understanding
-  of love yeveth greet gladnesse. Who-so list not byleve, whan
-  a sothe tale is shewed, a dewe and a deblys his name is entred.
-  Wyse folk and worthy in gentillesse, bothe of vertue and of           100
-  livinge, yeven ful credence in sothnesse of love with a good herte,
-  there-as good evidence or experience in doinge sheweth not the
-  contrarie. Thus mightest thou have ful preef in thy Margarytes
-  goodnesse, by commendement of other jewels badnesse and
-  yvelnesse in doing. Stoundemele diseses yeveth several houres         105
-  in joye.'
-
-  'Now, by my trouthe,' quod I, 'this is wel declared, that my
-  Margaryte is good; for sithen other ben good, and she passeth
-  manye other in goodnesse and vertue; wherthrough, by maner
-  necessarie, she muste be good. And goodnesse of this Margaryte        110
-  is nothing els but vertue; wherfore she is vertuous; and if there
-  fayled any vertue in any syde, there were lacke of vertue. Badde
-  nothing els is, ne may be, but lacke and want of good and goodnesse;
-  and so shulde she have that same lacke, that is to saye,
-  badde; and that may not be. For she is good; and that is good,        115
-  me thinketh, al good; and so, by consequence, me semeth, vertuous,
-  and no lacke of vertue to have. But the sonne is not knowe but
-  he shyne; ne vertuous herbes, but they have her kynde werchinge;
-  ne vertue, but it strecche in goodnesse or profyt to another, is no
-  vertue. Than, by al wayes of reson, sithen mercy and pitee ben        120
-  moste commended among other vertues, and they might never ben
-  shewed, [unto] refresshement of helpe and of comfort, but now
-  at my moste nede; and that is the kynde werkinge of these
-  vertues; trewly, I wene, I shal not varye from these helpes. Fyr,
-  and-if he yeve non hete, for fyre is not demed. The sonne, but        125
-  he shyne, for sonne is not accompted. Water, but it wete, the
-  name shal ben chaunged. Vertue, but it werche, of goodnesse
-  doth it fayle; and in-to his contrarie the name shal ben reversed.
-  And these ben impossible; wherfore the contradictorie, that is
-  necessarye, nedes muste I leve.'                                      130
-
-  'Certes,' quod she, 'in thy person and out of thy mouthe these
-  wordes lyen wel to ben said, and in thyne understanding to be
-  leved, as in entent of this Margaryte alone. And here now my
-  speche in conclusion of these wordes.
-
-CH. XIII. 1. haste. 2, 4. thynge. 4. saue; _read_ saw. 5. werne. 6. howe.
-9. action. 12. one. 14. Howe. 18. wronge. 19. _I supply_ it. 21. arne. 24.
-_I supply_ in. and of; _I omit_ and. 27. thorowe. 29. great. determission
-(!); _read_ determinison. 32. ysayde. saue; _read_ saw. 33. _I supply_
-they.
-
-35. ysayde. 36. afterwarde. accepte. 37. the. great. 39. good; _read_ god.
-40. farre fette. 41. goodly; _read_ godly. manyfolde. 44. saythe. 47.
-ycleaped. 48. meanes. 53. affection. 56. howe. reasons. 57. waye. cause;
-_read_ caused. 59. baddesse (!). 65. corrupte. 66. meanynge. _I supply_
-ordeyned. 68. nothynge. onely. 71. werne. hande.
-
-72. sette. disceuered. 73. dothe. 75. worlde. 78. putte. one. 79. lytle
-fayre. 80. fayre. 83. _Supply_ maken. 85. Howe. peace. 86. vnpeace. wrothe;
-_read_ wrathe. 87. Howe. trespeace (!). 89. meanynge. 90. acorde. knytte.
-91. amonge. 92. pleaseth. 93. knytte. 94. reasonable. 95. weneth; _read_
-weyveth. 97. greatly. 98. great. lyste. 99. adewe. 100. folke. 101. hert.
-103. prefe. 105. diseases. 107. Nowe.
-
-109. wherthroughe. 111. no thynge. 113. wante. 115. maye. 119. stretche.
-profyte. 120. reason. pytie. 121. amonge. 122. _Supply_ unto. comforte.
-nowe. 124. Fyre. 125. none heate. 128. dothe. 133. nowe.
-
-                          CHAPTER XIV.
-
-  In these thinges,' quod she, 'that me list now to shewe
-  openly, shal be founde the mater of thy sicknesse, and
-  what shal ben the medicyn that may be thy sorowes lisse and
-  comfort, as wel thee as al other that amisse have erred and out of
-  the way walked, so that any drope of good wil in amendement             5
-  [may] ben dwelled in their hertes. Proverbes of Salomon openly
-  techeth, how somtyme an innocent walkid by the way in
-  blyndnesse of a derke night; whom mette a woman (if it be leefly to
-  saye) as a strumpet arayed, redily purveyed in turninge of
-  thoughtes with veyne janglinges, and of rest inpacient, by             10
-  dissimulacion of my termes, saying in this wyse: "Com, and be we
-  dronken of our swete pappes; use we coveitous collinges." And
-  thus drawen was this innocent, as an oxe to the larder.'
-
-  'Lady,' quod I, 'to me this is a queynte thing to understande;
-  I praye you, of this parable declare me the entent.'                   15
-
-  'This innocent,' quod she, 'is a scoler lerninge of my lore, in
-  seching of my blisse, in whiche thinge the day of his thought
-  turning enclyneth in-to eve; and the sonne, of very light faylinge,
-  maketh derke night in his conninge. Thus in derknesse of many
-  doutes he walketh, and for blyndenesse of understandinge, he ne        20
-  wot in what waye he is in; forsothe, suche oon may lightly ben
-  begyled. To whom cam love fayned, not clothed of my livery,
-  but [of] unlefful lusty habit, with softe speche and mery; and
-  with fayre honyed wordes heretykes and mis-meninge people
-  skleren and wimplen their errours. Austen witnesseth of an             25
-  heretyk, that in his first beginninge he was a man right expert
-  in resons and swete in his wordes; and the werkes miscorden.
-  Thus fareth fayned love in her firste werchinges. Thou knowest
-  these thinges for trewe; thou hast hem proved by experience
-  somtyme, in doing to thyne owne person; in whiche thing thou hast      30
-  founde mater of mokel disese. Was not fayned love redily
-  purveyed, thy wittes to cacche and tourne thy good thoughtes?
-  Trewly, she hath wounded the conscience of many with florisshinge
-  of mokel jangling wordes; and good worthe thanked I it for
-  no glose. I am glad of my prudence thou hast so manly her              35
-  +weyved. To me art thou moche holden, that in thy kynde
-  course of good mening I returne thy mynde. I trowe, ne had
-  I shewed thee thy Margaryte, thou haddest never returned. Of
-  first in good parfit joye was ever fayned love impacient, as the
-  water of Siloe, whiche evermore floweth with stilnesse and privy       40
-  noyse til it come nighe the brinke, and than ginneth it so out of
-  mesure to bolne, with novelleries of chaunging stormes, that in
-  course of every renning it is in pointe to spille al his circuit of
-  +bankes. Thus fayned love prively, at the fullest of his flowinge,
-  [ginneth] newe stormes [of] debat to arayse. And al-be-it that         45
-  Mercurius [servants] often with hole understandinge knowen
-  suche perillous maters, yet Veneriens so lusty ben and so leude
-  in their wittes, that in suche thinges right litel or naught don
-  they fele; and wryten and cryen to their felawes: "here is blisse,
-  here is joye"; and thus in-to one same errour mokel folk they          50
-  drawen. "Come," they sayen, "and be we dronken of our
-  pappes"; that ben fallas and lying glose, of whiche mowe they not
-  souke milke of helthe, but deedly venim and poyson, corrupcion
-  of sorowe. Milke of fallas is venim of disceyt; milke of lying glose
-  is venim of corrupcion. Lo! what thing cometh out of these             55
-  pappes! "Use we coveited collinges"; desyre we and meddle we false
-  wordes with sote, and sote with false! Trewly, this is the sorinesse
-  of fayned love; nedes, of these surfettes sicknesse muste
-  folowe. Thus, as an oxe, to thy langoring deth were thou drawen;
-  the sote of the smoke hath thee al defased. Ever the deper thou        60
-  somtyme wadest, the soner thou it founde; if it had thee killed,
-  it had be litel wonder. But on that other syde, my trewe
-  servaunt[s] not faynen ne disceyve conne; sothly, their doinge
-  is open; my foundement endureth, be the burthen never so
-  greet; ever in one it lasteth. It yeveth lyf and blisful goodnesse     65
-  in the laste endes, though the ginninges ben sharpe. Thus of
-  two contraries, contrarye ben the effectes. And so thilke
-  Margaryte thou servest shal seen thee, by her service out of
-  perillous tribulacion delivered, bycause of her service in-to newe
-  disese fallen, by hope of amendement in the laste ende, with joye      70
-  to be gladded. Wherfore, of kynde pure, her mercy with grace
-  of good helpe shal she graunte; and els I shal her so strayne,
-  that with pite shal she ben amaystred. Remembre in thyne
-  herte how horribly somtyme to thyne Margaryte thou trespasest,
-  and in a grete wyse ayenst her thou forfeytest! Clepe ayen thy         75
-  mynde, and know thyne owne giltes. What goodnesse, what
-  bountee, with mokel folowing pite founde thou in that tyme?
-  Were thou not goodly accepted in-to grace? By my pluckinge
-  was she to foryevenesse enclyned. And after, I her styred to
-  drawe thee to house; and yet wendest thou utterly for ever             80
-  have ben refused. But wel thou wost, sithen that I in suche
-  sharpe disese might so greetly avayle, what thinkest in thy wit?
-  How fer may my wit strecche? And thou lache not on thy syde,
-  I wol make the knotte. Certes, in thy good bering I wol acorde
-  with the psauter: "I have founde David in my service true, and         85
-  with holy oyle of pees and of rest, longe by him desyred, utterly
-  he shal be anoynted." Truste wel to me, and I wol thee not
-  fayle. The +leving of the first way with good herte of continuance
-  that I see in thee grounded, this purpose to parfourme, draweth
-  me by maner of constrayning, that nedes muste I ben thyne helper.      90
-  Although mirthe a whyle be taried, it shal come at suche seson,
-  that thy thought shal ben joyed. And wolde never god, sithen
-  thyne herte to my resons arn assented, and openly hast confessed
-  thyne amisse-going, and now cryest after mercy, but-if mercy
-  folowed; thy blisse shal ben redy, y-wis; thou ne wost how sone.       95
-  Now be a good child, I rede.  The kynde of vertues, in thy
-  Margaryte rehersed, by strength of me in thy person shul werche.
-  Comfort thee in this; for thou mayst not miscary.' And these
-  wordes sayd, she streyght her on length, and rested a whyle.
-
-  � THUS ENDETH THE SECONDE BOOK, AND HERE AFTER FOLOWETH
-  THE THIRDE BOOK.
-
-CH. XIV. 1. nowe. 4. the. 6. _Supply_ may. 7. teacheth. howe.
-
-8. lefely. 11. sayeng. Come. 14. thynge. 16. scholer. 17. daye. 21. wote.
-one. 22. whome came. 23. _Supply_ of. unleful lustye habyte. 24. misse-.
-26. heretyke. experte. 27. resones. 29. haste. 32. catche. 35. gladde. 36.
-veyned; _read_ weyved. arte. 37. meanyng. 38. the. 39. parfyte. 42.
-measure. 43. spyl. 44. cankes (!); _read_ bankes.
-
-45. _I supply_ ginneth _and_ of. debate. 46. _I supply_ servants. 51.
-sayne. 52-4. lyeng. 54. disceyte. 55. thynge. 58. must. 60. the. 61. the.
-63. seruaunt. 65. great. lyfe. 68. sene the. 70, 82. disease. 72. graunt.
-74. howe. 75. great. 76. knowe. 77. bountie. 80. the.
-
-82. greatly. 83. howe ferre maye my wytte stretche. 86. peace. 87. the. 88.
-leanyng (!). 89. se. the. 93. reasones arne. haste. 94. nowe. 96. chylde.
-98. Comforte the. 99. sayde. COLOPHON. booke. boke.
-
-                          BOOK III.
-
-                          CHAPTER I.
-
-  Of nombre, sayn these clerkes, that it is naturel somme of
-  discrete thinges, as in tellinge oon, two, three, and so forth;
-  but among al nombres, three is determined for moste certayn.
-  Wherfore in nombre certayn this werk of my besy leudenesse
-  I thinke to ende and parfourme. Ensample by this worlde, in             5
-  three tymes is devyded; of whiche the first is cleped +Deviacion,
-  that is to say, going out of trewe way; and al that tho dyeden, in
-  helle were they punisshed for a man[ne]s sinne, til grace and mercy
-  fette hem thence, and there ended the firste tyme. The seconde
-  tyme lasteth from the comming of merciable grace until the ende        10
-  of transitorie tyme, in whiche is shewed the true way in fordoinge
-  of the badde; and that is y-cleped tyme of Grace. And that
-  thing is not yeven by desert of yeldinge oon benefyt for another,
-  but only through goodnesse of the yever of grace in thilke tyme.
-  Who-so can wel understande is shapen to be saved in souled             15
-  blisse. The thirde tyme shal ginne whan transitorie thinges of
-  worldes han mad their ende; and that shal ben in Joye, glorie, and
-  rest, both body and soule, that wel han deserved in the tyme of
-  Grace. And thus in that heven +togider shul they dwelle perpetuelly,
-  without any imaginatyfe yvel in any halve. These                       20
-  tymes are figured by tho three dayes that our god was closed
-  in erthe; and in the thirde aroos, shewing our resurreccion to
-  joye and blisse of tho that it deserven, by his merciable grace.
-  So this leude book, in three maters, accordaunt to tho tymes,
-  lightly by a good inseer may ben understonde; as in the firste,        25
-  Errour of misse-goinge is shewed, with sorowful pyne punisshed,
-  +that cryed after mercy. In the seconde, is Grace in good waye
-  proved, whiche is faylinge without desert, thilke first misse
-  amendinge, in correccion of tho erroures, and even way to bringe,
-  with comfort of welfare in-to amendement wexinge. And in the           30
-  thirde, Joye and blisse graunted to him that wel can deserve it,
-  and hath savour of understandinge in the tyme of grace. Thus
-  in Joye, of my thirde boke, shal the mater be til it ende.
-
-  But special cause I have in my herte to make this proces
-  of a Margarit-perle, that is so precious a gemme +whyt, clere and      35
-  litel, of whiche stones or jewel[les] the tonges of us Englissh
-  people tourneth the right names, and clepeth hem 'Margery-perles';
-  thus varieth our speche from many other langages. For
-  trewly Latin, Frenche, and many mo other langages clepeth hem,
-  Margery-perles, [by] the name 'Margarites,' or 'Margarite-perles';     40
-  wherfore in that denominacion I wol me acorde to other mens
-  tonges, in that name-cleping. These clerkes that treten of kyndes,
-  and studien out the propertee there of thinges, sayn: the Margarite
-  is a litel whyt perle, throughout holowe and rounde and
-  vertuous; and on the see-sydes, in the more Britayne, in               45
-  muskle-shelles, of the hevenly dewe, the best ben engendred; in whiche
-  by experience ben founde three fayre vertues. Oon is, it yeveth
-  comfort to the feling spirites in bodily persones of reson. Another
-  is good; it is profitable helthe ayenst passions of sorie mens hertes.
-  And the thirde, it is nedeful and noble in staunching of bloode,       50
-  there els to moche wolde out renne. To whiche perle and vertues
-  me list to lyken at this tyme Philosophie, with her three speces,
-  that is, natural, and moral, and resonable; of whiche thinges
-  hereth what sayn these grete clerkes. Philosophie is knowing of
-  devynly and manly thinges joyned with studie of good living;           55
-  and this stant in two thinges, that is, conninge and opinion.
-  Conninge is whan a thing by certayn reson is conceyved. But
-  wrecches and fooles and leude men, many wil conceyve a thing
-  and mayntayne it as for sothe, though reson be in the contrarye;
-  wherfore conninge is a straunger. Opinion is whyl a thing is in        60
-  non-certayn, and hid from mens very knowleging, and by no parfit
-  reson fully declared, as thus: if the sonne be so mokel as men
-  wenen, or els if it be more than the erthe. For in sothnesse the
-  certayn quantite of that planet is unknowen to erthly dwellers; and
-  yet by opinion of some men it is holden for more than midle-erth.      65
-
-  The first spece of philosophie is naturel; whiche in kyndely
-  thinges +treteth, and sheweth causes of heven, and strength of
-  kyndely course; as by arsmetrike, geometry, musike, and by
-  astronomye techeth wayes and cours of hevens, of planetes, and
-  of sterres aboute heven and erthe, and other elementes.                70
-
-  The seconde spece is moral, whiche, in order, of living maners
-  techeth; and by reson proveth vertues of soule moste worthy in
-  our living; whiche ben prudence, justice, temperaunce, and
-  strength. Prudence is goodly wisdom in knowing of thinges.
-  Strength voideth al adversitees aliche even. Temperaunce distroyeth    75
-  beestial living with esy bering. And Justice rightfully
-  jugeth; and juging departeth to every wight that is his owne.
-
-  The thirde spece turneth in-to reson of understanding; al
-  thinges to be sayd soth and discussed; and that in two thinges is
-  devyded. Oon is art, another is rethorike; in whiche two al            80
-  lawes of mans reson ben grounded or els maintayned.
-
-  And for this book is of LOVE, and therafter bereth his name,
-  and philosophie and lawe muste here-to acorden by their clergial
-  discripcions, as: philosophie for love of wisdom is declared, lawe
-  for mainteynaunce of pees is holden: and these with love must          85
-  nedes acorden; therfore of hem in this place have I touched.
-  Ordre of homly thinges and honest maner of livinge in vertue,
-  with rightful jugement in causes and profitable administracion in
-  comminaltees of realmes and citees, by evenhed profitably to
-  raigne, nat by singuler avauntage ne by prive envy, ne by soleyn       90
-  purpos in covetise of worship or of goodes, ben disposed in open
-  rule shewed, by love, philosophy, and lawe, and yet love, toforn
-  al other. Wherfore as sustern in unite they accorden, and oon
-  ende, that is, pees and rest, they causen norisshinge; and in the
-  joye maynteynen to endure.                                             95
-
-  Now than, as I have declared: my book acordeth with discripcion
-  of three thinges; and the Margarit in vertue is lykened
-  to Philosophy, with her three speces. In whiche maters ever
-  twey ben acordaunt with bodily reson, and the thirde with the
-  soule. But in conclusion of my boke and of this Margarite-perle       100
-  in knittinge togider, Lawe by three sondrye maners shal be lykened;
-  that is to saye, lawe, right, and custome, whiche I wol declare.
-  Al that is lawe cometh of goddes ordinaunce, by kyndly worching;
-  and thilke thinges ordayned by mannes wittes arn y-cleped right,
-  which is ordayned by many maners and in constitucion written.         105
-  But custome is a thing that is accepted for right or for lawe,
-  there-as lawe and right faylen; and there is no difference, whether
-  it come of scripture or of reson. Wherfore it sheweth, that lawe
-  is kyndly governaunce; right cometh out of mannes probable
-  reson; and custome is of commen usage by length of tyme               110
-  used; and custome nat writte is usage; and if it be writte,
-  constitucion it is y-written and y-cleped. But lawe of kynde is
-  commen to every nation, as conjunccion of man and woman in
-  love, succession of children in heritance, restitucion of thing
-  by strength taken or lent; and this lawe among al other halt          115
-  the soveraynest gree in worship; whiche lawe began at the
-  beginning of resonable creature; it varied yet never for no
-  chaunging of tyme. Cause, forsothe, in ordayning of lawe was to
-  constrayne mens hardinesse in-to pees, and withdrawing his yvel
-  wil, and turning malice in-to goodnesse; and that innocence           120
-  sikerly, withouten teneful anoye, among shrewes safely might
-  inhabite by proteccion of safe-conducte, so that the shrewes, harm
-  for harme, by brydle of ferdnesse shulden restrayne. But forsothe,
-  in kyndely lawe, nothing is commended but such as goddes
-  wil hath confirmed, ne nothing denyed but contrarioustee of           125
-  goddes wil in heven. Eke than al lawes, or custome, or els
-  constitucion by usage or wryting, that contraryen lawe of kynde,
-  utterly ben repugnaunt and adversarie to our goddes wil of heven.
-  Trewly, lawe of kynde for goddes own lusty wil is verily to
-  mayntayne; under whiche lawe (and unworthy) bothe professe            130
-  and reguler arn obediencer and bounden to this Margarite-perle
-  as by knotte of loves statutes and stablisshment in kynde, whiche
-  that goodly may not be withsetten. Lo! under this bonde am
-  I constrayned to abyde; and man, under living lawe ruled, by that
-  lawe oweth, after desertes, to ben rewarded by payne or by mede,      135
-  but-if mercy weyve the payne. So than +by part resonfully may
-  be seye, that mercy bothe right and lawe passeth. Th' entent
-  of al these maters is the lest clere understanding, to weten, at
-  th'ende of this thirde boke; ful knowing, thorow goddes grace,
-  I thinke to make neverthelater. Yet if these thinges han a good       140
-  and a +sleigh inseer, whiche that can souke hony of the harde
-  stone, oyle of the drye rocke, [he] may lightly fele nobley of mater
-  in my leude imaginacion closed. But for my book shal be of
-  joye (as I sayd), and I [am] so fer set fro thilke place fro whens
-  gladnesse shulde come; my corde is to short to lete my boket          145
-  ought cacche of that water; and fewe men be abouten my corde
-  to eche, and many in ful purpos ben redy it shorter to make, and
-  to enclose th' entre, that my boket of joye nothing shulde cacche,
-  but empty returne, my careful sorowes to encrese: (and if I dye
-  for payne, that were gladnesse at their hertes): good lord, send      150
-  me water in-to the cop of these mountayns, and I shal drinke
-  therof, my thurstes to stanche, and sey, these be comfortable
-  welles; in-to helth of goodnesse of my saviour am I holpen. And
-  yet I saye more, the house of joye to me is nat opened. How
-  dare my sorouful goost than in any mater of gladnesse thinken to      155
-  trete? For ever sobbinges and complayntes be redy refrete in
-  his meditacions, as werbles in manifolde stoundes comming about
-  I not than. And therfore, what maner of joye coude [I] endyte?
-  But yet at dore shal I knocke, if the key of David wolde the locke
-  unshitte, and he bringe me in, whiche that childrens tonges both      160
-  openeth and closeth; whos spirit where he +wol wercheth,
-  departing goodly as him lyketh.
-
-  Now to goddes laude and reverence, profit of the reders,
-  amendement of maners of the herers, encresing of worship among
-  Loves servauntes, releving of my herte in-to grace of my jewel,       165
-  and fren[d]ship [in] plesance of this perle, I am stered in this
-  making, and for nothing els; and if any good thing to mennes
-  lyking in this scripture be founde, thanketh the maister of grace,
-  whiche that of that good and al other is authour and principal
-  doer. And if any thing be insufficient or els mislyking, +wyte        170
-  that the leudnesse of myne unable conning: for body in disese
-  anoyeth the understanding in soule. A disesely habitacion
-  letteth the wittes [in] many thinges, and namely in sorowe. The
-  custome never-the-later of Love, +by long tyme of service, in
-  termes I thinke to pursue, whiche ben lyvely to yeve understanding    175
-  in other thinges. But now, to enforme thee of this
-  Margarites goodnesse, I may her not halfe preyse. Wherfore, nat
-  she for my boke, but this book for her, is worthy to be commended,
-  tho my book be leude; right as thinges nat for places, but places
-  for thinges, ought to be desyred and praysed.                         180
-
-BOOK III: CH. I. 1. sayne. 2. one. thre. 3. amonge. thre. 3, 4. certayne.
-4. werke. 6. thre. Demacion; _read_ Deuiacion. 8. hel.
-
-13. thynge. deserte. one benefyte. 14. onely. 16. gyn. 17. made. 19.
-togyther. dwel. 21. thre. 22. arose. resurrection. 24. boke. thre. 25.
-maye. 26. erroure. 27. is (!); _read_ that. 28. deserte. 29. correction.
-waye. 30. comforte. 31. canne. 34. hert. processe. 35. peerle. with; _read_
-whyt (_see_ l. 44). 36. iewel; _read_ iewelles. 39. cleapeth. 40. _Supply_
-by. 42. treaten. 43. propertie. sayne. 44. whyte. 47. One. 48. comforte.
-reason.
-
-51. ren. 52. thre. 54. sayn. great. 56. stante. 57. certayne. 58. wretches.
-60. whyle. 61. -certayne. hydde. 62. parfyte reason. 64. certayne. 67.
-treten; _read_ treteth. 69. course. 73. lyueng. 74. wysdome. 76. lyueng.
-easy bearyng. 78. reason. 80. one. arte. 81. reason. 82. booke. beareth.
-84. wisdome. 85. peace.
-
-88. administration. 89. co_m_mynalties. cytes. 91. purpose. 93. susterne.
-one. 94. peace. 96. Nowe. boke. discription. 97-8. thre. 99. reason. 100.
-peerle. 101. thre. 105. co_n_stitution. 110. reason. 112. co_n_stitutyon.
-113. co_n_iunction. 114. restitution. 115. halte. 117. reasonable. 119.
-peace. 121. amonge. 122. harme for harme.
-
-123. ferdenesse. 124. nothynge. 125. contraryoustie. 130. law. 131. arne.
-133. maye. 134. lyueng. 135. payn. 136. be; _read_ by. parte reasonfully.
-137. sey. thentent. 139. thende. thorowe. 141. sleight; _read_ sleigh. 142.
-_I insert_ he. 143. ymagination. boke. 144. _Supply_ am. ferre. 145. let.
-146-8. catch. 147. purpose. 148. thentre. 150. lorde sende. 152. sta_n_ch.
-157. meditatio_n_s. 158. _I supply_ I.
-
-160. vnshyt. bring. 161. whose spirite. wel; _read_ wol. 163. Nowe.
-profite. 165. hert. 166. frenship. _I supply_ in. peerle. 170. with; _read_
-wyte. 172. habitation. 173. _I supply_ in. 174. be; _read_ by. 176. nowe.
-enform the. 178-9. boke (_thrice_).
-
-                          CHAPTER II.
-
-  'Now,' quod Love, 'trewly thy wordes I have wel understonde.
-  Certes, me thinketh hem right good; and me
-  wondreth why thou so lightly passest in the lawe.'
-
-  'Sothly,' quod I, 'my wit is leude, and I am right blynd, and
-  that mater depe. How shulde I than have waded? Lightly                  5
-  might I have drenched, and spilte ther my-selfe.'
-
-  'Ye,' quod she, 'I shal helpe thee to swimme. For right as
-  lawe punissheth brekers of preceptes and the contrary-doers of the
-  written constitucions, right so ayenward lawe rewardeth and
-  yeveth mede to hem that lawe strengthen. By one lawe this              10
-  rebel is punisshed and this innocent is meded; the shrewe is
-  enprisoned and this rightful is corowned. The same lawe that
-  joyneth by wedlocke without forsaking, the same lawe yeveth
-  lybel of departicion bycause of devorse both demed and
-  declared.'                                                             15
-
-  'Ye, ye,' quod I, 'I fynde in no lawe to mede and rewarde in
-  goodnes the gilty of desertes.'
-
-  'Fole,' quod she, 'gilty, converted in your lawe, mikel merit
-  deserveth. Also Pauly[n] of Rome was crowned, that by him the
-  maynteyners of Pompeus weren knowen and distroyed; and yet             20
-  toforn was this Paulyn cheef of Pompeus counsaile. This lawe
-  in Rome hath yet his name of mesuring, in mede, the bewraying of
-  the conspiracy, ordayned by tho senatours the deth. Julius Cesar
-  is acompted in-to Catons rightwisnesse; for ever in trouth
-  florissheth his name among the knowers of reson. Perdicas was          25
-  crowned in the heritage of Alexander the grete, for tellinge of
-  a prevy hate that king Porrus to Alexander hadde. Wherfore
-  every wight, by reson of lawe, after his rightwysenesse apertely
-  his mede may chalenge; and so thou, that maynteynest lawe of
-  kynde, and therfore disese hast suffred in the lawe, reward is         30
-  worthy to be rewarded and ordayned, and +apertly thy mede
-  might thou chalenge.'
-
-  'Certes,' quod I, 'this have I wel lerned; and ever hens-forward
-  I shal drawe me therafter, in oonhed of wil to abyde, this
-  lawe bothe maynteyne and kepe; and so hope I best entre in-to          35
-  your grace, wel deservinge in-to worship of a wight, without
-  nedeful compulsion, [that] ought medefully to be rewarded.'
-
-  'Truly,' quod Love, 'that is sothe; and tho[ugh], by constitucion,
-  good service in-to profit and avantage strecche, utterly
-  many men it demen to have more desert of mede than good wil            40
-  nat compelled.'
-
-  'See now,' quod I, 'how +many men holden of this the contrary.
-  And what is good service? Of you wolde I here this
-  question declared.'
-
-  'I shal say thee,' quod she, 'in a fewe wordes:--resonable             45
-  workinges in plesaunce and profit of thy soverayne.'
-
-  'How shulde I this performe?' quod I.
-
-  'Right wel,' quod she; 'and here me now a litel. It is hardely
-  (quod she) to understande, that right as mater by due overchaunginges
-  foloweth his perfeccion and his forme, right so every                  50
-  man, by rightful werkinges, ought to folowe the lefful desyres in
-  his herte, and see toforn to what ende he deserveth. For many
-  tymes he that loketh nat after th'endes, but utterly therof is
-  unknowen, befalleth often many yvels to done, wherthrough, er he
-  be war, shamefully he is confounded; th'ende[s] therof neden to        55
-  be before loked. To every desirer of suche foresight in good
-  service, three thinges specially nedeth to be rulers in his workes.
-  First, that he do good; next, that he do [it] by eleccion in his
-  owne herte; and the thirde, that he do godly, withouten any
-  surquedry in thoughtes. That your werkes shulden be good, in           60
-  service or in any other actes, authorites many may be aleged;
-  neverthelater, by reson thus may it be shewed. Al your werkes
-  be cleped seconde, and moven in vertue of the firste wercher,
-  whiche in good workes wrought you to procede; and right so
-  your werkes moven in-to vertue of the laste ende: and right in         65
-  the first workinge were nat, no man shulde in the seconde werche.
-  Right so, but ye feled to what ende, and seen their goodnes
-  closed, ye shulde no more +recche what ye wrought; but the
-  ginning gan with good, and there shal it cese in the laste ende, if
-  it be wel considred. Wherfore the middle, if other-wayes it drawe      70
-  than accordant to the endes, there stinteth the course of good,
-  and another maner course entreth; and so it is a partie by him-selve;
-  and every part [that] be nat accordant to his al, is foul and
-  ought to be eschewed. Wherfore every thing that is wrought
-  and be nat good, is nat accordant to th'endes of his al hole; it is    75
-  foul, and ought to be withdrawe. Thus the persons that neither
-  don good ne harm shamen foule their making. Wherfore, without
-  working of good actes in good service, may no man ben accepted.
-  Truely, the ilke that han might to do good and doon it nat, the
-  crowne of worship shal be take from hem, and with shame shul           80
-  they be anulled; and so, to make oon werke acordant with his
-  endes, every good servaunt, by reson of consequence, muste do
-  good nedes. Certes, it suffiseth nat alone to do good, but goodly
-  withal folowe; the thanke of goodnesse els in nought he
-  deserveth. For right as al your being come from the greetest           85
-  good, in whom al goodnesse is closed, right so your endes ben
-  directe to the same good. Aristotel determineth that ende and
-  good ben one, and convertible in understanding; and he that in
-  wil doth awey good, and he that loketh nat to th'ende, loketh nat
-  to good; but he that doth good and doth nat goodly, [and]              90
-  draweth away the direction of th'ende nat goodly, must nedes
-  be badde. Lo! badde is nothing els but absence or negative
-  of good, as derkenesse is absence or negative of light. Than he
-  that dooth [not] goodly, directeth thilke good in-to th'ende of
-  badde; so muste thing nat good folowe: eke badnesse to suche           95
-  folke ofte foloweth. Thus contrariaunt workers of th'ende
-  that is good ben worthy the contrary of th'ende that is good
-  to have.'
-
-  'How,' quod I, 'may any good dede be doon, but-if goodly it
-  helpe?'                                                               100
-
-  'Yes,' quod Love, 'the devil doth many good dedes, but
-  goodly he leveth be-hynde; for +ever badly and in disceyvable
-  wyse he worketh; wherfore the contrary of th'ende him foloweth.
-  And do he never so many good dedes, bicause goodly is away,
-  his goodnes is nat rekened. Lo! than, tho[ugh] a man do good,         105
-  but he do goodly, th'ende in goodnesse wol nat folowe; and thus
-  in good service both good dede and goodly doon musten joyne
-  togider, and that it be doon with free choise in herte; and els
-  deserveth he nat the merit in goodnes: that wol I prove. For
-  if thou do any-thing good by chaunce or by happe, in what thing       110
-  art thou therof worthy to be commended? For nothing, by reson
-  of that, turneth in-to thy praysing ne lacking. Lo! thilke thing
-  doon by hap, by thy wil is nat caused; and therby shulde I
-  thanke or lacke deserve? And sithen that fayleth, th'ende which
-  that wel shulde rewarde, must ned[e]s faile. Clerkes sayn, no man     115
-  but willinge is blessed; a good dede that he hath doon is nat
-  doon of free choice willing; without whiche blissednesse may nat
-  folowe. _Ergo_, neither thanke of goodnesse ne service [is] in that
-  [that] is contrary of the good ende. So than, to good service
-  longeth good dede goodly don, thorow free choice in herte.'           120
-
-  'Truely,' quod I, 'this have I wel understande.'
-
-  'Wel,' quod she, 'every thing thus doon sufficiently by lawe,
-  that is cleped justice, [may] after-reward clayme. For lawe and
-  justice was ordayned in this wyse, suche desertes in goodnesse,
-  after quantite in doinge, by mede to rewarde; and of necessite of     125
-  suche justice, that is to say, rightwysenesse, was free choice in
-  deserving of wel or of yvel graunted to resonable creatures.
-  Every man hath free arbitrement to chose, good or yvel to
-  performe.'
-
-  'Now,' quod I tho, 'if I by my good wil deserve this Margarit-perle,  130
-  and am nat therto compelled, and have free choice to do
-  what me lyketh; she is than holden, as me thinketh, to rewarde
-  th'entent of my good wil.'
-
-  'Goddes forbode els,' quod Love; 'no wight meneth otherwyse,
-  I trowe; free wil of good herte after-mede deserveth.'                135
-
-  'Hath every man,' quod I, 'free choice by necessary maner of
-  wil in every of his doinges that him lyketh, by goddes proper
-  purvyaunce? I wolde see that wel declared to my leude understanding;
-  for "necessary" and "necessite" ben wordes of mokel
-  entencion, closing (as to saye) so mote it be nedes, and otherwyse    140
-  may it nat betyde.'
-
-  'This shalt thou lerne,' quod she, 'so thou take hede in my
-  speche. If it were nat in mannes owne liberte of free wil to do
-  good or bad, but to the one teyed by bonde of goddes preordinaunce,
-  than, do he never so wel, it were by nedeful compulcion               145
-  of thilk bonde, and nat by free choice, wherby nothing he
-  desyreth: and do he never so yvel, it were nat man for to wyte,
-  but onlich to him that suche thing ordayned him to done.
-  Wherfore he ne ought for bad[de] be punisshed, ne for no good
-  dede be rewarded; but of necessite of rightwisnesse was therfore      150
-  free choice of arbitrement put in mans proper disposicion. Truely,
-  if it were otherwyse, it contraried goddes charite, that badnesse
-  and goodnesse rewardeth after desert of payne or of mede.'
-
-  'Me thinketh this wonder,' quod I; 'for god by necessite
-  forwot al thinges coming, and so mote it nedes be; and thilke         155
-  thinges that ben don +by our free choice comen nothing of necessite
-  but only +by wil. How may this stonde +togider? And so
-  me thinketh truely, that free choice fully repugneth goddes
-  forweting. Trewly, lady, me semeth, they mowe nat stande
-  +togider.'                                                            160
-
-CH. II. 1. Nowe. 4. blynde. 5. howe. 7. Yea. the. swym. 9. constitutions.
-aye_n_warde.
-
-17. gyltie. 18. gyltie. merite. 19. Pauly (_for_ Paulyn; _first time_). 21.
-toforne. chefe. 25. amonge. 25-8. reason. 26. great. 30. disease. rewarde.
-31. apartly (_for_ ap_er_tly). 34. onehed. 37. _I supply_ that. 38.
-constitution. 39. profite. stretch. 42. Se. howe may. 45. the. 46. profite.
-47. Howe. 48. nowe. 50. perfection.
-
-51. leful. 52. hert. se. 55. ware. 57. thre. 58. _I supply_ it. electyon.
-59. hert. 62. reason. maye. 68. recth (_for_ retch); _read_ recche. 69.
-cease. 73. p_ar_te. _I supply_ that. 73-5. foule. 77. harme. 79. done. 81.
-one. 82. reason. 85. greatest.
-
-90. _I supply_ and. 92. bad. negatyfe (_first time_). 94. _I supply_ not.
-99. done. 101. dothe. 102. even; _read_ ever. 105. tho. 107-8. done
-(_twice_). 108. hert. 109. merite. 111. reason. 113. done. shulde I; _put
-for_ shuldest thou. 115. neds (_sic_). 116-7. done (_twice_). 118. _I
-supply_ is _and_ that. 120. thorowe fre. hert. 122. done. 123. _I supply_
-may. rewarde claym.
-
-130. Nowe. 134. meaneth. 135. hert. 136. fre. 138. se. 140. ente_n_tion.
-142. lern. 143-6. fre (_twice_). 148. onelych. 149. bad. 151. fre. 151.
-disposition. 153. payn. 155. forwote. 156. be; _for_ by. fre. 157. onely
-be; _for_ by. Howe. 157-60. togyther; _read_ togider. 158. fre.
-
-                          CHAPTER III.
-
-  Than gan Love nighe me nere, and with a noble countenance
-  of visage and limmes, dressed her nigh my
-  sitting-place.
-
-  'Take forth,' quod she, 'thy pen, and redily wryte these
-  wordes. For if god wol, I shal hem so enforme to thee, that thy         5
-  leudnesse which I have understande in that mater shal openly be
-  clered, and thy sight in ful loking therin amended. First, if thou
-  thinke that goddes prescience repugne liberte of arbitrement, it is
-  impossible that they shulde accorde in onheed of sothe to
-  understonding.'                                                        10
-
-  'Ye,' quod I, 'forsothe; so I it conceyve.'
-
-  'Wel,' quod she, 'if thilke impossible were away, the repugnaunce
-  that semeth to be therin were utterly removed.'
-
-  'Shewe me the absence of that impossibilite,' quod I.
-
-  'So,' quod she, 'I shal. Now I suppose that they mowe                  15
-  stande togider: prescience of god, whom foloweth necessite of
-  thinges comming, and liberte of arbitrement, thorow whiche thou
-  belevest many thinges to be without necessite.'
-
-  'Bothe these proporcions be sothe,' quod I, 'and wel mowe
-  stande togider; wherfore this case as possible I admit.'               20
-
-  'Truely,' quod she, 'and this case is impossible.'
-
-  'How so?' quod I.
-
-  'For herof,' quod she, 'foloweth and wexeth another
-  impossible.'
-
-  'Prove me that,' quod I.                                               25
-
-  'That I shal,' quod she; 'for somthing is comming without
-  necessite, and god wot that toforn; for al thing comming he
-  before wot, and that he beforn wot of necessite is comming, as
-  he beforn wot be the case by necessary maner; or els, thorow
-  necessite, is somthing to be without necessite; and wheder, to         30
-  every wight that hath good understanding, is seen these thinges
-  to be repugnaunt: prescience of god, whiche that foloweth necessite,
-  and liberte of arbitrement, fro whiche is removed necessite?
-  For truely, it is necessary that god have forweting of thing withouten
-  any necessite cominge.'                                                35
-
-  'Ye,' quod I; 'but yet remeve ye nat away fro myne understanding
-  the necessite folowing goddes be foreweting, as thus. God
-  beforn wot me in service of love to be bounden to this Margarite-perle,
-  and therfore by necessite thus to love am I bounde; and
-  if I had nat loved, thorow necessite had I ben kept from al            40
-  love-dedes.'
-
-  'Certes,' quod Love, 'bicause this mater is good and necessary
-  to declare, I thinke here-in wel to abyde, and not lightly to passe.
-  Thou shalt not (quod she) say al-only, "god beforn wot me to be
-  a lover or no lover," but thus: "god beforn wot me to be a lover       45
-  without necessite." And so foloweth, whether thou love or not love,
-  every of hem is and shal be. But now thou seest the impossibilite
-  of the case, and the possibilite of thilke that thou wendest
-  had been impossible; wherfore the repugnaunce is adnulled.'
-
-  'Ye,' quod I; 'and yet do ye not awaye the strength of necessite,      50
-  whan it is said, th[r]ough necessite it is me in love to
-  abyde, or not to love without necessite for god beforn wot it.
-  This maner of necessite forsothe semeth to some men in-to coaccion,
-  that is to sayne, constrayning, or else prohibicion, that is,
-  defendinge; wherfore necessite is me to love of wil. I understande     55
-  me to be constrayned by some privy strength to the wil
-  of lovinge; and if [I] no[t] love, to be defended from the wil of
-  lovinge: and so thorow necessite me semeth to love, for I love;
-  or els not to love, if I not love; wherthrough neither thank ne
-  maugre in tho thinges may I deserve.'                                  60
-
-  'Now,' quod she, 'thou shalt wel understande, that often we
-  sayn thing thorow necessite to be, that by no strength to be
-  neither is coarted ne constrayned; and through necessite not
-  to be, that with no defendinge is removed. For we sayn it is
-  thorow necessite god to be immortal, nought deedliche; and it          65
-  is necessite, god to be rightful; but not that any strength of
-  violent maner constrayneth him to be immortal, or defendeth him
-  to be unrightful; for nothing may make him dedly or unrightful.
-  Right so, if I say, thorow necessite is thee to be a lover or els
-  noon; only thorow wil, as god beforn wete. It is nat to understonde    70
-  that any thing defendeth or forbit thee thy wil, whiche shal
-  nat be; or els constrayneth it to be, whiche shal be. That same
-  thing, forsoth, god before wot, whiche he beforn seeth. Any
-  thing commende of only wil, that wil neyther is constrayned
-  ne defended thorow any other thing. And so thorow liberte of           75
-  arbitrement it is do, that is don of wil. And trewly, my good
-  child, if these thinges be wel understonde, I wene that non
-  inconvenient shalt thou fynde betwene goddes forweting and
-  liberte of arbitrement; wherfore I wot wel they may stande
-  togider. Also farthermore, who that understanding of prescience        80
-  properlich considreth, thorow the same wyse that any-thing be
-  afore wist is said, for to be comming it is pronounced; there is
-  nothing toforn wist but thing comming; foreweting is but of
-  trouth[e]; dout[e] may nat be wist; wherfore, whan I sey that god
-  toforn wot any-thing, thorow necessite is thilke thing to be comming;  85
-  al is oon if I sey, it shal be. But this necessite neither
-  constrayneth ne defendeth any-thing to be or nat to be. Therfore sothly,
-  if love is put to be, it is said of necessite to be; or els, for it
-  is put nat to be, it is affirmed nat to be of necessite; nat for that
-  necessite constrayneth or defendeth love to be or nat to be. For       90
-  whan I say, if love shal be, of necessite it shal be, here foloweth
-  necessite the thing toforn put; it is as moch to say as if it were thus
-  pronounced--"that thing shal be." Noon other thing signifyeth
-  this necessite but only thus: that shal be, may nat togider be
-  and nat be. Evenlich also it is soth, love was, and is, and shal       95
-  be, nat of necessite; and nede is to have be al that was; and
-  nedeful is to be al that is; and comming, to al that shal be.
-  And it is nat the same to saye, love to be passed, and love
-  passed to be passed; or love present to be present, and love to
-  be present; or els love to be comminge, and love comminge to be       100
-  comming. Dyversite in setting of wordes maketh dyversite in
-  understandinge; altho[ugh] in the same sentence they accorden
-  of significacion; right as it is nat al oon, love swete to be swete,
-  and love to be swete. For moch love is bitter and sorouful, er
-  hertes ben esed; and yet it glad[d]eth thilke sorouful herte on       105
-  suche love to thinke.'
-
-  'Forsothe,' quod I, 'outherwhile I have had mokel blisse in
-  herte of love that stoundmele hath me sorily anoyed. And
-  certes, lady, for I see my-self thus knit with this Margarite-perle
-  as by bonde of your service and of no liberte of wil, my herte wil    110
-  now nat acorde this service to love. I can demin in my-selfe
-  non otherwise but thorow necessite am I constrayned in this
-  service to abyde. But alas! than, if I thorow nedeful compulsioun
-  maugre me be with-holde, litel thank for al my greet traveil have
-  I than deserved.'                                                     115
-
-  'Now,' quod this lady, 'I saye as I sayde: me lyketh this
-  mater to declare at the ful, and why: for many men have had
-  dyvers fantasyes and resons, both on one syde therof and in the
-  other. Of whiche right sone, I trowe, if thou wolt understonde,
-  thou shalt conne yeve the sentence to the partie more probable        120
-  by reson, and in soth knowing, by that I have of this mater
-  maked an ende.'
-
-  'Certes,' quod I, 'of these thinges longe have I had greet lust
-  to be lerned; for yet, I wene, goddes wil and his prescience
-  acordeth with my service in lovinge of this precious Margarite-perle. 125
-  After whom ever, in my herte, with thursting desyre wete,
-  I do brenne; unwasting, I langour and fade; and the day of my
-  desteny in dethe or in joye I +onbyde; but yet in th'ende I am
-  comforted +by my supposaile, in blisse and in joye to determine
-  after my desyres.'                                                    130
-
-  'That thing,' quoth Love, 'hastely to thee neigh, god graunt
-  of his grace and mercy! And this shal be my prayer, til thou be
-  lykende in herte at thyne owne wil. But now to enforme thee in
-  this mater (quod this lady) thou wost where I lefte; that was:
-  love to be swete, and love swete to be swete, is not al oon for to    135
-  say. For a tree is nat alway by necessite white. Somtyme, er it
-  were white, it might have be nat white; and after tyme it is
-  white, it may be nat white. But a white tree evermore nedeful
-  is to be white; for neither toforn ne after it was white, might it
-  be togider white and nat white. Also love, by necessite, is nat       140
-  present as now in thee; for er it were present, it might have be
-  that it shulde now nat have be; and yet it may be that it shal nat
-  be present; but thy love present whiche to her, Margarite, thee
-  hath bounde, nedeful is to be present. Trewly, som doing of
-  accion, nat by necessite, is comminge fer toforn it be; it may be     145
-  that it shal nat be comminge. Thing forsoth comming nedeful is
-  to be comming; for it may nat be that comming shal nat be
-  comming. And right as I have sayd of present and of future
-  tymes, the same sentence in sothnesse is of the preterit, that is
-  to say, tyme passed. For thing passed must nedes be passed; and       150
-  er it were, it might have nat be; wherfore it shulde nat have
-  passed. Right so, whan love comming is said of love that is to
-  come, nedeful is to be that is said; for thing comming never is nat
-  comminge. And so, ofte, the same thing we sayn of the same; as
-  whan we sayn "every man is a man," or "every lover is a lover,"       155
-  so muste it be nedes. In no waye may he be man and no man togider.
-  And if it be nat by necessite, that is to say nedeful, al thing
-  comming to be comming, than somthing comming is nat comminge,
-  and that is impossible. Right as these termes "nedeful,"
-  "necessite," and "necessary" betoken and signify thing nedes          160
-  to be, and it may nat otherwyse be, right [so] +this terme "impossible"
-  signifyeth, that [a] thing is nat and by no way may it be.
-  Than, thorow pert necessite, al thing comming is comming; but
-  that is by necessite foloweth, with nothing to be constrayned.
-  Lo! whan that "comming" is said of thinge, nat alway thing            165
-  thorow necessite is, altho[ugh] it be comming. For if I say,
-  "to-morowe love is comming in this Margarites herte," nat therfore
-  thorow necessite shal the ilke love be; yet it may be that it shal
-  nat be, altho[ugh] it were comming. Neverthelater, somtyme it
-  is soth that somthing be of necessite, that is sayd "to come"; as     170
-  if I say, to-morowe +be comminge the rysinge of the sonne. If
-  therfore with necessite I pronounce comming of thing to come, in
-  this maner love to-morne comminge in thyne Margarite to thee-ward,
-  by necessite is comminge; or els the rysing of the sonne
-  to-morne comminge, through necessite is comminge. Love sothely,       175
-  whiche may nat be of necessite alone folowinge, thorow necessite
-  comming it is mad certayn. For "futur" of future is said; that is to
-  sayn, "comming" of comminge is said; as, if to-morowe comming
-  is thorow necessite, comminge it is. Arysing of the sonne, thorow
-  two necessites in comming, it is to understande; that oon is          180
-  to-for[e]going necessite, whiche maketh thing to be; therfore it shal
-  be, for nedeful is that it be. Another is folowing necessite, whiche
-  nothing constrayneth to be, and so by necessite it is to come; why?
-  for it is to come. Now than, whan we sayn that god beforn wot
-  thing comming, nedeful [it] is to be comming; yet therfore make       185
-  we nat in certayn evermore, thing to be thorow necessite comminge.
-  Sothly, thing comming may nat be nat comming by no
-  way; for it is the same sentence of understanding as if we say
-  thus: if god beforn wot any-thing, nedeful is that to be comming.
-  But yet therfore foloweth nat the prescience of God, thing thorow     190
-  necessite to be comming: for al-tho[ugh] god toforn wot al
-  thinges comming, yet nat therfore he beforn wot every thing
-  comming thorow necessite. Some thinges he beforn wot comming
-  of free wil out of resonable creature.'
-
-  'Certes,' quod I, 'these termes "nede" and "necessite" have           195
-  a queint maner of understanding; they wolden dullen many
-  mennes wittes.'
-
-  'Therfore,' quod she, 'I wol hem openly declare, and more
-  clerely than I have toforn, er I departe hen[ne]s.
-
-CH. III. 1. nygh. 5. the. 6. vndersta_n_d. 8. lyberte of arbetry of
-arbitrement; _omit_ arbetry of. 15. Nowe. 17. thorowe. 22. Howe. 29.
-beforne. maner than (_omit_ than). thorowe. 30. whed_er_to.
-
-38. beforne wote. 40. thorowe. kepte. 44. shalte. onely. 44-5. beforne wote
-(_twice_). 47. nowe. 51. though; _read_ through. 52. beforne wote. 53.
-coaction. 57. _Supply_ I; _for_ no _read_ not; _see_ l. 59. 58. thorowe.
-59. thanke. 60. maye. 61. Nowe. shalte. 62. sayne. thorowe. 63. throughe.
-64. sayne. 65. thorowe. 67. violente. 69. thorowe. the. 70. none. onely
-thorowe. beforne. 71. the.
-
-73-4. thynge. 74. co_m_mende; _for_ comminge. onely. 75. thorowe (_twice_).
-76. done. 77. childe. vndersto_n_d. 81. thorowe. 84. trouth. dout. 85.
-wote. thorowe. 86. if it shal be; _omit_ if. 92. toforne. 93. None. 94.
-onely. 102. altho. 103. signification. one. 105. eased. hert. 108. hert.
-
-109. se. peerle. 110. hert. 111. nowe. 112. thorowe. 113. thorowe. 114.
-thanke. great. 116. Nowe. 118. reasons. 120. shalte con. 121. reason. 123.
-great luste. 126. hert. weete. 128. vnbyde (!). 129. be; _for_ by. 133.
-nowe. the. 135. one. 138. maye. 141. nowe. the. 142. nowe. maye. 143. the.
-144. some.
-
-145. action. ferre. 154. thynge. 155. sayne. 161. _I supply_ so. these
-termes; _read_ this terme. 162. _I supply_ a. 163-6. thorowe. (_twice_).
-166. altho. 167. hert. 169. altho. 171. by; _read_ be. 173. the warde. 176.
-thorowe. 177. made certayne. 179. thorowe. 180. one. 181. to forgoing.
-
-184. Nowe. 185. _I supply_ it. 186. certayne. thynge. thorowe. 187. maye.
-190. thorowe. 191. wote. 193. thorowe. 200. hense; _read_ hennes.
-
-                          CHAPTER IV.
-
-  Here of this mater,' quod she, 'thou shalt understande
-  that, right as it is nat nedeful, god to wilne that he wil,
-  no more in many thinges is nat nedeful, a man to wilne that
-  he wol. And ever, right as nedeful is to be, what that god wol,
-  right so to be it is nedeful that man wol in tho thinges, whiche        5
-  that god hath put in-to mannes subjeccion of willinge; as, if
-  a man wol love, that he love; and if he ne wol love, that he love
-  nat; and of suche other thinges in mannes disposicion. For-why,
-  now than that god wol may nat be, whan he wol the wil of man
-  thorow no necessite to be constrayned or els defended for to           10
-  wilne, and he wol th'effect to folowe the wil; than is it nedeful,
-  wil of man to be free, and also to be that he wol. In this maner
-  it is soth, that thorow necessite is mannes werke in loving, that
-  he wol do altho[ugh] he wol it nat with necessite.'
-
-  Quod I than, 'how stant it in love of thilke wil, sithen men           15
-  loven willing of free choice in herte? Wherfore, if it be thorow
-  necessite, I praye you, lady, of an answere this question to
-  assoyle.'
-
-  'I wol,' quod she, 'answere thee blyvely. Right as men wil
-  not thorow necessite, right so is not love of wil thorow necessite;    20
-  ne thorow necessite wrought thilke same wil. For if he wolde
-  it not with good wil, it shulde nat have been wrought; although
-  that he doth, it is nedeful to be doon. But if a man do sinne, it
-  is nothing els but to +wilne that he shulde nat; right so sinne
-  of wil is not to be [in] maner necessary don, no more than wil is      25
-  necessarye. Never-the-later, this is sothe; if a man wol sinne,
-  it is necessarye him to sinne, but th[r]ough thilke necessite nothing
-  is constrayned ne defended in the wil; right so thilke thing that
-  free-wil wol and may, and not may not wilne; and nedeful is
-  that to wilne he may not wilne. But thilke to wilne nedeful is; for    30
-  impossible to him it is oon thing and the same to wilne and not to
-  wilne. The werke, forsothe, of wil, to whom it is yeve that it be that
-  he hath in wil, and that he wol not, voluntarie +or spontanye it is;
-  for by spontanye wil it is do, that is to saye, with good wil not
-  constrayned: than by wil not constrayned it is constrayned to          35
-  be; and that is it may not +togider be. If this necessite maketh
-  liberte of wil, whiche that, aforn they weren, they might have ben
-  eschewed and shonned: god than, whiche that knoweth al
-  tr[o]uthe, and nothing but tr[o]uthe, al these thinges, as they
-  arn spontanye or necessarie, +seeth; and as he seeth, so they          40
-  ben. And so with these thinges wel considred, it is open at the
-  ful, that without al maner repugnaunce god beforn wot al maner
-  thinges [that] ben don by free wil, whiche, aforn they weren,
-  [it] might have ben [that] never they shulde be. And yet ben
-  they thorow a maner necessite from free wil +discended.                45
-
-  Hereby may (quod she) lightly ben knowe that not al thinges to
-  be, is of necessite, though god have hem in his prescience. For
-  som thinges to be, is of liberte of wil. And to make thee to have
-  ful knowinge of goddes beforn-weting, here me (quod she) what
-  I shal say.'                                                           50
-
-  'Blythly, lady,' quod I, 'me list this mater entyrely to
-  understande.'
-
-  'Thou shalt,' quod she, 'understande that in heven is goddes
-  beinge; although he be over al by power, yet there is abydinge of
-  devyne persone; in whiche heven is everlastinge presence, withouten    55
-  any movable tyme. There * is nothing preterit ne passed,
-  there is nothing future ne comming; but al thinges togider in that
-  place ben present everlasting, without any meving. Wherfore, to
-  god, al thing is as now; and though a thing be nat, in kyndly
-  nature of thinges, as yet, and if it shulde be herafter, yet evermore  60
-  we shul saye, god it maketh be tyme present, and now; for no
-  future ne preterit in him may be founde. Wherfore his weting and
-  his before-weting is al oon in understanding. Than, if weting
-  and before-weting of god putteth in necessite to al thinges whiche
-  he wot or before-wot; ne thing, after eternite or els after any        65
-  tyme, he wol or doth of liberte, but al of necessite: whiche thing
-  if thou wene it be ayenst reson, [than is] nat thorow necessite to
-  be or nat to be, al thing that god wot or before-wot to be or nat
-  to be; and yet nothing defendeth any-thing to be wist or to be
-  before-wist of him in our willes or our doinges to be don, or els      70
-  comminge to be for free arbitrement. Whan thou hast these
-  declaracions wel understande, than shalt thou fynde it resonable
-  at prove, and that many thinges be nat thorow necessite but
-  thorow liberte of wil, save necessite of free wil, as I tofore said,
-  and, as me thinketh, al utterly declared.'                             75
-
-  'Me thinketh, lady,' quod I, 'so I shulde you nat displese, and
-  evermore your reverence to kepe, that these thinges contraryen in
-  any understanding; for ye sayn, somtyme is thorow liberte of
-  wil, and also thorow necessite. Of this have I yet no savour,
-  without better declaracion.'                                           80
-
-  'What wonder,' quod she, 'is there in these thinges, sithen al
-  day thou shalt see at thyne eye, in many thinges receyven in hem-selfe
-  revers, thorow dyvers resons, as thus:--I pray thee (quod
-  she) which thinges ben more revers than "comen" and "gon"?
-  For if I bidde thee "come to me," and thou come, after, whan           85
-  I bidde thee "go," and thou go, thou reversest fro thy first
-  comming.'
-
-  'That is soth,' quod I.
-
-  'And yet,' quod she, 'in thy first alone, by dyvers reson, was
-  ful reversinge to understande.'                                        90
-
-  'As how?' quod I.
-
-  'That shal I shewe thee,' quod she, 'by ensample of thinges
-  that have kyndly moving. Is there any-thing that meveth more
-  kyndly than doth the hevens eye, whiche I clepe the sonne?'
-
-  'Sothly,' quod I, 'me semeth it is most kyndly to move.'               95
-
-  'Thou sayest soth,' quod she. 'Than, if thou loke to the
-  sonne, in what parte he be under heven, evermore he +hyeth him
-  in moving fro thilke place, and +hyeth meving toward the ilke
-  same place; to thilke place from whiche he goth he +hyeth
-  comminge; and without any ceesinge to that place he neigheth          100
-  from whiche he is chaunged and withdrawe. But now in these
-  thinges, after dyversite of reson, revers in one thinge may be seye
-  without repugnaunce. Wherfore in the same wyse, without any
-  repugnaunce, by my resons tofore maked, al is oon to beleve,
-  somthing to be thorow necessite comminge for it is comming, and       105
-  yet with no necessite constrayned to be comming, but with
-  necessite that cometh out of free wil, as I have sayd.'
-
-  Tho liste me a litel to speke, and gan stinte my penne of my
-  wryting, and sayde in this wyse.
-
-  'Trewly, lady, as me thinketh, I can allege authoritees grete,        110
-  that contrarien your sayinges. Job saith of mannes person,
-  "thou hast put his terme, whiche thou might not passe." Than
-  saye I that no man may shorte ne lengthe the day ordayned of
-  his +dying, altho[ugh] somtyme to us it semeth som man to do
-  a thing of free wil, wherthorow his deeth he henteth.'                115
-
-  'Nay, forsothe,' quod she, 'it is nothing ayenst my saying; for
-  god is not begyled, ne he seeth nothing wheder it shal come of
-  liberte or els of necessite; yet it is said to be ordayned at god
-  immovable, whiche at man, or it be don, may be chaunged.
-  Suche thing is also that Poule the apostel saith of hem that tofore   120
-  wern purposed to be sayntes, as thus: "whiche that god before
-  wiste and hath predestined conformes of images of his +sone, that
-  he shulde ben the firste begeten, that is to saye, here amonges
-  many brethren; and whom he hath predestined, hem he hath
-  cleped; and whom he hath cleped, hem he hath justifyed; and           125
-  whom he hath justifyed, hem he hath magnifyed." This purpos,
-  after whiche they ben cleped sayntes or holy in the everlasting
-  present, wher is neither tyme passed ne tyme comminge, but ever
-  it is only present, and now as mokel a moment as sevin thousand
-  winter; and so ayenward withouten any meving is nothing lich          130
-  temporel presence for thinge that there is ever present. Yet
-  amonges you men, er it be in your presence, it is movable thorow
-  liberte of arbitrement. And right as in the everlasting present
-  no maner thing was ne shal be, but only _is_; and now here, in
-  your temporel tyme, somthing was, and is, and shal be, but            135
-  movinge stoundes; and in this is no maner repugnaunce: right
-  so, in the everlasting presence, nothing may be chaunged; and,
-  in your temporel tyme, otherwhyle it is proved movable by liberte
-  of wil or it be do, withouten any inconvenience therof to folowe.
-  In your temporel tyme is no suche presence as in the tother; for      140
-  your present is don whan passed and to come ginnen entre;
-  whiche tymes here amonges you everich esily foloweth other.
-  But the presence everlasting dureth in oonhed, withouten any
-  imaginable chaunging, and ever is present and now. Trewly, the
-  course of the planettes and overwhelminges of the sonne in dayes      145
-  and nightes, with a newe ginning of his circute after it is ended,
-  that is to sayn, oon yeer to folowe another: these maken your
-  transitory tymes with chaunginge of lyves and mutacion of people,
-  but right as your temporel presence coveiteth every place, and al
-  thinges in every of your tymes be contayned, and as now both          150
-  seye and wist to goddes very knowinge.'
-
-  'Than,' quod I, 'me wondreth why Poule spak these wordes
-  by voice of significacion in tyme passed, that god his sayntes
-  before-wist hath predestined, hath cleped, hath justifyed, and
-  hath magnifyed. Me thinketh, he shulde have sayd tho wordes           155
-  in tyme present; and that had ben more accordaunt to the
-  everlasting present than to have spoke in preterit voice of passed
-  understanding.'
-
-  'O,' quod Love, 'by these wordes I see wel thou hast litel
-  understanding of the everlasting presence, or els of my before        160
-  spoken wordes; for never a thing of tho thou hast nempned was
-  tofore other or after other; but al at ones evenlich at the god
-  ben, and al togider in the everlasting present be now to understanding.
-  This eternal presence, as I sayd, hath inclose togider
-  in one al tymes, in which close and one al thinges that ben in        165
-  dyvers tymes and in dyvers places temporel, [and] without posteriorite
-  or priorite ben closed ther in perpetual now, and maked
-  to dwelle in present sight. But there thou sayest that Poule shulde
-  have spoke thilke forsaid sentence +by tyme present, and that
-  most shulde have ben acordaunt to the everlasting presence,           170
-  why gabbest thou +in thy wordes? Sothly, I say, Poule moved
-  the wordes by significacion of tyme passed, to shewe fully that
-  thilk wordes were nat put for temporel significacion; for al [at] thilk
-  tyme [of] thilke sentence were nat temporallich born, whiche that
-  Poule pronounced god have tofore knowe, and have cleped, than         175
-  magnifyed. Wherthorow it may wel be knowe that Poule used tho
-  wordes of passed significacion, for nede and lacke of a worde
-  in mannes bodily speche betokeninge the everlasting presence.
-  And therfore, [in] worde moste semeliche in lykenesse to everlasting
-  presence, he took his sentence; for thinges that here-beforn          180
-  ben passed utterly be immovable, y-lyke to the everlasting
-  presence. As thilke that ben there never mowe not ben present,
-  so thinges of tyme passed ne mowe in no wyse not ben passed;
-  but al thinges in your temporal presence, that passen in a litel
-  while, shullen ben not present. So than in that, it is more           185
-  similitude to the everlasting presence, significacion of tyme passed
-  than of tyme temporal present, and so more in accordaunce. In
-  this maner what thing, of these that ben don thorow free arbitrement,
-  or els as necessary, holy writ pronounceth, after eternite he
-  speketh; in whiche presence is everlasting sothe and nothing but      190
-  sothe immovable; nat after tyme, in whiche naught alway ben
-  your willes and your actes. And right as, while they be nat, it is
-  nat nedeful hem to be, so ofte it is nat nedeful that somtyme
-  they shulde be.'
-
-  'As how?' quod I; 'for yet I must be lerned by some                   195
-  ensample.'
-
-  'Of love,' quod she, 'wol I now ensample make, sithen I knowe
-  the heed-knotte in that yelke. Lo! somtyme thou wrytest no
-  art, ne art than in no wil to wryte. And right as while thou
-  wrytest nat or els wolt nat wryte, it is nat nedeful thee to wryte    200
-  or els wilne to wryte. And for to make thee knowe utterly that
-  thinges ben otherwise in the everlastinge presence than in
-  temporal tyme, see now, my good child: for somthing is in the
-  everlastinge presence, than in temporal tyme it was nat; in
-  +eterne tyme, in eterne presence shal it nat be. Than no reson        205
-  defendeth, that somthing ne may be in tyme temporal moving,
-  that in eterne is immovable. Forsothe, it is no more contrary
-  ne revers for to be movable in tyme temporel, and [im]movable
-  in eternite, than nat to be in any tyme and to be alway in
-  eternite; and to have be or els to come in tyme temporel, and         210
-  nat have be ne nought comming to be in eternite. Yet never-the-later,
-  I say nat somthing to be never in tyme temporel, that
-  ever is [in] eternite; but al-only in som tyme nat to be. For
-  I saye nat thy love to-morne in no tyme to be, but to-day alone
-  I deny it to be; and yet, never-the-later, it is alway in eternite.'  215
-
-  'A! so,' quod I, 'it semeth to me, that comming thing or els
-  passed here in your temporal tyme to be, in eternite ever now
-  and present oweth nat to be demed; and yet foloweth nat thilke
-  thing, that was or els shal be, in no maner ther to ben passed
-  or els comming; than utterly shul we deny for there without           220
-  ceesing it is, in his present maner.'
-
-  'O,' quod she, 'myne owne disciple, now ginnest thou [be]
-  able to have the name of my servaunt! Thy wit is clered; away
-  is now errour of cloude in unconning; away is blyndnesse of
-  love; away is thoughtful study of medling maners. Hastely             225
-  shalt thou entre in-to the joye of me, that am thyn owne
-  maistres! Thou hast (quod she), in a fewe wordes, wel and
-  clerely concluded mokel of my mater. And right as there is
-  no revers ne contrarioustee in tho thinges, right so, withouten
-  any repugnaunce, it is sayd somthing to be movable in tyme            230
-  temporel, +afore it be, that in eternite dwelleth immovable, nat
-  afore it be or after that it is, but without cessing; for right
-  naught is there after tyme; that same is there everlastinge that
-  temporalliche somtyme nis; and toforn it be, it may not be, as
-  I have sayd.'                                                         235
-
-  'Now sothly,' quod I, 'this have I wel understande; so that
-  now me thinketh, that prescience of god and free arbitrement
-  withouten any repugnaunce acorden; and that maketh the
-  strength of eternite, whiche encloseth by presence during al
-  tymes, and al thinges that ben, han ben, and shul ben in any          240
-  tyme. I wolde now (quod I) a litel understande, sithen that
-  [god] al thing thus beforn wot, whether thilke wetinge be of tho
-  thinges, or els thilke thinges ben to ben of goddes weting, and so
-  of god nothing is; and if every thing be thorow goddes weting, and
-  therof take his being, than shulde god be maker and auctour           245
-  of badde werkes, and so he shulde not rightfully punisshe yvel
-  doinges of mankynde.'
-
-  Quod Love, 'I shal telle thee, this lesson to lerne. Myne
-  owne trewe servaunt, the noble philosophical poete in Englissh,
-  whiche evermore him besieth and travayleth right sore my name         250
-  to encrese (wherfore al that willen me good owe to do him
-  worship and reverence bothe; trewly, his better ne his pere in
-  scole of my rules coude I never fynde)--he (quod she), in a tretis
-  that he made of my servant Troilus, hath this mater touched, and
-  at the ful this question assoyled. Certaynly, his noble sayinges      255
-  can I not amende; in goodnes of gentil manliche speche, without
-  any maner of nycete of +storiers imaginacion, in witte and in
-  good reson of sentence he passeth al other makers. In the boke of
-  Troilus, the answere to thy question mayst thou lerne. Never-the-later,
-  yet may lightly thyne understandinge somdel ben lerned,               260
-  if thou have knowing of these to-fornsaid thinges; with that thou
-  have understanding of two the laste chapiters of this seconde
-  boke, that is to say, good to be somthing, and bad to wante al
-  maner being. For badde is nothing els but absence of good;
-  and [as] that god in good maketh that good dedes ben good,            265
-  in yvel he maketh that they ben but naught, that they ben bad;
-  for to nothing is badnesse to be [lykned].'
-
-  'I have,' quod I tho, 'ynough knowing therin; me nedeth of
-  other thinges to here, that is to saye, how I shal come to my
-  blisse so long desyred.'                                              270
-
-CH. IV. 1. shalte. 6. subiection. 8. disposition. 9. nowe. 10. thorowe. 11.
-theffecte. folow. 12. fre. 13. thorowe. 14. altho. 15. howe stante.
-
-16. thorowe. 19. the. 20-1. thorowe (_thrice_). 23. dothe. doone. 24. wyl;
-_read_ wilne; _see_ l. 30. 25. _I supply_ in. done. 28. thynge. 29. frewyl.
-maye. 30. maye. 30-1. _Some words repeated here._ 31. one. 32. whome. 33.
-of; _read_ or. 36. togyther; _read_ togider. 37. libertie. aforne. 39.
-truthe (_twice_). 40. arne. syght; _read_ seeth. 42. beforne. 43. _I
-supply_ that. fre. aforne. 44. _I supply_ it _and_ that. 45. frewyl
-discendeth (!). 46. maye. 48. libertie. the. 49. beforne.
-
-53. shalte. * _A break here in_ Th. 59. nowe. thynge. 61. nowe. 63. one.
-66. dothe. 67. reason. _I supply_ than is. thorowe. 69. thynge. 70. done.
-71. haste. 72. declarations. 73-4. thorowe (_twice_). 76. displease. 78.
-sayne. 78-9. thorowe. 80. declaration. 82. shalte se. 83. reasons. the. 84.
-gone. 85-6. thee (_twice_).
-
-89. reasone. 91. howe. 92. the. 97. heigheth; _read_ hyeth. 98. higheth;
-_read_ hyeth. towarde. 99. gothe. heigheth; _read_ hyeth. 100. ceasynge.
-101. nowe. 102. reason. sey. 104. reasons. one. 105. thorowe. 108. list.
-stynt. 109. sayd. 110. gret. 111. sayenges. 112. putte. 113. length. 114.
-doyng; _read_ dying. some. 115. thynge. -thorowe. dethe. 116. Naye. sayeng.
-119. done. 120. saithe. toforne werne. 122. wyst. sonne; _read_ sone.
-
-124. brethern. 126. purpose. 129. onely. nowe. thousande. 130. ayenwarde.
-132. thorowe. 134. onely. nowe. 141. done. 142. easely. 143. onehed. 144.
-nowe. 147. one yere. 148. mutation. 150. nowe. 151. sey. 152. spake. 153.
-signification. 155. sayde. 159. se.
-
-163, 167. nowe. 166. _I supply_ and. 167. therin; _read_ ther in. 168.
-dwel. 169. be; _read_ by. 171. to; _read_ in. 172-3. signification
-(_twice_). 173. _I supply_ at. 174. were nat thilke sentence; _transpose,
-and insert_ of. borne. 176. Wherthorowe. know. 177. signification. 178.
-spech. 179. _I supply_ in; _and omit_ is _after_ worde. 180. toke. 181.
-beforne. 186. signification. 188. thynge. done thorowe fre. 189. writte.
-197. nowe.
-
-199. arte (_twice_). 200. the. 201. the. 203. se nowe. childe. somthynge.
-205. eternite; _read_ eterne. reason. 208. movable (!). 210. and have to
-be. 213. _I supply_ in. al onely. somtyme. 215. deny ne it; _omit_ ne.
-alwaye. 217. nowe. 219. thynge. thereto; _read_ ther to. 221. ceasyng. 222.
-nowe. _I supply_ be. 223. witte. 224. nowe. awaye. 226. shalte. 227. haste.
-229. contrarioustie. 231. and for; _read_ afore.
-
-234. toforne. maye. 236. Nowe. 237. nowe. fre. 241. nowe. 242. _I supply_
-god. beforne. 244. nothynge. thorowe. 248. tel the. 251. encrease. 253.
-schole. treatise. 255. sayenges. 256. gentyl manlyche. 257. nycite.
-starieres (!). 258. reason. 259. mayste. 260. somdele. 263. want. 265. _I
-supply_ as. 267. _I supply_ lykned. 269. howe.
-
-                          CHAPTER V.
-
-  'In this mater toforn declared,' quod Love, 'I have wel
-  shewed, that every man hath free arbitrement of thinges in
-  his power, to do or undo what him lyketh. Out of this grounde
-  muste come the spire, that by processe of tyme shal in greetnesse
-  sprede, to have braunches and blosmes of waxing frute in grace,         5
-  of whiche the taste and the savour is endelesse blisse, in joye
-  ever to onbyde.'*
-
-  'Now, trewly, lady, I have my grounde wel understonde;
-  but what thing is thilke spire that in-to a tree shulde wexe?
-  Expowne me that thing, what ye therof mene.'                           10
-
-  'That shal I,' quod she, 'blithly, and take good hede to the
-  wordes, I thee rede. Continuaunce in thy good service, by longe
-  processe of tyme in ful hope abyding, without any chaunge to
-  wilne in thyne herte, this is the spire. Whiche, if it be wel kept
-  and governed, shal so hugely springe, til the fruit of grace is        15
-  plentuously out-sprongen. For although thy wil be good, yet
-  may not therfore thilk blisse desyred hastely on thee discenden;
-  it must abyde his sesonable tyme. And so, by processe of
-  growing, with thy good traveyle, it shal in-to more and more wexe,
-  til it be found so mighty, that windes of yvel speche, ne scornes      20
-  of envy, make nat the traveyle overthrowe; ne frostes of mistrust,
-  ne hayles of jelousy right litel might have, in harming of suche
-  springes. Every yonge setling lightly with smale stormes is
-  apeyred; but whan it is woxen somdel in gretnesse, than han
-  grete blastes and +weders but litel might, any disadvantage to         25
-  them for to werche.'
-
-  'Myne owne soverayne lady,' quod I, 'and welth of myne
-  herte, and it were lyking un-to your noble grace therthrough nat
-  to be displesed, I suppose ye erren, now ye maken jelousy, envy,
-  and distourbour to hem that ben your servauntes. I have lerned         30
-  ofte, to-forn this tyme, that in every lovers herte greet plentee of
-  jelousyes greves ben sowe, wherfore (me thinketh) ye ne ought
-  in no maner accompte thilke thing among these other welked
-  wivers and venomous serpentes, as envy, mistrust, and yvel
-  speche.'                                                               35
-
-  'O fole,' quod she, 'mistrust with foly, with yvel wil medled,
-  engendreth that welked padde! Truely, if they were distroyed,
-  jelousy undon were for ever; and yet some maner of jelousy,
-  I wot wel, is ever redy in al the hertes of my trewe servauntes, as
-  thus: to be jelous over him-selfe, lest he be cause of his own         40
-  disese. This jelousy in ful thought ever shulde be kept, for
-  ferdnesse to lese his love by miskeping, thorow his owne doing in
-  leudnesse, or els thus: lest she, that thou servest so fervently, is
-  beset there her better lyketh, that of al thy good service she
-  compteth nat a cresse. These jelousies in herte for acceptable         45
-  qualitees ben demed; these oughten every trewe lover, by kyndly
-  [maner], evermore haven in his mynde, til fully the grace and
-  blisse of my service be on him discended at wil. And he that
-  than jelousy caccheth, or els by wening of his owne folisshe
-  wilfulnesse mistrusteth, truely with fantasy of venim he is foule      50
-  begyled. Yvel wil hath grounded thilke mater of sorowe in his
-  leude soule, and yet nat-for-than to every wight shulde me nat
-  truste, ne every wight fully misbeleve; the mene of these thinges
-  +oweth to be used. Sothly, withouten causeful evidence mistrust
-  in jelousy shulde nat be wened in no wyse person commenly;             55
-  suche leude wickednesse shulde me nat fynde. He that is wyse
-  and with yvel wil nat be acomered, can abyde wel his tyme, til
-  grace and blisse of his service folowing have him so mokel esed,
-  as his abydinge toforehande hath him disesed.'
-
-  'Certes, lady,' quod I tho, 'of nothing me wondreth, sithen            60
-  thilke blisse so precious is and kyndly good, and wel is and worthy
-  in kynde whan it is medled with love and reson, as ye toforn
-  have declared. Why, anon as hye oon is spronge, why springeth
-  nat the tother? And anon as the oon cometh, why receyveth nat
-  the other? For every thing that is out of his kyndly place, by ful     65
-  appetyt ever cometh thiderward kyndely to drawe; and his kyndly
-  being ther-to him constrayneth. And the kyndly stede of this
-  blisse is in suche wil medled to +onbyde, and nedes in that it
-  shulde have his kyndly being. Wherfore me thinketh, anon as that
-  wil to be shewed and kid him profreth, thilke blisse shulde him        70
-  hye, thilk wil to receyve; or els kynde[s] of goodnesse worchen
-  nat in hem as they shulde. Lo, be the sonne never so fer, ever
-  it hath his kynde werching in erthe. Greet weight on hye on-lofte
-  caried stinteth never til it come to +his resting-place. Waters
-  to the see-ward ever ben they drawing. Thing that is light             75
-  blythly wil nat sinke, but ever ascendeth and upward draweth.
-  Thus kynde in every thing his kyndly cours and his beinge-place
-  sheweth. Wherfore +by kynde, on this good wil, anon as it were
-  spronge, this blisse shulde thereon discende; her kynde[s] wolde,
-  they dwelleden togider; and so have ye sayd your-selfe.'               80
-
-  'Certes,' quod she, 'thyne herte sitteth wonder sore, this blisse
-  for to have; thyne herte is sore agreved that it tarieth so longe;
-  and if thou durstest, as me thinketh by thyne wordes, this blisse
-  woldest thou blame. But yet I saye, thilke blisse is kyndly good,
-  and his kyndely place [is] in that wil to +onbyde. Never-the-later,    85
-  their comming togider, after kyndes ordinaunce, nat sodaynly
-  may betyde; it muste abyde tyme, as kynde yeveth him leve.
-  For if a man, as this wil medled gonne him shewe, and thilke
-  blisse in haste folowed, so lightly comminge shulde lightly cause
-  going. Longe tyme of thursting causeth drink to be the more            90
-  delicious whan it is atasted.'
-
-  'How is it,' quod I than, 'that so many blisses see I al day at
-  myne eye, in the firste moment of a sight, with suche wil accorde?
-  Ye, and yet other-whyle with wil assenteth, singulerly by him-selfe;
-  there reson fayleth, traveyle was non; service had no tyme. This       95
-  is a queynt maner thing, how suche doing cometh aboute.'
-
-  'O,' quod she, 'that is thus. The erthe kyndely, after sesons
-  and tymes of the yere, bringeth forth innumerable herbes and
-  trees, bothe profitable and other; but suche as men might leve
-  (though they nought in norisshinge to mannes kynde serven, or         100
-  els suche as tournen sone unto mennes confusion, in case that
-  therof they ataste), comen forth out of the erthe by their owne
-  kynde, withouten any mannes cure or any businesse in traveyle.
-  And the ilke herbes that to mennes lyvelode necessarily serven,
-  without whiche goodly in this lyfe creatures mowen nat enduren,       105
-  and most ben +norisshinge to mankynde, without greet traveyle,
-  greet tilthe, and longe abydinge-tyme, comen nat out of the erthe,
-  and [y]it with sede toforn ordayned, suche herbes to make springe
-  and forth growe. Right so the parfit blisse, that we have in meninge
-  of during-tyme to abyde, may nat come so lightly, but with greet      110
-  traveyle and right besy tilth; and yet good seed to be sowe; for
-  ofte the croppe fayleth of badde seede, be it never so wel traveyled.
-  And thilke blisse thou spoke of so lightly in comming, trewly, is
-  nat necessary ne abydinge; and but it the better be stamped,
-  and the venomous jeuse out-wrongen, it is lykely to enpoysonen        115
-  al tho that therof tasten. Certes, right bitter ben the herbes that
-  shewen first [in] the yere of her own kynde. Wel the more is the
-  harvest that yeldeth many graynes, tho longe and sore it hath ben
-  traveyled. What woldest thou demen if a man wold yeve three
-  quarters of nobles of golde? That were a precious gift?'              120
-
-  'Ye, certes,' quod I.
-
-  'And what,' quod she, 'three quarters ful of perles?'
-
-  'Certes,' quod I, 'that were a riche gift.'
-
-  'And what,' quod she, 'of as mokel azure?'
-
-  Quod I, 'a precious gift at ful.'                                     125
-
-  'Were not,' quod she, 'a noble gift of al these atones?'
-
-  'In good faith,' quod I, 'for wanting of Englissh naming of
-  so noble a worde, I can not, for preciousnesse, yeve it a name.'
-
-  'Rightfully,' quod she, 'hast thou demed; and yet love, knit
-  in vertue, passeth al the gold in this erthe. Good wil, accordant     130
-  to reson, with no maner properte may be countrevayled. Al the
-  azure in the worlde is nat to accompte in respect of reson. Love
-  that with good wil and reson accordeth, with non erthly riches
-  may nat ben amended. This yeft hast thou yeven, I know it
-  my-selfe, and thy Margarite thilke gift hath receyved; in whiche      135
-  thinge to rewarde she hath her-selfe bounde. But thy gift, as
-  I said, by no maner riches may be amended; wherfore, with
-  thinge that may nat be amended, thou shalt of thy Margarites
-  rightwisenesse be rewarded. Right suffred yet never but every
-  good dede somtyme to be yolde. Al wolde thy Margarite with            140
-  no rewarde thee quyte, right, that never-more dyeth, thy mede in
-  merit wol purvey. Certes, such sodayn blisse as thou first
-  nempnest, right wil hem rewarde as thee wel is worthy; and
-  though at thyn eye it semeth, the reward the desert to passe,
-  right can after sende suche bitternesse, evenly it to rewarde. So     145
-  that sodayn blisse, by al wayes of reson, in gret goodnesse may
-  not ben acompted; but blisse long, both long it abydeth, and
-  endlesse it wol laste. See why thy wil is endelesse. For if thou
-  lovedest ever, thy wil is ever ther t'abyde and neveremore to
-  chaunge; evenhed of rewarde must ben don by right; than muste         150
-  nedes thy grace and this blisse [ben] endelesse in joye to +onbyde.
-  Evenliche disese asketh evenliche joye, whiche hastely thou shalt
-  have.'
-
-  'A!' quod I, 'it suffyseth not than alone good wil, be it never
-  so wel with reson medled, but-if it be in good service longe          155
-  travayled. And so through service shul men come to the joye;
-  and this, me thinketh, shulde be the wexing tree, of which ye first
-  meved.*
-
-CH. V. 2. fre. 4. greatnesse. 6. ioy. * _A break here in_ Th. 8. Nowe. 10.
-meane. 12. the. 15. fruite. 16. al thoughe. 17. the. 24. somdele. 25.
-great. wethers; _read_ weders. 28. hert. 29. displeased. nowe. 31.
-to-forne. hert great plentie. 33. thynge.
-
-38. vndone. 41. disease. 42. thorowe. 47. _I supply_ maner. 49. catcheth.
-50. venyme. 53. trust. meane. 54. owen; _read_ oweth. 58. eased. 59.
-diseased. 62. reason. 63. one. sprong. 64. anone. one. 66. appetite.
-thiderwarde. 68. vnbyde; _read_ onbyde. 70. kydde. 71. kynde; _read_
-kyndes. 72. ferre.
-
-73. great. 74. this; _read_ his. 75. see warde. 77. course. 78. be; _read_
-by. 79. kynde; _read_ kyndes. 80. sayde. 81-2. hert. 85. _I supply_ is.
-vnbyde; _read_ onbyde. 87. maye. leaue. 90. drinke. 92. Howe. se. daye. 95.
-reason. none. 96. thynge howe. 97. seasons. 98. forthe. 99. leaue. 100.
-they were nought; _omit_ were. 101. soone. 102. forthe. 106. norisshen;
-_read_ norisshinge. 106-7. great (_twice_). 108. it; _read_ yit; _see_ l.
-111. seede toforne. spring.
-
-109. forthe. parfyte. meanynge. 110. great. 111. seede. 117. _I supply_ in.
-119-122. thre (_twice_). 122. peerles. 123-6. gifte (_thrice_). 129. haste.
-knytte. 130. golde. 131. reason. 132. respecte. 132-3. reason (_twice_).
-136. gifte. 141. the. 142. sodayne. 143. the. 144. rewarde.
-
-146. sodayne. reason. 148. last. Se. 149. tabyde. 151. _I supply_ ben. ioy.
-vnbyde (!). 152. ioy. 157. tre. * _A break here in_ Th.
-
-                          CHAPTER VI.
-
-  Now, lady,' quod I, 'that tree to sette, fayn wolde I lerne.'
-
-  'So thou shalt,' quod she, 'er thou depart hence.  The
-  first thing, thou muste sette thy werke on grounde siker and good,
-  accordaunt to thy springes. For if thou desyre grapes, thou
-  goest not to the hasel; ne, for to fecchen roses, thou sekest not       5
-  on okes; and if thou shalt have hony-soukels, thou levest the
-  frute of the soure docke. Wherfore, if thou desyre this blisse in
-  parfit joye, thou must sette thy purpos there vertue foloweth, and
-  not to loke after the bodily goodes; as I sayd whan thou were
-  wryting in thy seconde boke. And for thou hast set thy-selfe in        10
-  so noble a place, and utterly lowed in thyn herte the misgoing of
-  thy first purpos, this +setling is the esier to springe, and the more
-  lighter thy soule in grace to be lissed. And trewly thy desyr,
-  that is to say, thy wil algates mot ben stedfast in this mater without
-  any chaunginge; for if it be stedfast, no man may it voyde.'           15
-
-  'Yes, parde,' quod I, 'my wil may ben turned by frendes, and
-  disese of manace and thretning in lesinge of my lyfe and of my
-  limmes, and in many other wyse that now cometh not to mynde.
-  And also it mot ofte ben out of thought; for no remembraunce
-  may holde oon thing continuelly in herte, be it never so lusty         20
-  desyred.'
-
-  'Now see,' quod she, 'thou thy wil shal folowe, thy free wil to
-  be grounded continuelly to abyde. It is thy free wil, that thou
-  lovest and hast loved, and yet shal loven this Margaryte-perle;
-  and in thy wil thou thinkest to holde it. Than is thy wil knit         25
-  in love, not to chaunge for no newe lust besyde; this wil techeth
-  thyn herte from al maner varying. But than, although thou be
-  thretened in dethe or els in otherwyse, yet is it in thyn arbitrement
-  to chose, thy love to voyde or els to holde; and thilke
-  arbitrement is in a maner a jugement bytwene desyr and thy             30
-  herte. And if thou deme to love thy good wil fayleth, than art
-  thou worthy no blisse that good wil shulde deserve; and if thou
-  chose continuaunce in thy good service, than thy good wil
-  abydeth; nedes, blisse folowing of thy good wil must come by
-  strength of thilke jugement; for thy first wil, that taught thyn       35
-  herte to abyde, and halt it from th'eschaunge, with thy reson
-  is accorded. Trewly, this maner of wil thus shal abyde; impossible
-  it were to turne, if thy herte be trewe; and if every
-  man diligently the meninges of his wil consider, he shal wel
-  understande that good wil, knit with reson, but in a false herte       40
-  never is voyded; for power and might of keping this good wil is
-  thorow liberte of arbitrement in herte, but good wil to kepe
-  may not fayle. Eke than if it fayle, it sheweth it-selfe that good
-  wil in keping is not there. And thus false wil, that putteth out
-  the good, anon constrayneth the herte to accorde in lovinge of         45
-  thy good wil; and this accordaunce bitwene false wil and thyn
-  herte, in falsite ben lykened +togider. Yet a litel wol I say
-  thee in good wil, thy good willes to rayse and strengthe. Tak
-  hede to me (quod she) how thy willes thou shalt understande.
-  Right as ye han in your body dyvers membres, and fyve sondrye          50
-  wittes, everiche apart to his owne doing, whiche thinges as
-  instrumentes ye usen; as, your handes apart to handle; feet,
-  to go; tonge, to speke; eye, to see: right so the soule hath
-  in him certayne steringes and strengthes, whiche he useth as
-  instrumentes to his certayne doinges. Reson is in the soule,           55
-  which he useth, thinges to knowe and to prove; and wil, whiche
-  he useth to wilne; and yet is neyther wil ne reson al the soule;
-  but everich of hem is a thing by him-selfe in the soule. And
-  right as everich hath thus singuler instrumentes by hemselfe,
-  they han as wel dyvers aptes and dyvers maner usinges; and             60
-  thilke aptes mowen in wil ben cleped affeccions. Affeccion is
-  an instrument of willinge in his apetytes. Wherfore mokel folk
-  sayn, if a resonable creatures soule any thing fervently wilneth,
-  affectuously he wilneth; and thus may wil, by terme of equivocas,
-  in three wayes ben understande. Oon is instrument of willing;          65
-  another is affection of this instrument; and the third is use, that
-  setteth it a-werke. Instrument of willing is thilke strength of the
-  soule, which that constrayneth to wilne, right as reson is instrument
-  of resons, which ye usen whan ye loken. Affeccion of this
-  instrument is a thing, by whiche ye be drawe desyrously any-thing      70
-  to wilne in coveitous maner, al be it for the tyme out
-  of your mynde; as, if it come in your thought thilke thing to
-  remembre, anon ye ben willing thilke to done or els to have.
-  And thus is instrument wil; and affeccion is wil also, to wilne
-  thing as I said; as, for to wilne helth, whan wil nothing theron       75
-  thinketh; for anon as it cometh to memorie, it is in wil. And so
-  is affeccion to wilne slepe, whan it is out of mynde; but anon
-  as it is remembred, wil wilneth slepe, whan his tyme cometh of
-  the doinge. For affeccion of wil never accordeth to sicknesse,
-  ne alway to wake. Right so, in a true lovers affeccion of willing,     80
-  instrument is to wilne tr[o]uthe in his service; and this affeccion
-  alway abydeth, although he be sleping or thretned, or els not
-  theron thinking; but anon as it cometh to mynde, anon he is
-  stedfast in that wil to abyde. Use of this instrument forsothe
-  is another thing by himselfe; and that have ye not but whan            85
-  ye be doing in willed thing, by affect or instrument of wil
-  purposed or desyred; and this maner of usage in my service
-  wysely nedeth to be ruled from wayters with envy closed, from
-  spekers ful of jangeling wordes, from proude folk and hautayn,
-  that lambes and innocentes bothe scornen and dispysen. Thus            90
-  in doing varieth the actes of willinge everich from other, and yet
-  ben they cleped "wil," and the name of wil utterly owen they to
-  have; as instrument of wil is wil, whan ye turne in-to purpos of
-  any thing to don, be it to sitte or to stande, or any such thing
-  els. This instrument may ben had, although affect and usage be         95
-  left out of doing; right as ye have sight and reson, and yet alway
-  use ye* +nat to loke, [ne] thinges with resonning to prove; and so
-  is instrument of wil, wil; and yet varyeth he from effect and
-  using bothe. Affeccion of wil also for wil is cleped, but it varyeth
-  from instrument in this maner wyse, by that nameliche, whan it        100
-  cometh in-to mynde, anon-right it is in willinge desyred, and the
-  negatif therof with willing nil not acorde; this is closed in herte,
-  though usage and instrument slepe. This slepeth whan instrument
-  and us[e] waken; and of suche maner affeccion, trewly,
-  some man hath more and some man lesse. Certes, trewe lovers           105
-  wenen ever therof to litel to have. False lovers in litel wenen
-  have right mokel. Lo, instrument of wil in false and trewe
-  bothe, evenliche is proporcioned; but affeccion is more in some
-  places than in some, bycause of the goodnesse that foloweth, and
-  that I thinke hereafter to declare. Use of this instrument is wil,    110
-  but it taketh his name whan wilned thing is in doing; but utterly
-  grace to cacche in thy blisse +desyreth to ben rewarded. Thou
-  most have than affeccion of wil at the ful, and use whan his
-  tyme asketh wysely to ben governed. Sothly, my disciple,
-  without fervent affeccion of wil may no man ben saved. This           115
-  affeccion of good service in good love may not ben grounded,
-  without fervent desyr to the thing in wil coveited. But he that
-  never reccheth to have or not to have, affeccion of wil in that
-  hath no resting-place. Why? For whan thing cometh to mynde,
-  and it be not taken in hede to comin or not come, therfore in         120
-  that place affeccion fayleth; and, for thilke affeccion is so litel,
-  thorow whiche in goodnesse he shulde come to his grace, the
-  litelnesse wil it not suffre to avayle by no way in-to his helpes.
-  Certes, grace and reson thilke affeccion foloweth. This affeccion,
-  with reson knit, dureth in everiche trewe herte, and evermore         125
-  is encresing; no ferdnesse, no strength may it remove, whyle
-  tr[o]uthe in herte abydeth. Sothly, whan falsheed ginneth entre,
-  tr[o]uthe draweth away grace and joye bothe; but than thilke
-  falsheed, that trouth[e] hath thus voyded, hath unknit the bond
-  of understanding reson bytwene wil and the herte. And who-so          130
-  that bond undoth, and unknitteth wil to be in other purpose
-  than to the first accorde, knitteth him with contrarye of reson;
-  and that is unreson. Lo, than, wil and unreson bringeth a man
-  from the blisse of grace; whiche thing, of pure kynde, every man
-  ought to shonne and to eschewe, and to the knot of wil and reson      135
-  confirme.
-
-  Me thinketh,' quod she, 'by thy studient lokes, thou wenest in
-  these wordes me to contrarien from other sayinges here-toforn
-  in other place, as whan thou were somtyme in affeccion of wil to
-  thinges that now han brought thee in disese, which I have thee        140
-  consayled to voyde, and thyn herte discover; and there I made
-  thy wil to ben chaunged, whiche now thou wenest I argue to
-  with[h]olde and to kepe! Shortly I say, the revers in these
-  wordes may not ben founde; for though dronkennesse be forboden,
-  men shul not alway ben drinklesse. I trowe right, for                 145
-  thou thy wil out of reson shulde not tourne, thy wil in one reson
-  shulde not +onbyde. I say, thy wil in thy first purpos with
-  unreson was closed; constrewe forth of the remenant what thee
-  good lyketh. Trewly, that wil and reson shulde be knit togider,
-  was free wil of reson; after tyme thyne herte is assentaunt to them   150
-  bothe, thou might not chaunge. But if thou from rule of reson
-  varye, in whiche variaunce to come to thilke blisse desyred,
-  contrariously thou werchest; and nothing may knowe wil and reson
-  but love alone. Than if thou voide love, than +weyvest [thou]
-  the bond that knitteth; and so nedes, or els right lightly, that      155
-  other gon a-sondre; wherfore thou seest apertly that love holdeth
-  this knot, and amaystreth hem to be bounde. These thinges, as
-  a ring in circuit of wrethe, ben knit in thy soule without departing.'
-
-  'A! let be! let be!' quod I; 'it nedeth not of this no
-  rehersayle to make; my soule is yet in parfit blisse, in thinking of  160
-  that knotte!'*
-
-CH. VI. 1. Nowe. set fayne. 3. set. 5. fetchen. 6. leauest. 8. parfite ioy.
-set. purpose. 10. booke. haste. 12. purpose. setteles; _read_ setling. 13.
-desyre. 14. mote. 15-16. maye (_twice_). 17. disease. 18. nowe. 19. mote.
-20. one.
-
-32. Nowe se. 22, 23. frewyl (_twice_). 24. haste. 26. teacheth. 27.
-varyeng. 30. desyre. 31. arte. 36. halte. 38. hert. 40. reason. 42.
-thorowe. hert. 45. anone. 47. togyther. 48. the. strength. Take. 49. howe.
-51-2. aparte (_twice_). 52. fete. 53. se. 55. Reason. 57. reason.
-
-61. affections. Affection. 62. folke. 65. thre. One. 68. reason. 69.
-Affection. 74. affection. 75. thynge. 77-81. affection (_four times_). 86.
-affecte. 93. purpose. 94. syt.
-
-97. * _A break here in_ Th. ne ought; _read_ nat. _I supply_ ne. 98.
-effecte. 99. Affection. 100. name lyche. 102. negatyfe. 103. thoughe. 104.
-vs. 104-8. affection (_twice_). 112. catche. desyred; _read_ desyreth. 113.
-muste. affection (_often_). 117. desyre. 118. retcheth. 120. comyn. 124-5.
-reason (_twice_). 125. knytte. 126. encreasyng. maye. 128. ioy. both. 129.
-bonde. 130-2. reason. 131. bonde vndothe.
-
-133. unreason (_twice_). 135. reason. 138. sayenges. toforne. 139.
-affection. 140. nowe. the. disease. the. 146. reason (_twice_). 147.
-vnbyde; _read_ onbyde. purpose. 148. unreason. remenante. the. 150. fre.
-149-151. reason (_thrice_). 154. weuest; _read_ weyvest thou. 155. bonde.
-156. gone. 158. ringe. 160. parfyte. * _A break here in_ Th.
-
-                          CHAPTER VII.
-
-  'Very trouth,' quod she, 'hast thou now conceyved of these
-  thinges in thyne herte; hastely shalt thou be able very
-  joye and parfit blisse to receyve; and now, I wot wel, thou
-  desyrest to knowe the maner of braunches that out of the tree
-  shulde springe.'                                                        5
-
-  'Therof, lady,' quod I, 'hertely I you pray; for than leve
-  I +wel, that right sone after I shal ataste of the frute that I so
-  long have desyred.'
-
-  'Thou hast herd,' quod she, 'in what wyse this tree toforn this
-  have I declared, as in grounde and in stocke of wexing. First,         10
-  the ground shulde be thy free wil, ful in thyne herte; and the
-  stocke (as I sayde) shulde be continuaunce in good service by
-  long tyme in traveyle, til it were in greetnesse right wel woxen.
-  And whan this tree suche greetnesse hath caught as I have
-  rehersed, the braunches than, that the frute shulde forth-bringe,      15
-  speche must they be nedes, in voice of prayer in complayning
-  wyse used.'
-
-  'Out! alas!' quod I tho, 'he is soroufully wounded that
-  hydeth his speche, and spareth his complayntes to make! What
-  shal I speke the care? But payne, even lyk to helle, sore hath         20
-  me assayled, and so ferforth in payne me thronge, that I leve my
-  tree is seer, and never shal it frute forth bringe! Certes, he is
-  greetly esed, that dare his prevy mone discover to a true felowe,
-  that conning hath and might, wherthrough his pleint in any thinge
-  may ben amended. And mokel more is he joyed, that with herte           25
-  of hardinesse dare complayne to his lady what cares that he
-  suffreth, by hope of mercy with grace to be avaunced. Truely
-  I saye for me, sithe I cam this Margarit to serve, durst I never me
-  discover of no maner disese; and wel the later hath myn herte
-  hardyed suche thinges to done, for the grete bountees and worthy       30
-  refresshmentes that she of her grace goodly, without any desert on
-  my halve, ofte hath me rekened. And nere her goodnesse the
-  more with grace and with mercy medled, which passen al desertes,
-  traveyls, and servinges that I in any degre might endite, I wolde
-  wene I shulde be without recover, in getting of this blisse for        35
-  ever! Thus have I stilled my disese; thus have I covered my
-  care; that I brenne in sorouful anoy, as gledes and coles wasten
-  a fyr under deed asshen. Wel the hoter is the fyr that with
-  asshen it is overleyn. Right longe this wo have I suffred.'
-
-  'Lo,' quod Love, 'how thou farest! Me thinketh, the palasy-yvel        40
-  hath acomered thy wittes; as faste as thou hyest forward,
-  anon sodaynly backward thou movest!  Shal nat yet al thy
-  leudnesse out of thy braynes? Dul ben thy skilful understandinges;
-  thy wil hath thy wit so amaistred. Wost thou nat wel (quod she)
-  but every tree, in his sesonable tyme of burjoninge, shewe his         45
-  blomes fro within, in signe of what frute shulde out of him
-  springe, els the frute for that yere men halt delivered, be the
-  ground never so good? And though the stocke be mighty at
-  the ful, and the braunches seer, and no burjons shewe, farwel the
-  gardiner! He may pype with an yve-lefe; his frute is fayled.           50
-  Wherfore thy braunches must burjonen in presence of thy lady, if
-  thou desyre any frute of thy ladies grace. But beware of thy lyfe,
-  that thou no wode lay use, as in asking of thinges that strecchen
-  in-to shame! For than might thou nat spede, by no maner way
-  that I can espy. Vertue wol nat suffre villany out of him-selfe to     55
-  springe. Thy wordes may nat be queynt, ne of subtel maner
-  understandinge. Freel-witted people supposen in suche poesies
-  to be begyled; in open understandinge must every word be used.
-  "Voice without clere understanding of sentence," saith Aristotel,
-  "right nought printeth in herte." Thy wordes than to abyde in          60
-  herte, and clene in ful sentence of trewe mening, platly must
-  thou shewe; and ever be obedient, her hestes and her wils to
-  performe; and be thou set in suche a wit, to wete by a loke
-  ever-more what she meneth. And he that list nat to speke, but
-  stilly his disese suffer, what wonder is it, tho[ugh] he come never    65
-  to his blisse? Who that traveyleth unwist, and coveyteth thing
-  unknowe, unweting he shal be quyted, and with unknowe thing
-  rewarded.'
-
-  'Good lady,' quod I than, 'it hath ofte be sene, that +weders
-  and stormes so hugely have falle in burjoning-tyme, and by perte       70
-  duresse han beten of the springes so clene, wherthrough the frute
-  of thilke yere hath fayled. It is a greet grace, whan burjons han
-  good +weders, their frutes forth to bringe. Alas! than, after
-  suche stormes, how hard is it to avoyde, til efte wedring and
-  yeres han maked her circute cours al about, er any frute be able       75
-  to be tasted! He is shent for shame, that foule is rebuked of his
-  speche. He that is in fyre brenning sore smarteth for disese;
-  him thinketh ful long er the water come, that shulde the fyr
-  quenche. While men gon after a leche, the body is buryed.
-  Lo! how semely this frute wexeth! Me thinketh, that of tho             80
-  frutes may no man ataste, for pure bitternesse in savour. In this
-  wyse bothe frute and the tree wasten away togider, though mokel
-  besy occupacion have be spent, to bringe it so ferforth that it
-  was able to springe. A lyte speche hath maked that al this labour
-  is in ydel.'                                                           85
-
-  'I not,' quod she, 'wherof it serveth, thy question to assoyle.
-  Me thinketh thee now duller in wittes than whan I with thee first
-  mette. Although a man be leude, commenly for a fole he is nat
-  demed but-if he no good wol lerne. Sottes and foles lete lightly
-  out of mynde the good that men techeth hem. I sayd therfore,           90
-  thy stocke must be stronge, and in greetnesse wel herted: the
-  tree is ful feble that at the firste dent falleth. And although frute
-  fayleth oon yere or two, yet shal suche a seson come oon tyme or
-  other, that shal bringe out frute that [is parfit]. *Fole, have I not
-  seyd toforn this, as tyme hurteth, right so ayenward tyme heleth       95
-  and rewardeth; and a tree oft fayled is holde more in deyntee
-  whan it frute forth bringeth. A marchaunt that for ones lesinge
-  in the see no more to aventure thinketh, he shal never with
-  aventure come to richesse. So ofte must men on the oke smyte,
-  til the happy dent have entred, whiche with the okes owne swaye       100
-  maketh it to come al at ones. So ofte falleth the lethy water on
-  the harde rocke, til it have thorow persed it. The even draught
-  of the wyr-drawer maketh the wyr to ben even and supple-werchinge;
-  and if he stinted in his draught, the wyr breketh
-  a-sonder. Every tree wel springeth, whan it is wel grounded and       105
-  not often removed.'
-
-  'What shal this frute be,' quod I, 'now it ginneth rype?'
-
-  'Grace,' quod she, 'in parfit joy to endure; and therwith thou
-  begon[ne].'
-
-  'Grace?' quod I; 'me thinketh, I shulde have a reward for my          110
-  longe travayle?'
-
-  'I shal telle thee,' quod she; 'retribucion of thy good willes
-  to have of thy Margarite-perle, it bereth not the name of mede,
-  but only of good grace; and that cometh not of thy desert, but
-  of thy Margarytes goodnesse and vertue alone.'                        115
-
-  Quod I, 'shulde al my longe travayle have no reward but thorow
-  grace? And som-tyme your-selven sayd, rightwisnesse evenliche
-  rewardeth, to quyte oon benefit for another.'
-
-  'That is sothe,' quod Love, 'ever as I sayde, as to him that
-  doth good, which to done he were neyther holden ne yet                120
-  constrayned.'
-
-  'That is sothe,' quod I.
-
-  'Trewly,' quod she, 'al that ever thou doest to thyne Margaryte-perle,
-  of wil, of love, and of reson thou owest to done it; it is
-  nothing els but yelding of thy dette in quytinge of thy grace, which  125
-  she thee lente whan ye first mette.'
-
-  'I wene,' quod I, 'right litel grace to me she delivered.
-  Certes, it was harde grace; it hath nyghe me astrangled.'
-
-  'That it was good grace, I wot wel thou wilt it graunte, er
-  thou departe hence. If any man yeve to another wight, to whom         130
-  that he ought not, and whiche that of him-selfe nothing may
-  have, a garnement or a cote, though he were the cote or els
-  thilke clothing, it is not to putte to him that was naked the cause
-  of his clothinge, but only to him that was yever of the garnement.
-  Wherfore I saye, thou that were naked of love, and of thy-selfe       135
-  non have mightest, it is not to putte to thyne owne persone,
-  sithen thy love cam thorow thy Margaryte-perle. _Ergo_, she was
-  yever of the love, although thou it use; and there lente she thee
-  grace, thy service to beginne. She is worthy the thank of this
-  grace, for she was the yever. Al the thoughtes, besy doinges,         140
-  and plesaunce in thy might and in thy wordes that thou canst
-  devyse, ben but right litel in quytinge of thy dette; had she not
-  ben, suche thing hadde not ben studyed. So al these maters
-  kyndly drawen hom-ward to this Margaryte-perle, for from thence
-  were they borowed; al is hoolly her to wyte, the love that thou       145
-  havest; and thus quytest thou thy dette, in that thou stedfastly
-  servest. And kepe wel that love, I thee rede, that of her thou
-  hast borowed, and use it in her service thy dette to quyte; and
-  than art thou able right sone to have grace; wherfore after mede
-  in none halve mayst thou loke. Thus thy ginning and ending is         150
-  but grace aloon; and in thy good deserving thy dette thou
-  aquytest; without grace is nothing worth, what-so-ever thou
-  werche. Thanke thy Margaryte of her grete grace that +hiderto
-  thee hath gyded, and praye her of continuaunce forth in thy
-  werkes herafter; and that, for no mishappe, thy grace overthwartly    155
-  tourne. Grace, glorie, and joye is coming thorow good
-  folkes desertes; and by getting of grace, therin shullen ende.
-  And what is more glorie or more joye than wysdom and love
-  in parfit charite, whiche god hath graunted to al tho that wel
-  +conne deserve?' And with that this lady al at ones sterte in-to      160
-  my herte: 'here wol I onbyde,' quod she, 'for ever, and never
-  wol I gon hence; and I wol kepe thee from medlinge while me
-  liste here onbyde; thyne entermeting maners in-to stedfastnesse
-  shullen be chaunged.'
-
-CH. VII. 1. nowe. 2. hert. 3. parfyte. nowe. 5. spring.
-
-7. wol; _read_ wel. soone. atast. 9. herde. tre. 11. grounde. frewyl. hert.
-13. greatnesse. 14. gretnesse. 20. lyke. hel. 22. tre. bring. 23. greatly
-eased. 28. came. 29. disease. 30. great bounties. 36. disease. 37. bren.
-38. fyre (_twice_). 40. howe. 41. forwarde. 42. backwarde.
-
-47. spring. halte. 48. grounde. 53. wodelay. stretchen. 56. spring. 58.
-worde. 60-1. hert (_twice_). 64. meaneth. 65. disease. 69. wethers; _read_
-weders. 70. fal. 71. beaten. 72. great. 73. wethers; _read_ weders. forthe.
-74. howe harde. 77. disease. 78. fyre. 79. gone. 80. howe.
-
-81. maye. sauoure. 83. occupation. spente. ferforthe. 84. spring. 87. the
-nowe. 89. fooles lette. 90. teacheth. 91. greatnesse. 93. one (_twice_).
-season. 94. _I supply_ is parfit. * _A break here in_ Th. 95. healeth. 96.
-deyntie. 97. forthe. 102. thorowe. 103-4. wyre (_thrice_). 104. breaketh.
-105. tre. 107. nowe. 108. parfyte. 109. begon; _read_ begonne. 110.
-rewarde. 112. tel the. 113. beareth. 114. onely. deserte. 116. rewarde.
-thorowe.
-
-118. one benefyte. 120. dothe. 124. _catchword_ it is; _misprinted_ yet is
-_on the next page_. 126. the lent. 127. lytle. 129. graunt. 131. nothynge
-maye. 132. weare. 133. put; _read_ putte. 134. onely. 136. put. 137. came
-thorowe. 138. althoughe. lent. the. 139. thanke. 141. canste. 144.
-homewarde. 145. holy. 147. the. 149. arte. 151. alone. 152. worthe.
-
-153. great. hytherto; _read_ hiderto. 154. the. forthe. 156. thorowe. 158.
-wysdome. 159. parfyte. 160. canne; _read_ conne. 161. hert.
-
-                          CHAPTER VIII.
-
-  Soberliche tho threw I up myn eyen, and hugely tho was
-  I astonyed of this sodayne adventure; and fayn wolde I have
-  lerned, how vertues shulden ben knowen; in whiche thinges,
-  I hope to god, here-after she shal me enfourmen; and namely,
-  sithen her restinge-place is now so nygh at my wil; and anon al         5
-  these thinges that this lady said, I remembred me by my-selfe, and
-  revolved the +lynes of myne understondinge wittes. Tho found
-  I fully al these maters parfitly there written, how mis-rule by
-  fayned love bothe realmes and citees hath governed a greet
-  throwe; how lightly me might the fautes espye; how rules in love       10
-  shulde ben used; how somtyme with fayned love foule I was
-  begyled; how I shulde love have knowe; and how I shal in love
-  with my service procede. Also furthermore I found, of perdurable
-  letters wonderly there graven, these maters whiche I shal nempne.
-  Certes, non age ne other thing in erthe may the leest sillable of      15
-  this in no poynte deface, but clerely as the sonne in myne
-  understandinge soule they shynen. This may never out of my mynde,
-  how I may not my love kepe, but thorow willinge in herte; wilne
-  to love may I not, but I lovinge have. Love have I non, but
-  thorow grace of this Margarite-perle. It is no maner doute, that       20
-  wil wol not love but for it is lovinge, as wil wol not rightfully but
-  for it is rightful it-selve. Also wil is not lovinge for he wol love;
-  but he wol love for he is lovinge; it is al oon to +wilne to be
-  lovinge, and lovinges in possession to have. Right so wil wol not
-  love, for of love hath he no partie. And yet I denye not lovinge       25
-  wil [may] wilne more love to have, whiche that he hath not whan
-  he wolde more than he hath; but I saye, he may no love wilne
-  if he no love have, through which thilke love he shuld wilne. But
-  to have this loving wil may no man of him-selfe, but only through
-  grace toforn-going; right so may no man it kepe, but by grace          30
-  folowinge. Consider now every man aright, and let seen if that
-  any wight of him-selfe mowe this loving wel gete, and he therof
-  first nothing have; for if it shulde of him-selfe springe, either it
-  muste be willing or not willing. Willing by him-selfe may he it not
-  have, sithen him fayleth the mater that shulde it forth bringe.        35
-  The mater him fayleth; why? He may therof have no knowing
-  til whan grace put it in his herte. Thus willing by him-selfe may
-  he it not have; and not willing, may he it not have. Parde,
-  every conseyt of every resonable creature otherwyse wil [wol] not
-  graunte; wil in affirmatif with not willing by no way mowe acorde.     40
-  And although this loving wol come in myn herte by freenesse of
-  arbitrement, as in this booke fully is shewed, yet owe I not therfore
-  as moche alowe my free wil as grace of that Margaryte to me
-  lened. For neyther might I, without grace to-forn going and
-  afterward folowing, thilke grace gete ne kepe; and lese shal I it      45
-  never but-if free wil it make, as in willinge otherwyse than grace
-  hath me graunted. For right as whan any person taketh willing
-  to be sobre, and throweth that away, willing to be dronke; or els
-  taketh wil of drinking out of mesure; whiche thing, anon as it is
-  don, maketh (thorow his owne gilte by free wil) that [he] leseth       50
-  his grace. In whiche thing therfore upon the nobley of grace
-  I mote trusten, and my besy cure sette thilke grace to kepe, that
-  my free wil, otherwyse than by reson it shulde werche, cause not
-  my grace to voyde: for thus must I bothe loke to free wil and to
-  grace. For right as naturel usage in engendring of children may        55
-  not ben without +fader, ne also but with the +moder, for neyther
-  +fader ne +moder in begetting may it lacke; right so grace and
-  free wil accorden, and withoute hem bothe may not lovinge wil in
-  no partie ben getten. But yet is not free wil in gettinge of that
-  thing so mokel thank-worthy as is grace, ne in the kepinge therof      60
-  so moche thank deserveth; and yet in gettinge and keping bothe
-  don they accorde. Trewly, often-tyme grace free wil helpeth, in
-  fordoinge of contrarye thinges, that to willinge love not accorden,
-  and +strengtheth wil adversitees to withsitte; wherfore +al-togider
-  to grace oweth to ben accepted, that my willing deserveth. Free        65
-  wil to lovinge in this wyse is accorded. I remembre me wel how
-  al this book (who-so hede taketh) considereth [how] al thinges to
-  werchinges of mankynde evenly accordeth, as in turning of this
-  worde 'love' in-to trouthe or els rightwisnesse, whether that it
-  lyke. For what thing that falleth to man in helping of free            70
-  arbitrement, thilke rightwisnesse to take or els to kepe, thorow
-  whiche a man shal be saved (of whiche thing al this book mencion
-  hath maked), in every poynte therof grace oweth to be thanked.
-  Wherfore I saye, every wight havinge this rightwisnesse rightful
-  is; and yet therfore I fele not in my conscience, that to al           75
-  rightful is behoten the blisse everlastinge, but to hem that ben
-  rightful withouten any unrightfulnesse. Some man after some degree
-  may rightfully ben accompted as chaste men in living, and yet ben
-  they janglers and ful of envy pressed; to hem shal this blisse
-  never ben delivered. For right as very blisse is without al maner      80
-  nede, right so to no man shal it be yeven but to the rightful, voyde
-  from al maner unrightfulnesse founde; so no man to her blisse
-  shal ben folowed, but he be rightful, and with unrightfulnesse not
-  bounde, and in that degree fully be knowe. This rightfulnesse,
-  in as moche as in him-selfe is, of none yvel is it cause; and of al    85
-  maner goodnesse, trewly, it is +moder. This helpeth the spirit
-  to withsitte the leude lustes of flesshly lykinge. This strengtheth
-  and maintayneth the lawe of kynde; and if that otherwhyle me
-  weneth harm of this precious thing to folowe, therthorough is [it]
-  nothing the cause; of somwhat els cometh it aboute, who-so             90
-  taketh hede. By rightfulnesse forsothe wern many holy sayntes
-  good savour in swetenesse to god almighty; but that to some
-  folkes they weren savour of dethe, in-to deedly ende, that com
-  not of the sayntes rightwisnesse, but of other wicked mennes
-  badnesse hath proceded. Trewly, the ilke wil, whiche that the          95
-  Lady of Love me lerned 'affeccion of wil' to nempne, which is
-  in willing of profitable thinges, yvel is it not, but whan to flesshly
-  lustes it consenteth ayenst reson of soule. But that this thing
-  more clerely be understande, it is for to knowe, whence and how
-  thilke wil is so vicious, and so redy yvel dedes to perfourme.        100
-  Grace at the ginninge ordeyned thilke wil in goodnesse ever to
-  have endured, and never to badnesse have assented. Men shulde
-  not byleve, that god thilke wil maked to be vicious [in] our firste
-  +faders, as Adam and Eve; for vicious appetytes, and vicious wil
-  to suche appetytes consentinge, ben not on thing in kynde; other      105
-  thing is don for the other. And how this wil first in-to man first
-  assented, I holde it profitable to shewe; but if the first condicion
-  of resonable creature wol be considred and apertly loked, lightly
-  the cause of suche wil may be shewed. Intencion of god was,
-  that rightfully and blissed shulde resonable nature ben maked,        110
-  himselfe for to kepe; but neyther blisful ne rightful might it not
-  be, withouten wil in them bothe. Wil of rightfulnesse is thilke
-  same rightfulnesse, as here-to-forn is shewed; but wil of blisse
-  is not thilke blisse, for every man hath not thilke blisse, in whom
-  the wil therof is abydinge. In this blisse, after every               115
-  understandinge, is suffisaunce of covenable comoditees without any
-  maner nede, whether it be blisse of aungels or els thilke that
-  grace first in paradise suffred Adam to have. For al-though
-  angels blisse be more than Adams was in paradyse, yet may it not
-  be +denyed, that Adam in paradyse ne had suffisaunce of blisse;       120
-  for right as greet herte is without al maner of coldenesse, and yet
-  may another herte more hete have; right so nothing defended
-  Adam in paradyse to ben blessed, without al maner nede.
-  Al-though aungels blisse be moche more, forsothe, it foloweth
-  not [that], lasse than another to have, therfore him nedeth; but      125
-  for to wante a thing whiche that behoveth to ben had, that may
-  'nede' ben cleped; and that was not in Adam at the first
-  ginning. God and the Margaryte weten what I mene. Forsothe,
-  where-as is nede, there is wrecchednesse. +God without cause
-  to-forngoing made not resonable creature wrecched; for him to         130
-  understande and love had he firste maked. God made therfore
-  man blissed without al maner indigence; +togider and at ones
-  took resonable creature blisse, and wil of blissednesse, and wil
-  of rightfulnesse, whiche is rightfulnesse it-selve, and libertee of
-  arbitrement, that is, free wil, with whiche thilke rightfulnesse may  135
-  he kepe and lese. So and in that wyse [god] ordayned thilke
-  two, that wil (whiche that "instrument" is cleped, as here-toforn
-  mencion is maked) shulde use thilke rightfulnesse, by teching of
-  his soule to good maner of governaunce, in thought and in wordes;
-  and that it shulde use the blisse in obedient maner, withouten        140
-  any incommodite. Blisse, forsothe, in-to mannes profit, and
-  rightwisnesse in-to his worship god delivered at ones; but rightfulnesse
-  so was yeven that man might it lese, whiche if he not lost
-  had, but continuelly [might] have it kept, he shulde have deserved
-  the avauncement in-to the felowshippe of angels, in whiche thing      145
-  if he that loste, never by him-selfe forward shulde he it mowe
-  ayenward recovere; and as wel the blisse that he was in, as
-  aungels blisse that to-him-wardes was coming, shulde be nome at
-  ones, and he deprived of hem bothe. And thus fil man un-to
-  lykenesse of unresonable bestes; and with hem to corrupcion and       150
-  unlusty apetytes was he under-throwen. But yet wil of blisse
-  dwelleth, that by indigence of goodes, whiche that he loste
-  through greet wrecchednesse, by right shulde he ben punisshed.
-  And thus, for he weyved rightfulnesse, lost hath he his blisse; but
-  fayle of his desyr in his owne comodite may he not; and +where        155
-  comodites to his resonable nature whiche he hath lost may he not
-  have, to false lustes, whiche ben bestial appetytes, he is turned.
-  Folye of unconning hath him begyled, in wening that thilke ben
-  the comoditees that owen to ben desyred. This affeccion of wil
-  by liberte of arbitrement is enduced to wilne thus thing that         160
-  he shulde not; and so is wil not maked yvel but unrightful, by
-  absence of rightfulnesse, whiche thing by reson ever shulde he
-  have. And freenesse of arbitrement may he not wilne, whan he it
-  not haveth; for while he it had, thilke halp it not to kepe; so
-  that without grace may it not ben recovered. Wil of commodite,        165
-  in-as-moche as unrightful it is maked by willinge of yvel lustes, willing
-  of goodnesse may he not wilne; for wil of instrument to affeccion
-  of wil is thralled, sithen that other thing may it not wilne;
-  for wil of instrument to affeccion desyreth, and yet ben bothe they
-  'wil' cleped. For that instrument wol, through affeccion it wilneth;  170
-  and affeccion desyreth thilke thing wherto instrument him ledeth.
-  And so free wil to unlusty affeccion ful servaunt is maked, for
-  unrightfulnesse may he not releve; and without rightfulnesse ful
-  fredom may it never have. For kyndly libertee of arbitrement
-  without it, veyne and ydel is, forsothe. Wherfore yet I say, (as      175
-  often have I sayd the same), whan instrument of wil lost hath
-  rightfulnesse, in no maner but by grace may he ayen retourne
-  rightfulnesse to wilne. For sithen nothing but rightfulnesse alone
-  shulde he wilne, what that ever he wilneth without rightfulnesse,
-  unrightfully he it wilneth. These than unrightful appetytes and       180
-  unthrifty lustes whiche the +flesh desyreth, in as mokel as they ben
-  in kynde, ben they nat bad; but they ben unrightful and badde for
-  they ben in resonable creature, where-as they being, in no waye
-  shulde ben suffred. In unresonable beestes neyther ben they yvel
-  ne unrightful; for there is their kynde being.                        185
-
-CH. VIII. 1. threwe. 2. fayne. 3. howe. 5. nowe. nyghe. 7. lyues (!).
-founde. 8. parfytely. howe. mysse-. 9. cyties. great. 10-12. howe (_five
-times_). 13. founde. 15. none. thynge. maye. 17. maye. 18. howe. maye.
-thorowe. 19. maye. none. 20. thorowe.
-
-23. one. wil; _read_ wilne. 26. _I supply_ may. 27. maye. 29. onely. 30.
-toforne. maye. 31. nowe. sene. 32. get. 33. nothynge. spring. 35. forthe
-bring. 36. maye. 39. reasonable. _I supply_ wol. 40. graunt. affyrmatife.
-41. hert. frenesse. 43. frewyl (_throughout_). 44. leaned. 45. afterwarde.
-get; _read_ gete. 50. done. thorowe. _I supply_ he. 52. set. 53. reason.
-55. maye. 56-7. father (_twice_); _read_ fader. mother (_twice_); _read_
-moder.
-
-57-8. maye. 60. thankeworthy. 61. thanke. 62. done. 64. strength; _read_
-strengtheth; _see_ l. 87. al togyther. 66. howe. 67. booke. _Supply_ how.
-71. thorowe. 72. booke. 78. maye. 86. mother; _read_ moder. 89. harme.
-_Supply_ it. 90. nothynge. 91. werne. 93. come; _read_ com.
-
-96. affectyon. 98. reason. thynge. 99. vndersta_n_d. howe. 100. redye. 103.
-vycious. _I insert_ in; Our (_sic_). 104. father; _read_ faders. 106. done.
-howe. 108-110. reasonable (_twice_). 113. -forne. 119, 122. maye. 120.
-denyded (!). 121. great. 122. heate. nothynge. 124. thoughe. 125. _I
-supply_ that. 126. thynge. maye. 128. meane. 129. wretchydnesse. good;
-_read_ God. 130. reasonable. wretched.
-
-132. togyther. 133. toke reasonable. 134. lybertie. 135. fre. 136. _I
-supply_ god. 137. cleaped. toforne. 138. teachyng. 141. profyte. 143. not
-loste had not; _I omit second_ not. 144. _I supply_ might. kepte. 146.
-forwarde. 147. ayenwarde. 150. vnreasonable. 153. great wretchydnesse. 154.
-loste. 155. desyre. were; _read_ where. 156. reasonable. loste. 159.
-affection. 162. reason. 163. frenesse. 164. halpe.
-
-167-170. affection (_thrice_). 172. frewyl. affection. 173. maye. 174.
-fredome. libertie. 176. loste. 181. flyes (!); _read_ flesh. 184.
-vnreasonable.
-
-                          CHAPTER IX.
-
-  Knowen may it wel ben now of these thinges toforn
-  declared, that man hath not alway thilke rightfulnesse
-  which by dute of right evermore haven he shulde, and by no way
-  by him-selfe may he it gete ne kepe; and after he it hath, if he it
-  lese, recover shal he it never without especial grace. Wherfore         5
-  the comune sentence of the people in opinion, that every thing
-  after destenee is ruled, false and wicked is to beleve. For though
-  predestinacion be as wel of good as of badde, sithen that it is
-  sayd, god +hath destenees made, whiche he never ne wrought; but,
-  for he suffreth hem to be maked, as that he hardeth, whan he           10
-  naught missayth, or +let in-to temptacion, whan he not delivereth:
-  wherfore it is non inconvenient if in that maner be sayd, god toforn
-  have destenyed bothe badde and her badde werkes, whan
-  hem ne their yvel dedes [he] neyther amendeth ne therto hem
-  grace +leneth.  But specialliche, predestinacion of goodnesse          15
-  alone is sayd by these grete clerkes; for in him god doth that
-  they ben, and that in goodnesse they werchen. But the negatif
-  herof in badnesse is holden, as the Lady of Love hath me lerned,
-  who-so aright in this booke loketh. And utterly it is to weten,
-  that predestinacion properly in god may not ben demed, no more         20
-  than beforn-weting. For in the chapitre of goddes beforn-weting,
-  as Love me rehersed, al these maters apertly may ben founden.
-  Al thinges to god ben now +togider and in presence duringe.
-  Trewly, presence and predestinacion in nothing disacorden;
-  wherfore, as I was lerned how goddes before-weting and free            25
-  choice of wil mowe stonden +togider, me thinketh the same reson
-  me ledeth, that destenye and free wil accorden, so that neyther of
-  hem bothe to other in nothing contrarieth. And resonabliche
-  may it not ben demed, as often as any thing falleth [thorow] free
-  wil werching (as if a man another man wrongfully anoyeth, wherfore     30
-  he him sleeth), that it be constrayned to that ende, as mokel
-  folk cryeth and sayth: 'Lo, as it was destenyed of god toforn
-  knowe, so it is thorow necessite falle, and otherwyse might it not
-  betyde.' Trewly, neyther he that the wrong wrought, ne he that
-  him-selfe venged, none of thilke thinges thorow necessite wrought;     35
-  for if that [oon] with free wil there had it not willed, neyther had
-  [he] wrought that he perfourmed; and so utterly grace, that free
-  wil in goodnesse bringeth and kepeth, and fro badnesse it tourneth,
-  in al thinge moste thank deserveth. This grace maketh
-  sentence in vertue to abyde, wherfore in body and in soule, in ful     40
-  plentee of conninge, after their good deserving in the everlastinge
-  joye, after the day of dome shul they endelesse dwelle; and they
-  shul ben lerned in that kingdom with so mokel affect of love and
-  of grace, that the leste joye shal of the gretest in glorie rejoice
-  and ben gladded, as if he the same joye had. What wonder,              45
-  sith god is the gretest love and the *gretest wisdom? In hem
-  shal he be, and they in god. Now than, whan al false folk be
-  ashamed, which wenen al bestialte and erthly thing be sweter and
-  better to the body than hevenly is to the soule; this is the grace
-  and the frute that I long have desyred; it doth me good the            50
-  savour to smelle.
-
-  Crist, now to thee I crye of mercy and of grace; and graunt,
-  of thy goodnes, to every maner reder ful understanding in this
-  leude pamflet to have; and let no man wene other cause in
-  this werke than is verily the soth. For envy is ever redy, al          55
-  innocentes to shende; wherfore I wolde that good speche envy
-  evermore hinder.
-
-  But no man wene this werke be sufficiently maked; for goddes
-  werke passeth man[ne]s; no man[ne]s wit to parfit werke may by no
-  way purvay th'ende. How shuld I than, so leude, aught wene of          60
-  perfeccion any ende to gete? Never-the-later, grace, glorie, and
-  laude I yelde and putte with worshipful reverences to the sothfast
-  god, in three with unite closed, whiche that the hevy langour of
-  my sicknesse hath turned in-to mirthe of helth to recover. For
-  right as I was sorowed thorow the gloton cloud of manifolde            65
-  sickly sorow, so mirth [of] ayencoming helth hath me glad[d]ed
-  and gretly comforted. I beseche and pray therfore, and I crye
-  on goddes gret pite and on his mokel mercy, that this[e] present
-  scorges of my flessh mow maken medecyne and lechecraft of
-  my inner man[ne]s helth; so that my passed trespas and tenes           70
-  through weping of myn eyen ben wasshe, and I, voyded from
-  al maner disese, and no more to wepe herafter, y-now be kept
-  thorow goddes grace; so that goddes hand, whiche that merciably
-  me hath scorged, herafter in good plite from thence merciably me
-  kepe and defende.                                                      75
-
-  In this boke be many privy thinges wimpled and folde; unneth
-  shul leude men the plites unwinde. Wherfore I pray to the holy
-  gost, he lene of his oyntmentes, mennes wittes to clere; and, for
-  goddes love, no man wonder why or how this question come to
-  my mynde. For my greet lusty desyr was of this lady to ben             80
-  enfourmed, my leudenesse to amende. Certes, I knowe not
-  other mennes wittes, what I shulde aske, or in answere what
-  I shulde saye; I am so leude my-selfe, that mokel more lerninge
-  yet me behoveth. I have mad therfore as I coude, but not
-  sufficiently as I wolde, and as mater yave me sentence; for my         85
-  dul wit is hindred by +stepmoder of foryeting and with cloude
-  of unconning, that stoppeth the light of my Margarite-perle,
-  wherfore it may not shyne on me as it shulde. I desyre not
-  only a good reder, but also I coveite and pray a good book-amender,
-  in correccion of wordes and of sentence; and only this                 90
-  mede I coveite for my travayle, that every inseer and herer of
-  this leude fantasye devoute horisons and prayers to god the greet
-  juge yelden; and prayen for me in that wyse, that in his dome
-  my sinnes mowe ben relesed and foryeven. He that prayeth for
-  other for him-selfe travayleth.                                        95
-
-  Also I praye, that every man parfitly mowe knowe thorow what
-  intencion of herte this tretys have I drawe. How was it, that
-  sightful manna in deserte to children of Israel was spirituel
-  mete? Bodily also it was, for mennes bodies it +norisshed;
-  and yet, never-the-later, Crist it signifyed. Right so a jewel        100
-  betokeneth a gemme, and that is a stoon vertuous or els a perle.
-  Margarite, a woman, betokeneth grace, lerning, or wisdom of
-  god, or els holy church. If breed, thorow vertue, is mad holy
-  flesshe, what is that our god sayth? 'It is the spirit that yeveth
-  lyf; the flesshe, of nothing it profiteth.' Flesshe is flesshly       105
-  understandinge; flessh without grace and love naught is worth.
-  'The letter sleeth; the spirit yeveth lyfelich understanding.'
-  Charite is love; and love is charite.
-  God graunt us al[le] therin to be frended!
-  And thus THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE is ended.                              110
-
-CH. IX. 1. nowe. toforne. 4. get. 7. destenye. thoughe. 9. sayde. god
-hadnest (!); _read_ god hath destenees. 11. missaythe. ledde; _read_ let =
-ledeth. 12. none. toforne. 14. _I supply_ he. 15. leueth.
-
-16. sayde. great. dothe. 17. negatyfe. 21. beforne (_twice_). 22. apertely
-maye. 23. nowe to-gyther. 24. nothynge. 25. howe. 26. togyther. reason. 27.
-leadeth. frewyl. 28. reasonablyche. 29. demyd. _I supply_ thorow. frewyl.
-32. folke. toforne know. 33. thorowe. fal. 34. wronge. 35. thorowe. 36-7.
-_I supply_ oon _and_ he. 39. thanke. 41. plentie. 42. ioy. dwel. 43.
-kyngdome. affecte. 44-6. greatest (_twice_). * _A break here in_ Th. 47.
-folke. 48. swetter. 50. dothe. 51. smel.
-
-52. Christ. the. 59. mans; _read_ mannes (_twice_). 61. get. 62. put. 63.
-thre. 66. _I supply_ of. 68. this; _read_ thise. 69. medecyn. lechcraft.
-70. mans. 72. I now; _for_ y-now. 73. thorowe. ha_n_de. 80. great. desyre.
-84. made. 86. wytte. -mother; _read_ moder.
-
-89. onely. booke. 90. correction. onely. 92. great. 94. released. 96.
-thorowe. 97. treatyse. Howe. 99. meate. norissheth; _read_ norisshed. 100.
-Christ. 101. stone. 103. thorowe. made. 104. saythe. spyrite. 105. lyfe.
-109. al; _read_ alle.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-II. THE PLOWMANS TALE.
-
-  HERE BEGINNETH THE PLOWMANS PROLOGUE.
-
-  The Plowman plucked up his plow,
-  Whan midsommer mone was comen in,
-  And sayd, 'his beestes shuld ete y-now,
-  And lig in the grasse, up to the chin;
-  They ben feble, both oxe and cow,                       5
-  Of hem nis left but boon and skin.'
-  He shook of share, and cultre of-drow,
-  And hong his harneys on a pin.
-
-  He took his tabard and his staf eke,
-  And on his heed he set his hat;                        10
-  And sayde, he wolde saynt Thomas seke,
-  On pilgrimage he goth forth plat.
-  In scrippe he bar both breed and lekes,
-  He was forswonke and all forswat;
-  Men might have seen through both his chekes,           15
-  And every wang-toth and where it sat.
-
-  Our hoste beheld wel all about,
-  And saw this man was sunne y-brent;
-  He knew well by his senged snout,
-  And by his clothes that were to-rent,                  20
-  He was a man wont to walke about,
-  He nas nat alway in cloystre y-pent;
-  He coud not religiousliche lout,
-  And therfore was he fully shent.
-
-  Our host him axed, 'what man art thou?'                25
-  'Sir,' quod he, 'I am an hyne;
-  For I am wont to go to the plow,
-  And erne my mete yer that I dyne.
-  To swete and swinke I make avow,
-  My wyf and children therwith to fynd,                  30
-  And serve god, and I wist how;
-  But we lewd men ben full[y] blynd.
-
-  For clerkes saye, we shullen be fayn
-  For hir lyvelod [to] swete and swinke,
-  And they right nought us give agayn,                   35
-  Neyther to ete ne yet to drinke.
-  They mowe by lawe, as they sayn,
-  Us curse and dampne to hell[e] brinke;
-  Thus they putten us to payn,
-  With candles queynt and belles clinke.                 40
-
-  They make us thralles at hir lust,
-  And sayn, we mowe nat els be saved;
-  They have the corn and we the dust,
-  Who speketh ther-agayn, they say he raved.'
-
-  'What, man,' quod our host, 'canst thou preche?        45
-  Come neer, and tell us some holy thing.'
-  'Sir,' quod he, 'I herde ones teche
-  A prest in pulpit a good preching.'
-  'Say on,' quod our host, 'I thee beseche.'
-  'Sir, I am redy at your bidding.                       50
-  I pray you that no man me reproche
-  Whyl that I am my tale telling.
-
-  THUS ENDETH THE PROLOGUE, AND HERE FOLOWETH THE FIRST
-                  PART OF THE TALE.
-
-              PART I.
-
-  A sterne stryf is stered newe
-  In many stedes in a stounde,
-  Of sondry sedes that ben sewe;                         55
-  It semeth that som ben unsounde.
-  For some be grete growen +on grounde,
-  Some ben souple, simple and small;
-  Whether of hem is falser founde,
-  The falser, foul mote him befall!                      60
-
-  That oon syde is, that I of tell,
-  Popes, cardinals, and prelates,
-  Parsons, monkes, and freres fell,
-  Priours, abbottes of grete estates;
-  Of heven and hell they kepe the yates,                 65
-  And Peters successours they ben all;
-  This is demed by olde dates;
-  But falshed, foul mote it befall!
-
-  The other syde ben poore and pale,
-  And people put [al] out of prees;                      70
-  And seme caytifs sore a-cale,
-  And ever in oon without encrees,
-  +I-cleped lollers and londlees;
-  Who toteth on hem, they been untall.
-  They ben arayed all for the pees;                      75
-  But falshed, foul mote it befall!
-
-  Many a countrey have I sought,
-  To know the falser of these two;
-  But ever my travail was for nought,
-  All so fer as I have go.                               80
-  But as I wandred in a wro,
-  In a wode besyde a wall,
-  Two foules saw I sitte tho;
-  The falser, foul mote him befall!
-
-  That oon did plede on the Popes syde,                  85
-  A Griffon of a grim stature.
-  A Pellicane withouten pryde
-  To these lollers layde his lure;
-  He mused his matter in mesure,
-  To counsayl Christ ever gan he call.                   90
-  The Griffon shewed as sharp as fyre,
-  But falshed, foul mote it befall!
-
-  The Pellican began to preche
-  Both of mercy and of mekeness;
-  And sayd, that "Christ so gan us teche,                95
-  And meke and merciable gan bless.
-  The Evangely bereth witness
-  A lamb, he lykneth Christ over-all,
-  In tokening that he mekest was,
-  Sith pryde was out of heven fall.                     100
-
-  And so shulde every Christned be;
-  Preestes, Peters successours,
-  Beth lowlich and of low degree,
-  And usen none erthly honours,
-  Neyther crown, ne curious cove[r]tours,               105
-  Ne +pelure, ne other proude pall;
-  Ne nought to cofren up greet tresours;
-  For falshed, foul mote it befall!
-
-  Preest[e]s shuld for no cattel plede,
-  But chasten hem in charite;                           110
-  Ne to no batail shuld men lede
-  For inhaunsing of hir own degree;
-  Nat wilne sittings in hy see,
-  Ne soveraynte in hous ne hall;
-  All worldly worship defye and flee;                   115
-  For who willeth highnes, foul shal fall!
-
-  Alas! who may such sayntes call
-  That wilneth welde erthly honour?
-  As lowe as Lucifer such shal fall,
-  In baleful blacknesse y-builde hir bour;              120
-  That eggeth the people to errour,
-  And maketh hem to hem [be] thrall;
-  To Christ I hold suche oon traytour,
-  As lowe as Lucifer such shal fall.
-
-  That willeth to be kinges peres,                      125
-  And hygher than the emperour;
-  Some that were but pore freres
-  Now wollen waxe a warryour.
-  God is nat hir governour,
-  That holdeth no man his +peragall;                    130
-  Whyl covetyse is hir counsaylour,
-  All such falshed mot nede fall.
-
-  That hye on horse willeth ryde
-  In glitterand golde of grete aray,
-  I-paynted and portred all in pryde;                   135
-  No commun knight may go so gay.
-  Chaunge of clothing every day,
-  With golden girdles grete and small;
-  As boystous as is bere at bay;
-  All such falshed mot nede fall.                       140
-
-  With pryde +punysheth the pore,
-  And some they sustayn with sale;
-  Of holy churche maketh an hore,
-  And filleth hir wombe with wyne and ale;
-  With money filleth many a male,                       145
-  And chaffren churches when they fall,
-  And telleth the people a lewed tale;
-  Such false faytours, foul hem fall!
-
-  With chaunge of many maner metes,
-  With song and solace sitting long,                    150
-  And filleth hir wombe, and fast fretes,
-  And from the mete to the gong;
-  And after mete with harp and song,
-  And ech man mot hem lordes call;
-  And hote spyces ever among;                           155
-  Such false faytours, foul hem fall!
-
-  And myters mo than oon or two,
-  I-perled as the quenes heed;
-  A staf of golde, and +perrey, lo!
-  As hevy as it were mad of leed;                       160
-  With cloth of gold both newe and reed,
-  With glitterand +gown as grene as gall,
-  By dome will dampne men to deed;
-  All suche faytours, foul hem fall!
-
-  And Christes people proudly curse                     165
-  With brode bokes, and braying bell;
-  To putte pennyes in hir purse
-  They woll sell both heven and hell;
-  And in hir sentence, and thou wilt dwell,
-  They willen gesse in hir gay hall;                    170
-  And though the soth thou of hem tell,
-  In greet cursinge shalt thou fall.
-
-  That is blessed, that they blesse,
-  And cursed, that they curse woll;
-  And thus the people they oppresse,                    175
-  And have their lordshippes at full;
-  And many be marchauntes of woll,
-  And to purse penyes woll come thrall;
-  The pore people they all to-pull,
-  Such false faytours, foul hem fall!                   180
-
-  Lordes mote to hem loute,
-  Obeysaunt to hir brode blessing;
-  They ryden with hir royall route
-  On a courser, as it were a king;
-  With saddle of golde glitt[e]ring                     185
-  With curious harneys quayntly crallit,
-  Styroppes gaye of gold-mastling;
-  All suche falshed, foul befall it!
-
-  Christes ministers +cleped they been,
-  And rulen all in robberye;                            190
-  But Antichrist they serven clene,
-  Attyred all in tyrannye;
-  Witnesse of Johns prophecye,
-  That Antichrist is hir admirall,
-  Tiffelers attyred in trecherye;                       195
-  All suche faytours, foul hem fall!
-
-  Who sayth, that some of hem may sinne,
-  He shal be +demed to be deed;
-  Some of hem woll gladly winne
-  All ayenst that which god forbed;                     200
-  "All-holyest" they clepen hir heed,
-  That of hir rule is regall;
-  Alas! that ever they eten breed;
-  For all such falshed woll foul fall.
-
-  Hir heed loveth all honour,                           205
-  And to be worshipped in worde and dede;
-  Kinges mot to hem knele and coure;
-  To the apostles, that Christ forbede;
-  To popes hestes such taketh more hede
-  Than to kepe Christes commaundement;                  210
-  Of gold and silver mot ben hir wede,
-  They holdeth him hole omnipotent.
-
-  He ordayneth by his ordinaunce
-  To parish-preestes a powere;
-  To another a greter avaunce,                          215
-  A greter poynt to his mystere;
-  But for he is hyghest in erth here,
-  To him reserveth he many a poynt;
-  But to Christ, that hath no pere,
-  Reserveth he neither opin ne joynt.                   220
-
-  So semeth he above[n] all,
-  And Christ aboven him nothing;
-  Whan he sitteth in his stall,
-  Dampneth and saveth as him think.
-  Such pryde tofore god doth stink;                     225
-  An angell bad John to him nat knele,
-  But only to god do his bowing;
-  Such willers of worship must evil fele.
-
-  They ne clepen Christ but _sanctus deus_,
-  And clepen her heed _Sanctissimus_;                   230
-  They that such a sect[e] sewis,
-  I trowe, they taken hem amisse.
-  In erth[e] here they have hir blisse,
-  Hir hye master is Belial;
-  +Christ his people from hem wisse!                    235
-  For all such false will foul fall!
-
-  They mowe both[e] binde and lose,
-  And all is for hir holy lyf;
-  To save or dampne they mowe chose,
-  Betwene hem now [ther] is gret stryf.                 240
-  Many a man is killed with knyf,
-  To wete which of hem have lordship shall;
-  For such, Christ suffred woundes fyve;
-  For all such falshed will foul fall.
-
-  Christ sayd: _Qui gladio percutit_                    245
-  With swerde shall [he surely] dye;
-  He bad his preestes pees and grith,
-  And bad hem not drede for to dye;
-  And bad them be both simple and slye,
-  And carke not for no cattall,                         250
-  And +truste on god that sitteth on hye;
-  For all [such] false shull foul fall.
-
-  These wollen make men to swere
-  Ayenst Christes commaundement;
-  And Christes membres all to-tere                      255
-  On rode as he wer newe y-rent.
-  Suche lawes they make by commun assent,
-  Ech on it choweth as a ball;
-  Thus the pore be fully shent,
-  But ever falshed foule it +fall!                      260
-
-  They usen [never] no symonye,
-  But sellen churches and prioryes;
-  Ne [yet] they usen no envye,
-  But cursen all hem contraryes;
-  And hyreth men by dayes and yeres                     265
-  With strength to holde hem in hir stall;
-  And culleth all hir adversaryes;
-  Therefor, falshed! foul thou fall!
-
-  With purse they purchase personage,
-  With purse they paynen hem to plede;                  270
-  And men of warre they woll wage,
-  To bringe hir enemyes to the dede.
-  And lordes lyves they woll lede,
-  And moche take, and give but small;
-  But he it so get, from it shall shede,                275
-  And make such false right foul fal!
-
-  They halowe nothing but for hyre,
-  Churche, font, ne vestement;
-  And make[n] orders in every shyre,
-  But preestes paye for the parchement;                 280
-  Of ryatours they taken rent,
-  Therwith they smere the shepes skall;
-  For many churches ben oft suspent;
-  All such falshed, yet foul it fall!
-
-  Some liveth nat in lecherye,                          285
-  But haunten wenches, widdowes, and wyves,
-  And punisheth the pore for putrye;
-  Them-selfe it useth all their lyves.
-  And but a man to them [him] shryves,
-  To heven come never he shall;                         290
-  He shal be cursed as be captyves,
-  To hell they sayn that he shall fall.
-
-  There was more mercy in Maximien,
-  And in Nero, that never was good,
-  Than [there] is now in some of +hem                   295
-  Whan he hath on his furred hood.
-  They folowe Christ that shedde his blood
-  To heven, as bucket in-to the wall;
-  Suche wreches ben worse than wood;
-  And all such faytours, foule hem fall!                300
-
-  They give hir almesse to the riche,
-  To maynteynours, and to men of lawe;
-  For to lordes they woll be liche,
-  An harlottes sone nat worth an hawe!
-  Sothfastnesse suche han slawe,                        305
-  They kembe hir crokets with cristall;
-  And drede of god they have down drawe;
-  All suche faytours, foul hem fall!
-
-  They maken parsons for the penny,
-  And canons of hir cardinals;                          310
-  Unnethes amongest hem all any
-  That he ne hath glosed the gospell fals!
-  For Christ made never no cathedrals,
-  Ne with him was no cardinall
-  Wyth a reed hatte as usen mynstrals;                  315
-  But falshed, foul mote it befall!
-
-  +Hir tything, and hir offring both,
-  They cle[y]meth it by possessio[u]n;
-  Therof nill they none forgo,
-  But robben men as [by] raunsoun.                      320
-  The tything of _Turpe lucrum_
-  With these maisters is meynall;
-  Tything of bribry and larson
-  Will make falshed full foul fall!
-
-  They taken to ferme hir sompnours                     325
-  To harme the people what they may;
-  To pardoners and false faytours
-  Sell hir seles, I dar well say;
-  And all to holden greet array,
-  To multiply hem more metall,                          330
-  They drede full litell domes day
-  Whan all such [false] shall foul fall.
-
-  Suche harlottes shull men disclaunder
-  For they shullen make hir gree,
-  And ben as proude as Alexaunder,                      335
-  And sayn to the pore, "wo be ye!"
-  By yere ech preest shall paye his fee
-  To encrese his lemmans call;
-  Suche herdes shull well yvell thee,
-  And all such false shull foul fall!                   340
-
-  And if a man be falsly famed,
-  And wolde make purgacioun,
-  Than woll the officers be agramed,
-  And assigne him fro town to town;
-  So nede he must[e] paye raunsoun                      345
-  Though he be clene as is cristall,
-  And than have an absolutioun;
-  But all such false shull foul fall!
-
-  Though he be gilty of the dede,
-  And that he [yet] may money pay,                      350
-  All the whyle his purse woll blede
-  He may use it fro day to day!
-  These bishoppes officers goon full gay,
-  And this game they usen over-all;
-  The pore to pill is all +hir pray;                    355
-  All such false shull foul fall!
-
-  Alas! god ordayned never such lawe,
-  Ne no such craft of covetyse;
-  He forbad it, by his sawe,
-  Such governours mowen of god agryse;                  360
-  For all his rules +ben rightwyse.
-  These newe poyntes ben pure papall,
-  And goddes lawe they dispyse;
-  And all such faytours shul foul fall!
-
-  They sayn that Peter had the key                      365
-  Of hevin and hell, to have and hold;
-  I trowe Peter took no money
-  For no sinnes that he sold!
-  Such successours ben to bold,
-  In winning all their wit they wrall;                  370
-  Hir conscience is waxen cold;
-  And all such faytours, foule hem fall!
-
-  Peter was never so great a fole
-  To leve his key with such a lorell,
-  Or to take such cursed such a tole                    375
-  He was advysed nothing well.
-  I trowe, they have the key of hell;
-  +Hir maister is of that place marshall;
-  For there they dressen hem to dwell,
-  And with fals Lucifer there to fall.                  380
-
-  They ben as proude as Lucifer,
-  As angry, and as envious;
-  From good fayth they ben full fer,
-  In covetyse they ben curious;
-  To catche catell as covytous                          385
-  As hound, that for hunger woll yall;
-  Ungoodly, and ungracious;
-  And nedely, such falshed shal foul fall!
-
-  The pope, and he were Peters heyr,
-  Me think, he erreth in this cas,                      390
-  Whan choyse of bishoppes is in dispeyr,
-  To chosen hem in dyvers place;
-  A lord shall write to him for grace,
-  For his clerke +pray anon he shall;
-  So shall he spede[n] his purchas;                     395
-  And all such false, foule hem fall!
-
-  Though he +conne no more good,
-  A lordes prayer shal be sped;
-  Though he be wild of will or wood,
-  Nat understanding what men han red,                   400
-  A boster, and (that god forbede!)
-  As good a bishop +as my hors Ball,
-  Suche a pope is foule be-sted,
-  And at [the] laste woll foul fall!
-
-  He maketh bishops for erthly thank,                   405
-  And nothing for Christes sake;
-  Such that ben ful fatte and rank,
-  To soule hele non hede they take.
-  Al is well don what ever they make,
-  For they shal answere at +ones for all;               410
-  For worldes thank, such worch and wake,
-  And all such false shall foul fall!
-
-  Suche that +conne nat hir Crede
-  With prayer shull be mad prelates;
-  Nother +conne the gospell rede,                       415
-  Such shull now welde hye estates.
-  The hye goodes frendship hem makes,
-  They toteth on hir somme totall;
-  Such bere the keyes of hell-yates,
-  And all such false shall foul fall.                   420
-
-  They forsake, for Christes love,
-  Traveyl, hunger, thurst, and cold;
-  For they ben ordred ever all above
-  Out of youthe til they ben old.
-  By the dore they go nat in-to the fold,               425
-  To helpe +hir sheep they nought travall;
-  Hyred men all suche I holde,
-  And all such false, foule hem fall!
-
-  For Christ hir king they woll forsake,
-  And knowe him nought for his povert;                  430
-  For Christes love they woll wake,
-  And drink pyment [and] ale apart.
-  Of god they seme nothing a-ferd;
-  As lusty liveth, as Lamuall,
-  And dryve hir sheep into desert;                      435
-  All such faytours shull foul fall!
-
-  Christ hath twelve apostels here;
-  Now say they, ther may be but oon,
-  That may nat erre in no manere;
-  Who leveth nat this, ben lost echoon!                 440
-  Peter erred, so dide nat John;
-  Why is he cleped the principall?
-  Christ cleped him Peter, but himself the stoon;
-  All false faytours, foule hem fall!
-
-  Why cursen they the croysery,                         445
-  Christes Christen creatures?
-  For bytwene hem is now envy
-  To be enhaunsed in honours.
-  And Christen livers, with hir labours,
-  For they leve on no man mortall,                      450
-  +Ben do to dethe with dishonours;
-  And all such false, foule hem fall!
-
-  What knoweth a tillour at the plow
-  The popes name, and what he hat?
-  His crede suffyseth him y-now,                        455
-  And knoweth a cardinall by his hat.
-  Rough is the pore, unrightly lat,
-  That knoweth Christ his god royall;
-  Such maters be nat worth a gnat;
-  But such false faytours, foule hem fall!              460
-
-  A king shall knele and kisse his sho;
-  Christ suffred a sinfull kisse his feet.
-  Me thinketh, he holdeth him hye y-now,
-  So Lucifer did, that hye +seet.
-  Such oon, me thinketh, him-self foryet,               465
-  Either to the trouth he was nat call;
-  Christ, that suffred woundes wet,
-  Shall make such falshed foul fall!
-
-  They layeth out hir large nettes
-  For to take silver and gold,                          470
-  Fillen coffers, and sackes fettes,
-  There-as they soules cacche shold.
-  Hir servaunts be to +hem unhold,
-  But they can doublin +hir rentall
-  To bigge hem castels, and bigge hem hold;             475
-  And all such false, foule hem fall!
-
-  HERE ENDETH THE FIRST PART OF THIS TALE, AND HERAFTER
-              FOLOWETH THE SECONDE PART.
-
-              PART II.
-
-  To accorde with this worde "fal"
-  No more English can I find;
-  Shewe another now I shall,
-  For I have moche to say behind,                       480
-  How preestes han the people pynd,
-  As curteys Christ hath me [y-]kend,
-  And put this matter in my mind
-  To make this maner men amend.
-
-  Shortly to shende hem, and shewe now                  485
-  How wrongfully they worche and walke;
-  O hye god, nothing they tell, ne how,
-  But in goddes word, +tell many a balke.
-  In hernes holde hem and in halke,
-  And prechin of tythes and offrend,                    490
-  And untruely of the gospell talke;
-  For his mercy, god it amend!
-
-  What is Antichrist to say
-  But evin Christes adversary?
-  Such hath now ben many a day                          495
-  To Christes bidding full contrary,
-  That from the trouthe clene vary;
-  Out of the waye they ben wend;
-  And Christes people untruely cary;
-  God, for his pite, it amend!                          500
-
-  That liven contrary to Christes lyf,
-  In hye pride agaynst mekenesse;
-  Agaynst suffraunce they usen stryf,
-  And angre ayenst sobrenesse;
-  Agaynst wisdom, wilfulnesse;                          505
-  To Christes tales litell tend;
-  Agaynst mesure, outragiousnesse;
-  But whan god woll, it may amend!
-
-  Lordly lyf ayenst lowlinesse,
-  And demin all without mercy;                          510
-  And covetyse ayenst largesse,
-  Agaynst trewth[e], trechery;
-  And agaynst almesse, envy;
-  Agaynst Christ they comprehend.
-  For chastite, they maynteyn lechery;                  515
-  God, for his grace, this amend!
-
-  Ayenst penaunce they use delytes,
-  Ayenst suffraunce, strong defence;
-  Ayenst god they use yvel rightes,
-  Agaynst pite, punishments;                            520
-  Open yvell ayenst continence;
-  Hir wicked winning wors dispend;
-  Sobrenesse they sette in-to dispence;
-  But god, for his goodnesse, it amend!
-
-  Why cleymen they hoolly his powere,                   525
-  And wranglen ayenst all his hestes?
-  His living folowen they nothing here,
-  But liven wors than witles beestes.
-  Of fish and flesh they loven feestes,
-  As lordes, they ben brode y-kend;                     530
-  Of goddes pore they haten gestes;
-  God, for his mercy, this amend!
-
-  With +Dives such shall have hir doom
-  That sayn that they be Christes frendes,
-  And do nothing as they shuld doon;                    535
-  All such ben falser than ben fendes.
-  On the people they ley such bendes,
-  As god is in erthe, they han offend;
-  Sucour for suche Christ now sende us.
-  And, for his mercy, this amend!                       540
-
-  A token of Antichrist they be,
-  His careckes ben now wyde y-know;
-  Receyved to preche shall no man be
-  Without[e] token of him, I trow.
-  Ech Christen preest to prechen ow,                    545
-  From god above they ben send.
-  Goddes word to all folk for to show,
-  Sinfull man for to amend.
-
-  Christ sente the pore for to preche;
-  The royall riche he did nat so;                       550
-  Now dar no pore the people teche,
-  For Antichrist is over-all hir fo.
-  Among the people he mot go;
-  He hath bidden, all such suspend;
-  Some hath he hent, and thinketh yet mo;               555
-  But all this god may well amend.
-
-  All tho that han the world forsake,
-  And liven lo[w]ly, as god bad,
-  In-to hir prison shullen be take,
-  Betin and bounden, and forth lad.                     560
-  Herof I rede no man be drad;
-  Christ sayd, his [servaunts] shulde be shend;
-  Ech man ought herof be glad;
-  For god ful well it woll amend.
-
-  They take on hem royall powere,                       565
-  And saye, they have swerdes two,
-  Oon curse to hell, oon slee men here;
-  For at his taking Christ had no mo,
-  Yet Peter had [that] oon of tho.
-  But Christ to Peter smyte gan defend,                 570
-  And in-to the sheth bad putte it tho;
-  And all such mischeves god amend!
-
-  Christ bad Peter kepe his sheep,
-  And with his swerde forbad him smyte;
-  Swerd is no tole with sheep to kepe                   575
-  But to shep[h]erdes that sheep woll byte.
-  Me thinketh, suche shep[h]erdes ben to wyte
-  Ayen hir sheep with swerd that contend;
-  They dryve hir sheep with greet dispyte;
-  But al this god may well amend.                       580
-
-  So successours to Peter be they nought
-  Whom [that] Christ made cheef pastour;
-  A swerd no shep[h]erde usen ought
-  But he wold slee as a bochour.
-  For who-so were Peters successour                     585
-  Shuld bere his sheep till his bak bend,
-  And shadowe hem from every shour;
-  And all this god may wel amend.
-
-  Successours to Peter ben these
-  In that that Peter Christ forsook,                    590
-  That had lever the love of god [to] lese
-  Than a shep[h]erde had to lese his hook.
-  He culleth the sheep as doth the cook;
-  Of hem [they] taken the woll untrend,
-  And falsely glose the gospell-book;                   595
-  God, for his mercy, +hem amend!
-
-  After Christ had take Peter the kay,
-  Christ sayd, he muste dye for man;
-  That Peter to Christ gan withsay;
-  Christ bad him, 'go behind, Sathan!'                  600
-  Such counsaylours many of these men han
-  For worldes wele, god to offend;
-  Peters successours they ben for-than,
-  But all such god may well amend.
-
-  For Sathan is to say no more                          605
-  But he that contrary to Christ is;
-  In this they lerne Peters lore,
-  They sewen him whan he did mis;
-  They folowe Peter forsothe in this,
-  In al that Christ wolde +him reprende,                610
-  Nat in that that longeth to hevin blis;
-  God for his mercy hem amend!
-
-  Some of the apostels they sewen in cas,
-  Of ought that I can understonde,
-  Him that betrayed Christ, Judas,                      615
-  That bar the purse in every londe;
-  And al that he might sette on honde,
-  He hidde and stal, and [gan] mispend;
-  His rule these traytours han in honde;
-  Almighty god [now] hem amend!                         620
-
-  And at last his lord gan tray
-  Cursedly, through his covetyse;
-  So wolde these trayen him for money,
-  And they wisten in what wyse!
-  They be seker of the selfe ensyse;                    625
-  From all sothnesse they ben frend;
-  And covetyse chaungen with queyntyse;
-  Almighty god all suche amend!
-
-  Were Christ on erthe here eft-soon,
-  These wolde dampne him to dye;                        630
-  All his hestes they han fordon,
-  And sayn, his sawes ben heresy;
-  Ayenst his +maundements they cry,
-  And dampne all his to be [y-]brend;
-  For it lyketh nat hem, such losengery;                635
-  God almighty hem amend!
-
-  These han more might in England here
-  Than hath the king and all his lawe,
-  They han purchased hem such powere
-  To taken hem whom [they] list nat knawe;              640
-  And say, that heresy is hir sawe,
-  And so to prison woll hem send;
-  It was nat so by elder dawe,
-  God, for his mercy, it amend!
-
-  The kinges lawe wol no man deme                       645
-  Angerliche, withouten answere;
-  But, if any man these misqueme,
-  He shal be baited as a bere;
-  And yet wel wors they woll him tere,
-  And in prison woll hem [be] pend                      650
-  In gyves, and in other gere;
-  Whan god woll, it may [a]mend.
-
-  The king taxeth nat his men
-  But by assent of the comminalte;
-  But these, ech yere, woll raunsom hem                 655
-  Maysterfully, more than doth he;
-  Hir seles, by yere, better be
-  Than is the kinges in extend;
-  Hir officers han gretter fee;
-  But this mischeef [may] god amend!                    660
-
-  For who-so woll prove a testament
-  That is natt all worth ten pound,
-  He shall paye for the parchement
-  The third part of the money all round.
-  Thus the people is raunsound,                         665
-  They say, such part to hem shulde apend;
-  There as they grypen, it goth to ground;
-  God, for his mercy, it amend!
-
-  A simple fornicacioun,
-  Twenty shillings he shall pay;                        670
-  And than have an absolucioun,
-  And al the yere usen it forth he may!
-  Thus they letten hem go a-stray,
-  They recke nat though the soul be brend;
-  These kepin yvell Peters key,                         675
-  And all such shep[h]erdes god amend!
-
-  Wonder is, that the parliament
-  And all the lordes of this lond
-  Here-to taken so litell entent
-  To helpe the people out of hir hond;                  680
-  For they ben harder in +hir bond,
-  Wors bete[n] and [more] bitter brend
-  Than to the king is understond;
-  God him helpe this to amend!
-
-  What bisshoppes, what religio[u]ns                    685
-  Han in this lande as moch lay-fee,
-  Lordshippes, and possessio[u]ns
-  More than the lordes, it semeth me!
-  That maketh hem lese charite,
-  They mowe nat to god attend;                          690
-  In erthe they have so high degree,
-  God, for his mercy, it amend!
-
-  The emperour yaf the pope somtyme
-  So hyghe lordship him about,
-  That, at [the] laste, the sely kyme,                  695
-  The proude pope putte him out!
-  So of this realme is in dout,
-  But lordes be ware and +hem defend;
-  For now these folk be wonder stout,
-  The king and lordes now this amend!                   700
-
-  THUS ENDETH THE SECONDE PART OF THIS TALE, AND HERAFTER
-                  FOLOWETH THE THIRDE.
-
-              PART III.
-
-  Moyses lawe forbood it tho,
-  That preestes shuld no lordshippes welde,
-  Christes gospel biddeth also
-  That they shuld no lordship helde;
-  Ne Christes apostels were never so bold               705
-  No such lordshippes to +hem enbrace;
-  But smeren hir sheep and kepe hir fold;
-  God amende hem for his grace!
-
-  For they ne ben but countrefet,
-  Men may knowe hem by hir fruit;                       710
-  Hir gretnesse maketh hem god foryet,
-  And take his mekenesse in dispyt.
-  And they were pore and had but lyte,
-  They nolde nat demen after the face,
-  But norishe hir sheep, and hem nat byte;              715
-  God amende hem for his grace!"
-
-    GRIFON. "What canst thou preche ayenst chanons
-  That men clepen seculere?"
-    PELICAN. "They ben curates of many towns,
-  On erthe they have greet powere.                      720
-  They han greet prebendes and dere,
-  Some two or three, and some [han] mo,
-  A personage to ben a playing-fere,
-  And yet they serve the king also;
-
-  And let to ferme all that fare                        725
-  To whom that woll most give therfore;
-  Some woll spende, and some woll spare,
-  And some woll laye it up in store.
-  A cure of soule[s] they care nat for,
-  So they mowe money take;                              730
-  Whether hir soules be wonne or lore,
-  Hir profits they woll nat forsake.
-
-  They have a gedering procuratour
-  That can the pore people enplede,
-  And robben hem as a ravinour,                         735
-  And to his lord the money lede;
-  And cacche of quicke and eke of dede,
-  And richen him and his lord eke,
-  And to robbe the pore can give good rede
-  Of olde and yonge, of hole and seke.                  740
-
-  Therwith they purchase hem lay-fee
-  In londe, there hem lyketh best,
-  And builde +als brode as a cite
-  Both in the est, and eke in the west.
-  To purchase thus they ben ful prest,                  745
-  But on the pore they woll nought spend,
-  Ne no good give to goddes gest,
-  Ne sende him some that all hath send.
-
-  By hir service such woll live,
-  And trusse that other in-to tresour;                  750
-  Though all hir parish dye unshrive,
-  They woll nat give a rose-flour.
-  Hir lyf shuld be as a mirrour
-  Bothe to lered and to leude also,
-  And teche the people hir leel labour;                 755
-  Such mister men ben all misgo.
-
-  Some of hem ben harde nigges,
-  And some of hem ben proude and gay;
-  Some spende hir good upon [hir] gigges,
-  And finden hem of greet aray.                         760
-  Alas! what think these men to say
-  That thus dispenden goddis good?
-  At the dredfull domes day
-  Such wrecches shul be worse than wood.
-
-  Some hir churc[h]es never ne sye,                     765
-  Ne never o peny thider ne sende;
-  Though the pore parishens for hunger dye,
-  O peny on hem wil they nat spende.
-  Have they receivinge of the rent,
-  They reck never of the remenant;                      770
-  Alas! the devill hath clene hem blent!
-  Suche oon is Sathanas sojournant.
-
-  And usen horedom and harlotry,
-  Covetyse, pompe, and pride,
-  Slouthe, wrathe, and eke envy,                        775
-  And sewen sinne by every syde.
-  Alas! where thinke such t'abyde?
-  How woll they accomptes yeld?
-  From hy god they mow hem nat hyde,
-  Such willers wit is nat worth a neld.                 780
-
-  They ben so roted in richesse,
-  That Christes povert is foryete,
-  Served with so many messe,
-  Hem thinketh that manna is no mete.
-  All is good that they mow get,                        785
-  They wene to live evermore;
-  But, whan god at dome is set,
-  Such tresour is a feble store.
-
-  Unneth mot they matins say,
-  For counting and for court-holding;                   790
-  And yet he jangleth as a jay,
-  And understont him-self nothing.
-  He woll serve bothe erl and king
-  For his fynding and his fee,
-  And hyde his tything and his offring;                 795
-  This is a feble charite.
-
-  Other they ben proude, or coveytous,
-  Or they ben harde, or [els] hungry,
-  Or they ben liberall or lecherous,
-  Or els medlers with marchandry;                       800
-  Or maynteyners of men with maistry,
-  Or stewardes, countours, or pledours,
-  And serve god in hypocrisy;
-  Such preestes ben Christes fals traytours!
-
-  They ben false, they ben vengeable,                   805
-  And begylen men in Christes name;
-  They ben unstedfast and unstable;
-  To tray hir lord, hem thinketh no shame.
-  To serve god they ben full lame,
-  Goddes theves, and falsly stele;                      810
-  And falsly goddes word defame;
-  In winning is hir worldes wele.
-
-  Antichrist these serven all;
-  I pray thee, who may say [me] nay?
-  With Antichrist such [folk] shull fall,               815
-  They folowen him in dede and fay;
-  They servin him in riche array,
-  To serve Christ such falsly fayn;
-  Why, at the dredful domes day,
-  Shull they not folowe him to payn?                    820
-
-  That knowen hem-self, that they don ill
-  Ayenst Christes commaundement,
-  And amende hem never ne will,
-  But serve Sathan by one assent.
-  Who sayth [the] sothe, he shal be shent,              825
-  Or speketh ayenst hir fals living;
-  Who-so well liveth shal be brent,
-  For such ben gretter than the king!
-
-  Pope, bishoppes, and cardinals,
-  Chanons, persons, and vicaire,                        830
-  In goddes service, I trow, ben fals,
-  That sacramentes sellen here.
-  And ben as proude as Lucifere;
-  Ech man loke whether that I ly!
-  Who-so speketh ayenst hir powere,                     835
-  It shall be holden heresy.
-
-  Loke how many orders take
-  Only of Christ, for his servyce,
-  That the worldes goodes forsake?
-  Who-so taketh orders +on other wyse,                  840
-  I trow, that they shall sore agryse!
-  For all the glose that they conne,
-  All sewen not this [same] assyse;
-  In yvell tyme they thus bigonne.
-
-  Loke how many among hem all                           845
-  Holden not this hye way!
-  With Antichrist they shullen fall,
-  For they wolden god betray.
-  God amende hem, that best may!
-  For many men they maken shende;                       850
-  They weten well, the sothe I say,
-  But the divell hath foule hem blend.
-
-  Some [up]on hir churches dwell,
-  Apparailled porely, proude of port;
-  The seven sacraments they don sell,                   855
-  In cattel-cacching is hir comfort.
-  Of ech matter they wollen mell,
-  And don hem wrong is hir disport;
-  To afray the people they ben fell,
-  And holde hem lower then doth the lord.               860
-
-  For the tythinge of a ducke,
-  Or of an apple, or an ay,
-  They make men swere upon a boke;
-  Thus they foulen Christes fay.
-  Such beren yvell heven-kay,                           865
-  They mowen assoyl, they mowe shryve;
-  With mennes wyves strongly play,
-  With trewe tillers sturte and stryve
-
-  At the wrestling, and at the wake;
-  And chefe chauntours at the nale;                     870
-  Market-beters, and medling make,
-  Hoppen and houten with heve and hale.
-  At fayre freshe, and at wyne stale,
-  Dyne and drinke, and make debat;
-  The seven sacraments set at sale;                     875
-  How kepe such the kayes of heven-gat?
-
-  Mennes wyves they wollen holde;
-  And though that they ben right sory,
-  To speke they shull not be so bolde
-  For sompning to the consistory;                       880
-  And make hem say [with] mouth "I ly,"
-  Though they it sawe with hir y;
-  His lemman holden openly,
-  No man so hardy to axe why!
-
-  He wol have tythinge and offringe,                    885
-  Maugre who-so-ever it gruche;
-  And twyes on the day woll singe;
-  Goddes prestes nere none suche!
-  He mot on hunting with dogge and bic[c]he,
-  And blowen his horn, and cryen "hey!"                 890
-  And sorcery usen as a wicche;
-  Such kepen yvell Peters key.
-
-  Yet they mot have som stocke or stoon
-  Gayly paynted, and proudly dight,
-  To maken men [to] +leven upon,                        895
-  And say, that it is full of might;
-  About such, men sette up greet light,
-  Other such stockes shull stand therby
-  As darke as it were midnight,
-  For it may make no ma[i]stry.                         900
-
-  That lewed people see it mow,
-  Thou, Mary, worchest wonder thinges;
-  About that, that men offren to now,
-  Hongen broches, ouches, and ringes;
-  The preest purchaseth the offringes,                  905
-  But he nill offre to none image;
-  Wo is the soule that he for singes,
-  That precheth for suche a pilgrimage!
-
-  To men and women that ben pore,
-  That ben [in] Christes own lykenesse,                 910
-  Men shullen offre at hir dore
-  That suffren honger and distresse;
-  And to suche images offre lesse,
-  That mow not fele thurst ne cold;
-  The pore in spirit gan Christ blesse,                 915
-  Therfore offreth to feble and old.
-
-  Buckelers brode, and swerdes longe,
-  +Baudriks, with baselardes kene,
-  Such toles about hir necke they honge;
-  With Antichrist such preestes been;                   920
-  Upon hir dedes it is well sene
-  Whom they serven, whom they hono[u]ren;
-  Antichristes they ben clene,
-  And goddes goodes fa[l]sly deuouren.
-
-  Of scarlet and grene gay[e] gownes,                   925
-  That mot be shape for the newe,
-  To clippen and kissen counten in townes
-  The damoseles that to the daunce sewe;
-  Cutted clothes to sewe hir hewe,
-  With longe pykes on hir shoon;                        930
-  Our goddes gospell is not trewe,
-  Eyther they serven the divell or noon!
-
-  Now ben prestes pokes so wyde,
-  Men must enlarge the vestement;
-  The holy gospell they don hyde,                       935
-  For they contrarien in rayment.
-  Such preestes of Lucifer ben sent,
-  Lyk conquerours they ben arayd,
-  Proude pendaunts at hir ars y-pent,
-  Falsly the truthe they han betrayd.                   940
-
-  Shryft-silver suche wollen aske is,
-  And woll men crepe to the crouche;
-  None of the sacraments, save askes,
-  Without[e] mede shall no man touche.
-  On hir bishop their warant vouche,                    945
-  That is lawe of the decre;
-  With mede and money thus they mouche,
-  And +this, they sayn, is charite!
-
-  In the middes of hir masse
-  They nill have no man but for hyre,                   950
-  And, full shortly, let forth passe;
-  Such shull men finde[n] in ech shyre
-  That personages for profite desyre,
-  To live in lykinge and in lustes;
-  I dar not sayn, _sans ose ieo dyre_,                  955
-  That such ben Antichristes preestes.
-
-  Or they yef the bishops why,
-  Or they mot ben in his servyce,
-  And holden forth hir harlotry;
-  Such prelats ben of feble empryse.                    960
-  Of goddes grame such men agryse,
-  For such matters that taken mede;
-  How they excuse hem, and in what wyse,
-  Me thinketh, they ought greetly drede.
-
-  They sayn, that it to no man longeth                  965
-  To reprove +hem, though they erre;
-  But falsely goddes good they fongeth,
-  And therwith maynteyn wo and werre.
-  Hir dedes shuld be as bright as sterre,
-  Hir living, lewed mannes light;                       970
-  They say, the pope may not erre,
-  Nede must that passe mannes might.
-
-  Though a prest ly with his lemman al night,
-  And tellen his felowe, and he him,
-  He goth to masse anon-right,                          975
-  And sayeth, he singeth out of sinne!
-  His bryde abydeth him at his inne,
-  And dighteth his dyner the mene whyle;
-  He singeth his masse for he wolde winne,
-  And so he weneth god begyle!                          980
-
-  Hem thinketh long till they be met;
-  And that they usen forth all the yere;
-  Among the folk when he is set,
-  He holdeth no man half his pere;
-  Of the bishop he hath powere                          985
-  To soyle men, or els they ben lore;
-  His absolucion may make +hem skere;
-  And wo is the soul that he singeth for!"
-
-  The Griffon began for to threte,
-  And sayd, "of monkes canst thou ought?"               990
-    The Pellican sayd, "they ben full grete,
-  And in this world moch wo hath wrought.
-  Saynt Benet, that hir order brought,
-  Ne made hem never on such manere;
-  I trowe, it cam never in his thought                  995
-  That they shulde use so greet power[e];
-
-  That a man shulde a monk lord cal,
-  Ne serve on knees, as a king.
-  He is as proud as prince in pall
-  In mete, and drink, and [in] all thing;              1000
-  Some weren myter and ring,
-  With double worsted well y-dight,
-  With royall mete and riche drink,
-  And rydeth on courser as a knight.
-
-  With hauke[s] and with houndes eke,                  1005
-  With broches or ouches on his hode,
-  Some say no masse in all a weke,
-  Of deyntees is hir moste fode.
-  With lordshippes and with bondmen
-  This is a royall religioun;                          1010
-  Saynt Benet made never none of hem
-  To have lordship of man ne town.
-
-  Now they ben queynte and curious,
-  With fyn cloth cladde, and served clene,
-  Proude, angry, and envyous,                          1015
-  Malyce is moche that they mene.
-  In cacching crafty and covetous,
-  Lordly liven in greet lyking;
-  This living is not religious
-  According to Benet in his living.                    1020
-
-  They ben clerkes, hir courtes they oversee,
-  Hir pore tenaunts fully they flyte;
-  The hyer that a man amerced be,
-  The gladlyer they woll it wryte.
-  This is fer from Christes poverte,                   1025
-  For all with covetyse they endyte;
-  On the pore they have no pite,
-  Ne never hem cherish, but ever hem byte.
-
-  And comunly suche ben comen
-  Of pore people, and of hem begete,                   1030
-  That this perfeccion han y-nomen;
-  Hir +faders ryde not but on hir fete,
-  And travaylen sore for that they ete,
-  In povert liveth, yonge and old;
-  Hir +faders suffreth drought and wete,               1035
-  Many hongry meles, thurst, and cold.
-
-  All this the monkes han forsake
-  For Christes love and saynt Benet;
-  To pryde and ese have hem take;
-  This religio[u]n is yvell beset.                     1040
-  Had they ben out of religioun,
-  They must have honged at the plow,
-  Threshing and dyking fro town to town
-  With sory mete, and not half y-now.
-
-  Therfore they han this all forsake,                  1045
-  And taken to riches, pryde, and ese;
-  Full fewe for god woll monkes hem make,
-  Litell is suche order for to prayse!
-  Saynt Benet ordayned it not so,
-  But bad hem be [ful] cherelich;                      1050
-  In churlich maner live and go,
-  Boystous in erth, and not lordlych.
-
-  They disclaunder saynt Benet,
-  Therfore they have his holy curse;
-  Saynt Benet with hem never met                       1055
-  But-if they thought to robbe his purse!
-  I can no more herof [now] tell,
-  But they ben lyke tho before,
-  And clene serve the divell of hell,
-  And ben his tresour and his store.                   1060
-
-  And all suche other counterfaytours,
-  Chanons, canons, and such disgysed,
-  Ben goddes enemies and traytours,
-  His true religion han foul dispysed.
-  Of freres I have told before                         1065
-  In a making of a 'Crede,'
-  And yet I coud tell worse and more,
-  But men wold werien it to rede!
-
-  As goddes goodnes no man tell might,
-  Wryte ne speke, ne think in thought,                 1070
-  So, hir falshed and hir unright
-  May no man tell, that ever god wrought."
-    The Gryffon sayd, "thou canst no good,
-  Thou cam never of no gentill kind;
-  Other, I trow, thou waxest wood,                     1075
-  Or els thou hast [y-]lost thy mynd.
-
-  Shuld holy churche have no heed?
-  Who shuld be her governayl?
-  Who shuld her rule, who shuld her reed,
-  Who shuld her forthren, who shuld avayl?             1080
-  Ech man shall live by his travayl;
-  Who best doth, shall have moste mede;
-  With strength if men the churche assayl,
-  With strength men must defende her nede.
-
-  And the pope were purely pore,                       1085
-  Nedy, and nothing ne had,
-  He shuld be driven from dore to dore;
-  The wicked of him nold not be drad.
-  Of such an heed men wold be sad,
-  And sinfully liven as hem +list;                     1090
-  With strength, amendes +shuld be made,
-  With wepen, wolves from sheep be +wist.
-
-  If the pope and prelats wold
-  So begge and bidde, bowe, and borowe,
-  Holy churche shuld stand full cold,                  1095
-  Hir servaunts sitte and soupe sorowe!
-  And they were noughty, foule, and horowe,
-  To worship god men wolde wlate;
-  Bothe on even and on morowe
-  Such harlotry men wolde hate.                        1100
-
-  Therfore men of holy churche
-  Shuld ben honest in all thing,
-  Worshipfully goddes workes werche,
-  So semeth it, to serve Christ hir king
-  In honest and in clene clothing;                     1105
-  With vessels of golde and clothes riche,
-  To god honestly to make offring;
-  To his lordship non is liche."
-
-  The Pellican caste an houge cry,
-  And sayd, "alas! why sayest thou so?                 1110
-  Christ is our heed that sitteth on hy,
-  Heddes ne ought we have no mo.
-  We ben his membres both also,
-  And +fader he taught us to cal him als;
-  Maysters be called defended he tho;                  1115
-  All other maysters ben wicked and fals,
-
-  That taketh maystry in his name,
-  Gostly, and for erthly good;
-  Kinges and lordes shuld lordship han,
-  And rule the people with mylde mode.                 1120
-  Christ, for us that shedde his blood,
-  Bad his preestes no maystership have,
-  Ne carke nat for cloth ne fode;
-  From every mischef he will hem save.
-
-  Hir riche clothing shal be rightwysnesse,            1125
-  Hir tresour, trewe lyf shal be;
-  Charite shal be hir richesse,
-  Hir lordship shal be unite;
-  Hope in god, hir honeste;
-  Hir vessell, clene conscience;                       1130
-  Pore in spirit, and humilite,
-  Shal be holy churches defence."
-
-  "What," sayd the Griffon, "may thee greve
-  That other folkes faren wele?
-  What hast thou to done with hir +leve?               1135
-  Thy falsheed ech man may fele.
-  For thou canst no catell gete,
-  But livest in londe, as a lorell,
-  With glosing gettest thou thy mete;
-  So fareth the devell that wonneth in hell.           1140
-
-  He wold that ech man ther shuld dwell,
-  For he liveth in clene envy;
-  So with the tales that thou doest tell
-  Thou woldest other people distry,
-  With your glose, and your heresy,                    1145
-  For ye can live no better lyf,
-  But clene in hypocrisy,
-  And bringest thee in wo and stryf.
-
-  And therwith have [ye] not to done,
-  For ye ne have[n] here no cure;                      1150
-  Ye serve the divell, +not god ne man,
-  And he shall paye you your hyre.
-  For ye woll fare well at feestes,
-  And warm [be] clothed for the colde,
-  Therfore ye glose goddes hestes,                     1155
-  And begyle the people, yonge and olde.
-
-  And all the seven sacraments
-  Ye speke ayenst, as ye were sly,
-  Ayenst tythings with your entents,
-  And on our lordes body falsly ly.                    1160
-  All this ye don to live in ese,
-  As who sayeth, ther ben non suche;
-  And sayn, the pope is not worth a pese,
-  To make the people ayen him gruche.
-
-  And this commeth in by fendes,                       1165
-  To bringe the Christen in distaunce;
-  For they wold that no man were frendes;
-  Leve thy chattring, with mischaunce!
-  If thou live well, what wilt thou more?
-  Let other men live as hem list;                      1170
-  Spende in good, or kepe in store;
-  Other mennes conscience never thou nist.
-
-  Ye han no cure to answere for;
-  What meddell ye, that han not to don?
-  Let men live as they han don yore,                   1175
-  For thou shalt answere for no +mon."
-    The Pellican sayd, "Sir, nay, [nay],
-  I dispysed not the pope,
-  Ne no sacrament, soth to say;
-  But speke in charite and good hope.                  1180
-
-  But I dispyse hir hye pryde,
-  Hir richesse, that shuld be pore in spryt;
-  Hir wickednesse is knowe so wyde,
-  They serve god in fals habyt;
-  And turnen mekenesse into pryde,                     1185
-  And lowlinesse into hy degre,
-  And goddes wordes turne and hyde;
-  And that am I moved by charite
-
-  To lette men to live so
-  With all my conning and al my might,                 1190
-  And to warne men of hir wo
-  And to tell hem trouth and right.
-  The sacraments be soule-hele
-  If they ben used in good use;
-  Ayenst that speke I never a del,                     1195
-  For then were I nothing wyse.
-
-  But they that use hem in mis manere,
-  Or sette hem up to any sale,
-  I trow, they shall abye hem dere;
-  This is my reson, this is my tale.                   1200
-  Who-so taketh hem unrightfulliche
-  Ayenst the ten commaundements,
-  Or by glose wrechedliche
-  Selleth any of the sacraments,
-
-  I trow, they do the devell homage                    1205
-  In that they weten they do wrong;
-  And therto, I dar well wage,
-  They serven Satan for al her song.
-  To tythen and offren is hoolsom lyf,
-  So it be don in dew manere;                          1210
-  A man to houselin and to shryve,
-  Wedding, and all the other in-fere,
-
-  So it be nother sold ne bought,
-  Ne take ne give for covetyse;
-  And it be so taken, it is nought;                    1215
-  Who selleth hem so, may sore agryse.
-  On our Lordes body I do not ly,
-  I say soth, thorow trewe rede,
-  His flesh and blood, through his mystry,
-  Is there, in the forme of brede.                     1220
-
-  How it is there, it nedeth not stryve,
-  Whether it be subget or accident,
-  But as Christ was, when he was on-lyve,
-  So is he there, verament.
-  If pope or cardinall live good lyve,                 1225
-  As Christ commaunded in his gospell,
-  +Ayenes that woll I not stryve;
-  But, me thinketh, they live not well.
-
-  For if the pope lived as god bede,
-  Pryde and hyghnesse he shuld dispyse,                1230
-  Richesse, covetyse, and crowne on hede,
-  Mekenesse and povert he shulde use."
-    The Gryffon sayd, he shulde abye--
-  "Thou shal[t] be brent in balefull fyre;
-  And all thy secte I shall distrye,                   1235
-  Ye shal be hanged by the swyre!
-
-  Ye shullen be hanged and to-drawe.
-  Who giveth you leve for to preche,
-  Or speke +agaynes goddes lawe,
-  And the people thus falsly teche?                    1240
-  Thou shalt be cursed with boke and bell,
-  And dissevered from holy churche,
-  And clene y-dampned into hell,
-  Otherwyse but ye woll worche!"
-
-    The Pellican sayd, "that I ne drede;               1245
-  Your cursinge is of litell value;
-  Of god I hope to have my mede,
-  For it is falshed that ye shewe.
-  For ye ben out of charite
-  And wilneth vengeaunce, as did Nero;                 1250
-  To suffren I woll redy be;
-  I drede not that thou canst do.
-
-  Christ bad ones suffre for his love,
-  And so he taught all his servaunts;
-  And but thou amend for his sake above,               1255
-  I drede not all thy mayntenaunce.
-  For if I drede the worldes hate,
-  Me thinketh, I were litell to prayse;
-  I drede nothing your hye estat,
-  Ne I drede not your disese.                          1260
-
-  Wolde ye turne and leve your pryde,
-  Your hye port, and your richesse,
-  Your cursing shuld not go so wyde;
-  God bring you into rightwysnesse!
-  For I drede not your tyranny,                        1265
-  For nothing that ye can doon;
-  To suffre I am all redy,
-  Siker, I recke never how soon!"
-
-  The Griffon grinned as he were wood,
-  And loked lovely as an owle!                         1270
-  And swor, by cockes herte blood,
-  He wolde him tere, every doule!
-  "Holy churche thou disclaundrest foule!
-  For thy resons I woll thee all to-race;
-  And make thy flesh to rote and moule;                1275
-  Losell, thou shalt have harde grace!"
-
-  The Griffon flew forth on his way;
-  The Pellican did sitte and weep;
-  And to him-selfe he gan say,
-  "God wolde that any of Christes sheep                1280
-  Had herd, and y-take kepe
-  Eche a word that here sayd was,
-  And wolde it wryte and well it kepe!
-  God wolde it were all, for his grace!"
-
-    PLOWMAN. I answerde, and sayd I wolde,             1285
-  If for my travayl any wold pay.
-    PELICAN. He sayd, "yes; these that god han sold;
-  For they han [greet] store of money!"
-    PLOWMAN. I sayd, "tell me, and thou may,
-  Why tellest thou mennes trespace?"                   1290
-    PELICAN. He said, "to amende hem, in good fay,
-  If god woll give me any grace.
-
-  For Christ him-selfe is lykned to me,
-  That for his people dyed on rode;
-  As fare I, right so fareth he,                       1295
-  He fedeth his birdes with his blode.
-  But these don yvell +ayenes good,
-  And ben his foon under frendes face;
-  I tolde hem how hir living stood;
-  God amende hem, for his grace!"                      1300
-
-    PLOWMAN. "What ayleth the Griffon, tell [me] why,
-  That he holdeth on that other syde?"
-    PELLICAN. "For they two ben [of kind], lykly,
-  And with [lyk] kindes robben wyde.
-  The foul betokeneth [evill] pryde,                   1305
-  As Lucifer, that hygh +flowe was;
-  And sith he did him in evell hyde,
-  For he agilted goddes grace.
-
-  As bird [that] flyeth up in the ayr,
-  And liveth by birdes that ben meke,                  1310
-  So these be flowe up in dispayr,
-  And shenden sely soules eke.
-  The soules that ben in sinnes seke,
-  He culleth hem; knele therfore, alas!
-  For brybry goddes forbode breke,                     1315
-  God amende it, for his grace!
-
-  The hinder part is a lyoun,
-  A robber and a ravinere,
-  That robbeth the people in erth a-down,
-  And in erth holdeth non his pere;                    1320
-  So fareth this foul, both fer and nere;
-  With temporel strength they people chase,
-  As a lyon proud in erthe here;
-  God amende hem for hys grace!"
-
-  He flew forth with his winges twayn,                 1325
-  All drouping, dased, and dull.
-  But soone the Griffon cam agayn,
-  Of his foules the erth was full;
-  The Pellican he had cast to pull.
-  So greet a nombre never seen ther was;               1330
-  What maner of foules, tellen I woll,
-  If god woll give me of his grace.
-
-  With the Griffon comen foules fele,
-  Ravins, rokes, crowes, and pye,
-  Gray foules, agadred wele,                           1335
-  Y-gurd, above they wolde hye.
-  Gledes and bosardes weren hem by;
-  Whyt molles and puttockes token hir place;
-  And lapwinges, that wel conneth ly,
-  This felowship han for-gerd hir grace.               1340
-
-  Longe the Pellican was out,
-  But at [the] laste he cometh agayn;
-  And brought with him the Phenix stout.
-  The Griffon wolde have flowe full fayn;
-  His foules, that flewen as thycke as rayn,           1345
-  The Phenix tho began hem chace;
-  To fly from him it was in vayn,
-  For he did vengeaunce and no grace.
-
-  He slew hem down without mercy,
-  Ther astarte neyther free ne thrall;                 1350
-  On him they cast a rufull cry
-  When the Griffon down was fall.
-  He beet hem not, but slew hem all;
-  Whither he hem drove, no man may trace;
-  Under the erthe, me thought, they yall;              1355
-  Alas! they had a feble grace!
-
-  The Pellican then axed right,
-  "For my wryting if I have blame,
-  Who woll for me fight of flight?
-  Who shall shelde me from shame?                      1360
-    He that had a mayd to dame,
-  The lamb that slayn [for sinners] was,
-  Shall shelde me from gostly blame;
-  For erthly harm is goddes grace.
-
-  Therfore I praye every man,                          1365
-  Of my wryting have me excused."
-  This wryting wryteth the Pellican,
-  That thus these people hath dispysed;
-  For I am, fresh, fully advysed,
-  I nill not maynteyn his manace.                      1370
-  For the devell is +oft disguysed,
-  To bringe a man to yvell grace.
-
-  Wyteth the Pellican, and not me,
-  For herof I nil not avowe,
-  In hy ne in low, ne in no degre,                     1375
-  But as a fable take it ye mowe.
-  To holy churche I will me bowe;
-  Ech man to amende him, Christ send space!
-  And for my wryting me alowe
-  He that is almighty, for his grace.'                 1380
-
-              FINIS.
-
-_From_ Thynne (ed. 1542). _I give rejected spellings._
-
-1. Ploweman; plowe. 3. eate ynowe. 4. lyge; chynne. 5. cowe. 6. bone;
-skynne. 7. shoke; -drowe. 8. honge; pynne. 9. toke; tabarde; staffe. 12.
-pylgremage; platte. 13. bare. 14. forswatte. 15. sene. 17. behelde wele.
-18. sawe. 19. knewe; snoute. 23. coulde; loute.
-
-27. plowe. 28. meate. 29. auowe. 30. wyfe; fynde. 31. howe. 32. leude;
-bene; full (_read_ fully; _see_ l. 24); blynde. 33. fayne. 34. her;
-_supply_ to; swet. 35. agayne. 36. eate. 37. The (_for_ They; 1550, They);
-sayne. 38. hell. 39. payne. 41. her. 42. sayne. 43. corne. 44. speaketh.
-45. preache. 46. nere; thynge. 47. ons (1550, ones); teache. 48.
-preachynge. 49. Saye; the. 51. praye; noman. 52. Whyle; tellynge. COLOPHON:
-fyrst parte.
-
-53. stryfe. 55. bene. 57. great; vngrounde (!). 58. souble (_error for_
-souple). 60. foule. 61. one. 63. freers. 64. great. 65. heuyn. 68. foule
-mought. 70. _Supply_ al; prease. 71. caytyffes. 72. one; encrease. 73.
-I-clepeth (!); londlese. 74. bene. 75. peace. 76. foule. 78. knowe. 79.
-trauayle. 80. ferre. 82. wodde. 83. sawe.
-
-85. one. 86. grymme. 89. measure. 90. counsayle. 91. sharpe. 92. foule. 93.
-preache. 94. mekenesse. 95. teache. 96. blesse. 97. beareth wytnesse. 98.
-lambe; lykeneth. 99. tokenynge. 103. lowlyche; lowe. 105. crowne; couetours
-(_read_ covertours). 106. pylloure (_for_ pelure). 107. great treasours.
-108. foule. 109. Preests shulde. 111. bateyle shulde. 112. her owne. 113.
-syttynges; hye. 114. souerayntie; house. 115. worshippe. 116. Who so
-(_omit_ so); foule shall.
-
-117. suche. 118. erthlye. 119. suche shall. 120. y-buylden her boure. 122.
-them to hem; _supply_ be. 123. holde; one. 124. suche one shall (_om._
-one). 125. peeres. 127. poore freers. 128. Nowe. 129. her. 130. noman;
-permagall. 131. Whyle; her. 132. suche; mote. 134. glytterande; great
-araye. 136. co_m_men; maye; gaye. 137. daye. 138. great. 139. baye. 140.
-suche; mote. 141. punyshed (!); _see_ l. 143. 142. sustayne. 144. her. 147.
-leude. 148. Suche; foule them befall (_see_ ll. 156, 164).
-
-149. meates. 150. songe; syttynge longe. 151. her. 152. meate; gonge. 153.
-meate; harpe; songe. 154. eche; mote. 155. amonge. 156. Suche; foule. 157.
-one. 159. staffe; pyrrey; _read_ perrey. 160. made; lead. 161. golde;
-redde. 162. glytterande; golde (_repeated from_ l. 161; _read_ gown). 164.
-foule. 167. her. 168. hel. 169. her. 170. her gaye. 172. great. 179. poore.
-180. Suche; foule.
-
-182, 3. her. 184. kynge. 185. glyttryng (1550, glytteryng). 187. golde.
-188. foule. 189. clepen (!); bene. 194. Antichriste; her. 196. foule. 198.
-done (_but_ 1550, dome; _read_ demed). 200. whiche. 201, 202. her. 204.
-suche; foule. 205. Her. 207. mote. 208. forbede (= forb[=e]d). 209. suche.
-211. mote; her.
-
-215, 216. greater. 224. thynke. 225. Suche; stynke. 227. bowynge. 228. must
-nede euyll; _I omit_ nede. 231. suche; sect sewys. 233. her. 234. Her. 235.
-Chrystes (!); _read_ Christ his. 236. suche; foule. 238. her; lyfe. 240.
-_Supply_ ther; great stryfe. 241. a knyfe (_om._ a). 243. suche. 244.
-suche; foule.
-
-246. _Supply_ he surely. 247. peace. 248. bade. 251. trusteth (!). 252.
-_Supply_ such; foule. 256. roode. 257. co_m_men. 258. Echeon. 259. poore.
-260. befall; _read_ fall. 261. _Supply_ never. 263. _Supply_ yet. 266. her.
-267. her. 268. foule; falle. 272. her. 276. suche; foule.
-
-282. shyppes (!); 1550, shepes. 283. ofte. 284. suche; foule. 287. poore.
-289. _Supply_ him. 292. sayne. 295. _Supply_ there; nowe; them. 296. hoode.
-297. blode. 298. buckette; (wall = well). 299. wode. 300. suche. 301. her.
-302. _Omit_ to? 304. sonne; worthe. 306. her crokettes; christall. 307.
-downe. 308. foule.
-
-310. her. 315. Redde; vsyn. 316. falsshed foule. 317. Their (_read_ Hir);
-her. 318. clemeth; _see_ l. 525. 320. _Supply_ by; raunsome. 324, 332, 340.
-foule. 324. to fall (_omit_ to). 325. her. 328. her seales; dare. 329.
-great. 332. suche; _supply_ false. 334. her. 336. sayne; poore. 337. eche
-preeste. 338. encrease. 339. heerdes; the. 340. suche.
-
-341. falsely. 344. towne (_twice_). 345. raunsome. 346. christall. 348.
-suche. 348, 356, 364. foule. 349. gyltie. 350. _Supply_ yet; maye. 352.
-maye. 353. gone. 355. poore; theyr (_read_ hir). 356. suche. 357. suche.
-358. suche crafte. 359. forbade. 360. Suche. 361. is (_read_ ben). 363.
-dispyce. 364. suche. 365. sayne. 366. heuyn; holde. 367. toke. 368. solde.
-369. Suche; bolde. 370. wytte. 371. colde. 372. suche.
-
-374. leaue. 375. suche (_twice_). 378. Theyr (_for_ Hir). 380. false
-Lucifere. 381. Lucifarre. 383. faythe; farre. 386. hou_n_de; hungre. 387.
-vngratious. 388. suche. 388, 396, 404. foule. 389. heyre. 390. thynke;
-case. 391. dispeyre. 393. lorde. 394. anone pray. 395. purchase. 396.
-suche. 397. can (_read_ conne). 398. spedde. 399. wylde. 400. redde. 401.
-leude boster (_om._ leude). 402. byshoppe; is (_read_ as); horse. 403. be
-stedde. 404. _Supply_ the; last.
-
-405. byshoppes. 407. Suche; ranke. 408. heale none. 409. done. 410. one
-fors (!); _misprint_. 411. thanke suche. 412. suche. 412, 420, 436. foule.
-413. canne; _read_ conne; her. 414. made. 415. canne. 416. Suche; nowe.
-418. her. 419. Suche. 420. suche. 422. Traueyle hungre; colde. 424. olde.
-425. folde. 426. theyr (_for_ hir); shepe. 428. suche. 429. her. 430.
-pouerte. 432. drynke; pyement; _supply_ and; aparte. 433. a ferde. 434. as
-dyd (_om._ dyd). 435. dryuen her shepe; deserte. 436. suche.
-
-437. xij. 438. Nowe; there; one. 440. echone. 443. stone. 447. nowe. 449.
-her. 450. leuyn. 451. But (_read_ Ben). 452. suche. 453. plowe. 454. hate
-(!). 455. to hym (_om._ to); ynowe. 456. hatte. 457. poore; latte. 459.
-Suche; gnatte. 460. suche. 461. showe. 462. to kysse (_om._ to); fete. 463.
-ynowe. 464. sette; _read_ seet (= sat). 465. Suche one; hym selfe foryete.
-466. _For_ call _read_ tall (?); _cf. l._ 74. 467. wete. 468. suche; foule.
-
-469. her. 470. golde. 472. catche sholde. 473. Her seruauntes; them (_read_
-hem); vnholde. 474. theyr (_for_ hir). 475. holde. 476. suche. 478. fynde.
-479. nowe. 480. saye behynde. 481. Howe; pynde. 482. kende; _see_ l. 530.
-483. putte; mynde. 484. amende. 485. nowe. 486. Howe. 487. howe. 488.
-worde; telleth (_see_ l. 487). 490. offrende. 492. amende.
-
-493. saye. 495. Suche hathe nowe. 497. varry. 498. wende. 500. pytie;
-amende. 501. lyfe. 503. sufferaunce; stryfe. 505. wysedome. 506. tende.
-507. measure. 508. maye amende. 509. lyfe. 514. comprehende. 515.
-maynteyne. 516. amende. 517. delyghtes. 518. stronge. 519. vsen. 520.
-Agaynste pytie punishementes. 522. Her; worse dispende. 524. amende.
-
-525. holy. 528. worse; wytlesse. 529. fyshe; fleshe. 530. ykende. 531.
-poore. 532. amende. 533. Dyuers (_read_ Dives); suche; her dome. 534.
-sayne. 535. shulde done. 536. suche. 537. suche. 538. offende. 539. nowe.
-540. amende. 542. nowe; yknowe. 544. trowe. 545. Eche; owe (!). 546. sende.
-547. worde; folke; showe. 548. amende. 549. poore. 551. Nowe dare; poore.
-552. her foe. 553. Amonge; mote. 554. suche suspende. 555. hente. 556.
-amende.
-
-557. worlde. 558. loly; badde. 559. her. 560. forthe ladde. 561. dradde.
-562. _Supply_ servaunts; shende. 563. Eche; gladde. 564, 572, 580, 588.
-amende. 567. One; one. 569. _Supply_ that; one. 570. defende. 571. badde.
-572. suche. 573. badde; shepe. 574. forbade. 575. Swerde; shepe. 576.
-shepe. 578. her shepe; swerde; contende. 579. her shepe; great. 582.
-_Supply_ that; chefe pastoure. 583. swerde. 584. bochoure. 586. Shulde;
-shepe; backe bende. 587. shoure.
-
-590. forsoke. 591. _Supply_ to (_as in_ l. 592). 592. hoke. 593. shepe;
-dothe; coke. 594. _Supply_ they; vntrende. 595. -boke. 596. them amende.
-600. badde; behynde. 601. Suche. 602. offende. 604. suche; amende. 606.
-_Read_ contrar. 608. mysse. 610. Peter (_read_ him); reprehende. 611. But
-nat (_om._ But); heuyn blysse. 612. amende. 613. case. 616. bare. 618.
-stale; _supply_ gan; myspende. 620. _Supply_ now; amende.
-
-622. hys false (_om._ false). 626. frende = fremd. 628. amende. 629. efte
-sone. 631. fordone. 632. sayne. 633. And ayenst (_omit_ And);
-commaundementes (_read_ maundements); crye. 634. brende. 635. suche. 636.
-amende. 637. Englande. 638. kynge. 639. suche. 640. _Supply_ they (_or_
-hem); lyste. 641. her. 642. prysone; sende. 644. amende. 648. bayghted.
-649. worse. 650. prysone; _supply_ be; pende. 652. maye mende.
-
-654. assente. 655. eche. 657. Her seales. 658. extende. 660. mischefe;
-_supply_ may; amende. 662. worthe tenne pounde. 664. thyrde parte; rounde.
-665. raunsounde. 666. saye suche parte; apende. 667. gothe; grounde. 668.
-amende. 669. fornycatioun. 670. shyllynges; paye. 671. absolution. 672.
-forthe; maye. 674. soule; brende. 676. suche; amende. 678. londe. 680. her
-honde. 681. theyr (_for_ hir); bonde. 682. Worse beate; _supply_ more;
-brende. 683. vnderstande. 684. amende.
-
-685. _Read_ religiouns. 686. moche laye. 690. attende. 691. hyghe. 692.
-amende. 694. aboute. 695. _Supply_ the. 697. doute. 698. them defende. 699.
-nowe; folke; stoute. 700. kynge; nowe; amende. 701. forbode. 702. shulde.
-704. shulde; lordshyppe. 705. bolde. 706. suche lordeshyppes; them (_for_
-hem). 707. her shepe; her folde.
-
-709. countrefete. 710. her fruite. 711. Her; foryete. 712. dispyte. 713.
-poore. 715. her shepe. 720-1. great. 722. thre; _supply_ han. 723. playeng.
-724. kynge. 725. lette. 729. soule; fore. 731. her. 732. Her profytes. 734.
-poore. 736. lorde. 737. catche. 738. lorde. 739. poore. 740. syke (_for_
-seke); _see l._ 1313.
-
-743. also (_read_ als). 746. poore; spende. 748. sende. 749. her; suche.
-750. treasour. 751. her paryshe. 752. -floure. 753. Her lyfe shulde. 755.
-her lele. 756. Suche. 759. her; _supply_ hir. 760. great. 761. thynke. 763.
-dredefull. 764. Suche wretches. 765. her. 767. poore; hungre. 769. rente.
-770. recke. 772. one.
-
-773. horedome. 777. suche tabyde. 778. Howe; yelde. 779. hye; mowe. 780.
-Suche; wytte; nelde. 782. foryet. 785. mowe gete. 787. sette. 788. Suche
-treasour. 789. mote; saye. 790. holdynge. 791. iaye. 792. selfe nothynge.
-793. erle; kynge. 795. tythynge; offrynge. 798. _Supply_ els. 804. false.
-
-808. her lorde. 811. falsely; worde. 812. her. 814. the; _supply_ me. 815.
-suche; _supply_ folk. 818. suche falsely fayne. 819. dredeful. 820. payne.
-821. selfe; done. 825. _Supply_ the. 826. her false. 828. suche. 830.
-_Read_ vikere. 831. trowe; false. 834. Eche; lye. 835. _Read_ Who speke
-ayeines; her.
-
-837. howe. 838. Onely; Christe. 840. or (_read_ on). 841. trowe. 843.
-_Supply_ same. 845. howe; amonge. 846. waye. 848. betraye. 849. maye. 851.
-saye. 852. blende. 853. on (_read_ upon); her. 854. poorely; porte. 855.
-sacramentes; done. 856. catchynge; her comforte. 857. eche. 858. done;
-wronge; her dysporte. 859. afraye. 860. lorde. 862. aye. 863. sweare. 865.
-Suche bearen; heauen. 866. assoyle. 868. true (_better_ trewe).
-
-869. wrestlynge. 871. Markette beaters; medlynge. 874. debate. 875.
-sacramentes; sayle (!). 876. Howe; suche; gate. 879. speake. 880.
-sompnynge. 881. saye; _supply_ with; lye. 882. her eye. 887. twyse; daye he
-(_om._ he). 889. mote. 890. horne. 891. wytche. 892. Suchen. 893. mote;
-some; stone. 895. _Supply_ to; lyuen. 896. saye. 897. Aboute suche; great.
-898. suche; stande. 900. maye.
-
-901. That it leude people se mowe. 902. Mary thou (_om._ thou). 903.
-Aboute; nowe. 909. poore. 910. _Supply_ in; owne. 911. her. 914. mowe;
-colde. 915. poore; sprete; Christe. 916. olde. 917. sweardes. 918. Baudryke
-(_read_ Baudriks). 919. Suche; her. 920. suche; bene. 921. her. 922. Whome
-(_twice_). 923. bene. 925. gay. 926. mote. 929. her. 930. her shone. 932.
-none.
-
-933. Nowe. 934. That men (_om._ That). 935. done. 937. Suche. 938. Lyke.
-arayde. 939. The proude (_om._ The); pendauntes; her. 940. Falsely;
-betrayde. 941. Shryfte-. 943. sacramentes. 945. her byshoppe. 948. thus
-(_read_ this); sayne. 949. her. 952. Suche; eche. 953. profyte. 955. dare;
-sayne. 956. suche. 957. byshoppes. 958. mote. 959. her. 960. Suche
-prelates. 961. suche. 962. suche. 963. Howe. 964. greatly.
-
-965. sayne. 966. them (_for_ hem). 967. goddes goodesse (!). 968.
-maynteyne. 969. Her; shulde. 970. Her lyuynge leude. 971. saye; maye. 972.
-muste. 973. lye. 975. anone. 978. meane. 981. longe; mette. 983. Amonge;
-folke; sette. 984. halfe. 985. byshoppe. 987. absolution maye; them (_for_
-hem). 988. soule; fore. 993. her. 994. suche. 995. came. 996. great.
-
-997. monke lorde. 998. kynge. 999. proude. 1000. meate; drynke; _supply_
-in. 1001. wearen; rynge. 1003. meate; drynke. 1004. on a (_om._ a). 1007.
-saye. 1008. deynties; her; foode. 1010. religion. 1012. lordshyppe; towne.
-1013. Nowe. 1014. fyne clothe. 1016. meane. 1017. catchynge. 1018. great
-lykynge. 1019. lyuynge. 1020. Accordynge; Benette; lyuynge. 1021. her;
-ouerse. 1022. Her poore tenaunce. 1023. hyre (1550, hyer). 1025. farre.
-1027. poore. 1028. cheryshe.
-
-1029. co_m_menly. 1030. poore. 1031. perfection. 1032. Her fathers ryden;
-her. 1034. olde. 1035. Her fathers. 1036. colde. 1037. And all (_om._ And).
-1038. Benette. 1039. ease. 1040. besette. 1042. plowe. 1043. Threshynge;
-dykynge; towne; towne. 1044. halfe ynowe. 1046. ease. 1050. badde; _supply_
-ful; cherelyche. 1051. churlyche. 1052. earth. 1053. Benette. 1055. mette.
-1057. _Supply_ now. 1060. treasoure.
-
-1062. suche. 1064. foule. 1065. tolde. 1066. makynge. 1067. coulde. 1068.
-wolde. 1069. goodnesse. 1070. speake; thynke. 1071. her (_twice_). 1074.
-came; kynde. 1075. trowe. 1076. lost; mynde. 1077-80. shulde. 1078.
-gouernayle. 1080. auayle. 1081. Eche; trauayle. 1083. assayle. 1085. poore.
-1086. nothynge; hadde. 1087. shulde. 1088. nolde; dradde. 1089. wolde;
-sadde. 1090. lust (_read_ list). 1091. such (_read_ shuld). 1092. shepe;
-wust (_read_ wist).
-
-1093. prelates wolde. 1095. shulde stande; colde. 1096. Her seruauntes.
-1098. worshyppe. 1100. Suche. 1102. Shulde; thynge. 1104. her kynge. 1105.
-clothynge. 1107. offrynge. 1108. lordshypppe (!) none. 1109. crye. 1111.
-hye. 1114. father. 1115. to be (_om._ to). 1116. _Read_ wikke? 1118.
-Goostly; earthly. 1119. shulde; hane. 1121. blode. 1122. Badde. 1124.
-myschefe.
-
-1125-30. Her. 1125. clothynge. 1126. treasoure; lyfe. 1128. lordshyppe.
-1131. Poore; spirite. 1133. the. 1135. haste; lyue (_read_ leve). 1136.
-eche. 1139. glosynge. 1141. wolde; eche; there shulde. 1142. enuye. 1146.
-lyfe. 1148. the; stryfe. 1149. _Supply_ ye. 1151. neyther (_read_ not).
-1154. warme; _supply_ be.
-
-1157. sacramentes. 1158. speake; slye. 1159. tythynges offringes w_i_t_h_
-(_omit_ offringes); ente_n_tes. 1160. lye. 1161. done; ease. 1162. there;
-none. 1163. sayne; pease. 1167. wolde. 1168. Leaue; chattrynge. 1173. fore.
-1174. done. 1175. done. 1176. shalte; man. 1177. _Supply_ nay. 1179.
-sacramente. 1180. speake. 1181-3. her. 1182. shulde; poore; spirite. 1184.
-false habyte. 1186. hye.
-
-1190. connynge. 1191. her. 1193. sacramentes. 1195. speake; dele. 1196.
-nothynge. 1197. vsen; mysse. 1199. trowe. 1200. reason. 1202.
-co_m_maundementes. 1204. sacramentes. 1205. trowe. 1206. wronge. 1207.
-dare. 1208. songe. 1209. holsome lyfe. 1210. done; dewe. 1212. Weddynge.
-1213. solde. 1216. maye. 1217. lye. 1218. saye; thorowe. 1219. fleshe;
-blode; mystrye.
-
-1221. Howe. 1222. subgette. 1227. Ayenst. 1230. shulde. 1232. pouerte.
-1235. dystrye. 1238. leaue; preache. 1239. speake agaynst. 1240. falsely
-teache. 1245. sayde. 1248. falshede.
-
-1253. badde. 1254. seruauntes. 1255. amende. 1259. nothynge; estate. 1260.
-dysease. 1261. leaue. 1262. porte. 1263. cursynge shulde. 1264. brynge.
-1266. nothynge; done. 1268. howe soone. 1269. wode. 1271. swore; bloode.
-1274. reasons; the. 1275. fleshe. 1276. shalte. 1277. flewe; waye. 1278.
-wepe. 1279. saye. 1280. shepe. 1281. herde. 1282. worde. 1283. wrytte.
-
-1286. trauayle; any man wolde (_om._ man). 1287. solde. 1288. _Supply_
-greet. 1293. lykened. 1297. done; ayenst gode. 1298. fone. 1299. howe her
-lyuynge stode. 1301. _Supply_ me. 1303. _Supply_ Pellican (_wrongly
-prefixed to_ l. 1305); _supply_ of kind. 1304. _Supply_ lyk. 1305. foule;
-_supply_ evill. 1306. flewe (_read_ flowe; _see_ l. 1311). 1309. byrde;
-_supply_ that; ayre. 1311. into (_read_ in); dyspayre.
-
-1317. parte. 1319. earth a downe. 1320. none. 1321. foule; ferre. 1322. And
-wyth (_om._ And). 1323. proude; earth. 1325. (Pellican _is written above
-this line_); flewe; twayne. 1326. droupynge. 1327. came agayne. 1328.
-earth. 1338. great; sene there. 1336. Igurde. 1338. Whyte; her. 1339. lye.
-1340. for gerde her. 1342. _Supply_ the. 1343. stoute. 1344. fayne. 1345.
-rayne. 1345. flye; vayne.
-
-1349. slewe; downe. 1350. There. 1352. downe. 1353. bete; slewe. 1358.
-wrytynge. 1361. mayde. 1362. And the lambe (_om._ And); _supply_ for
-sinners. 1364. erthely harme. 1366-7. wrytynge. 1369. freshe. 1370.
-maynteyne. 1371. often (_read_ oft). 1375. hye; lowe. 1378. Eche; sende.
-1379. wrytynge.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-III. JACK UPLAND.
-
-  I, Jack Uplande, make my mone to very god and to all
-  true belevinge in Christ, that Antichrist and his disciples, by
-  colour of holines, walken and deceiven Christes church by many
-  fals figures, wherethrough, by Antichrist and his, many vertues
-  been transposed to vices.                                               5
-
-  But the fellest folk that ever Antichrist found been last
-  brought into the church, and in a wonder wyse; for they been of
-  divers sectes of Antichrist, sowen of divers countrees and
-  kinredes. And all men knowen wel, that they ben not obedient
-  to bishoppes, ne lege men to kinges; neither they tillen ne            10
-  sowen, weden, ne repen woode, corn, ne gras, neither nothing
-  that man shuld helpe but only hem-selves, hir lyves to sustein.
-  And these men han all maner power of god, as they sayen,
-  in heaven and in earth, to sell heaven and hell to whom that
-  hem lyketh; and these wrecches wete never where to been                15
-  hemselves.
-
-  And therfore, frere, if thine order and rules ben grounded on
-  goddes law, tell thou me, Jack Upland, that I aske of thee; and
-  if thou be or thinkest to be on Christes syde, kepe thy pacience.
-
-  Saynt Paul techeth, that al our dedes shuld be don in charite,         20
-  and els it is nought worth, but displesing to god and harm to
-  oure owne soules. And for because freres chalengen to be
-  gretest clerkes of the church, and next folowinge Christ in
-  livinge, men shulde, for charite, axe hem some questions, and
-  pray hem to grounde their answers in reson and in holy writ; for       25
-  els their answere wolde nought be worth, be it florished never so
-  faire; and, as me think, men might skilfully axe thus of a frere.
-
-  1. Frere, how many orders be in erthe, and which is the
-  perfitest order? Of what order art thou? Who made thyn
-  order? What is thy rule? Is there ony perfiter rule than Christ        30
-  himselfe made? If Christes rule be moost perfit, why rulest
-  thou thee not therafter? Without more, why shall a frere be
-  more punished if he breke the rule that his patron made, than if
-  he breke the hestes that god himself made?
-
-  2. Approveth Christ ony more religions than oon, that saynt            35
-  James speketh of? If he approveth no more, why hast thou left
-  his rule, and taken another? Why is a frere apostata, that leveth
-  his order and taketh another secte; sith there is but oon religion
-  of Christ?
-
-  3. Why be ye wedded faster to your habits than a man is to his         40
-  wyfe? For a man may leve his wyf for a yere or two, as many
-  men do; and if +ye leve your habit a quarter of a yere, ye shuld
-  be holden apostatas.
-
-  4. Maketh youre habit you men of religion, or no? If it
-  do, than, ever as it wereth, your religion wereth; and, after that     45
-  the habit is better, is you[r] religion better. And whan ye liggen
-  it besyde you, than lig ye youre religion besyde you, and ben
-  apostatas. Why by ye you so precious clothes, sith no man
-  seketh such but for vaine glorie, as saynt Gregory saith?
-
-  5. What betokeneth youre grete hood, your scaplerye, youre             50
-  knotted girdel, and youre wyde cope?
-
-  6. Why use ye al oon colour, more then other Christen men
-  do? What betokeneth that ye been clothed all in one maner
-  clothinge?
-
-  7. If ye saye it betokeneth love and charite, certes, than ye be       55
-  ofte ypocrites, whan ony of you hateth other, and in that, that ye
-  wollen be said holy by youre clothinge.
-
-  8. Why may not a frere were clothing of an-other secte of
-  freres, sith holines stondeth not in the clothes?
-
-  9. Why holde ye silence in one howse more than in another;             60
-  sith men ought over-al to speke the good and leve the evell?
-
-  10. Why ete you flesh in one house more than in another,
-  if youre rule and youre order be perfit, and the patron that
-  made it?
-
-  11. Why gette ye your dispensacions, to have it more esy?              65
-  Certes, either it semeth that ye be unperfit; or he, that made it
-  so hard that ye may not holde it. And siker, if ye holde not the
-  rule of youre patrons, ye be not than hir freres; and so ye lye
-  upon youre-selves!
-
-  12. Why make ye you as dede men whan ye be professed;                  70
-  and yet ye be not dede, but more quicke beggars than ye were
-  before? And it semeth evell a deed man to go aboute and
-  begge.
-
-  13. Why will ye not suffer youre novices here your councels in
-  youre chapter-house, er that they been professed; if youre councels    75
-  been trew, and after god[d]es lawe?
-
-  14. Why make ye you so costly houses to dwell in; sith Christ
-  did not so, and dede men shuld have but graves, as falleth to
-  dede men? And yet ye have more gorgeous buildinges than
-  many lordes of Englonde. For ye maye wenden through the                80
-  realme, and ech night, wel nigh, ligge in youre owne courtes;
-  and so mow but right few lordes do.
-
-  15. Why hyre ye to ferme youre limitors, gevinge therfore
-  eche yeer a certain rente; and will not suffer oon in an-others
-  limitacion, right as ye were your-selves lordes of contreys?           85
-
-  16. Why be ye not under youre bisshops visitacions, and liege
-  men to oure kinge?
-
-  17. Why axe ye no letters of bretherhedes of other mens
-  prayers, as ye desyre that other men shulde aske letters of you?
-
-  18. If youre letters be good, why graunte ye them not generally        90
-  to al maner men, for the more charite?
-
-  19. Mow ye make ony man more perfit brother for your
-  prayers, than god hath by oure beleve, by our baptyme and his
-  owne graunte? If ye mowe, certes, than ye be above god.
-
-  20. Why make ye men beleve that your golden trentall songe             95
-  of you, to take therfore ten shillinges, or at the leest fyve
-  shillinges, will bringe soules out of helle, or out of purgatorye?
-  If this be sooth, certes, ye might bring all soules out of payne.
-  And that wolle ye nought; and than ye be out of charite.
-
-  21. Why make ye men beleve, that he that is buried in youre           100
-  habit shall never come in hell; and ye wite not of youre-selfe,
-  whether ye shall to hell, or no? And if this were sooth, ye
-  shulde selle youre high houses, to make many habites, for to save
-  many mens soules.
-
-  22. Why stele ye mens children for to make hem of youre               105
-  secte; sith that theft is agaynst goddes heste; and sithe youre
-  secte is not perfit? Ye know not whether the rule that ye binde
-  him to, be best for him or worst!
-
-  23. Why undernime ye not your brethren, for their trespas
-  after the lawe of the gospell; sith that underneminge is the best     110
-  that may be? But ye put them in prison ofte, whan they do after
-  goddes lawe; and, by saynt Austines rule, if ony did amisse and
-  wolde not amende him, ye should put him from you.
-
-  24. Why covete ye shrifte, and burying of other mens parishens,
-  and non other sacrament that falleth to Christen folke?               115
-
-  25. Why busie ye not to here shrifte of poore folke, as well
-  as of riche lordes and ladyes; sith they mowe have more plentee
-  of shrifte-fathers than poore folk may?
-
-  26. Why saye ye not the gospel in houses of bedred men; as
-  ye do in riche mens, that mowe go to churche and here the             120
-  gospell?
-
-  27. Why covette +ye not to burye poore folk among you; sith
-  that they ben moost holy, as ye sayn that ye ben for youre
-  povertee?
-
-  28. Why will ye not be at hir diriges, as ye been at riche mens;      125
-  sith god prayseth hem more than he doth riche men?
-
-  29. What is thy prayer worth; sith thou wilt take therefore?
-  For of all chapmen ye nede to be moost wyse; for drede of
-  symonye.
-
-  30. What cause hast thou that thou wilt not preche the                130
-  gospell, as god sayeth that thou shuldest; sith it is the best
-  lore, and also oure beleve?
-
-  31. Why be ye evell apayed that secular prestes shulde preche
-  the gospel; sith god him-selfe hath boden hem?
-
-  32. Why hate ye the gospell to be preched; sith ye be so              135
-  moche holde thereto? For ye winne more by yere with
-  _In principio_, than with all the rules that ever youre patrons made.
-  And, in this, minstrels been better than ye. For they contraryen
-  not to the mirthes that they maken; but ye contraryen the gospell
-  bothe in worde and dede.                                              140
-
-  33. Frere, whan thou receivest a peny for to say a masse,
-  whether sellest thou goddes body for that peny, or thy prayer,
-  or els thy travail? If thou sayest thou wolt not travaile for to
-  saye the masse but for the peny, +than certes, if this be soth, than
-  thou lovest to littel mede for thy soule. And if thou sellest         145
-  goddes body, other thy prayer, than it is very symony; and art
-  become a chapman worse than Judas, that solde it for thirty
-  pens.
-
-  34. Why wrytest thou hir names in thy tables, that yeveth thee
-  moneye; sith god knoweth all thing? For it semeth, by thy             150
-  wryting, that god wolde not rewarde him but thou wryte him in
-  thy tables; god wolde els forgetten it.
-
-  35. Why berest thou god in honde, and sclaundrest him that he
-  begged for his mete; sith he was lord over all? For than hadde
-  he ben unwyse to have begged, and no nede therto.                     155
-
-  36. Frere, after what law rulest thou thee? Wher findest thou
-  in goddes law that thou shuldest thus begge?
-
-  37. What maner men nedeth for to begge?
-
-  Of whom oweth suche men to begge?
-
-  Why beggest thou so for thy brethren?                                 160
-
-  If thou sayest, for they have nede; than thou doest it for the
-  more perfeccion, or els for the leest, or els for the mene. If it be
-  the moost perfeccion of all, than shulde al thy brethren do so;
-  and than no man neded to begge but for him-selfe, for so shuld no
-  man begge but him neded. And if it be the leest perfeccion, why       165
-  lovest thou than other men more than thy-selfe? For so thou art
-  not well in charite; sith thou shuldest seke the more perfeccion
-  after thy power, livinge thy-selfe moost after god; and thus, leving
-  that imperfeccion, thou shuldest not so begge for hem. And if
-  it is a good mene thus to begge as thou doest, than shuld no man      170
-  do so but they ben in this good mene; and yet such a mene,
-  graunted to you, may never be grounded in goddes lawe; for
-  than both lered and lewed that ben in mene degre of this worlde
-  shuld go aboute and begge as ye do. And if all suche shuld do
-  so, certes, wel nigh al the world shuld go aboute and begge as        175
-  ye do: and so shulde there be ten beggers agaynst oon yever.
-
-  38. Why procurest thou men to yeve thee hir almes, and sayest
-  it is so meedful; and thou wilt not thy-selfe winne thee that
-  mede?
-
-  39. Why wilt thou not begge for poore bedred men, that ben            180
-  poorer than ony of youre secte, that liggen, and mow not go
-  aboute to helpe themselves; sith we be all brethren in god, and
-  that bretherhed passeth ony other that ye or ony man coude
-  make? And where moost nede were, there were moost perfeccion;
-  either els ye holde hem not youre pure brethren, or worse. But        185
-  than ye be imperfite in your begginge.
-
-  40. Why make ye you so many maisters among you; sith it
-  is agaynst the techinge of Christ and his apostels?
-
-  41. Whos ben all your riche courtes that ye han, and all your
-  riche jewels; sith ye sayen that ye han nought, in proper ne in       190
-  comune? If ye sayn they ben the popes, why +geder ye then, of
-  poore men and of lordes, so much out of the kinges honde to make
-  your pope riche? And sith ye sayen that it is greet perfeccion to
-  have nought, in proper ne in comune, why be ye so fast aboute to
-  make the pope (that is your +fader) riche, and putte on him           195
-  imperfeccion? Sithen ye sayn that your goodes ben all his, and he
-  shulde by reson be the moost perfit man, it semeth openlich that
-  ye ben cursed children, so to sclaunder your +fader, and make
-  him imperfit. And if ye sayn that tho goodes be yours, then do
-  ye ayenst youre rule; and if it be not ayenst your rule, than might   200
-  ye have both plough and cart, and labour as other good men don,
-  and not so begge to by losengery, and ydell, as ye don. And if ye
-  say that it is more perfeccion to begge than to travaill or worch
-  with youre hand, why preche ye not openly, and teche all men to
-  do so, sith it is the best and moost perfit lyf to helpe of her       205
-  soules, as ye make children to begge that might have been riche
-  heyres?
-
-  42. Why make ye not your festes to poore men, and yeveth
-  hem yeftes, as ye don to the riche; sith poore men han more
-  nede than the riche?                                                  210
-
-  43. What betokeneth that ye go tweyne and tweyne +togeder?
-  If ye be out of charite, ye accorden not in soule.
-
-  44. Why begge ye, and take salaries therto, more than other
-  prestes; sith he that moost taketh, most charge he hath?
-
-  45. Why holde ye not saynt Fraunces rule and his testament;           215
-  sith Fraunces saith, that god shewed him this living and this
-  rule? And certes, if it were goddes will, the pope might not
-  fordo it; or els Fraunces was a lyar, that sayde on this wyse.
-  And but this testament that he made accorde with goddes will,
-  els erred he as a lyar that were out of charite; and as the law       220
-  sayeth, he is accursed that letteth the rightfull last will of a deed
-  man lacke. And this testament is the last will of Fraunces that
-  is a deed man; it seemeth therefore that all his freres ben
-  cursed.
-
-  46. Why wil ye not touche no coined money with the crosse,            225
-  ne with the kinges heed, as ye don other jewels both of golde and
-  silver? Certes, if ye despyse the crosse or the kinges heed, than
-  ye be worthy to be despysed of god and the kinge. And sith ye
-  will receyve money in your hertes and not with youre handes, it
-  seemeth that ye holde more holinesse in your hondes than in your      230
-  hertes; and than be ye false to god.
-
-  47. Why have ye exempt you fro our kinges lawes and visitinge
-  of our bishoppes more than other Christen men that liven in this
-  realme, if ye be not gilty of traitory to our realme, or trespassers
-  to oure bishoppes? But ye will have the kinges lawes for trespas      235
-  don to you; and ye wil have power of other bishops more than
-  other prestes; and also have leave to prison youre brethren as
-  lordes in youre courtes, more than other folkes han that ben the
-  kinges lege men.
-
-  48. Why shal some secte of you freres paye eche yere a certaine       240
-  to hir generall provinciall or minister, or els to hir soverains,
-  but-if he stele a certain number of children, as some men sayn? And
-  certes, if this be soth, than be ye constrayned, upon certaine
-  payne, to do thefte, agaynst goddes commaundement,
-  _non furtum facies_.                                                  245
-
-  49. Why be ye so hardy, to graunte, by letters of fraternite, to
-  men and women, that they shall have part and merit of all your
-  good dedes; and ye witen never whether god be apayed with
-  youre dedes because of youre sinne? Also ye witen never whether
-  that man or woman be in state to be saved or damned; than shall       250
-  he have no merit in heven for his owne dedes, ne for none other
-  mans. And all were it so, that he shuld have part of youre good
-  dedes; yet shulde he have no more than god would geve him,
-  after that he were worthy; and so much shall eche man have of
-  goddes yefte, withoute youre limitacion. But if ye will saye that     255
-  ye ben goddes felowes, and that he may not do without youre
-  assent, than be ye blasphemers to god.
-
-  50. What betokeneth that ye have ordeined, that when such
-  oon as ye have mad youre brother or sister, and hath a letter of
-  your sele, that letter +mot be brought in youre holy chapter and      260
-  there be red; or els ye will not praye for him? But and ye willen
-  not praye specially for all other that weren not mad youre brethren
-  or sistren, than were ye not in right charite; for that ought to be
-  commune, and namely in goostly thinges.
-
-  51. Frere, what charite is this--to overcharge the people by          265
-  mighty begginge, under colour of prechinge or praying or masses
-  singing? Sith holy writ biddeth not thus, but even the contrary;
-  for al such goostly dedes shulde be don freely, as god yeveth hem
-  freely.
-
-  52. Frere, what charite is this--to begyle children or they           270
-  commen to discrecion, and binde hem to youre orders, that been
-  not grounded in goddes lawe, against hir frendes wil? Sithen by
-  this foly ben many apostatas, both in will and dede, and many
-  ben apostatas in hir will during all hir lyfe, that wolde gladly be
-  discharged if they wist how; and so, many ben apostatas that          275
-  shulden in other states have ben trewe men.
-
-  53. Frere, what charite is this--to make so mony freres in
-  every countrey, to the charge of the people? Sith persounes
-  and vicares alone, ye, secular prestes alone, ye, monkes and
-  chanons alone, with bishops above hem, were y-nough to the            280
-  church, to do prestes office. And to adde mo than y-nough is
-  a foul errour, and greet charge to the people; and this is openly
-  against goddes will, that ordeined all thinges to be don in weight,
-  nomber, and mesure. And Christ himself was apayed with twelve
-  apostles and a few disciples, to preche and do prestes office to all  285
-  the hole world; than was it better don than it is now at this tyme
-  by a thousand deel. And right so as foure fingers with a thumbe
-  in a mannes hande, helpeth a man to worche, and double nomber
-  of fingers in one hond shuld lette him more; and the more
-  nomber that there were, passing the mesure of goddes ordinaunce,      290
-  the more were a man letted to worke: right so, as it semeth, it is
-  of these newe orders that ben added to the church, without grounde
-  of holy writ and goddes ordinaunce.
-
-  54. Frere, what charite is this--to lye to the people, and saye
-  that ye folowe Christ in poverte more than other men don?             295
-  And yet, in curious and costly howsinge, and fyne and precious
-  clothing, and delicious and lykinge fedinge, and in tresoure and
-  jewels and riche ornamentes, freres passen lordes and other riche
-  worldly men; and soonest they shuld bringe hir cause aboute,
-  be it never so costly, though goddes lawe be put abacke.              300
-
-  55. Frere, what charite is this--to +gader up the bokes of holy
-  writ and putte hem in tresory, and so emprisoune hem from
-  secular prestes and curates; and by this cautel lette hem to
-  preche the gospell freely to the people without worldly mede; and
-  also to defame good prestes of heresy, and lyen on hem openly,        305
-  for to lette hem to shew goddes lawe, by the holy gospell, to the
-  Christen people?
-
-  56. Frere, what charite is this--to fayn so much holines in
-  your bodily clothing, that ye clepe your habit, that many blinde
-  foles desyren to dye therin more than in an-other? And also,          310
-  that a frere that leveth his habit (late founden of men), may not
-  be assoiled till he take it again, but is an apostata, as ye sayn,
-  and cursed of god and man both? The frere beleveth treuth and
-  pacience, chastite, mekenesse, and sobriete; yet for the more
-  part of his lyfe he may soone be assoiled of his prior; and if he     315
-  bringe hoom to his house much good by yere, be it never so
-  falsly begged and pilled of the poore and nedy people in courtes
-  aboute, he shal be hold[en] a noble frere! O lord, whether this
-  be charite!
-
-  57. Frere, what charite is this--to prese upon a riche man,           320
-  and to entyce him to be buried among you from his parish-church,
-  and to suche riche men geve letters of fraternite confirmed
-  by youre generall sele, and therby to bere him in honde that he
-  shall have part of all your masses, matins, prechinges, fastinges,
-  wakinges, and all other good dedes don by your brethren of youre      325
-  order (both whyles he liveth and after that he is deed), and yet
-  ye witen never whether youre dedes be acceptable to god, ne
-  whether that man that hath that letter be able by good living to
-  receive ony part of youre dedes? And yet a poore man, that ye
-  wite wel or supposen in certain to have no good of, ye ne geve        330
-  no such letters, though he be a better man to god than suche
-  a riche man; nevertheles, this poore man doth not recche therof.
-  For, as men supposen, suche letters and many other that freres
-  behesten to men, be full of false deceites of freres, out of reson
-  and god[d]es lawe and Christen mens faith.                            335
-
-  58. Frere, what charite is this--to be confessoures of lordes
-  and ladyes, and to other mighty men, and not amend hem in hir
-  living; but rather, as it semeth, to be the bolder to pille hir poore
-  tenauntes and to live in lechery, and there to dwelle in your office
-  of confessour, for winning of worldly goodes, and to be holden grete  340
-  by colour of suche goostly offices? This seemeth rather pryde
-  of freres than charite of god.
-
-  59. Frere, what charite is this--to sayn that who-so liveth
-  after youre order, liveth most parfitly, and next foloweth the
-  state of aposteles in poverte and penaunce; and yet the wysest        345
-  and gretest clerkes of you wende, or sende, or procure to the
-  court of Rome to be mad cardinales or bishoppes or the popes
-  chapelayns, and to be assoiled of the vowe of poverte and
-  obedience to your ministers; in the which, as ye sayn, standeth
-  moost perfeccion and merite of youre orders? And thus ye faren        350
-  as Pharisees, that sayen oon, and do another to the contrarye.
-
-  60. Why name ye more the patron of youre order in youre
-  _Confiteor_, whan ye beginne masse, than other saintes, as apostels,
-  or marters, that holy churche holde[th] more glorious than hem,
-  and clepe hem youre patrons and youre avowries?                       355
-
-  61. Frere, whet[h]er was saint Fraunces, in making of his rule that
-  he sette thyne order in, a fole and lyar, or els wyse and trew? If
-  ye sayn that he was not a fole but wyse; ne a lyar, but trew; why
-  shewe ye the contrary by youre doing, whan by youre suggestion to
-  the pope ye said that Fraunces rule was mad so hard that ye might     360
-  not live to holde it without declaracion and dispensacion of the
-  pope? And so, by youre dede, ye lete your patron a fole, that made
-  a rule so hard that no man may wel kepe [it]; and eke youre
-  dede proveth him a lyar, where he sayeth in his rule, that he took
-  and lerned it of the holy gooste.  For how might ye, for shame,       365
-  praye the pope to undo that the holy goost biddeth, as whan ye
-  prayed him to dispense with the hardnesse of your order?
-
-  62. Frere, which of the foure orders of freres is best, to a man
-  that knoweth not which is the beste, but wolde fain enter into the
-  beste and none other? If thou sayest that thyn is the best, than      370
-  sayest thou that noon of the other is as good as thyn; and in this
-  eche frere in the three other orders wolle say that thou lyest; for
-  in the selve maner eche other frere woll say that his order is
-  beste. And thus to eche of the foure orders ben the other three
-  contrary in this poynte; in the which if ony say sooth, that is oon   375
-  aloon; for there may but oon be the beste of foure. So foloweth
-  it, that if ech of these orders answered to this question as thou
-  doest, three were false and but oon trew; and yet no man shulde
-  wite who that were. And thus it semeth, that the moost part of
-  freres ben or shulde be lyars in this poynt, and they shulde          380
-  answere therto. If +ye say that an-other ordre of the freres is
-  better than thyn or as good; why toke ye not rather therto as to
-  the better, whan thou mightest have chosen at the beginning?
-  And eke, why shuldest thou be an apostata, to leve thyn order
-  and take thee to that that is better? And so, why goest thou not      385
-  from thyn order into that?
-
-  63. Frere, is there ony perfiter rule of religion than Christ,
-  goddes sone, gave in his gospell to his brethren, or than that
-  religion that saynt James in his epistle maketh mencion of?  If
-  +ye saye 'yes,' than puttest thou on Christ, that is wysdom of        390
-  god the +fader, uncunning, unpower, or evil will. For eyther
-  than he coude not make his rule so good as an-other did his,
-  (and so he hadde be uncunning, that he might not make his rule
-  so good as another man might, and so were he unmighty and not
-  god); or he wolde not make his rule so perfit as an-other did his     395
-  (and so had he ben evill-willed, namely to himselfe!) For if he
-  might, and coude, and wold[e] have mad a rule perfit without
-  defaute, and did not, he was not goddes sone almighty. For if
-  ony other rule be perfiter than Christes, than must Christes rule
-  lacke of that perfeccion by as much as the other were more            400
-  perfiter; and so were defaute, and Christ had failed in makinge
-  of his rule. But to putte ony defaute or failinge in god, is
-  blasphemy. If thou saye that Christes rule and that religion
-  that saynt James maketh mencion of, is the perfitest; why holdest
-  thou not than thilke rule without more? And why clepest thou          405
-  thee rather of saynt Frances or saynt Dominiks rule or religion or
-  order, than of Christes rule or Christes order?
-
-  64. Frere, canst thou assigne ony defaute in Christes rule of
-  the gospell, with the whiche he taught al men sikerly to be saved,
-  if they kepte it to hir endinge? If thou saye it was to hard,         410
-  than sayest thou that Christ lyed; for he saide of his rule: 'My
-  yoke is softe, and my burthen light.' If thou saye Christes rule
-  was to light, that may be assigned for no defaute, for the better
-  may it be kept. If thou sayst that there is no defaute in Christes
-  rule of the gospell, sith Christ him-selfe saith it is light and esy: 415
-  what nede was it to patrons of freres to adde more therto, and so
-  to make an harder religion, to save freres, than was the religion
-  that Christes apostels and his disciples helden and weren saved
-  by; but-if they wolden that her freres saten above the apostels
-  in heven, for the harder religion that they kepen here? And so        420
-  wolde they sitten in heven above Christ himselfe for the moo and
-  strait observaunces; than so shulde they be better than Christ
-  himselfe, with misc[h]aunce!
-
-    Go now forth, and frayne youre clerkes,
-    And grounde you in goddes lawe, and geve Jack answere.              425
-    And whan ye han assoiled me that I have said, sadly in treuth,
-    I shall soill thee of thyn order, and save thee to heven!
-
-  If freres cunne not or mow not excuse hem of these questions
-  asked of hem, it semeth that they be horrible gilty against god
-  and hir even-Christen; for which gyltes and defautes it were          430
-  worthy that the order that they calle hir order were for-don. And
-  it is wonder that men susteyne hem or suffer hem live in suche
-  maner. For holy writ biddeth that thou do well to the meke,
-  and geve not to the wicked, but forbid to geve hem breed, lest
-  they be mad thereby mightier through you.  Finis.                     435
-
-                  � Prynted for Jhon Gough.
-                    Cum Priuilegio Regali.
-
-_From_ C. (= printed copy in Caius Coll. library, Cambridge); _I give here
-rejected spellings; readings marked_ Sp. _are from_ Speght.
-
-3. walkyn. deceauen. 5, 6, 7. bene (_for_ been; _very often_). 6. folke.
-founde. 9. kynreddes. 11. grasse, nether nething (_sic_). 12. onely. her
-lyfes. 13. had; Sp. han. 15. hym (_for_ hem). wreches. 16. -selfes. 18.
-the. 20. teacheth. don. 21. not; Sp. nought. dyspleasynge. harme. 22.
-because (Sp. that). 23. greatest.
-
-25. reason. write. 26. not; Sp. nought. 28. earthe. 29. thyne. 31. perfyte.
-32. the. 33. break. 34. breake. 35. one. 36. speaketh. mor; Sp. more. lef;
-Sp. left. 37. leaueth. 38. one. 39. Christe. 40. abytes; Sp. habits. 41.
-leaue. wyfe. yeare. 42. you; _read_ ye. leaue. abyte; Sp. habit. yeare. 44.
-abyte; Sp. habit. 45. weareth (_twice_). 46. the abbyte; Sp. your habit.
-48. apostatase; Sp. apostataes. by; Sp. buy. 50. greate hoode. 51. coape.
-52. one coloure. 53. bene. 57. sayde. clotynge (!). 58. maye. weare
-clothynge.
-
-60. Sp. _om._ in _before_ another. 61. speake. leaue. 62. eate. 65. easy.
-66. ether; Sp. either. vnperfyte. 67. harde. seker; Sp. siker. 68. her. 69.
-selfes. 70. ye you; Sp. _om._ ye (!). 70, 71. deade (_twice_). beggers; Sp.
-beggars. ye; Sp. you. 72. deade. 74. heare. 75. eare; Sp. ere. Sp. haue ben
-(C. _om._ haue). 78. Sp. falleth it to. 78, 79. deade (_twice_). 79.
-gorgeous buyldi_n_ges; Sp. courts. 80. maye; Sp. now (_error for_ mow). 81.
-welnygh; Sp. will (!). 83. here; Sp. heire (_read_ hyre). geuynge. 84.
-yeare. certayne. one. 91. Sp. of men. 92. perfyte. Sp. brether (!). 93.
-baptyme; Sp. baptisme.
-
-96. Sp. _om._ the. least. 97. oute. 98, 102. south; Sp. sooth. 101. abyte;
-Sp. habit. 103. abytes. 105. steale. 107. wether; Sp. whether. 109.
-vndermyne (_for_ vndernyme); Sp. vnderneme. 111. maye. presonne; Sp.
-prison. 112. Sp. Augustines. dyd; Sp. doe. 114. buryenge. 115. none. 116.
-heare; Sp. heare to. 117. plentie. 118. folke maye. 120. heare. 122. _Both_
-you. folke amonge. 123. sayne. 124. pouertye. 125. her. bene. 126. Sp.
-other (_for_ riche). 128. Sp. _om._ of. 130. wylte. preache.
-
-133. payed; Sp. apaid. preache. 134. gosgel (!). Sp. bodden. hym; Sp. hem.
-135. preached. 136. yeare. 139. myrtes; Sp. mirths. 142. Sp. thy; C. _om._
-(_before_ prayer). 144. Sp. that certes (_error for_ than certes); C. &
-certes. 149. her. the. 150. thynge. 151. Sp. writest; Sp. _om._ him. 152.
-Sp. forgotten (!). 153. bearest. 154. meate. 156. the. 159. C. Of; Sp. For.
-162. perfection (_but_ perfeccion _in l._ 163). least. meane (_often_).
-165. least. 166. arte.
-
-167. charytye. sithe. 168. leauynge. 169. Sp. them (_for_ hem). 170.
-doeste. 173. learned and lewd; Sp. lerid and leaud. 174. Sp. _om._ suche.
-176. one. 177. the here. 178. C. medefull; Sp. needful. the. 182.
-themselfes. 183. coulde. 185. hym; Sp. them (_read_ hem). C. or; Sp. but.
-187. amonge. 188. teachynge. 189. Whose. rych. 190. yewels; Sp. iewels.
-improper ne; Sp. ne in proper ne in. 191. cumune; Sp. common. sayne.
-gether; Sp. gather. 192. Sp. _om._ of. 193. great. 194. in p_ro_per ne
-comune; Sp. in proper be (!) in common. 195. father rych. put. 197. reason.
-perfite. 198. father. 199. imperfyte. sayne. Sp. the (_for_ tho).
-
-201. carte. done. 202. lesyngery; Sp. losengery. done. 204. preach. teach.
-205. perfyte lyfe. 206. be; Sp. bin. 208. feastes. 209. done. rych. 211.
-together. 212. charitie. 214. Sp. _om. 2nd_ he. 220. C. as; Sp. is (!)
-charytie. 221. Sp. accursed; C. cursede. C. _om._ last. dead. 222. Sp.
-_om._ lacke. least; Sp. last. 223. dead. C. _om._ therefore. 226. hedde.
-done. 227. heade. 229. receaue. 229, 231. hartes (_twice_). 231. Sp. _om._
-ye. 232. exempte. 234. gyltye. traytery. trespasers. 235. Sp. your (_for_
-oure). Sp. the trespasse (_for_ trespas). 236. done.
-
-240. eche yeare; Sp. ech a yere. 241. her (_twice_). 242. steale. certayne.
-sayne. 247. merite. 248. whyther; Sp. whether. payde; Sp. apayed. 249.
-weten; Sp. witten. 251. meryte. heauen. 252. man (_for_ mans, s _having
-dropped out_); Sp. mans. 253. ye (_for_ he); Sp. he. 256. folowes; Sp.
-fellowes. maye. 258. tokeneth; Sp. betokeneth. 259. one. made. 260. seale.
-mought (_read_ mot). 261. redde; Sp. rad. Sp. And but. 262. Sp. _om. 1st_
-not. specyally; Sp. especially. made. 264. co_m_mne (!). goostely; Sp.
-ghostly. 266. myghtie. coloure. preachynge. prayeng. 267. write. 268. done
-frely. 269. frely. 271. him; Sp. hem.
-
-272. her. 273-275. apostatase; Sp. apostataes. 278. personnes. 280. him;
-Sp. them. 282. foule. greate. 283. done. 284. measure. payd; Sp. apaied.
-285. preache. 286. Sp. whole. Sp. _om. 2nd_ it. 287. deal; Sp. dele. 289.
-let. Sp. and so the (_om._ so). 290. measure. 293. wryte. 295. pouertye.
-done. 297. treasoure. 298. rych. 299. wordly; Sp. worldly. bring her. 300.
-costely. abake; Sp. abacke. 301. gather (_read_ gader). 302. wryte. put.
-emprysonne. 303. let. him; Sp. hem. 304. preache. frely. wordely; Sp.
-worldly.
-
-306. let. 308. fayn. 309. bodely. 309, 311. abyte; Sp. habit. 311. leaueth.
-311, 315. maye. 312. Sp. _om._ an. sayne. 315. parte. 316. home. by yeare;
-Sp. by the yeare. 317. courtes &; Sp. countries (_perhaps better_). 318. C.
-Sp. hold (_for_ holden). 320. _Both_ prease. 323. seale. beare. 324. parte.
-preachynges. 325. done. 326. dead. 329. receaue. 330. certaine. 331. no;
-Sp. to (!). 332. rych. reche; Sp. retch. 334. behesten; Sp. behoten.
-reason; Sp. all reason. 337. laydes (_for_ ladyes). her. 338. pyl her. 339.
-dwel. 340. greate.
-
-341. coloure. 344. mooste perfytely. 345. wyseste. 346. greatest clarkes.
-347. made. 348. chappelaynes. povertye. 351. one. 354. hol (_for_ holy);
-Sp. holy. holde; Sp. hold (_read_ holdeth). them. 357. set. 358. sayne.
-359. shew. 360. C. that Fraunces rule was made so harde; Sp. that your rule
-that Francis made was so hard. C. might; Sp. mow. 363. harde. maye.
-_Supply_ it. 364. toke. 365. learned. 366. Sp. _om._ to. C. byddeth; Sp.
-bit. Sp. when; C. _om._ 369. fayne. 370. thyne. 371. none. thyne. 372, 374.
-thre. 373. C. selfe; Sp. self same. 375. one.
-
-376. alone. one. 378. thre. one. 381. _Both_ you; _read_ ye. 382. thine.
-384. apostate; Sp. apostata. leaue. 385. the. 388. sonne. 390. _Both_ you;
-_read_ ye. wysdome. 391. father vncunyng. Sp. _om._ eyther. 392, 397.
-coulde (_twice_). 393. Sp. had he. 395. perfyte. 397. made. perfyte. 398.
-defate; Sp. default. sonne. 401. weren. 402. put. 404. C. that saynt; Sp.
-which saint. the perfytest; Sp. perfectest. 405. Sp. _om._ than. 406. the
-(_read_ thee). 408. Sp. any default or (!) assigne. 409. sekerly; Sp.
-sikerly. 410. her. harde.
-
-415. easye. 416. mor; Sp. more. 418. that; Sp. of (!). 420, 421. heauen
-(_twice_). 421. Christe. 424. fraye_n_ (_for_ frayne); Sp. fraine. 425. C.
-ye in; Sp. ye you in (_read_ you in). 426. sayde. _Read_--And whan ye han
-soiled that I saide, sadly in treuthe. 427. soyll the. thyne. order; Sp.
-orders. the; Sp. thee. heauen. 428. C. cunne; Sp. kun. 430. her. 431. her.
-fordone. 432. hem lyue; Sp. hir live. 433. wryte. 434. bread leste. 435.
-made. Sp. _om._ Finis.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-IV. JOHN GOWER
-
-UNTO THE WORTHY AND NOBLE KINGE HENRY THE FOURTH.
-
-  O noble worthy king, Henry the ferthe,
-  In whom the gladde fortune is befalle
-  The people to governe here upon erthe,
-  God hath thee chose, in comfort of us alle;
-  The worship of this land, which was doun falle,         5
-  Now stant upright, through grace of thy goodnesse,
-  Which every man is holde for to blesse.
-
-  The highe god, of his justyce alone,
-  The right which longeth to thy regalye
-  Declared hath to stande in thy persone;                10
-  And more than god may no man justifye.
-  Thy title is knowe upon thyn auncestrye;
-  The londes folk hath eek thy right affermed;
-  So stant thy regne, of god and man confermed.
-
-  Ther is no man may saye in other wyse                  15
-  That god him-self ne hath the right declared;
-  Wherof the land is boun to thy servyse,
-  Which for defaute of helpe hath longe cared.
-  But now ther is no mannes herte spared
-  To love and serve, and worche thy plesaunce;           20
-  And al this is through goddes purveyaunce.
-
-  In alle thing which is of god begonne
-  Ther foloweth grace, if it be wel governed;
-  Thus tellen they whiche olde bokes conne,
-  Wherof, my lord, I wot wel thou art lerned.            25
-  Aske of thy god; so shalt thou nat be werned
-  Of no request [the] whiche is resonable;
-  For god unto the goode is favorable.
-
-  King Salomon, which hadde at his askinge
-  Of god, what thing him was levest to crave,            30
-  He chees wysdom unto the governinge
-  Of goddes folk, the whiche he wolde save;
-  And as he chees, it fil him for to have;
-  For through his wit, whyl that his regne laste,
-  He gat him pees and reste, unto the laste.             35
-
-  But Alisaundre, as telleth his historie,
-  Unto the god besoughte in other weye,
-  Of al the worlde to winne the victorie,
-  So that under his swerde it might[e] obeye;
-  In werre he hadde al that he wolde preye.              40
-  The mighty god behight[e] him that behest;
-  The world he wan, and hadde it of conquest.
-
-  But though it fil at thilke tyme so,
-  That Alisaundre his asking hath acheved,
-  This sinful world was al[le] payen tho;                45
-  Was noon whiche hath the highe god beleved;
-  No wonder was, though thilke world was greved.
-  Though a tyraunt his purpos mighte winne,
-  Al was vengeaunce, and infortune of sinne.
-
-  But now the faith of Crist is come a-place             50
-  Among the princes in this erthe here,
-  It sit hem wel to do pite and grace,
-  But yet it mot be tempred in manere.
-  For as they fynden cause in the matere
-  Upon the poynt, what afterward betyde,                 55
-  The lawe of right shal nat be layd a-syde.
-
-  So may a king of werre the viage
-  Ordayne and take, as he therto is holde,
-  To clayme and aske his rightful heritage
-  In alle places wher it is with-holde.                  60
-  But other-wyse, if god him-selve wolde
-  Afferme love and pees bitween the kinges,
-  Pees is the beste, above alle erthly thinges.
-
-  Good is t'eschewe werre, and nathelees
-  A king may make werre upon his right;                  65
-  For of bataile the fynal ende is pees;
-  Thus stant the lawe, that a worthy knight
-  Upon his trouthe may go to the fight.
-  But-if so were that he mighte chese,
-  Betre is the pees of which may no man lese.            70
-
-  To stere pees oughte every man on-lyve,
-  First, for to sette his liege lord in reste,
-  And eek these othre men, that they ne stryve;
-  For so this land may standen atte beste.
-  What king that wolde be the worthieste,                75
-  The more he mighte our deedly werre cese,
-  The more he shulde his worthinesse encrese.
-
-  Pees is the cheef of al the worldes welthe,
-  And to the heven it ledeth eek the way;
-  Pees is of soule and lyfe the mannes helthe            80
-  Of pestilence, and doth the werre away.
-  My liege lord, tak hede of that I say,
-  If werre may be left, tak pees on honde,
-  Which may nat be withoute goddes sonde.
-
-  With pees stant every creature in reste,               85
-  Withoute pees ther may no lyf be glad;
-  Above al other good, pees is the beste;
-  Pees hath him-self, whan werre is al bestad;
-  The pees is sauf, the werre is ever adrad.
-  Pees is of al[le] charite the keye,                    90
-  Whiche hath the lyf and soule for to weye.
-
-  My liege lord, if that thee list to seche
-  The sothe ensamples, what the werre hath wrought,
-  Thou shalt wel here, of wyse mennes speche,
-  That deedly werre tourneth in-to nought.               95
-  For if these olde bokes be wel sought,
-  Ther might thou see what thing the werre hath do
-  Bothe of conquest and conquerour also.
-
-  For vayne honour, or for the worldes good,
-  They that whylom the stronge werres made,             100
-  Wher be they now? Bethink wel, in thy mood,
-  The day is goon, the night is derke and fade;
-  Hir cruelte, which made hem thanne glade,
-  They sorowen now, and yet have naught the more;
-  The blood is shad, which no man may restore.          105
-
-  The werre is moder of the wronges alle;
-  It sleeth the preest in holy chirche at masse,
-  Forlyth the mayde, and doth her flour to falle.
-  The werre maketh the grete citee lasse,
-  And doth the lawe his reules overpasse.               110
-  Ther is nothing, wherof mescheef may growe
-  Whiche is not caused of the werre, I trowe.
-
-  The werre bringth in poverte at his heles,
-  Wherof the comun people is sore greved;
-  The werre hath set his cart on thilke wheles          115
-  Wher that fortune may not be beleved.
-  For whan men wene best to have acheved,
-  Ful ofte it is al newe to beginne;
-  The werre hath nothing siker, thogh he winne.
-
-  For-thy, my worthy prince, in Cristes halve,          120
-  As for a part whos fayth thou hast to gyde,
-  Ley to this olde sore a newe salve,
-  And do the werre away, what-so betyde.
-  Purchace pees, and sette it by thy syde,
-  And suffre nat thy people be devoured;                125
-  So shal thy name ever after stande honoured!
-
-  If any man be now, or ever was
-  Ayein the pees thy prevy counsaylour,
-  Let god be of thy counsayl in this cas,
-  And put away the cruel werreyour.                     130
-  For god, whiche is of man the creatour,
-  He wolde not men slowe his creature
-  Withoute cause of deedly forfayture.
-
-  Wher nedeth most, behoveth most to loke;
-  My lord, how so thy werres be withoute,               135
-  Of tyme passed who that hede toke,
-  Good were at home to see right wel aboute;
-  For evermore the worste is for to doute.
-  But, if thou mightest parfit pees attayne,
-  Ther shulde be no cause for to playne.                140
-
-  Aboute a king, good counsayl is to preyse
-  Above al othre thinges most vailable;
-  But yet a king within him-self shal peyse
-  And seen the thinges that be resonable.
-  And ther-upon he shal his wittes stable               145
-  Among the men to sette pees in evene,
-  For love of him whiche is the king of hevene.
-
-  A! wel is him that shedde never blood
-  But-if it were in cause of rightwysnesse!
-  For if a king the peril understood                    150
-  What is to slee the people, thanne, I gesse,
-  The deedly werres and the hevinesse
-  Wher-of the pees distourbed is ful ofte,
-  Shulde at som tyme cesse and wexe softe.
-
-  O king! fulfilled of grace and of knighthode,         155
-  Remembre upon this poynt, for Cristes sake;
-  If pees be profred unto thy manhode,
-  Thyn honour sauf, let it nat be forsake!
-  Though thou the werres darst wel undertake,
-  After resoun yet temper thy corage;                   160
-  For lyk to pees ther is non avauntage.
-
-  My worthy lord, thenk wel, how-so befalle
-  Of thilke lore, as holy bokes sayn;
-  Crist is the heed, and we be membres alle,
-  As wel the subject as the soverayn.                   165
-  So sit it wel, that charite be playn,
-  Whiche unto god him-selve most accordeth,
-  So as the lore of Cristes word recordeth.
-
-  In th'olde lawe, or Crist him-self was bore,
-  Among the ten comaundements, I rede,                  170
-  How that manslaughter shulde be forbore;
-  Such was the wil, that tyme, of the godhede.
-  But afterward, whan Crist took his manhede,
-  Pees was the firste thing he leet do crye
-  Ayenst the worldes rancour and envye.                 175
-
-  And, or Crist wente out of this erthe here,
-  And stigh to heven, he made his testament,
-  Wher he bequath to his disciples there
-  And yaf his pees, which is the foundement
-  Of charite, withouten whos assent                     180
-  The worldes pees may never wel be tryed,
-  Ne love kept, ne lawe justifyed.
-
-  The Jewes with the payens hadden werre,
-  But they among hem-self stode ever in pees;
-  Why shulde than our pees stonde out of herre,         185
-  Which Crist hath chose unto his owne encrees?
-  For Crist is more than was Moyses;
-  And Crist hath set the parfit of the lawe,
-  The whiche shulde in no wyse be withdrawe.
-
-  To yeve us pees was cause why Crist dyde,             190
-  Withoute pees may nothing stonde avayled;
-  But now a man may see on every syde
-  How Cristes fayth is every day assayled,
-  With the payens distroyed, and so batayled
-  That, for defaute of helpe and of defence,            195
-  Unneth hath Crist his dewe reverence.
-
-  The righte fayth to kepe of holy chirche
-  The firste poynt is named of knighthode;
-  And every man is holde for to wirche
-  Upon the poynt that stant to his manhode.             200
-  But now, alas! the fame is spred so brode
-  That every man this thing [alday] complayneth;
-  And yet is ther no man that help ordayneth.
-
-  The worldes cause is wayted over-al;
-  Ther be the werres redy, to the fulle;                205
-  But Cristes owne cause in special,
-  Ther ben the swerdes and the speres dulle.
-  And with the sentence of the popes bulle
-  As for to doon the folk payen obeye,
-  The chirche is tourned al another weye.               210
-
-  It is wonder, above any mannes wit,
-  Withoute werre how Cristes fayth was wonne;
-  And we that been upon this erthe yit
-  Ne kepe it nat as it was first begonne.
-  To every creature under the sonne                     215
-  Crist bad him-self, how that we shulde preche,
-  And to the folke his evangely teche.
-
-  More light it is to kepe than to make;
-  But that we founden mad to-fore the hond
-  We kepe nat, but lete it lightly slake;               220
-  The pees of Crist hath al to-broke his bond.
-  We reste our-self, and suffren every lond
-  To slee eche other as thing undefended;
-  So stant the werre, and pees is nat amended.
-
-  But though the heed of holy chirche above             225
-  Ne do nat al his hole businesse
-  Among the men to sette pees and love,
-  These kinges oughten, of hir rightwysnesse,
-  Hir owne cause among hem-self redresse.
-  Thogh Peters ship, as now, hath lost his stere,       230
-  It lyth in hem that barge for to stere.
-
-  If holy chirche after the dewete
-  Of Cristes word ne be nat al avysed
-  To make pees, accord, and unite
-  Among the kinges that be now devysed,                 235
-  Yet, natheles, the lawe stant assysed
-  Of mannes wit, to be so resonable
-  Withoute that to stande hem-selve stable.
-
-  Of holy chirche we ben children alle,
-  And every child is holde for to bowe                  240
-  Unto the moder, how that ever it falle,
-  Or elles he mot reson disalowe.
-  And, for that cause, a knight shal first avowe
-  The right of holy chirche to defende,
-  That no man shal the privilege offende.               245
-
-  Thus were it good to setten al in evene
-  The worldes princes and the prelats bothe,
-  For love of him whiche is the king of hevene;
-  And if men shulde algate wexen wrothe,
-  The Sarazins, whiche unto Crist ben lothe,            250
-  Let men be armed ayenst hem to fighte,
-  So may the knight his dede of armes righte.
-
-  Upon three poynts stant Cristes pees oppressed;
-  First, holy chirche is in her-self devyded;
-  Which oughte, of reson, first to be redressed;        255
-  But yet so high a cause is nat decyded.
-  And thus, whan humble pacience is pryded,
-  The remenaunt, which that they shulde reule,
-  No wonder is, though it stande out of reule.
-
-  Of that the heed is syk, the limmes aken;             260
-  These regnes, that to Cristes pees belongen,
-  For worldes good, these deedly werres maken,
-  Which helpelees, as in balaunce, hongen.
-  The heed above hem hath nat underfongen
-  To sette pees, but every man sleeth other;            265
-  And in this wyse hath charite no brother.
-
-  The two defautes bringen in the thridde
-  Of miscreants, that seen how we debate;
-  Between the two, they fallen in a-midde
-  Wher now al-day they fynde an open gate.              270
-  Lo! thus the deedly werre stant al-gate.
-  But ever I hope of king Henries grace,
-  That he it is which shal the pees embrace.
-
-  My worthy noble prince, and king anoynt,
-  Whom god hath, of his grace, so preserved,            275
-  Behold and see the world upon this poynt,
-  As for thy part, that Cristes pees be served.
-  So shal thy highe mede be reserved
-  To him, whiche al shal quyten atte laste;
-  For this lyf here may no whyle laste.                 280
-
-  See Alisandre, Hector, and Julius,
-  See Machabeus, David, and Josue,
-  See Charlemayne, Godfray, and Arthus
-  Fulfild of werre and of mortalitee!
-  Hir fame abit, but al is vanitee;                     285
-  For deth, whiche hath the werres under fote,
-  Hath mad an ende, of which ther is no bote.
-
-  So may a man the sothe wite and knowe,
-  That pees is good for every king to have;
-  The fortune of the werre is ever unknowe,             290
-  But wher pees is, ther ben the marches save.
-  That now is up, to-morwe is under grave.
-  The mighty god hath alle grace in honde;
-  Withouten him, men may nat longe stonde.
-
-  Of the tenetz to winne or lese a chace                295
-  May no lyf wite, or that the bal be ronne;
-  Al stant in god, what thing men shal purchace:
-  Th'ende is in him, or that it be begonne;
-  Men sayn, the wolle, whan it is wel sponne,
-  Doth that the cloth is strong and profitable,         300
-  And elles it may never be durable.
-
-  The worldes chaunces upon aventure
-  Ben ever set; but thilke chaunce of pees
-  Is so behovely to the creature
-  That it above al other is peerlees.                   305
-  But it may nat +be gete, nathelees,
-  Among the men to lasten any whyle,
-  But wher the herte is playn, withoute gyle.
-
-  The pees is as it were a sacrament
-  To-fore the god, and shal with wordes playne          310
-  Withouten any double entendement
-  Be treted; for the trouthe can nat feyne.
-  But if the men within hem-self be vayne,
-  The substaunce of the pees may nat be trewe,
-  But every day it chaungeth upon newe.                 315
-
-  But who that is of charite parfyte,
-  He voydeth alle sleightes fer aweye,
-  And set his word upon the same plyte
-  Wher that his herte hath founde a siker weye;
-  And thus, whan conscience is trewly weye,             320
-  And that the pees be handled with the wyse,
-  It shal abyde and stande, in alle wyse.
-
-  Th'apostel sayth, ther may no lyf be good
-  Whiche is nat grounded upon charite;
-  For charite ne shedde never blood.                    325
-  So hath the werre, as ther, no properte;
-  For thilke vertue which is sayd 'pite'
-  With charite so ferforth is acquaynted
-  That in her may no fals sembla[u]nt be paynted.
-
-  Cassodore, whos wryting is authorysed                 330
-  Sayth: 'wher that pite regneth, ther is grace';
-  Through which the pees hath al his welthe assysed,
-  So that of werre he dredeth no manace.
-  Wher pite dwelleth, in the same place
-  Ther may no deedly cruelte sojourne                   335
-  Wherof that mercy shulde his wey[e] tourne.
-
-  To see what pite, forth with mercy, doth,
-  The cronique is at Rome, in thilke empyre
-  Of Constantyn, which is a tale soth,
-  Whan him was lever his owne deth desyre               340
-  Than do the yonge children to martyre.
-  Of crueltee he lefte the quarele;
-  Pite he wroughte, and pite was his hele.
-
-  For thilke mannes pite which he dede
-  God was pitous, and made him hool at al;              345
-  Silvester cam, and in the same stede
-  Yaf him baptyme first in special,
-  Which dide away the sinne original,
-  And al his lepre it hath so purifyed,
-  That his pite for ever is magnifyed.                  350
-
-  Pite was cause why this emperour
-  Was hool in body and in soule bothe;
-  And Rome also was set in thilke honour
-  Of Cristes fayth, so that the leve, of lothe
-  Whiche hadden be with Crist tofore wrothe,            355
-  Receyved were unto Cristes lore.
-  Thus shal pite be praysed evermore.
-
-  My worthy liege lord, Henry by name,
-  Which Engelond hast to governe and righte,
-  Men oughten wel thy pite to proclame,                 360
-  Which openliche, in al the worldes sighte,
-  Is shewed, with the helpe of god almighte,
-  To yeve us pees, which long hath be debated,
-  Wherof thy prys shal never be abated.
-
-  My lord, in whom hath ever yet be founde              365
-  Pite, withoute spotte of violence,
-  Keep thilke pees alway, withinne bounde,
-  Which god hath planted in thy conscience.
-  So shal the cronique of thy pacience
-  Among the saynts be take in-to memorie                370
-  To the loenge of perdurable glorie.
-
-  And to thyn erthely prys, so as I can,
-  Whiche every man is holde to commende,
-  I Gower, which am al thy liege man,
-  This lettre unto thyn excellence I sende,             375
-  As I, whiche ever unto my lyves ende
-  Wol praye for the stat of thy persone,
-  In worshipe of thy sceptre and of thy trone.
-
-  Nat only to my king of pees I wryte,
-  But to these othre princes Cristen alle,              380
-  That eche of hem his owne herte endyte
-  And cese the werre, or more mescheef falle.
-  Set eek the rightful pope upon his stalle;
-  Keep charite, and draw pite to honde,
-  Maynteyne lawe; and so the pees shal stonde.          385
-
-  EXPLICIT CARMEN DE PACIS COMMENDACIONE, QUOD AD LAUDEM
-  ET MEMORIAM SERENISSIMI PRINCIPIS DOMINI REGIS HENRICI
-  QUARTI, SUUS HUMILIS ORATOR JOHANNES GOWER COMPOSUIT.
-
-  Electus Christi,    pie rex Henrice, fuisti,
-  Qui bene venisti,    cum propria regna petisti;
-  Tu mala vicisti    -que bonis bona restituisti,
-  Et populo tristi    nova gaudia contribuisti.
-
-  Est mihi spes lata,    quod adhuc per te renovata     390
-  Succedent fata    veteri probitate beata;
-      Est tibi nam grata    gratia sponte data.
-
-  Henrici quarti primus regni fuit annus
-      Quo mihi defecit visus ad acta mea.
-  Omnia tempus habent, finem natura ministrat,          395
-      Quem virtute sua frangere nemo potest.
-  Ultra posse nihil, quamvis mihi velle remansit,
-      Amplius ut scribam non mihi posse manet.
-  Dum potui, scripsi, sed nunc quia curua senectus
-      Turbauit sensus, scripta relinquo scolis.         400
-  Scribat qui veniet post me discretior alter,
-      Ammodo namque manus et mea penna silent.
-  Hoc tamen in fine verborum queso meorum,
-      Prospera quod statuat regna futura deus.
-
-                  � _Explicit._
-
-_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532.); _corrected by_ T. (Trentham MS.) _I give
-the rejected spellings of_ Th. (Thynne), _except where they are corrected
-by the_ MS.
-
-1. T. worthi noble. 3. T. _om._ here. 4. _Both_ the. T. chose; Th. chosen.
-9. T. regalie; Th. regaly. 11. T. iustifie; Th. iustify. 12. T. ancestrie;
-Th. auncestry. 17. T. boun; Th. bounde. 20. T. wirche.
-
-26. T. Axe; Th. Aske. 27. T. reqwest; Th. request. (_Perhaps read_--Of no
-request the whiche is resonable.) 29. T. axinge; Th. askyng. 30. Th. _om._
-to. 31. T. ches; Th. chase. Th. _om._ the. 33. T. ches; Th. chase. 35. T.
-gat; Th. gate. T. pes; Th. peace. _So_ T.; Th. in-to his last. 36. T.
-histoire; Th. storie. 39. T. might; Th. myght. 41. _Both_ behight. T.
-beheste. 42. Th. _om._ he. _Both_ had. T. conqweste. 44. T. axinge. T.
-achieued; Th. atcheued. 45. _Both_ al. T. paiene; Th. paynem. 46. T.
-belieued. 47. T. grieued. 48. T. mihte; Th. might. 50. T. feith; Th.
-faithe. 53. T. mot; Th. must. 54. Th. _om._ as.
-
-56. T. leid; Th. layde. 57. T. viage: Th. voyage. 59. T. axe. 61. T. silve;
-Th. selfe. 62, 63. T. pes; Th. peace. 70. T. Betre; Th. Better. 71. _Both_
-peace. T. euery man; Th. eueriche. T. alyue. 74. Th. lande; T. world. 76.
-T. cesse; Th. cease. 77. T. encresse; Th. encrease. 78. T. chief; Th.
-chefe. 79, 81, 82. T. weie, aweie, seie. 83. _Both_ lefte.
-
-90. _Both_ al. 92. _Both_ the. 93. T. that; Th. what. 96. T. soght; Th.
-ysought. 97. _Both_ se. 98. T. conqueste. 101. T. bethenk. 102. _Both_
-gone. 103. _Both_ Her. 108. T. _om._ doth; Th. dothe. 110. _Both_ dothe. T.
-reules; Th. rules. 111. T. meschef; Th. myschefe. 113. T. bringth; Th.
-bringeth. 114. T. comon; Th. co_m_men. 121. T. to; Th. be.
-
-129. T. Lete; Th. Lette. 130. Th. crewel warryour. 132. Th. slough. 136. T.
-than; Th. that. 137. _Both_ se. 146. T. euene; Th. euyn. 147. T. heuene;
-Th. heuyn. 148. T. Ha. 153. Th. _om._ the. 155. Th. _om. 2nd_ of.
-
-160. T. reson; Th. reason. 162. T. thenke; Th. thynke. 165. T. the subiit;
-Th. be subiecte. 169. T. er. 173. T. aftirwards; Th. afterwarde. 174. T.
-let; Th. lette. 176. T. er. 177. Th. styghed. 183. T. paiens; Th. paynyms.
-185. Th. erre (!). 192. T. sen; Th. se. 194. Th. paynems. T. destruied.
-
-200. Th. that; T. which. 201. T. helas; T. sprad. 202. _I supply_ alday.
-203. Th. that; T. which. 209. T. do; Th. done. T. paien; Th. payne (_for_
-payen). 211. T. to wonder; Th. wonder. _For_ any _read_ a? 216. Th. _om._
-how. 217. T. euangile. 219. _Both_ made. Th. _om._ the. 222. Th. selfe; T.
-selue. 227. T. men; Th. people.
-
-231. Th. the (_for_ that). 232. Th. dewte; T. duete. 238. T. hem-selue; Th.
-him-selfe. 242. Th. must. 246. T. _om._ good. T. euene; Th. euyn. 248. T.
-heuene; Th. heuyn. 253. _Both_ thre. 254. Th. _om._ is. 256. _Both_ highe.
-260. T. sick; Th. sicke. 263. Th. helplesse; T. heliples.
-
-269. _Both_ Betwene. 274. T. enoignt. 276. _Both_ Beholde; se. 278. Th.
-deserved (!). 280. _Both_ lyfe. 281. T. Ector. 282. T. Machabeu. 283. T.
-Godefroi Arthus. 287. _Both_ made. 288. T. mai; Th. many (!). 289. T. man
-(_for_ king). 291. Th. is (_for_ ben). 292. T. _om._ up. 295. T. tenetz;
-Th. tennes. 296, 298. T. er (_for_ or).
-
-305. Th. is (_for_ it). Th. _om._ is. T. piereles; Th. peerles. 306. _Both_
-begete; _read_ be gete. 316. T. perfit. 318. T. plit. 321. Th. these (_for_
-the pees). Th. ben. 326. T. proprite. 329. _Both_ semblant. 330. T.
-Cassodre. _Both_ writinge. T. auctorized. 331. Th. _om._ ther.
-
-336. T. wei; Th. way. 337. _Both_ se. 342. T. crualte; Th. creweltie. 347.
-T. baptisme. 359. Th. England. 370. T. seintz; Th. sayntes. T. memoire; Th.
-memory. 371. T. loenge; Th. legende (!). T. gloire; Th. glory.
-
-378. Th. _om. 2nd_ of. _Both_ throne. 382. T. sese (_for_ cese); Th. se
-(!). T. er (_for_ or). T. meschiefe; Th. myschefe. 383. _Both_ Sette. 384.
-T. draugh. 385. T. Maintene; Th. Maynteyn. 399. Th. curua; T. torua.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-V. THOMAS HOCCLEVE.
-
-THE LETTER OF CUPID.
-
-LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUBDITIS SUIS AMATORIBUS.
-
-  Cupido, unto whos comaundement
-  The gentil kinrede of goddes on hy
-  And people infernal been obedient,
-  And mortel folk al serven besily,
-  The goddesse sone Cithera soothly,                      5
-  To alle tho that to our deitee
-  Ben sugets, hertly greting sende we!
-
-  In general, we wole that ye knowe
-  That ladies of honour and reverence,
-  And other gentil women, haven sowe                     10
-  Such seed of compleynt in our audience
-  Of men that doon hem outrage and offence,
-  That it our eres greveth for to here;
-  So pitous is th'effect of this matere.
-
-  Passing al londes, on the litel yle                    15
-  That cleped is Albion they most compleyne;
-  They seyn, that there is croppe and rote of gyle.
-  So conne tho men dissimulen and feyne
-  With stonding dropes in hir eyen tweyne,
-  When that hir hertes feleth no distresse,              20
-  To blinden women with hir doublenesse.
-
-  Hir wordes spoken ben so syghingly,
-  With so pitouse chere and contenaunce,
-  That every wight that meneth trewely
-  Demeth that they in herte have such grevaunce;         25
-  They seyn so importable is hir penaunce
-  That, but hir lady lust to shewe hem grace,
-  They right anoon +mot sterven in the place.
-
-  'A, lady myn!' they seyn, 'I yow ensure,
-  As doth me grace, and I shal ever be,                  30
-  Whyl that my lyf may lasten and endure,
-  To yow as humble and lowe in ech degree
-  As possible is, and kepe al thing secree
-  Right as your-selven liste that I do;
-  And elles moot myn herte breste a-two.'                35
-
-  Ful hard it is to knowe a mannes herte;
-  For outward may no man the trouthe deme;
-  When word out of his mouthe may noon asterte
-  But it by reson any wight shuld queme,
-  So is it seyd of herte, as hit wolde seme.             40
-  O feythful woman, ful of innocence,
-  Thou art deceyved by fals apparence!
-
-  By proces women, meved of pitee,
-  Wening that al thing were as thise men sey,
-  They graunte hem grace of hir benignitee               45
-  For that men shulde nat for hir sake dey;
-  And with good herte sette hem in the wey
-  Of blisful love--kepe it if they conne;
-  Thus other-whyle women beth y-wonne.
-
-  And whan this man the pot hath by the stele,           50
-  And fully is in his possessioun,
-  With that woman he kepeth not to dele,
-  After if he may fynden in the toun
-  Any woman, his blinde affeccioun
-  On to bestowe; evel mote he preve!                     55
-  A man, for al his othes, is hard to leve!
-
-  And, for that every fals man hath a make,
-  (As un-to every wight is light to knowe),
-  Whan this traitour this woman hath forsake,
-  He faste him spedeth un-to his felowe;                 60
-  Til he be there, his herte is on a lowe;
-  His fals deceyt ne may him not suffyse,
-  But of his treson telleth al the wyse.
-
-  Is this a fair avaunt? is this honour,
-  A man him-self accuse thus, and diffame?               65
-  Now is it good, confesse him a traitour,
-  And bringe a woman to a sclandrous name,
-  And telle how he her body hath do shame?
-  No worship may he thus to him conquere,
-  But greet esclaundre un-to him and here!               70
-
-  To here? Nay, yet was it no repreef;
-  For al for vertu was it that she wroughte;
-  But he that brewed hath al this mischeef,
-  That spak so faire, and falsly inward thoughte,
-  His be the sclaundre, as it by reson oughte,           75
-  And un-to her a thank perpetuel,
-  That in a nede helpe can so wel!
-
-  Althogh of men, through sleyght and sotiltee,
-  A sely, simple, and innocent woman
-  Betrayed is, no wonder, sith the citee                 80
-  Of Troye--as that the storie telle can--
-  Betrayed was, through the disceyt of man,
-  And set on fyre, and al doun over-throwe,
-  And finally destroyed, as men knowe.
-
-  Betrayen men not citees grete, and kinges?             85
-  What wight is that can shape remedye
-  Ageynes thise falsly purposed thinges?
-  Who can the craft such craftes to espye
-  But man, whos wit ay redy is t'aplye
-  To thing that souneth in-to hy falshede?               90
-  Women, beth ware of mennes sleight, I rede!
-
-  And furthermore han thise men in usage
-  That, where as they not lykly been to spede,
-  Suche as they been with a double visage
-  They procuren, for to pursewe hir nede;                95
-  He prayeth him in his cause to procede,
-  And largely guerdoneth he his travayle;
-  Smal witen wommen how men hem assayle!
-
-  Another wrecche un-to his felowe seyth:
-  'Thou fisshest faire! She that thee hath fyred        100
-  Is fals and inconstaunt, and hath no feyth.
-  She for the rode of folke is so desyred
-  And, as an hors, fro day to day is hyred
-  That, when thou twinnest fro hir companye,
-  Another comth, and blered is thyn eye!                105
-
-  'Now prikke on faste, and ryd thy journey
-  Whyl thou art there; for she, behind thy bak,
-  So liberal is, she wol no wight with-sey,
-  But smertly of another take a snak;
-  For thus thise wommen faren, al the pak!              110
-  Who-so hem trusteth, hanged mote he be!
-  Ay they desyren chaunge and noveltee!'
-
-  Wher-of procedeth this but of envye?
-  For he him-selve her ne winne may,
-  He speketh her repreef and vileinye,                  115
-  As mannes blabbing tonge is wont alway.
-  Thus dyvers men ful often make assay
-  For to distourben folk in sondry wyse,
-  For they may not acheven hir empryse.
-
-  Ful many a man eek wolde, for no good,                120
-  (That hath in love his tyme spent and used)
-  Men wiste, his lady his axing withstood,
-  And that he were of her pleynly refused,
-  Or wast and veyn were al that he had mused;
-  Wherfore he can no better remedye                     125
-  But on his lady shapeth him to lye:
-
-  'Every womman,' he seyth, 'is light to gete;
-  Can noon sey "nay," if she be wel y-soght.
-  Who-so may leyser han, with her to trete,
-  Of his purpos ne shal he faile noght,                 130
-  But he on madding be so depe y-broght
-  That he shende al with open hoomlinesse;
-  That loven wommen nat, as that I gesse!'
-
-  To sclaundre wommen thus, what may profyte
-  To gentils namely, that hem armen sholde,             135
-  And in defence of wommen hem delyte
-  As that the ordre of gentilesse wolde?
-  If that a man list gentil to be holde,
-  He moot flee al that ther-to is contrarie;
-  A sclaundring tonge is his grete adversarie.          140
-
-  A foul vice is of tonge to be light;
-  For who-so michel clappeth, gabbeth ofte.
-  The tonge of man so swift is and so wight
-  That, whan it is areysed up-on lofte,
-  Resoun it seweth so slowly and softe,                 145
-  That it him never over-take may:
-  Lord! so thise men ben trusty in assay!
-
-  Al-be-it that man fynde oo woman nyce,
-  Inconstant, rechelees, or variable,
-  Deynouse or proud, fulfilled of malyce,               150
-  Withouten feyth or love, and deceyvable,
-  Sly, queynt, and fals, in al unthrift coupable,
-  Wikked and feers, and ful of crueltee.
-  It foloweth nat that swiche al wommen be.
-
-  Whan that the high god aungels formed had,            155
-  Among hem alle whether ther were noon
-  That founden was malicious and bad?
-  Yis! al men woot that ther was many oon
-  That, for hir pryde, fil from heven anoon.
-  Shul men therfore alle aungels proude name?           160
-  Nay! he that that susteneth is to blame.
-
-  Of twelve apostels oon a traitour was;
-  The remenant yit gode were and trewe.
-  Than, if it happe men fynde, per cas,
-  Oo womman fals, swich good is for t'eschewe,          165
-  And deme nat that they ben alle untrewe.
-  I see wel mennes owne falsenesse
-  Hem causeth wommen for to trusten lesse.
-
-  O! every man oghte have an herte tendre
-  Unto womman, and deme her honurable,                  170
-  Whether his shap be outher thikke or slendre,
-  Or be he bad or good; this is no fable.
-  Every man woot, that wit hath resonable,
-  That of a womman he descended is:
-  Than is it shame, of her to speke amis.               175
-
-  A wikked tree good fruit may noon forth bring,
-  For swich the fruit is, as that is the tree.
-  Tak hede of whom thou took thy biginning;
-  Lat thy moder be mirour unto thee.
-  Honoure her, if thou wolt honoured be!                180
-  Dispyse thou her nat, in no manere,
-  Lest that ther-by thy wikkednesse appere!
-
-  An old proverbe seyd is in English:
-  Men seyn, 'that brid or foul is dishonest,
-  What that he be, and holden ful churlish,             185
-  That useth to defoule his owne nest.'
-  Men, to sey wel of wommen it is best,
-  And nat for to despyse hem ne deprave,
-  If that they wole hir honour kepe and save.
-
-  Thise ladies eek compleynen hem on clerkes            190
-  That they han maad bokes of hir diffame,
-  In which they lakken wommen and hir werkes
-  And speken of hem greet repreef and shame,
-  And causelees yive hem a wikked name.
-  Thus they despysed been on every syde,                195
-  And sclaundred, and bilowen on ful wyde.
-
-  The sory bokes maken mencioun
-  How they betrayden, in especial,
-  Adam, David, Sampsoun, and Salamoun,
-  And many oon mo; who may rehersen al                  200
-  The treson that they have doon, and shal?
-  The world hir malice may not comprehende;
-  As that thise clerkes seyn, it hath non ende.
-
-  Ovyde, in his boke called 'Remedye
-  Of Love,' greet repreef of wommen wryteth;            205
-  Wherin, I trowe, he dide greet folye,
-  And every wight that in such cas delyteth.
-  A clerkes custom is, whan he endyteth
-  Of wommen, be it prose, or ryme, or vers,
-  Sey they ben wikke, al knowe he the revers.           210
-
-  And that book scolers lerne in hir childhede,
-  For they of wommen be war sholde in age,
-  And for to love hem ever been in drede,
-  Sin to deceyve is set al hir corage.
-  They seyn, peril to caste is avantage,                215
-  And namely, suche as men han in be wrapped;
-  For many a man by woman hath mishapped.
-
-  No charge is, what-so that thise clerkes seyn;
-  Of al hir wrong wryting I do no cure;
-  Al hir travayle and labour is in veyn.                220
-  For, betwex me and my lady Nature,
-  Shal nat be suffred, whyl the world may dure,
-  Thise clerkes, by hir cruel tyrannye,
-  Thus upon wommen kythen hir maistrye.
-
-  Whylom ful many of hem were in my cheyne              225
-  Y-tyed, and now, what for unweldy age
-  And for unlust, may not to love atteyne,
-  And seyn, that love is but verray dotage.
-  Thus, for that they hem-self lakken corage,
-  They folk excyten, by hir wikked sawes,               230
-  For to rebelle agayn me and my lawes.
-
-  But, maugre hem that blamen wommen most,
-  Suche is the force of myn impressioun,
-  That sodeinly I felle can hir bost
-  And al hir wrong imaginacioun.                        235
-  It shal not been in hir eleccioun
-  The foulest slutte of al a toun refuse,
-  If that me list, for al that they can muse;
-
-  But her in herte as brenningly desyre
-  As thogh she were a duchesse or a quene;              240
-  So can I folkes hertes sette on fyre,
-  And (as me list) hem sende joye or tene.
-  They that to wommen been y-whet so kene
-  My sharpe persing strokes, how they smyte,
-  Shul fele and knowe; and how they kerve and byte.     245
-
-  Perdee, this grete clerk, this sotil Ovyde
-  And many another han deceyved be
-  Of wommen, as it knowen is ful wyde;
-  Wot no man more; and that is greet deyntee,
-  So excellent a clerk as that was he,                  250
-  And other mo that coude so wel preche
-  Betrapped were, for aught they coude teche.
-
-  And trusteth wel, that it is no mervayle;
-  For wommen knewen pleynly hir entente.
-  They wiste how sotilly they coude assayle             255
-  Hem, and what falshood they in herte mente;
-  And thise clerkes they in hir daunger hente.
-  With oo venym another was distroyed;
-  And thus thise clerkes often were anoyed.
-
-  Thise ladies ne thise gentils, nevertheles,           260
-  Were noon of tho that wroughten in this wyse;
-  But swiche filthes as were vertules
-  They quitten thus thise olde clerkes wyse.
-  To clerkes forthy lesse may suffyse
-  Than to deprave wommen generally;                     265
-  For worship shul they gete noon therby.
-
-  If that thise men, that lovers hem pretende,
-  To wommen weren feythful, gode, and trewe,
-  And dredde hem to deceyven or offende,
-  Wommen to love hem wolde nat eschewe.                 270
-  But every day hath man an herte newe;
-  It upon oon abyde can no whyle.
-  What fors is it, swich a wight to begyle?
-
-  Men beren eek thise wommen upon honde
-  That lightly, and withouten any peyne,                275
-  They wonne been; they can no wight withstonde
-  That his disese list to hem compleyne.
-  They been so freel, they mowe hem nat refreyne;
-  But who-so lyketh may hem lightly have;
-  So been hir hertes esy in to grave.                   280
-
-  To maister Iohn de Meun, as I suppose,
-  Than it was a lewd occupacioun
-  In making of the Romance of the Rose;
-  So many a sly imaginacioun
-  And perils for to rollen up and doun,                 285
-  So long proces, so many a sly cautele
-  For to deceyve a sely damosele!
-
-  Nat can I seen, ne my wit comprehende
-  That art and peyne and sotiltee sholde fayle
-  For to conquere, and sone make an ende,               290
-  Whan man a feble place shal assayle;
-  And sone also to venquisshe a batayle
-  Of which no wight dar maken resistence,
-  Ne herte hath noon to stonden at defence.
-
-  Than moot it folwen of necessitee,                    295
-  Sin art asketh so greet engyn and peyne
-  A womman to disceyve, what she be,
-  Of constaunce they been not so bareyne
-  As that somme of thise sotil clerkes feyne;
-  But they ben as that wommen oghten be,                300
-  Sad, constant, and fulfilled of pitee.
-
-  How frendly was Medea to Jasoun
-  In the conquering of the flees of gold!
-  How falsly quitte he her affeccioun
-  By whom victorie he gat, as he hath wold!             305
-  How may this man, for shame, be so bold
-  To falsen her, that from his dethe and shame
-  Him kepte, and gat him so gret prys and name?
-
-  Of Troye also the traitour Eneas,
-  The feythles wrecche, how hath he him forswore        310
-  To Dido, that queen of Cartage was,
-  That him releved of his smertes sore!
-  What gentilesse might she han doon more
-  Than she with herte unfeyned to him kidde?
-  And what mischeef to her ther-of betidde!             315
-
-  In my Legende of Martres men may fynde
-  (Who-so that lyketh therin for to rede)
-  That ooth noon ne behest may no man bynde;
-  Of reprevable shame han they no drede.
-  In mannes herte trouthe hath no stede;                320
-  The soil is noght, ther may no trouthe growe!
-  To womman namely it is nat unknowe.
-
-  Clerkes seyn also: 'ther is no malyce
-  Unto wommannes crabbed wikkednesse!'
-  O woman! How shalt thou thy-self chevyce,             325
-  Sin men of thee so muchel harm witnesse?
-  No fors! Do forth! Take no hevinesse!
-  Kepe thyn owne, what men clappe or crake;
-  And somme of hem shul smerte, I undertake!
-
-  Malyce of wommen, what is it to drede?                330
-  They slee no men, distroyen no citees;
-  They not oppressen folk ne overlede,
-  Betraye empyres, remes, ne duchees,
-  Ne men bereve hir landes ne hir mees,
-  Empoyson folk, ne houses sette on fyre,               335
-  Ne false contractes maken for non hyre!
-
-  Trust, perfit love, and entere charitee,
-  Fervent wil, and entalented corage
-  To thewes gode, as it sit wel to be,
-  Han wommen ay, of custome and usage;                  340
-  And wel they can a mannes ire aswage
-  With softe wordes discreet and benigne;
-  What they be inward, sheweth outward signe.
-
-  Wommannes herte un-to no crueltee
-  Enclyned is, but they ben charitable,                 345
-  Pitous, devout, fulle of humilitee,
-  Shamfaste, debonaire, and amiable,
-  Dredful, and of hir wordes mesurable:
-  What womman thise hath not, peraventure,
-  Ne folweth nat the wey of her nature.                 350
-
-  Men seyn: 'our firste moder, natheles,
-  Made al man-kynde lese his libertee,
-  And naked it of joye, douteles;
-  For goddes hestes disobeyed she,
-  Whan she presumed tasten of a tree,                   355
-  Which god forbad that she nat ete of sholde;
-  And, nad the devel been, namore she wolde.'
-
-  Th' envyous swelling that the feend, our fo,
-  Had unto man in herte, for his welthe,
-  Sente a serpent, and made her for to go               360
-  To disceyve Eve; and thus was mannes helthe
-  Beraft him by the fende, right in a stelthe,
-  The womman noght knowing of the deceyt;
-  God wot, ful fer was it from her conceyt.
-
-  Wherfore I sey, this gode womman Eve                  365
-  Our fader Adam ne deceyved noght.
-  Ther may no man for a deceyt it preve
-  Proprely, but-if that she, in her thoght,
-  Had it compassed first, er it was wroght;
-  And, for swich was nat her impressioun,               370
-  Men calle it may no deceyt, by resoun.
-
-  No wight deceyveth but he it purpose;
-  The feend this deceyt caste, and nothing she.
-  Than is it wrong to demen or suppose
-  That she sholde of this harm the cause be.            375
-  Wyteth the feend, and his be the maugree;
-  And for excused have her innocence,
-  Sauf only that she brak obedience.
-
-  And touching this, ful fewe men ther been,
-  Unnethes any, dar I saufly seye--                     380
-  Fro day to day, as that men mow wel seen,
-  But that the hest of god they disobeye.
-  Have this in mynde, sires, I yow preye;
-  If that ye be discreet and resonable,
-  Ye wol her holde the more excusable.                  385
-
-  And wher men seyn, 'in man is stedfastnesse,
-  And woman is of her corage unstable,'
-  Who may of Adam bere swich witnesse?
-  Telleth me this:--was he nat chaungeable?
-  They bothe weren in a caas semblable,                 390
-  Sauf willingly the feend deceyved Eve,
-  And so did she nat Adam, by your leve.
-
-  Yet was this sinne happy to mankynde,
-  The feend deceyved was, for al his sleight;
-  For aught he coude him in his sleightes wynde,        395
-  God, to discharge mankynde of the weight
-  Of his trespas, cam doun from hevenes height,
-  And flesh and blood he took of a virgyne,
-  And suffred deeth, him to deliver of pyne.
-
-  And god, to whom ther may nothing hid be,             400
-  If he in woman knowe had such malyce
-  As men of hem recorde in generaltee,
-  Of our lady, of lyf reparatryce,
-  Nolde han be born; but, for that she of vyce
-  Was voyde, and of al vertu (wel he wiste)             405
-  Endowed, of her to be bore him liste.
-
-  Her heped vertu hath swich excellence
-  That al to lene is mannes facultee
-  To declare it, and therfor in suspence
-  Her due preysing put mot nedes be.                    410
-  But this we witen verrayly, that she,
-  Next god, the best frend is that to man longeth;
-  The key of mercy by her girdil hongeth.
-
-  And of mercy hath every man swich nede
-  That, cessing that, farwel the joye of man!           415
-  Of her power now taketh right good hede;
-  She mercy may, wol, and purchace can.
-  Displese her nat, honoureth that womman,
-  And other wommen alle, for her sake!
-  And, but ye do, your sorowe shal awake.               420
-
-  Thou precious gemme, O martir Margarete,
-  Of thy blood draddest noon effusioun!
-  Thy martirdom ne may I nat foryete;
-  Thou, constant womman in thy passioun,
-  Overcoom the feendes temptacioun;                     425
-  And many a wight converted thy doctryne
-  Unto the feith of god, holy virgyne!
-
-  But understondeth, I commende hir noght
-  By enchesoun of hir virginitee;
-  Trusteth right wel, it cam not in my thoght;          430
-  For ever I werrey ayein chastitee,
-  And ever shal; but this, lo! meveth me,
-  Her loving herte and constant to her lay
-  Dryve out of remembraunce I ne may.
-
-  In any boke also wher can ye fynde,                   435
-  That of the werkes or the dethe or lyf
-  Of Jesu speketh, or maketh any mynde,
-  That womman him forsook, for wo or stryf?
-  Wher was ther any wight so ententyf
-  Abouten him as wommen? Pardee, noon!                  440
-  Th'apostels him forsoken, everichoon.
-
-  Womman forsook him noght; for al the feyth
-  Of holy chirche in womman lefte only.
-  This is no lees, for holy writ thus seyth;
-  Loke, and ye shal so fynde it, hardely.               445
-  And therfore it may preved be therby,
-  That in womman regneth stable constaunce
-  And in men is the chaunge and variaunce!
-
-  Now holdeth this for ferme and for no lye,
-  That this trewe and just commendacioun                450
-  Of wommen is nat told for flaterye,
-  Ne to cause hem pryde or elacioun,
-  But only, lo! for this entencioun,
-  To yeve hem corage of perseveraunce
-  In vertu, and hir honour to enhaunce.                 455
-
-  The more vertu, the lasse is the pryde;
-  Vertu so digne is, and so noble in kynde
-  That vyce and she wol not in-fere abyde.
-  She putteth vyce clene out of her mynde,
-  She fleeth from him, she leveth him behynde.          460
-  O womman, that of vertu art hostesse,
-  Greet is thyn honour and thy worthinesse!
-
-  Than wol we thus concluden and diffyne:
-  We yow comaunde, our ministres, echoon
-  That redy been to our hestes enclyne,                 465
-  That of thise false men, our rebel foon,
-  Ye do punisshement, and that anoon!
-  Voide hem our court and banish hem for ever
-  So that ther-inne they ne come never.
-
-  Fulfilled be it, cessing al delay;                    470
-  Look that ther be non excusacioun.
-  Writen in th'ayr, the lusty month of May,
-  In our paleys (wher many a millioun
-  Of loveres trewe han habitacioun)
-  The yere of grace joyful and jocounde                 475
-  A thousand and foure hundred and secounde.
-
-EXPLICIT LITERA CUPIDINIS, DEI AMORIS, DIRECTA SUIS SUBDITIS AMATORIBUS.
-
-From F (Fairfax); various readings from B (Bodley 638); T (Tanner 346); S
-(Arch. Selden B. 24); A (Ashburnham MS.); Tr. (Trin. Coll. Cam. R. 3. 20).
-_Also in_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532); D (Digby 181); Ff (Camb. Univ. Library,
-Ff. 1. 6); _and in the_ Bannatyne MS. 2. F. goddis an. 3. F. pepill. F.
-ben. 4. A. folk; F. folke. F. besely; A. bisyly. 5. F. Th. Of the; S. _om._
-Of. S. Cithera; F. Sythera. S. sothly; F. oonly. 6. A. Tr. alle; F. al. 7.
-F. sugetes. 8. A. wole; F. wol. 10. F. wymen. A. han I-sowe. 11. F. Suche.
-12. A. doon; F. do. 13. F. oure. 14. F. pitouse; effecte. 15. A. And
-passyng_e_ alle londes on this yle. 17. A. seyn; F. seye. 18. A.
-dissimulen; F. dyssimule. 19. A. Tr. S. Th. in; F. on. F. her.
-
-20. A. herte. 20-22. F. her. 23. A. And with so pitous. S. Tr. pitouse a.
-24. A. trewely; F. truly. 25. F. hert. A. han swich. 26. A. seyn; F. sey.
-F. her. 27. F. her. Tr. list. F. schew. 28. F. anoone. F. _om._ mot; S. Tr.
-most; Th. must (_but read_ mot); cf. l. 35. 29. A. seyn; F. sey. F. yowe;
-Th. you. 31. F. While. F. lyfe. A. lasten; F. last. 33. F. Th. thing as;
-A.S. _om._ as. 34. F. youre. F. self; S. seluen. Th. lyste; F. lyst; A.
-lykith. 35. A. moot myn herte; F. myn hert mote. A. breste; F. brest. 36.
-F. herd. Th. knowe a mannes; F. know a manys. A. herte; F. hert. 37. F.
-outwarde. 38. S. word; F. worde. F. non astert. 39. _So_ S. Tr.; A. sholde
-any wight by reson; F. Th. by reson semed euery wight to queme. 40. F.
-seyde; Th. sayd. F. hert; Th. herte. 41. F. _om._ of. 42. F. arte. F. be;
-Th. by. 43. F. processe. A. Tr. S. wom_m_en meeued of; F. moveth oft woman.
-44. S. that; _rest om._ 46. F. her. 47. F. hert set. 48. F. blesful. A.S.
-they; F. ye. 49. F. And thus; A.S. Tr. _om._ And.
-
-50. A.S. pot; Th. pan; F. penne. 52. A. he keepith; F. kepeth he. S. not;
-A. nat; F. no more. 53. A. fynden; F. fynde. F. tovne. 55. A. On to; F.
-Vnto. 56. A. hard; F. herde. A.S. leue; F. beleue. 59. Th. traytour; F.
-traytoure. 60. A. faste him speedith; F. fast spedeth him. 61. Th. herte;
-F. hert. 62. A.S. Tr. ne; F. _om._ 64. F. faire avaunte. 65. F. silfe. 66.
-S. A. Tr. Now; F. _om._ S. A. him; F. Th. himselfe. A.S. a; F. _om._ 67.
-A.S. a (2); F. _om._ 68. F. tel; hir; hathe. 69. F. worshippe. 70. A.
-greet; F. grete. S. a sclander; T. Th. disclaunder. 71. F. hir; reprefe.
-72. A. Tr. it; _rest om._ F. wroght. 73. F. myschefe. 74. F. spake; thoght.
-75. F. be; Th. by. F. oght. 76. S. a thank; Tr. hye thank; F. thank. 77. D.
-Th. A. nede; F. rede. 78. Th. through; F. thorgh.
-
-81. A. that; _rest om._ F. tel. 82. Th. through; F. thorgh. 83. A.S. Tr.
-Th. al; F. _om._ F. dovne. 84. F. fynaly. 85. A. Tr. Betrayen; B. S. T.
-Betray; F. Betraied. 86. F. is yt that; S. A. Tr. _om._ yt. 87. A. Ageynes;
-F. Ayens. F. falsely. 88. F. crafte suche. 89. F. wytte; A. Tr. wil. A. Tr.
-ay reedy is; S. redy ay is; F. is euer redy. A. tapplie; Th. taply; F. to
-aplye. 90. A. hy; S. Tr. hie; F. _om._ 93. T. A. Tr. as; F. _om._ F. ben.
-94. B. A. Tr. Th. they; F. _om._ 95. Th. pursewe; F. pursw. 98. A. Smal
-witen; F. Lytell wote; Tr. Litel knowe. 99. F. wrechch; Th. wretche. 101.
-F. inconstant; feythe. 105. F. cometh. 106. F. fast (_read_ faste). F. ride
-(_read_ ryd). 107. F. While. Th. behynd; F. behinde. F. bake. 109. A. snak;
-F. snake; Th. smacke. 110. F. thes; pake. 111. Th. mote; F. mot.
-
-114. F. selfe hyr. 115. F. hir reprefe; vileyny. 116. F. tong. 118. F.
-folke. 120. F. eke. 124. F. wer. A. D. Th. had; F. hath. 126. F. shapith.
-129. F. han leyser; D. T. Th. leisur haue; A. Tr. leiser han. 130. F.
-purpose. 131. Th. madnesse. 132. F. homelynesse. 133. F. wy_m_men. 134. F.
-sclaunder women. 135. F. Too. 139. A. Al moot he flee. 140. Th. tonge; F.
-tong. 141. F. foule. A. vice; Th. vyce; F. thing. 143. A. Tr. Th. S. man;
-F. men.
-
-147. Th. ben; Tr. been; F. beth. A. at (_for_ in). A. Th. assay; F. asay.
-148. F. hyt. F. o; Th. one. 149. F. varriable. 150. S. and (_for_ or). S.
-proud; F. proude. 152. F. vnthrift; Th. vntrust. 154. F. swich; D. Th.
-suche. 155. D. god the hie. 156. A. all_e_; F. al. A. whether; F. wheither.
-A. was (_for_ were). 160. F. al. 161. F. _om. 2nd_ that. 163. Tr. goode; F.
-good. 164. F. caas. 165. Th. good is; F. is good. 166. F. al. 167. Th. owne
-falsenesse; F. oone falsnesse. 169. F. oght. 171. F. wheither. 172. F.
-badde. 173. F. witte. 175. F. hir.
-
-176. F. tre gode frute. 177. F. swiche; A. swich. 178. F. Take. 179. F.
-Merour; Th. myrrour. 180. F. Honure; honured. 181. A. nat hir. 183. F.
-seyde; Th. sayd. 184. F. foule. 185. F. chirlyssh; Th. churlysshe. 187. F.
-wymen; Th. women. 188. D. B. T. A. Tr. for to despyse; F. to displesen.
-189. F. wol. 191. F. made. 192. A. they lakken; Th. they dispyse; F.
-dispisen they. Th. women and her; F. wo_m_mans; A. wo_m_menes. 193. F.
-grete reprefe. 194. F. yiven; D. yeve; Th. yeue. 195. F. ben. 198. Th. D.
-especial; F. special. 203. F. theys; noon. 205. F. grete reprefe. 206. F.
-grete. 207. F. case.
-
-208. F. custome. 209. F. women. D. B. A. Th. _om. 1st_ or. 210. F. Seye;
-Th. Say. 211. F. boke. 212. F. women. 213. F. louen; S. D. Tr. Th. loue.
-215. A. They (_glossed_ s. libri). F. perylle; Th. p_er_el. F. cast. 216.
-F. B. wrappes (!) 217. D. S. Th. women. F. B. myshappes (!) 218. S. Th. is;
-F. _om._ A. that; _rest om._ 222. A.S. T. nat; D. Th. not; F. noon. F.
-while. 223. F. tyranie. 224. F. wy_m_men. 225. D. Th. many; F. mony. F.
-wer. 226. Th. Tyed; A. Tyd. 228. F. werray; S. veray; D. verry; Th. very.
-229. F. selfe; D. silf. 230. F. folke. 232. F. mawgre; Th. maugre. 233. F.
-_om._ the. 234. F. sodenly; Th. sodainly. 236. F. ben; Th. be. F.
-ellecciou_n_. 237. F. tovne; A. town.
-
-239. Th. her; F. hir. Th. herte; F. hert. F. brenyngly. 241. F. hertys set.
-242. F. Ioy. 243. F. ben. 244. Th. sharpe; F. sharp. 248. F. women. 249. S.
-Wote; A. Wat; F. Th. What (!). F. grete; Th. great. 252. F. aght; Th.
-aught. 253. Th. it; F. ys (!) F. mervaylle; Th. meruayle. 254. F. women
-knywen; entent. 255. F. sotyly. 256. F. falshode; Th. falsheed. F. hert
-ment; Th. herte mente. 257. F. this clerkys. F. hent; Th. hente. 261. F.
-wroghten; Th. wrought. F. wysse; Th. wyse. 262. S. fillok_es_ (_for_
-filthes). F. weren; Th. were. 263. F. wisse; Th. wyse. 263, 264. F.
-clerkis. 264. A. Th. To; F. D. The (!). 266. F. worshippe; Th. worshyp.
-268. F. women. F. good. 269. F. dreden; Th. dredde.
-
-270. F. Women. 271. F. hert. 273. A. swich oon for to. 274. F. eke this
-women. 276. F. ben. 280. F. ben; hertys; craue (!). 281. F. I (!); _for_
-To. Th. Moone. 282. F. lewde. 286. F. longe processe. F. slye; Th. slygh.
-287. F. damesele; Th. damosel. 288. F. wytte. 289. F. peyn; Th. payne. T.
-Th. schulde; F. holde (!). 291. F. assaylle; Th. assayle. 292. F. bataylle;
-Th. batayle. 293. F. whiche. 294. F. hert; Th. herte. 295. F. yt moot
-folowen; A. moot it folwen. 296. F. grete. 297. F. dysceve. 298. F.
-constance; ben. 299. F. clerkys. 301. F. pite.
-
-302. F. frendely; Th. frendly. 303. F. flee (!); golde. 304. F. quyt; hir.
-305. F. gate; wolde. 306. F. bolde. 307. F. hir. 308. F. kept; grete. 310.
-F. wrechch; Th. wretche; A. man. 314. F. That (_for_ Than). F. hert; Th.
-herte. 315. F. mischefe; hir. 316. Th. natures (_for_ Martres). 318. F.
-oothe in no; A. ooth noon ne; S. T. Th. othe ne. 320. A. Th. herte; F.
-hert. A. In herte of man conceites trewe arn dede. 324. A. wommannes; Th.
-D. womans; F. a womans. Th. wicked crabbydnesse. 326. F. the; harme. 327.
-F. No fors; A. Yee strab (_or_ scrab). Th. Beth ware women of her
-fykelnesse. F. take; S. and take. 329. F. smert; Th. smerte. 331. F. sle.
-332. F. folke.
-
-335. F. Empoysone folkys; set. 337. F. perfyte. 338. D. B. Th. A.
-entalented; F. entenlented. 339. F. Be; Th. Al; _rest_ To. F. sytt. 340. F.
-women. 342. A. softe; F. Th. soft. 343. F. outwarde. 344. A. Wommannes; F.
-Th. Womans. 346. F. Pitouse devoute ful. 348. F. _om._ and. 350. F. hir.
-351. F. oure; Th. our. A. firste; F. Th. first. 353. F. Ioy; Th. ioye. 356.
-A. nat; F. ne. 357. F. nade; Th. ne had; A. nad. F. she ne wolde. 358. F.
-The enviouse; Tr. Thenvyous. F. suellyng. F. fend. 359. Th. herte; F. D.
-hert. 359. F. Sent; hir. 361. F. deceyve; Th. disceyue. 363. F. woman. 364.
-F. Gode wote; hir.
-
-365. F. good; Tr. goode. F. woman. 369. F. er; A. Th. or. 370. F. hir. 373.
-F. cast. 374. F. wronge. 375. F. harme. A. of th_a_t gilt. 376. F. fende;
-mawgre. 377. F. hir. 378. F. oonly. F. breeke; D. Th. brake. 379. F. that;
-Th. this. F. ben. 381. A. D. mowe; T. mow; Th. may; F. now. 385. A. Th.
-holde; F. hold. 386. F. Th. where; B. whan. 388. F. swiche. 391. A. F.
-feende; Tr. worme. 392. F. dide; Th. dyd. 394. F. feende. 395. F. sleythes;
-Th. sleyghtes; A. sleightes.
-
-397. F. trespase; Th. trespace. F. the hevenes; A. Tr. S. Th. _om._ the.
-398. F. tooke. 401. F. suche. 403. F. Yf (_for_ Of). F. lyfe. 405. F.
-woyde; Th. voyde. 406. F. hir. 408. F. leene; Th. leane; S. low; A. weyke.
-410. Th. dewe. F. moot. 411. A. we witen; _rest_ I sey. F. verraly. 412. F.
-men (_for_ man). 413. F. mercye; hir girdille. 414. F. mercye. 415. F.
-farewel; Ioy. 417. F. mercye. 418. F. honureth; Th. honoureth. 419. A. Tr.
-alle; F. al. 423. F. martirdome. Th. Thou louer trewe. thou mayden
-mansuete. 425. F. feendis. 427. _From_ A; F. B. _omit_ (!).
-
-430. A. nat; Tr. not; _rest_ neuer. 431. F. _om._ I. 433. F. hert; hir.
-434. F. of my; Th. _om._ my. 435-448. _Precedes_ 421-434 _in_ Th. 435. F.
-where. 436. F. werkis; lyfe. 438. F. wommen (_read_ womman, _as in_ l.
-442). F. stryfe. 439. F. ententyfe. 441. _So_ Th.; F. B. forsoken hym. 442.
-F. forsooke. 443. F. left oonly. 444. Tr. holy wryt thus; F. thus holy
-wryt. 445. F. Lok. 446. _So_ A.; F. B. I may wel preve herby. 447, 448. F.
-constance, variance. 450. F. trew; Th. trewe. 451. A. is nat told for; F.
-tolde I nat for; Th. tel I for no. 453. F. oonly loo. 455. F. honure; Th.
-honour. Th. auaunce. 458. A.S. she; _rest_ he.
-
-459, 460. A.S. She; _rest_ He. S. hir; F. hi (!); _rest_ his. 461. F.
-wertu. 462. F. Gret; honor. 464. F. oure; echon. 465. F. oure. 466. F. D.
-_om._ false. F. reble; Th. rebel. 469. A. ynne; F. in. F. more neuer; A.
-_om._ more. 471. S. Tr. that; _rest om._ 472. F. the ayer; A. their; Tr.
-theyre. F. moneth. 473. F. oure; where; milion. 474. F. louers trwe. 475.
-F. Iocunde.
-
-COLOPHON. D. T. amatoribus; F. _om._ B. _has_--The lettre of Cupide, god of
-love, directed to his suggestys louers.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-VI. TO THE KINGES MOST NOBLE GRACE; AND TO THE LORDES AND KNIGHTES OF THE
-GARTER.
-
-CESTES BALADES ENSUYANTES FEURENT FAITES AU TRES NOBLE ROY HENRY LE QUINT
-(QUE DIEU PARDOINT!) ET AU TRES HONOURABLE CONPAIGNIE DU JARTER.
-
-                  I.
-
-  To you, welle of honour and worthinesse,
-  Our Cristen king, the heir and successour
-  Un-to Justinians devout tendrenesse
-  In the feith of Jesu, our redemptour;
-  And to you, lordes of the Garter, 'flour                5
-  Of chevalrye,' as men you clepe and calle;
-  The lord of vertu and of grace auctour
-  Graunte the fruit of your loos never appalle!
-
-  O lige lord, that han eek the lyknesse
-  Of Constantyn, th'ensaumple and the mirour             10
-  To princes alle, in love and buxumnesse
-  To holy chirche, O verray sustenour
-  And piler of our feith, and werreyour
-  Ageyn the heresyes bitter galle,
-  Do forth, do forth, continue your socour!              15
-  Hold up Cristes baner; lat it nat falle!
-
-  This yle, or this, had been but hethenesse,
-  Nad been of your feith the force and vigour!
-  And yit, this day, the feendes fikilnesse
-  Weneth fully to cacche a tyme and hour                 20
-  To have on us, your liges, a sharp shour,
-  And to his servitude us knitte and thralle.
-  But ay we truste in you, our protectour;
-  On your constaunce we awayten alle.
-
-  Commandeth that no wight have hardinesse,              25
-  O worthy king, our Cristen emperour,
-  Of the feith to despute more or lesse
-  Openly among people, wher errour
-  Springeth al day and engendreth rumour.
-  Maketh swich lawe, and for aught may befalle,          30
-  Observe it wel; ther-to be ye dettour.
-  Doth so, and god in glorie shal you stalle.
-
-                  II.
-
-  Ye lordes eek, shyninge in noble fame,
-  To whiche appropred is the maintenaunce
-  Of Cristes cause; in honour of his name                35
-  Shove on, and putte his foos to the outrance!
-  God wolde so; so wolde eek your ligeaunce;
-  To tho two prikketh you your duetee.
-  Who-so nat kepeth this double observaunce
-  Of merit and honour naked is he!                       40
-
-  Your style seith that ye ben foos to shame;
-  Now kythe of your feith the perseveraunce,
-  In which an heep of us arn halte and lame.
-  Our Cristen king of England and of Fraunce,
-  And ye, my lordes, with your alliaunce,                45
-  And other feithful people that ther be
-  (Truste I to god) shul quenche al this nuisaunce
-  And this land sette in hy prosperitee.
-
-  Conquest of hy prowesse is for to tame
-  The wilde woodnesse of this mescreaunce;               50
-  Right to the rote repe ye that same!
-  Slepe nat this, but, for goddes plesaunce
-  And his modres, and in signifiaunce
-  That ye ben of seint Georges liveree,
-  Doth him servyce and knightly obeisaunce;              55
-  For Cristes cause is his, wel knowen ye!
-
-  Stif stande in that, and ye shul greve and grame
-  The fo to pees, the norice of distaunce;
-  That now is ernest, torne it into game;
-  Dampnable fro feith were variaunce!                    60
-  Lord lige, and lordes, have in remembraunce,
-  Lord of al is the blessed Trinitee,
-  Of whos vertu the mighty habundaunce
-  You herte and strengthe in feithful unitee! Amen.
-
-              _Cest tout._
-
-_From_ P. (Phillipps 8151); _also in_ Ed. (ed. 1542). 1. Ed. honour; P.
-honur. 2. P. Our right cristen; Ed. _om._ right. Ed. the heire; P. _om._
-the. 6. P. ch_iua_lrie; Ed. cheualry. 8. P. nat; Ed. neuer. 10. Ed. _om._
-the. 11. P. loue and; Ed. humble. 14. P. bittir; Ed. bytter. 15. P. foorth;
-Ed. forthe (_twice_). 16. P. Ed. Holde.
-
-19. P. fikilnesse; Ed. crabbydnesse. 20. P. Weeneth; Ed. Weneth. 22. P.
-seruiture; Ed. seruytude. 25. P. Commandith; Ed. Co_m_maundeth. 26. Ed. O;
-P. Our. Ed. our; P. and. 27. Ed. dispute. 28. P. where; Ed. Her. 29. P.
-Spryngith; engendrith. 30. P. Makith. P. aght; Ed. ought. 31. P. been; Ed.
-be. 32. P. Dooth. 33. P. Yee. 34. P. approped (!). 38. Ed. duite. 39. P.
-keepith; Ed. kepeth. 40. P. nakid; Ed. naked. 41. Ed. _om._ that. P. yee
-been. 43. P. arn; Ed. be. 44. P. Engeland and; Ed. England and of. 45. P.
-yee. 46. P. othir. 47. P. qwenche. P. nusance; Ed. noysaunce (_read_
-nuisance).
-
-49. P. Conqueste; Ed. Conquest. 50. Ed. myscreaunce. 51. P. roote rype; Ed.
-rote repe. P. yee. 52. P. Sleepe; Ed. Slepe. 54. P. yee been. 55. P. Dooth.
-56, 57. P. yee. 57. P. shuln; Ed. shal. P. greeue. 58. Ed. the; P. and. 59.
-Ed. tourne. 60. Ed. Nowe kythe of your beleue the constaunce. 62. P.
-blissid; Ed. blysfull.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-VII. A MORAL BALADE.
-
-BY HENRY SCOGAN, SQUYER.
-
-    HERE FOLOWETH NEXT A MORAL BALADE, TO MY LORD THE PRINCE, TO MY LORD OF
-    CLARENCE, TO MY LORD OF BEDFORD, AND TO MY LORD OF GLOUCESTRE, BY HENRY
-    SCOGAN; AT A SOUPER OF FEORTHE MERCHANDE IN THE VYNTRE IN LONDON, AT
-    THE HOUS OF LOWYS JOHAN.
-
-  My noble sones, and eek my lordes dere,
-  I, your fader called, unworthily,
-  Sende un-to you this litel tretys here
-  Writen with myn owne hand full rudely;
-  Although it be that I not reverently                    5
-  Have writen to your estats, yet I you praye,
-  Myn unconning taketh benignely
-  For goddes sake, and herken what I seye.
-
-  I complayn sore, whan I remembre me
-  The sodeyn age that is upon me falle;                  10
-  More I complayn my mispent juvente
-  The whiche is impossible ayein to calle.
-  But certainly, the most complaynte of alle
-  Is for to thinke, that I have been so nyce
-  That I ne wolde no virtue to me calle                  15
-  In al my youthe, but vyces ay cheryce.
-
-  Of whiche I aske mercy of thee, lord,
-  That art almighty god in majeste,
-  Beseking thee, to make so even accord
-  Betwix thee and my soule, that vanite                  20
-  Of worldly lust, ne blynd prosperite
-  Have no lordship over my flesshe so frele.
-  Thou lord of reste and parfit unite,
-  Put fro me vyce, and keep my soules hele.
-
-  And yeve me might, whyl I have lyf and space,          25
-  Me to conforme fully to thy plesaunce;
-  Shewe upon me th'abundaunce of thy grace,
-  In gode werkes graunt me perseveraunce.
-  Of al my youthe forget the ignoraunce;
-  Yeve me good wil, to serve thee ay to queme;           30
-  Set al my lyf after thyn ordinaunce,
-  And able me to mercy, or thou deme!
-
-  My lordes dere, why I this complaint wryte
-  To you, alle whom I love entierly,
-  Is for to warne you, as I can endyte,                  35
-  That tyme y-lost in youthe folily
-  Greveth a wight goostly and bodily,
-  I mene hem that to lust and vyce entende.
-  Wherfore, I pray you, lordes, specially,
-  Your youthe in vertue shapeth to dispende.             40
-
-  Planteth the rote of youthe in suche a wyse
-  That in vertue your growing be alway;
-  Loke ay, goodnesse be in your exercyse,
-  That shal you mighty make, at eche assay,
-  The feend for to withstonde at eche affray.            45
-  Passeth wysly this perilous pilgrimage,
-  Thinke on this word, and werke it every day;
-  That shal you yeve a parfit floured age.
-
-  Taketh also hede, how that these noble clerkes
-  Write in hir bokes of gret sapience,                   50
-  Saying, that fayth is deed withouten werkes;
-  So is estat withoute intelligence
-  Of vertue; and therfore, with diligence,
-  Shapeth of vertue so to plante the rote,
-  That ye therof have ful experience,                    55
-  To worship of your lyfe and soules bote.
-
-  Taketh also hede, that lordship ne estat,
-  Withoute vertue, may not longe endure;
-  Thinketh eek how vyce and vertue at debat
-  Have been, and shal, whyles the world may dure;        60
-  And ay the vicious, by aventure,
-  Is overthrowe; and thinketh evermore
-  That god is lord of vertue and figure
-  Of al goodnesse; and therfore folowe his lore.
-
-  My mayster Chaucer, god his soule have!                65
-  That in his langage was so curious,
-  He sayde, the fader whiche is deed and grave,
-  Biquath nothing his vertue with his hous
-  Unto his sone; therfore laborious
-  Ought ye to be, beseching god, of grace,               70
-  To yeve you might for to be vertuous,
-  Through which ye might have part of his fayr place.
-
-  Here may ye see that vertuous noblesse
-  Cometh not to you by way of auncestrye,
-  But it cometh thorugh leefful besinesse                75
-  Of honest lyfe, and not by slogardrye.
-  Wherfore in youthe I rede you edefye
-  The hous of vertue in so wys manere
-  That in your age it may you kepe and gye
-  Fro the tempest of worldly wawes here.                 80
-
-  Thinketh how, betwixe vertue and estat
-  There is a parfit blessed mariage;
-  Vertue is cause of pees, vyce of debat
-  In mannes soule; for which, with ful corage,
-  Cherissheth vertue, vyces to outrage:                  85
-  Dryveth hem away; let hem have no wonning
-  In your soules; leseth not the heritage
-  Which god hath yeve to vertuous living.
-
-  Taketh hede also, how men of povre degree
-  Through vertue have be set in greet honour,            90
-  And ever have lived in greet prosperitee
-  Through cherisshing of vertuous labour.
-  Thinketh also, how many a governour
-  Called to estat, hath oft be set ful lowe
-  Through misusing of right, and for errour,             95
-  Therfore I counsaile you, vertue to knowe.
-
-  Thus 'by your eldres may ye nothing clayme,'
-  As that my mayster Chaucer sayth expresse,
-  'But temporel thing, that man may hurte and mayme';
-  Than is god stocke of vertuous noblesse;              100
-  And sith that he is lord of blessednesse,
-  And made us alle, and for us alle deyde,
-  Folowe his vertue with ful besinesse,
-  And of this thing herke how my mayster seyde:--
-
-  _The firste stok, fader of gentilesse,_               105
-  _What man that claymeth gentil for to be_
-  _Must folowe his trace, and alle his wittes dresse_
-  _Vertu to sewe, and vyces for to flee._
-  _For unto vertu longeth dignitee,_
-  _And noght the revers, saufly dar I deme,_            110
-  _Al were he mytre, croune, or diademe._
-
-  _This firste stok was ful of rightwisnesse,_
-  _Trewe of his word, sobre, pitous, and free,_
-  _Clene of his goste, and loved besinesse_
-  _Ageinst the vyce of slouthe, in honestee;_           115
-  _And, but his heir love vertu, as dide he,_
-  _He is noght gentil, though he riche seme,_
-  _Al were he mytre, croune, or diademe._
-
-  _Vyce may wel be heir to old richesse;_
-  _But ther may no man, as men may wel see,_            120
-  _Bequethe his heir his vertuous noblesse;_
-  _That is appropred unto no degree,_
-  _But to the firste fader in magestee_
-  _That maketh him his heir, that can him queme,_
-  _Al were he mytre, croune, or diademe._               125
-
-  Lo here, this noble poete of Bretayne
-  How hyely he, in vertuous sentence,
-  The losse in youthe of vertue can complayne;
-  Wherfore I pray you, dooth your diligence,
-  For your estats and goddes reverence,                 130
-  T'enprinte vertue fully in your mynde,
-  That, whan ye come in your juges presence,
-  Ye be not set as vertules behynde.
-
-  Ye lordes have a maner now-a-dayes,
-  Though oon shewe you a vertuous matere,               135
-  Your fervent youthe is of so false alayes
-  That of that art ye have no joy to here.
-  But, as a ship that is withouten stere
-  Dryveth up and doun, withouten governaunce,
-  Wening that calm wol laste, yeer by yere,             140
-  Right so fare ye, for very ignoraunce.
-
-  For very shame, knowe ye nat, by reson
-  That, after an ebbe, ther cometh a flood ful rage?
-  In the same wyse, whan youth passeth his seson,
-  Cometh croked and unweldy palled age;                 145
-  Sone after comen kalends of dotage;
-  And if your youth no vertue have provyded,
-  Al men wol saye, fy on your vassalage!
-  Thus hath your slouth fro worship you devyded.
-
-  Boece the clerk, as men may rede and see,             150
-  Saith, in his Boke of Consolacioun,
-  What man desyreth +have of vyne or tree
-  Plentee of fruit, in the ryping sesoun,
-  Must ay eschewe to doon oppressioun
-  Unto the rote, whyle it is yong and grene;            155
-  Ye may wel see, by this conclusioun,
-  That youthe vertulees doth mochel tene.
-
-  Seeth, there-ayenst, how vertuous noblesse
-  Roted in youthe, with good perseveraunce,
-  Dryveth away al vyce and wrecchednesse,               160
-  As slogardrye, ryote and distaunce!
-  Seeth eek how vertue causeth suffisaunce,
-  And suffisaunce exyleth coveityse!
-  And who hath vertue hath al abundaunce
-  Of wele, as fer as reson can devyse.                  165
-
-  Taketh hede of Tullius Hostilius,
-  That cam fro povertee to hy degree;
-  Through vertue redeth eek of Julius
-  The conquerour, how povre a man was he;
-  Yet, through his vertue and humanitee,                170
-  Of many a countree had he governaunce.
-  Thus vertue bringeth unto greet degree
-  Eche wight that list to do him entendaunce.
-
-  Rede, here-ayenst, of Nero vertulees;
-  Taketh hede also of proude Balthasar;                 175
-  They hated vertue, equitee, and pees.
-  Loke how Antiochus fil fro his char,
-  That he his skin and bones al to-tar!
-  Loke what meschaunce they had for hir vyces!
-  Who-so that wol not by these signes be war,           180
-  I dar wel say, infortunat or nyce is.
-
-  I can no more; but here-by may ye see
-  How vertue causeth parfit sikernesse,
-  And vyces doon exyle prosperitee;
-  The best is, ech to chesen, as I gesse.               185
-  Doth as you list, I me excuse expresse;
-  I wolde be sory, if that ye mischese.
-  God you conferme in vertuous noblesse,
-  So that through negligence ye nothing lese!
-
-              _Explicit_.
-
-_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1542); _collated with_ A. (Ashmole 59), _and_ Cx.
-(Caxton); _readings also given from_ H. (Harl. 2251).
-
-TITLE; _from_ A. (_which has_ folowethe nexst); Cx. _has_ Here next
-foloweth a tretyse, whiche John Skogan sente vnto the lordes and gentilmen
-of the kynges hows, exortyng them to lose no tyme in theyr yougthe, but to
-vse vertues; Th. _has_ Scogan vnto the lordes and gentylmen of the kynges
-house.
-
-1. Th. A. sonnes. 2. Th. A. vnworthely. 3. Th. lytel treatyse; A. balade
-folowing. 4. Th. with; A. H. of. 5. Th. H. Although; Cx. And though; A.
-Yitte howe. 6. Th. A. estates. A. yet; H. Th. Cx. _om._ 8. Cx. herkne
-(_better_). 9. Th. me sore; A. H. _om._ me. 10. A. H. falle; Th. fal. 11.
-Th. But more; A. H. Cx. _om._ But. Th. iuuentute. 12. Th. ayen for; A.
-ageine. A. H. calle; Th. cal.
-
-13. Th. H. certainly; A. comvnely. Th. A. moste. A. H. alle; Th. al. 14. A.
-H. for; Th. _om._ A. beon; Th. be. 15. A. H. no; Th. _om._ A. vertue; Th.
-vertues. A. calle; Th. cal. 16. A. ay; Th. aye. 17. A. thee; Th. the. Th.
-lorde. 18. Th. H. god; A. lorde. 20. Th. Betwyxe; A. Bytwene. 21. A. H. Of;
-Th. Cx. _om._ Th. blynde. 22. A. so freel; Th. H. to frele. 23. Th. lorde;
-perfyte. 24. A. H. Cx. soules; Th. soule. 25. Th. whyle; lyfe. 26. A. H.
-confourme; Th. confyrme (!). 27. A. H. vpon; Th. to. 28. Th. And in; A. H.
-_om._ And. 30. A. thee; Th. the. 31. Th. lyfe. A. H. thy governaunce. 34.
-A. alle whome; Cx. whom that; Th. whom. Th. moste entyrely; Cx. A.
-entierly. 36. A. eloste; Th. loste; H. Cx. lost. 37. A. H. goostely and
-bodely; Th. Cx. bodily and gostly. 38. Th. meane. 39. A. I prey you lordes;
-Th. lordes I pray you. A. tendrely. 41. Cx. _transposes_ 41-80 _and_
-81-125. A. Plantethe; Th. Cx. Plante.
-
-43. A. ay; Th. alway. 45. Cx. The frende (!) for to withsto_n_de; A. For to
-withstonde the feonde; Th. The fende to withstande. 46. Th. peryllous; H.
-perilous. 47. H. Th. Cx. werke; A. vse. 48. Th. parfyte. 50. Th. Writen; A.
-Wrote. Th. her. Th. great; H. grete; A. noble. 52. _So_ A.; Th. And right
-so is estate with negligence. 57. A. Then kepe also that. 58. Cx. A.
-Withoute; Th. Without. 59. Cx. vice; A. H. Th. vices. 60. A. whiles; Th.
-while. Th. worlde. 61. A. H. ay; Th. Cx. euer. 63. Th. lorde of al; H. A.
-lord of. 67. Th. sayd that the; A. saide that the; H. Cx. _om._ that. Th.
-father; A. H. fader. 68. H. A. Beqwath; Th. Byqueth. Th. house. 69. _So_ A.
-Cx.; Th. children and therefore laborouse. 70. H. Th. Ought; A. Aught; Cx.
-Owe. Th. _om._ to. Th. besekyng; A. beseching. 72. Th. haue; A. H. gete.
-Th. p_ar_te. A. feyre; Th. H. _om._
-
-74. A. Com�e. 75. A. thorugh; Cx. thurgh; Th. by. A. leofful; Th. leful; H.
-leeful. 77. Th. you ye; A. H. _om._ ye. 78. Th. house. A. soo wyse; Th. H.
-suche a. 79. Th. _om._ it. 80. H. A. worldly; Th. worldes. 81. Th. howe
-betwyxe; A. howe bytwene. 82. Th. parfyte. 84. H. A. for whiche with full;
-Th. the whiche be ful of. 85. Th. than vertue; A. _om._ than. 86. A. Cx.
-_om. 1st_ hem. 87. A. leese; H. lesith. 89. Th. howe. A. poure; Th. poore.
-90, 91. Th. great. 92. Th. H. Through; A. By. 94. Th. H. Called; A. Calde.
-A. offt; H. Th. Cx. _om._ 95. A. for; Th. H. Cx. of. 96. Th. And therfore;
-_rest om._ And. 97. A. By auncetrye thus; Th. H. Thus by your auncestres;
-Cx. Thus by your eldres. 99. Th. men (_for_ man). 100. Cx. Than god is.
-101. Th. sythe; lorde. Th. blyssednesse; A. blessednesse. 102. A. That
-(_for_ And). A. H. alle; Th. al (1). Cx. alle; Th. al (2). _For_ us alle A.
-_has_ mankynde that.
-
-103. _So_ A.; Th. H. Foloweth hym in vertue. 105-125. Chaucer's poem of
-_Gentilesse_ is here quoted; see vol. i. p. 392. 127. A. Howe hyely he; Th.
-Howe lightly. 128. A. lesse (!); Th. losse. A. H. in; Th. on. 129. A.
-Wherfore; Th. And therefore. A. doothe; Th. with (!). 130. A. estates; Th.
-profyte. 131. A. Tenprynte; Th. Tempereth (!). A. H. vertue fully; Th.
-fully vertue. 132. Cx. in; A. H. in-to; Th. to. 133. A. H. sette as
-vertulesse; Th. vertulesse than. 134. H. Cx. Ye; A. For yee; Th. Many. Th.
-A. nowe. 135. Cx. H. you; Th. hem. A. Thaughe one of you here of a gode
-matere.
-
-136. Cx. H. Your feruent; Th. Her feruent; A. Your vnsure. 137. Th. arte.
-Cx. H. ye; Th. they. A. That of suche artes you liste not to. 138. Cx. A.
-withouten; Th. without a. 139. A. withouten; Th. without. 140. Th. calme.
-A. wol laste you; Th. wolde last. Th. yere by yere. 141. Cx. A. H. ye; Th.
-they. 142. Cx. A. H. ye; Th. they. 143. A. Cx. _om._ ful. 144. A. Right
-euen so whane. 145. A. Comthe. 146. A. Soone; Th. And sone. Th. comen the;
-Cx. come; A. comthe. 147. Th. if that; Cx. A. H. _om._ that. Cx. A. your;
-Th. her. A. H. no vertue haue; Cx. no vertue hath; Th. haue no vertue. 148.
-Th. fye. Cx. A. your; Th. her. 149. A. H. your; Th. her. Cx. H. you; Th.
-hem. A. _has_ Thus hathe youre youthe and slouthe you al misgyded. 152. Cx.
-A. H. to haue; Th. _om._ (_read_ haue). 153. A. Plenty of; Cx. Plentyuous;
-Th. Plentous. Th. fruite. A. H. Cx. the; Th. _om._ A. H. Cx. riping; Th.
-reapyng. 154. A. H. Cx. ay; Th. euer. A. doon; Th. do. 156. A. H. Cx. Yee
-may; Th. Thus may ye. A. H. wele see; Cx. see; Th. se wel. A. H. this; Th.
-that. A. Cx. conclusioun; Th. inclusyon (!). 157. A. youthe; Th. youth. A.
-Th. vertulesse. Th. moche; Cx. ofte muche; A. ay michil (_read_ mochel).
-158. Th. Nowe seeth; A. H. Cx. _om._ Nowe. Th. howe; A. that. 159. A.
-youthe; Th. youth.
-
-160. A. Cx. vyce; H. vice; Th. vyces. 161. A. Al (_for_ As). A. al ryote;
-H. Cx. Th. _om._ al. 162. Th. eke howe. 163. _So_ A. Cx.; H. _om._; Th.
-_has_ Seeth eke howe vertue voydeth al vyce (!). 164. Th. H. Cx. whoso; A.
-_om._ so. 165. Th. ferre; A. far. Th. reason. 167. A. came frome pouertee;
-Th. fro pouert came. Th. hygh; A. hye. 168. Th. eke. 169. Th. howe poore.
-170. A. H. Cx. humanite; Th. his humylite. 171. Th. _om._ a. 172. A. unto
-gret; Cx. to hye; Th. a man to great. 173. A. Cx. list; Th. H. lust. Th.
-entendaunce; _rest_ attendaunce. 174. Th. nowe of; A. H. Cx. _om._ nowe.
-177. Th. And loke; _rest om._ And. Th. howe; chare. 178. Th. tare. 179. A.
-meschaunces. 180. Th. H. Cx. _om._ that. Th. ware. 181. A. Th. infortunate.
-A. H. Cx. or; Th. and. 182. Th. no more nowe say; Cx. no more say; H. no
-more; A. more (!). Th. herby; se. 183. A. Th. Howe. A. Th. perfyte. 184. A.
-done exyle; Th. H. exylen al; Cx. exyles al. 185. Th. eche man to; Cx. man
-to; A. dethe to (dethe _is put for_ eche). A. cheesen; Th. chose.
-
-186. Th. A. Dothe. 187. A. Cx. wil (_for_ wolde). Th. right sorie; A. H.
-Cx. _om._ right. 188. A. you conferme; Th. confyrme you. 189. A. no thing;
-Cx. H. nothing; Th. not it. COLOPHON. Cx. Thus endeth the traytye wiche
-John Skogan sent to the lordes and estates of the kynges hous.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-VIII. JOHN LYDGATE.
-
-THE COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT; OR, THE COMPLAINT OF A LOVERES LYFE.
-
-  In May, whan Flora, the fresshe lusty quene,
-  The soile hath clad in grene, rede, and whyte,
-  And Phebus gan to shede his stremes shene
-  Amid the Bole, with al the bemes brighte,
-  And Lucifer, to chace awey the night,                   5
-  Ayen the morowe our orizont hath take
-  To bidde lovers out of hir sleepe awake,
-
-  And hertes hevy for to recomforte
-  From dreriheed of hevy nightes sorowe,
-  Nature bad hem ryse, and hem disporte,                 10
-  Ayen the goodly, gladde, greye morowe;
-  And Hope also, with seint Johan to borowe,
-  Bad, in dispyt of daunger and dispeyre,
-  For to take the hoolsom lusty eyre:
-
-  And with a sigh I gan for to abreyde                   15
-  Out of my slombre, and sodainly up sterte
-  As he, alas! that nigh for sorowe deyde,
-  My sekenes sat ay so nigh my herte.
-  But, for to finde socour of my smerte,
-  Or at the leste som reles of my peyne,                 20
-  That me so sore halt in every veyne,
-
-  I roos anon, and thoghte I wolde goon
-  Into the wode, to here the briddes singe,
-  Whan that the misty vapour was agoon
-  And clere and faire was the morowning;                 25
-  The dewe also, lyk silver in shyning
-  Upon the leves, as any baume swete,
-  Til fyry Tytan, with his persaunt hete,
-
-  Had dryed up the lusty licour newe
-  Upon the herbes in the grene mede,                     30
-  And that the floures, of many dyvers hewe,
-  Upon hir stalkes gonne for to sprede
-  And for to splaye[n] out hir leves on-brede
-  Agayn the sonne, gold-burned in his spere,
-  That doun to hem caste his bemes clere.                35
-
-  And by a river forth I gan costey
-  Of water clere as berel or cristal
-  Til at the laste I found a litel wey
-  Toward a park, enclosed with a wal
-  In compas rounde, and by a gate smal                   40
-  Who-so that wolde frely mighte goon
-  Into this park, walled with grene stoon.
-
-  And in I wente, to here the briddes song,
-  Whiche on the braunches, bothe in playn and vale,
-  So loude songe, that al the wode rong                  45
-  Lyke as it shulde shiver in peces smale;
-  And, as me thoughte, that the nightingale
-  With so gret mighte her voys gan out-wreste
-  Right as her herte for love wolde breste.
-
-  The soil was playn, smothe, and wonder softe           50
-  Al oversprad with tapites that Nature
-  Had mad her-selve, celured eek alofte
-  With bowes grene, the floures for to cure,
-  That in hir beaute they may longe endure
-  From al assaut of Phebus fervent fere,                 55
-  Whiche in his spere so hote shoon and clere.
-
-  The eyre attempre, and the smothe wind
-  Of Zepherus, among the blossomes whyte,
-  So hoolsom was and norisshing by kind,
-  That smale buddes, and rounde blomes lyte              60
-  In maner gonnen of her brethe delyte
-  To yeve us hope that hir fruit shal take,
-  Ayens autumpne, redy for to shake.
-
-  I saw ther Daphne, closed under rinde,
-  Grene laurer, and the hoolsom pyne;                    65
-  The myrre also, that wepeth ever of kinde;
-  The cedres hye, upright as a lyne;
-  The philbert eek, that lowe doth enclyne
-  Her bowes grene to the erthe adoun
-  Unto her knight, y-called Demophoun.                   70
-
-  Ther saw I eek the fresshe hawethorn
-  In whyte motle, that so swote doth smelle,
-  Ash, firre, and ook, with many a yong acorn,
-  And many a tree--mo than I can telle;
-  And, me beforn, I saw a litel welle,                   75
-  That had his cours, as I gan beholde,
-  Under an hille, with quikke stremes colde.
-
-  The gravel gold, the water pure as glas,
-  The bankes rounde, the welle envyroning;
-  And softe as veluet the yonge gras                     80
-  That therupon lustily cam springing;
-  The sute of trees aboute compassing
-  Hir shadowe caste, closing the welle rounde,
-  And al the herbes growing on the grounde.
-
-  The water was so hoolsom and vertuous                  85
-  Through might of herbes growing there besyde,
-  Not lyk the welle, wher-as Narcisus
-  Y-slayn was, through vengeaunce of Cupyde,
-  Where so covertly he dide hyde
-  The grayn of cruel dethe upon ech brinke,              90
-  That deeth mot folowe, who that ever drinke;
-
-  Ne lyk the pitte of the Pegace
-  Under Pernaso, where poetes slepte;
-  Nor lyk the welle of pure chastite
-  Which that Dyane with her nymphes kepte,               95
-  Whan she naked into the water lepte,
-  That slow Acteon with his houndes felle
-  Only for he cam so nigh the welle!
-
-  But this welle, that I here reherce,
-  So hoolsom was, that it wolde aswage                  100
-  Bollen hertes, and the venim perce
-  Of pensifheed, with al the cruel rage,
-  And evermore refresshe the visage
-  Of hem that were in any werinesse
-  Of greet labour, or fallen in distresse.              105
-
-  And I, that had, through daunger and disdayne,
-  So drye a thrust, thoughte I wolde assaye
-  To taste a draughte of this welle, or twayne,
-  My bitter langour if it mighte alaye;
-  And on the banke anon adoun I lay,                    110
-  And with myn heed unto the welle I raughte,
-  And of the water drank I a good draughte;
-
-  Wherof, me thought, I was refresshed wele
-  Of the brenning that sat so nigh my herte,
-  That verily anon I gan to fele                        115
-  An huge part relesed of my smerte;
-  And therwithalle anon up I sterte,
-  And thoughte I wolde walke, and see more
-  Forth in the parke, and in the holtes hore.
-
-  And through a launde as I yede a-pace                 120
-  And gan aboute faste to beholde,
-  I found anon a delitable place
-  That was beset with trees yonge and olde,
-  Whose names here for me shal not be tolde;
-  Amidde of whiche stood an herber grene,               125
-  That benched was, with colours newe and clene.
-
-  This herber was ful of floures inde,
-  In-to the whiche as I beholde gan,
-  Betwix an hulfere and a wodebinde,
-  As I was war, I saw wher lay a man                    130
-  In blakke and whyte colour, pale and wan,
-  And wonder deedly also of his hewe,
-  Of hurtes grene and fresshe woundes newe.
-
-  And overmore distrayned with sekenesse,
-  Besyde al this, he was, ful grevously;                135
-  For upon him he had an hoot accesse,
-  That day by day him shook ful pitously;
-  So that, for constreynt of his malady
-  And hertly wo, thus lying al alone,
-  It was a deeth for to here him grone.                 140
-
-  Wherof astonied, my foot I gan withdrawe,
-  Greetly wondring what it mighte be
-  That he so lay, and hadde no felawe,
-  Ne that I coude no wight with him see;
-  Wherof I hadde routhe, and eek pite,                  145
-  And gan anon, so softely as I coude,
-  Among the busshes me prively to shroude;
-
-  If that I mighte in any wyse espye
-  What was the cause of his deedly wo,
-  Or why that he so pitously gan crye                   150
-  On his fortune, and on his ure also;
-  With al my might I layde an ere to,
-  Every word to marke, what he seyde,
-  Out of his swough among as he abrayde.
-
-  But first, if I shulde make mencioun                  155
-  Of his persone, and plainly him discryve,
-  He was in sothe, without excepcioun,
-  To speke of manhode, oon the best on-lyve;
-  Ther may no man ayen the trouthe stryve.
-  For of his tyme, and of his age also                  160
-  He proved was, ther men shulde have ado,
-
-  For oon the beste there, of brede and lengthe
-  So wel y-mad by good proporcioun,
-  If he had be in his deliver strengthe;
-  But thought and seknesse were occasioun               165
-  That he thus lay, in lamentacioun,
-  Gruffe on the grounde, in place desolat,
-  Sole by him-self, awhaped and amat.
-
-  And, for me semeth that it is sitting
-  His wordes al to putte in remembraunce,               170
-  To me, that herde al his complayning
-  And al the grounde of his woful chaunce,
-  If ther-withal I may you do plesaunce,
-  I wol to you, so as I can, anon,
-  Lyk as he sayde, reherce hem everichon.               175
-
-  But who shal helpe me now to complayne?
-  Or who shal now my style gye or lede?
-  O Niobe, let now thy teres rayne
-  In-to my penne; and helpe eek in this nede,
-  Thou woful Mirre, that felest my herte blede          180
-  Of pitous wo, and myn hand eek quake
-  Whan that I wryte, for this mannes sake!
-
-  For unto wo accordeth complayning
-  And doleful chere unto hevinesse;
-  To sorowe also, syghing and weping,                   185
-  And pitous mourning, unto drerinesse;
-  And whoso that shal wryten of distresse
-  In party nedeth to knowe felingly
-  Cause and rote of al such malady.
-
-  But I, alas! that am of witte but dulle,              190
-  And have no knowing of such matere,
-  For to discryve and wryten at the fulle
-  The woful complaynt, which that ye shal here,
-  But even-lyk as doth a skrivenere
-  That can no more what that he shal wryte,             195
-  But as his maister besyde doth endyte;
-
-  Right so fare I, that of no sentement
-  Saye right naught, as in conclusioun,
-  But as I herde, whan I was present,
-  This man complayne with a pitous soun;                200
-  For even-lyk, without addicioun
-  Or disencrees, either more or lesse,
-  For to reherce anon I wol me dresse.
-
-  And if that any now be in this place
-  That fele in love brenning or fervence,               205
-  Or hindred were to his lady grace
-  With false tonges, that with pestilence
-  Slee trewe men that never did offence
-  In word nor dede, ne in hir entent--
-  If any suche be here now present,                     210
-
-  Let him of routhe lay to audience,
-  With doleful chere and sobre countenaunce,
-  To here this man, by ful high sentence,
-  His mortal wo and his gret perturbaunce
-  Complayning, now lying in a traunce,                  215
-  With lokes upcaste, and with ruful chere,
-  Th' effect of whiche was as ye shal here.--
-
-              COMPLEYNT.
-
-  The thought oppressed with inward sighes sore,
-  The painful lyf, the body languisshing,
-  The woful gost, the herte rent and tore,              220
-  The pitous chere, pale in compleyning,
-  The deedly face, lyk ashes in shyning,
-  The salte teres that fro myn eyen falle,
-  Parcel declare grounde of my peynes alle:
-
-  Whos herte is grounde to blede in hevinesse;          225
-  The thought, resceyt of wo and of complaynt;
-  The brest is cheste of dole and drerinesse;
-  The body eek so feble and so faynt;
-  With hote and colde myn acces is so meynt,
-  That now I chiver for defaute of hete,                230
-  And, hoot as gleed, now sodainly I swete.
-
-  Now hoot as fyr, now cold as asshes dede,
-  Now hoot fro cold, now cold fro hete agayn;
-  Now cold as ys, now as coles rede
-  For hete I brenne; and thus, betwixe twayne,          235
-  I possed am, and al forcast in payne;
-  So that my hete plainly, as I fele,
-  Of grevous cold is cause, every-deel.
-
-  This is the cold of inward high disdayne,
-  Cold of dispyt, and cold of cruel hate;               240
-  This is the cold that doth his besy payne
-  Ayeines trouthe to fighte and to debate.
-  This is the cold that wolde the fyr abate
-  Of trewe mening; alas! the harde whyle!
-  This is the cold that wolde me begyle.                245
-
-  For ever the better that in trouthe I mente
-  With al my mighte faythfully to serve,
-  With herte and al for to be diligent,
-  The lesse thank, alas! I can deserve!
-  Thus for my trouthe Daunger doth me sterve.           250
-  For oon that shulde my deeth, of mercy, lette
-  Hath mad despyt newe his swerd to whette
-
-  Ayeines me, and his arowes to fyle
-  To take vengeaunce of wilful cruelte;
-  And tonges false, through hir sleightly wyle,         255
-  Han gonne a werre that wil not stinted be;
-  And fals Envye, Wrathe, and Enmite,
-  Have conspired, ayeines al right and lawe,
-  Of hir malyce, that Trouthe shal be slawe.
-
-  And Male-Bouche gan first the tale telle,             260
-  To slaundre Trouthe, of indignacioun;
-  And Fals-Report so loude rong the belle,
-  That Misbeleve and Fals-Suspeccioun,
-  Have Trouthe brought to his dampnacioun,
-  So that, alas! wrongfully he dyeth,                   265
-  And Falsnes now his place occupyeth,
-
-  And entred is in-to Trouthes lond,
-  And hath therof the ful possessioun.
-  O rightful god, that first the trouthe fond,
-  How may thou suffre such oppressioun,                 270
-  That Falshood shulde have jurisdiccioun
-  In Trouthes right, to slee him giltelees?
-  In his fraunchyse he may not live in pees.
-
-  Falsly accused, and of his foon forjuged,
-  Without answere, whyl he was absent,                  275
-  He dampned was, and may not ben excused,
-  For Cruelte sat in jugement
-  Of hastinesse, withoute avysement,
-  And bad Disdayn do execute anon
-  His jugement, in presence of his foon.                280
-
-  Attourney noon ne may admitted been
-  T'excuse Trouthe, ne a word to speke;
-  To fayth or ooth the juge list not seen,
-  There is no gayn, but he wil be wreke.
-  O lord of trouthe, to thee I calle and clepe;         285
-  How may thou see, thus in thy presence,
-  Withoute mercy, murdred innocence?
-
-  Now god, that art of trouthe soverain
-  And seest how I lye for trouthe bounde,
-  So sore knit in loves fyry chain                      290
-  Even at the deth, through-girt with many a wounde
-  That lykly are never for to sounde,
-  And for my trouthe am dampned to the deeth,
-  And not abyde, but drawe along the breeth:
-
-  Consider and see, in thyn eternal right,              295
-  How that myn herte professed whylom was
-  For to be trewe with al my fulle might
-  Only to oon, the whiche now, alas!
-  Of volunte, withoute any trespas,
-  Myn accusours hath taken unto grace,                  300
-  And cherissheth hem, my deth for to purchace.
-
-  What meneth this? what is this wonder ure
-  Of purveyaunce, if I shal it calle,
-  Of god of love, that false hem so assure,
-  And trewe, alas! doun of the whele ben falle?         305
-  And yet in sothe, this is the worst of alle,
-  That Falshed wrongfully of Trouthe hath name,
-  And Trouthe ayenward of Falshed bereth the blame.
-
-  This blinde chaunce, this stormy aventure,
-  In love hath most his experience;                     310
-  For who that doth with trouthe most his cure
-  Shal for his mede finde most offence,
-  That serveth love with al his diligence;
-  For who can fayne, under lowliheed,
-  Ne fayleth not to finde grace and speed.              315
-
-  For I loved oon, ful longe sith agoon,
-  With al my herte, body, and ful might,
-  And, to be deed, my herte can not goon
-  From his hest, but holde that he hath hight;
-  Though I be banisshed out of her sight,               320
-  And by her mouth dampned that I shal deye,
-  +To my behest yet I wil ever obeye.
-
-  For ever, sithe that the world began,
-  Who-so list loke, and in storie rede,
-  He shal ay finde that the trewe man                   325
-  Was put abakke, wher-as the falshede
-  Y-furthered was; for Love taketh non hede
-  To slee the trewe, and hath of hem no charge,
-  Wher-as the false goth freely at hir large.
-
-  I take recorde of Palamides,                          330
-  The trewe man, the noble worthy knight,
-  That ever loved, and of his payn no relees;
-  Notwithstonding his manhood and his might
-  Love unto him did ful greet unright;
-  For ay the bet he did in chevalrye,                   335
-  The more he was hindred by envye.
-
-  And ay the bet he did in every place
-  Through his knighthood and his besy payne,
-  The ferther was he from his lady grace,
-  For to her mercy mighte he never attayne;             340
-  And to his deth he coude it not refrayne
-  For no daungere, but ay obey and serve
-  As he best coude, plainly, til he sterve.
-
-  What was the fyne also of Hercules,
-  For al his conquest and his worthinesse,              345
-  That was of strengthe alone pereles?
-  For, lyk as bokes of him list expresse,
-  He sette pillers, through his hy prowesse,
-  Away at Gades, for to signifye
-  That no man mighte him passe in chevalrye.            350
-
-  The whiche pillers ben ferre beyonde Inde
-  Beset of golde, for a remembraunce;
-  And, for al that, was he set behinde
-  With hem that Love liste febly avaunce;
-  For [he] him sette last upon a daunce,                355
-  Ageynes whom helpe may no stryf;
-  For al his trouthe, yit he loste his lyf.
-
-  Phebus also, for al his persaunt light,
-  Whan that he wente here in erthe lowe,
-  Unto the herte with fresh Venus sight                 360
-  Y-wounded was, through Cupydes bowe,
-  And yet his lady liste him not to knowe.
-  Though for her love his herte dide blede,
-  She leet him go, and took of him no hede.
-
-  What shal I saye of yonge Piramus?                    365
-  Of trew Tristram, for al his hye renoun?
-  Of Achilles, or of Antonius?
-  Of Arcite eke, or of him Palemoun?
-  What was the ende of hir passioun
-  But, after sorowe, deeth, and than hir grave?         370
-  Lo, here the guerdon that these lovers have!
-
-  But false Jason, with his doublenesse,
-  That was untrewe at Colkos to Medee,
-  And Theseus, rote of unkindenesse,
-  And with these two eek the false Enee;                375
-  Lo! thus the false, ay in oon degre,
-  Had in love hir lust and al hir wille;
-  And, save falshood, ther was non other skille.
-
-  Of Thebes eek the false [knight] Arcyte,
-  And Demophon +also, for [al] his slouthe,             380
-  They had hir lust and al that might delyte
-  For al hir falshode and hir greet untrouthe.
-  Thus ever Love (alas! and that is routhe!)
-  His false leges forthereth what he may,
-  And sleeth the trewe ungoodly, day by day.            385
-
-  For trewe Adon was slayn with the bore
-  Amid the forest, in the grene shade;
-  For Venus love he felte al the sore.
-  But Vulcanus with her no mercy made;
-  The foule chorl had many nightes glade,               390
-  Wher Mars, her worthy knight, her trewe man,
-  To finde mercy, comfort noon he can.
-
-  Also the yonge fresshe Ipomenes
-  So lusty free [was], as of his corage,
-  That for to serve with al his herte he chees          395
-  Athalans, so fair of hir visage;
-  But Love, alas! quitte him so his wage
-  With cruel daunger plainly, at the laste,
-  That, with the dethe, guerdonles he paste.
-
-  Lo! here the fyne of loveres servyse!                 400
-  Lo! how that Love can his servaunts quyte!
-  Lo! how he can his faythful men despyse,
-  To slee the trewe, and false to respyte!
-  Lo! how he doth the swerd of sorowe byte
-  In hertes, suche as most his lust obeye,              405
-  To save the false, and do the trewe deye!
-
-  For fayth nor ooth, word, ne assuraunce,
-  Trewe mening, awayte, or besinesse,
-  Stille port, ne faythful attendaunce,
-  Manhood, ne might, in armes worthinesse,              410
-  Pursute of worship, nor no hy prowesse,
-  In straunge lande ryding, ne travayle,
-  Ful lyte or nought in love doth avayle.
-
-  Peril of dethe, nother in see ne lande,
-  Hunger ne thurst, sorowe ne sekenesse,                415
-  Ne grete empryses for to take on hande,
-  Sheding of blode, ne manful hardinesse,
-  Ne ofte woundinge at sautes by distresse,
-  Nor +juparting of lyf, nor deeth also--
-  Al is for nought, Love taketh no hede therto!         420
-
-  But lesings, with hir false flaterye,
-  Through hir falshede, and with hir doublenesse,
-  With tales newe and many fayned lye,
-  By fals semblaunt and counterfet humblesse,
-  Under colour depeynt with stedfastnesse,              425
-  With fraude covered under a pitous face
-  Accepte been now rathest unto grace,
-
-  And can hem-selve now best magnifye
-  With fayned port and fals presumpcioun;
-  They haunce hir cause with fals surquedrye            430
-  Under meninge of double entencioun,
-  To thenken oon in hir opinioun
-  And saye another; to sette hemselve alofte
-  And hinder trouthe, as it is seyn ful ofte.
-
-  The whiche thing I bye now al to dere,                435
-  Thanked be Venus and the god Cupyde!
-  As it is sene by myn oppressed chere,
-  And by his arowes that stiken in my syde,
-  That, sauf the deth, I nothing abyde
-  Fro day to day; alas, the harde whyle!                440
-  Whan ever his dart that him list to fyle,
-
-  My woful herte for to ryve a-two
-  For faute of mercy, and lak of pite
-  Of her that causeth al my payne and wo
-  And list not ones, of grace, for to see               445
-  Unto my trouthe through her crueltee;
-  And, most of alle, yit I me complayne,
-  That she hath joy to laughen at my peyne!
-
-  And wilfully hath [she] my deeth y-sworn
-  Al giltelees, and wot no cause why                    450
-  Save for the trouthe that I have had aforn
-  To her alone to serve faithfully!
-  O god of love! unto thee I cry,
-  And to thy blinde double deitee
-  Of this gret wronge I compleyne me,                   455
-
-  And to thy stormy wilful variaunce
-  Y-meynt with chaunge and greet unstablenesse;
-  Now up, now doun, so renning is thy chaunce,
-  That thee to truste may be no sikernesse.
-  I wyte it nothing but thy doublenesse;                460
-  And who that is an archer and is +blent
-  Marketh nothing, but sheteth as he +went.
-
-  And for that he hath no discrecioun,
-  Withoute avys he let his arowe go;
-  For lakke of sight, and also of resoun,               465
-  In his shetinge, it happeth ofte so,
-  To hurte his frend rather than his fo;
-  So doth this god, [and] with his sharpe floon
-  The trewe sleeth, and let the false goon.
-
-  And of his wounding this is the worst of alle,        470
-  Whan he hurteth, he doth so cruel wreche
-  And maketh the seke for to crye and calle
-  Unto his fo, for to been his leche;
-  And hard it is, for a man to seche,
-  Upon the point of dethe in jupardye,                  475
-  Unto his fo, to finde remedye!
-
-  Thus fareth it now even by me,
-  That to my fo, that yaf myn herte a wounde,
-  Mote aske grace, mercy, and pite,
-  And namely, ther wher non may be founde!              480
-  For now my sore my leche wil confounde,
-  And god of kinde so hath set myn ure,
-  My lyves fo to have my wounde in cure!
-
-  Alas! the whyle now that I was born!
-  Or that I ever saw the brighte sonne!                 485
-  For now I see, that ful longe aforn,
-  Or I was born, my desteny was sponne
-  By Parcas sustren, to slee me, if they conne;
-  For they my deth shopen or my sherte
-  Only for trouthe! I may it not asterte.               490
-
-  The mighty goddesse also of Nature
-  That under god hath the governaunce
-  Of worldly thinges committed to her cure,
-  Disposed hath, through her wys purveyaunce,
-  To yeve my lady so moche suffisaunce                  495
-  Of al vertues, and therwithal purvyde
-  To murdre trouthe, hath take Daunger to gyde.
-
-  For bounte, beaute, shappe, and semeliheed,
-  Prudence, wit, passingly fairnesse,
-  Benigne port, glad chere with lowliheed,              500
-  Of womanheed right plenteous largesse,
-  Nature did in her fully empresse,
-  Whan she her wroughte; and alther-last Disdayne,
-  To hinder trouthe, she made her chamberlayne;
-
-  Whan Mistrust also, and Fals-Suspeccioun,             505
-  With Misbeleve, she made for to be
-  Cheef of counsayl to this conclusioun,
-  For to exyle Routhe, and eek Pite,
-  Out of her court to make Mercy flee,
-  So that Dispyt now holdeth forth her reyne,           510
-  Through hasty bileve of tales that men feyne.
-
-  And thus I am, for my trouthe, alas!
-  Murdred and slayn with wordes sharpe and kene,
-  Giltlees, god wot, of al maner trespas,
-  And lye and blede upon this colde grene.              515
-  Now mercy, swete! mercy, my lyves quene!
-  And to your grace of mercy yet I preye,
-  In your servyse that your man may deye!
-
-  But if so be that I shal deye algate,
-  And that I shal non other mercy have,                 520
-  Yet of my dethe let this be the date
-  That by your wille I was brought to my grave;
-  Or hastily, if that you list me save,
-  My sharpe woundes, that ake so and blede,
-  Of mercy, charme, and also of womanhede.              525
-
-  For other charme, playnly, is ther non
-  But only mercy, to helpe in this case;
-  For though my woundes blede ever in oon,
-  My lyf, my deeth, standeth in youre grace;
-  And though my gilt be nothing, alas!                  530
-  I aske mercy in al my beste entente,
-  Redy to dye, if that ye assente.
-
-  For ther-ayeines shal I never stryve
-  In worde ne werke; playnly, I ne may;
-  For lever I have than to be alyve                     535
-  To dye soothly, and it be her to pay;
-  Ye, though it be this eche same day
-  Or whan that ever her liste to devyse;
-  Suffyceth me to dye in your servyse.
-
-  And god, that knowest the thought of every wight      540
-  Right as it is, in +al thing thou mayst see,
-  Yet, ere I dye, with all my fulle might
-  Lowly I pray, to graunte[n] unto me
-  That ye, goodly, fayre, fresshe, and free,
-  Which slee me only for defaute of routhe,             545
-  Or that I dye, ye may knowe my trouthe.
-
-  For that, in sothe, suffyseth unto me,
-  And she it knowe in every circumstaunce;
-  And after, I am wel apayd that she
-  If that hir list, of dethe to do vengeaunce           550
-  Unto me, that am under her legeaunce;
-  It sit me not her doom to disobeye,
-  But, at her luste, wilfully to deye.
-
-  Withoute grucching or rebellioun
-  In wille or worde, hoolly I assent,                   555
-  Or any maner contradiccioun,
-  Fully to be at her commaundement;
-  And, if I dye, in my testament
-  My herte I sende, and my spirit also,
-  What-so-ever she list, with hem to do.                560
-
-  And alder-last unto her womanhede
-  And to her mercy me I recommaunde,
-  That lye now here, betwixe hope and drede,
-  Abyding playnly what she list commaunde.
-  For utterly, (this nis no demaunde),                  565
-  Welcome to me, whyl me lasteth breeth,
-  Right at her choise, wher it be lyf or deeth!
-
-  In this matere more what mighte I seyn,
-  Sith in her hande and in her wille is al,
-  Both lyf and deeth, my joy and al my payn?            570
-  And fynally, my heste holde I shal,
-  Til my spirit, by desteny fatal,
-  Whan that her liste, fro my body wende;
-  Have here my trouthe, and thus I make an ende!'
-
-  And with that worde he gan syke as sore               575
-  Lyk as his herte ryve wolde atwayne,
-  And held his pees, and spak a word no more.
-  But, for to see his wo and mortal payne,
-  The teres gonne fro myn eyen rayne
-  Ful pitously, for very inward routhe                  580
-  That I him saw so languisshing for trouthe.
-
-  And al this whyle my-self I kepte cloos
-  Among the bowes, and my-self gan hyde,
-  Til, at the laste, the woful man aroos,
-  And to a logge wente ther besyde,                     585
-  Where, al the May, his custome was t'abyde,
-  Sole, to complaynen of his paynes kene,
-  Fro yeer to yere, under the bowes grene.
-
-  And for bicause that it drow to the night
-  And that the sonne his ark diurnal                    590
-  Y-passed was, so that his persaunt light,
-  His brighte bemes and his stremes al
-  Were in the wawes of the water fal,
-  Under the bordure of our ocean,
-  His char of golde his cours so swiftly ran:           595
-
-  And whyl the twylight and the rowes rede
-  Of Phebus light were deaurat a lyte,
-  A penne I took, and gan me faste spede
-  The woful playnte of this man to wryte
-  Word by worde, as he did endyte;                      600
-  Lyk as I herde, and coude him tho reporte,
-  I have here set, your hertes to disporte.
-
-  If ought be mis, layeth the wyte on me,
-  For I am worthy for to bere the blame
-  If any thing [here] misreported be,                   605
-  To make this dyte for to seme lame
-  Through myn unconning; but, to sayn the same,
-  Lyk as this man his complaynt did expresse,
-  I aske mercy and forgivenesse.
-
-  And, as I wroot, me thoughte I saw a-ferre,           610
-  Fer in the weste, lustely appere
-  Esperus, the goodly brighte sterre,
-  So glad, so fair, so persaunt eek of chere,
-  I mene Venus, with her bemes clere,
-  That, hevy hertes only to releve,                     615
-  Is wont, of custom, for to shewe at eve.
-
-  And I, as faste, fel doun on my knee
-  And even thus to her gan I to preye:--
-  'O lady Venus! so faire upon to see,
-  Let not this man for his trouthe deye,                620
-  For that joy thou haddest whan thou leye
-  With Mars thy knight, whan Vulcanus you fond,
-  And with a chayne invisible you bond
-
-  Togider, bothe twayne, in the same whyle
-  That al the court above celestial                     625
-  At youre shame gan for to laughe and smyle!
-  A! faire lady! welwilly founde at al,
-  Comfort to careful, O goddesse immortal!
-  Be helping now, and do thy diligence
-  To let the stremes of thyn influence                  630
-
-  Descende doun, in forthering of the trouthe,
-  Namely, of hem that lye in sorowe bounde;
-  Shew now thy might, and on hir wo have routhe
-  Er fals Daunger slee hem and confounde.
-  And specially, let thy might be founde                635
-  For to socoure, what-so that thou may,
-  The trewe man that in the herber lay,
-
-  And alle trewe forther, for his sake,
-  O gladde sterre, O lady Venus myne!
-  And cause his lady him to grace take.                 640
-  Her herte of stele to mercy so enclyne,
-  Er that thy bemes go up, to declyne,
-  And er that thou now go fro us adoun,
-  For that love thou haddest to Adoun!'
-
-  And whan that she was gon unto her reste,             645
-  I roos anon, and hoom to bedde wente,
-  For verily, me thoughte it for the beste;
-  Prayinge thus, in al my best entente,
-  That alle trewe, that be with Daunger shente,
-  With mercy may, in reles of hir payn,                 650
-  Recured be, er May come eft agayn.
-
-  And for that I ne may no lenger wake,
-  Farewel, ye lovers alle, that be trewe!
-  Praying to god; and thus my leve I take,
-  That, er the sonne to-morowe be risen newe,           655
-  And er he have ayein his rosen hewe,
-  That eche of you may have suche a grace,
-  His owne lady in armes to embrace.
-
-  I mene thus, that, in al honestee,
-  Withoute more, ye may togider speke                   660
-  What so ye liste, at good libertee,
-  That eche may to other hir herte breke,
-  On Jelousye only to be wreke,
-  That hath so longe, of malice and envye,
-  Werreyed Trouthe with his tirannye.                   665
-
-              LENVOY.
-
-  Princesse, plese it your benignitee
-  This litel dyte for to have in mynde!
-  Of womanhede also for to see
-  Your trewe man may youre mercy finde;
-  And Pite eek, that long hath be behinde,              670
-  Let him ayein be provoked to grace;
-  For, by my trouthe, it is ayeines kinde,
-  Fals Daunger for to occupye his place!
-
-  Go, litel quayre, unto my lyves queen,
-  And my very hertes soverayne;                         675
-  And be right glad; for she shal thee seen;
-  Suche is thy grace! But I, alas! in payne
-  Am left behinde, and not to whom to playne.
-  For Mercy, Routhe, Grace, and eek Pite
-  Exyled be, that I may not attayne                     680
-  Recure to finde of myn adversite.
-
-              _Explicit._
-
-_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532); _collated with_ F. (Fairfax 16); B. (Bodley
-638, _imperfect_); T. (Tanner 346); D. (Digby 181); S. (Arch. Selden B.
-24); _I have also consulted_ Ad. (Addit. 16165); _and_ P. (Pepys 2006). 2.
-Th. reed; F. D. rede. 4. S. his (_for 2nd_ the). 5. Th. away; F. awey. 6.
-Th. D. orizont; F. T. S. orisont. 7. Th. bidde al; MSS. _om._ al. F. T.
-_om._ lovers. 10. Th. bade. F. T. D. S. _om. 2nd_ hem. 11. D. gladde;
-_rest_ glad. _All_ grey (_or_ gray). 13. Th. Bade; MSS. Bad. _All_ dispyte
-(dispite). 14. S. go take (_rest om._ go). 15. Th. syghe. 16. F. out stert.
-18. Th. sicknesse; MSS. sekenes. F. S. sat; _rest_ sate. Th. aye. Th. nye.
-
-20. F. atte; T. at; _rest_ at the. S. sum; _rest_ some, su_m_me. P. reles;
-D. relece; T. relese; F. relesse; Th. release. 21. F. halt; Th. halte. 22.
-T. S. roos; _rest_ rose. Th. thought. 23. Th. wodde; S. wod; _rest_ wode.
-Th. byrdes. 24. Th. T. D. vapoure; F. S. vapour. F. D. agoon; T. Th. agone.
-25. F. morownyng; T. morownynge; Th. moronyng. 26. Th. lyke; F. lykyng (!);
-_rest_ like; _read_ lyk. 27. Th. leaues. 32. F. the (_for_ hir). 33. Th. D.
-splaye; F. T. S. splay; _read_ splayen. F. S. on; _rest_ in. 34. Th. T.
-Agayne; F. Ageyn; D. Ayen. S. gold; _rest_ golde. 35. Th. T. downe; F.
-dovn; D. down; S. doun. 36. Th. forthe. 37. F. berel; S. beriall; Th.
-byrel; T. byrell; D. birele. 39. D. S. Toward; F. Tovard; Th. T. Towarde.
-40. Th. compace; MSS. compas. 41. T. myghte; S. m_ich_ty (!); _rest_ might.
-Th. gone; F. goon. 42. S. park; _rest_ parke. 43. T. wente; _rest_ went.
-Th. byrdes; _rest_ briddes. S. song; _rest_ songe. 44. Th. branches; F. T.
-D. braunches. Th. and (_correctly_); _rest omit_. 45. Th. sange; S. sang;
-P. song; F. T. D. songe. Th. woode. S. P. rong; _rest_ ronge. 47. T.
-thoughte; Th. F. D. thought.
-
-48. T. myghte; _rest_ might. T. D. wraste; S. brest; Th. F. wrest. 49. T.
-breste; D. braste; Th. F. brest; S. to-brest. 51. F. T. P. tapites; Th. D.
-tapettes. 52. Th. F. T. -selfe (_better_ selve). F. celured; D. coloured;
-S. silu_er_ed; Th. T. couered. 54. Th. beautie. F. T. may not (_for_ may).
-55. S. assaut; _rest_ assaute. 56. Th. sphere; hotte. Th. F. T. D. shone
-(_read_ shoon). 57, 59. S. wynd, kynd; _rest_ wynde, kynde. 58. S. P.
-among; _rest_ amonge. T. blossomes; D. blossoms; Th. blosomes; F. blosmes.
-59. _All_ holsom (holsum). Th. F. T. D. and so; S. _om._ so. 60. F. T.
-blomes; S. blomys; Th. blosmes; D. blossoms. 61. _All_ gan, can; _see_ l.
-579. 62. S. that; _rest om._ F. their; T. theire; Th. D. there; S. thai;
-_read_ hir. 63. F. D. Ayens; Th. Ayenst; T. Agayne. 64. T. S. saw; Th. F.
-D. sawe (!). F. ther; _rest_ the; _cf._ l. 71. S. Daphin; _rest_ Daphene;
-_read_ Daphne. 65. Th. holsome; _rest_ holsom (-sum). 68. F. phibert; Th.
-T. filberte; D. filberde; S. filbard. Th. F. dothe. 69. Th. S. adoun;
-_rest_ doun. 70. F. I-called; _rest_ called. 71. Th. T. D. sawe. P.
-hawethorn; _rest_ hawthorn, hawthorne, hauthorne. 72. S. motle; F. motele;
-_rest_ motley. (_Read_ swoot?). Th. dothe smel. 73. _All_ Asshe; _read_
-Ash. _All_ oke; _read_ ook. S. [gh]ong; T. fressh (!); _rest_ yonge. S.
-accorne; _rest_ acorne.
-
-74. Th. tel. 75. S. beforn; D. before; _rest_ beforne. Th. sawe; wel. 76.
-T. cours; S. courss; _rest_ course. 77. Th. hyl; quicke streames. 78. S. P.
-gold; D. colde; _rest_ golde. 78, 80. F. glas, gras; Th. glasse, grasse.
-79. wel. 80. Ad. velowet. 81. Th. T. D. lustely (T. lustily) came (cam)
-springyng; F. lustely gan syng (!); S. lustily gan spryng. 83. Th. F. wel;
-T. D. welle. 85. _From this point I silently correct obvious errors in
-spelling of_ Th. _by collation with the_ MSS. Th. holsome. S. and; _rest_
-and so. 86. Th. Thorowe. S. there; _rest omit_. 87, 92, 94. _I read_ lyk
-_for_ lyke. 87. F. T. D. Narcius (!). 89. T. dyde; _rest_ dyd, did. 90. S.
-cruell; _rest omit_. 95. Th. that; _rest_ as. F. T. P. his; _rest_ her.
-101. S. perce; D. perce; Th. peerce; F. T. perysh (!) 103. Th. ouermore
-(!).
-
-107. Th. F. thrust; T. thurste; P. D. thurst. 110. S. adoun; Th. F. P.
-downe; _rest_ down, doun. 113-126. S. _omits_. 122. Th. delectable. 127. D.
-ynde; T. Iende; F. cende (?); Th. gende; S. of Inde. 138. S. constreynt;
-_rest_ constraynyng.
-
-147. Th. priuely me; _rest_ me priuely. (_Read_ busshes prively me
-shroude?). 151. Th. _om. 2nd_ his. 154. _For_ among _perhaps read_ anon.
-159. S. the; _rest omit_. 162. Th. therto; _rest_ there. 168. F. P. awaped.
-175. D. hem; S. thame; _rest om._
-
-179. Th. _om._ this. 181. _So all._ 184. F. delful; T. delefull; S.
-dulefull; D. doilfull. 187. S. quhoso; _rest_ who. S. writen; _rest_ write
-(wryte). 191. D. no knowyng haue; _rest_ haue no knowyng. 192. S. writen;
-_rest_ write (wryte). 198. F. S. as; _rest om._ 202. Th. disencrease; F.
-disencrese; T. disencrece; D. disencrees. 205. S. louyng. 206. F. hindered;
-S. hind_er_it; _rest_ hindred.
-
-212. F. T. deleful; S. dulfull; D. wofull. 214. S. grete; _rest om._ 216.
-S. with full; _rest omit_ (_I omit_ full). COMPLEYNT; _in_ F. _only_. 225.
-D. grownded. 227. F. S. dule; D. dooll. 230. Th. T. chyuer; F. shyuer; D.
-chevir; S. chill. 233. T. D. fro; S. from; Th. F. for (_twice_). 234. Th.
-T. D. yse; F. Ise; S. Iss. 239. S. distress. 241. _So_ D. P.; S. doth his
-besyness; Th. euer doth his besy payne; F. eu_er_e doth besy peyn; T. euur
-doth his bysy hate (_sic_). 242. T. Agaynes; F. D. Ayens; Th. Ayenst; S.
-A[gh]eynis. S. and to; _rest om._ to. 243. Th. _om._ wolde.
-
-245. T. wolde; S. wold; Th. D. wol; F. will. 247. T. myghte; Th. F. might.
-248. S. for; _rest om._ 251, 252. T. D. lette, whette; Th. F. let, whet.
-_All_ despite. 253. S. A[gh]eynes; T. Agaynes; F. D. Ayens; Th. Agaynst.
-257. P. of wrath. 258. S. a[gh]eynes; T. agaynes; F. D. ayens; Th. agaynst.
-260, 262. Th. tel, bel; _rest_ telle, belle. S. rong; F. T. D. ronge; Th.
-range. 267, 269. S. lond, fond; _rest_ londe, fonde. 271. Th. D. falshode;
-F. S. falshed; T. falsehede. 276. Th. D. be; _rest_ ben.
-
-277. S. sat; _rest_ sate, satte. 281. F. non ne may; _rest_ may non. 283.
-D. oth; S. soth; _rest_ othe. 285. Th. F. T. P. clepe; D. speke; S. cleke
-(!). 297. T. D. full_e_; Th. F. ful. 298. Th. S. one; _rest_ oon. 299. F.
-more (_for_ any). 303. Th. cal. 305. Th. fal. 306. Th. al. 307. _All_ the
-name; _I omit_ the. 308. _All_ the blame; _read_ ber'the.
-
-314, 315. D. lowlyheed, speed; _rest_ -hede, spede. 322. _All_ Vn-to;
-_read_ To. 323. F. sithe; S. sithen; _rest_ sith. 332. _Perhaps omit_ his.
-D. payn; T. peyn; _rest_ payne (peyne). 337. S. bet; F. bette; _rest_
-better. 338. Th. F. _om. 2nd_ his. 339. T. lady; F. ladye; _rest_ ladyes.
-346. D. perelees; F. T. S. P. pereles; Th. peerles.
-
-347. T. liste of hym; S. can of him. 349. F. Gades; S. Gadis; _rest_
-Gaddes. 351. Th. P. _om._ ben. 352. S. Y-sett; D. Sette. 355. _I supply_
-he. 357. S. [gh]it; _rest omit_. 360. S. fresch; _rest omit_. 363. T. dide;
-_rest_ did. 368. S. eke; _rest omit_. 374. F. Tereus (_for_ Theseus). 378.
-F. falshed; S. falshede. 379. _I supply_ knight. 380. _All_ eke; _read_
-also. _I supply_ al.
-
-382. S. and thair (_for_ and hir); _rest omit_ thair (= hir). 384. Th.
-lieges. 386. _So all._ 391. S. worthi kny_ch_t & hir trew; _rest omit_
-worthi _and_ trew. _I follow_ S.; _but omit_ and. 393. F. T. Ipomones; Th.
-Ypomedes; S. P. Ypomenes; D. Ipomeus. 394. _I supply_ was. 400. F. lovers;
-T. louys; _rest_ loues. 403. S. trewe; _rest_ trewe men. 405. Th. moost.
-407. D. S. oth; _rest_ othe. 409. F. P. S. port; _rest_ porte. 411. S. no;
-_rest omit_. 413. Th. lytel; P. litill; D. litle; _rest_ lyte.
-
-414. F. nother; _rest_ nor. 415. Th. syknesse; F. sekenesse. 419. D.
-Iupardy; _rest_ in partynge (_for_ iupartynge); _read_ juparting; cf. l.
-475. 421. F. fals (_error for_ false); _rest omit_. 426. S. double (_for_
-pitous). 429. S. falss; _rest om._ 435. Th. F. P. bye; D. bie; T. bey; S.
-by. 437. Th. T. S. sene; F. seen; P. D. seyn. 438. Th. sticken; P. D.
-stekyn. 439. S. P. the; _rest om._ 447. S. [gh]it; _rest om._
-
-449. _I supply_ she. S. ysuorn; _rest om._ y-. 451. Th. _om._ have. 453. T.
-D. S. aboue (_for_ of love); _see_ l. 454. 461. S. blend (_read_ blent);
-_rest_ blynde (blinde). 462. S. as he wend (_read_ went); Th. by wende (!);
-_rest_ by wenynge (!). 464. F. T. avise; D. avice; S. aviss; Th. aduyse.
-467. S. P. frend; _rest_ frende. 468. B. _begins here_. _I supply_ and.
-469. T. lette; F. leteth; Th. letteth; B. D. letith; S. lattith. 471. B. F.
-S. he doth; Th. T. doth to. 475. Th. ieopardye; S. Iup_ar_tye; F. partie
-(!); B. D. T. Iupardye; P. Iupard.
-
-488. Th. systerne. 489. S. haue schapen (_for_ shopen). 494. F. hath; Th.
-haue. 501. F. B. plentevous. Th. largnesse. 508. Th. trouthe; S. treuth;
-_rest_ routhe; _see_ l. 679. 514. Th. Gyltlesse; F. Giltles; P. Gylteles.
-
-523. F. B. P. ye (_for_ you). 530. F. B. S. gilt; _rest_ gylte (gilte).
-533. S. a[gh]eynes; T. agaynes; F. B. D. ayens; Th. agaynst. 536. S. [gh]ow
-to pay; _rest_ her to pay. 537. Th. _om._ eche. 538. T. D. liste; _rest_
-list. 541. _All_ euery; _read_ al. 543. _All_ graunte (graunt); _read_
-graunten. 545. Th. onely sle me; MSS. slee me only. 547. S. vnto; _rest
-om._ 548. S. If (_for_ And). 549. S. apaid; _rest_ payd (paid). 550. _For_
-to _read_ shal? 551. F. P. legeaunce; Th. D. ligeaunce; T. lygeaunce.
-
-553. T. D. luste; Th. F. B. lust. S. Quherso hir list to do me lyue or
-deye. 555. S. hoolly; Th. holy. 560. Th. T. D. lyste; F. S. P. list. 561.
-S. vnto; _rest_ to. 566. S. quhill �_a_t me. 568. Th. mater. 571. F. B. P.
-hest. 573. T. liste; _rest_ list (lust). 575. T. sike; S. to sike; Th. D.
-sygh; F. B. sile (!). 577. Th. no worde. 581. Th. long wisshing (!). Th. S.
-for; F. B. D. P. for his; T. for her. 583. S. P. gan; _rest_ gonne (gunne).
-
-587. S. compleynen; _rest_ complayne. 598. T. faste; _rest_ fast. 605. _I
-supply_ here. 606. Th. dytte. 611. T. D. weste; _rest_ west. 617. T. D.
-faste; _rest_ fast. S. D. F. doun; Th. adowne; D. T. Adoun. 622. T. you;
-_rest om._
-
-626. S. for to; _rest om._ 627. MSS. welwilly; Th. wyl I (!). 636. Th.
-socouer (_misprint_). 645. S. vnto; _rest_ to. 647. S. verily; Th. T. D.
-wery (!); B. very wery (!); F. werry wery (!); P. very. 650. F. B. reles;
-T. D. relese; Th. release; S. relesche. 656. Th. T. S. P. _om._ his.
-
-659. Th. _om._ that. 663. Th. ialousyes; D. Ielosies; _rest_ Ielosye. 664.
-T. B. P. of; _rest_ of his. 665. S. Werreyed; D. Werried; _rest_ Werred.
-666. MSS. Princes; Th. Pryncesse. Th. pleaseth; F. pleseth; P. plesith
-(_read_ plese). Th. it to your; _rest om._ to. 667. S. P. for; _rest om._
-669. Th. D. _om._ trewe. 673. S. for; _rest om._
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-IX. THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
-
-  In Fevrier, whan the frosty mone
-  Was horned, ful of Phebus fyry light,
-  And that she gan to reyse her stremes sone,
-  Saint Valentyne! upon thy blisful night
-  Of duetee, whan glad is every wight,                    5
-  And foules chese (to voyde hir olde sorowe)
-  Everich his make, upon the nexte morowe;
-
-  The same tyme, I herde a larke singe
-  Ful lustely, agayn the morowe gray--
-  'Awake, ye lovers, out of your slombringe,             10
-  This gladde morowe, in al the haste ye may;
-  Some observaunce doth unto this day,
-  Your choise ayen of herte to renewe
-  In confirming, for ever to be trewe!
-
-  And ye that be, of chesing, at your large,             15
-  This lusty day, by custome of nature,
-  Take upon you the blisful holy charge
-  To serve love, whyl your lyf may dure,
-  With herte, body, and al your besy cure,
-  For evermore, as Venus and Cipryde                     20
-  For you disposeth, and the god Cupyde.
-
-  For joye owe we playnly to obeye
-  Unto this lordes mighty ordinaunce,
-  And, mercilesse, rather for to deye
-  Than ever in you be founden variaunce;                 25
-  And, though your lyf be medled with grevaunce,
-  And, at your herte, closed be your wounde,
-  Beth alway one, ther-as ye are bounde!'
-
-  That whan I had herd, and listed longe,
-  With devout herte, the lusty melodye                   30
-  Of this hevenly comfortable songe
-  So agreable, as by harmonye,
-  I roos anon, and faste gan me hye
-  Toward a grove, and the way [gan] take
-  Foules to sene, everich chese his make.                35
-
-  And yet I was ful thursty in languisshing;
-  Myn ague was so fervent in his hete,
-  Whan Aurora, for drery complayning,
-  Can distille her cristal teres wete
-  Upon the soile, with silver dewe so swete;             40
-  For she [ne] durste, for shame, not apere
-  Under the light of Phebus bemes clere.
-
-  And so, for anguisshe of my paynes kene,
-  And for constraynte of my sighes sore,
-  I sette me doun under a laurer grene                   45
-  Ful pitously; and alway more and more,
-  As I beheld into the holtes hore,
-  I gan complayne myn inward deedly smerte,
-  That ay so sore +crampisshed myn herte.
-
-  And whyl that I, in my drery payne,                    50
-  Sat, and beheld aboute on every tree
-  The foules sitten, alway twayne and twayne,
-  Than thoughte I thus: 'alas! what may this be,
-  That every foul hath his libertee
-  Frely to chesen after his desyre                       55
-  Everich his make thus, fro yeer to yere?
-
-  The sely wrenne, the titmose also,
-  The litel redbrest, have free eleccioun
-  To flyen y-fere and +togider go
-  Wher-as hem liste, abouten enviroun,                   60
-  As they of kynde have inclinacoun,
-  And as Nature, emperesse and gyde,
-  Of every thing, liste to provyde;
-
-  But man aloon, alas! the harde stounde!
-  Ful cruelly, by kyndes ordinaunce,                     65
-  Constrayned is, and by statut bounde,
-  And debarred from alle such plesaunce.
-  What meneth this? What is this purveyaunce
-  Of god above, agayn al right of kynde,
-  Withoute cause, so narowe man to bynde?'               70
-
-  Thus may I [soothly] seen, and playne, alas!
-  My woful houre and my disaventure,
-  That dolefully stonde in the same cas
-  So fer behynde, from al helth and cure.
-  My wounde abydeth lyk a sursanure;                     75
-  For me Fortune so felly list dispose,
-  My harm is hid, that I dar not disclose.
-
-  For I my herte have set in suche a place
-  Wher I am never lykly for to spede;
-  So fer I am hindred from her grace                     80
-  That, save daunger, I have non other mede.
-  And thus, alas! I not who shal me rede
-  Ne for myn helpe shape remedye,
-  For Male-bouche, and for false Envye:
-
-  The whiche twayne ay stondeth in my wey                85
-  Maliciously; and Fals Suspeccioun
-  Is very cause also that I dey,
-  Ginning and rote of my distruccioun;
-  So that I fele, [as] in conclusioun,
-  With hir traynes that they wol me shende,              90
-  Of my labour that deth mot make an ende!
-
-  Yet, or I dye, with herte, wil, and thought
-  To god of love this avowe I make,
-  (As I best can, how dere that it be bought,
-  Wher-so it be, that I slepe or wake,                   95
-  Whyl Boreas doth the leves shake)
-  As I have hight, playnly, til I sterve,
-  For wele or wo, that I shal [ay] her serve.
-
-  And, for her sake, now this holy tyme,
-  Saint Valentyne! somwhat shal I wryte                 100
-  Al-though so be that I can not ryme,
-  Nor curiously by no crafte endyte,
-  Yet lever I have, that she putte the wyte
-  In unconning than in negligence,
-  What-ever I saye of her excellence.                   105
-
-  What-ever I saye, it is of duetee,
-  In sothfastnesse and no presumpcioun;
-  This I ensure to you that shal it see,
-  That it is al under correccioun;
-  What I reherce in commendacioun                       110
-  Of here that I shal to you, as blyve,
-  So as I can, her vertues here discryve.--
-
-  � Right by example as the somer-sonne
-  Passeth the sterre with his bemes shene,
-  And Lucifer among the skyes donne                     115
-  A-morowe sheweth to voyde nightes tene,
-  So verily, withouten any wene,
-  My lady passeth (who-so taketh hede)
-  Al tho alyve, to speke of womanhede.
-
-  And as the ruby hath the soverainte                   120
-  Of riche stones and the regalye;
-  And [as] the rose, of swetnesse and beaute,
-  Of fresshe floures, withouten any lye;
-  Right so, in sothe, with her goodly ye,
-  She passeth al in bountee and fairnesse,              125
-  Of maner eke, and of gentilnesse.
-
-  For she is bothe the fairest and the beste,
-  To reken al in very sothfastnesse;
-  For every vertue is in her at reste;
-  And furthermore, to speke of stedfastnesse,           130
-  She is the rote; and of seemlinesse
-  The very mirrour; and of governaunce
-  To al example, withouten variaunce.
-
-  Of port benigne, and wonder glad of chere,
-  Having evermore her trewe advertence                  135
-  Alway to reson; so that her desyre
-  Is brydeled ay by witte and providence;
-  Thereto, of witte and of hy prudence
-  She is the welle, ay devoide of pryde,
-  That unto vertue her-selven is the gyde!              140
-
-  And over this, in her daliaunce
-  Lowly she is, discret, wyse, [and secree],
-  And goodly gladde by attemperaunce,
-  That every wight, of high and low degree,
-  Are gladde in herte with her for to be;               145
-  So that, shortly, if I shal not lye,
-  She named is 'The Flour of Curtesye.'
-
-  And there, to speke of femininitee,
-  The leste mannish in comparisoun,
-  Goodly abasshed, having ay pitee                      150
-  Of hem that been in tribulacioun;
-  For she aloon is consolacioun
-  To al that arn in mischeef and in nede,
-  To comforte hem, of her womanhede.
-
-  And ay in vertue is her besy charge,                  155
-  Sadde and demure, and but of wordes fewe;
-  Dredful also of tonges that ben large,
-  Eschewing ay hem that listen to hewe
-  Above hir heed, hir wordes for to shewe,
-  Dishonestly to speke of any wight;                    160
-  She deedly hateth of hem to have a sight.
-
-  The herte of whom so honest is and clene,
-  And her entent so faithful and entere
-  That she ne may, for al the world, sustene
-  To suffre her eres any word to here,                  165
-  Of frend nor fo, neither fer ne nere,
-  Amis resowning, that hinder shulde his name;
-  And if she do, she wexeth reed for shame.
-
-  So trewely in mening she is set,
-  Without chaunging or any doublenesse;                 170
-  For bountee and beautee ar togider knet
-  In her persone, under faithfulnesse;
-  For void she is of newefangelnesse;
-  In herte ay oon, for ever to persever
-  Ther she is set, and never to dissever.               175
-
-  I am to rude her vertues everichoon
-  Cunningly [for] to discryve and wryte;
-  For wel ye wot, colour[es] have I noon
-  Lyk her discrecioun craftely t'endyte;
-  For what I saye, al it is to lyte.                    180
-  Wherfor to you thus I me excuse,
-  That I aqueynted am not with no muse!
-
-  By rethoryke my style to governe,
-  In her preyse and commendacioun,
-  I am to blind, so hyly to discerne,                   185
-  Of her goodnesse to make discripcioun,
-  Save thus I saye, in conclusioun,
-  If that I shal shortly [her] commende,
-  In her is naught that Nature can amende.
-
-  For good she is, lyk to Policene,                     190
-  And, in fairnesse, to the quene Helayne;
-  Stedfast of herte, as was Dorigene,
-  And wyfly trouthe, if I shal not fayne:
-  In constaunce eke and faith, she may attayne
-  To Cleopatre; and therto as +secree                   195
-  As was of Troye the whyte Antigone;
-
-  As Hester meke; lyk Judith of prudence;
-  Kynde as Alceste or Marcia Catoun;
-  And to Grisilde lyk in pacience,
-  And Ariadne, of discrecioun;                          200
-  And to Lucrece, that was of Rome toun,
-  She may be lykned, as for honeste;
-  And, for her faith, unto Penelope.
-
-  To faire Phyllis and to Hipsiphilee,
-  For innocence and for womanhede;                      205
-  For seemlinesse, unto Canacee;
-  And over this, to speke of goodlihede,
-  She passeth alle that I can of rede;
-  For worde and dede, that she naught ne falle,
-  Acorde in vertue, and her werkes alle.                210
-
-  For though that Dydo, with [her] witte sage,
-  Was in her tyme stedfast to Enee,
-  Of hastinesse yet she did outrage;
-  And so for Jason did also Medee.
-  But my lady is so avisee                              215
-  That, bountee and beautee bothe in her demeyne,
-  She maketh bountee alway soverayne.
-
-  This is to mene, bountee goth afore,
-  Lad by prudence, and hath the soveraintee;
-  And beautee folweth, ruled by her lore,               220
-  That she +n'offende her in no degree;
-  So that, in one, this goodly fresshe free
-  Surmounting al, withouten any were,
-  Is good and fair, in oon persone y-fere.
-
-  And though that I, for very ignoraunce,               225
-  Ne may discryve her vertues by and by,
-  Yet on this day, for a remembraunce,
-  Only supported under her mercy,
-  With quaking honde, I shal ful humbly
-  To her hynesse, my rudenes for to quyte,              230
-  A litel balade here bineth endyte,
-
-  Ever as I can suppryse in my herte,
-  Alway with fere, betwixe drede and shame,
-  Lest out of lose any word asterte
-  In this metre, to make it seme lame;                  235
-  Chaucer is deed, that hadde suche a name
-  Of fair making, that [was], withoute wene,
-  Fairest in our tonge, as the laurer grene.
-
-  We may assaye for to counterfete
-  His gaye style, but it wil not be;                    240
-  The welle is drye, with the licour swete,
-  Bothe of Clio and of Caliope;
-  And first of al, I wol excuse me
-  To her, that is [the] ground of goodlihede;
-  And thus I saye until hir womanhede:--                245
-
-              BALADE SIMPLE.
-
-  � 'With al my mighte, and my beste entente,
-  With al the faith that mighty god of kynde
-  Me yaf, sith he me soule and knowing sente,
-  I chese, and to this bonde ever I me bynde,
-  To love you best, whyl I have lyf and mynde':--       250
-  Thus herde I foules in the daweninge
-  Upon the day of saint Valentyne singe.
-
-  'Yet chese I, at the ginning, in this entente,
-  To love you, though I no mercy fynde;
-  And if you liste I dyed, I wolde assente,             255
-  As ever twinne I quik out of this lynde!
-  Suffyseth me to seen your fetheres ynde':--
-  Thus herde I foules in the morweninge
-  Upon the day of saint Valentyne singe.
-
-  'And over this, myn hertes lust to-bente,             260
-  In honour only of the wodebynde,
-  Hoolly I yeve, never to repente
-  In joye or wo, wher-so that I wynde
-  Tofore Cupyde, with his eyen blynde':--
-  The foules alle, whan Tytan did springe,              265
-  With devout herte, me thoughte I herde singe!
-
-                  LENVOY.
-
-  � Princesse of beautee, to you I represente
-  This simple dyte, rude as in makinge,
-  Of herte and wil faithful in myn entente,
-  Lyk as, this day, [the] foules herde I singe.         270
-
-      HERE ENDETH THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
-
-_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532). TITLE: Th. The Floure of Curtesy; (ed. 1561
-_adds_--made by Ihon Lidgate). _I note here the rejected spellings._ 1.
-Feverier. 2. firy. 3. streames. 5. dutie. 6. her. 7. Eueryche; next. 9.
-agayne. 11. glad. 12. dothe. 15. chosyng. 18. whyle; lyfe. 20. Cipride. 22.
-obey.
-
-26. lyfe. 26. closet. 27. there. 29. herde. 30. deuoute. 32. ermonye. 33.
-rose. 34. Towarde; _supply_ gan. 35. eueryche chose. 39. distyl; (_read_
-distille); chrystal teeres. 41. _Supply_ ne. 42. beames. 45. set; downe.
-47. behelde. 48. inwarde. 49. aye; crampessh at (_read_ crampisshed). 50.
-whyle. 51. Sate; behelde; tre. 52. sytte (_read_ sitten). 53. thought. 54.
-foule. 55. chose (_read_ chesen). 56. Eueryche; yere to yere.
-
-57. tytemose. 58. election. 59. togyther (_read_ togider). 60. Where as;
-lyst aboute envyron. 61. inclynacion. 62. empresse (_read_ emperesse). 63.
-lyst. 64. alone. 66. statute. 67. al suche. 69. agayne. 70. Without. 71.
-_Supply_ soothly; sene. 73. doulfully; caas. 74. ferre. 75. lyke. 76.
-lyste. 77. harme; dare. 79. lykely. 80. ferre. 81. none. 83. myne. 85. aye.
-86. false suspection. 88. distruction. 89. _Supply_ as; conclusyon.
-
-91. dethe mote. 94. howe. 95. Where so. 96. Whyle; dothe; leaues. 98. wel;
-_supply_ ay. 99. nowe. 103. put. 106. say; dute (_read_ duetee). 107.
-presumpcion. 108. se. 109. correction. 110. co_m_mendacion. 111. her
-(_read_ here). 114. beames. 115. amonge. 122. _Supply_ as; swetenesse. 123.
-without. 124. eye.
-
-125. bountie; fayrenesse. 128. reken (_read_ reknen?). 131. semelynesse.
-136. reason. 137. aye. 138. hye. 139. aye. 142. discrete and wyse (_read_
-discret wyse; _and supply_ secree _for the rime_). 144. lowe. 145. glad.
-147. Floure. 148. femynyte (!). 149. mannyshe; comparison. 150. aye pyte.
-151. ben; trybulacion. 152. alone; -cion. 153. arne; mischefe. 155. aye.
-157. Dredeful. 158. aye. 159. her (_twice_.)
-
-164. worlde. 165. eeres; worde. 166. frende; foe; ferre. 167. Amysse. 169.
-trewly; is in sette (_om._ in). 171. bountie; beautie are togyther knette.
-173. voyde; newfanglenesse (_or read_ voide _and_ newfangelnesse). 174. aye
-one. 175. There; sette. 176. euerychone. 177. _Supply_ for. 178. colour;
-none. 179. Lyke; to endyte. 180. say. 181. Wherfore. 184. co_m_mendacion.
-185. blynde; hylye. 186. discrypcion. 187. say; conclusyon. 188. _Supply_
-her. 190. lyke. 191. fayrenesse.
-
-193. wyfely. 194. faythe. 195. setrone (!); _read_ secree (_see note_).
-197. lyke. 198. Alcest. 199. lyke. 202. lykened. 203. faythe. 206.
-semelynesse; Canace. 208. al. 209, 210. fal, al. 211. _Supply_ her. 216.
-bountie; beautie. 217. bountie. 218. meane bountie gothe. 220. beautie
-foloweth. 221. ne fende (!); degre. 222. fre. 224. fayre; one.
-
-228. Onely. 230. rudenesse. 233. feare; betwyxt. 234. Leste; worde. 236.
-had. 237. fayre; _supply_ was; without. 239. assay. 240. gay. 241. lycoure.
-242. Clye (!). 244. _Supply_ the; grounde. 245. say. 246. might; best
-entent. 247. faythe. 248. yaue; sent. 250. whyle; lyfe. 251. daunynge. 252,
-259. saynte Valentyne (? _om._ saynte). 253. begynnyng (_read_ ginning);
-entent. 255. assent. 256. quicke; lyne (_misprint_). 257. sene; fethers.
-
-258. mornynge (_for_ morweninge). 260. myne; luste. 261. onely; wodde
-bynde. 262. Holy. 263. where so. 265. al. 266. deuoute hert; thought. 267.
-Lenvoye. beautie; represent. 269. entent. 270. Lyke; _supply_ the.
-COLOPHON: Floure; Curtesy.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-X. A BALADE; IN COMMENDATION OF OUR LADY.
-
-(A DEVOUTE BALADE BY LIDEGATE OF BURY, MADE AT THE REVERENCE OF OURE LADY,
-QWENE OF MERCY.--A.)
-
-  A thousand stories coude I mo reherce
-  Of olde poetes, touching this matere,
-  How that Cupyde the hertes gan so perce
-  Of his servauntes, setting hem on fere;
-  Lo, here the fyn of th'errour and the were!             5
-  Lo, here of love the guerdon and grevaunce
-  That ever with wo his servaunts doth avaunce!
-
-  Wherfor now playnly I wol my style dresse
-  Of one to speke, at nede that wol nat fayle;
-  Alas! for dole, I ne can ne may expresse               10
-  Her passing pryse, and that is no mervayle.
-  O wind of grace, now blow into my sayle!
-  O aureat licour of Cleo, for to wryte
-  My penne enspyre, of that I wolde endyte!
-
-  Alas! unworthy I am and unable                         15
-  To love suche oon, al women surmounting,
-  To be benigne to me, and merciable,
-  That is of pite the welle and eek the spring!
-  Wherfor of her, in laude and in praysing,
-  So as I can, supported by her grace,                   20
-  Right thus I say, kneling tofore her face:--
-
-  O sterre of sterres, with thy stremes clere,
-  Sterre of the see, to shipmen light and gyde,
-  O lusty living, most plesaunt to apere,
-  Whos brighte bemes the cloudes may not hyde;           25
-  O way of lyf to hem that go or ryde,
-  Haven from tempest, surest up to ryve,
-  On me have mercy, for thy joyes fyve!
-
-  O rightful rule, O rote of holinesse,
-  And lightsom lyne of pite for to playne,               30
-  Original ginning of grace and al goodnesse,
-  Clenest conduit of vertue soverayne,
-  Moder of mercy, our trouble to restrayne,
-  Chambre and closet clenest of chastite,
-  And named herberwe of the deite!                       35
-
-  O hoolsom garden, al voyde of wedes wikke,
-  Cristallin welle, of clennesse clere consigned,
-  Fructif olyve, of foyles faire and thikke,
-  And redolent cedre, most dereworthly digned,
-  Remembre on sinners unto thee assigned                 40
-  Er wikked fendes hir wrathe upon hem wreche;
-  Lanterne of light, thou be hir lyves leche!
-
-  Paradyse of plesaunce, gladsom to al good,
-  Benigne braunchelet of the pyne-tree,
-  Vyneyerd vermayle, refressher of our food,             45
-  Licour ayein languor, palled that may not be,
-  Blisful bawme-blossom, byding in bounte,
-  Thy mantel of mercy on our mischef sprede,
-  And er wo wake, wrappe us under thy wede!
-
-  O rody rosier, flouring withouten spyne,               50
-  Fountayne filthles, as beryl currant clere,
-  Som drope of graceful dewe to us propyne;
-  Light withoute nebule, shyning in thy spere,
-  Medecyne to mischeves, pucelle withouten pere,
-  Flame doun to doleful light of thyn influence          55
-  On thy servauntes, for thy magnificence!
-
-  Of al Christen protectrice and tutele,
-  Retour of exyled, put in prescripcioun
-  To hem that erre in the pathe of hir sequele;
-  To wery wandred tent and pavilioun,                    60
-  The feynte to fresshe, and the pausacioun;
-  Unto unresty bothe reste and remedye,
-  Fruteful to al tho that in her affye.
-
-  To hem that rennen thou art itinerarie,
-  O blisful bravie to knightes of thy werre;             65
-  To wery werkmen thou art diourn denarie,
-  Mede unto mariners that have sayled ferre;
-  Laureat crowne, streming as a sterre
-  To hem that putte hem in palestre for thy sake,
-  Cours of her conquest, thou whyte as any lake!         70
-
-  Thou mirthe of martyrs, sweter than citole,
-  Of confessours also richest donatyf,
-  Unto virgynes eternal lauriole,
-  Afore al women having prerogatyf;
-  Moder and mayde, bothe widowe and wyf,                 75
-  Of al the worlde is noon but thou alone!
-  Now, sith thou may, be socour to my mone!
-
-  O trusty turtle, trewest of al trewe,
-  O curteyse columbe, replete of al mekenesse,
-  O nightingale with thy notes newe,                     80
-  O popinjay, plumed with al clennesse,
-  O laverok of love, singing with swetnesse,
-  Phebus, awayting til in thy brest he lighte
-  Under thy winge at domesday us dighte!
-
-  O ruby, rubifyed in the passioun                       85
-  Al of thy sone, among have us in minde,
-  O stedfast dyamaunt of duracioun,
-  That fewe feres that tyme might thou finde,
-  For noon to him was founden half so kinde!
-  O hardy herte, O loving creature,                      90
-  What was it but love that made thee so endure?
-
-  Semely saphyre, depe loupe, and blewe ewage,
-  Stable as the loupe, ewage of pite,
-  This is to say, the fresshest of visage,
-  Thou lovest hem unchaunged that serven thee.           95
-  And if offence or wrything in hem be,
-  Thou art ay redy upon hir wo to rewe,
-  And hem receyvest with herte ful trewe.
-
-  O goodly gladded, whan that Gabriel
-  With joy thee grette that may not be nombred!         100
-  Or half the blisse who coude wryte or tel
-  Whan the holy goost to thee was obumbred,
-  Wherthrough fendes were utterly encombred?
-  O wemlees mayde, embelisshed in his birthe,
-  That man and aungel therof hadden mirthe!             105
-
-  Lo, here the blossom and the budde of glorie,
-  Of which the prophet spak so longe aforn;
-  Lo, here the same that was in memorie
-  Of Isaie, so longe or she was born;
-  Lo, here of David the delicious corn;                 110
-  Lo, here the ground that list [him] to onbelde,
-  Becoming man, our raunsom for to yelde!
-
-  O glorious vyole, O vytre inviolat!
-  O fyry Tytan, persing with thy bemes,
-  Whos vertuous brightnes was in thy brest vibrat,      115
-  That al the world embelisshed with his lemes!
-  Conservatrice of kingdomes and remes;
-  Of Isaies sede O swete Sunamyte,
-  Mesure my mourning, myn owne Margaryte!
-
-  O sovereignest, sought out of Sion,                   120
-  O punical pome ayens al pestilence;
-  And aureat urne, in whom was bouk and boon
-  The agnelet, that faught for our offence
-  Ayens the serpent with so high defence
-  That lyk a lyoun in victorie he was founde;           125
-  To him commende us, of mercy most habounde!
-
-  O precious perle, withouten any pere,
-  Cockle with gold dew from above berayned,
-  Thou busshe unbrent, fyrles set a-fere,
-  Flambing with fervence, not with hete payned;         130
-  Thou during daysye, with no +weder stayned;
-  Flees undefouled of gentil Gedeon,
-  And fructifying yerd thou of Aaron.
-
-  Thou misty arke, probatik piscyne,
-  Laughing Aurora, and of pees olyve;                   135
-  Columpne and base, up bering from abyme;
-  Why nere I conning, thee for to discryve?
-  Chosen of Joseph, whom he took to wyve,
-  Unknowing him, childing by greet miracle,
-  And of our manhode trewe tabernacle!                  140
-
-_From_ Th.; _collated with_ A. (Ashmole 59); _and_ Sl. (Sloane 1212). 1. A.
-I kou�e to you. 2. A. clerkis (_for_ poetes); the (_for_ this). 3. A. cane
-mens hertes presse (!). 4. Th. hem; A. �eire hertes. Th. in fere; A. a
-fuyre. 5. A. With ful daunger paye�e his subgettes hyre. Sl. weere; Th.
-fere. 7. Th. Sl. euer; A. aye. Sl. A. his ... doth; Th. her ... do. 8. Th.
-nowe; A. _om._ Sl. redresse. 10. A. Ellas I ne can ne may not ful expresse.
-11. Th. Sl. and that; A. the whiche. 12. Th. wynde. Sl. into; Th. unto. A.
-�ou blowe nowe to my. 13. Th. auryate; A. aureate. A. _om._ of. 14. A.
-tenspyre of whiche I thenk to wryte. Sl. wold; Th. wol. 15. A. But sith I
-am sonworthy (!). 16. Sl. on; Th. A. one. 17. A. To; Th. Sl. But she.
-
-18. A. Whiche of pytee is welle. 19. Th. Sl. of; A. to. 20. Th. Sl. can; A.
-am. 22. A. O souereine sterre. 24. Sl. lemand (_for_ living). Sl. most; Th.
-A. moste. 25. Th. Whose bright beames. Th. Sl. may; A. cane. 26. A. lyff;
-Th. Sl. lyfe. 27. A. frome; Th. Sl. after. 29. Sl. rote; Th. A. bote. 31.
-A. gynnyng of grace and; Th. Sl. begynning of grace and al. 32. A.
-Clennest; Th. And clenest. Th. Sl. _ins._ most _bef._ sovereyne. 33. A.
-Moder; Th. Mother. 34. A. al cloose closette; Th. Sl. and closet clennest.
-35. Th. herbrough; Sl. herberwe. A. The hyest herber (!) of al the. 36. A.
-holsome; Th. Sl. closed. A. _om._ al. 37. A. Welle cristallyne. A. Sl.
-clennesse; Th. clerenesse. 38. A. Fructyff; Th. Fructyfyed. Th. fayre; A.
-so feyre. 39. A. _om._ And. A. _om._ most. 40. A _om._ on. Sl. pecchours
-(_for_ sinners). A. unto; Th. Sl. that to the be. 41. Th. Sl. Or wikked; A.
-Er foule. A. on hem �eire wrathe. Sl. upon; Th. on. 42. Th. _om._ be. 43.
-A. Thou Paradys plesante, gladnesse of goode. 44. A. And benigne braunche.
-45. A. Vyneyerde vermayle; Th. Sl. Vynarie enuermayled. Sl. food; Th. A.
-bote.
-
-46. Th. ayen al langour; A. geyne langoure. A. palde that; Th. Sl. that
-palled. 47. Sl. Blisful bawme; A. Thou blessed; Th. Blysful blomy. 48. Sl.
-misericord on our myschef. Th. on our myserie; A. vppon vs spilt thou. 49.
-Th. awake. A. wake and wrappe vs ay vnder. 50. A. O rede roos raylling
-withouten. Th. without. 51. Th. al fylthlesse; A. _om._ al. A. currant as
-beryle. Th. byrel. 52. Th. Sl. of thy; _I omit_ thy. A. Grace of thy dewe
-til vs thou do propyne. 53. Th. O light; Sl. Thou lyght. A. Thou louely
-light, shynynge in bright spere. 54. A. missers; Th. mischeues; Sl.
-myscheuows. A. withouten; Th. without. 55. Th. Flambe; A. Dryve. Sl. to;
-Th. A. the. A. _om._ doleful. 56. A. On; Th. Sl. Rem_em_bring. 58. Sl.
-Retour; Th. Returne; A. Recure. A. Sl. in; Th. in the. 59. A. To therroures
-of the pathe sequele. 60. A. For (_for_ To). Sl. wandrid; Th. forwandred;
-A. wandering. 61. _So_ A. Th. To faynte and to fresshe the. 62. A. To wery
-wightes ful reste. 63. Th. tho that; A. that hem. A. _omits_ ll. 64-119.
-64. Th. arte. 66. Sl. thou art; Th. she is. Th. diourne. 68. Th. Laureate.
-69. Th. put; palastre. 71. Sl. Thow; Th. O. Th. myrthe; swetter; sytole.
-72. Sl. _om._ also. Th. donatyfe.
-
-74. Th. -tyfe. 75. Th. Mother; wyfe. 76. Sl. In all this. Sl. noon; Th.
-none. 78. Sl. trewest; Th. truefastest. 81. Sl. plumed; Th. pured. 82. Sl.
-larke. 83. Sl. in; Th. on. 83, 84. lyght, dyght. 85. passyon. 86. Sl.
-All_e_; Th. _om._ Th. sonne. Sl. among haue us; Th. vs haue amonge. 87. Sl.
-dyamaunt; Th. dyametre. 88. Sl. that; Th. any. 89. halfe. 91. the. 92. Th.
-saphre (_sic_); Sl. saffyr. 95. _So_ Sl. Th. unchaunged hem. 96. Sl.
-writhyng; Th. varyeng. 97. arte; her. 98. hert; _see note_. 99. gladed.
-100. the. 102. goste; the. 103. Sl. vtterly; Th. bytterly. 104. wemlesse.
-Th. in; Sl. with.
-
-106. blosme. 107. Th. prophete; Sl. prophetys. Sl. spak so long aforn; Th.
-so longe spake beforne. 109, 110. borne, corne. 111. Th. of lyfe in to
-bilde; Sl. that list to onbelde. 113. Sl. o vitre; Th. and vyte. Th.
-inuyolate. 115. Th. _om._ thy; vibrate. 116. Sl. his; Th. the. 117. Sl.
-kyngdamys; Th. kynges dukes. Sl. remys; Th. realmes. 118. Sl. o; Th. _om._
-120. A. souereine. Th. A. sought; Sl. sowth. Th. out of; Sl. of out; A. fer
-oute. 121-127. _In_ Sl. _only_. 121. Sl. alle. 122. Sl. auryat; book and
-born (!); _see note_. 125. Sl. victory. 126. Sl. moost. 127. Sl. ony. 128.
-Th. golde dewe; A. glorie. 129. A. Sl. Thou; Th. Dewe (!). Sl. ferlett (!)
-set affere; A. fuyrles thou sette vppon; Th. fyrelesse fyre set on. 130.
-Sl. peyned; A. empeyred (!). 131. Sl. Th. _om._ Thou. A. with; Th. that.
-Th. A. wether. A. disteyned. 132. Th. Fleece. A. gentyle; Th. gentylest.
-133. Th. Sl. _insert_ fayrest _after_ fructifyeng (_sic_). A. yerde thowe;
-Th. Sl. the yerde.
-
-134. A. Thowe; Sl. Th. The. Sl. mysti; Th. A. mighty. Sl. probatyk; Th.
-probatyfe; A. the probatyf. 135. A. Aurora; Th. aurore. A. tholyve; Sl. Th.
-olyue. 136. A. Pillor from base beryng from abysme. 137. A. Why nad I
-langage. Sl. the for; A. hir for; Th. here. 138. Th. toke. A. Chosen of
-god, whome Joseph gaf (!) to wyve. 139. Th. Sl. childyng; A. bare Cryste.
-Th. Sl. _om._ greet. 140. Th. And of our manly figure the; Sl. And of oure
-mar (!) figure; A. And of Ihesus manhode truwe.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.
-
-  I have non English convenient and digne
-  Myn hertes hele, lady, thee with t'honoure,
-  Ivorie clene; therfore I wol resigne
-  In-to thyn hand, til thou list socoure
-  To help my making bothe florisshe and floure;           5
-  Than shulde I shewe, in love how I brende,
-  In songes making, thy name to commende.
-
-  For if I coude before thyn excellence
-  Singen in love, I wolde, what I fele,
-  And ever standen, lady, in thy presence,               10
-  To shewe in open how I love you wele;
-  And sith, although your herte be mad of stele,
-  To you, withoute any disseveraunce,
-  _J'ay en vous toute ma fiaunce_.
-
-  Wher might I love ever better besette                  15
-  Than in this lilie, lyking to beholde?
-  The lace of love, the bond so wel thou knette,
-  That I may see thee or myn herte colde,
-  And or I passe out of my dayes olde,
-  Tofore singing evermore utterly--                      20
-  'Your eyen two wol slee me sodainly.'
-
-  For love I langour, blissed be such seknesse,
-  Sith it is for you, my hertely suffisaunce;
-  I can not elles saye, in my distresse,
-  So fair oon hath myn herte in governaunce;             25
-  And after that I +ginne on esperaunce
-  With feble entune, though it thyn herte perce,
-  Yet for thy sake this lettre I do reherce.
-
-  God wot, on musike I can not, but I gesse,
-  (Alas! why so?) that I might say or singe,             30
-  So love I you, myn own soverain maistresse,
-  And ever shal, withouten departinge.
-  Mirrour of beaute, for you out shuld I ringe,
-  In remembraunce eke of your eyen clere,
-  Thus fer from you, my soverain lady dere!              35
-
-  So wolde god your love wold me slo,
-  Sith, for your sake, I singe day by day;
-  Herte, why nilt thou [never] breke a-two,
-  Sith with my lady dwellen I ne may?
-  Thus many a roundel and many a virelay                 40
-  In fresshe Englisshe, whan I me layser finde,
-  I do recorde, on you to have minde!
-
-  Now, lady myn! sith I you love and drede,
-  And you unchaunged finde, in o degree,
-  Whos grace ne may flye fro your womanhede,             45
-  Disdayneth not for to remembre on me!
-  Myn herte bledeth, for I may nat you see;
-  And sith ye wot my mening desirous,
-  _Pleurez pur moi, si vous plaist amorous!_
-
-  What marveyle is, though I in payne be?                50
-  I am departed from you, my soveraine;
-  Fortune, alas! _dont vient la destenee_,
-  That in no wyse I can ne may attayne
-  To see the beaute of your eyen twayne.
-  Wherfore I say, for tristesse doth me grame,           55
-  _Tant me fait mal departir de ma dame!_
-
-  Why nere my wisshing brought to suche esploit
-  That I might say, for joye of your presence,
-  '_Ore a man cuer ce quil veuilloit,_
-  _Ore a man cuer_ the highest excellence                60
-  That ever had wight;' and sith myn advertence
-  Is in you, reweth on my paynes smerte,
-  I am so sore wounded to the herte.
-
-  To live wel mery, two lovers were y-fere,
-  So may I say withouten any blame;                      65
-  If any man [per cas] to wilde were,
-  I coude him [sone] teche to be tame;
-  Let him go love, and see wher it be game!
-  For I am brydled unto sobernesse
-  For her, that is of women cheef princesse.             70
-
-  But ever, whan thought shulde my herte embrace,
-  Than unto me is beste remedye,
-  Whan I loke on your goodly fresshe face;
-  So mery a mirrour coude I never espye;
-  And, if I coude, I wolde it magnifye.                  75
-  For never non was [here] so faire y-founde,
-  To reken hem al, and also Rosamounde.
-
-  And fynally, with mouthe and wil present
-  Of double eye, withoute repentaunce,
-  Myn herte I yeve you, lady, in this entent,            80
-  That ye shal hoolly therof have governaunce;
-  Taking my leve with hertes obeysaunce,
-  '_Salve, regina!_' singing laste of al,
-  To be our helpe, whan we to thee cal!
-
-  Al our love is but ydelnesse                           85
-  Save your aloon; who might therto attayne?
-  Who-so wol have a name of gentillesse,
-  I counsayle him in love that he not fayne.
-  Thou swete lady! refut in every payne,
-  Whos [pitous] mercy most to me avayleth                90
-  To gye by grace, whan that fortune fayleth.
-
-  Nought may be told, withouten any fable,
-  Your high renome, your womanly beaute;
-  Your governaunce, to al worship able,
-  Putteth every herte in ese in his degree.              95
-  O violet, _O flour desiree_,
-  Sith I am for you so amorous,
-  _Estreynez moy_, [lady,] _de cuer joyous_!
-
-  With fervent herte my brest hath broste on fyre;
-  _L'ardant espoir que mon cuer poynt, est mort,_       100
-  _D'avoir l'amour de celle que je desyre_,
-  I mene you, swete, most plesaunt of port,
-  _Et je sai bien que ceo n'est pas mon tort_
-  That for you singe, so as I may, for mone
-  For your departing; alone I live, alone.              105
-
-  Though I mighte, I wolde non other chese;
-  In your servyce, I wolde be founden sad;
-  Therfore I love no labour that ye lese,
-  Whan, in longing, sorest ye be stad;
-  Loke up, ye lovers [alle], and be right glad          110
-  Ayeines seynt Valentynes day,
-  For I have chose that never forsake I may!
-
-              _Explicit._
-
-_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532); _I note rejected spellings_. 1. none
-englysshe. 2. heale; the; to honour. 3. cleane. 4. thyne hande; socoure. 5.
-helpe; flour. 6. howe. 8. thyne. 11. howe. 12. made. 13. withouten;
-disceueraunce. 14. tout. 15. Where; beset. 17. bonde; knyt. 18. se the;
-myne. 22. sicknesse. 23. Sythe. 24. els say. 25. fayre one; myne. 26.
-begynne; _read_ ginne.
-
-27. thyne. 28. letter. 30. wote. 31. owne; maistres. 32. without. 35.
-ferre. 36. wolde (_twice_). 37. Sythe. 38. nylte; _I supply_ never; breake.
-39. Sythe; dwel. 43. Nowe; myne sithe. 44. euer fynde (_om._ euer). 45.
-Whose. 47. Myne; se. 48. sithe; wotte; meanyng. 49. Plures; moy. 52.
-destenie. 53. canne. 54. se. 55. dothe. 56. male. 58. ioye. 61. sithe myne.
-
-66. _Short line; I insert_ per cas. 67. _Short line; I insert_ sone. for
-to; _I omit_ for. 68. Lette; se where. 70. chefe. 71. my hert shuld. 72.
-best remedy. 74. espy. 76. none; _I insert_ here. 79. without. 81. holy.
-82. leaue. 84. the. 86. your loue alone; _om._ loue. 89. refute. 90. Whose;
-_I insert_ pitous. 92. tolde. 95. ease. 96. floure.
-
-97. Sythe; amerous. 98. Estreynes; _I insert_ lady _to fill out the line_.
-99. brost. 102. meane; porte. 103. say. 106. myght; none. 107. sadde. 109.
-stadde. 110. _I supply_ alle; gladde. 111. Ayenst saynt. 112. chese (_read_
-chose).
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.
-
-  Consider wel, with every circumstaunce,
-  Of what estat so-ever that thou be--
-  Riche, strong, or mighty of puissaunce,
-  Prudent or wyse, discrete or avisee,
-  The doom of folke in soth thou mayst nat flee;          5
-  What-ever that thou do, trust right wel this,
-  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
-
-  For in thy port or in thyn apparayle
-  If thou be clad or honestly be-seyn,
-  Anon the people, of malice, wol nat fayle,             10
-  Without advyce or reson, for to sayn
-  That thyn array is mad and wrought in vayn;
-  What! suffre hem speke!--and trust right wel this,
-  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
-
-  Thou wilt to kinges be equipolent,                     15
-  With grete lordes even and peregal;
-  And, if thou be to-torn and al to-rent,
-  Than wol they say, and jangle over-al,
-  Thou art a slogard, that never thryve shal;
-  Yet suffre hem speke!--and trust right wel this,       20
-  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
-
-  If thou be fayr, excelling of beautee,
-  Than wol they say, that thou art amorous;
-  If thou be foul and ugly on to see,
-  They wol afferme that thou art vicious,                25
-  The peple of langage is so dispitous;
-  Suffre hem speke, and trust right wel this,
-  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
-
-  And if it falle that thou take a wyf,
-  [Than] they wol falsly say, in hir entent,             30
-  That thou art lykly ever to live in stryf,
-  Voyd of al rest, without alegement;
-  Wyves be maistres, this is hir jugement;
-  Yet suffre hem speke--and trust right wel this,
-  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.                    35
-
-  And if it so be that, of parfitnesse,
-  Thou hast avowed to live in chastitee,
-  Than wol folk of thy persone expresse
-  Say thou art impotent t'engendre in thy degree;
-  And thus, whether thou be chast or deslavee,           40
-  Suffre hem speke--and trust right wel this,
-  A wikked tonge wel alway deme amis.
-
-  And if that thou be fat or corpulent,
-  Than wol they say that thou art a glotoun,
-  A devourour, or elles vinolent;                        45
-  If thou be lene or megre of fassioun,
-  Cal thee a nigard, in hir opinioun;
-  Yet suffre hem speke--and trust right wel this,
-  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
-
-  If thou be riche, som wol yeve thee laud,              50
-  And say, it cometh of prudent governaunce;
-  And som wol sayen, that it cometh of fraud,
-  Outher by sleight, or by fals chevisaunce;
-  To say the worst, folk have so gret plesaunce;
-  Yet suffre hem saye--and trust right wel this,         55
-  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
-
-  If thou be sad or sobre of countenaunce,
-  Men wol say--thou thinkest som tresoun;
-  And if [that] thou be glad of daliaunce,
-  Men wol deme it dissolucioun,                          60
-  And calle thy fair speche, adulacioun;
-  Yet let hem speke--and trust right wel this,
-  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
-
-  Who that is holy by perfeccioun,
-  Men, of malyce, wol calle him ipocryte;                65
-  And who is mery, of clene entencioun,
-  Men say, in ryot he doth him delyte;
-  Som mourne in blak; som laughe in clothes whyte;
-  What! suffre them speke--and trust right wel this,
-  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.                    70
-
-  Honest array, men deme, +is pompe and pryde,
-  And who goth poore, men calle him a wastour;
-  And who goth [mene], men marke him on every syde,
-  And saye that he is a spye or a gylour;
-  Who wasteth, men seyn [that] he hath tresour;          75
-  Wherfore conclude, and trust [right] wel this,
-  A wikked tonge wil alway deme amis.
-
-  Who speketh moche, men calle him prudent;
-  And who debateth, men say, he is hardy;
-  And who saith litel with gret sentiment,               80
-  Som men yet wol edwyte him of foly;
-  Trouth is put down, and up goth flatery;
-  And who list plainly know the cause of this,
-  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
-
-  For though a man were al-so pacient                    85
-  As was David, through his humilitee,
-  Or with Salamon in wysdom as prudent,
-  Or in knighthode egal with Josue,
-  Or manly proved as Judas Machabee,
-  Yet, for al that--trust right wel this,                90
-  A wicked tonge wol alway deme amis.
-
-  And though a man hadde the high prowesse
-  Of worthy Hector, Troyes champioun,
-  The love of Troilus or the kindenesse,
-  Or of Cesar the famous high renoun,                    95
-  With Alisaundres dominacioun,
-  Yet, for al that--trust right wel this,
-  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
-
-  And though a man of high or low degree
-  Of Tullius hadde the sugred eloquence,                100
-  Or of Senek the greet moralitee,
-  Or of Catoun the foresight or prudence,
-  Conquest of Charles, Arthurs magnificence,
-  Yet, for al that--trust right wel this,
-  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.                   105
-
-  Touching of women the parfit innocence,
-  Thogh they had of Hestre the mekenes,
-  Or of Griseldes [the] humble pacience,
-  Or of Judith the proved stablenes,
-  Or Policenes virginal clennes,                        110
-  Yit dar I say and truste right wel this,
-  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
-
-  The wyfly trouthe of Penelope,
-  Though they it hadde in hir possessioun,
-  Eleynes beaute, the kindnes of Medee,                 115
-  The love unfeyned of Marcia Catoun,
-  Or of Alcest the trewe affeccioun,
-  Yit dar I say and truste right wel this,
-  A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis.
-
-  Than sith it is, that no man may eschewe              120
-  The swerde of tonge, but it wol kerve and byte,
-  Ful hard it is, a man for to remewe
-  Out of hir daunger, so they hem delyte
-  To hindre or slaundre, and also to bakbyte;
-  For [this] hir study fynally it is                    125
-  And hir plesaunce, alwey to deme amis.
-
-  Most noble princes, cherisshers of vertue,
-  Remembreth you of high discrecioun,
-  The first vertue, most plesing to Jesu,
-  (By the wryting and sentence of Catoun),              130
-  Is a good tonge, in his opinioun;
-  Chastyse the revers, and of wysdom do this,
-  Withdraw your hering from al that deme amis.
-
-_From_ Th. (Thynne's edition, 1532); _collated with_ Ff. (MS. Ff. 1. 6,
-Camb. Univ. Library). _Another copy in_ H. (Harl. 2251). 1. H. with; Ff.
-wiht; Th. _om._ 2. Ff. H. estat; Th. estate. Th. _om._ that. 3. Th.
-stronge. 4. Ff. avisee; H. avice; Th. besy. 5. Th. Ff. dome; H. doome. Th.
-sothe. H. mayst; Th. Ff. may. Th. Ff. flye; H. flee. 6. H. that; _rest om._
-Ff. H. do; Th. doste. Th. _om._ right. 7. H. Ff. deme; Th. say. 8. Ff.
-port; Th. porte. Th. thyne. 9. _All_ cladde. Ff. H. or; Th. and. Ff.
-beseyn; Th. be sayne. 10. Ff. Anon; Th. Anone (_and so in other places I
-correct the spelling by the_ MSS.). 12. _All_ made. 13. Th. H. _om._ right.
-14. Ff. H. deme; Th. say. 15. Ff. H. wylt; Th. wolde. Ff. H. equipolent;
-Th. equiuolent. 16. Ff. H. grete; Th. great. 17. Ff. to-torn; Th. H. torn.
-19. Ff. H. Thou; Th. That thou. 20. Th. H. _om._ right. 21. Ff. H. deme;
-Th. say.
-
-22-35. _So in_ H.; Th. Ff. _transpose_ ll. 21-28 _and_ 29-35. Th. fayre
-and; Ff. H. _om._ and. H. excellyng; Ff. Th. excellent. 23. Ff. H. Than;
-Th. Yet. _All_ amerous. 24. _All_ foule. 26. Ff. H. peple of; Th. peoples.
-27. _So_ Ff.; Th. H. Suffre al their speche and truste (H. deme) wel this.
-28. Ff. H. deme; Th. say. 29. Ff. And yif hit falle; Th. If it befal. 30.
-_Insert_ Than; _see_ l. 23. 31. Ff. Thou art euer lykkely to lyue in
-stryve. 32. Ff. alleggement. 33. Ff. H. be maistres; Th. hem maystren. 34.
-_So_ Ff.; Th. suffren their speche; _om._ right. 35. Ff. H. deme; Th. say.
-36. H. And if; Ff. And yif; Th. If. H. it; Th. Ff. _om._ Th. that thou; Ff.
-H. _om._ thou. 37. Ff. H. Thou hast; Th. Haue. 39. Ff. H. Say; Th. That.
-Th. tengendre; Ff. to gendre. 40. Ff. Th. chaste. Ff. dyslave (_better_
-deslavee); Th. delauie. 41. Th. H. _om._ right. 42. Ff. H. deme; Th. say.
-43. Th. _om._ And. 44. Th. H. _om._ that. 45. Th. H. deuourer; Ff. devowrer
-(_better_ devourour). 46. Ff. H. lene or megre; Th. megre or leane. 47. Ff.
-H. her; Th. H. their. 48. Th. H. _om._ right. 49. Ff. H. deme; Th. say.
-
-50. _All_ the. Th. laude; Ff. H. lawde. 52. Ff. Th. say; H. sayne. H. that;
-Th. Ff. _om._ 53. Ff. Outher; Th. H. Or. 55. Th. What; Ff. H. Yit. Ff. Th.
-say. Th. H. _om._ right. 56. Ff. H. deme; Th. say. 57. _All_ sadde. 58. Ff.
-tresone; Th. H. treason. 59. _I supply_ that. 60. Ff. it is; Th. H. _om._
-is. 61. Th. Callyng; Ff. H. And calle. Th. _om._ thy. 62. Th. H. _om._
-right. 63. Ff. H. deme; Th. say. 64. Ff. H. Who; Th. And who. 65. Th. him
-an; Ff. H. _om._ an. 66. Th. who that; Ff. H. _om._ that. 69. Ff. speke;
-Th. say. Th. H. _om._ right. 70. Ff. H. deme; Th. say. 71-77. _In_ H.
-_only_. 71. H. in; _read_ is. 72. H. vastour. 73. _I insert_ mene; _see
-note_. 75. H. wastith; _I insert_ that. 76. H. coclude(!); H. _om._ right.
-
-78. Ff. H. men calle him; Th. is holden. 79. Th. And who; Ff. H. Who that.
-Th. H. say that; Ff. _om._ that. 80. Th. who that; Ff. H. _om._ that. 81.
-Th. men yet; Ff. folke. Ff. H. edwyte; Th. wyte. 82. Ff. H. vp; Th. nowe.
-83. H. who; Ff. ho (= who); Th. who that. Ff. H. cause; Th. trouth. 84.
-_So_ H. Ff.; Th. It is a wicked tonge th_a_t alway saythe amys. 85. Ff.
-also; Th. H. as. 86. Th. _om._ his. 87. H. wisdom; Th. wisedome; Ff.
-wysdome. 88. Ff. to; Th. H. with. 91. _So_ Ff. H.; Th. Some wycked tonge of
-hym wol say amys. 92. Ff. _om._ a. _All_ had. Ff. H. _om._ high. 94. Ff. H.
-kyndenes; Th. kyndnesse. 96. Th. Wyth al; Ff. H. _om._ al. 98. _So_ Ff.;
-Th. Some wycked tonge of hym wol say amys. 99. Ff. H. And; Th. Or. 101. H.
-Senek; Ff. Senec; Th. Seneca. Th. great; Ff. H. _om._ 102. Ff. or prudence;
-Th. H. and prouidence. 103. Th. The conquest; Ff. _om._ The. Ff. Arthurs;
-Th. H. Arturs. 105. _See note to_ 96.
-
-106-112. _Not in_ Thynne; _from_ Ff. H. 106. H. of; Ff. to. 108. Ff.
-grecildes; H. Gresieldis; _I supply_ the. 110. H. Polycenes; Ff. Penilops.
-113. H. wyfly; Th. wyfely; Ff. wylfull_e_ (!). Th. H. trouth; Ff. trowth;
-_read_ trouthe. 114. Th. had; Ff. H. hadde. Th. her; Ff. thaire; H. theyr.
-115. H. Eleynes; Ff. Eleyons; Th. Holynesse (_for_ Heleynes). Th.
-kyndenesse; Ff. kyndnes. 116. Ff. H. loue; Th. lyfe (!). Th. Mertia; Ff. H.
-Marcia. Th. Caton; Ff. H. and catou_n_. 117. Ff. H. Alcestys (_om._ the).
-119. _So_ Ff.; Th. A wycked tonge wol say of her amys. 120. Ff. suyth; H.
-sith; Th. sythen. H. it is; Ff. it; Th. it is so (_om._ that). 121. Ff.
-wyll (= wol); H. wil; Th. _om._ 122. Ff. H. _om._ for. 123. H. hir; Ff. ar;
-Th. theyr. Ff. so them hem delyte; Th. him for to aquyte. 124. Ff. Tho
-(_for_ To) hindre sclau_n_der, and also to bacbyte; Th. Wo to the tonges
-that hem so delyte. 125. Ff. For thayre study fynaly it ys; Th. To hynder
-or sclaunder, and set theyr study in this (cf. l. 124). 126. Th. And theyr
-pleasaunces to do and say amis; H. And theyr plesaunce alwey to deme amys;
-Ff. _has (as usual)_ A wicked tonge wol alway deme amis. 127. Ff.
-princesse; Th. princes. 129. Th. and most; Ff. H. _om._ and. Ff. plesing;
-Th. pleasyng.
-
-132. H. revers; Th. reuerse; Ff. reu_er_ce. H. wisdom; Th. Ff. wysdome.
-133. H. Voydeth (_for_ Withdraw). Ff. deme; Th. saine.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XIII. BEWARE OF DOUBLENESS.
-
-  (BALADE MADE BY LYDGATE.)
-
-  This world is ful of variaunce
-  In every thing, who taketh hede,
-  That faith and trust, and al constaunce,
-  Exyled ben, this is no drede;
-  And, save only in womanhede,                            5
-  I can [nat] see no sikernesse;
-  But for al that, yet, as I rede,
-  Be-war alway of doublenesse.
-
-  Also these fresshe somer-floures
-  Whyte and rede, blewe and grene,                       10
-  Ben sodainly, with winter-shoures,
-  Mad feinte and fade, withoute wene;
-  That trust is non, as ye may seen,
-  In no-thing, nor no stedfastnesse,
-  Except in women, thus I mene;                          15
-  Yet ay be-war of doublenesse.
-
-  The croked mone, this is no tale,
-  Som whyle is shene and bright of hewe,
-  And after that ful derk and pale,
-  And every moneth chaungeth newe;                       20
-  That, who the verray sothe knewe,
-  Al thing is bilt on brotelnesse,
-  Save that these women ay be trewe;
-  Yet ay be-war of doublenesse.
-
-  The lusty fresshe somers day,                          25
-  And Phebus with his bemes clere,
-  Towardes night, they drawe away,
-  And no lenger liste appere;
-  That, in this present lyf now here
-  Nothing abit in his fairnesse,                         30
-  Save women ay be founde intere
-  And devoid of doublenesse.
-
-  The see eke, with his sterne wawes,
-  Ech day floweth newe again,
-  And, by concours of his lawes,                         35
-  The ebbe foloweth, in certain;
-  After gret drought ther comth a rain,
-  That farewel here al stabelnesse,
-  Save that women be hole and plain;
-  Yet ay be-war of doublenesse.                          40
-
-  Fortunes wheel goth round aboute
-  A thousand tymes, day and night:
-  Whos cours standeth ever in doute
-  For to transmew; she is so light.
-  For which adverteth in your sight                      45
-  Th'untrust of worldly fikelnesse,
-  Save women, which of kindly right
-  Ne have no tache of doublenesse.
-
-  What man may the wind restraine
-  Or holde a snake by the tail,                          50
-  Or a sliper eel constraine
-  That it nil voide, withouten fail;
-  Or who can dryve so a nail
-  To make sure new-fangelnesse,
-  Save women, that can gye hir sail                      55
-  To rowe hir boot with doublenesse.
-
-  At every haven they can aryve
-  Wher-as they wote is good passage;
-  Of innocence, they can not stryve
-  With wawes nor no rokkes rage;                         60
-  So happy is hir lodemanage,
-  With nelde and stoon hir cours to dresse,
-  That Salamon was not so sage
-  To find in hem no doublenesse.
-
-  Therfor who-so hem accuse                              65
-  Of any double entencioun,
-  To speke, rowne, other to muse,
-  To pinche at hir condicioun;
-  Al is but fals collusioun,
-  I dar right wel the sothe expresse;                    70
-  They have no better proteccioun
-  But shroude hem under doublenesse.
-
-  So wel fortuned is hir chaunce
-  The dys to turnen up-so-doun,
-  With sys and sink they can avaunce,                    75
-  And than, by revolucioun,
-  They sette a fel conclusioun
-  Of ambes as, in sothfastnesse;
-  Though clerkes make mencioun
-  Hir kind is fret with doublenesse.                     80
-
-  Sampsoun had experience
-  That women were ful trewe founde,
-  Whan Dalida, of innocence,
-  With sheres gan his heer to rounde;
-  To speke also of Rosamounde                            85
-  And Cleopatras feithfulnesse,
-  The stories plainly wil confounde
-  Men that apeche hir doublenesse.
-
-  Sengle thing ne is not preised,
-  Nor oo-fold is of no renoun;                           90
-  In balaunce whan they be peised,
-  For lakke of weght they be bore doun;
-  And for this cause of just resoun,
-  These women alle, of rightwisnesse,
-  Of chois and free eleccioun                            95
-  Most love eschaunge and doublenesse.
-
-              LENVOY.
-
-  O ye women, which been enclyned,
-  By influence of your nature,
-  To been as pure as gold y-fyned
-  In your trouth for to endure,                         100
-  Arm your-self in strong armure
-  Lest men assaile your sikernesse:
-  Set on your brest, your-self t'assure,
-  A mighty sheld of doublenesse.
-
-1. _From_ F. (Fairfax 16); _collated with_ Ed. (ed. 1561). _Also in_ A.
-(Ashmole 59), _in which it is much altered; other copies in_ Ha. (Harl.
-7578), _and_ Ad. (Addit. 16165). 2. F. whoo. 6. _I supply_ nat. 9. F. A.
-these; Ed. that. 12. F. feynt; Ha. Ed. feinte. 13. F. Ed. sene. 18. F. A.
-Ad. is shene; Ed. ishene. 21. F. A. who so; Ha. Ad. Ed. who. 23. Ad. these;
-_rest om._
-
-28. Ha. Ad. no; F. Ed. non. 29. F. So; _rest_ That. 30. F. abytte; Ed.
-abieth; Ad. abydeth. 32. _In the margin of_ F. Ad.--Per Antifrasim. 36. F.
-Ad. Ha. foloweth; Ed. _repeats_ floweth _from_ l. 34. A. Soone affter that
-comthe thebbe certeyne. 38. F. Ha. farewel al her; Ed. Ad. farewel here al.
-48. F. Ad. Ha. haue; Ed. hath. F. tachche; Ed. teche. 51. F. slepur; Ha.
-sleper; Ed. Ad. slipper. 52. A. nyl; Ad. nil; Ha. wol; F. wil; Ed. will.
-53. A. dryve so depe a. 54. Ed. suere. 55, 56. Ad. hir; Ha. F. her; Ed.
-their.
-
-61. F. happe; Ha. Ed. happy. F. her (= hir); Ed. their. 62. F. nelde; Ed.
-Ha. nedle. F. Ha. her; Ed. their. 64. F. Ha. hem; Ed. them. 65. F. Wherfor;
-Ed. Ha. Ad. Therefore. MSS. hem; Ed. them. 67. Ed. rowme (!). 68. F. hyr;
-Ad. hir; Ha. her; Ed. their. 69. A. Ad. nys (_for_ is). 71. Ed. better; F.
-bette; Ha. Ad. bet. 72. MSS. hem; Ed. them. 73. Ad. Ed. their. 74. F. Ed.
-turne; Ad. Ha. turnen. 78. F. Ambes ase; Ad. Ha. aumbes as; Ed. lombes, as
-(!) 82. F. weren; Ed. A. were. MSS. founde; Ed. ifound. 84. A. heres; Ad.
-here; Ed. heere; F. hede. 87. F. Ad. Ed. The; A. Hir. 88. MSS. hir, her;
-Ed. their. 90. F. oo folde; A. oone folde; Ed. ofolde.
-
-92. F. A. Ad. weght; Ha. wight; Ed. waighte. A. borne. 96. A. Ad. Haue
-stuffed hem with doublenesse. 97. A. that (_for_ which). 100. A. In alle
-youre touches for. Ad. trouthe for tendure. 101. _For_ Arm _read_ Armeth?
-102. Ha. assaye. 103. F. A. Ad. tassure; Ed. Ha. to assure. 104. F. Ed.
-shelde; A. sheelde.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN TO BEWARE OF DECEITFUL WOMEN.
-
-  Loke wel aboute, ye that lovers be;
-  Lat nat your lustes lede you to dotage;
-  Be nat enamoured on al thing that ye see.
-  Sampson the fort, and Salamon the sage
-  Deceived were, for al hir gret corage;                  5
-  Men deme hit is right as they see at y;
-  Bewar therfore; the blinde et many a fly.
-
-  I mene, in women, for al hir cheres queinte,
-  Trust nat to moche; hir trouthe is but geson;
-  The fairest outward ful wel can they peinte,           10
-  Hir stedfastnes endureth but a seson;
-  For they feyn frendlines and worchen treson.
-  And for they be chaungeable naturally,
-  Bewar therfore; the blinde et many a fly.
-
-  Though al the world do his besy cure                   15
-  To make women stonde in stablenes,
-  Hit may nat be, hit is agayn nature;
-  The world is do whan they lak doublenes;
-  For they can laughe and love nat; this is expres.
-  To trust in hem, hit is but fantasy;                   20
-  Bewar therfore; the blind et many a fly.
-
-  What wight on-lyve trusteth in hir cheres
-  Shal haue at last his guerdon and his mede;
-  They can shave nerer then rasours or sheres;
-  Al is nat gold that shyneth! Men, take hede;           25
-  Hir galle is hid under a sugred wede.
-  Hit is ful hard hir fantasy t'aspy;
-  Bewar therfore; the blinde et many a fly.
-
-  Women, of kinde, have condicions three;
-  The first is, that they be fulle of deceit;            30
-  To spinne also hit is hir propertee;
-  And women have a wonderful conceit,
-  They wepen ofte, and al is but a sleight,
-  And whan they list, the tere is in the y;
-  Bewar therfore; the blinde et many a fly.              35
-
-  What thing than eyr is lighter and meveable?
-  The light, men say, that passeth in a throw;
-  Al if the light be nat so variable
-  As is the wind that every wey [can] blow;
-  And yet, of reson, som men deme and trow               40
-  Women be lightest of hir company;
-  Bewar therfore; the blind et many a fly.
-
-  In short to say, though al the erth so wan
-  Were parchemyn smothe, whyte and scribable,
-  And the gret see, cleped the occian,                   45
-  Were torned in inke, blakker then is sable,
-  Ech stik a penne, ech man a scriveyn able,
-  They coud nat wryte wommannes traitory;
-  Bewar therfore; the blinde et many a fly.
-
-_From_ Trin. (Trin. Coll. Cam. R. 3. 19), _printed in_ Ed. (ed. 1561); T.
-(Trin. Coll. O. 9. 38); H. (Harl. 2251). 1. Trin. welle. T. abowte; Trin.
-about. 2. Trin. leede. 3. Trin. se. 4. T. H. Salamon; Trin. Salomon. 5. T.
-her_e_ (_read_ hir); Trin. H. theyr (_and elsewhere_). 6. _So_ T.; Trin. H.
-hit right that they se with. T. eye; Trin. ey; H. ye; (_read_ y). 7. T.
-ette, _alt. to_ ettyth; Trin. H. eteth (_read_ et, _and so elsewhere_). 8.
-H. T. in; Trin. of. Trin. wemen; queynt. 9. Trin. H. hem nat (T. _om._
-hem). Trin. trowth; geason (T. geson). 10. T. full_e_; Trin. H. _om._ Trin.
-peynt. 12. Trin. feyne. 13. T. be; Trin. ar; H. are. Trin. chaungeabylle.
-15-28. _So_ T. H.; Trin. _transposes_ 15-21 _and_ 22-28. 16. Trin. wemen
-stond; stabylnes. 17. T. H. may; Trin. wolle. 18. Trin. doubylnes. 19.
-Trin. lawgh; expresse. H. _om._ nat. 20. H. T. in; Trin. on. Trin. theym.
-
-22. T. yn; Trin. on. Trin. cherys. 24. T. They; Trin. For wemen. 25. Trin.
-shynyth. 26. Trin. sugryd. 27. T. harde; Trin. H. queynt. Trin. to aspy.
-29. T. _has the note_: Fallere flere nere tria sunt hec in muliere. Trin.
-thre. 30. T. that; Trin. H. _om._ 31. T. hyt; Trin. _om._ T. properte;
-Trin. p_ro_purte. 32. H. haue; T. hath; Trin. _om._ Trin. conseyte. 33.
-Trin. H. For they; T. _om._ For. T. wepyth (_read_ wepen); Trin. wepe. T.
-H. but; Trin. _om._ H. a sleight; T. deceyt; Trin. asteyte; Ed. a sleite.
-34. Trin. teere; ey. 36-42. _In_ T. _only_. 37. T. passyth. 38. T. All yff;
-waryabylle. 39. T. wynde; ys blow (_alt. to_ blowth; _read_ can blow). 40.
-T. yut; summen. 41. T. ther (_for_ hir). 43. T. schorte; Trin. sothe. Trin.
-erthe; wanne. 44. Trin. parchemyne; scrybabylle. 45. T. H. that clepyd is;
-Trin. that callyd ys (_read_ cleped). H. _om._ the. Trin. occiane. 46. T.
-yn; Trin. into; H. to. T. H. is; Trin. _om._ 47. T. H. Eche; Trin. Euery.
-Trin. yche; abylle. H. scryven; T. Trin. scriuener. 48. T. They cowde not;
-Trin. Nat cowde then (!). T. wymmenys; Trin. womans; H. wommans. T.
-treytorye; Trin. H. trechery.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XV. THREE SAYINGS.
-
-      (A). A SAYING OF DAN JOHN.
-
-  Ther beth four thinges that maketh a man a fool,
-  Honour first putteth him in outrage,
-  And alder-next solitarie and sool;
-  The second is unweldy croked age;
-  Women also bring men in dotage;                         5
-  And mighty wyne, in many dyvers wyse,
-  Distempreth folk which [that] ben holden wyse.
-
-          (B). YET OF THE SAME.
-
-  Ther beth four thinges causing gret folye,
-  Honour first, and [than] unweldy age;
-  Women and wyne, I dar eek specifye,
-  Make wyse men [to] fallen in dotage;
-  Wherfore, by counseil of philosophers sage,             5
-  In gret honour, lerne this of me,
-  With thyn estat have [eek] humilitee.
-
-      (C). BALADE DE BON CONSAIL.
-
-  If it befalle, that god thee list visyte
-  With any tourment or adversitee,
-  Thank first the lord; and [than], thyself to quyte,
-  Upon suffraunce and humilitee
-  Found thou thy quarrel, what-ever that it be;           5
-  Mak thy defence (and thou shall have no losse)
-  The remembraunce of Crist and of his crosse.
-
-A. _From_ Stowe (ed. 1561). 1. bethe foure; foole. 3. soole. 7. Distempren
-(!); folke whiche; _supply_ that; bene.
-
-B. _From the same._ 1. bene (_read_ beth, _as above_) foure. 2. _I supply_
-than; vnwildy. 3. dare eke specify. 4. _I supply_ to. 6. learne. 7. thine
-estate; _I supply_ eek.
-
-C. _From the same._ 1. befall; the. 2. aduersite. 3. Thanke; lorde; _I
-supply_ than; selfe. 4. humilite. 5. Founde; quarel. 6. Make.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XVI. LA BELLE DAME SANS MERCY.
-
-TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCH BY SIR RICHARD ROS.
-
-  Half in a dreme, not fully wel awaked,
-  The golden sleep me wrapped under his wing;
-  Yet nat for-thy I roos, and wel nigh naked,
-  Al sodaynly my-selve remembring
-  Of a mater, leving al other thing                       5
-  Which I shold do, with-outen more delay,
-  For hem to whom I durst nat disobey.
-
-  My charge was this, to translate by and by,
-  (Al thing forgive), as part of my penaunce,
-  A book called Belle Dame sans Mercy                    10
-  Which mayster Aleyn made of remembraunce,
-  Cheef secretarie with the king of Fraunce.
-  And ther-upon a whyle I stood musing,
-  And in my-self gretly imagening
-
-  What wyse I shuld performe the sayd processe,          15
-  Considering by good avysement
-  Myn unconning and my gret simplenesse,
-  And ayenward the strait commaundement
-  Which that I had; and thus, in myn entent,
-  I was vexed and tourned up and doun;                   20
-  And yet at last, as in conclusioun,
-
-  I cast my clothes on, and went my way,
-  This foresayd charge having in remembraunce,
-  Til I cam to a lusty green valey
-  Ful of floures, to see, a gret plesaunce;              25
-  And so bolded, with their benygn suffraunce
-  That rede this book, touching this sayd matere,
-  Thus I began, if it plese you to here.
-
-  Nat long ago, ryding an esy paas,
-  I fel in thought, of joy ful desperate                 30
-  With greet disese and payne, so that I was
-  Of al lovers the most unfortunate,
-  Sith by his dart most cruel, ful of hate,
-  The deeth hath take my lady and maistresse,
-  And left me sole, thus discomfit and mate,             35
-  Sore languisshing, and in way of distresse.
-
-  Than sayd I thus, 'it falleth me to cesse
-  Eyther to ryme or ditees for to make,
-  And I, surely, to make a ful promesse
-  To laugh no more, but wepe in clothes blake.           40
-  My joyful tyme, alas! now is it slake,
-  For in my-self I fele no maner ese;
-  Let it be written, such fortune I take,
-  Which neither me, nor non other doth plese.
-
-  If it were so, my wil or myn entent                    45
-  Constrayned were a joyful thing to wryte,
-  Myn pen coud never have knowlege what it ment;
-  To speke therof my tonge hath no delyte.
-  And with my mouth if I laugh moche or lyte,
-  Myn eyen shold make a countenaunce untrewe;            50
-  My hert also wold have therof despyte,
-  The weping teres have so large issewe.
-
-  These seke lovers, I leve that to hem longes,
-  Which lede their lyf in hope of alegeaunce,
-  That is to say, to make balades and songes,            55
-  Every of hem, as they fele their grevaunce.
-  For she that was my joy and my plesaunce,
-  Whos soule I pray god of his mercy save,
-  She hath my wil, myn hertes ordinaunce,
-  Which lyeth here, within this tombe y-grave.           60
-
-  Fro this tyme forth, tyme is to hold my pees;
-  It werieth me this mater for to trete;
-  Let other lovers put hem-self in prees;
-  Their seson is, my tyme is now forgete.
-  Fortune by strength the forcer hath unshet             65
-  Wherin was sperd al my worldly richesse,
-  And al the goodes which that I have gete
-  In my best tyme of youthe and lustinesse.
-
-  Love hath me kept under his governaunce;
-  If I misdid, god graunt me forgifnesse!                70
-  If I did wel, yet felte I no plesaunce;
-  It caused neither joy nor hevinesse.
-  For whan she dyed, that was my good maistresse,
-  Al my welfare than made the same purchas;
-  The deeth hath set my boundes, of witnes,              75
-  Which for no-thing myn hert shal never pas.'
-
-  In this gret thought, sore troubled in my mynde,
-  Aloon thus rood I al the morow-tyde,
-  Til at the last it happed me to fynde
-  The place wherin I cast me to abyde                    80
-  Whan that I had no further for to ryde.
-  And as I went my logging to purvey,
-  Right sone I herde, but litel me besyde,
-  In a gardeyn, wher minstrels gan to play.
-
-  With that anon I went me bakker-more;                  85
-  My-self and I, me thought, we were y-now;
-  But twayn that were my frendes here-before
-  Had me espyed, and yet I wot nat how.
-  They come for me; awayward I me drow,
-  Somwhat by force, somwhat by their request,            90
-  That in no wyse I coud my-self rescow,
-  But nede I must come in, and see the feest.
-
-  At my coming, the ladies everichoon
-  Bad me welcome, god wot, right gentilly,
-  And made me chere, everich by oon and oon,             95
-  A gret del better than I was worthy;
-  And, of their grace, shewed me gret curtesy
-  With good disport, bicause I shuld nat mourne.
-  That day I bood stille in their company,
-  Which was to me a gracious sojourne.                  100
-
-  The bordes were spred in right litel space;
-  The ladies sat, ech as hem semed best.
-  Were non that did servyce within that place
-  But chosen men, right of the goodliest:
-  And som ther were, peraventure most fresshest,        105
-  That sawe their juges, sitting ful demure,
-  Without semblaunt either to most or lest,
-  Notwithstanding they had hem under cure.
-
-  Among al other, oon I gan espy
-  Which in gret thought ful often com and went          110
-  As man that had ben ravished utterly,
-  In his langage nat gretly diligent;
-  His countenaunce he kept with greet tourment,
-  But his desyr fer passed his resoun;
-  For ever his eye went after his entent                115
-  Ful many a tyme, whan it was no sesoun.
-
-  To make good chere, right sore him-self he payned,
-  And outwardly he fayned greet gladnesse;
-  To singe also by force he was constrayned
-  For no plesaunce, but very shamfastnesse;             120
-  For the complaynt of his most hevinesse
-  Com to his voice alwey without request,
-  Lyk as the sowne of birdes doth expresse
-  Whan they sing loude, in frith or in forest.
-
-  Other ther were, that served in the hal,              125
-  But non lyk him, as after myn advyse;
-  For he was pale, and somwhat lene with-al;
-  His speche also trembled in fereful wyse;
-  And ever aloon, but when he did servyse.
-  Al blak he ware, and no devyce but playn.             130
-  Me thought by him, as my wit coud suffyse,
-  His hert was no-thing in his own demeyn.
-
-  To feste hem al he did his diligence,
-  And wel he couth, right as it semed me.
-  But evermore, whan he was in presence,                135
-  His chere was don; it wold non other be.
-  His scole-maister had suche auctorite
-  That, al the whyle he bood stille in the place,
-  Speke coude he nat, but upon her beaute
-  He loked stil, with right a pitous face.              140
-
-  With that, his heed he tourned at the last
-  For to behold the ladies everichon;
-  But ever in oon he set his ey stedfast
-  On her, the which his thought was most upon.
-  And of his eyen the shot I knew anon                  145
-  Which federed was with right humble requestes.
-  Than to my-self I sayd, 'By god aloon,
-  Suche oon was I, or that I saw these gestes.'
-
-  Out of the prees he went ful esely
-  To make stable his hevy countenaunce;                 150
-  And, wit ye wel, he syghed tenderly
-  For his sorowes and woful remembraunce.
-  Than in him-self he made his ordinaunce,
-  And forth-withal com to bringe in the mes;
-  But, for to juge his most ruful semblaunce,           155
-  God wot, it was a pitous entremes!
-
-  After diner, anon they hem avaunced
-  To daunce about, these folkes everichoon;
-  And forth-withal this hevy lover daunced
-  Somtyme with twayn, and somtyme but with oon.         160
-  Unto hem al his chere was after oon,
-  Now here, now there, as fel by aventure;
-  But ever among, he drew to her aloon
-  Which he most dredde of living creature.
-
-  To myn advyse, good was his purveyaunce               165
-  Whan he her chase to his maistresse aloon,
-  If that her hert were set to his plesaunce
-  As moche as was her beauteous persone.
-  For who that ever set his trust upon
-  The report of the eyen, withouten more,               170
-  He might be deed and graven under stoon
-  Or ever he shulde his hertes ese restore.
-
-  In her fayled nothing, as I coud gesse,
-  O wyse nor other, prevy nor apert;
-  A garnison she was of al goodnesse                    175
-  To make a frounter for a lovers hert;
-  Right yong and fresshe, a woman ful covert;
-  Assured wel her port and eke her chere,
-  Wel at her ese, withouten wo or smert,
-  Al underneth the standard of Daungere.                180
-
-  To see the feest, it weried me ful sore;
-  For hevy joy doth sore the hert travayle.
-  Out of the prees I me withdrew therfore,
-  And set me down aloon, behynd a trayle
-  Ful of leves, to see, a greet mervayle,               185
-  With grene withies y-bounden wonderly;
-  The leves were so thik, withouten fayle,
-  That thorough-out might no man me espy.
-
-  To this lady he com ful curteisly
-  Whan he thought tyme to daunce with her a trace;      190
-  Sith in an herber made ful pleasauntly
-  They rested hem, fro thens but litel space.
-  Nigh hem were none, a certayn of compace,
-  But only they, as fer as I coud see;
-  And save the trayle, ther I had chose my place,       195
-  Ther was no more betwix hem tweyne and me.
-
-  I herd the lover syghing wonder sore;
-  For ay the neer, the sorer it him sought.
-  His inward payne he coud not kepe in store,
-  Nor for to speke, so hardy was he nought.             200
-  His leche was neer, the gretter was his thought;
-  He mused sore, to conquere his desyre;
-  For no man may to more penaunce be brought
-  Than, in his hete, to bringe him to the fyre.
-
-  The hert began to swel within his chest,              205
-  So sore strayned for anguish and for payne
-  That al to peces almost it to-brest,
-  Whan bothe at ones so sore it did constrayne;
-  Desyr was bold, but shame it gan refrayne;
-  That oon was large, the other was ful cloos;          210
-  No litel charge was layd on him, certayn,
-  To kepe suche werre, and have so many foos.
-
-  Ful often-tymes to speke him-self he peyned,
-  But shamfastnesse and drede sayd ever 'nay';
-  Yet at the last so sore he was constrayned,           215
-  Whan he ful long had put it in delay,
-  To his lady right thus than gan he say
-  With dredful voice, weping, half in a rage:--
-  'For me was purveyd an unhappy day
-  Whan I first had a sight of your visage!              220
-
-  I suffre payne, god wot, ful hoot brenning,
-  To cause my deeth, al for my trew servyse;
-  And I see wel, ye rekke therof nothing,
-  Nor take no hede of it, in no kins wyse.
-  But whan I speke after my best avyse,                 225
-  Ye set it nought, but make ther-of a game;
-  And though I sewe so greet an entrepryse,
-  It peyreth not your worship nor your fame.
-
-  Alas! what shulde be to you prejudyce
-  If that a man do love you faithfully                  230
-  To your worship, eschewing every vyce?
-  So am I yours, and wil be verily;
-  I chalenge nought of right, and reson why,
-  For I am hool submit to your servyse;
-  Right as ye liste it be, right so wil I,              235
-  To bynde my-self, where I was in fraunchyse!
-
-  Though it be so, that I can nat deserve
-  To have your grace, but alway live in drede,
-  Yet suffre me you for to love and serve
-  Without maugre of your most goodlihede;               240
-  Both faith and trouth I give your womanhede,
-  And my servyse, withoute ayein-calling.
-  Love hath me bounde, withouten wage or mede,
-  To be your man, and leve al other thing.'
-
-  Whan this lady had herd al this langage,              245
-  She yaf answere ful softe and demurely,
-  Without chaunging of colour or corage,
-  No-thing in haste, but mesurabelly:--
-  'Me thinketh, sir, your thought is greet foly!
-  Purpose ye not your labour for to cese?               250
-  For thinketh not, whyl that ye live and I,
-  In this matere to set your hert in pees!'
-
-  _Lamant._ 'Ther may non make the pees, but only ye,
-  Which ar the ground and cause of al this werre;
-  For with your eyen the letters written be,            255
-  By which I am defyed and put a-fer.
-  Your plesaunt look, my verray lode-sterre,
-  Was made heraud of thilk same defyaunce
-  Which utterly behight me to forbarre
-  My faithful trust and al myn affyaunce.'              260
-
-  _La Dame._ 'To live in wo he hath gret fantasy
-  And of his hert also hath slipper holde,
-  That, only for beholding of an y,
-  Can nat abyde in pees, as reson wolde!
-  Other or me if ye list to beholde,                    265
-  Our eyen are made to loke; why shuld we spare?
-  I take no kepe, neither of yong nor olde;
-  Who feleth smert, I counsayle him be ware!'
-
-  _Lam._ 'If it be so, oon hurte another sore,
-  In his defaut that feleth the grevaunce,              270
-  Of very right a man may do no more;
-  Yet reson wolde it were in remembraunce.
-  And, sith Fortune not only, by her chaunce,
-  Hath caused me to suffre al this payn,
-  But your beaute, with al the circumstaunce,           275
-  Why list ye have me in so greet disdayn?'
-
-  _La D._ 'To your persone ne have I no disdayn,
-  Nor ever had, trewly! ne nought wil have,
-  Nor right gret love, nor hatred, in certayn;
-  Nor your counsayl to know, so god me save!            280
-  If such beleve be in your mynde y-grave
-  That litel thing may do you greet plesaunce,
-  You to begyle, or make you for to rave,
-  I wil nat cause no suche encomberaunce!'
-
-  _Lam._ 'What ever it be that me hath thus purchased,  285
-  Wening hath nat disceyved me, certayn,
-  But fervent love so sore hath me y-chased
-  That I, unware, am casten in your chayne;
-  And sith so is, as Fortune list ordayne,
-  Al my welfare is in your handes falle,                290
-  In eschewing of more mischevous payn;
-  Who sonest dyeth, his care is leest of alle.'
-
-  _La D._ 'This sicknesse is right esy to endure,
-  But fewe people it causeth for to dy;
-  But what they mene, I know it very sure,              295
-  Of more comfort to draw the remedy.
-  Such be there now, playning ful pitously,
-  That fele, god wot, nat alther-grettest payne;
-  And if so be, love hurt so grevously,
-  Lesse harm it were, oon sorowful, than twayne!'       300
-
-  _Lam._ 'Alas, madame! if that it might you plese,
-  Moche better were, by way of gentilnesse,
-  Of one sory, to make twayn wel at ese,
-  Than him to stroy that liveth in distresse!
-  For my desyr is neither more nor lesse                305
-  But my servyce to do, for your plesaunce,
-  In eschewing al maner doublenesse,
-  To make two joyes in stede of oo grevaunce!'
-
-  _La D._ 'Of love I seke neither plesaunce nor ese,
-  Nor greet desyr, nor right gret affyaunce;            310
-  Though ye be seke, it doth me nothing plese;
-  Also, I take no hede to your plesaunce.
-  Chese who-so wil, their hertes to avaunce,
-  Free am I now, and free wil I endure;
-  To be ruled by mannes governaunce                     315
-  For erthely good, nay! that I you ensure!'
-
-  _Lam._ 'Love, which that joy and sorowe doth departe,
-  Hath set the ladies out of al servage,
-  And largely doth graunt hem, for their parte,
-  Lordship and rule of every maner age.                 320
-  The poor servaunt nought hath of avauntage
-  But what he may get only of purchace;
-  And he that ones to love doth his homage,
-  Ful often tyme dere bought is the rechace.'
-
-  _La D._ 'Ladies be nat so simple, thus I mene,        325
-  So dul of wit, so sotted of foly,
-  That, for wordes which sayd ben of the splene,
-  In fayre langage, paynted ful plesauntly,
-  Which ye and mo holde scoles of dayly,
-  To make hem of gret wonders to suppose;               330
-  But sone they can away their hedes wrye,
-  And to fair speche lightly their eres close.'
-
-  _Lam._ 'Ther is no man that jangleth busily,
-  And set his hert and al his mynd therfore,
-  That by resoun may playne so pitously                 335
-  As he that hath moche hevinesse in store.
-  Whos heed is hool, and sayth that it is sore,
-  His fayned chere is hard to kepe in mewe;
-  But thought, which is unfayned evermore,
-  The wordes preveth, as the workes sewe.               340
-
-  _La D._ 'Love is subtel, and hath a greet awayt,
-  Sharp in worching, in gabbing greet plesaunce,
-  And can him venge of suche as by disceyt
-  Wold fele and knowe his secret governaunce;
-  And maketh hem to obey his ordinaunce                 345
-  By chereful wayes, as in hem is supposed;
-  But whan they fallen in-to repentaunce,
-  Than, in a rage, their counsail is disclosed.'
-
-  _Lam._ 'Sith for-as-moche as god and eke nature
-  Hath +love avaunced to so hye degre,                  350
-  Moch sharper is the point, this am I sure,
-  Yet greveth more the faute, wher-ever it be.
-  Who hath no cold, of hete hath no deynte,
-  The toon for the tother asked is expresse;
-  And of plesaunce knoweth non the certeynte            355
-  But it be wonne with thought and hevinesse.'
-
-  _La D._ 'As for plesaunce, it is nat alway oon;
-  That you is swete, I thinke it bitter payne.
-  Ye may nat me constrayne, nor yet right non,
-  After your lust, to love that is but vayne.           360
-  To chalenge love by right was never seyn,
-  But herte assent, before bond and promyse;
-  For strength nor force may not atteyne, certayn,
-  A wil that stant enfeffed in fraunchyse!'
-
-  _Lam._ 'Right fayr lady, god mote I never plese,      365
-  If I seke other right, as in this case,
-  But for to shewe you playnly my disese
-  And your mercy to abyde, and eke your grace.
-  If I purpose your honour to deface,
-  Or ever did, god and fortune me shende!               370
-  And that I never rightwysly purchace
-  Oon only joy, unto my lyves ende!'
-
-  _La D._ 'Ye and other, that swere suche othes faste,
-  And so condempne and cursen to and fro,
-  Ful sikerly, ye wene your othes laste                 375
-  No lenger than the wordes ben ago!
-  And god, and eke his sayntes, laughe also.
-  In such swering ther is no stedfastnesse,
-  And these wrecches, that have ful trust therto,
-  After, they wepe and waylen in distresse.'            380
-
-  _Lam._ 'He hath no corage of a man, trewly,
-  That secheth plesaunce, worship to despyse;
-  Nor to be called forth is not worthy
-  The erthe to touch the ayre in no-kins wyse.
-  A trusty hert, a mouth without feyntyse,              385
-  These ben the strength of every man of name;
-  And who that layth his faith for litel pryse,
-  He leseth bothe his worship and his fame.'
-
-  _La D._ 'A currish herte, a mouth that is curteys,
-  Ful wel ye wot, they be not according;                390
-  Yet feyned chere right sone may hem apeyse
-  Where of malyce is set al their worching;
-  Ful fals semblant they bere and trew mening;
-  Their name, their fame, their tonges be but fayned;
-  Worship in hem is put in forgetting,                  395
-  Nought repented, nor in no wyse complayned.'
-
-  _Lam._ 'Who thinketh il, no good may him befal;
-  God, of his grace, graunt ech man his desert!
-  But, for his love, among your thoughtes al,
-  As think upon my woful sorowes smert;                 400
-  For of my payne, wheder your tender hert
-  Of swete pite be not therwith agreved,
-  And if your grace to me were discovert,
-  Than, by your mene, sone shulde I be releved.'
-
-  _La D._ 'A lightsom herte, a folly of plesaunce       405
-  Are moch better, the lesse whyl they abyde;
-  They make you thinke, and bring you in a traunce;
-  But that seknesse wil sone be remedyed.
-  Respite your thought, and put al this asyde;
-  Ful good disportes werieth men al-day;                410
-  To help nor hurt, my wil is not aplyed;
-  Who troweth me not, I lete it passe away.'
-
-  _Lam._ 'Who hath a brid, a faucon, or a hound,
-  That foloweth him, for love, in every place,
-  He cherissheth him, and kepeth him ful sound;         415
-  Out of his sight he wil not him enchace.
-  And I, that set my wittes, in this cace,
-  On you alone, withouten any chaunge,
-  Am put under, moch ferther out of grace,
-  And lesse set by, than other that be straunge.'       420
-
-  _La D._ 'Though I make chere to every man aboute
-  For my worship, and of myn own fraunchyse,
-  To you I nil do so, withouten doute,
-  In eschewing al maner prejudyse.
-  For wit ye wel, love is so litel wyse,                425
-  And in beleve so lightly wil be brought,
-  That he taketh al at his own devyse,
-  Of thing, god wot, that serveth him of nought.'
-
-  _Lam._ 'If I, by love and by my trew servyse,
-  Lese the good chere that straungers have alway,       430
-  Wherof shuld serve my trouth in any wise
-  Lesse than to hem that come and go al-day,
-  Which holde of you nothing, that is no nay?
-  Also in you is lost, to my seming,
-  Al curtesy, which of resoun wold say                  435
-  That love for love were lawful deserving.'
-
-  _La D._ 'Curtesy is alyed wonder nere
-  To Worship, which him loveth tenderly;
-  And he wil nat be bounde, for no prayere,
-  Nor for no gift, I say you verily,                    440
-  But his good chere depart ful largely
-  Where him lyketh, as his conceit wil fal;
-  Guerdon constrayned, a gift don thankfully,
-  These twayn may not accord, ne never shal.'
-
-  _Lam._ 'As for guerdon, I seke non in this cace;      445
-  For that desert, to me it is to hy;
-  Wherfore I ask your pardon and your grace,
-  Sith me behoveth deeth, or your mercy.
-  To give the good where it wanteth, trewly,
-  That were resoun and a curteys maner;                 450
-  And to your own moch better were worthy
-  Than to straungers, to shewe hem lovely chere.'
-
-  _La D._ 'What cal ye good? Fayn wolde I that I wist!
-  That pleseth oon, another smerteth sore;
-  But of his own to large is he that list               455
-  Give moche, and lese al his good fame therfore.
-  Oon shulde nat make a graunt, litel ne more,
-  But the request were right wel according;
-  If worship be not kept and set before,
-  Al that is left is but a litel thing.'                460
-
-  _Lam._ 'In-to this world was never formed non,
-  Nor under heven creature y-bore,
-  Nor never shal, save only your persone,
-  To whom your worship toucheth half so sore,
-  But me, which have no seson, lesse ne more,           465
-  Of youth ne age, but still in your service;
-  I have non eyen, no wit, nor mouth in store,
-  But al be given to the same office.'
-
-  _La D._ 'A ful gret charge hath he, withouten fayle,
-  That his worship kepeth in sikernesse;                470
-  But in daunger he setteth his travayle
-  That feffeth it with others businesse.
-  To him that longeth honour and noblesse,
-  Upon non other shulde nat he awayte;
-  For of his own so moche hath he the lesse             475
-  That of other moch folweth the conceyt.'
-
-  _Lam._ 'Your eyen hath set the print which that I fele
-  Within my hert, that, where-so-ever I go,
-  If I do thing that sowneth unto wele,
-  Nedes must it come from you, and fro no mo.           480
-  Fortune wil thus, that I, for wele or wo,
-  My lyf endure, your mercy abyding;
-  And very right wil that I thinke also
-  Of your worship, above al other thing.'
-
-  _La D._ 'To your worship see wel, for that is nede,   485
-  That ye spend nat your seson al in vayne;
-  As touching myn, I rede you take no hede,
-  By your foly to put your-self in payne.
-  To overcome is good, and to restrayne
-  An hert which is disceyved folily.                    490
-  For worse it is to breke than bowe, certayn,
-  And better bowe than fal to sodaynly!'
-
-  _Lam._ 'Now, fair lady, think, sith it first began
-  That love hath set myn hert under his cure,
-  I never might, ne truly I ne can                      495
-  Non other serve, whyle I shal here endure;
-  In most free wyse therof I make you sure,
-  Which may not be withdrawe; this is no nay.
-  I must abyde al maner aventure;
-  For I may not put to, nor take away.'                 500
-
-  _La D._ 'I holde it for no gift, in sothfastnesse,
-  That oon offreth, where that it is forsake;
-  For suche gift is abandoning expresse
-  That with worship ayein may not be take.
-  He hath an hert ful fel that list to make             505
-  A gift lightly, that put is in refuse;
-  But he is wyse that such conceyt wil slake,
-  So that him nede never to study ne muse.'
-
-  _Lam._ 'He shuld nat muse, that hath his service spent
-  On her which is a lady honourable;                    510
-  And if I spende my tyme to that entent,
-  Yet at the leest I am not reprevable
-  Of feyled hert; to thinke I am unable,
-  Or me mistook whan I made this request,
-  By which love hath, of entreprise notable,            515
-  So many hertes gotten by conquest.'
-
-  _La D._ 'If that ye list do after my counsayl,
-  Secheth fairer, and of more higher fame,
-  Whiche in servyce of love wil you prevayl
-  After your thought, according to the same.            520
-  He hurteth both his worship and his name
-  That folily for twayne him-self wil trouble;
-  And he also leseth his after-game
-  That surely can not sette his poyntes double.'
-
-  _Lam._ 'This your counsayl, by ought that I can see,  525
-  Is better sayd than don, to myn advyse;
-  Though I beleve it not, forgive it me,
-  Myn herte is suche, so hool without feyntyse,
-  That it ne may give credence, in no wyse,
-  To thing which is not sowning unto trouthe;           530
-  Other counsayl, it ar but fantasyes,
-  Save of your grace to shewe pite and routhe.'
-
-  _La D._ 'I holde him wyse that worketh folily
-  And, whan him list, can leve and part therfro;
-  But in conning he is to lerne, trewly,                535
-  That wolde him-self conduite, and can not so.
-  And he that wil not after counsayl do,
-  His sute he putteth in desesperaunce;
-  And al the good, which that shulde falle him to,
-  Is left as deed, clene out of remembraunce.'          540
-
-  _Lam._ 'Yet wil I sewe this mater faithfully
-  Whyls I may live, what-ever be my chaunce;
-  And if it hap that in my trouthe I dy,
-  That deeth shal not do me no displesaunce.
-  But whan that I, by your ful hard suffraunce,         545
-  Shal dy so trew, and with so greet a payne,
-  Yet shal it do me moche the lesse grevaunce
-  Than for to live a fals lover, certayne.'
-
-  _La D._ 'Of me get ye right nought, this is no fable,
-  I nil to you be neither hard nor strayt;              550
-  And right wil not, nor maner customable,
-  To think ye shulde be sure of my conceyt.
-  Who secheth sorowe, his be the receyt!
-  Other counsayl can I not fele nor see,
-  Nor for to lerne I cast not to awayte;                555
-  Who wil therto, let him assay, for me!'
-
-  _Lam._ 'Ones must it be assayd, that is no nay,
-  With such as be of reputacioun,
-  And of trew love the right devoir to pay
-  Of free hertes, geten by due raunsoun;                560
-  For free wil holdeth this opinioun,
-  That it is greet duresse and discomfort
-  To kepe a herte in so strayt a prisoun,
-  That hath but oon body for his disport.'
-
-  _La D._ 'I know so many cases mervaylous              565
-  That I must nede, of resoun, think certayn,
-  That such entree is wonder perilous,
-  And yet wel more, the coming bak agayn.
-  Good or worship therof is seldom seyn;
-  Wherefore I wil not make no suche aray                570
-  As for to fynde a plesaunce but barayn,
-  Whan it shal cost so dere, the first assay.'
-
-  _Lam._ 'Ye have no cause to doute of this matere,
-  Nor you to meve with no such fantasyes
-  To put me ferre al-out, as a straungere;              575
-  For your goodnesse can think and wel avyse,
-  That I have made a prefe in every wyse
-  By which my trouth sheweth open evidence;
-  My long abyding and my trew servyse
-  May wel be knowen by playn experience.'               580
-
-  _La D._ 'Of very right he may be called trew,
-  And so must he be take in every place,
-  That can deserve, and let as he ne knew,
-  And kepe the good, if he it may purchace.
-  For who that prayeth or sueth in any case,            585
-  Right wel ye wot, in that no trouth is preved;
-  Suche hath ther ben, and are, that geten grace,
-  And lese it sone, whan they it have acheved.'
-
-  _Lam._ 'If trouth me cause, by vertue soverayne,
-  To shew good love, and alway fynd contrary,           590
-  And cherish that which sleeth me with the payne,
-  This is to me a lovely adversary!
-  Whan that pite, which long a-slepe doth tary,
-  Hath set the fyne of al myn hevinesse,
-  Yet her comfort, to me most necessary,                595
-  Shuld set my wil more sure in stablenesse.'
-
-  _La D._ 'The woful wight, what may he thinke or say?
-  The contrary of al joy and gladnesse.
-  A sick body, his thought is al away
-  From hem that fele no sorowe nor siknesse.            600
-  Thus hurtes ben of dyvers businesse
-  Which love hath put to right gret hinderaunce,
-  And trouthe also put in forgetfulnesse
-  Whan they so sore begin to sighe askaunce.'
-
-  _Lam._ 'Now god defend but he be havelesse            605
-  Of al worship or good that may befal,
-  That to the werst tourneth, by his lewdnesse,
-  A gift of grace, or any-thing at al
-  That his lady vouchsauf upon him cal,
-  Or cherish him in honourable wyse!                    610
-  In that defaut what-ever he be that fal
-  Deserveth more than deth to suffre twyse!'
-
-  _La D._ 'There is no juge y-set of such trespace
-  By which of right oon may recovered be;
-  Oon curseth fast, another doth manace,                615
-  Yet dyeth non, as ferre as I can see,
-  But kepe their cours alway, in oon degre,
-  And evermore their labour doth encrese
-  To bring ladyes, by their gret sotelte,
-  For others gilte, in sorowe and disese!'              620
-
-  _Lam._ 'Al-be-it so oon do so greet offence,
-  And be not deed, nor put to no juyse,
-  Right wel I wot, him gayneth no defence,
-  But he must ende in ful mischevous wyse,
-  And al that ever is good wil him dispyse.             625
-  For falshed is so ful of cursednesse
-  That high worship shal never have enterpryse
-  Where it reigneth and hath the wilfulnesse.'
-
-  _La D._ 'Of that have they no greet fere now-a-days,
-  Suche as wil say, and maynteyne it ther-to,           630
-  That stedfast trouthe is nothing for to prays
-  In hem that kepe it long for wele or wo.
-  Their busy hertes passen to and fro,
-  They be so wel reclaymed to the lure,
-  So wel lerned hem to withholde also,                  635
-  And al to chaunge, whan love shuld best endure.'
-
-  _Lam._ 'Whan oon hath set his herte in stable wyse
-  In suche a place as is both good and trewe,
-  He shuld not flit, but do forth his servyse
-  Alway, withouten chaunge of any newe.                 640
-  As sone as love beginneth to remewe,
-  Al plesaunce goth anon, in litel space;
-  For my party, al that shal I eschewe,
-  Whyls that the soule abydeth in his place.'
-
-  _La D._ 'To love trewly ther-as ye ought of right,    645
-  Ye may not be mistaken, doutelesse;
-  But ye be foul deceyved in your sight
-  By lightly understanding, as I gesse.
-  Yet may ye wel repele your businesse
-  And to resoun somwhat have attendaunce,               650
-  Moch better than to byde, by fol simplesse,
-  The feble socour of desesperaunce.'
-
-  _Lam._ 'Resoun, counsayl, wisdom, and good avyse
-  Ben under love arested everichoon,
-  To which I can accorde in every wyse;                 655
-  For they be not rebel, but stille as stoon;
-  Their wil and myn be medled al in oon,
-  And therwith bounden with so strong a cheyne
-  That, as in hem, departing shal be noon,
-  But pite breke the mighty bond atwayne.'              660
-
-  _La D._ 'Who loveth not himself, what-ever he be
-  In love, he stant forgete in every place;
-  And of your wo if ye have no pite,
-  Others pite bileve not to purchace;
-  But beth fully assured in this case,                  665
-  I am alway under oon ordinaunce,
-  To have better; trusteth not after grace,
-  And al that leveth tak to your plesaunce!'
-
-  _Lam._ 'I have my hope so sure and so stedfast
-  That suche a lady shulde nat fail pite;               670
-  But now, alas! it is shit up so fast,
-  That Daunger sheweth on me his cruelte.
-  And if she see the vertue fayle in me
-  Of trew servyce, then she to fayle also
-  No wonder were; but this is the surete,               675
-  I must suffre, which way that ever it go.'
-
-  _La D._ 'Leve this purpos, I rede you for the best;
-  For lenger that ye kepe it thus in vayn,
-  The lesse ye gete, as of your hertes rest,
-  And to rejoice it shal ye never attayn.               680
-  Whan ye abyde good hope, to make you fayn,
-  Ye shal be founde asotted in dotage;
-  And in the ende, ye shal know for certayn,
-  That hope shal pay the wrecches for their wage!'
-
-  _Lam._ 'Ye say as falleth most for your plesaunce,    685
-  And your power is greet; al this I see;
-  But hope shal never out of my remembraunce,
-  By whiche I felt so greet adversite.
-  For whan nature hath set in you plente
-  Of al goodnesse, by vertue and by grace,              690
-  He never assembled hem, as semeth me,
-  To put Pite out of his dwelling-place.'
-
-  _La D._ 'Pite of right ought to be resonable,
-  And to no wight of greet disavantage;
-  There-as is nede, it shuld be profitable,             695
-  And to the pitous shewing no damage.
-  If a lady wil do so greet out-rage
-  To shewe pite, and cause her own debate,
-  Of such pite cometh dispitous rage,
-  And of the love also right deedly hate.'              700
-
-  _Lam._ 'To comforte hem that live al comfortlesse,
-  That is no harm, but worship to your name;
-  But ye, that bere an herte of such duresse,
-  And a fair body formed to the same,
-  If I durst say, ye winne al this defame               705
-  By Cruelte, which sitteth you ful il,
-  But-if Pite, which may al this attame,
-  In your high herte may rest and tary stil.'
-
-  _La D._ 'What-ever he be that sayth he loveth me,
-  And peraventure, I leve that it be so,                710
-  Ought he be wroth, or shulde I blamed be,
-  Though I did noght as he wolde have me do?
-  If I medled with suche or other mo,
-  It might be called pite manerlesse;
-  And, afterward if I shulde live in wo,                715
-  Than to repent it were to late, I gesse.'
-
-  _Lam._ 'O marble herte, and yet more hard, parde,
-  Which mercy may nat perce, for no labour,
-  More strong to bowe than is a mighty tree,
-  What vayleth you to shewe so greet rigour?            720
-  Plese it you more to see me dy this hour
-  Before your eyen, for your disport and play,
-  Than for to shewe som comfort or socour
-  To respite deth, that chaseth me alway!'
-
-  _La D._ 'Of your disese ye may have allegeaunce;      725
-  And as for myn, I lete it over-shake.
-  Also, ye shal not dye for my plesaunce,
-  Nor for your hele I can no surety make.
-  I nil nat hate myn hert for others sake;
-  Wepe they, laugh they, or sing, this I waraunt,       730
-  For this mater so wel to undertake
-  That non of you shal make therof avaunt!'
-
-  _Lam._ 'I can no skil of song; by god aloon,
-  I have more cause to wepe in your presence;
-  And wel I wot, avauntour am I noon,                   735
-  For certainly, I love better silence.
-  Oon shuld nat love by his hertes credence
-  But he were sure to kepe it secretly;
-  For avauntour is of no reverence
-  Whan that his tonge is his most enemy.'               740
-
-  _La D._ 'Male-bouche in courte hath greet commaundement;
-  Ech man studieth to say the worst he may.
-  These fals lovers, in this tyme now present,
-  They serve to boste, to jangle as a jay.
-  The most secret wil wel that some men say             745
-  How he mistrusted is on some partyes;
-  Wherfore to ladies what men speke or pray,
-  It shuld not be bileved in no wyse.'
-
-  _Lam._ 'Of good and il shal be, and is alway;
-  The world is such; the erth it is not playn.          750
-  They that be good, the preve sheweth every day,
-  And otherwyse, gret villany, certayn.
-  Is it resoun, though oon his tonge distayne
-  With cursed speche, to do him-self a shame,
-  That such refuse shuld wrongfully remayne             755
-  Upon the good, renommed in their fame?'
-
-  _La D._ 'Suche as be nought, whan they here tydings newe,
-  That ech trespas shal lightly have pardoun,
-  They that purposen to be good and trewe--
-  Wel set by noble disposicioun                         760
-  To continue in good condicioun--
-  They are the first that fallen in damage,
-  And ful freely their hertes abandoun
-  To litel faith, with softe and fayr langage.'
-
-  _Lam._ 'Now knowe I wel, of very certaynte,           765
-  Though oon do trewly, yet shal he be shent,
-  Sith al maner of justice and pite
-  Is banisshed out of a ladyes entent.
-  I can nat see but al is at oo stent,
-  The good and il, the vyce and eek vertue!             770
-  Suche as be good shal have the punishment
-  For the trespas of hem that been untrewe!'
-
-  _La D._ 'I have no power you to do grevaunce,
-  Nor to punisshe non other creature;
-  But, to eschewe the more encomberaunce,               775
-  To kepe us from you al, I holde it sure.
-  Fals semblaunce hath a visage ful demure,
-  Lightly to cacche the ladies in a-wayt;
-  Wherefore we must, if that we wil endure,
-  Make right good watch; lo! this is my conceyt.'       780
-
-  _Lam._ 'Sith that of grace oo goodly word aloon
-  May not be had, but alway kept in store,
-  I pele to god, for he may here my moon,
-  Of the duresse, which greveth me so sore.
-  And of pite I pleyn me further-more,                  785
-  Which he forgat, in al his ordinaunce,
-  Or els my lyf to have ended before,
-  Which he so sone put out of remembraunce.'
-
-  _La D._ 'My hert, nor I, have don you no forfeyt,
-  By which ye shulde complayne in any kynde.            790
-  There hurteth you nothing but your conceyt;
-  Be juge your-self; for so ye shal it fynde.
-  Ones for alway let this sinke in your mynde--
-  That ye desire shal never rejoysed be!
-  Ye noy me sore, in wasting al this wynde;             795
-  For I have sayd y-nough, as semeth me.'
-
-              VERBA AUCTORIS.
-
-  This woful man roos up in al his payne,
-  And so parted, with weping countenaunce;
-  His woful hert almost to-brast in twayne,
-  Ful lyke to dye, forth walking in a traunce,          800
-  And sayd, 'Now, deeth, com forth! thy-self avaunce,
-  Or that myn hert forgete his properte;
-  And make shorter al this woful penaunce
-  Of my pore lyfe, ful of adversite!'
-
-  Fro thens he went, but whider wist I nought,          805
-  Nor to what part he drow, in sothfastnesse;
-  But he no more was in his ladies thought,
-  For to the daunce anon she gan her dresse.
-  And afterward, oon tolde me thus expresse,
-  He rente his heer, for anguissh and for payne,        810
-  And in him-self took so gret hevinesse
-  That he was deed, within a day or twayne.
-
-                  LENVOY.
-
-  Ye trew lovers, this I beseche you al,
-  Such +avantours, flee hem in every wyse,
-  And as people defamed ye hem cal;                     815
-  For they, trewly, do you gret prejudyse.
-  Refus hath mad for al such flateryes
-  His castelles strong, stuffed with ordinaunce,
-  For they have had long tyme, by their offyce,
-  The hool countre of Love in obeysaunce.               820
-
-  And ye, ladyes, or what estat ye be,
-  In whom Worship hath chose his dwelling-place,
-  For goddes love, do no such cruelte,
-  Namely, to hem that have deserved grace.
-  Nor in no wyse ne folowe not the trace                825
-  Of her, that here is named rightwisly,
-  Which by resoun, me semeth, in this case
-  May be called LA BELLE DAME SANS MERCY.
-
-              VERBA TRANSLATORIS.
-
-  Go, litel book! god sende thee good passage!
-  Chese wel thy way; be simple of manere;               830
-  Loke thy clothing be lyke thy pilgrimage,
-  And specially, let this be thy prayere
-  Un-to hem al that thee wil rede or here,
-  Wher thou art wrong, after their help to cal
-  Thee to correcte in any part or al.                   835
-
-  Pray hem also, with thyn humble servyce,
-  Thy boldenesse to pardon in this case;
-  For els thou art not able, in no wyse,
-  To make thy-self appere in any place.
-  And furthermore, beseche hem, of their grace,         840
-  By their favour and supportacioun,
-  To take in gree this rude translacioun,
-
-  The which, god wot, standeth ful destitute
-  Of eloquence, of metre, and of coloures,
-  Wild as a beest, naked, without refute,               845
-  Upon a playne to byde al maner shoures.
-  I can no more, but aske of hem socoures
-  At whos request thou mad were in this wyse,
-  Commaunding me with body and servyse.
-
-  Right thus I make an ende of this processe,           850
-  Beseching him that al hath in balaunce
-  That no trew man be vexed, causelesse,
-  As this man was, which is of remembraunce;
-  And al that doon their faythful observaunce,
-  And in their trouth purpose hem to endure,            855
-  I pray god sende hem better aventure.
-
-             _Explicit._
-
-_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532); _collated with_ F. (Fairfax 16); and H.
-(Harl. 372). _Also in_ Ff. (Camb. Univ. Lib. Ff. 1. 6). _Bad spellings of_
-Th. _are corrected by the_ MSS. TITLE. Th. H. La ... mercy; F. Balade de la
-Bele Dame sanz mercy. H. _adds_--Translatid ... Ros. 1. Th. F. Halfe; H.
-Half. 2. F. H. Ff. wrapt. 3. _All_ rose. 4. Th. Ff. -selfe; H. F. self. 5.
-F. matere; H. matier. Th. leuynge. 6. Th. must; F. sholde; H. shold. 7. H.
-to whom; F. the which; Th. whiche. Th. F. dysobey; H. sey nay. 9. Th.
-thynge. Ff. part; _rest_ parte. 10. Th. F. boke; H. book. Th. La bel; F. la
-bele; H. _om._ La. H. F. sanz; Th. sauns. 11. Th. Whiche. 12. Th.
-secratairie; F. secretare; H. secretarie. 13. H. ther-; Th. F. her-. Th. F.
-stode; H. stood. 14. Th. greatly ymagenynge. 15. Th. shulde; F. H. sholde;
-Ff. shuld. Th. the; F. H. this. 16. Ff. avysement; _rest_ adv. 17. F. H.
-Ff. Myn; Th. My. F. H. Ff. symplesse.
-
-18. Th. -warde; strayte. 19. Th. myne. 20. Th. downe. 21. Th. conclusyon.
-24. H. in-to. H. green; Th. F. grene. 25. Th. se; great. 26. F. H. Ff.
-bolded; Th. boldly. F. benyng; Th. benygne; H. benyngne. 27. F. H. Ff.
-That; Th. Whiche. Th. F. boke; H. booke. H. F. the; Th. Ff. this. Th. _om._
-seid. 28. F. H. begynne. Th. please. (_From this point I silently correct
-the spelling of_ Th.) 33. Th. Ff. by; F. H. with. 35. Ff. soleyne (_for_
-sole thus); _perhaps better_. 41. F. H. Ff. is; Th. doth. 42. F. felde. Th.
-maner of ease. 43. F. H. I; Th. as I. 44. F. H. Ff. nor doth noon other.
-46. F. H. Ff. Were constreyned. 47. H. Myn eyen; F. Myn eyn; Th. My penne;
-Ff. My pen. Ff. neu_er_ haue knolege; H. haue knowlege (!); Th. neuer
-knowe; F. haue no knowlych.
-
-49. F. H. Ff. And; Th. Tho. Th. _om._ if. 53. F. H. Ff. seke; Th. sicke.
-54. Th. Ff. theyr; H. F. her (_often_). 55. F. H. balade or. 60. F. H. Ff.
-lyth with hir vndir hir tumbe in graue (Ff. I-graue). 65. Th. Ff. by; F. H.
-with. F. hath the forser vnschete. 66. Th. sperde; Ff. spred; F. sprad; H.
-spradde (!). 73. Th. H. _om._ good. 74. Th. _om._ Al. H. made than. 75. F.
-Ff. set; H. sette; Th. shette. F. H. Ff. boundes; Th. bondes. 77. F. H.
-thoughtes. Th. _om._ my. 79. F. I (_for_ it). 80. H. I purposid me to bide.
-
-81. H. forth to. 83. F. H. Ff. but; Th. a. 84. F. H. gardeyn; Th. garden.
-88. F. _om._ yet I; H. _om._ yet. 89. F. H. come; Th. came. 90. Th. her; F.
-H. Ff. their. 92. F. H. nede; Th. nedes. 95. H. F. Ff. eueryche by one and
-one; Th. euery one by one. 103. _So_ Ff.; H. F. Were none that serued in
-that place (!); Th. Ther were no deedly seruaunts in the place. 105. Ff.
-_per_aunt_er_. H. _om._ most. 106. Th. _om._ sitting. 110. F. com; H. come;
-Th. came. 111. H. F. man; Th. one; Ff. on.
-
-115. Th. F. Ff. went; H. yode. 116. Th. F. Ff. Ful; H. At. 117. Th. _om._
-good _and_ right. 122. F. H. Come; Th. Came. 124. F. H. _om. 2nd_ in. 133.
-F. H. feste; Th. feest. 134. Th. coude; _rest_ couth. F. H. _om._ it. 138.
-Th. H. bode. 143. F. eey; H. yee; Th. eye. Th. F. Ff. stedfast; H. faste.
-144. Th. _om._ the.
-
-145. F. H. And; Th. For. Th. Ff. shot; H. sight; F. seght. 146. H. fedired;
-F. fedred; Ff. federid; Th. fereful. 148. Th. I, or that; F. ther that; H.
-I that there. Th. iestes. 151. F. H. tendirly; Th. wonderly. 154. F. H.
-come; Th. came. 155. F. H. _om._ most. F. H. ruful; Ff. rewfull; Th. woful.
-F. H. Ff. semblaunce; Th. penaunce. 158. F. H. these; Th. the. 159. F. H.
-louer; Th. man he. 160. Th. _om._ but. 166. _All_ chase. 168. F. H.
-beautevous. 169. F. H. that; Th. so. F. H. set; Th. setteth. H. trist. 170.
-Th. the (_rightly_); H. there; F. Ff. their. 171. F. vndir a. 173. F. H.
-as; Th. that. 174. F. Ff. O; H. On; Th. One. F. H. vice. (!). H. ner (_for
-1st_ nor). Th. Ff. nor; H. or; F. ne. Ff. apert; Th. H. perte;F. pert. 175.
-Th. garyson. Th. goodlynesse. 176. _All_ frounter.
-
-178. F. H. Ff. her; Th. of (_twice_). 180. Th. standerde; F. standarte; H.
-standart. 183. Th. -drawe; H. -drewh. 184. Th. Ff. alone; F. H. _om._ 186.
-F. withes; H. Ff. wythyes; Th. wrethes. 188. H. Ff. thorughe; Th. through;
-F. thorgh. Th. no man might. 189. Th. this; H. his. F. H. come; Th. came.
-191. Th. Set (_for_ Sith). H. herbier. 192. H. them. Th. but a. 193. Th. of
-a certayne. 195. Th. _om._ And. 196. _So_ F. H.; Th. bytwene hem two. 201.
-Th. more; H. Ff. neer. 204. Ff. hete; Th. heate; F. H. hert.
-
-209. Th. Ff. gan; F. H. can. 210. F. H. The toon. 213-220. F. _omits_. 224.
-F. H. Ff. kyns; Th. kynde. 225. H. Ff. avise; Th. aduyse. 226. Th. it at;
-F. H. _om._ at. 227. H. enterprise. 228. F. H. It; Th. Yet. 229. Th. it be;
-F. H. _om._ it. 231. Th. Ff. eschewynge; F. H. escusyng. 234. F. H. to; Th.
-vnto. 235. _All_ ye. Th. Ff. right; F. even; H. euyn. 237. H. _om._ that.
-238. Th. alway; F. H. ay to. 239. F. H. _om._ for. 240. Th. Withouten; F.
-Without.
-
-241. H. gif; F. geve. 242. F. H. ayein; Th. any (!). 243. F. withouten; H.
-withoughtyn; Th. withoute. 248. F. Ff. mesurabely; Th. H. mesurably. 249.
-Th. Ff. your thought is; F. H. ye do ful. 251. Th. thynketh; F. H. think
-ye. Th. whyles; H. whil that; Ff. whils that. 252. F. matere; H. matier;
-Th. mater. 258. F. Ff. dyffiaunce. 259. F. H. Ff. to forbarre; Th. for to
-barre. 262. Th. _om._ hath. 263 Th. eye; F. eeye; H. yee; (_read_ y). 265.
-F. if that ye lyst to beholde; H. Ff. if ye liste to biholde; Th. if ye
-list ye may beholde. 267. H. nor; Th. F. Ff. ne.
-
-273. Th. _om._ not. Th. her; F. H. Ff. his. 275. F. H. Ff. But; Th. By (!).
-278. H. _om._ trewly. Th. Ff. nought; F. H. neuer. 281. F. beleue; H.
-bileue; Th. loue (!). 282. _So_ Ff.; H. F. _om._ greet (Th. you
-dyspleasaunce!). 284. _So_ F. Th.; H. encombrance. 290. F. I-falle; H.
-y-falle; Ff. falle; Th. fal. 297. Th. F. Ff. now; H. nought. 302. Th. it
-were; F. H. _om._ it. 303. F. sorow; H. sorwe; Th. Ff. sory. 304. F. H.
-stroye; Th. destroye. 308. F. H. oo; Th. one.
-
-309. Th. Ff. nor; F. H. ne. 310. F. H. grete desire nor; Th. haue therin
-no. Th. _om._ right. 311. F. H. seke; Th. sicke. 312. Th. of; F. H. Ff. to.
-313. F. H. their; Th. her. 317. Th. that ioy; F. H. _om._ that. 318. F. H.
-_om._ al. 319. F. H. their; Th. her. 320. Th. maner of age. 322. Th. by; F.
-H. Ff. of. Th. purchesse; F. H. purchace. 324. Th. tymes. F. _om._ the. H.
-dere his richesse bought has. Ff. rechace; _rest_ richesse. 326. Th. in
-(_for 2nd_ of). 327. F. ben; Th. be; H. are. 329. H. scoolys holden dieuly.
-330. F. H. of; Th. al. 331. F. H. their hedes away. 334. F. set; Ff. sette;
-Th. H. setteth. 337. F. H. _om._ that. 340. Th. shewe; F. sue; H. Ff. sewe.
-
-341. Th. Ff. awayte; F. H. abayte. 342. F. worching; H. worsching; Th.
-workyng. 344. F. H. know and fele. 346. F. H. him; Th. Ff. hem. 347. F. H.
-when that; Th. _om._ that. 348. F. H. their; Th. her. 350. _All_ avaunced
-loue. 351. Th. sharpe. F. H. this; Th. thus. 352. F. H. It; Th. Ff. Yet.
-354. F. ton; H. toon; Th. one. F. H. the tother; Th. that other. 355. Th.
-_om._ the. Th. certeyne (!). 356. F. wonne; H. wonnen; Th. one (!). F. H.
-with; Th. in. 358. F. H. is; Th. thi_n_ke. 363. F. nor; H. ner; Th. and.
-Th. _om._ certayn. 364. F. H. stant; Th. standeth. F. enfeoffed. 366. Th.
-_om._ as. 371. F. H. rightwysly; Th. vnryghtfully (!).
-
-384. Th. Ff. ayre; F. eir; H. heire. 386. Th. Thus be. F. H. Ff. man of;
-Th. maner. 387. F. layth; Th. layeth; H. latith. 388. H. losith. 389. F.
-Ff. currisch; H. kurressh; Th. cursed. 391. Th. F. right; H. ful. 392. F.
-H. their; Th. her. F. worchyng; H. werchyng; Th. workynge. 393. Th. and; F.
-H. a. F. Th. Ff. semyng; H. menyng. 394. F. H. Their; Th. Her (_thrice_).
-Th. _om._ be. Th. but; F. H. not. 400. H. sorowe. 401. Th. wheder; Ff.
-whedre; F. H. wher. 403. F. H. Ff. if; Th. of. 404. F. Ff. Then; H. Thanne;
-Th. That.
-
-408. Th. sicknesse. 410. Th. disporte. Th. me. 411. Th. Ff. nor; F. H. ne.
-412. F. H. Ff. it; Th. hem. 413. Th. Ff. byrde; F. bride; H. bridde. 415.
-H. _om. 2nd_ him. 416. F. H. _om. 2nd_ him. 419. Th. farther. 420. F. H.
-sett lesse. 422. F. H. Ff. of; Th. for. 424. F. H. of all; Th. Ff. _om._
-of. 425. Th. wote; F. H. wytt. 429-716. _Misarranged in_ F. H.; Th. Ff.
-_follow the right order_. 429. (Th.) = 669 (F. H.). F. _om. 2nd_ by. 431.
-F. There-of. F. H. shulde; Th. shal. 432. Th. him that cometh and goth.
-433. Th. holdeth. 434. Th. as to; F. H. Ff. _om._ as. 435. F. H. wolde; Th.
-Ff. wyl. 436. Th. desyringe (!).
-
-438. Th. To; F. H. With. F. H. best and tendyrly; Th. Ff. _om._ best and.
-440. F. H. _om._ no. F. H. Ff. yift; Th. gyftes. 442. F. Wheryn hym. 443.
-F. H. Ff. constreynte. 444. F. H. Ff. may not; Th. ca_n_ neuer. F. H. ne;
-Th. Ff. nor. 445. H. seche; F. beseche. 446. F. H. _om._ it. 450. Th. a
-curtyse; Ff. a corteys; F. H. curteysy. 456. Th. _om._ al. 460. H. loste
-(_for_ left). 461. F. H. Ff. neuer formed (fourmed); Th. founded neuer.
-467. Th. no (_for_ non). F. eeyn; H. yeen. 468. H. That ne alle ar.
-
-472. F. feoffeth. 474. Th. be (_for_ he). 475. F. H. _om._ his. 477-524.
-_Follows_ 572 _in_ F. H. 477 (Th.) = 525 (F. H.). 478. Th. Ff. so; H. sum;
-F. some. 479. H. sowndith. 481. H. Ff. thus; Th. this. 486. F. _om._ ye. H.
-F. your sesoun spende not. 488. H. Ff. foly; Th. folly. 489. Th. H. herte.
-H. F. folyly; Th. follyly. 492. H. F. And; Th. _om._ Th. to fal. 493. H.
-Th. faire. 494. H. Ff. had (_for_ hath). H. F. your; Th. Ff. his. 495. F.
-H. I neuer; Th. Ff. It neuer. 496. F. H. whiles. 500. H. F. not; Ff.
-nought; Th. neyther.
-
-501. Th. gyfte; H. yifte. 502. Th. _om._ that. 503. Th. a gifte; H. F. Ff.
-_om._ a. 505. H. F. _om._ an. H. hurte ful fele (!). 506. H. F. Ff. in; Th.
-to. 508. H. F. neuer; Th. neyther. 509. H. F. Who; Th. Ff. He. 512. F.
-_om._ the. Th. reproveable. 513. F. H. feyled; Th. fayned. 514. Th. I
-mystoke; H. F. Ff. me mystoke. 515. F. entrepris. 516. H. F. goten. 517. H.
-Th. liste. 518. F. H. Secheth; Th. Seche a. 519. Th. preuayle. 523. H.
-hosithe (_for_ leseth). 525-572. _Follows_ 716 _in_ F. H. 528. H. hoole;
-Th. hole. 529. H. F. it; Th. I. H. F. _om._ ne. 530. H. soundyng. 531. H.
-F. it ar; Th. I se be. Th. Ff. fantasise; F. fantasyse; H. fantaisise.
-
-533. H. F. Ff. folily; Th. no foly (!). 534. H. Th. parte. 536. F. condyte.
-538. Th. Ff. sute; H. F. suerte. H. F. in; Th. in to. 539. Th. _om._ which.
-H. F. _om._ that. 540. H. F. Ff. left as; Th. lost and. F. dethe (!). 542.
-H. Ff. Whils; Th. Whyles. Th. _om._ may. 544. Th. Than; H. F. Ff. That. H.
-not; Th. F. _om._ 545. Ff. full; _rest om._ Th. H. harde. 546. H. triew;
-Th. true. H. grete; Th. great. F. Ff. _om._ a. 547. F. H. _om._ the; _read_
-mochel less? 550. H. F. nyl; Th. wyl. H. Th. harde. 551. Th. no man (_for_
-nor maner). 555. Th. cast me not. 556. H. F. ther-to; Th. therof. 558. H.
-F. beth. 559. H. trewe; Th. true. Ff. devoyr; H. duetes; F. dewtis; Th.
-honour. 560. Th. gotten. H. F. due; Th. dewe. 562. H. grete; Th. great. H.
-Th. -forte. 564. H. F. oo; Ff. on; Th. one. H. Th. -porte.
-
-565. Ff. H. cases; _rest_ causes. 566. H. F. Which; Th. Ff. That. 567. H.
-F. Ff. entre; Th. auenture (!). 570. Th. Where I ne wyl make suche. 571.
-Th. but a; H. F. _om._ a. 573-620. _Follows_ 668 _in_ H. F. 573. F. matere;
-Th. mater. 574. Th. fantasyse; F. fantasise; H. fantesye. 576. F. Ff.
-avyse; Th. H. aduyse. 577. H. Ff. prefe; F. p_re_ue; Th. prise. 578. H.
-trouthe; Th. truthe. 579. H. Th. trewe. 581. H. Th. trewe. 583. H. Ff.
-deserue; Th. discerne (!). H. Th. knewe. 585. H. Ff. sueth; F. seweth; Th.
-swereth. 587. Th. geten; H. F. getith. 588. H. F. Ff. it haue; Th. haue it.
-590. Th. H. shewe; fynde. 593. H. F. a slepe; Th. on slepe. 595. Th. H.
-comforte. 596. Ff. Shuld; H. F. Shulde; Th. Shal.
-
-599. Th. sycke; H. F. seke. F. _om._ his. H. F. Ff. al awaye; Th. alway.
-600. H. Ff. fele; Th. felen. H. sorwe; F. Ff. sorowe; Th. sore. 602. Th.
-_om._ right. Th. hindraunce. 604. H. Ff. so; Th. ful; F. _om._ 605. H. Th.
-defende. H. F. haueles; Th. harmlesse (!). 607. Th. _om._ the. 608. Th.
-gyfte; H. yifte. 609. Th. Ff. vouchesafe; H. vouchith sauf. 610. H. F.
-cherissh; Th. Ff. cherissheth. 611. H. Th. defaute. 613. H. F. of; Th. on.
-H. Th. suche. 614. H. one; F. [=o]n; Th. loue. 615. H. Th. One. 616. H. Th.
-none. 617. H. Th. her; _see_ 618. Th. course; H. corse. Th. H. one; F. a.
-618. H. F. euere newe; Th. Ff. euermore. Ff. their; Th. theyr; H. there; F.
-thair. 619. Th. Ff. their great; H. F. _om._ great. H. F. subtilite; Th.
-subtelte; Ff. sotelte. 621-668. _Follows_ 524 _in_ F. H. 621. F. oone; H.
-on; Th. one. Th. dothe; great. 622. H. F. Ff. be; Th. is. H. F. Ff. Iuyse;
-Th. iustyse. 625. _So_ H. F. Ff.; Th. And al euer sayd god wyl. 626. Th.
-_om._ so.
-
-627. Ff. highe; H. F. her; Th. his. H. F. shal; Th. Ff. may. 629. Th.
-great; F. H. _om._ Th. dayse; H. daies. 631. H. preys; Th. prayse. 632. F.
-H. Ff. for; Th. in. 633. Th. F. Theyr; H. There. 637. Th. one; H. on; Ff.
-won. 638. H. Ff. which (_for_ as). 643. _So_ F. H.; Th. As for my partie
-that. 644. Th. Whyle; H. F. Ff. Whils that. 645. F. H. ye; Th. it. 647. Th.
-H. foule. H. F. deceyued; Th. disceyued. 648. H. F. lightly; Th. light.
-649. H. F. this; Th. Ff. your. 650. H. Ff. sumwhat haue; Th. haue some.
-651. _All_ Moche. H. sonner; F. sunner; Th. Ff. better. Th. to abide. Ff.
-fole; _rest_ foly. Th. simplenes; _rest_ simplesse. 653. F. Ff. avyse; Th.
-H. aduyse. 656. Th. as a; H. F. Ff. _om._ a.
-
-657. H. There. Th. H. one; Ff. won. 659. Th. Ff. as (_rightly_); H. F. is.
-Th. H. none. 660. Th. H. bonde. 661. H. Ff. Who loueth; F. Who love; Th. Ye
-loue. H. F. hym-; Th. your-. H. F. he be; Th. ye be. 662. _So_ H. F. Ff.;
-Th. That in loue stande. 664. Th. bileue ye; _rest om._ ye. 665. H. F.
-beth; Th. be. Th. as in; _rest om._ as. 666. Th. alway; H. F. alwaies. Th.
-one; Ff. on; H. an. 667. F. H. trusteth; Th. trust. 668. Th. H. take.
-669-716. _Follows_ 428 _in_ F. H. 670. Th. lacke; H. F. Ff. faile. 673. H.
-faileth. 674. F. H. Ff. then she to; Th. thoughe she do. 675. Th. my; F. H.
-Ff. the. H. surtee; F. seurte. 677. H. purpos; Th. pupose. 678. Th. For the
-lenger ye. H. F. Ff. thus; Th. is. 680. H. F. Ff. ye; Th. you. 684. Th.
-_om._ That. H. ther; Th. her. 686. Th. great.
-
-688. F. H. Ff. felt; Th. fele. Th. great. 691. H. F. semeth; Th. semed.
-694. H. F. of; Th. do no. 696. F. damage; H. da_m_mage; Th. Ff. domage.
-697. H. F. _om._ wil. 699. H. dispetous. 700. Th. suche; H. F. Ff. the.
-702. Th. H. harme. H. F. Ff. worship; Th. co_m_forte. 703. H. F. Ff. bere
-an; Th. haue a. Th. H. suche. 704. H. F. Ff. _om._ And. _All_ fayre. H. F.
-Ff. body; Th. lady (!). H. formed to; F. Ff. y-formed to; Th. I must
-affirme (!). 710. H. F. Ff. that; Th. wel. 712. H. noght; Th. not. 714. H.
-F. Ff. manerles; Th. mercylesse. 717. _Here_ H. F. _agree with_ Th.
-_again_. Ff. marbre. Th. H. harde.
-
-720. H. F. Ff. vaileth; Th. auayleth. Th. great. 721. H. F. Please; Th.
-Pleaseth. Th. H. dye. 722. Th. H. dysporte. 723. H. F. Ff. or; Th. and.
-724. Th. H. dethe. H. F. that; Th. whiche. 725. Th. H. disease. 726. H. F.
-Ff. shake; Th. slake. 728. Th. heale. 729. H. F. Ff. nyl; Th. wyl. H. F.
-Ff. hate myn herte; Th. hurte my selfe. 730. Th. they I; H. F. Ff. this I.
-731. H. F. wel to: Th. wyl I. 732. H. F. you; Th. hem. 733. H. noo; Th.
-nat. H. F. Ff. song; Th. loue. Th. alone. 735. H. F. Ff. I; Th. ye. Th. H.
-wote. Th. none. 737. Th. One; H. On. 739. Th. H. a vauntour; _cf._ l. 735.
-741. Th. great. 744. H. F. Ff. to boste; Th. best. 745. H. wil wele; F. Ff.
-wille wel; Th. ywis. H. F. Ff. that; Th. yet. 746. H. F. on; Th. in. F. Th.
-p_ar_tyse; Ff. partyes; H. party. 747. H. F. Ff. what; Th. whan so. Th. say
-(_for_ pray). 748. H. F. shal; Ff. schuld; Th. shulde.
-
-750. Th. H. suche. Th. Ff. erth; H. F. dethe. H. F. Ff. it is not; Th. is
-not al. 751. H. F. preve; Th. profe. 752. Th. great villony. 753. F. Ff. Is
-it; Th. H. It is. Th. H. one. 755. H. F. refuse. 756. Th. renomed; H.
-renommeed. F. H. her (_for_ their). 757. Th. here; H. herde. 758. Th. H.
-eche. 759. H. purposen; F. porposyn; Th. pursuen. 760. _So_ H. F. Ff.; Th.
-Wyl not set by none il d. 761. Th. in euery; H. F. _om._ euery. 763. Ff.
-thair; F. ther; H. theym; Th. the. F. H. _om._ hertes. 764. Th. faithe. Th.
-Ff. softe and fayre; H. faire and softe. 766. F. H. Though; Th. Ff. If.
-_All_ one. 768. H. banshid. 769. H. F. oo; Th. one. 770. Th. the (_for 1st_
-and); H. F. and. Ff. eke; _rest_ eke the. 771. H. Ff. shal; Th. such. 772.
-H. F. ben; Ff. beth; Th. lyue. 777. F. H. Ff. visage; Th. face (!). 778. H.
-F. Ff. the; Th. these. Th. H. Ff. a wayte.
-
-779. F. H. Ff. yf that we wil; Th. if we wyl here. 780. Th. H. co_n_ceyte.
-781. F. H. oo; Th. a. Th. worde. H. F. Ff. allone; Th. nat one. 782. F. H.
-not; Th. nowe. Th. kepte. 783. H. F. Ff. pele; Th. appele. _All_ mone
-(_read_ moon). 785. H. Ff. pleyne me; F. pleyn me; Th. complayne. 786. Th.
-H. forgate. 787. H. elles. 788. Ff. H. F. he so sone put; Th. so sone am
-put. 789. Th. H. forfeyte. 791. _So_ H. F. Ff.; Th. Nothing hurteth you but
-your owne conceyte. 792. H. shal ye. 793. H. F. Ones for; Th. Thus. 794.
-_So_ H. Ff.; _so_ F. (_with_ the _for_ ye); Th. That your desyre shal neuer
-recouered be. 796. Th. ynoughe. TITLE; _in_ H. 797. Th. rose; H. rosse. H.
-F. al in; Th. Ff. in al. 798. Ff. partyd; _rest_ departed. 799. Th.
-to-brast; H. F. Ff. it brest. 800. H. forth walkyng; Th. Ff. walkynge
-forth. 801. Th. _om._ Now. 803. Th. Ff. shorter; H. shorte; F. short. 805.
-H. Ff. whider; Th. whither. 806. F. party. F. Ff. drow; H. drowh; Th.
-drewe.
-
-809. Th. Ff. thus; H. it; F. _om._ 811. Th. great. TITLE; _in_ Th. 813. H.
-F. Ff. Ye; Th. The. F. trew; H. trewe; Th. true. Th. thus; H. Ff. this.
-814. Ff. aventours; _rest_ aventures (_see note_). Th. flie; H. F. fle.
-816. Th. great. 817. Th. _omits this line; from_ H. F. Ff. H. F. made. H.
-F. Ff. flaterise. 821. Th. H. estate; Ff. astate. 822. H. F. Ff. In; Th.
-Of. 824. Ff. haue; F. hath; H. _om._ Th. _omits the line_. 825. H. folwe ye
-not; F. folowe ye not; Ff. folowe not; Th. foule not. _After_ 828, F.
-_has_--Explicit la bele dame sanz mercy; H. F. Verba translatoris. 829. Th.
-H. Ff. the. 833. H. F. _om._ al. _All_ the. 834. Th. hir (_for_ their).
-835. Th. H. The.
-
-837. Th. cace; H. caas. 838. H. elles. 840, 841. Th. her (_for_ their).
-843. Th. H. wote. 844. Th. _om._ and. 845. H. F. Wilde; Th. Ff. Lyke. 846.
-Ff. tabyde; Th. to abyde. 847. H. axe. 848. Th. Ff. were made; F. was made;
-H. made was. 850. H. F. Ff. processe; Th. prosses. 852. Th. H. trewe. 854.
-Th. done her; Ff. do thair; H. dothe here; F. doth thair. 855. Th. her
-(_for_ their). _After_ 856; Th. Explicit; H. Amen.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XVII.
-
-THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
-
-  Ane dooly sesoun to ane cairfull dyte
-  Suld correspond, and be equivalent.
-  Richt sa it wes quhen I began to wryte
-  This tragedy; the wedder richt fervent,
-  Quhen Aries, in middis of the Lent,                     5
-  Shouris of haill can fra the north discend;
-  That scantly fra the cauld I micht defend.
-
-  Yit nevertheles, within myn orature
-  I stude, quhen Tytan had his bemis bricht
-  Withdrawin doun and sylit under cure;                  10
-  And fair Venus, the bewty of the nicht,
-  Uprais, and set unto the west full richt
-  Hir goldin face, in oppositioun
-  Of god Phebus direct discending doun.
-
-  Throwout the glas hir bemis brast sa fair              15
-  That I micht see, on every syde me by,
-  The northin wind had purifyit the air,
-  And shed the misty cloudis fra the sky.
-  The froist freisit, the blastis bitterly
-  Fra pole Artyk come quhisling loud and shill,          20
-  And causit me remuf aganis my will.
-
-  For I traistit that Venus, luifis quene,
-  To quhom sum-tyme I hecht obedience,
-  My faidit hart of luf sho wald mak grene;
-  And therupon, with humbil reverence,                   25
-  I thocht to pray hir hy magnificence;
-  But for greit cald as than I lattit was,
-  And in my chalmer to the fyr can pas.
-
-  Thocht luf be hait, yit in ane man of age
-  It kendillis nocht sa sone as in youthheid,            30
-  Of quhom the blude is flowing in ane rage;
-  And in the auld the curage +douf and deid,
-  Of quhilk the fyr outward is best remeid,
-  To help be phisik quhair that nature failit;
-  I am expert, for baith I have assailit.                35
-
-  I mend the fyr, and beikit me about,
-  Than tuik ane drink my spreitis to comfort,
-  And armit me weill fra the cauld thairout.
-  To cut the winter-nicht, and mak it short,
-  I tuik ane quair, and left all uther sport,            40
-  Writtin be worthy Chaucer glorious,
-  Of fair Cresseid and lusty Troilus.
-
-  And thair I fand, efter that Diomeid
-  Ressavit had that lady bricht of hew,
-  How Troilus neir out of wit abraid,                    45
-  And weipit soir, with visage paill of hew;
-  For quhilk wanhope his teiris can renew,
-  Quhill +esperans rejoisit him agane:
-  Thus quhyl in joy he levit, quhyl in pane.
-
-  Of hir behest he had greit comforting,                 50
-  Traisting to Troy that sho suld mak retour,
-  Quhilk he desyrit maist of eirdly thing,
-  For-quhy sho was his only paramour.
-  Bot quhen he saw passit baith day and hour
-  Of hir gaincome, than sorrow can oppres                55
-  His woful hart in cair and hevines.
-
-  Of his distres me neidis nocht reheirs,
-  For worthy Chaucer, in the samin buik,
-  In guidly termis and in joly veirs
-  Compylit hes his cairis, quha will luik.               60
-  To brek my sleip ane uther quair I tuik,
-  In quilk I fand the fatall desteny
-  Of fair Cresseid, that endit wretchitly.
-
-  Quha wait gif all that Chauceir wrait was trew?
-  Nor I wait nocht gif this narratioun                   65
-  Be authoreist, or fenyeit of the new
-  Be sum poeit, throw his inventioun,
-  Maid to report the lamentatioun
-  And woful end of this lusty Cresseid,
-  And quhat distres sho thoillit, and quhat deid.        70
-
-  Quhen Diomed had all his appetyt,
-  And mair, fulfillit of this fair lady,
-  Upon ane uther he set his haill delyt,
-  And send to hir ane lybel of repudy,
-  And hir excludit fra his company.                      75
-  Than desolait sho walkit up and doun,
-  And, sum men sayis, into the court commoun.
-
-  O fair Cresseid! the flour and _A-per-se_
-  Of Troy and Grece, how was thou fortunait,
-  To change in filth all thy feminitee,                  80
-  And be with fleshly lust sa maculait,
-  And go amang the Greikis air and lait
-  Sa giglot-lyk, takand thy foull plesance!
-  I have pity thee suld fall sic mischance!
-
-  Yit nevertheles, quhat-ever men deme or say            85
-  In scornful langage of thy brukilnes,
-  I sall excuse, als far-furth as I may,
-  Thy womanheid, thy wisdom, and fairnes,
-  The quilk Fortoun hes put to sic distres
-  As hir pleisit, and na-thing throw the gilt            90
-  Of thee, throw wikkit langage to be spilt.
-
-  This fair lady, in this wys destitut
-  Of all comfort and consolatioun,
-  Richt prively, but fellowship, on fut
-  Disgysit passit far out of the toun                    95
-  Ane myle or twa, unto ane mansioun
-  Beildit full gay, quhair hir father Calchas,
-  Quhilk than amang the Greikis dwelland was.
-
-  Quhan he hir saw, the caus he can inquyr
-  Of hir cuming; sho said, syching full soir,           100
-  'Fra Diomeid had gottin his desyr
-  He wox wery, and wald of me no moir!'
-  Quod Calchas, 'Douchter, weip thow not thairfoir;
-  Peraventure all cummis for the best;
-  Welcum to me; thow art full deir ane gest.'           105
-
-  This auld Calchas, efter the law was tho,
-  Wes keeper of the tempill, as ane preist,
-  In quhilk Venus and hir son Cupido
-  War honourit; and his chalmer was thaim neist;
-  To quhilk Cresseid, with baill aneuch in breist,      110
-  Usit to pas, hir prayeris for to say;
-  Quhill at the last, upon ane solempne day,
-
-  As custom was, the pepill far and neir,
-  Befoir the none, unto the tempill went
-  With sacrifys devoit in thair maneir.                 115
-  But still Cresseid, hevy in hir intent,
-  In-to the kirk wald not hir-self present,
-  For giving of the pepil ony deming
-  Of hir expuls fra Diomeid the king:
-
-  But past into ane secreit orature                     120
-  Quhair sho micht weip hir wofull desteny.
-  Behind hir bak sho cloisit fast the dure,
-  And on hir kneis bair fell down in hy.
-  Upon Venus and Cupid angerly
-  Sho cryit out, and said on this same wys,             125
-  'Allas! that ever I maid yow sacrifys!
-
-  Ye gave me anis ane devyn responsaill
-  That I suld be the flour of luif in Troy;
-  Now am I maid an unworthy outwaill,
-  And all in cair translatit is my joy.                 130
-  Quha sall me gyde? quha sall me now convoy,
-  Sen I fra Diomeid and nobill Troilus
-  Am clene excludit, as abject odious?
-
-  O fals Cupide, is nane to wyte bot thow
-  And thy mother, of luf the blind goddes!              135
-  Ye causit me alwayis understand and trow
-  The seid of luf was sawin in my face,
-  And ay grew grene throw your supply and grace.
-  But now, allas! that seid with froist is slane,
-  And I fra luifferis left, and all forlane!'           140
-
-  Quhen this was said, doun in ane extasy,
-  Ravishit in spreit, intill ane dream sho fell;
-  And, be apperance, hard, quhair sho did ly,
-  Cupid the king ringand ane silver bell,
-  Quhilk men micht heir fra hevin unto hell;            145
-  At quhais sound befoir Cupide appeiris
-  The sevin planetis, discending fra thair spheiris,
-
-  Quhilk hes power of all thing generabill
-  To reull and steir, be thair greit influence,
-  Wedder and wind and coursis variabill.                150
-  And first of all Saturn gave his sentence,
-  Quhilk gave to Cupid litill reverence,
-  But as ane busteous churl, on his maneir,
-  Com crabbitly, with auster luik and cheir.
-
-  His face fronsit, his lyr was lyk the leid            155
-  His teith chatterit and cheverit with the chin
-  His ene drowpit, how, sonkin in his heid
-  Out of his nois the meldrop fast can rin
-  With lippis bla, and cheikis leine and thin
-  The yse-shoklis that fra his hair doun hang           160
-  Was wonder greit, and as ane speir als lang.
-
-  Atour his belt his lyart lokkis lay
-  Felterit unfair, ourfret with froistis hoir;
-  His garmound and his +gyte full gay of gray;
-  His widderit weid fra him the wind out woir.          165
-  Ane busteous bow within his hand he boir;
-  Under his gyrdil ane flash of felloun flanis
-  Fedderit with yse, and heidit with hail-stanis.
-
-  Than Juppiter richt fair and amiabill,
-  God of the starnis in the firmament,                  170
-  And nureis to all thing[is] generabill,
-  Fra his father Saturn far different,
-  With burely face, and browis bricht and brent;
-  Upon his heid ane garland wonder gay
-  Of flouris fair, as it had been in May.               175
-
-  His voice was cleir, as cristal wer his ene;
-  As goldin wyr sa glitterand was his hair;
-  His garmound and his gyte full gay of grene,
-  With goldin listis gilt on every gair;
-  Ane burely brand about his middill bair.              180
-  In his right hand he had ane groundin speir,
-  Of his father the wraith fra us to weir.
-
-  Nixt efter him com Mars, the god of ire,
-  Of stryf, debait, and all dissensioun;
-  To chyde and fecht, als feirs as ony fyr;             185
-  In hard harnes, hewmound and habirgeoun,
-  And on his hanche ane rousty fell fachioun:
-  And in his hand he had ane rousty sword,
-  Wrything his face with mony angry word.
-
-  Shaikand his sword, befoir Cupide he com              190
-  With reid visage and grisly glowrand ene;
-  And at his mouth ane bullar stude of fome,
-  Lyk to ane bair quhetting his tuskis kene
-  Richt tuilyour-lyk, but temperance in tene;
-  Ane horn he blew, with mony bosteous brag,            195
-  Quhilk all this warld with weir hes maid to wag.
-
-  Than fair Phebus, lanterne and lamp of licht
-  Of man and beist, baith frute and flourishing,
-  Tender nureis, and banisher of nicht,
-  And of the warld causing, be his moving               200
-  And influence, lyf in all eirdly thing;
-  Without comfort of quhom, of force to nocht
-  Must all ga dy, that in this warld is wrocht.
-
-  As king royall he raid upon his chair,
-  The quhilk Phaeton gydit sum-tyme unricht;            205
-  The brichtnes of his face, quhen it was bair,
-  Nane micht behald for peirsing of his sicht.
-  This goldin cart with fyry bemes bricht
-  Four yokkit steidis, full different of hew,
-  But bait or tyring throw the spheiris drew.           210
-
-  The first was soyr, with mane als reid as rois,
-  Callit Eoey, in-to the orient;
-  The secund steid to name hecht Ethioes,
-  Quhytly and paill, and sum-deill ascendent;
-  The thrid Peros, richt hait and richt fervent;        215
-  The feird was blak, callit +Philegoney,
-  Quhilk rollis Phebus down in-to the sey.
-
-  Venus was thair present, that goddes gay,
-  Hir sonnis querrel for to defend, and mak
-  Hir awin complaint, cled in ane nyce array,           220
-  The ane half grene, the uther half sabill-blak;
-  Quhyte hair as gold, kemmit and shed abak;
-  But in hir face semit greit variance,
-  Quhyles perfit treuth, and quhyles inconstance.
-
-  Under smyling sho was dissimulait,                    225
-  Provocative with blenkis amorous;
-  And suddanly changit and alterait,
-  Angry as ony serpent venemous,
-  Richt pungitive with wordis odious.
-  Thus variant sho was, quha list tak keip,             230
-  With ane eye lauch, and with the uther weip:--
-
-  In taikning that all fleshly paramour,
-  Quhilk Venus hes in reull and governance,
-  Is sum-tyme sweit, sum-tyme bitter and sour,
-  Richt unstabill, and full of variance,                235
-  Mingit with cairfull joy, and fals plesance;
-  Now hait, now cauld; now blyth, now full of wo;
-  Now grene as leif, now widderit and ago.
-
-  With buik in hand than com Mercurius,
-  Richt eloquent and full of rethory;                   240
-  With polite termis and delicious;
-  With pen and ink to report all redy;
-  Setting sangis, and singand merily.
-  His hude was reid, heklit atour his croun,
-  Lyk to ane poeit of the auld fassoun.                 245
-
-  Boxis he bair with fine electuairis,
-  And sugerit syropis for digestioun;
-  Spycis belangand to the pothecairis,
-  With mony hailsum sweit confectioun;
-  Doctour in phisik, cled in scarlot goun,              250
-  And furrit weill, as sic ane aucht to be,
-  Honest and gude, and not ane word coud le.
-
-  Nixt efter him com lady Cynthia,
-  The last of all, and swiftest in hir spheir,
-  Of colour blak, buskit with hornis twa,               255
-  And in the nicht sho listis best appeir;
-  Haw as the leid, of colour na-thing cleir.
-  For all hir licht sho borrowis at hir brothir
-  Titan; for of hir-self sho hes nane uther.
-
-  Hir gyte was gray, and full of spottis blak;          260
-  And on hir breist ane churl paintit ful evin,
-  Beirand ane bunch of thornis on his bak,
-  Quhilk for his thift micht clim na nar the hevin.
-  Thus quhen they gadderit war, thir goddis sevin,
-  Mercurius they cheisit with ane assent                265
-  To be foir-speikar in the parliament.
-
-  Quha had ben thair, and lyking for to heir
-  His facound toung and termis exquisyte,
-  Of rhetorik the praktik he micht leir,
-  In breif sermone ane pregnant sentence wryte.         270
-  Befoir Cupide vailing his cap a lyte,
-  Speiris the caus of that vocacioun;
-  And he anon shew his intencioun.
-
-  'Lo!' quod Cupide, 'quha will blaspheme the name
-  Of his awin god, outhir in word or deid,              275
-  To all goddis he dois baith lak and shame,
-  And suld have bitter panis to his meid.
-  I say this by yonder wretchit Cresseid,
-  The quhilk throw me was sum-tyme flour of lufe,
-  Me and my mother starkly can reprufe.                 280
-
-  Saying, of hir greit infelicite
-  I was the caus; and my mother Venus,
-  Ane blind goddes hir cald, that micht not see,
-  With slander and defame injurious.
-  Thus hir leving unclene and lecherous                 285
-  Sho wald returne on me and [on] my mother,
-  To quhom I shew my grace abone all uther.
-
-  And sen ye ar all sevin deificait,
-  Participant of devyn sapience,
-  This greit injury don to our hy estait                290
-  Me-think with pane we suld mak recompence;
-  Was never to goddis don sic violence.
-  As weill for yow as for myself I say;
-  Thairfoir ga help to revenge, I yow pray.'
-
-  Mercurius to Cupid gave answeir,                      295
-  And said, 'Shir king, my counsall is that ye
-  Refer yow to the hyest planeit heir,
-  And tak to him the lawest of degre,
-  The pane of Cresseid for to modify;
-  As god Saturn, with him tak Cynthia.'                 300
-  'I am content,' quod he, 'to tak thay twa.'
-
-  Than thus proceidit Saturn and the Mone,
-  Quhen thay the mater rypely had degest;
-  For the dispyt to Cupid sho had done,
-  And to Venus oppin and manifest,                      305
-  In all hir lyf with pane to be opprest
-  And torment sair, with seiknes incurabill,
-  And to all lovers be abominabill.
-
-  This dulefull sentence Saturn tuik on hand,
-  And passit doun quhair cairfull Cresseid lay;         310
-  And on hir heid he laid ane frosty wand,
-  Than lawfully on this wyse can he say;
-  'Thy greit fairnes, and al thy bewty gay,
-  Thy wantoun blude, and eik thy goldin hair,
-  Heir I exclude fra thee for evermair.                 315
-
-  I change thy mirth into melancholy,
-  Quhilk is the mother of all pensivenes;
-  Thy moisture and thy heit in cald and dry;
-  Thyne insolence, thy play and wantones
-  To greit diseis: thy pomp and thy riches              320
-  In mortall neid; and greit penuritie
-  Thow suffer sall, and as ane beggar die.'
-
-  O cruel Saturn, fraward and angry,
-  Hard is thy dome, and to malicious!
-  On fair Cresseid quhy hes thow na mercy,              325
-  Quhilk was sa sweit, gentill, and amorous?
-  Withdraw thy sentence, and be gracious
-  As thow was never; so shawis thow thy deid,
-  Ane wraikfull sentence gevin on fair Cresseid.
-
-  Than Cynthia, quhen Saturn past away,                 330
-  Out of hir sait discendit down belyve,
-  And red ane bill on Cresseid quhair sho lay,
-  Contening this sentence diffinityve:--
-  'Fra heil of body I thee now depryve,
-  And to thy seiknes sal be na recure,                  335
-  But in dolour thy dayis to indure.
-
-  Thy cristall ene minglit with blude I mak,
-  Thy voice sa cleir unplesand, hoir, and hace;
-  Thy lusty lyre ourspred with spottis blak,
-  And lumpis haw appeirand in thy face.                 340
-  Quhair thow cummis, ilk man sall flee the place;
-  Thus sall thou go begging fra hous to hous,
-  With cop and clapper, lyk ane lazarous.'
-
-  This dooly dream, this ugly visioun
-  Brocht to ane end, Cresseid fra it awoik,             345
-  And all that court and convocatioun
-  Vanischit away. Than rais sho up and tuik
-  Ane poleist glas, and hir shaddow coud luik;
-  And quhen sho saw hir face sa deformait,
-  Gif sho in hart was wa aneuch, god wait!              350
-
-  Weiping full sair, 'Lo! quhat it is,' quod she,
-  'With fraward langage for to mufe and steir
-  Our crabbit goddis, and sa is sene on me!
-  My blaspheming now have I bocht full deir;
-  All eirdly joy and mirth I set areir.                 355
-  Allas, this day! Allas, this wofull tyde,
-  Quhen I began with my goddis to chyde!'
-
-  Be this was said, ane child com fra the hall
-  To warn Cresseid the supper was redy;
-  First knokkit at the dure, and syne coud call--       360
-  'Madame, your father biddis you cum in hy;
-  He has mervell sa lang on grouf ye ly,
-  And sayis, "Your prayers been to lang sum-deill;
-  The goddis wait all your intent full weill."'
-
-  Quod sho, 'Fair child, ga to my father deir,          365
-  And pray him cum to speik with me anon.'
-  And sa he did, and said, 'Douchter, quhat cheir?'
-  'Allas!' quod she, 'father, my mirth is gon!'
-  'How sa?' quod he; and sho can all expone,
-  As I have tauld, the vengeance and the wrak,          370
-  For hir trespas, Cupide on hir coud tak.
-
-  He luikit on hir ugly lipper face,
-  The quhilk befor was quhyte as lilly-flour;
-  Wringand his handis, oftymes he said, Allas!
-  That he had levit to see that wofull hour!            375
-  For he knew weill that thair was na succour
-  To hir seiknes; and that dowblit his pane;
-  Thus was thair cair aneuch betwix tham twane.
-
-  Quhen thay togidder murnit had full lang,
-  Quod Cresseid, 'Father, I wald not be kend;           380
-  Thairfoir in secreit wyse ye let me gang
-  To yon hospitall at the tounis end;
-  And thidder sum meit, for cheritie, me send
-  To leif upon; for all mirth in this eird
-  Is fra me gane; sik is my wikkit weird.'              385
-
-  Than in ane mantill and ane bevar hat,
-  With cop and clapper, wonder prively,
-  He opnit ane secreit yet, and out thairat
-  Convoyit hir, that na man suld espy,
-  Unto ane village half ane myle thairby;               390
-  Deliverit hir in at the spittail-hous,
-  And dayly sent hir part of his almous.
-
-  Sum knew hir weill, and sum had na knawlege
-  Of hir, becaus sho was sa deformait
-  With bylis blak, ourspred in hir visage,              395
-  And hir fair colour faidit and alterait.
-  Yit thay presumit, for hir hy regrait
-  And still murning, sho was of nobill kin;
-  With better will thairfoir they tuik hir in.
-
-  The day passit, and Phebus went to rest,              400
-  The cloudis blak ourquhelmit all the sky;
-  God wait gif Cresseid was ane sorrowful gest,
-  Seeing that uncouth fair and herbery.
-  But meit or drink sho dressit hir to ly
-  In ane dark corner of the hous allone;                405
-  And on this wyse, weiping, sho maid hir mone.
-
-      THE COMPLAINT OF CRESSEID.
-
-  'O sop of sorrow sonken into cair!
-  O caytive Cresseid! now and ever-mair
-    Gane is thy joy and all thy mirth in eird;
-  Of all blyithnes now art thow blaiknit bair;          410
-  Thair is na salve may saif thee of thy sair!
-    Fell is thy fortoun, wikkit is thy weird;
-    Thy blis is baneist, and thy baill on breird!
-  Under the eirth god gif I gravin wer,
-    Quhar nane of Grece nor yit of Troy micht heird!    415
-
-  Quhair is thy chalmer, wantounly besene
-  With burely bed, and bankouris browderit bene,
-    Spycis and wynis to thy collatioun;
-  The cowpis all of gold and silver shene,
-  The swete meitis servit in plaittis clene,            420
-    With saipheron sals of ane gude sessoun;
-    Thy gay garmentis, with mony gudely goun,
-  Thy plesand lawn pinnit with goldin prene?
-    All is areir thy greit royall renoun!
-
-  Quhair is thy garding, with thir greissis gay         425
-  And fresshe flouris, quhilk the quene Floray
-    Had paintit plesandly in every pane,
-  Quhair thou was wont full merily in May
-  To walk, and tak the dew be it was day,
-    And heir the merle and mavis mony ane;              430
-    With ladyis fair in carrolling to gane,
-  And see the royal rinkis in thair array
-    In garmentis gay, garnischit on every grane?
-
-  Thy greit triumphand fame and hy honour,
-  Quhair thou was callit of eirdly wichtis flour,       435
-    All is decayit; thy weird is welterit so,
-  Thy hy estait is turnit in darknes dour!
-  This lipper ludge tak for thy burelie bour,
-    And for thy bed tak now ane bunch of stro.
-    For waillit wyne and meitis thou had tho,           440
-  Tak mowlit breid, peirry, and syder sour;
-    But cop and clapper, now is all ago.
-
-  My cleir voice and my courtly carrolling,
-  Quhair I was wont with ladyis for to sing,
-    Is rawk as ruik, full hiddeous, hoir, and hace;     445
-  My plesand port all utheris precelling,
-  Of lustines I was held maist conding;
-    Now is deformit the figour of my face;
-    To luik on it na leid now lyking hes.
-  Sowpit in syte, I say with sair siching--             450
-    Lugeit amang the lipper-leid--"Alas!"
-
-  O ladyis fair of Troy and Grece, attend
-  My misery, quhilk nane may comprehend,
-    My frivoll fortoun, my infelicitie,
-  My greit mischief, quhilk na man can amend.           455
-  Be war in tyme, approchis neir the end,
-    And in your mynd ane mirrour mak of me.
-    As I am now, peradventure that ye,
-  For all your micht, may cum to that same end,
-    Or ellis war, gif ony war may be.                   460
-
-  Nocht is your fairnes bot ane faiding flour,
-  Nocht is your famous laud and hy honour
-    Bot wind inflat in uther mennis eiris;
-  Your roising reid to rotting sall retour.
-  Exempill mak of me in your memour,                    465
-    Quhilk of sic thingis wofull witnes beiris.
-    All welth in eird away as wind it weiris;
-  Be war thairfoir; approchis neir the hour;
-    Fortoun is fikkil, quhen sho beginnis and steiris.'--
-
-  Thus chydand with her drery desteny,                  470
-  Weiping, sho woik the nicht fra end to end,
-  But all in vane; hir dule, hir cairfull cry
-  Micht nocht remeid, nor yit hir murning mend.
-  Ane lipper-lady rais, and till hir wend,
-  And said, 'Quhy spurnis thou aganis the wall,         475
-  To sla thyself, and mend na-thing at all?
-
-  Sen that thy weiping dowbillis bot thy wo,
-  I counsall thee mak vertew of ane neid,
-  To leir to clap thy clapper to and fro,
-  And +live efter the law of lipper-leid.'              480
-  Thair was na buit, bot forth with thame sho yeid
-  Fra place to place, quhill cauld and hounger sair
-  Compellit hir to be ane rank beggair.
-
-  That samin tyme, of Troy the garnisoun,
-  Quhilk had to chiftane worthy Troilus,                485
-  Throw jeopardy of weir had strikkin doun
-  Knichtis of Grece in number mervellous.
-  With greit triumph and laud victorious
-  Agane to Troy richt royally thay raid
-  The way quhair Cresseid with the lipper baid.         490
-
-  Seing that company cum, all with ane stevin
-  They gaif ane cry, and shuik coppis gude speid;
-  Said, 'Worthy lordis, for goddis lufe of hevin,
-  To us lipper part of your almous-deid.'
-  Than to thair cry nobill Troilus tuik heid;           495
-  Having pity, neir by the place can pas
-  Quhair Cresseid sat, nat witting quhat sho was.
-
-  Than upon him sho kest up baith her ene,
-  And with ane blenk it com in-to his thocht
-  That he sum-tyme hir face befoir had sene;            500
-  But sho was in sic ply he knew hir nocht.
-  Yit than hir luik in-to his mind it brocht
-  The sweit visage and amorous blenking
-  Of fair Cresseid, sumtyme his awin darling.
-
-  Na wonder was, suppois in mynd that he                505
-  Tuik hir figure sa sone, and lo! now, quhy;
-  The idole of ane thing in cace may be
-  Sa deip imprentit in the fantasy,
-  That it deludis the wittis outwardly,
-  And sa appeiris in forme and lyke estait              510
-  Within the mynd as it was figurait.
-
-  Ane spark of lufe than till his hart coud spring,
-  And kendlit all his body in ane fyre;
-  With hait fevir ane sweit and trimbilling
-  Him tuik, quhill he was redy to expyre;               515
-  To beir his sheild his breist began to tyre;
-  Within ane whyle he changit mony hew,
-  And nevertheles not ane ane-uther knew.
-
-  For knichtly pity and memoriall
-  Of fair Cresseid, ane girdill can he tak,             520
-  Ane purs of gold and mony gay jowall,
-  And in the skirt of Cresseid doun can swak;
-  Than raid away, and not ane word he spak,
-  Pensive in hart, quhill he com to the toun,
-  And for greit cair oft-syis almaist fell doun.        525
-
-  The lipper-folk to Cresseid than can draw,
-  To see the equall distribucioun
-  Of the almous; but quhan the gold they saw,
-  Ilk ane to uther prevely can roun,
-  And said, 'Yon lord hes mair affectioun,              530
-  However it be, unto yon lazarous
-  Than to us all; we knaw be his almous.'
-
-  'Quhat lord is yon?' quod sho, 'have ye na feill,
-  Hes don to us so greit humanitie?'
-  'Yes,' quod a lipper-man, 'I knaw him weill;          535
-  Shir Troilus it is, gentill and free.'
-  Quhen Cresseid understude that it was he,
-  Stiffer than steill thair stert ane bitter stound
-  Throwout hir hart, and fell doun to the ground.
-
-  Quhen sho, ourcom with syching sair and sad,          540
-  With mony cairfull cry and cald--'Ochane!
-  Now is my breist with stormy stoundis stad,
-  Wrappit in wo, ane wretch full will of wane';
-  Than swounit sho oft or sho coud refrane,
-  And ever in hir swouning cryit sho thus:              545
-  'O fals Cresseid, and trew knicht Troilus!
-
-  Thy luf, thy lawtee, and thy gentilnes
-  I countit small in my prosperitie;
-  Sa elevait I was in wantones,
-  And clam upon the fickill quheill sa hie;             550
-  All faith and lufe, I promissit to thee,
-  Was in the self fickill and frivolous;
-  O fals Cresseid, and trew knicht Troilus!
-
-  For lufe of me thou keipt gude countinence,
-  Honest and chaist in conversatioun;                   555
-  Of all wemen protectour and defence
-  Thou was, and helpit thair opinioun.
-  My mynd, in fleshly foull affectioun,
-  Was inclynit to lustis lecherous;
-  Fy! fals Cresseid! O, trew knicht Troilus!            560
-
-  Lovers, be war, and tak gude heid about
-  Quhom that ye lufe, for quhom ye suffer paine;
-  I lat yow wit, thair is richt few thairout
-  Quhom ye may traist, to have trew lufe againe;
-  Preif quhen ye will, your labour is in vaine.         565
-  Thairfoir I reid ye tak thame as ye find;
-  For they ar sad as widdercock in wind.
-
-  Becaus I knaw the greit unstabilnes
-  Brukkil as glas, into my-self I say,
-  Traisting in uther als greit unfaithfulnes,           570
-  Als unconstant, and als untrew of fay.
-  Thocht sum be trew, I wait richt few ar thay.
-  Quha findis treuth, lat him his lady ruse;
-  Nane but my-self, as now, I will accuse.'
-
-  Quhen this was said, with paper sho sat doun,         575
-  And on this maneir maid hir TESTAMENT:--
-  'Heir I beteich my corps and carioun
-  With wormis and with taidis to be rent;
-  My cop and clapper, and myne ornament,
-  And all my gold, the lipper-folk sall have,           580
-  Quhen I am deid, to bury me in grave.
-
-  This royall ring, set with this ruby reid,
-  Quhilk Troilus in drowry to me send,
-  To him agane I leif it quhan I am deid,
-  To mak my cairfull deid unto him kend.                585
-  Thus I conclude shortly, and mak ane end.
-  My spreit I leif to Diane, quhair sho dwellis,
-  To walk with hir in waist woddis and wellis.
-
-  O Diomeid! thow hes baith broche and belt
-  Quhilk Troilus gave me in takinning                   590
-  Of his trew lufe!'--And with that word sho swelt.
-  And sone ane lipper-man tuik of the ring,
-  Syne buryit hir withoutin tarying.
-  To Troilus furthwith the ring he bair,
-  And of Cresseid the deith he can declair.             595
-
-  Quhen he had hard hir greit infirmite,
-  Hir legacy and lamentatioun,
-  And how sho endit in sik poverte,
-  He swelt for wo, and fell doun in ane swoun;
-  For greit sorrow his hart to birst was boun.          600
-  Syching full sadly, said, 'I can no moir;
-  Sho was untrew, and wo is me thairfoir!'
-
-  Sum said, he maid ane tomb of merbell gray,
-  And wrait hir name and superscriptioun,
-  And laid it on hir grave, quhair that sho lay,        605
-  In goldin letteris, conteining this ressoun:--
-  'Lo! fair ladyis, Cresseid of Troyis toun,
-  Sumtyme countit the flour of womanheid,
-  Under this stane, late lipper, lyis deid!'
-
-  Now, worthy wemen, in this ballet short,              610
-  Made for your worship and instructioun,
-  Of cherite I monish and exhort,
-  Ming not your luf with fals deceptioun.
-  Beir in your mynd this short conclusioun
-  Of fair Cresseid, as I have said befoir;              615
-  Sen sho is deid, I speik of hir no moir.
-
-_From_ E. (Edinburgh edition, 1593); _collated with_ Th. (Thynne, ed.
-1532). 1. E. Ane; Th. A (_often_). E. doolie; Th. doly. E. to; Th. tyl. 4.
-E. tragedie (_I substitute_ -y _for_ -ie). 6. E. Schouris (_I substitute_
-Sh- _for_ Sch-). 7. Th. my[gh]t me defende. 8. E. oratur; Th. orature. 10.
-Th. scyled. 16. _Both_ se. 17. Th. northern. 18. Th. shedde his. 19. Th.
-frost. 20. E. Artick; Th. Artike. Th. whiskyng. 21. E. remufe; Th. remoue.
-
-24. Th. faded. 28. Th. chambre. _Both_ fyre. 29. E. lufe; Th. loue. 30. E.
-youtheid; Th. youthheed. 32. E. doif; Th. dull; _read_ douf. 34. E.
-phisike. 36. E. mend; Th. made. _Both_ fyre. Th. beaked. 37. E. ane; Th. I.
-40. Th. queare. 42. E. worthy; Th. lusty. 43. Th. founde. 45. Th. of his
-wytte abrede. 46. Th. wepte. 48. Th. esperous; E. Esperus. 49. E. quhyle.
-Th. and while (_for 2nd_ quhyl). 51. E. suld; Th. wolde. 52. Th. of al
-erthly.
-
-55. E. ganecome; Th. gayncome. Th. in (_for_ than). 58. Th. in that same.
-63. Th. which ended. 66. Th. authorysed or forged. 67. Th. Of some; by
-(_for_ throw). 70. Th. she was in or she deyde. 71. _Both_ appetyte. 73.
-Th. sette was al his delyte. 74. Th. _om._ of. 77. Th. As (_for_ And); in
-the courte as co_m_mune. 78. Th. Creseyde. _Both_ floure. 79. Th. were. 80.
-E. feminitie. 82. Th. early (_for_ air). 84. Th. the; E. thow.
-
-86. E. scornefull. E. brukkilnes; Th. brutelnesse. 88. E. wisdome. 91. E.
-wickit. 92. E. in; Th. on. _Both_ wyse destitute. 94. E. but; Th. without.
-Th. or refute; E. on fute. 95. E. Disagysit; Th. Dissheuelde. Th. passed
-out. 99. E. inquyre; Th. enquyre. 101. _Both_ desyre. 108. E. sone; Th.
-sonne. 109. E. hir; Th. his. Th. chambre. E. thame; Th. _om._ 110. E.
-aneuch in; Th. enewed. 113. _Both_ custome. 115. _Both_ sacrifice. Th.
-deuout.
-
-117. Th. churche. 118. E. givin; Th. gyueng. E. pepill; Th. people. 120.
-Th. oratore. 122. Th. closed; dore. 124. _Both_ Cupide. 125. Th. _om._
-same. _Both_ wyse. 126. E. Allace; Th. Alas. _Both_ sacrifice. 127. E.
-devine; Th. diuyne. 132. E. Sen; Th. Sithe. 135. E. lufe; Th. loue. E. the;
-Th. that. 136. Th. vnderstande alway. 137. E. lufe; Th. loue. 138. Th.
-souple grace. 139. E. allace; Th. alas. Th. frost. 140. Th. louers; -layne.
-143. Th. herde. 144. _Both_ Cupide. E. ringand; Th. tynkyng. 145. Th.
-in-to. 147. Th. speres.
-
-150. Th. course. 151. _Both_ Saturne. 152. _Both_ Cupide. 153. Th.
-boystous. E. on; Th. in. 154. _Both_ Come. E. crabitlie; Th. crabbedly. Th.
-austryne. 155. E. frosnit (_for_ fronsit); Th. frounsed. E. lyre; Th. lere.
-_Both_ lyke. 156. Th. sheuered. 157. Th. drouped hole. 158. E. of; Th. at.
-Th. myldrop. 159. Th. blo. 160. E. ic-eschoklis; Th. yse-yckels. 162. E.
-Atouir; Th. Attour. 163. E. ovirfret; Th. ouerfret; _read_ ourfret. 164.
-Th. garment. E. gyis; Th. gate; _see_ l. 178. 165. Th. wyddred; wore. 166.
-Th. boustous; bor[e]. 167. E. gyrdill. Th. a fasshe(!); flayns. 168. Th.
-holstayns (!). 170. Th. sterres. 171. Th. norice; thinge. 172. _Both_
-Saturne. 173. Th. burly. 174. Th. wonders. 175. E. bene; Th. ben.
-
-177. E. wyre; Th. wyer. Th. glyttryng. 178. Th. garment. E. gyis; Th. gyte.
-180. Th. A burly; myddle he beare. 182. Th. wrathe. E. weir; Th. bere. 183.
-E. come; Th. came. 184. E. strife; Th. stryfe. 185. _Both_ fyre. 186. Th.
-hewmo_n_de. 187. Th. fauchoun. 190. Th. Shakyng his brande. _Both_ come.
-191. Th. glowyng. 192. E. bullar; Th. blubber. 193. Th. boore. 194. E.
-tuilyeour; Th. tulsure (!). _Both_ lyke. 195. _Both_ horne; Th. _om._ he.
-Th. boustous. 196. E. weir; Th. warre. 199. Th. norice. 201. _Both_ lyfe.
-Th. erthly. 203. Th. _om._ all. Th. that al this worlde hath. 204. Th. a
-chare. 205. Th. Phiton somtyme gyded. E. upricht (!); Th. unright.
-
-210. Th. speres. 211. Th. sorde (_for_ soyr). 212. _Both_ Eoye. 213. Th.
-Ethose. 215. Th. Perose; and eke. 216. E. Philologie; Th. Philologee. 218.
-E. _om._ gay. 219. Th. _om._ for. 222. Th. kembet. 224. Th. While parfite.
-E. perfyte. 227. E. suddanely; Th. sodaynly. 228. E. vennemous; Th.
-venomous. 232. Th. tokenyng. 237. E. blyith; Th. blyth. 238. Th. wyddred.
-
-239. _Both_ come. 242. E. reddie; Th. redy. 244. E. atouir; Th. attour.
-245. _Both_ Lyke. 250. E. phisick. Th. cledde in a scarlet. 252. E. culd
-lie; Th. couth lye. 253. _Both_ come. 254. Th. spere. 256. Th. tapere. 258.
-E. hir (1); Th. the. 260. E. gyse; Th. gyte. 261. E. churle; Th. chorle.
-262. E. bunche; Th. busshe. 263. Th. theft; no ner. 264. Th. gadred were
-the. 267. E. bene. 269. E. rhetorick; Th. rethorike. E. prettick; Th.
-practyke.
-
-273. E. anone. E. schew; Th. shewde. 276. E. lak; Th. losse. 278. E. yone;
-Th. yonder. Th. wretche Creseyde. 280. E. starklie; Th. she stately. 281.
-E. -tie. 283. Th. She called a blynde goddes and myght. 286. E. returne;
-Th. retorte. E. on; Th. in. _I supply 2nd_ on. 287. E. schew; Th. shewde
-(_as in_ l. 273). Th. aboue. 289. E. devyne; Th. diuyne. 290. E. iniurie;
-Th. iniure. _Both_ done. 290. E. hie; Th. hye. 292. _Both_ goddes done.
-295. _Both_ Cupide. 299. E. modifie; Th. modifye. 300. _Both_ Saturne.
-
-303, 309, 323, 330. _Both_ Saturne. 304. _Both_ Cupide. E. scho; Th. that
-she. 305. Th. open. 306. _Both_ lyfe. 308. E. abhominabill; Th.
-abhominable. 309. Th. doleful. 318. E. in; Th. into. 319. E. and; Th. and
-thy. 321. E. In; Th. Into. E. penuritie; Th. -te. 322. Th. shalte. Th. dye.
-324. E. malitious. 325. E. On; Th. Of. 328. Th. sheweth through. 329. Th.
-_om._ fair. 331. Th. seate.
-
-334. E. heit; Th. heale. 336. Th. endure. 338. Th. vnplesaunt heer. 339.
-Th. lere. E. ouirspred; Th. ouerspred. 342. E. This; Th. Thus. 343. Th.
-cuppe. _Both_ lyke. 344. _Both_ dreame. E. uglye. 347. Th. rose she. 348.
-Th. polysshed. E. culd; Th. couth. 349. E. face; Th. visage. 350. Th. were
-wo, I ne wyte god wate. 352. Th. _om._ for. E. mufe; Th. moue. 353. E.
-craibit; Th. crabbed. 355. Th. erthly. 356. E. Allace; Th. Alas. 357. E.
-for to; Th. _om._ for. 358. E. come; Th. came. 359. _Both_ warne. Th.
-Creseyde. E. reddy; Th. redy. 360. E. syne culd; Th. efte couth. 362. E.
-merwel; Th. marueyle. 363. E. prayers bene; Th. bedes bethe.
-
-365. _Both_ chylde. 366. _Both_ anone. 368. _Both_ gone. 370. E. wraik; Th.
-wrake. 371. E. culd. 372. E. uglye. Th. lepers. 374. Th. _om._ he. 378. Th.
-ynow. E. thame; Th. he_m_. 380. Th. Creseyde. 382. Th. To yon; E. Unto
-yone. 383. Th. charite. 384. Th. lyue; erthe. 385. Th. werthe(!). 386. E.
-Than; Th. Whan(!). Th. Beuer; E. bawar. 387. Th. cuppe. 388. Th. secrete
-gate. 389. Th. Conueyed. 390. Th. There to. 393. E. knawledge. 395. E.
-ovirspred; Th. ouerspred.
-
-397. E. hie; Th. hye. 399. Th. there (_for_ thairfoir). 401. E.
-ovirquhelmit; Th. ouerheled. 402. E. was; Th. were. 403. Th. fare. 405,
-406. _Perhaps read_ alane, mane. 408. E. cative; Th. caytife. E. for now;
-Th. _om._ for. 409. Th. erthe. 410. Th. blake and bare. 411. Th. helpe
-(_for_ saif thee of). 412. Th. werthe (!). 413. Th. bale vnberd (!). 414.
-Th. Vnder the great god. 415. Th. men (_for_ nane). Th. herd. 416. Th.
-chambre. 417. Th. burly; bankers brouded. 418. Th. wyne. 419. Th. cuppes.
-420. Th. plates. 421. Th. sauery sauce. 423. Th. pene (!). 424. Th. arere.
-
-425. Th. thy greces. 430. E. mawis. 432. Th. renkes. E. array; Th. ray. Th.
-_omits_ ll. 433-437. 434, 437. E. hie. 438. Th. leper loge. E. burelie; Th.
-goodly. 439. E. bunche; Th. bonch. 441. E. peirrie; Th. pirate. E. ceder;
-Th. syder. 442. Th. cuppe. 443. E. _om._ my. 444. Th. _om. this line_. 445.
-Th. ranke as roke, ful hidous heer. Th. _om._ ll. 446, 447. 448. Th.
-Deformed is. 449. Th. no pleople (_sic_) hath lykyng (!). 450. Th. Solped
-in syght. 451. E. Ludgeit; Th. Lyeng. Th. leper folke. E. allace; Th. alas.
-453. Th. _omits_. 454. Th. freyle fortune.
-
-455. Th. war therfore; your ende. 456. Th. _places after_ l. 460. 459. E.
-that; Th. the. 460. Th. worse, if any worse. 464. Th. rosyng. 465. Th.
-memore. 468. Th. your hour. 469. Th. _omits_. 471. Th. woke. 472. Th. dole.
-473. Th. remedy ne. 474. Th. rose. 477. E. Sen; Th. Sithe. E. _om._ that.
-Th. but doubleth. 479. E. To leir; Th. Go lerne. 480. E. leir; Th. lerne;
-_read_ live. Th. lepers lede. 486. Th. warre.
-
-488. _Both_ tryumphe; laude. 489. Th. rode. 490. E. baid; Th. stode. 491.
-E. thai come; Th. come; _read_ cum. 492. Th. shoke cuppes. 493. Th. _om._
-Said. 495. Th. her (_for_ thair). 496. Th. pyte; E. pietie. 499. _Both_
-come. 501. E. plye; Th. plyte. 502. E. it; Th. he. 504. E. awin; Th. owne.
-508. Th. enprynted. 512. E. culd; Th. couth. 514. E. fewir; Th. feuer. Th.
-in swette. _Both_ trimbling. 515. E. reddie. 516. Th. brest. 517. Th. many
-a hewe.
-
-519. Th. pyte; E. pietie. 520. Th. gan. 521. Th. many a gay iewel. 522. E.
-swak; Th. shake. 523. E. _om._ he. 524. E. come; Th. came. 525. E. -syis;
-Th. -syth. 526. E. can; Th. couth. 527. _Both_ se. 529. E. prewelie; Th.
-priuely. 530. Th. yon; E. yone. 534. Th. That dothe. E. humanitie; Th. -te.
-536. Th. _ins._ a knight _after_ is. 540. E. ovircome; Th. ouerco_m_e. 541.
-Th. colde atone (!). 542. Th. brest. 543. Th. _om._ ane; Th. one (_for_
-wane). 544. Th. Than fel in swoun ful ofte. E. culd; Th. wolde. Th. fone
-(!); _for_ refrane. 547. E. lufe; Th. loue. Th. laude and al thy. 549. Th.
-So effated (_or_ essated).
-
-551. Th. promytted. 552. Th. thy selfe; furious (!). 554. Th. countenaunce
-(_om._ gude). 557. Th. were. 558. E. in; Th. on. 562. E. Quhome; Th. Whom.
-E. quhome; Th. whan. 563. Th. thrughout. 565. Th. Proue. 569. Th. Brittel;
-unto. 570. Th. great brutelnesse. 572. Th. Though. 576. Th. maner. 577. E.
-beteiche; Th. bequeth. Th. corse. 578. Th. toodes. 579. Th. cuppe my. 580.
-E. the; Th. these.
-
-583. E. drowrie; Th. dowry (!). 587. Th. spirite. 590. E. takning; Th.
-tokenyng; _read_ takinning. 593. E. withouttin. 596. E. infirmitie; Th.
--te. 598. E. povertie; Th. -te. 600. Th. _om._ greit. 605. Th. where as
-she. 607. Th. Troy the toun. 612. E. cheritie; Th. charyte. 613. E. lufe;
-Th. loue. 614. E. schort; Th. sore (!). 616. E. Sen; Th. Sithe.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XVIII.
-
-THE CUCKOO AND THE NIGHTINGALE;
-
-OR
-
-THE BOOK OF CUPID, GOD OF LOVE.
-
-  The god of love, a! _benedicite!_
-  How mighty and how greet a lord is he!
-  For he can make of lowe hertes hye,
-  And of hye lowe, and lyke for to dye,
-  And harde hertes he can maken free.                     5
-
-  And he can make, within a litel stounde
-  Of seke folk ful hole, fresshe and sounde,
-  And of [the] hole, he can make seke;
-  And he can binden and unbinden eke
-  What he wol have bounden or unbounde.                  10
-
-  To telle his might my wit may not suffyse;
-  For he may do al that he wol devyse.
-  For he can make of wyse folk ful nyce,
-  And [eke] in lyther folk distroyen vyce;
-  And proude hertes he can make agryse.                  15
-
-  Shortly, al that ever he wol he may;
-  Ageines him ther dar no wight sey nay.
-  For he can gladde and greve whom him lyketh;
-  And, who that he wol, he laugheth or he syketh;
-  And most his might he sheweth ever in May.             20
-
-  For every trewe gentil herte free
-  That with him is, or thinketh for to be,
-  Ageines May now shal have som steringe
-  Other to joye, or elles to morninge,
-  In no sesoun so greet, as thinketh me.                 25
-
-  For whan they mowe here the briddes singe,
-  And see the floures and the leves springe,
-  That bringeth into hertes remembraunce
-  A maner ese, medled with grevaunce,
-  And lusty thoughtes fulle of greet longinge.           30
-
-  And of that longing cometh hevinesse,
-  And therof groweth ofte greet seknesse,
-  And al for lak of that that they desyre;
-  And thus in May ben hertes sette on fyre,
-  So that they brennen forth in greet distresse.         35
-
-  I speke this of feling, trewely;
-  For, althogh I be old and unlusty,
-  Yet have I felt of that seknesse, in May,
-  Bothe hoot and cold, an acces every day,
-  How sore, y-wis, ther wot no wight but I.              40
-
-  I am so shaken with the fevers whyte,
-  Of al this May yet slepte I but a lyte;
-  And also it naught lyketh unto me,
-  That any herte shulde slepy be
-  In whom that Love his fyry dart wol smyte.             45
-
-  But as I lay this other night wakinge,
-  I thoghte how lovers had a tokeninge,
-  And among hem it was a comune tale,
-  That it were good to here the nightingale
-  Rather than the lewde cukkow singe.                    50
-
-  And then I thoghte, anon as it was day,
-  I wolde go som whider to assay
-  If that I might a nightingale here;
-  For yet had I non herd of al this yere,
-  And hit was tho the thridde night of May.              55
-
-  And than, anon as I the day espyde,
-  No lenger wolde I in my bedde abyde,
-  But unto a wode, that was faste by,
-  I wente forth alone, boldely,
-  And held my way doun by a broke-syde,                  60
-
-  Til I com to a launde of whyte and grene;
-  So fair oon had I never in[ne] been;
-  The ground was grene, y-poudred with daisye,
-  The floures and the gras y-lyke hye,
-  Al grene and whyte; was nothing elles sene.            65
-
-  Ther sat I doun among the faire floures;
-  And saw the briddes trippe out of her boures
-  Ther-as they had hem rested al the night.
-  They were so joyful of the dayes light
-  That they +begonne of May to don hir houres!           70
-
-  They coude that servyce al by rote;
-  Ther was many a lovely straunge note;
-  Some songe loude, as they hadde pleyned,
-  And some in other maner vois y-feyned,
-  And some al out, with al the fulle throte.             75
-
-  They proyned hem, and made[n] hem right gay,
-  And daunseden, and lepten on the spray,
-  And evermore two and two in-fere;
-  Right so as they had chosen hem to-yere
-  In Feverere, on seint Valentynes day.                  80
-
-  And eke the river, that I sat upon,
-  It made suche a noise, as it ron,
-  Accordaunt with the briddes armonye,
-  Me thoughte, it was the best[e] melodye
-  That mighte been y-herd of any mon.                    85
-
-  And for delyt ther-of, I wot never how,
-  I fel in suche a slomber and a swow,
-  Not al a-slepe, ne fully wakinge;
-  And in that swow me thoughte I herde singe
-  That sory brid, the lew[e]de cukkow.                   90
-
-  And that was on a tree right fast[e] by;
-  But who was than evel apayd but I?
-  'Now god,' quod I, 'that dyed on the crois
-  Yeve sorow on thee, and on thy lewde vois!
-  For litel joye have I now of thy cry.'                 95
-
-  And as I with the cukkow thus gan chyde,
-  I herde, in the nexte bush besyde,
-  A Nightingale so lustily singe
-  That with her clere vois she made ringe
-  Through-out al the grene wode wyde.                   100
-
-  'A! goode Nightingale!' quod I thenne,
-  'A litel hast thou been to longe henne;
-  For here hath been the lew[e]de Cukkow,
-  And songen songes rather than hast thou;
-  I pray to god that evel fyr him brenne!'              105
-
-  But now I wol you telle a wonder thing:
-  As longe as I lay in that swowning,
-  Me thoughte, I wiste what the briddes ment,
-  And what they seyde, and what was her entent,
-  And of her speche I hadde good knowing.               110
-
-  And than herde I the Nightingale say,
-  'Now, gode Cukkow! go som-where away,
-  And let us that can singen dwellen here;
-  For every wight escheweth thee to here,
-  Thy songes be so elenge, in good fay!'                115
-
-  'What?' quod he, 'what may thee eylen now?
-  It thinketh me, I singe as wel as thou,
-  For my song is bothe trewe and playn;
-  Al-though I can not crakel so in vayn
-  As thou dost in thy throte, I wot never how.          120
-
-  And every wight may understande me;
-  But, Nightingale, so may they not do thee;
-  For thou hast many a nyce queinte cry.
-  I have herd thee seyn, "_ocy! ocy!_"
-  How mighte I knowe what that shulde be?'              125
-
-  'A fole!' quod she, 'wost thou not what it is?
-  Whan that I say "_ocy! ocy!_" y-wis,
-  Than mene I that I wolde, wonder fayn,
-  That alle they were shamfully y-slayn
-  That menen aught ayeines love amis.                   130
-
-  And also I wolde alle tho were dede
-  That thenke not in love hir lyf to lede;
-  For who that wol the god of love not serve,
-  I dar wel say, is worthy for to sterve;
-  And for that skil "_ocy! ocy!_" I grede.'             135
-
-  'Ey!' quod the Cukkow, 'this is a queint lawe,
-  That every wight shal love or be to-drawe!
-  But I forsake al suche companye.
-  For myn entent is neither for to dye,
-  Ne, whyl I live, in loves yok to drawe.               140
-
-  For lovers ben the folk that been on-lyve
-  That most disese han, and most unthryve,
-  And, most enduren sorow, wo, and care;
-  And, at the laste, failen of welfare;
-  What nedeth hit ayeines trouth to stryve?'            145
-
-  'What?' quod she, 'thou art out of thy minde!
-  How might thou in thy cherles herte finde
-  To speke of loves servaunts in this wyse?
-  For in this worlde is noon so good servyse
-  To every wight that gentil is of kinde.               150
-
-  For ther-of, trewly, cometh al goodnesse,
-  Al honour, and [eke] al gentilnesse,
-  Worship, ese, and al hertes lust,
-  Parfit joye, and ful assured trust,
-  Jolitee, plesaunce, and freshnesse,                   155
-
-  Lowliheed, and trewe companye,
-  Seemliheed, largesse, and curtesye,
-  Drede of shame for to doon amis;
-  For he that trewly Loves servaunt is
-  Were lother to be shamed than to dye.                 160
-
-  And that this is sooth, al that I seye,
-  In that beleve I wol bothe live and deye,
-  And Cukkow, so rede I thou do, y-wis.'
-  'Ye, than,' quod he, 'god let me never have blis
-  If ever I to that counseyl obeye!                     165
-
-  Nightingale, thou spekest wonder fayre,
-  But, for al that, the sooth is the contrayre;
-  For loving is, in yonge folk, but rage,
-  And in olde folk hit is a greet dotage;
-  Who most hit useth, most he shal apeyre.              170
-
-  For therof comth disese and hevinesse,
-  Sorowe and care, and mony a greet seknesse,
-  Dispyt, debat, [and] anger, and envye,
-  Repreef and shame, untrust and jelousye,
-  Pryde and mischeef, povertee, and woodnesse.          175
-
-  What! Loving is an office of dispayr,
-  And oo thing is ther-in that is not fayr;
-  For who that geteth of love a litel blis,
-  But-if he be alway therwith, y-wis,
-  He may ful sone of age have his heyr.                 180
-
-  And, Nightingale, therfor hold thee ny;
-  For, leve me wel, for al thy queynte cry,
-  If thou be fer or longe fro thy make,
-  Thou shalt be as other that been forsake,
-  And than[ne] thou shalt hoten as do I!'               185
-
-  'Fy!' quod she, 'on thy name and on thee!
-  The god of love ne let thee never y-thee!
-  For thou art wors a thousand-fold than wood.
-  For many on is ful worthy and ful good,
-  That had be naught, ne hadde love y-be!               190
-
-  For Love his servaunts ever-more amendeth,
-  And from al evel taches hem defendeth,
-  And maketh hem to brenne right as fyr
-  In trouthe and in worshipful desyr,
-  And, whom him liketh, joye y-nough hem sendeth.'      195
-
-  'Thou Nightingale,' he seyde, 'hold thee stille;
-  For Love hath no resoun but his wille;
-  For ofte sithe untrewe folk he eseth,
-  And trewe folk so bitterly displeseth
-  That, for defaute of grace, he let hem spille.        200
-
-  With such a lorde wol I never be;
-  For he is blind alwey, and may not see;
-  And whom he hit he not, or whom he fayleth;
-  And in his court ful selden trouthe avayleth;
-  So dyvers and so wilful is he.'                       205
-
-  Than took I of the Nightingale kepe,
-  She caste a sigh out of her herte depe,
-  And seyde, 'Alas! that ever I was bore!
-  I can, for tene, say not oon word more;'
-  And right with that she brast out for to wepe.        210
-
-  'Alas!' quod she, 'my herte wol to-breke
-  To heren thus this false brid to speke
-  Of love, and of his worshipful servyse;
-  Now, god of love, thou help me in som wyse
-  That I may on this Cukkow been awreke!'               215
-
-  Me thoughte than, that I sterte up anon,
-  And to the broke I ran, and gat a stoon,
-  And at the Cukkow hertely I caste;
-  And he, for drede, fley away ful faste;
-  And glad was I when that he was a-goon.               220
-
-  And evermore the Cukkow, as he fley,
-  He seyde, 'Farewel! farewel, papinjay!'
-  As though he hadde scorned, thoughte me;
-  But ay I hunted him fro tree to tree
-  Til he was fer al out of sighte awey.                 225
-
-  And thanne com the Nightingale to me,
-  And seyde, 'Frend, forsothe I thanke thee
-  That thou hast lyked me thus to rescowe;
-  And oon avow to Love I wol avowe,
-  That al this May I wol thy singer be.'                230
-
-  I thanked her, and was right wel apayed;
-  'Ye,' quod she, 'and be thou not amayed,
-  Though thou have herd the Cukkow er than me.
-  For, if I live, it shal amended be
-  The nexte May, if I be not affrayed.                  235
-
-  And oon thing I wol rede thee also;
-  Ne leve thou not the Cukkow, loves fo;
-  For al that he hath seyd is strong lesinge.'
-  'Nay,' quod I, 'therto shal no thing me bringe
-  Fro love; and yet he doth me mochel wo.'              240
-
-  'Ye, use thou,' quod she, 'this medicyne;
-  Every day this May, or that thou dyne,
-  Go loke upon the fresshe dayesye.
-  And though thou be for wo in poynt to dye,
-  That shal ful gretly lissen thee of thy pyne.         245
-
-  And loke alwey that thou be good and trewe,
-  And I wol singe oon of my songes newe,
-  For love of thee, as loude as I may crye;'
-  And than[ne] she began this song ful hye--
-  'I shrewe al hem that been of love untrewe!'          250
-
-  And whan she hadde songe hit to the ende,
-  'Now farewel,' quod she, 'for I mot wende;
-  And god of love, that can right wel and may,
-  As mochel joye sende thee this day
-  As ever yet he any lover sende!'                      255
-
-  Thus took the Nightingale her leve of me.
-  I pray to god, he alway with her be,
-  And joye of love he sende her evermore;
-  And shilde us fro the Cukkow and his lore;
-  For ther is noon so fals a brid as he.                260
-
-  Forth she fley, the gentil Nightingale,
-  To al the briddes that were in that dale,
-  And gat hem alle into a place in-fere,
-  And +hem besoughte that they wolde here
-  Her disese; and thus began her tale:--                265
-
-  'Ye witen wel, it is not fro yow hid
-  How the Cukkow and I faste have chid
-  Ever sithen it was dayes light;
-  I pray yow alle, that ye do me right
-  Of that foule, false, unkinde brid.'                  270
-
-  Than spak oo brid for alle, by oon assent,
-  'This mater asketh good avysement;
-  For we ben fewe briddes here in-fere.
-  And sooth it is, the Cukkow is not here;
-  And therefor we wol have a parlement.                 275
-
-  And therat shal the Egle be our lord,
-  And other peres that ben of record,
-  And the Cukkow shal be after sent.
-  And ther shal be yeven the jugement,
-  Or elles we shal make som accord.                     280
-
-  And this shal be, withouten any nay,
-  The morow of seynt Valentynes day,
-  Under a maple that is fayr and grene,
-  Before the chambre-window of the quene
-  At Wodestok, upon the grene lay.'                     285
-
-  She thanked hem, and than her leve took,
-  And fley into an hawthorn by the brook,
-  And ther she sat, and song upon that tree,
-  'Terme of [my] lyf, Love hath with-holde me,'
-  So loude, that I with that song awook.                290
-
-             EXPLICIT CLANVOWE.
-
-_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532); _collated with_ F. (Fairfax 16); B. (Bodley
-638); S. (Arch. Selden, B. 24); T. (Tanner 346); _also in_ Ff. (Camb. Univ.
-Ff. 1. 6). TITLE: Th. Of the C. and the N.; F. B. The boke of Cupide, god
-of loue. 1. Th. ah; F. a; S. a. a. 2. Th. Howe; gret; lorde. 4. Th. of his;
-Ff. S. of hye; F. B. high hertis. 6. F. B. S. Ff. And he; Th. _om._ And. 7.
-Th. folke; _om._ ful. 8. _I supply_ the. S. hole folke. 9. S. And he; _rest
-om._ And. Th. F. B. bynde; _read_ binden. 10. Th. T. That; F. B. Ff. What;
-S. Quhom. 11. Th. tel; wytte. 12, 13. Th. T. _transpose these lines_. 12.
-Th. Ff. wol; _rest_ can. 13. Th. folke. 14. _I supply_ eke. Th. T. _om._ in
-(S. _has_ in-to). F. lyther; S. lidd_er_; Th. Ff. lythy; T. le�i. Th.
-folke. Th. T. to distroyen; _rest om._ to.
-
-17. Ff. T. Ageynes; S. Ageynest; Th. Agaynst; F. B. Ayenst. Th. Ff. T.
-_om._ ther. 18. Th. glad; _rest_ glade. 19. Th. loweth. S. _has 2nd_ he;
-_rest omit_. F. B. don hym laugh or siketh. 20. Th. T. shedeth. 21. Th.
-fre. 22. F. B. _om._ for. 23. S. Ff. A[gh]eynes; F. B. Ayenst; Th. T.
-Agayne. Th. nowe. 24. F. B. Other; S. Outhir; Th. T. Ff. Or. Th. ioy. F. B.
-S. T. ellis; Th. els. Th. T. Ff. some mournyng; _rest om._ some. 25. F. B.
-grette; Ff. S. grete; Th. moche. 26. F. then; _rest_ whan (when). Th. may;
-T. mai; F. B. S. mow; Ff. mowe. Th. byrdes; S. foulis; _rest_ briddes. 27.
-Th. leaues. 28. Th. T. her (_for_ hertes). 29. Th. T. ease; S. ess; F. B.
-case (!). Ff. y-medled. 30. Th. ful; Ff. fulle. Th. great. 32. Th. great
-sicknesse. 33. S. all; _rest om._ Th. lacke. 35. Th. forthe; great. 36. S.
-trewely; Th. trewly. 37. F. B. S. For althogh; Th. T. If(!). Th. olde. 38.
-Th. T. I haue; _rest_ haue I. Th. felte; sicknesse. Th. Ff. through; _rest_
-in. 39. _All_ hote. Th. F. B. colde. Th. T. and (!); _for_ an. Th. axes; F.
-B. acces. 40. Th. Howe; wote.
-
-42. Th. T. _om._ yet; (Ff. _has_ ne.) Th. T. slepe; Ff. S. slepte; F. B.
-slept. 43. S. naught likith vnto me; Th. T. Ff. is not lyke to me; F. B. is
-vnlike for to be. 45. Th. darte. 47. Th. howe. 48. Th. amonge. 50. Th.
-cuckowe. 51. Th. thought. 52. T. Ff. whider; S. quhid_er_; F. B. whedir;
-Th. where. 54. Th. none herde. F. B. T. this; Ff. the; Th. S. that. 55. S.
-thridde; T. thridd; Th. F. B. thirde. 56. S. than; _rest om._ Th. aspyde.
-58. Ff. to; Th. T. vnto; F. B. into; S. in. Th. wodde; F. B. wode. 59. Th.
-T. went; F. B. wente. Th. forthe. Th. boldely; Ff. T. boldly; _rest_
-priuely. 60. Th. helde. F. B. S. my; Th. Ff. the; T. me the. Th. downe. 61.
-F. B. come; S. cam; Th. T. came (_read_ com). 62. _All_ in; _read_ inne. S.
-_has_ in y-ben. 63, 64. B. _transposes_. 64. F. B. gras; S. greses; Th.
-greues; T. Ff. grenes. S. ylike; F. B. al I-like; Th. T. Ff. lyke. 65. Th.
-els.
-
-66. Th. sate; downe. 67. Th. sawe; birdes. Th. trippe; T. trip; S. flee; F.
-B. crepe. 68. Th. T. Ff. _om._ had. S. thame rested; _rest_ rested hem. 70.
-Th. T. _om._ That. _All_ began; _read_ begonne. Ff. to don hir; Th. T. for
-to done. F. B. of Mayes ben her houres (!); S. on mayes vss thair houres.
-72. S. lusty (_for_ lovely). S. straunge; _rest om._ 73. Ff. lowe. T. hade;
-_rest_ had. S. compleyned. 74. Th. voice yfayned. 75. Ff. S. all (2); _rest
-om._ Th. Ff. T. the ful; S. full_e_; F. B. a lowde. 76. F. B. pruned. _All_
-made; _read_ maden. 80. Th. Feuerere; T. Feuir[gh]ere; _rest_ Marche (!).
-_All_ upon; _read_ on. 81. S. eke; _rest om._ 83. Th. T. with; _rest_ to.
-T. Ff. briddes; S. birdis; Th. byrdes; F. B. foules. S. T. Ff. armonye; Th.
-armony; F. B. ermonye. 84. Th. thought. _All_ best (!). 85. Th. myght;
-yherde. 86. _All_ delyte. S. therof; _rest om._ Th. wotte; F. B. note; S.
-wote; T. wot. F. B. ner (_for_ never). Th. howe. 87. Th. swowe; Ff. swough;
-S. slowe (!); B. slow (!). 88. F. B. S. on slepe. 89. Th. swowe; thought.
-90. F. B. Ff. That; _rest_ the. F. B. Ff. bridde; S. T. brid; Th. byrde.
-Th. Cuckowe.
-
-91. _All_ fast. 92. Th. yuel apayde. 93. Th. Nowe. F. B. vpon (_for_ on).
-94. Th. the. 95. Th. nowe. 96. Th. cuckowe. Th. T. thus gan; Ff. now gan;
-S. gan to; F. B. gan. 97. Th. B. busshe; Ff. T. bussh; F. busshes (!); S.
-beugh. F. B. me beside. 100. Th. T. Ff. _om._ out. Ff. the greues of the
-wode (_better_). 101. Th. Ah. Ff. S. thenne; T. thanne; _rest_ then. 102.
-Th. haste. Ff. S. T. henne; _rest_ hen. 103. F. B. lewde; S. lewed; T. Ff.
-loude (!). (_The line runs badly._) 104. F. B. _om._ hast. 105. Th. T.
-_om._ that. Th. yuel fyre. Th. S. her; _rest_ him. Th. bren; _rest_ brenne.
-106. Th. nowe; tel. 107. Th. laye. (_The line runs badly; read_ longe _or_
-swowening.) 108. Th. thought; wyst. Th. T. what; _rest_ al that. 109. Th.
-sayd. 110. T. hade; _rest_ had. 111. Th. _om._ And. Th. T. there (_for_
-than). 112. Th. Nowe good. 113. Th. lette. 114. Th. the.
-
-116. F. B. she (_for_ he). Th. the. 118. Th. songe; playne. 119. Th. T. And
-though; _rest_ Al-though. Th. crakel; T. crakil; S. crekill; Ff. crake; F.
-B. breke hit (!). Th. vayne. 120. Th. doest; S. dois; _rest_ dost. Th. Ff.
-S. neuer; T. not; F. B. ner. 122. Th. done; T. S. Ff. do; F. B. _om._ Th.
-the. 123. Th. haste. Th. T. Ff. nyce queynt(e); S. queynt feyned; F. B.
-queint. 124. F. B. S. herd the; T. the herd; Th. the herde. Th. sayne; T.
-seyn; F. B. seye; S. sing. 125. Th. Howe. F. B. Who myghte wete what; S.
-Bot quho my_ch_t vnderstand quhat. 126. Th. Ah; Ff. T. A; _rest_ O. Th.
-foole; woste. Th. T. Ff. it; _rest_ that. 128. Th. meane; fayne. 129. Ff.
-all_e_; S. all; _rest_ al. Th. T. Ff. they; _rest_ tho. Th. yslayne. 130.
-Th. meanen. S. a[gh]eines; F. B. ayen; T. again; Th. agayne. 131. F. B. al
-tho were dede; Th. T. Ff. that al tho had the dede. S. And al they I wold
-also were dede. 132. Th. thynke; T. think; S. thinkith; Ff. thenke; F. B.
-thenk. F. B. S. Ff. her lyue in loue. 133. Th. S. who so; _rest om._ so.
-Th. T. Ff. _place_ not _after_ wol. 134. Th. T. F. B. Ff. he is; S. _om._
-he. Th. Ff. T. _om._ for. 136. Th. Eye; cuckowe. F. B. _insert_ ywis
-_before_ this. 137. Th. T. Ff. That euery wight shal loue or be to-drawe;
-F. B. That eyther I shal love or elles be slawe. 139. Th. myne. F. B.
-neyther; S. nouthir; Th. T. Ff. not. 140. Th. T. Ff. Ne neuer; _rest om._
-neuer. Th. T. on; _rest_ in.
-
-141. Th. S. ben; Ff. T. bene; F. B. lyven (_for_ been). 142. Th. moste
-(_twice_); disease. 143. Th. moste. F. B. S. enduren; Th. Ff. T. endure.
-144. _So_ F. B. (_with_ of her _for_ of); Th. T. Ff. And leste felen of
-welfare; S. And ald_er_last have felyng of welefare. 145. S. a[gh]eynes;
-Th. B. ayenst; F. T. ayens. 146. S. Quhat brid q_uo_d. Th. arte. 147. Th.
-T. Ff. might thou; F. maist thou; B. S. maistow. Th. Ff. churlnesse; T.
-clerenes (!); F. B. cherles hert; S. cherlish hert. 148. Th. seruauntes.
-149. Th. none. 152. S. Honestee estate and all gentilness; Th. T. F. Ff. Al
-honour and al gentylnesse; B. Al honour and al gentillesse. 153. Th. ease.
-154. Th. Parfyte. F. B. ensured. 155. S. and eke. 156, 157. _All but the
-first words transposed in_ Th. T. 158. F. B. S. and for; Th. T. Ff. _om._
-and. Th. done. 160. Th. T. Ff. _om. 1st_ to. 161. F. B. Ff. _om._ this. F.
-B. S. al; Th. T. Ff. _om._ 162. Th. T. _om._ bothe. 163. F. B. S. rede I;
-Th. T. Ff. I rede. Th. that thou. 164. Th. T. Ff. _om._ Ye. F. B. she;
-_rest_ he. Th. T. _om._ god. 165. Th. T. vnto; F. B. Ff. S. to. F. B. thy
-(_for_ that).
-
-167. F. B. the sothe; S. full sooth. Th. T. Ff. is the sothe contrayre.
-168. F. B. S. Ff. loving; Th. T. loue. Th. folke. 169. Th. folke; F. B. Ff.
-_om._ F. B. hit is; Th. T. _om._ Th. great. 170. Th. moste (_twice_). F. B.
-he; S. it; Th. T. Ff. _om._ 171. F. mony an; B. mony a; Th. T. S. Ff.
-disease and. 172. Th. So sorowe; _rest om._ So. Th. many a gret. F. B.
-_om._ greet. 173. Th. Dispyte debate. _I supply_ and. 174. F. Repreve and;
-B. Repreff and; S. Repref and; Th. T. Deprauyng. 175. Th. T. B. Ff. _om.
-1st_ and. Th. mischefe. S. pou_er_tee; Ff. pouerte; _rest_ pouert. 176. Th.
-T. Ff. _om._ What. Th. dispayre. 177. B. T. oo; S. o; F. oon; Th. one. Th.
-fayre. 178. Th. getteth; S. get (_better_). Th. blysse. 179. F. B. _om._
-if. F. B. S. Ff. therby. 180. Th. heyre; T. eyre; S. aire; F. B. crie (!);
-Ff. heiere. 181. F. B. therfor Nyghtyngale. Th. therefore holde the nye.
-182. Th. Ff. T. S. queynt; F. B. loude. 183. Th. T. Ff. ferre. F. of (_for_
-or). 184. Th. T. S. ben; F. B. be (_read_ been). 185. Th. Ff. than; F. B.
-T. then (_read_ thanne); S. _om._ F. B. shalt thou. 186. Th. the. 188. Th.
-T. worse. Th. folde. 189. Th. one; Ff. on; F. B. _om._ S. ar; _rest_ is.
-190. T. hade (_twice_); _rest_ had.
-
-191. Th. T. Ff. _put_ evermore _after_ For. Th. seruauntes; F. B. seruant.
-192. Ff. T. euel; S. euell; Th. yuel; F. B. _om._ F. tachches; S. stachis
-(!). F. B. him. 193. F. B. him. F. B. as eny; T. right as a; Ff. right as;
-Th. right in a. S. be brynnyng as a. Th. fyre. 195. Th. whan; T. when; Ff.
-whanne (_for_ whom). F. B. Ff. him; S. he; Th. T. hem. Th. ioy. 196. F. B.
-Ye (_for_ Thou). Th. sayd. T. F. B. S. Ff. hold the; Th. be. Th. styl. 197.
-F. B. S. Ff. his; Th. T. it is. Th. wyl. 198. F. B. Ff. sithe; Th. T. tyme;
-S. tymes. Th. folke; easeth. 199. Th. folke. Th. T. Ff. he displeaseth;
-_rest om._ he. 200. F. B. And (_for_ That). Th. corage; _rest_ grace. Th.
-spyl. 201-205. _From_ F. B. Ff. S.; Th. T. _omit_. 201. Ff. will_e_; F.
-wolde; B. wull; S. wole. 202. F. B. blynde; S. blynd. S. alweye; F. B. Ff.
-_om._ 203. Ff. And whom he hit he not, or whom he failith (_best_); F. B.
-And whan he lyeth he not, ne whan he fayleth; S. Quhom he hurtith he note,
-ne quhom he helith (!). 204. _So_ Ff.; F. B. In; S. Into. Ff. S. his; F. B.
-this. F. B. selde. 205. F. B. dyuerse. 206. Th. toke. 207. Th. T. Howe she;
-F. B. S. _om._ Howe. Th. T. Ff. _om._ herte. 208. Th. sayd. 209. Th. not
-say one; T. nou[gh]t sey oo. 210. Th. that worde; _rest om._ worde. F. B.
-on (_for_ out). Th. _om._ for. 212. Th. leude; Ff. false; _rest_ fals. T.
-B. brid; Ff. bridde; Th. byrde; S. bird. F. B. Ff. to; _rest om._ 214. Th.
-helpe; some. 215. Th. cuckowe ben.
-
-216. S. thocht; _rest_ thought (_read_ thoughte). F. B. S. that I; T. Ff.
-I; Th. he. 217-219. Th. T. _omit_. 217. S. gat; F. B. gatte. 218. S.
-hardily; F. B. Ff. hertly. 219. Ff. flye[gh]; F. flyed; B. flye; S. gan
-flee (_read_ fley, _as in_ 221). 220. Th. _om._ when. Th. agon; T. S.
-agone; Ff. goon; F. gone; B. gon. 221. F. B. fley; Th. flaye; Ff. S. flay;
-T. flai. 222. Th. T. _om._ He. Th. sayd. Th. popyngaye; F. B. papyngay; S.
-papaIay; Ff. papeiay. 223. T. hade; _rest_ had. F. B. Ff. thoght me; S. as
-thocht me (_read_ thoughte me); Th. me alone (_to rime with_ 217). 224,
-225. Th. T. _omit_. 225. F. B. Ff. sight away. 226. Th. S. than; F. B. T.
-then; Ff. thanne. F. B. T. S. come; Th. Ff. came. 227. F. B. seyde; Th.
-sayd. Th. the. 228. Th. haste. F. B. thus; S. for; Th. T. Ff. _om._ T.
-rescow; _rest_ rescowe. 229. Th. one. Ff. I wol avowe; F. B. I avowe; Th.
-T. make I nowe. S. And ry_ch_t anon to loue I wole allowe. 231. Th. apayde;
-T. apaied. 232. F. B. Ff. S. amayed; Th. T. dismayde. 233. Th. herde. F. B.
-er; Th. T. Ff. erst. 235. Ff. nexte; _rest_ next. Th. affrayde; T.
-affraied. 236. Th. one. 237. S. leue; _rest_ loue (!). Th. cuckowe ne his;
-F. B. S. _om._ ne his. 238. Th. stronge leasyng. 239. F. B. S. Ff. there
-(_for_ therto). T. man (_for_ thing). 240. F. B. S. Fro; Th. T. Ff. For
-(!). _So_ Ff. F. B. S.; Th. T. and it hath do me moche (T. myche) wo.
-
-241. F. B. Yee; S. Ya. S. thou schalt vss. Th. T. Ff. _om._ thou. 242. Ff.
-F. B. er; _rest_ or. Th. T. Ff. _om._ that. 243. F. B. S. fressh flour; Ff.
-Th. T. _om._ flour. S. dayeseye. 245. Th. greatly. B. lisse; F. Ff. lyssen;
-Th. T. S. lessen. S. _om._ thee. 246--_end_. _Lost in_ S. 247. Th. one. Ff.
-my; _rest_ the. 248. Th. the. 249. Th. T. Ff. than; F. B. then (_read_
-thanne). Th. songe. 250. F. B. Ff. hem al. Th. ben; T. bene. 251. Ff.
-hadde; T. hade; _rest_ had. 252. Th. Nowe. F. most; B. must; Th. Ff. mote;
-T. mot. 254. Ff. mochel; F. B. mekil; T. mykil; Th. moche. Th. the. 255.
-_So_ F. B. Ff.; Th. T. As any yet louer he euer sende. 256. Th. T. Ff.
-taketh; F. B. toke. Th. leaue. 257. Th. T. Ff. _om._ he. 259. Th. cuckowe.
-260. Ff. noon; F. B. non; Th. T. not. T. Ff. brid; F. B. bridde; Th. byrde.
-261. F. B. fley; T. fleigh; Ff. fle[gh]t; Th. flewe. 262. Th. byrdes;
-_rest_ briddes. B. the vale; F. the wale; Th. T. Ff. that dale. 263. Th. T.
-gate; F. B. gat. 264. _All put_ hem _after_ besoughte. Ff. bysought; _rest_
-besoughten (!). 265. Th. T. disease.
-
-266. Ff. Ye wyten; F. B. Ye knowe; Th. T. The cuckowe (!). F. B. fro yow
-hidde; Th. T. for to hyde (!). 267. F. B. How that; _rest om._ that. Th. T.
-Ff. fast; F. B. _om._ Th. chyde; T. chide; F. B. Ff. chidde. 268. Th. Ff.
-daye; _rest_ dayes. 269. Th. Ff. praye; _rest_ pray (prey). Ff. all_e_;
-_rest_ al. 270. Th. bride; T. Ff. brid; F. B. bridde. 271. Th. o; _rest_
-oon. T. all; _rest_ al. Th. one; T. oon; F. B. _om._ 273. Th. _om._ fewe.
-Th. byrdes. 274. _All_ soth. Th. cuckowe. 276. T. Ff. lord; _rest_ lorde.
-277. T. Ff. record; _rest_ recorde. 278. Th. cuckowe. 279. Ff. Th. T. _om._
-And. Th. There. Th. T. yeue; F. yeuen; B. yeuyn; Ff. youe. 280. F. B. make
-summe; Th. T. fynally make. 281. Th. without; _rest_ withouten. Th. T. Ff.
-_om._ any. 282. F. B. of; Th. T. Ff. after. 283 Th. T. Ff. a; F. B. the.
-Th. fayre. 284. Th. wyndowe. 285. Th. wodestocke; F. B. wodestok. 286. F.
-B. thanketh. Th. leaue toke. 287. F. B. fleye; Th. T. _om._ Th. T. Ff. an;
-F. B. a. Th. hauthorne; T. hauthorn. _All_ broke. 288. _All_ sate. T. Ff.
-song; _rest_ songe. Th. T. that; F. B. the; Ff. a. 289. _I supply_ my. Th.
-T. Ff. lyfe; F. B. lyve. _After_ 290, Ff. _has_ Explicit Clanvowe.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XIX. ENVOY TO ALISON.
-
-  O lewde book, with thy foole rudenesse,
-  Sith thou hast neither beautee n'eloquence,
-  Who hath thee caused, or yeve thee hardinesse
-  For to appere in my ladyes presence?
-  I am ful siker, thou knowest her benivolence            5
-  Ful agreable to alle hir obeyinge;
-  For of al goode she is the best livinge.
-
-  Allas! that thou ne haddest worthinesse
-  To shewe to her som plesaunt sentence,
-  Sith that she hath, thorough her gentilesse,           10
-  Accepted thee servant to her digne reverence!
-  O, me repenteth that I n'had science
-  And leyser als, to make thee more florisshinge;
-  For of al goode she is the best livinge.
-
-  Beseche her mekely, with al lowlinesse,                15
-  Though I be fer from her [as] in absence,
-  To thenke on my trouth to her and stedfastnesse,
-  And to abregge of my sorwe the violence,
-  Which caused is wherof knoweth your sapience;
-  She lyke among to notifye me her lykinge;              20
-  For of al goode she is the best livinge.
-
-                LENVOY.
-
-  Aurore of gladnesse, and day of lustinesse,
-  Lucerne a-night, with hevenly influence
-  Illumined, rote of beautee and goodnesse,
-  Suspiries which I effunde in silence,                  25
-  Of grace I beseche, alegge let your wrytinge,
-  Now of al goode sith ye be best livinge.
-
-              _Explicit._
-
-_From_ F. (Fairfax 16); _collated with_ T. (Tanner 346); _and_ Th. (Thynne,
-ed. 1532). 1. F. boke; T. Th. booke. Th. foule. 2. _All_ beaute. 3. _All_
-the (_twice_). 5. _So all._ 6. Th. abeyeng (!). 7. F. T. goode; Th. good.
-Th. best; F. T. beste. 9. _All_ so_m_me, some. Th. plesaunt; F. plesant.
-10. T. thurugh; F. thorgh; Th. through. 11. _All_ the. 12. _All_ ne
-(_before_ had). 13. _So all_ (_with_ the _for_ thee). 14. Th. good. Th.
-best; F. T. beste. 16. _I supply_ as. 17. T. Th. trouth; F. trouthe. 18. F.
-abregge; Th. abrege; T. abrigge. T. sorow; F. sorwes; Th. sorowes. 20.
-_All_ amonge. T. Th. notifye; F. notefye. 21. T. Th. al; F. alle. F. T.
-goode; Th. good.
-
-Th. Lenuoye; T. The Lenuoye; F. _om._ 24. Th. T. Illumyned; F. Enlumyned.
-F. Rote (_with capital_). _All_ beaute. F. and of; Th. T. _om._ of. 25. F.
-Suspiries; Th. Suspires. 26. T. beseke. Th. alege. 27. F. goode; Th. T.
-good. _After_ 27: Th. Explicit; F. T. _om._
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
-
-  When that Phebus his chaire of gold so hy
-  Had whirled up the sterry sky aloft,
-  And in the Bole was entred certainly;
-  Whan shoures swete of rain discended +soft,
-  Causing the ground, fele tymes and oft,                 5
-  Up for to give many an hoolsom air,
-  And every plain was [eek y-]clothed fair
-
-  With newe grene, and maketh smale floures
-  To springen here and there in feld and mede;
-  So very good and hoolsom be the shoures                10
-  That it reneweth, that was old and deede
-  In winter-tyme; and out of every seede
-  Springeth the herbe, so that every wight
-  Of this sesoun wexeth [ful] glad and light.
-
-  And I, so glad of the seson swete,                     15
-  Was happed thus upon a certain night;
-  As I lay in my bed, sleep ful unmete
-  Was unto me; but, why that I ne might
-  Rest, I ne wist; for there nas erthly wight,
-  As I suppose, had more hertes ese                      20
-  Than I, for I n'ad siknesse nor disese.
-
-  Wherfore I mervail gretly of my-selve,
-  That I so long withouten sleepe lay;
-  And up I roos, three houres after twelve,
-  About the [very] springing of the day,                 25
-  And on I put my gere and myn array;
-  And to a plesaunt grove I gan passe,
-  Long or the brighte sonne uprisen was,
-
-  In which were okes grete, streight as a lyne,
-  Under the which the gras, so fresh of hew,             30
-  Was newly spronge; and an eight foot or nyne
-  Every tree wel fro his felawe grew,
-  With braunches brode, laden with leves new,
-  That sprongen out ayein the sonne shene,
-  Som very rede, and som a glad light grene;             35
-
-  Which, as me thought, was right a plesaunt sight.
-  And eek the briddes song[es] for to here
-  Would have rejoised any erthly wight.
-  And I, that couth not yet, in no manere,
-  Here the nightingale of al the yere,                   40
-  Ful busily herkned, with herte and ere,
-  If I her voice perceive coud any-where.
-
-  And at the last, a path of litel brede
-  I found, that gretly had not used be,
-  For it forgrowen was with gras and weede,              45
-  That wel unneth a wight [ther] might it see.
-  Thought I, this path som whider goth, parde,
-  And so I folowed, til it me brought
-  To right a plesaunt herber, wel y-wrought,
-
-  That benched was, and [al] with turves new             50
-  Freshly turved, wherof the grene gras
-  So small, so thik, so short, so fresh of hew,
-  That most lyk to grene +wol, wot I, it was.
-  The hegge also, that yede [as] in compas
-  And closed in al the grene herbere,                    55
-  With sicamour was set and eglantere,
-
-  Writhen in-fere so wel and cunningly
-  That every braunch and leef grew by mesure,
-  Plain as a bord, of on height, by and by,
-  [That] I sy never thing, I you ensure,                 60
-  So wel [y-]don; for he that took the cure
-  It [for] to make, I trow, did al his peyn
-  To make it passe al tho that men have seyn.
-
-  And shapen was this herber, roof and al,
-  As [is] a prety parlour, and also                      65
-  The hegge as thik as [is] a castle-wal,
-  That, who that list without to stond or go,
-  Though he wold al-day pryen to and fro,
-  He shuld not see if there were any wight
-  Within or no; but oon within wel might                 70
-
-  Perceive al tho that yeden there-without
-  In the feld, that was on every syde
-  Covered with corn and gras, that, out of dout,
-  Though oon wold seeken al the world wyde,
-  So rich a feld [ne] coud not be espyed                 75
-  [Up]on no cost, as of the quantitee,
-  For of al good thing ther was [greet] plentee.
-
-  And I, that al this plesaunt sight [than] sy,
-  Thought sodainly I felt so sweet an air
-  [Come] of the eglantere, that certainly,               80
-  Ther is no hert, I deme, in such despair,
-  Ne with [no] thoughtes froward and contrair
-  So overlaid, but it shuld soone have bote,
-  If it had ones felt this savour sote.
-
-  And as I stood and cast asyde myn y,                   85
-  I was ware of the fairest medle-tree
-  That ever yet in al my lyf I sy,
-  As full of blossomes as it might be.
-  Therin a goldfinch leping pretily
-  Fro bough to bough, and, as him list, he eet           90
-  Here and there, of buddes and floures sweet.
-
-  And to the herber-syde was joining
-  This faire tree, of which I have you told;
-  And, at the last, the brid began to sing,
-  Whan he had eten what he ete wold,                     95
-  So passing sweetly, that, by manifold,
-  It was more plesaunt than I coud devyse;
-  And whan his song was ended in this wyse,
-
-  The nightingale with so mery a note
-  Answered him, that al the wode rong                   100
-  So sodainly, that, as it were a sot,
-  I stood astonied; so was I with the song
-  Through ravished, that, [un]til late and long
-  Ne wist I in what place I was, ne where;
-  And +ay, me thought, she song even by myn ere.        105
-
-  Wherfore about I waited busily
-  On every syde, if I her mighte see;
-  And, at the last, I gan ful wel aspy
-  Wher she sat in a fresh green laurer-tree
-  On the further syde, even right by me,                110
-  That gave so passing a delicious smel
-  According to the eglantere ful wel.
-
-  Wherof I had so inly greet plesyr
-  That, as me thought, I surely ravished was
-  Into Paradyse, where my desyr                         115
-  Was for to be, and no ferther [to] passe
-  As for that day, and on the sote gras
-  I sat me doun; for, as for myn entent,
-  The birdes song was more convenient,
-
-  And more plesaunt to me, by many fold,                120
-  Than mete or drink, or any other thing;
-  Thereto the herber was so fresh and cold,
-  The hoolsom savours eek so comforting
-  That, as I demed, sith the beginning
-  Of the world, was never seen, or than,                125
-  So plesaunt a ground of non erthly man.
-
-  And as I sat, the briddes herkning thus,
-  Me thought that I herd voices sodainly,
-  The most sweetest and most delicious
-  That ever any wight, I trow trewly,                   130
-  Herde in +his lyf, for [that] the armony
-  And sweet accord was in so good musyk,
-  That the voice to angels most was lyk.
-
-  At the last, out of a grove even by,            THE LEAF.
-  That was right goodly and plesaunt to sight,          135
-  I sy where there cam singing lustily
-  A world of ladies; but to tell aright
-  Their greet beaute, it lyth not in my might,
-  Ne their array; nevertheless, I shal
-  Tell you a part, though I speke not of al.            140
-
-  +In surcotes whyte, of veluet wel sitting,
-  They were [y-]clad; and the semes echoon,
-  As it were a maner garnishing,
-  Was set with emeraudes, oon and oon,
-  By and by; but many a riche stoon                     145
-  Was set [up-]on the purfils, out of dout,
-  Of colors, sleves, and traines round about;
-
-  As gret[e] perles, round and orient,
-  Diamondes fyne and rubies rede,
-  And many another stoon, of which I +want              150
-  The names now; and everich on her hede
-  A riche fret of gold, which, without drede,
-  Was ful of statly riche stones set;
-  And every lady had a chapelet
-
-  On her hede, of [leves] fresh and grene,              155
-  So wel [y-]wrought, and so merveilously,
-  That it was a noble sight to sene;
-  Some of laurer, and some ful plesauntly
-  Had chapelets of woodbind, and sadly
-  Some of _agnus-castus_ ware also                      160
-  Chapelets fresh; but there were many tho
-
-  That daunced and eek song ful soberly;
-  But al they yede in maner of compas.
-  But oon ther yede in-mid the company
-  Sole by her-self; but al folowed the pace             165
-  [Which] that she kept, whos hevenly-figured face
-  So plesaunt was, and her wel-shape person,
-  That of beaute she past hem everichon.
-
-  And more richly beseen, by manifold,
-  She was also, in every maner thing;                   170
-  On her heed, ful plesaunt to behold,
-  A crowne of gold, rich for any king;
-  A braunch of _agnus-castus_ eek bering
-  In her hand; and, to my sight, trewly,
-  She lady was of [al] the company.                     175
-
-  And she began a roundel lustily,
-  That _Sus le foyl de vert moy_ men call,
-  _Seen, et mon joly cuer endormi_;
-  And than the company answered all
-  With voice[s] swete entuned and so small,             180
-  That me thought it the sweetest melody
-  That ever I herde in my lyf, soothly.
-
-  And thus they came[n], dauncing and singing,
-  Into the middes of the mede echone,
-  Before the herber, where I was sitting,               185
-  And, god wot, me thought I was wel bigon;
-  For than I might avyse hem, on by on,
-  Who fairest was, who coud best dance or sing,
-  Or who most womanly was in al thing.
-
-  They had not daunced but a litel throw                190
-  When that I herd, not fer of, sodainly
-  So greet a noise of thundring trumpes blow,
-  As though it shuld have departed the sky;
-  And, after that, within a whyle I sy
-  From the same grove, where the ladyes come out,       195
-  Of men of armes coming such a rout
-
-  As al the men on erth had been assembled
-  In that place, wel horsed for the nones,
-  Stering so fast, that al the erth[e] trembled;
-  But for to speke of riches and [of] stones,           200
-  And men and hors, I trow, the large wones
-  Of Prester John, ne al his tresory
-  Might not unneth have bought the tenth party!
-
-  Of their array who-so list here more,
-  I shal reherse, so as I can, a lyte.                  205
-  Out of the grove, that I spak of before,
-  I sy come first, al in their clokes whyte,
-  A company, that ware, for their delyt,
-  Chapelets fresh of okes cereal
-  Newly spronge, and trumpets they were al.             210
-
-  On every trumpe hanging a brood banere
-  Of fyn tartarium, were ful richly bete;
-  Every trumpet his lordes armes +bere;
-  About their nekkes, with gret perles set,
-  Colers brode; for cost they would not lete,           215
-  As it would seme; for their scochones echoon
-  Were set about with many a precious stoon.
-
-  Their hors-harneys was al whyte also;
-  And after hem next, in on company,
-  Came kinges of armes, and no mo,                      220
-  In clokes of whyte cloth of gold, richly;
-  Chapelets of greene on their hedes on hy,
-  The crownes that they on their scochones bere
-  Were set with perle, ruby, and saphere,
-
-  And eek gret diamondes many on;                       225
-  But al their hors-harneys and other gere
-  Was in a sute according, everichon,
-  As ye have herd the foresayd trumpets were;
-  And, by seeming, they were nothing to lere;
-  And their gyding they did so manerly.                 230
-  And after hem cam a greet company
-
-  Of heraudes and pursevauntes eke
-  Arrayed in clothes of whyt veluet;
-  And hardily, they were nothing to seke
-  How they [up]on hem shuld the harneys set;            235
-  And every man had on a chapelet;
-  Scochones and eke hors-harneys, indede,
-  They had in sute of hem that before hem yede.
-
-  Next after hem, came in armour bright,
-  Al save their hedes, seemely knightes nyne;           240
-  And every clasp and nail, as to my sight,
-  Of their harneys, were of red gold fyne;
-  With cloth of gold, and furred with ermyne
-  Were the trappures of their stedes strong,
-  Wyde and large, that to the ground did hong;          245
-
-  And every bosse of brydel and peitrel
-  That they had, was worth, as I would wene,
-  A thousand pound; and on their hedes, wel
-  Dressed, were crownes [al] of laurer grene,
-  The best [y-]mad that ever I had seen;                250
-  And every knight had after him ryding
-  Three henshmen, [up]on him awaiting;
-
-  Of whiche +the first, upon a short tronchoun,
-  His lordes helme[t] bar, so richly dight,
-  That the worst was worth[y] the raunsoun              255
-  Of a[ny] king; the second a sheld bright
-  Bar at his nekke; the thridde bar upright
-  A mighty spere, ful sharpe [y-]ground and kene;
-  And every child ware, of leves grene,
-
-  A fresh chapelet upon his heres bright;               260
-  And clokes whyte, of fyn veluet they ware;
-  Their stedes trapped and [a]rayed right
-  Without[en] difference, as their lordes were.
-  And after hem, on many a fresh co[u]rsere,
-  There came of armed knightes such a rout              265
-  That they besprad the large feld about.
-
-  And al they ware[n], after their degrees,
-  Chapelets new, made of laurer grene,
-  Some of oke, and some of other trees;
-  Some in their handes bere boughes shene,              270
-  Some of laurer, and some of okes kene,
-  Some of hawthorn, and some of woodbind,
-  And many mo, which I had not in mind.
-
-  And so they came, their hors freshly stering
-  With bloody sownes of hir trompes loud;               275
-  Ther sy I many an uncouth disgysing
-  In the array of these knightes proud;
-  And at the last, as evenly as they coud,
-  They took their places in-middes of the mede,
-  And every knight turned his horse[s] hede             280
-
-  To his felawe, and lightly laid a spere
-  In the [a]rest, and so justes began
-  On every part about[en], here and there;
-  Som brak his spere, som drew down hors and man;
-  About the feld astray the stedes ran;                 285
-  And, to behold their rule and governaunce,
-  I you ensure, it was a greet plesaunce.
-
-  And so the justes last an houre and more;
-  But tho that crowned were in laurer grene
-  Wan the pryse; their dintes were so sore              290
-  That ther was non ayenst hem might sustene;
-  And [than] the justing al was left of clene;
-  And fro their hors the +nine alight anon;
-  And so did al the remnant everichon.
-
-  And forth they yede togider, twain and twain,         295
-  That to behold, it was a worldly sight,
-  Toward the ladies on the grene plain,
-  That song and daunced, as I sayd now right.
-  The ladies, as soone as they goodly might,
-  They breke[n] of both the song and dance,             300
-  And yede to mete hem, with ful glad semblance.
-
-  And every lady took, ful womanly,
-  By the hond a knight, and forth they yede
-  Unto a fair laurer that stood fast by,
-  With leves lade, the boughes of gret brede;           305
-  And to my dome, there never was, indede,
-  [A] man that had seen half so fair a tree;
-  For underneth it there might wel have be
-
-  An hundred persons, at their own plesaunce,
-  Shadowed fro the hete of Phebus bright                310
-  So that they shuld have felt no [greet] grevaunce
-  Of rain, ne hail, that hem hurt[e] might.
-  The savour eek rejoice would any wight
-  That had be sick or melancolious,
-  It was so very good and vertuous.                     315
-
-  And with gret reverence they +enclyned low
-  [Un]to the tree, so sote and fair of hew;
-  And after that, within a litel throw,
-  +Bigonne they to sing and daunce of-new;
-  Some song of love, some playning of untrew,           320
-  Environing the tree that stood upright;
-  And ever yede a lady and a knight.
-
-  And at the last I cast myn eye asyde,         THE FLOWER.
-  And was ware of a lusty company
-  That came, roming out of the feld wyde,               325
-  Hond in hond, a knight and a lady;
-  The ladies alle in surcotes, that richly
-  Purfyled were with many a riche stoon;
-  And every knight of greene ware mantles on,
-
-  Embrouded wel, so as the surcotes were,               330
-  And everich had a chapelet on her hede;
-  Which did right wel upon the shyning here,
-  Made of goodly floures, whyte and rede.
-  The knightes eke, that they in hond lede,
-  In sute of hem, ware chapelets everichon;             335
-  And hem before went minstrels many on,
-
-  As harpes, pypes, lutes, and sautry,
-  Al in greene; and on their hedes bare
-  Of dyvers floures, mad ful craftily,
-  Al in a sute, goodly chapelets they ware;             340
-  And so, dauncing, into the mede they fare,
-  In-mid the which they found a tuft that was
-  Al oversprad with floures in compas.
-
-  Where[un]to they enclyned everichon
-  With greet reverence, and that ful humblely;          345
-  And, at the last[e], there began anon
-  A lady for to sing right womanly
-  A bargaret in praising the daisy;
-  For, as me thought, among her notes swete,
-  She sayd, '_Si douce est la Margarete_.'              350
-
-  Then they al answered her infere,
-  So passingly wel, and so plesauntly,
-  That it was a blisful noise to here.
-  But I not [how], it happed sodainly,
-  As, about noon, the sonne so fervently                355
-  Wex hoot, that [al] the prety tender floures
-  Had lost the beaute of hir fresh coloures,
-
-  For-shronk with hete; the ladies eek to-brent,
-  That they ne wist where they hem might bestow.
-  The knightes swelt, for lak of shade ny shent;        360
-  And after that, within a litel throw,
-  The wind began so sturdily to blow,
-  That down goth al the floures everichon
-  So that in al the mede there laft not on,
-
-  Save suche as socoured were, among the leves,         365
-  Fro every storme, that might hem assail,
-  Growing under hegges and thikke greves;
-  And after that, there came a storm of hail
-  And rain in-fere, so that, withouten fail,
-  The ladies ne the knightes n'ade o threed             370
-  Drye [up]on hem, so dropping was hir weed.
-
-  And when the storm was clene passed away,
-  Tho [clad] in whyte, that stood under the tree,
-  They felt[e] nothing of the grete affray,
-  That they in greene without had in y-be.              375
-  To hem they yede for routh and pite,
-  Hem to comfort after their greet disese;
-  So fain they were the helpless for to ese.
-
-  Then was I ware how oon of hem in grene
-  Had on a crown[e], rich and wel sitting;              380
-  Wherfore I demed wel she was a quene,
-  And tho in greene on her were awaiting.
-  The ladies then in whyte that were coming
-  Toward[es] hem, and the knightes in-fere
-  Began to comfort hem and make hem chere.              385
-
-  The quene in whyte, that was of grete beaute,
-  Took by the hond the queen that was in grene,
-  And said, 'Suster, I have right greet pite
-  Of your annoy, and of the troublous tene
-  Wherein ye and your company have been                 390
-  So long, alas! and, if that it you plese
-  To go with me, I shal do you the ese
-
-  In al the pleisir that I can or may.'
-  Wherof the tother, humbly as she might,
-  Thanked her; for in right ill aray                    395
-  She was, with storm and hete, I you behight.
-  And every lady then, anon-right,
-  That were in whyte, oon of hem took in grene
-  By the hond; which when the knightes had seen,
-
-  In lyke wyse, ech of hem took a knight                400
-  Clad in grene, and forth with hem they fare
-  [Un]to an hegge, where they, anon-right,
-  To make their justes, [lo!] they would not spare
-  Boughes to hew down, and eek trees square,
-  Wherewith they made hem stately fyres grete           405
-  To dry their clothes that were wringing wete.
-
-  And after that, of herbes that there grew,
-  They made, for blisters of the sonne brenning,
-  Very good and hoolsom ointments new,
-  Where that they yede, the sick fast anointing;        410
-  And after that, they yede about gadring
-  Plesaunt salades, which they made hem ete,
-  For to refresh their greet unkindly hete.
-
-  The lady of the Leef then gan to pray
-  Her of the Flour, (for so to my seeming               415
-  They should[e] be, as by their [quaint] array),
-  To soupe with her; and eek, for any thing,
-  That she should with her al her people bring.
-  And she ayein, in right goodly manere,
-  Thanketh her of her most freendly chere,              420
-
-  Saying plainly, that she would obey
-  With al her hert al her commaundement,
-  And then anon, without lenger delay,
-  The lady of the Leef hath oon y-sent
-  For a palfray, [as] after her intent,                 425
-  Arayed wel and fair in harneys of gold,
-  For nothing lakked, that to him long shold.
-
-  And after that, to al her company
-  She made to purvey hors and every thing
-  That they needed; and then, ful lustily,              430
-  Even by the herber where I was sitting,
-  They passed al, so plesantly singing,
-  That it would have comforted any wight;
-  But then I sy a passing wonder sight:--
-
-  For then the nightingale, that al the day             435
-  Had in the laurer sete, and did her might
-  The hool servyse to sing longing to May,
-  Al sodainly [be]gan to take her flight;
-  And to the lady of the Leef forthright
-  She flew, and set her on her hond softly,             440
-  Which was a thing I marveled of gretly.
-
-  The goldfinch eek, that fro the medle-tree
-  Was fled, for hete, into the bushes cold,
-  Unto the lady of the Flour gan flee,
-  And on her hond he set him, as he wold,               445
-  And plesantly his winges gan to fold;
-  And for to sing they pained hem both as sore
-  As they had do of al the day before.
-
-  And so these ladies rood forth a gret pace,
-  And al the rout of knightes eek in-fere;              450
-  And I, that had seen al this wonder case,
-  Thought [that] I would assay, in some manere,
-  To know fully the trouth of this matere,
-  And what they were that rood so plesantly.
-  And, when they were the herber passed by,             455
-
-  I drest me forth, and happed to mete anon
-  Right a fair lady, I you ensure;
-  And she cam ryding by herself aloon,
-  Al in whyte, with semblance ful demure.
-  I salued her, and bad good aventure                   460
-  +Might her befall, as I coud most humbly;
-  And she answered, 'My doughter, gramercy!'
-
-  'Madam,' quod I, 'if that I durst enquere
-  Of you, I wold fain, of that company,
-  Wit what they be that past by this herbere?'          465
-  And she ayein answered right freendly:
-  'My fair daughter, al tho that passed hereby
-  In whyte clothing, be servants everichoon
-  Unto the Leef, and I my-self am oon.
-
-  See ye not her that crowned is,' quod she,            470
-  'Al in whyte?' 'Madame,' quod I, 'yis!'
-  'That is Diane, goddesse of chastite;
-  And, for bicause that she a maiden is,
-  In her hond the braunch she bereth, this
-  That _agnus-castus_ men call properly;                475
-  And alle the ladies in her company
-
-  Which ye see of that herb[e] chaplets were,
-  Be such as han kept +ay hir maidenhede;
-  And al they that of laurer chaplets bere
-  Be such as hardy were and +wan, indede,               480
-  Victorious name which never may be dede.
-  And al they were so worthy of hir hond,
-  [As] in hir tyme, that non might hem withstond.
-
-  And tho that were chapelets on hir hede
-  Of fresh woodbind, be such as never were              485
-  To love untrew in word, [ne] thought, ne dede,
-  But ay stedfast; ne for plesaunce, ne fere,
-  Though that they shuld hir hertes al to-tere,
-  Would never flit, but ever were stedfast,
-  Til that their lyves there asunder brast.'            490
-
-  'Now, fair madam,' quod I, 'yet I would pray
-  Your ladiship, if that it might be,
-  That I might know[e], by some maner way,
-  Sith that it hath [y-]lyked your beaute,
-  The trouth of these ladies for to tel me;             495
-  What that these knightes be, in rich armour;
-  And what tho be in grene, and were the flour;
-
-  And why that some did reverence to the tree,
-  And some unto the plot of floures fair?'
-  'With right good wil, my fair doughter,' quod she,    500
-  'Sith your desyr is good and debonair.
-  Tho nine, crowned, be very exemplair
-  Of all honour longing to chivalry,
-  And those, certain, be called the Nine Worthy,
-
-  Which ye may see [here] ryding al before,             505
-  That in hir tyme did many a noble dede,
-  And, for their worthines, ful oft have bore
-  The crowne of laurer-leves on their hede,
-  As ye may in your old[e] bokes rede;
-  And how that he, that was a conquerour,               510
-  Had by laurer alway his most honour.
-
-  And tho that bere boughes in their hond
-  Of the precious laurer so notable,
-  Be such as were, I wol ye understond,
-  Noble knightes of the Round[e] Table,                 515
-  And eek the Douseperes honourable;
-  Which they bere in signe of victory,
-  +As witness of their dedes mightily.
-
-  Eek there be knightes olde of the Garter,
-  That in hir tyme did right worthily;                  520
-  And the honour they did to the laurer
-  Is, for by [it] they have their laud hoolly,
-  Their triumph eek, and martial glory;
-  Which unto hem is more parfyt richesse
-  Than any wight imagine can or gesse.                  525
-
-  For oon leef given of that noble tree
-  To any wight that hath don worthily,
-  And it be doon so as it ought to be,
-  Is more honour then any thing erthly.
-  Witnesse of Rome that founder was, truly,             530
-  Of all knighthood and dedes marvelous;
-  Record I take of Titus Livius.
-
-  And as for her that crowned is in greene,
-  It is Flora, of these floures goddesse;
-  And al that here on her awaiting been,                535
-  It are such [folk] that loved idlenes,
-  And not delyte [had] of no busines
-  But for to hunt and hauke, and pley in medes,
-  And many other such [lyk] idle dedes.
-
-  And for the greet delyt and [the] plesaunce           540
-  They have [un]to the flour, so reverently
-  They unto it do such [gret] obeisaunce,
-  As ye may see.' 'Now, fair madame,' quod I,
-  'If I durst ask what is the cause and why
-  That knightes have the signe of [al] honour           545
-  Rather by the Leef than by the Flour?'
-
-  'Sothly, doughter,' quod she, 'this is the trouth:
-  For knightes ever should be persevering,
-  To seeke honour without feintyse or slouth,
-  Fro wele to better, in al maner thing;                550
-  In signe of which, with Leves ay lasting
-  They be rewarded after their degree,
-  Whos lusty grene may not appeired be,
-
-  But ay keping hir beaute fresh and greene;
-  For there nis storm [non] that may hem deface,        555
-  Hail nor snow, wind nor frostes kene;
-  Wherfore they have this properte and grace.
-  And for the Flour within a litel space
-  Wol be [y-]lost, so simple of nature
-  They be, that they no grevance may endure,            560
-
-  And every storm wil blow hem sone away,
-  Ne they last not but [as] for a sesoun,
-  That +is the cause, the very trouth to say,
-  That they may not, by no way of resoun,
-  Be put to no such occupacioun.'                       565
-  'Madame,' quod I, 'with al my hool servyse
-  I thank you now, in my most humble wyse.
-
-  For now I am acertained throughly
-  Of every thing I desired to know.'
-  'I am right glad that I have said, sothly,            570
-  Ought to your pleysir, if ye wil me trow,'
-  Quod she ayein, 'but to whom do ye ow
-  Your servyce? and which wil ye honour,
-  Tel me, I pray, this yeer, the Leef or Flour?'
-
-  'Madame,' quod I, 'though I [be] leest worthy,        575
-  Unto the Leef I ow myn observaunce.'
-  'That is,' quod she, 'right wel don, certainly,
-  And I pray god to honour you avaunce,
-  And kepe you fro the wikked remembraunce
-  Of Male-Bouche, and al his cruelte;                   580
-  And alle that good and wel-condicioned be.
-
-  For here may I no lenger now abyde,
-  I must folowe the gret[e] company
-  That ye may see yonder before you ryde.'
-  And forth[right], as I couth, most humblely,          585
-  I took my leve of her as she gan hy
-  After hem, as fast as ever she might;
-  And I drow hoomward, for it was nigh night;
-
-  And put al that I had seen in wryting,
-  Under support of hem that lust it rede.               590
-  O litel book, thou art so unconning,
-  How darst thou put thy-self in prees for drede?
-  It is wonder that thou wexest not rede,
-  Sith that thou wost ful lyte who shal behold
-  Thy rude langage, ful boistously unfold.              595
-
-              _Explicit._
-
-_From_ Speght's edition (1598); _I note rejected readings_. 1. hie. 3.
-Boole. 4. sweet; raine; oft (!). 6. wholesome aire. 7. plaine was clothed
-faire. 8. new greene. small flours. 9. field and in mede. 10. wholsome. 11.
-renueth. 13. hearbe. 14. season; _I supply_ ful. 15. season. 16. certaine.
-17. sleepe. 19. earthly. 20. hearts ease. 21. Then; nad sicknesse; disease.
-
-22. meruaile greatly; selfe. 24. rose; twelfe. 25. _I supply_ very. 26.
-geare; mine. 27. pleasaunt. 28. bright. 29. great. 30. grasse. 31. sprong.
-32. well; fellow. 33. lade. 34. ayen. 35. Some; red; some. 36. song (_read_
-songes); fort (_sic_). 38. earthly. 40. Heare; all. 41. Full; herkened;
-hart and with eare. 43. litle breade. 44. greatly. 45. grasse. 46. well; _I
-supply_ ther. 47. some. 48. followed till. 49. pleasaunt; well. 50. _I
-supply_ al; turfes. 52. thicke. 53. lyke vnto (_read_ to); wel (!; _read_
-wol).
-
-54. _I supply_ as. 55. (_Perhaps imperfect_); all; green. 56. eglatere;
-_see_ l. 80. 57. Wrethen. 58. branch; leafe. 59. an (_better_ on). 60. _I
-supply_ That; see. 61. done; tooke. 62. _I supply_ for; all; peine. 63.
-all; seyne. 64. roofe. 65. _I supply_ is. 66. thicke; _I supply_ is; wall.
-68. would all. 69. should. 70. one; well. 71. all. 72. field. 73. corne;
-grasse; doubt. 74. one would seeke all. 75. field; _I supply_ ne; espide.
-76. On; coast; quantity. 77. all; _I supply_ greet; plenty. 78. all;
-pleasannt sight sie. 79. aire. 80. _I supply_ Come; eglentere. 81. heart;
-dispaire. 82. with thoughts; contraire. 83. should. 84. soote.
-
-85. mine eie. 87. all; life; sie. 88. blosomes. 89. leaping pretile. 91.
-buds. 95. eaten; eat. 97. pleasaunt then. 98. when. 99. merry. 100. all;
-wood. 101. sote. 103. Thorow; till. 104. I ne wist (_better_ Ne wist I).
-105. ayen (!). 106. I waited about. 107. might. 108. full well. 109. greene
-laurey (_error for_ laurer); _see_ l. 158. 111. smell. 112. eglentere full
-well. 113. great pleasure. 115. desire. 116. _I supply_ to.
-
-117. grasse. 118. downe; mine. 119. birds. 120. pleasaunt. 121. meat;
-drinke. 123. wholsome; eke. 126. pleasaunt; none earthly. 127. birds
-harkening. 128. heard. 131. Heard; their (_error for_ his); _I supply_
-that. 132. musike. 133. like. 135. pleasant. 136. sie; came. 138. great
-beauty; lieth. 139. shall. 140. speake; all. 141. The (!; _read_ In); wele.
-142. were clad; echone. 144. Emerauds one and one. 145. rich. 146. on;
-purfiles.
-
-148. great pearles. 149. Diamonds; red. 150. stone; went (_for_ want). 151.
-head. 152. rich; dread. 153. stately rich. 155. head; _I supply_ leves.
-156. wele wrought; meruelously. 158. pleasantly. 160. were; _read_ ware,
-_as in_ 335. 161. of tho (_om._ of). 162. eke. 163. all; compace. 164. one.
-165. Soole; selfe; all followed. 166. _I supply_ Which; whose heauenly.
-167. pleasaunt; wele. 168. beauty; -one. 169. beseene. 171. head;
-pleasaunt. 172. golde (?). 173. eke bearing. 175. _I supply_ al. 176.
-roundell lustely. 177. Suse; foyle. 178. Seen (_sic_); en dormy, _before
-which we should perhaps supply_ est.
-
-180. voice sweet. 182. heard. 183. came. 186. bigone. 187. one by one. 189.
-all. 190. little. 191. heard. 192. great; thundering trumps. 193. skie.
-194. sie. 196. comming. 197. all. 198. wele. 199. all; earth. 200. speake;
-_I supply_ of. 201. horse. 202. Pretir (!); all. 204. their (_read_ hir?);
-heare. 205. rehearse. 206. spake. 207. sie; all; their (_read_ hir?). 208.
-were: _read_ ware (_as in_ 329); delite. 209. seriall (_for_ cereal). 210.
-sprong; all.
-
-211. broad. 212. fine; richely. 213. lords; here (_read_ bere); _see_ 223.
-214. (_and often_): their (_for_ hir). neckes; great pearles. 216. echone.
-217. stone. 218. horse; all. 219. them (_for_ hem); one. 220. kings. 222.
-heads; hye. 223. crowns. 224. pearle. 225. eke great Diamonds; one. 226.
-all; horse; geare. 227. euerichone. 228. heard. 230. there guiding. 231.
-great. 232. herauds; purseuaunts. 233. white. 235. on; should. 237. horse.
-238. him (_for 2nd_ hem). 240. heads; knights. 241. claspe; naile. 242.
-their (_for_ hir?); _so in_ 214, 216, 218, 222, 223, 230 (there), 240; &c.
-
-244. their (_for_ hir?); _so in_ 248, &c. 246. boose (!); bridle; paitrell.
-248. heads well. 249. _I supply_ al. 250. made; sene. 252. on. 253. whiche
-euery on a. 254. lords helme bare. 255. worth. 256. a (_read_ any); shield.
-257. Bare; neck; thred bare. 258. spheare (!); ground. 260. haires. 261.
-fine. were; _read_ ware (_as in_ 259). 262. steeds; raied. 263. Without;
-lords. 265. knights. 266. field. 267. were; _read_ waren. 270. honds bare.
-272. hauthorne.
-
-274. horses. 276. sie; disguising. 277. knights. 279. their (_for_ hir?
-_see_ 275); _so in_ 286, &c. 280. horse. 281. fellow; speare. 282. rest.
-283. about. 284. Some brake; some. 285. field; steeds. 287. great
-pleasaunce. 290. dints. 291. none. 292. _I supply_ than; all. 293. horse.
-ninth; _read_ nine. 296. worldly (_perhaps read_ worthy). 297. green. 300.
-brake; they (_error for_ the). 301. meet; full. 302. tooke. 304. faire.
-305. great.
-
-307. _I supply_ A; halfe; faire. 308. underneath. 309. their (_for_ hir?);
-plesance. 310. heat. 311. should; _I supply_ greet. 312. raine; haile;
-hurt. 313. eke. 314. sicke; melancolius. 316. enclining; _read_ enclyned;
-_see_ 344. 317. To; soot; faire. 318. little. 319. They began to. 323.
-mine. 325. field. 327. all; richely. 328. rich. 330. well. 331. hed. 332.
-well. 333. red. 334. knights; led. 335. euerichone. 336. before hem; one.
-338. heads. 339. made full craftely.
-
-344. Whereto. 345. great; humbly. 346. last. 348. daisie. 350. douset & la.
-351. all. 352. well; pleasauntly. 354. _I supply_ how. 355. noone. 356.
-Waxe whote; _I supply_ al. 357. beauty. 358. Forshronke; heat; eke. 360.
-knights; lack; nie. 361. little. 363. down goeth all; euerichone. 364. all;
-one. 365. succoured. 366. assaile. 367. thicke. 368. storme; haile. 369.
-raine in feare; faile. 370. knights. 371. on them so; her.
-
-372. cleane. 373. _I supply_ clad. 374. felt; great. 376. them (_for_ hem).
-377. Them (_for_ Hem); great disease. 378. faine; helplesse; ease. 379.
-one. 380. crown; well. 384. Toward them; knights. 386. Queen; great beauty.
-387. Tooke. 388. great pity. 390. bene. 391. please. 392. shall; ease. 393.
-all; pleasure. 396. heat. 398. one; them. 399. knights; sene. 400. them.
-402. To. 403. iusts; _supply_ lo. 404. downe; eke.
-
-405. great. 406. weat. 407. hearbs. 409. wholsome. 410. annointing. 411.
-gadering. 412. Pleasaunt; eat. 413. great; heat. 414. leafe; began (_for_
-gan). 415. floure. 416. should; _I supply_ quaint. 417. eke. 418. all. 419.
-ayen. 420. friendly cheare. 421. obay. 422. all; hart all. 424. Leafe; one.
-425. _I supply_ al. 426. well; faire. 427. lacked; should. 428. all. 429.
-horse. 432. all; pleasantly. 434. sie. 435. all. 437. whol seruice.
-
-438. gan. 439. leafe. 441. greatly. 442. eke; medill. 443. heat. 444.
-Flower; fle. 445. hir. 446. pleasantly; wings. 448. all. 449. rode; great.
-450. knights. 451. sene all. 452. _I supply_ that. 454. rode; pleasantly.
-457. faire. 458. come; hir selfe alone. 459. All. 460. saluted (_read_
-salued); bad her good (_omit_ her). 461. Must (_read_ Might). 464. faine.
-465. arbere. 466. ayen; friendly. 467. faire; all. 468. euerichone. 469.
-Leafe; selfe; one.
-
-471. All; yes (_read_ yis). 472. goddes; chastity. 476. all. 477. hearb.
-478. kepte; alway (_read_ ay); her. 479. beare. 480. manly (_read_ wan).
-482. all; ther (_read_ hir). 483. _I supply_ As; none. 484. weare; ther
-(_read_ hir). 486. untrue; _I supply_ ne. 487. aye; pleasance. 488. their
-harts all. 490. Till; their (_read_ hir?). 491. faire. 493. know. 494.
-liked. 495. tell. 496. knights. 497. weare. 499. faire. 500. will; doghter.
-501. youre desire; debonaire.
-
-502. exemplaire. 504. certaine. 505. _I supply_ here. 507. their (_read_
-hir? _see_ 506); _so in_ 512, &c. 508. leaues. 509. old bookes. 512. beare.
-bowes; _see_ 270. 514. woll. 515. knights; round. 516. eke; douseperis.
-517. beare. 518. It is (_but read_ As). 519. Eke; knights old. 522. _I
-supply_ it; wholly. 523. eke; marshall (!). 524. them; riches. 526. one
-leafe. 527, 528. done. 529. earthly. 530. Witnes. 531. deeds.
-
-535. all; beene. 536. _I supply_ folk. 537. delite of; busines. 539. _I
-supply_ lyk. 540. great delite; _I supply_ the; pleasaunce. 541. to; and so
-(_omit_ and). 542. _I supply_ gret. 543. faire. 544. aske. 545. knights; _I
-supply_ al. 546. leafe; floure. 548. knights. 550. all. 551. leaues aye.
-552. their; _read_ hir? 553. Whose; green May may (_sic_). 554. aye; their
-beauty. 555. storme; _I supply_ non. 556. Haile; frosts. 557. propertie.
-558. floure; little. 559. Woll; lost. 560. greeuance. 561. storme will;
-them. 562. _I supply_ as; season. 563. That if their (_read_ That is the).
-564. reason. 565. occupacion.
-
-566. all mine whole. 567. thanke. 571. pleasure; will. 572. ayen; whome
-doe; owe. 573. woll. 574. Tell; yeere; leafe or the flour. 575. I least.
-576. leafe; owe mine. 577. well done. 580. male bouch; all; crueltie. 581.
-all. 583. follow; great. 585. forth as; humbly. 586. tooke; hie. 587. them.
-588. homeward. 589. all. 590. them; it to rede (_omit_ to). 591. little
-booke. 594. shall. 595. full.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
-
-  In Septembre, at the falling of the leef,
-  The fressh sesoun was al-togider doon,
-  And of the corn was gadered in the sheef;
-  In a gardyn, about twayn after noon,
-  Ther were ladyes walking, as was her wone,              5
-  Foure in nombre, as to my mynd doth falle,
-  And I the fifte, the simplest of hem alle.
-
-  Of gentilwomen fayre ther were also,
-  Disporting hem, everiche after her gyse,
-  In crosse-aleys walking, by two and two,               10
-  And some alone, after her fantasyes.
-  Thus occupyed we were in dyvers wyse;
-  And yet, in trouthe, we were not al alone;
-  Ther were knightes and squyers many one.
-
-  'Wherof I served?' oon of hem asked me;                15
-  I sayde ayein, as it fel in my thought,
-  'To walke about the mase, in certaynte,
-  As a woman that [of] nothing rought.'
-  He asked me ayein--'whom that I sought,
-  And of my colour why I was so pale?'                   20
-  'Forsothe,' quod I, 'and therby lyth a tale.'
-
-  'That must me wite,' quod he, 'and that anon;
-  Tel on, let see, and make no tarying.'
-  'Abyd,' quod I, 'ye been a hasty oon,
-  I let you wite it is no litel thing.                   25
-  But, for bicause ye have a greet longing
-  In your desyr, this proces for to here,
-  I shal you tel the playn of this matere.--
-
-  It happed thus, that, in an after-noon,
-  My felawship and I, by oon assent,                     30
-  Whan al our other besinesse was doon,
-  To passe our tyme, into this mase we went,
-  And toke our wayes, eche after our entent;
-  Some went inward, and +wend they had gon out,
-  Some stode amid, and loked al about.                   35
-
-  And, sooth to say, some were ful fer behind,
-  And right anon as ferforth as the best;
-  Other ther were, so mased in her mind,
-  Al wayes were good for hem, bothe eest and west.
-  Thus went they forth, and had but litel rest;          40
-  And some, her corage did hem sore assayle,
-  For very wrath, they did step over the rayle!
-
-  And as they sought hem-self thus to and fro,
-  I gat myself a litel avauntage;
-  Al for-weried, I might no further go,                  45
-  Though I had won right greet, for my viage.
-  So com I forth into a strait passage,
-  Which brought me to an herber fair and grene,
-  Mad with benches, ful craftily and clene,
-
-  That, as me thought, ther might no creature            50
-  Devyse a better, by dew proporcioun;
-  Safe it was closed wel, I you ensure,
-  With masonry of compas enviroun,
-  Ful secretly, with stayres going doun
-  Inmiddes the place, with turning wheel, certayn;       55
-  And upon that, a pot of marjolain;
-
-  With margarettes growing in ordinaunce,
-  To shewe hemself, as folk went to and fro,
-  That to beholde it was a greet plesaunce,
-  And how they were acompanyed with mo                   60
-  Ne-m'oublie-mies and sovenez also;
-  The povre pensees were not disloged there;
-  No, no! god wot, her place was every-where!
-
-  The flore beneth was paved faire and smothe
-  With stones square, of many dyvers hew,                65
-  So wel joyned that, for to say the sothe,
-  Al semed oon (who that non other knew);
-  And underneth, the stremes new and new,
-  As silver bright, springing in suche a wyse
-  That, whence it cam, ye coude it not devyse.           70
-
-  A litel whyle thus was I al alone,
-  Beholding wel this delectable place;
-  My felawship were coming everichone,
-  So must me nedes abyde, as for a space.
-  Rememb[e]ring of many dyvers cace                      75
-  Of tyme passed, musing with sighes depe,
-  I set me doun, and ther I fel a-slepe.
-
-  And, as I slept, me thought ther com to me
-  A gentilwoman, metely of stature;
-  Of greet worship she semed for to be,                  80
-  Atyred wel, not high, but by mesure;
-  Her countenaunce ful sad and ful demure;
-  Her colours blewe, al that she had upon;
-  Ther com no mo [there] but herself aloon.
-
-  Her gown was wel embrouded, certainly,                 85
-  With sovenez, after her own devyse;
-  On her purfyl her word [was] by and by
-  _Bien et loyalment_, as I coud devyse.
-  Than prayde I her, in every maner wyse
-  That of her name I might have remembraunce;            90
-  She sayd, she called was Perseveraunce.
-
-  So furthermore to speke than was I bold,
-  Where she dwelled, I prayed her for to say;
-  And she again ful curteysly me told,
-  "My dwelling is, and hath ben many a day               95
-  With a lady."--"What lady, I you pray?"
-  "Of greet estate, thus warne I you," quod she;
-  "What cal ye her?"--"Her name is Loyalte."
-
-  "In what offyce stand ye, or in what degre?"
-  Quod I to her, "that wolde I wit right fayn."         100
-  "I am," quod she, "unworthy though I be,
-  Of her chambre her ussher, in certayn;
-  This rod I bere, as for a token playn,
-  Lyke as ye know the rule in such servyce
-  Pertayning is unto the same offyce.                   105
-
-  She charged me, by her commaundement,
-  To warn you and your felawes everichon,
-  That ye shuld come there as she is present,
-  For a counsayl, which shal be now anon,
-  Or seven dayes be comen and gon.                      110
-  And furthermore, she bad that I shuld say
-  Excuse there might be non, nor [no] delay.
-
-  Another thing was nigh forget behind
-  Whiche in no wyse I wolde but ye it knew;
-  Remembre wel, and bere it in your mind,               115
-  Al your felawes and ye must come in blew,
-  Every liche able your maters for to sew;
-  With more, which I pray you thinke upon,
-  Your wordes on your sleves everichon.
-
-  And be not ye abasshed in no wyse,                    120
-  As many been in suche an high presence;
-  Mak your request as ye can best devyse,
-  And she gladly wol yeve you audience.
-  There is no greef, ne no maner offence,
-  Wherin ye fele that your herte is displesed,          125
-  But with her help right sone ye shul be esed."
-
-  "I am right glad," quod I, "ye tel me this,
-  But there is non of us that knoweth the way."
-  "As of your way," quod she, "ye shul not mis,
-  Ye shul have oon to gyde you, day by day,             130
-  Of my felawes (I can no better say)
-  Suche oon as shal tel you the way ful right;
-  And Diligence this gentilwoman hight.
-
-  A woman of right famous governaunce,
-  And wel cherisshed, I tel you in certayn;             135
-  Her felawship shal do you greet plesaunce.
-  Her port is suche, her maners trewe and playn;
-  She with glad chere wol do her besy payn
-  To bring you there; now farwel, I have don."
-  "Abyde," sayd I, "ye may not go so sone."             140
-
-  "Why so?" quod she, "and I have fer to go
-  To yeve warning in many dyvers place
-  To your felawes, and so to other mo;
-  And wel ye wot, I have but litel space."
-  "Now yet," quod I, "ye must tel me this cace,         145
-  If we shal any man unto us cal?"
-  "Not oon," quod she, "may come among you al."
-
-  "Not oon," quod I, "ey! _benedicite!_
-  What have they don? I pray you tel me that!"
-  "Now, by my lyf, I trow but wel," quod she;           150
-  "But ever I can bileve there is somwhat,
-  And, for to say you trouth, more can I nat;
-  In questiouns I may nothing be large,
-  I medle no further than is my charge."
-
-  "Than thus," quod I, "do me to understand,            155
-  What place is there this lady is dwelling?"
-  "Forsothe," quod she, "and oon sought al this land,
-  Fairer is noon, though it were for a king
-  Devysed wel, and that in every thing.
-  The toures hy ful plesaunt shul ye find,              160
-  With fanes fressh, turning with every wind.
-
-  The chambres and parlours both of oo sort,
-  With bay-windowes, goodly as may be thought,
-  As for daunsing and other wyse disport;
-  The galeryes right wonder wel y-wrought,              165
-  That I wel wot, if ye were thider brought,
-  And took good hede therof in every wyse,
-  Ye wold it thinke a very paradyse."
-
-  "What hight this place?" quod I; "now say me that."
-  "Plesaunt Regard," quod she, "to tel you playn."      170
-  "Of verray trouth," quod I, "and, wot ye what,
-  It may right wel be called so, certayn;
-  But furthermore, this wold I wit ful fayn,
-  What shulde I do as sone as I come there,
-  And after whom that I may best enquere?"              175
-
-  "A gentilwoman, a porter at the yate
-  There shal ye find; her name is Countenaunce;
-  If +it so hap ye come erly or late,
-  Of her were good to have som acquaintaunce.
-  She can tel how ye shal you best avaunce,             180
-  And how to come to her ladyes presence;
-  To her wordes I rede you yeve credence.
-
-  Now it is tyme that I depart you fro;
-  For, in good sooth, I have gret businesse."
-  "I wot right wel," quod I, "that it is so;            185
-  And I thank you of your gret gentilnesse.
-  Your comfort hath yeven me suche hardinesse
-  That now I shal be bold, withouten fayl,
-  To do after your avyse and counsayl."
-
-  Thus parted she, and I lefte al aloon;                190
-  With that I saw, as I beheld asyde,
-  A woman come, a verray goodly oon;
-  And forth withal, as I had her aspyed,
-  Me thought anon, [that] it shuld be the gyde;
-  And of her name anon I did enquere.                   195
-  Ful womanly she yave me this answere.
-
-  "I am," quod she, "a simple creature
-  Sent from the court; my name is Diligence.
-  As sone as I might come, I you ensure,
-  I taried not, after I had licence;                    200
-  And now that I am come to your presence,
-  Look, what servyce that I can do or may,
-  Commaunde me; I can no further say."
-
-  I thanked her, and prayed her to come nere,
-  Because I wold see how she were arayed;               205
-  Her gown was blew, dressed in good manere
-  With her devyse, her word also, that sayd
-  _Tant que je puis_; and I was wel apayd;
-  For than wist I, withouten any more,
-  It was ful trew, that I had herd before.              210
-
-  "Though we took now before a litel space,
-  It were ful good," quod she, "as I coud gesse."
-  "How fer," quod I, "have we unto that place?"
-  "A dayes journey," quod she, "but litel lesse;
-  Wherfore I rede that we onward dresse;                215
-  For, I suppose, our felawship is past,
-  And for nothing I wold that we were last."
-
-  Than parted we, at springing of the day,
-  And forth we wente [a] soft and esy pace,
-  Til, at the last, we were on our journey              220
-  So fer onward, that we might see the place.
-  "Now let us rest," quod I, "a litel space,
-  And say we, as devoutly as we can,
-  A _pater-noster_ for saint Julian."
-
-  "With al my herte, I assent with good wil;            225
-  Much better shul we spede, whan we have don."
-  Than taried we, and sayd it every del.
-  And whan the day was fer gon after noon,
-  We saw a place, and thider cam we sone,
-  Which rounde about was closed with a wal,             230
-  Seming to me ful lyke an hospital.
-
-  Ther found I oon, had brought al myn aray,
-  A gentilwoman of myn aquaintaunce.
-  "I have mervayl," quod I, "what maner way
-  Ye had knowlege of al this ordenaunce."               235
-  "Yis, yis," quod she, "I herd Perseveraunce,
-  How she warned your felawes everichon,
-  And what aray that ye shulde have upon."
-
-  "Now, for my love," quod I, "this I you pray,
-  Sith ye have take upon you al the payn,               240
-  That ye wold helpe me on with myn aray;
-  For wit ye wel, I wold be gon ful fayn."
-  "Al this prayer nedeth not, certayn;"
-  Quod she agayn; "com of, and hy you sone,
-  And ye shal see how wel it shal be doon."             245
-
-  "But this I dout me greetly, wot ye what,
-  That my felawes ben passed by and gon."
-  "I warant you," quod she, "that ar they nat;
-  For here they shul assemble everichon.
-  Notwithstanding, I counsail you anon;                 250
-  Mak you redy, and tary ye no more,
-  It is no harm, though ye be there afore."
-
-  So than I dressed me in myn aray,
-  And asked her, whether it were wel or no?
-  "It is right wel," quod she, "unto my pay;            255
-  Ye nede not care to what place ever ye go."
-  And whyl that she and I debated so,
-  Cam Diligence, and saw me al in blew:
-  "Sister," quod she, "right wel brouk ye your new!"
-
-  Than went we forth, and met at aventure               260
-  A yong woman, an officer seming:
-  "What is your name," quod I, "good creature?"
-  "Discrecioun," quod she, "without lesing."
-  "And where," quod I, "is your most abyding?"
-  "I have," quod she, "this office of purchace,         265
-  Cheef purveyour, that longeth to this place."
-
-  "Fair love," quod I, "in al your ordenaunce,
-  What is her name that is the herbegere?"
-  "For sothe," quod she, "her name is Acquaintaunce,
-  A woman of right gracious manere."                    270
-  Than thus quod I, "What straungers have ye here?"
-  "But few," quod she, "of high degree ne low;
-  Ye be the first, as ferforth as I know."
-
-  Thus with tales we cam streight to the yate;
-  This yong woman departed was and gon;                 275
-  Cam Diligence, and knokked fast therat;
-  "Who is without?" quod Countenaunce anon.
-  "Trewly," quod I, "fair sister, here is oon!"
-  "Which oon?" quod she, and therwithal she lough;
-  "I, Diligence! ye know me wel ynough."                280
-
-  Than opened she the yate, and in we go;
-  With wordes fair she sayd ful gentilly,
-  "Ye are welcome, ywis! are ye no mo?"
-  "Nat oon," quod she, "save this woman and I."
-  "Now than," quod she, "I pray yow hertely,            285
-  Tak my chambre, as for a whyl, to rest
-  Til your felawes come, I holde it best."
-
-  I thanked her, and forth we gon echon
-  Til her chambre, without[en] wordes mo.
-  Cam Diligence, and took her leve anon;                290
-  "Wher-ever you list," quod I, "now may ye go;
-  And I thank you right hertely also
-  Of your labour, for which god do you meed;
-  I can no more, but Jesu be your speed!"
-
-  Than Countenaunce asked me anon,                      295
-  "Your felawship, where ben they now?" quod she.
-  "For sothe," quod I, "they be coming echon;
-  But in certayn, I know nat wher they be,
-  Without I may hem at this window see.
-  Here wil I stande, awaytinge ever among,              300
-  For, wel I wot, they wil nat now be long."
-
-  Thus as I stood musing ful busily,
-  I thought to take good hede of her aray,
-  Her gown was blew, this wot I verely,
-  Of good fasoun, and furred wel with gray;             305
-  Upon her sleve her word (this is no nay),
-  Which sayd thus, as my penne can endyte,
-  _A moi que je voy_, writen with lettres whyte.
-
-  Than forth withal she cam streight unto me,
-  "Your word," quod she, "fayn wold I that I knew."     310
-  "Forsothe," quod I, "ye shal wel knowe and see,
-  And for my word, I have non; this is trew.
-  It is ynough that my clothing be blew,
-  As here-before I had commaundement;
-  And so to do I am right wel content.                  315
-
-  But tel me this, I pray you hertely,
-  The steward here, say me, what is her name?"
-  "She hight Largesse, I say you suerly;
-  A fair lady, and of right noble fame.
-  Whan ye her see, ye wil report the same.              320
-  And under her, to bid you welcome al,
-  There is Belchere, the marshal of the hall.
-
-  Now al this whyle that ye here tary stil,
-  Your own maters ye may wel have in mind.
-  But tel me this, have ye brought any bil?"            325
-  "Ye, ye," quod I, "or els I were behind.
-  Where is there oon, tel me, that I may find
-  To whom that I may shewe my matters playn?"
-  "Surely," quod she, "unto the chamberlayn."
-
-  "The chamberlayn?" quod I, "[now] say ye trew?"       330
-  "Ye, verely," sayd she, "by myne advyse;
-  Be nat aferd; unto her lowly sew."
-  "It shal be don," quod I, "as ye devyse;
-  But ye must knowe her name in any wyse?"
-  "Trewly," quod she, "to tell you in substaunce,       335
-  Without fayning, her name is Remembraunce.
-
-  The secretary yit may not be forget;
-  For she may do right moche in every thing.
-  Wherfore I rede, whan ye have with her met,
-  Your mater hool tel her, without fayning;             340
-  Ye shal her finde ful good and ful loving."
-  "Tel me her name," quod I, "of gentilnesse."
-  "By my good sooth," quod she, "Avysenesse."
-
-  "That name," quod I, "for her is passing good;
-  For every bil and cedule she must see;                345
-  Now good," quod I, "com, stand there-as I stood;
-  My felawes be coming; yonder they be."
-  "Is it [a] jape, or say ye sooth?" quod she.
-  "In jape? nay, nay; I say you for certain;
-  See how they come togider, twain and twain!"          350
-
-  "Ye say ful sooth," quod she, "that is no nay;
-  I see coming a goodly company."
-  "They been such folk," quod I, "I dar wel say,
-  That list to love; thinke it ful verily.
-  And, for my love, I pray you faithfully,              355
-  At any tyme, whan they upon you cal,
-  That ye wol be good frend unto hem al."
-
-  "Of my frendship," quod she, "they shal nat mis,
-  And for their ese, to put therto my payn."
-  "God yelde it you!" quod I; "but tel me this,         360
-  How shal we know who is the chamberlayn?"
-  "That shal ye wel know by her word, certayn."
-  "What is her word? Sister, I pray you say."
-  "_Plus ne purroy_; thus wryteth she alway."
-
-  Thus as we stood togider, she and I,                  365
-  Even at the yate my felawes were echon.
-  So met I hem, as me thought was goodly,
-  And bad hem welcome al, by on and on.
-  Than forth cam [lady] Countenaunce anon;
-  "Ful hertely, fair sisters al," quod she,             370
-  "Ye be right welcome into this countree.
-
-  I counsail you to take a litel rest
-  In my chambre, if it be your plesaunce.
-  Whan ye be there, me thinketh for the best
-  That I go in, and cal Perseveraunce,                  375
-  Because she is oon of your aquaintaunce;
-  And she also wil tel you every thing
-  How ye shal be ruled of your coming."
-
-  My felawes al and I, by oon avyse,
-  Were wel agreed to do lyke as she sayd.               380
-  Than we began to dresse us in our gyse,
-  That folk shuld see we were nat unpurvayd;
-  And good wageours among us there we layd,
-  Which of us was atyred goodliest,
-  And of us al which shuld be praysed best.             385
-
-  The porter cam, and brought Perseveraunce;
-  She welcomed us in ful curteys manere:
-  "Think ye nat long," quod she, "your attendaunce;
-  I wil go speke unto the herbergere,
-  That she may purvey for your logging here.            390
-  Than wil I go unto the chamberlayn
-  To speke for you, and come anon agayn."
-
-  And whan [that] she departed was and gon,
-  We saw folkes coming without the wal,
-  So greet people, that nombre coud we non;             395
-  Ladyes they were and gentilwomen al,
-  Clothed in blew, echon her word withal;
-  But for to knowe her word or her devyse,
-  They cam so thikke, that I might in no wyse.
-
-  With that anon cam in Perseveraunce,                  400
-  And where I stood, she cam streight [un]to me.
-  "Ye been," quod she, "of myne olde acquaintaunce;
-  You to enquere, the bolder wolde I be;
-  What word they bere, eche after her degree,
-  I pray you, tel it me in secret wyse;                 405
-  And I shal kepe it close, on warantyse."
-
-  "We been," quod I, "fyve ladies al in-fere,
-  And gentilwomen foure in company;
-  Whan they begin to open hir matere,
-  Than shal ye knowe hir wordes by and by;              410
-  But as for me, I have non verely,
-  And so I told Countenaunce here-before;
-  Al myne aray is blew; what nedeth more?"
-
-  "Now than," quod she, "I wol go in agayn,
-  That ye may have knowlege, what ye shuld do."         415
-  "In sooth," quod I, "if ye wold take the payn,
-  Ye did right moch for us, if ye did so.
-  The rather sped, the soner may we go.
-  Gret cost alway ther is in tarying;
-  And long to sewe, it is a wery thing."                420
-
-  Than parted she, and cam again anon;
-  "Ye must," quod she, "come to the chamberlayn."
-  "We been," quod I, "now redy everichon
-  To folowe you whan-ever ye list, certayn.
-  We have non eloquence, to tel you playn;              425
-  Beseching you we may be so excused,
-  Our trew mening, that it be not refused."
-
-  Than went we forth, after Perseveraunce,
-  To see the prees; it was a wonder cace;
-  There for to passe it was greet comb[e]raunce,        430
-  The people stood so thikke in every place.
-  "Now stand ye stil," quod she, "a litel space;
-  And for your ese somwhat I shal assay,
-  If I can make you any better way."
-
-  And forth she goth among hem everichon,               435
-  Making a way, that we might thorugh pas
-  More at our ese; and whan she had so don,
-  She beckned us to come where-as she was;
-  So after her we folowed, more and las.
-  She brought us streight unto the chamberlayn;         440
-  There left she us, and than she went agayn.
-
-  We salued her, as reson wolde it so,
-  Ful humb[el]ly beseching her goodnesse,
-  In our maters that we had for to do
-  That she wold be good lady and maistresse.            445
-  "Ye be welcome," quod she, "in sothfastnesse,
-  And see, what I can do you for to plese,
-  I am redy, that may be to your ese."
-
-  We folowed her unto the chambre-dore,
-  "Sisters," quod she, "come ye in after me."           450
-  But wite ye wel, there was a paved flore,
-  The goodliest that any wight might see;
-  And furthermore, about than loked we
-  On eche corner, and upon every wal,
-  The which was mad of berel and cristal;               455
-
-  Wherein was graven of stories many oon;
-  First how Phyllis, of womanly pite,
-  Deyd pitously, for love of Demophoon.
-  Nexte after was the story of Tisbee,
-  How she slew her-self under a tree.                   460
-  Yet saw I more, how in right pitous cas
-  For Antony was slayn Cleopatras.
-
-  That other syde was, how Hawes the shene
-  Untrewly was disceyved in her bayn.
-  There was also Annelida the quene,                    465
-  Upon Arcyte how sore she did complayn.
-  Al these stories were graved there, certayn;
-  And many mo than I reherce you here;
-  It were to long to tel you al in-fere.
-
-  And, bicause the walles shone so bright,              470
-  With fyne umple they were al over-sprad,
-  To that intent, folk shuld nat hurte hir sight;
-  And thorugh it the stories might be rad.
-  Than furthermore I went, as I was lad;
-  And there I saw, without[en] any fayl,                475
-  A chayre set, with ful riche aparayl.
-
-  And fyve stages it was set fro the ground,
-  Of cassidony ful curiously wrought;
-  With four pomelles of golde, and very round,
-  Set with saphyrs, as good as coud be thought;         480
-  That, wot ye what, if it were thorugh sought,
-  As I suppose, fro this countrey til Inde,
-  Another suche it were right fer to finde!
-
-  For, wite ye wel, I was right nere that,
-  So as I durst, beholding by and by;                   485
-  Above ther was a riche cloth of estate,
-  Wrought with the nedle ful straungely,
-  Her word thereon; and thus it said trewly,
-  _A endurer_, to tel you in wordes few,
-  With grete letters, the better I hem knew.            490
-
-  Thus as we stode, a dore opened anon;
-  A gentilwoman, semely of stature,
-  Beringe a mace, cam out, her-selfe aloon;
-  Sothly, me thought, a goodly creature!
-  She spak nothing to lowde, I you ensure,              495
-  Nor hastily, but with goodly warning:
-  "Mak room," quod she, "my lady is coming!"
-
-  With that anon I saw Perseveraunce,
-  How she held up the tapet in her hand.
-  I saw also, in right good ordinaunce,                 500
-  This greet lady within the tapet stand,
-  Coming outward, I wol ye understand;
-  And after her a noble company,
-  I coud nat tel the nombre sikerly.
-
-  Of their names I wold nothing enquere                 505
-  Further than suche as we wold sewe unto,
-  Sauf oo lady, which was the chauncellere,
-  Attemperaunce; sothly her name was so.
-  For us nedeth with her have moch to do
-  In our maters, and alway more and more.               510
-  And, so forth, to tel you furthermore,
-
-  Of this lady her beaute to discryve,
-  My conning is to simple, verely;
-  For never yet, the dayes of my lyve,
-  So inly fair I have non seen, trewly.                 515
-  In her estate, assured utterly,
-  There wanted naught, I dare you wel assure,
-  That longed to a goodly creature.
-
-  And furthermore, to speke of her aray,
-  I shal you tel the maner of her gown;                 520
-  Of clothe of gold ful riche, it is no nay;
-  The colour blew, of a right good fasoun;
-  In tabard-wyse the sleves hanging doun;
-  And what purfyl there was, and in what wyse,
-  So as I can, I shal it you devyse.                    525
-
-  After a sort the coller and the vent,
-  Lyk as ermyne is mad in purfeling;
-  With grete perles, ful fyne and orient,
-  They were couched, al after oon worching,
-  With dyamonds in stede of powdering;                  530
-  The sleves and purfilles of assyse;
-  They were [y-]mad [ful] lyke, in every wyse.
-
-  Aboute her nekke a sort of fair rubyes,
-  In whyte floures of right fyne enamayl;
-  Upon her heed, set in the freshest wyse,              535
-  A cercle with gret balays of entayl;
-  That, in ernest to speke, withouten fayl,
-  For yonge and olde, and every maner age,
-  It was a world to loke on her visage.
-
-  Thus coming forth, to sit in her estat,               540
-  In her presence we kneled down echon,
-  Presentinge up our billes, and, wot ye what,
-  Ful humb[el]ly she took hem, by on and on;
-  When we had don, than cam they al anon,
-  And did the same, eche after her manere,              545
-  Knelinge at ones, and rysinge al in-fere.
-
-  Whan this was don, and she set in her place,
-  The chamberlayn she did unto her cal;
-  And she, goodly coming til her a-pace,
-  Of her entent knowing nothing at al,                  550
-  "Voyd bak the prees," quod she, "up to the wal;
-  Mak larger roum, but look ye do not tary,
-  And tak these billes to the secretary."
-
-  The chamberlayn did her commaundement,
-  And cam agayn, as she was bid to do;                  555
-  The secretary there being present,
-  The billes were delivered her also,
-  Not only ours, but many other mo.
-  Than the lady, with good advyce, agayn
-  Anon withal called her chamberlayn.                   560
-
-  "We wol," quod she, "the first thing that ye do,
-  The secretary, make her come anon
-  With her billes; and thus we wil also,
-  In our presence she rede hem everichon,
-  That we may take good advyce theron                   565
-  Of the ladyes, that been of our counsayl;
-  Look this be don, withouten any fayl."
-
-  The chamberlayn, whan she wiste her entent,
-  Anon she did the secretary cal:
-  "Let your billes," quod she, "be here present,        570
-  My lady it wil." "Madame," quod she, "I shal."
-  "And in presence she wil ye rede hem al."
-  "With good wil; I am redy," quod she,
-  "At her plesure, whan she commaundeth me."
-
-  And upon that was mad an ordinaunce,                  575
-  They that cam first, hir billes shuld be red.
-  Ful gentelly than sayd Perseveraunce,
-  "Resoun it wold that they were sonest sped."
-  Anon withal, upon a tapet spred,
-  The secretary layde hem doun echon;                   580
-  Our billes first she redde hem on by on.
-
-  The first lady, bering in her devyse
-  _Sans que jamais_, thus wroot she in her bil;
-  Complayning sore and in ful pitous wyse
-  Of promesse mad with faithful hert and wil            585
-  And so broken, ayenst al maner skil,
-  Without desert alwayes on her party;
-  In this mater desyring remedy.
-
-  Her next felawes word was in this wyse,
-  _Une sans chaungier_; and thus she did complayn,      590
-  Though she had been guerdoned for her servyce,
-  Yet nothing lyke as she that took the payn;
-  Wherfore she coude in no wyse her restrayn,
-  But in this cas sewe until her presence,
-  As reson wolde, to have recompence.                   595
-
-  So furthermore, to speke of other twayn,
-  Oon of hem wroot, after her fantasy,
-  _Oncques puis lever_; and, for to tel you plain,
-  Her complaynt was ful pitous, verely,
-  For, as she sayd, ther was gret reson why;            600
-  And, as I can remembre this matere,
-  I shal you tel the proces, al in-fere.
-
-  Her bil was mad, complayninge in her gyse,
-  That of her joy, her comfort and gladnesse
-  Was no suretee; for in no maner wyse                  605
-  She fond therin no point of stablenesse,
-  Now il, now wel, out of al sikernesse;
-  Ful humbelly desyringe, of her grace,
-  Som remedy to shewe her in this cace.
-
-  Her felawe made her bil, and thus she sayd,           610
-  In playning wyse; there-as she loved best,
-  Whether she were wroth or wel apayd
-  She might nat see, whan [that] she wold faynest;
-  And wroth she was, in very ernest;
-  To tel her word, as ferforth as I wot,                615
-  _Entierment vostre_, right thus she wroot.
-
-  And upon that she made a greet request
-  With herte and wil, and al that might be don
-  As until her that might redresse it best;
-  For in her mind thus might she finde it sone,         620
-  The remedy of that, which was her boon;
-  Rehersing [that] that she had sayd before,
-  Beseching her it might be so no more.
-
-  And in lyk wyse as they had don before,
-  The gentilwomen of our company                        625
-  Put up hir billes; and, for to tel you more,
-  Oon of hem wroot _cest sanz dire_, verily;
-  And her matere hool to specify,
-  With-in her bil she put it in wryting;
-  And what it sayd, ye shal have knowleching.           630
-
-  It sayd, god wot, and that ful pitously,
-  Lyke as she was disposed in her hert,
-  No misfortune that she took grevously;
-  Al oon to her it was, the joy and smert,
-  Somtyme no thank for al her good desert.              635
-  Other comfort she wanted non coming,
-  And so used, it greved her nothing.
-
-  Desyringe her, and lowly beseching,
-  That she for her wold seke a better way,
-  As she that had ben, al her dayes living,             640
-  Stedfast and trew, and so wil be alway.
-  Of her felawe somwhat I shal you say,
-  Whos bil was red next after forth, withal;
-  And what it ment rehersen you I shal.
-
-  _En dieu est_, she wroot in her devyse;               645
-  And thus she sayd, withouten any fayl,
-  Her trouthe might be taken in no wyse
-  Lyke as she thought, wherfore she had mervayl;
-  For trouth somtyme was wont to take avayl
-  In every matere; but al that is ago;                  650
-  The more pite, that it is suffred so.
-
-  Moch more there was, wherof she shuld complayn,
-  But she thought it to greet encomb[e]raunce
-  So moch to wryte; and therfore, in certayn,
-  In god and her she put her affiaunce                  655
-  As in her worde is mad a remembraunce;
-  Beseching her that she wolde, in this cace,
-  Shewe unto her the favour of her grace.
-
-  The third, she wroot, rehersing her grevaunce,
-  Ye! wot ye what, a pitous thing to here;              660
-  For, as me thought, she felt gret displesaunce,
-  Oon might right wel perceyve it by her chere,
-  And no wonder; it sat her passing nere.
-  Yet loth she was to put it in wryting,
-  But nede wol have his cours in every thing.           665
-
-  _Soyes en sure_, this was her word, certayn,
-  And thus she wroot, but in a litel space;
-  There she loved, her labour was in vayn,
-  For he was set al in another place;
-  Ful humblely desyring, in that cace,                  670
-  Som good comfort, her sorow to appese,
-  That she might live more at hertes ese.
-
-  The fourth surely, me thought, she liked wele,
-  As in her porte and in her behaving;
-  And _Bien moneste_, as fer as I coud fele,            675
-  That was her word, til her wel belonging.
-  Wherfore to her she prayed, above al thing,
-  Ful hertely (to say you in substaunce)
-  That she wold sende her good continuaunce.
-
-  "Ye have rehersed me these billes al,                 680
-  But now, let see somwhat of your entent."
-  "It may so hap, paraventure, ye shal.
-  Now I pray you, whyle I am here present,
-  Ye shal, parde, have knowlege, what I ment.
-  But thus I say in trouthe, and make no fable,         685
-  The case itself is inly lamentable.
-
-  And wel I wot, that ye wol think the same,
-  Lyke as I say, whan ye have herd my bil."
-  "Now good, tel on, I hate you, by saynt Jame!"
-  "Abyde a whyle; it is nat yet my wil.                 690
-  Yet must ye wite, by reson and by skil,
-  Sith ye know al that hath be don before:--"
-  And thus it sayd, without[en] wordes more.
-
-  "Nothing so leef as deth to come to me
-  For fynal ende of my sorowes and payn;                695
-  What shulde I more desyre, as seme ye?
-  And ye knewe al aforn it for certayn,
-  I wot ye wolde; and, for to tel you playn,
-  Without her help that hath al thing in cure
-  I can nat think that I may longe endure.              700
-
-  As for my trouthe, it hath be proved wele,
-  To say the sothe, I can [you] say no more,
-  Of ful long tyme, and suffred every dele
-  In pacience, and kepe it al in store;
-  Of her goodnesse besechinge her therfore              705
-  That I might have my thank in suche [a] wyse
-  As my desert deserveth of justyse."
-
-  Whan these billes were rad everichon,
-  This lady took a good advysement;
-  And hem to answere, ech by on and on,                 710
-  She thought it was to moche in her entent;
-  Wherfore she yaf hem in commaundement,
-  In her presence to come, bothe oon and al,
-  To yeve hem there her answer general.
-
-  What did she than, suppose ye verely?                 715
-  She spak herself, and sayd in this manere,
-  "We have wel seen your billes by and by,
-  And some of hem ful pitous for to here.
-  We wol therfore ye knowe al this in-fere,
-  Within short tyme our court of parliment              720
-  Here shal be holde, in our palays present;
-
-  And in al this wherin ye find you greved,
-  Ther shal ye finde an open remedy
-  In suche [a] wyse, as ye shul be releved
-  Of al that ye reherce here, thoroughly.               725
-  As for the date, ye shul know verily,
-  That ye may have a space in your coming;
-  For Diligence shal it tel you by wryting."
-
-  We thanked her in our most humble wyse,
-  Our felauship, echon by oon assent,                   730
-  Submitting us lowly til her servyse.
-  For, as we thought, we had our travayl spent
-  In suche [a] wyse as we helde us content.
-  Than eche of us took other by the sleve,
-  And forth withal, as we shuld take our leve.          735
-
-  Al sodainly the water sprang anon
-  In my visage, and therwithal I wook:--
-  "Where am I now?" thought I; "al this is gon;"
-  And al amased, up I gan to look.
-  With that, anon I went and made this book,            740
-  Thus simplely rehersing the substaunce,
-  Bicause it shuld not out of remembraunce.'--
-
-  'Now verily, your dreem is passing good,
-  And worthy to be had in remembraunce;
-  For, though I stande here as longe as I stood,        745
-  It shuld to me be non encomb[e]raunce;
-  I took therin so inly greet plesaunce.
-  But tel me now, what ye the book do cal?
-  For I must wite.' 'With right good wil ye shal:
-
-  As for this book, to say you very right,              750
-  And of the name to tel the certeynte,
-  L'ASSEMBLE DE DAMES, thus it hight;
-  How think ye?' 'That the name is good, parde!'
-  'Now go, farwel! for they cal after me,
-  My felawes al, and I must after sone;                 755
-  Rede wel my dreem; for now my tale is doon.'
-
-  HERE ENDETH THE BOOK OF ASSEMBLE DE DAMYS.
-
-_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532); _compared with_ A. (Addit. 34360); _and_ T.
-(Trin. R. 3. 19). TITLE. Th. The assemble of ladies; T. the Boke callyd
-Assemble de Damys. 1. A. leef; Th. lefe. 2. Th. ceason. 3. Th. corne;
-gathered. A. in; Th. T. _om._ A. sheef; Th. shefe. 4. Th. gardyne aboute
-twayne; noone. 6. Th. mynde dothe fal. 7. Th. fyfthe; A. T. fift. A. T.
-_om._ the. Th. al. 13. Th. T. al; A. _om._ 16. Th. sayd ayen; A. seyde
-ageyne. 17. Th. aboute. 18. _I supply_ of. 19. Th. ayen; A. ageyn. 21. Th.
-lythe. [_Henceforward unmarked readings are from_ Thynne.]
-
-22. _All_ me. A. wite; Th. T. wete. anone. 23. se; taryeng. 24. Abyde; ben.
-25. A. wite; Th. T. wete. 26. great. 27. desyre; processe. 28. playne. 29.
-noone. 30. one. 31. A. oure; Th. T. _om._ T. A. besynes was; Th. besynesses
-were doone. 34. _All_ went (_twice_); _read_ wend (= weened). 35. A.
-amyddis; Th. T. in the myd. aboute. 36. sothe. A. T. fer; Th. ferre.
-behynde. 37. ferforthe; beste. 38. mynde. 40. forthe. 41. A. so (_for_
-sore). 42. wrathe. A. stept (_for_ did step). 43. A. thus; T. Th. _om._
--selfe. 44. gate. 46. great. 47. came; A. com. forthe; strayte. 48. fayre.
-49. _All_ Made. T. craftyly; A. Th. crafty. 51. T. dew; Th. dewe; A. _om._
-
-53. masonrye. A. T. compas; Th. compace. 54. T. steyers. 55. whele. 56.
-potte. A. Margoleyne; Th. Margelayne; T. Margelayn. 58. -selfe; folke. 59.
-great. 60. howe. 61. A. Ne moubliemies; Th. Ne momblysnesse; T. Ne
-momblynes. A. souenez; T. souenes; Th.souenesse. 62. _All_ penses. 63. A.
-No no; Th. T. Ne (!). wote. 64. A. beneth; Th. T. and benche (!). Th.
-smoth. 65. hewe. 67. one. A. who; Th. T. _om._ none; knewe. 68. streames
-newe and newe. 70. came. 71. A. thus; Th. T. _om._ 74. muste. T. nedys; Th.
-nedest; A. nede. A. as; Th. T. _om._ 76. A. musyng; Th. T. _om._ 77. downe.
-78. A. com; Th. came. 80. Th. great. 82. sadde. A. ful (2); Th. T. _om._
-
-84. A. com; Th.came. _I supply_ there. 85. gowne. A. embrowded; T.
-enbrowdyd; Th. enbraudred. 86. A. souenez; Th. T. stones. 87. A. On; Th. T.
-In. A. the; Th. T. her. _All_ worde; _read_ word was. 88. A. _Bien
-loielment_ as I cowde me deuyse. 89. A. eu_er_y; T. many (_om._ in); Th.
-any. 91. _All_ was called. 92. A. than; Th. T. _om._ bolde. 94. agayne;
-curtesly; tolde. 95. be. 97. great. 99. stande. 100. A. wit; Th. T. wete.
-A. ful; Th. T. right. 102. hussher (A. T. vssher); certayne. 103. rodde;
-beare; playne. 104. knowe. 105. A. P_er_teyneng; Th. T. Apertaynyng. A.
-vnto; Th. T. to. 107. warne; -one. 108. shulde. 109. counsayle; nowe anone.
-110. gone. 111. shulde. 112. _I supply_ no.
-
-113. A. nygh; Th. T. not(!). behynde. 114. knewe. 115. beare. 116. muste;
-blewe. 119. T. wordys; sleuys. 120. _So_ A.; Th. T. be not abasshed in no
-maner wyse. 122. Make. 124. grefe. 125. displeased. 126. helpe. A. shul;
-Th. T. shal. eased. 127. T. (_heading_): Diligence Guyde. 129. A. shul; Th.
-T. shal. 130. A. shul; Th. T. shal. A. one (= oon); Th. T. _om._ 132. one;
-waye. 135. A. I sey yow for. 136. great. 137. porte; playne. 139. A. T.
-farewele now have I. 140. A. quod (_for_ sayd.). 141. ferre. 144. wote.
-
-145. Nowe; A. _om._ 147. one. Th. amonges; A. T. among. 148. A. Nat one
-quod I ey; Th. Not one than sayd I eygh; T. Not oon then sayd I O. 149. A.
-they; Th. T. I. done. 150. Th. Nowe; lyfe. 152. trouthe. T. A. nat; Th.
-not. 153. questyons. Th. be to large; A. _om._ to. 154. A. medle; Th.
-meddle. A. is (_in later hand_); Th. T. _om_, 155. vnderstande. 157. one;
-lande. 158. none. 160. hye. A. shul; Th. shal. fynde. 161. A. fanes; Th.
-phanes; T. vanes. wynde. 162. A. _om._ and. A. parlours; Th. parlers; T.
-parlors. A. both; Th. T. _om._ A. oo; Th. T. a. sorte. 164. disporte. 166.
-wote. 167. A. toke; Th. T. take. 168. Th. wol; A. T. wold. 169. A. this;
-Th. T. the. nowe. 170. regarde; playne. 171. A. verray; T. v_er_rey; Th.
-verey. wote. 172. A. _om._ right. 173. A. T. ful; Th. right.
-
-174. T. shulde I; Th. I shulde; A. shal I. 175. A. that; Th. T. _om._ 176.
-A. at; Th. T. of. 177. fynde. 178. Th. T. ye (_for_ it); A. _om._ (_but_ it
-_seems required_). 180. _So_ A.; Th. T. you tel howe ye shal you. 181.
-howe. Th. her; A. T. this. 182. A. T. yow; Th. ye. gyue. 183. Th. _om._
-that. T. depart; Th. parte; A. part. 184. A. T. soth; Th. faythe. great.
-185. wote. 186. thanke; great. 187. comforte. A. suche; Th. T. _om._ 188.
-nowe; bolde; fayle. 189. A. auise; Th. aduyce. Th. and good; A. T. _om._
-good. 198. courte. 201. nowe. 202. A. that; Th. T. _om._ 205. wolde se
-howe. A. were; Th. T. was. arayde.
-
-207. worde; sayde. 208. apayde. 209. A. For; Th. T. And. 210. trewe; herde.
-211. nowe. 212. coude. 213. Howe farre. A. that; Th. T. the. 215. A.
-onward; Th. T. outwarde. 217. _So_ A.; Th. T. wolde not we were the last.
-218. A. parted; Th. T. departed. Th. T. at the; A. _om._ the. 219. _I
-supply_ a. T. and an esy. 221. far. A. onward; Th. T. outwarde. se. 222.
-Nowe. 225. A. myn hert quod she I gre me wele (_better?_). 226. A. shul;
-Th. shal. 227. A. dele; T. dell_e_; Th. dyl. 228. A. was fer gon; Th. T.
-was past farre. 229. sawe; came. 230. aboute. 232. fou_n_de I one. 233.
-myne. 234. meruayle. 236. A. Yis yis; Th. Yes yes. herde.
-
-237. T. A. your; Th. her. -one. 238. A. that; Th. T. _om._ A. shal. 239.
-Nowe. 240. A. this (_for_ the). 241. wolde; myne. 242. wolde; gone. A. ful;
-Th. T. ryght. fayne. 243. certayne. 244. agayne come; hye. 245. se. A. how
-wele; Th. T. anone. done. 246. doute; greatly wote. 247. T. byn; A. bien;
-Th. be. gone. 248. A. waraunt; Th. T. warne. 249. A. T. shul; Th. shal.
--one. 250. counsayle; anone. 251. A. ye (_twice_); Th. T. you (_twice_).
-252. harme thoughe. A. afore; Th. T. before. 257. A. while; Th. whyles.
-258. Came; sawe; blewe. 259. _All_ broke (_for_ brouk). _Before_ 260: Th.
-T. Discrecyon purvyour. 260. wente. 261. yonge; semynge. 263. Dyscrecyon;
-lesynge. 264. abydynge. 266. Chefe.
-
-_Before_ 267: Th. T. Acquayntaunce herbyger. 267. Fayre. 268. A. herbegyer;
-Th. T. herbygere. 272. fewe; hyghe degre; lowe. 273. knowe. _Before_ 274:
-Th. Countenaunce porter. 274. came. 275. yonge. 276. Came; therate. 277.
-anone. 278. Truely; fayre; one. 279. Whiche one; loughe. 280. knowe;
-ynoughe. 281. T. yate; A. Th. gate. 282. fayre. 284. one. 285. Nowe. 286.
-Take. A. as; Th. T. _om._ whyle. 288. A. gon; Th. go. A. eche on; Th. T.
-euerychone. 289. _All_ without (!). 290. Came; toke; leaue onone. 291. A.
-yow; Th. T. ye. nowe. 292. thanke. 293. laboure; whiche; mede. 294. spede.
-295. anone. 296. A. now; Th. T. _om._ 297. A. eche one; Th. T. euerychone.
-
-298. _So_ A; Th. T. But where they are I knowe no certaynte. 299. wyndowe
-se. 300. amonge. 301. A. now; Th. _om._ 302. stode musynge. 304. gowne;
-blewe; wote. 305. facyon. 306. worde. 307. A. The whiche. 308. A. _O_
-(_for_ _A_). A. lettres; Th. letters. 309. A. Than ferforth as she com.
-came. A. vnto; Th. to. 310. T. worde; Th. wordes; A. _om._ (_see_ 312).
-fayne. 311. se. 312. worde; none; trewe. 313. ynoughe; blewe. _Above_ 316:
-Th. Largesse stewarde; T. Belchere Marchall. 318. T. sewerly; Th. surely.
-319. fayre. A. right of nobil. 320. se; reporte. 322. A. Bealchiere; T.
-Belchere; Th. Belchier. A. the (1); Th. T. _om._ 323. Th. Nowe. 324. A.
-matiers. mynde. 326. A. or; Th. T. and. behynde. 327. one; fynde.
-
-328. playne. 329, 330. Chamberlayne. _Above_ 330: Th. T. Remembraunce
-chamberlayne. 330. _I supply_ now. trewe. 332. aferde. A. aferd but lowly
-til hir. Th. sewe; T. sew; A. shewe. 333. done. 334. A. me (_for_ ye). 335.
-T. A. tell_e_; Th. shewe. 336. A. T. Without; Th. Withoute_n_. _Above_ 337:
-T. Auysen[e]s. 337. A. yit may nat; Th. T. she may not yet be. 338. A. may
-do; Th. T. doth. thynge. 339. A. T. met; Th. ymet. 340. matere hole;
-faynynge. 341. louynge. 342. A. gentillesse. 343. sothe. 344. A. name; Th.
-T. _om._ 345. se. 346. Nowe; come stande; stode. 348. _I supply_ a. sothe.
-349. A. it (_for_ you). certayne. 350. Se; twayne (_twice_). 351. sothe. A.
-it (_for_ that). 352. se comynge. 353. ben suche folke. A. I dare wele; T.
-I dar_e_; Th. dare I. 354. A. ful; Th. T. _om._ 356. A. T. yow; Th. me (!).
-357. frende. T. vnto; A. Th. to.
-
-358. frenshyp; mysse. 359. ease; payne. 360. A. telle me; Th. T. take you.
-361. Howe. A. whiche (_for_ who). chamberlayne. 362. worde certaine. 363.
-worde. A. T. suster. 365. stode. 366. echone. 368. one (_twice_). 369. A.
-forth com; Th. T. came forth. _I supply_ lady. 370. fayre. 372. counsayle.
-374. Th. thynketh; Th. A. thynke it. 376. A. oon; Th. T. _om._ 377. thinge.
-378. Howe; cominge. 379. one. A. Avise; Th. T. aduyse. 380. sayde. 381. T.
-wyse (_for_ gyse). 382. folke. A. se; Th. T. say. vnpurueyde. 383. A.
-wageours; Th. T. wagers. amonge; layde. 384. most goodlest (_read_
-goodliest); _see_ 452. 385. whiche shulde. A. And whiche of vs al preysed
-shuld be best. 386. came. 387. A. ful; T. Th. _om._ A. T. curteys; Th.
-curtyse. 388. Thinke. Th. T. of your; A. _om._ of.
-
-389. A. herbergier; Th. herbigere. 390. A. may; Th. T. _om._ lodginge. 391.
-chamberlayne. 392. anone agayne. 393. _I supply_ that. 394. sawe; comynge.
-395. great; coude; none. 397. echone; worde. 398. worde. 399. Th. T. I ne;
-A. we (_om._ ne). 400. anone came. 401. stode; came. _All_ to. 404. worde.
-405. A. pray yow; Th. T. you pray. secrete. 407. A. quod I fyve ladies; Th.
-fyue ladyes quod I. 409, 410. her. 412. tolde. 413. blewe. 414. A. in; Th.
-T. _om._ 415. shulde. 416. soth; wolde; payne. 417. moche. T. wold (_for
-2nd_ did). 418. A. ye (_for_ we). 419. Great; tarienge. 420. longe. A. sue.
-thynge.
-
-421. came agayne anone. 422. -layne. 423. A. T. We bien quod I now redy;
-Th. We be nowe redy quod I. -one. 424. A. yow (_for_ ye). certayne. 425.
-playne. 426. Besechynge. 427. trewe meanynge. 428. wente. 429. se. 430.
-great combraunce (_read_ comberaunce). 431. stode. 432. Nowe stande. 433.
-ease. A. shal I. 435. amonge; -one. 436. T. thorow; Th. thorugh; A. thurgh.
-passe. 437. ease; done. 438. T. beckenyd; Th. beckende. A. there (_for_
-where). 440. -layne. 441. lefte. 442. T. salutyd. reason. 443. Th. great;
-T. gret; A. _om._ (_after_ her). 444. A. matiers. 445. wolde. 447. se; A.
-so. please. 448. ease. 451. A. wite; Th. wete; T. wote. 452. se.
-
-453. aboute. 454. A. eche a corn_er_. 455. A. The; Th. T. _om._ made. A.
-berel; Th. Burel; T. byralle. 456. one. 457. howe. 458. A. Deyd; Th. Dyed.
-Demophone. 459. Th. Tysbe; A. T. Thesbe. 460. slowe; -selfe. 461. sawe;
-howe. Th. T. a right; A. _om._ a. 462. slayne. 463. Th. T. was Hawes the
-shene; A. was how Enclusene (? _error for_ Melusine). 464. A. Vntriewly
-was; Th. T. Ful vntrewly. bayne. 466. howe; complayne. 467. certayne. 469.
-longe. 470. shone (= shoon). 471. Th. A. vmple; T. vmpylle. 472. folke
-shulde. 473. Th. through; A. thurgh (= thorugh; _see_ 436). 475. sawe.
-_All_ without. fayle. 476. aparayle. 477. grounde. 479. rounde. 480. coude.
-481. wote. T. thorow; A. thurgh (= thorugh); Th. through (_see_ 473). 482.
-A. til; Th. T. to. 483. farre.
-
-484. A. wite; Th. wete; T. wot. 487. T. nedylle. 488. worde. 489. A.
-_endurer_; Th. T. _endure_. _All_ you. 490. great; knewe. 491. anone. 493.
-came; alone. 494. Sothely. 495. spake nothynge. 496. A. T. hastily; Th.
-hastely. warnynge. 497. A. roome; Th. T. rome. comynge. 498. sawe. 499.
-helde; hande. 500. sawe. A. goode; Th. T. goodly. 501. great; stande. 502.
--stande. 504. coude. 505. (_above_): T. Attemperaunce chaunclere. wolde.
-506. wolde. T. sew; A. sue. 507. A. Sauf oo; Th. Saue a. 508. sothely. 509.
-moche. 510. A. matiers. alwaye. 511. forthe. 513. connynge. 514. A. dayes
-of al my.
-
-515. fayre. A. none sene; Th. sene none; T. noon seen. 517. A. you; Th. T.
-_om._ 519-532. _Missing in_ A. 520. gowne. 522. coloure blewe. T. good; Th.
-goodly. facyoun. 523. Th. taberde; T. taberd. T. dou_n_; Th. adowne. 526.
-sorte; vente (T. vent). 527. T. ermyn; Th. Armyne. made; purfelynge. 528.
-Th. great; T. gret. 529. one worchynge. 530. Th. diamondes; T. dyamond_es_.
-powderynge. 531. T. purfyllys; Th. purfel (!). 532. _Both_ made lyke (!).
-533. sorte. 534. enamayle. 535. A. fresshest; Th. T. fayrest. 536. A. with;
-Th. T. of. great; entayle. 537. A. withouten; Th. T. without. fayle. 539.
-worlde. A. T. loke; Th. loken. 540. comynge forthe; estate. 541. downe. A.
-eche on; Th. T. euerychone. 542. A. T. vp; Th. _om._ wote. 543. toke; one
-and one.
-
-544. done; came; anone. 547. A. Whan; Th. T. And wha_n_. done. 548. -layne.
-549. A. til; T. to; Th. vnto. 551. Voyde backe; preace. 552. Make. A.
-larger; Th. T. large. roume; loke. 553. take; secretarye. 554. -layne. 555.
-came agayne. 556. -tarye. 558. onely. 559. agayne. 560. -layne. 562. Th.
-secretarye ye do make come; A. T. secretary make hir come. 565. maye. A.
-avise; T. auyse. 566. counsayle. 567. Loke; done; fayle. 568. A. The
-chambrelayn whan she wist; Th. T. Whan the chamberlayne wyste of. 569.
--tarye. 571. A. _om._ it. 572. A. ye rede hem al; T. yow there cal (!); Th.
-ye hem cal (!). 573. A. gode.
-
-576. came. Th. shuld; A. T. to. T. red; A. Th. redde. 578. Rayson. A. T.
-wold that; Th. wyl. spedde. 579. spredde. 580. -tarie; downe echone. 581.
-T. rad. T. theym (= hem); Th. A. _om._ one by one. 582. bearyng. 583. A. T.
-in; Th. on. 585. made. 587. deserte; partye. 588. A. matier. Th. T. a
-remedy; A. _om._ a. 589. A. next felawes word; Th. T. next folowing her
-word. 590. A. Une; Th. T. Vng. T. saunz chaunger. co_m_playne. 592. toke;
-payne. 593. restrayne. 594. case. 595. reason. 596. twayne. 597. wrote.
-598. A. Oncques; Th. Vncques; T. Vnques. playne. 599. A. grevous (_for_
-pitous). 600. great reason. 601. A. And; Th. T. _om._ 602. processe. 603.
-made. 604. comforte. 605. Th. surete; A. suerte; T. seurte.
-
-606. A. fonde; Th. T. sayd (!). 607. Nowe; wele. 608. Th. humbly; A. humble
-(!); _read_ humbelly. her high grace; A. _om._ high. 609. A. Som remedy to
-chewe (!) in; Th. T. Soone to shewe her remedy in. 610. sayde. 611.
-playnynge. 612. wrothe. wele apayde. 613. se; wolde. _I supply_ that. 614.
-wrothe. 615. worde; wote. 616. wrote. 617. great. 618. done. 620. mynde. A.
-thus; Th. T. there. 621. whiche; boone. 622. Rehersynge. _I supply_ that.
-623. Besechynge. 624. lyke; done. 626. A. vp; Th. T. _om._ 627. One; wrote.
-628. hole. A. Of hir compleynt also the cause why; T. _om. this line_. 629.
-writinge. 630. A. knowlachyng; Th. T. knowynge. 631. wote. 632. herte. 633.
-toke. 634. one. A. til. A. it; Th. T. _om._ smerte. 635. thanke; deserte.
-
-636. comforte. A. wayted; Th. T. wanted. comynge. 637. -thynge. 638.
-besechynge. 639. A. T. for her wold; Th. wolde for her. 640. A. al; Th. T.
-_om._ lyuynge. 641. trewe. A. so; Th. T. _om._ 642. saye. 643. nexte. A.
-after; Th. T. _om._ forthe. 645. _diu_; wrote. 646. A. any; Th. T. _om._
-fayle. 647. T. takyn; Th. A. take. 648. meruaile. 649. auayle. 652. shulde.
-653. great. _All_ encombraunce. 654. moche. 655. Th. T. al her; A. _om._
-al. 656. made. 659. wrote. 660. thinge. 661. felte great. 662. A. _om._
-right. 663. sate; passynge. 664. lothe; wrytynge. 665. A. his; T. a; Th.
-_om._ thinge.
-
-666. A. _Se iour_ (for _Soyes_). worde certayne. 667. wrote. A. but; Th. T.
-_om._ 668. vayne. 670. Th. T. humbly; A. humble (!); _see_ 607. desyrynge.
-671. comforte; sorowe. 672. ease. 675. Th. _moneste_; T. A. _monest_.
-farre; coude. 676. worde. 678. T. tell (_for_ say). 679. wolde. 681. lete
-se. 683. Nowe. 684. A. T. parde have knowlache; Th. haue knowlege parde.
-686. selfe. 687. wote. A. that; Th. T. _om._ thinke. 688. herde. 689. Nowe.
-_All_ hate (= hote). 691. A. wite; Th. T. wete. reason. 692. A. knowe al
-that hath be done afore; Th. T. haue knowlege of that was done before. 693.
-A. it; Th. T. it is (_om._ is). _All_ without. A. any (_for_ wordes). 694.
-Nothynge. A. lief; T. leef; Th. lefe. dethe. 695. payne.
-
-697. aforne; certayne. 698. wote. 699. helpe; thinge. 700. thinke. T. I;
-Th. A. it. 702. _I supply_ you. 703. longe. 706. thanke _I supply_ a. 707.
-deserte. A. des_er_vith; Th. T. serueth. 708. -one. 709. A. This lady; Th.
-T. The ladyes. toke. 710. A. ech; Th. T. _om._ 712. A. yaf; Th. T. yaue. T.
-in; Th. A. _om._ 713. one. 714. A. hem there hir answere; Th. T. hem her
-answere in. 716. spake; -selfe. 717. sene. 718. A. T. ful; Th. _om._ 720.
-shorte; courte. 721. A. T. paleys. 722. fynde. 724. _I supply_ a. A. shul;
-Th. T. shal. 725. T. thoroughly; Th. throughly; A. triewly. 726. shal
-(_see_ 724); knowe. 728. _So_ Th.; A. shal bryng it yow bi; T. shall hyt
-yow tell by.
-
-729. moste. 730. eche one by one. 732. A. vs (_for 1st_ we). trauayle. 733.
-_I supply_ a. 734. toke. 735. forthe; shulde. 736. sprange anone. 737.
-woke. 738. nowe; gone. 739. A. Al amased vp; Th. T. Al mased and vp (_read_
-And al amased up). loke. 740. boke. 741. _All_ simply. 742. shulde. Th. T.
-be out; A. out (_om._ be). 743. Nowe; dreame. 745. stode. 746. shulde;
-none. _All_ encombraunce. 747. toke; great. 748. nowe; boke. 749. A. wite;
-Th. T. wete. 750. boke. 751. _So_ A.; Th. T. Of the name to tel you in
-certaynte (T. certayn). 752. A. La semble; T. Lassembyll. 753. Howe thynke.
-A. the; Th. T. _om._ 754. Nowe. 756. dreme; done. COLOPHON: _in_ T. _only_.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XXII. A GOODLY BALADE.
-
-  � Moder of norture, best beloved of al,
-  And fresshest flour, to whom good thrift god sende.
-  Your child, if it list you me so to cal,
-  Al be I unable my-self so to pretende,
-  To your discrecioun I recommende                        5
-  Myn herte and al, with every circumstaunce,
-  Al hoolly to be under your governaunce.
-
-  Most desyre I, and have, and ever shal
-  Thing, whiche might your hertes ese amende;
-  Have me excused, my power is but smal;                 10
-  Natheles, of right ye ought[e] to commende
-  My good[e] will, which fayn wolde entende
-  To do you service; for al my suffisaunce
-  Is hoolly to be under your governaunce.
-
-  _Meulx un_: in herte, which never shal apal,           15
-  Ay fresshe and newe, and right glad to dispende
-  My tyme in your servyce, what-so befal,
-  Beseching your excellence to defende
-  My simplenesse, if ignoraunce offende
-  In any wyse; sith that myn affiaunce                   20
-  Is hoolly to be under your governaunce.
-
-  � Daisy of light! very ground of comfort!
-  The sonnes doughter ye hight, as I rede;
-  For when he westreth, farwel your disport!
-  By your nature anon, right for pure drede              25
-  Of the rude night, that with his boystous wede
-  Of derkness shadoweth our emispere,
-  Than closen ye, my lyves lady dere!
-
-  Dawing the day to his kinde resort,
-  Phebus your fader, with his stremes rede,              30
-  Adorneth the morow, consuming the sort
-  Of misty cloudes, that wolde overlede
-  Trewe humble hertes with hir mistihede,
-  Nere comfort a-dayes, whan eyen clere
-  Disclose and sprede my lyves lady dere.                35
-
-  [_A stanza lost; lines 36-42._]
-
-  � _Je vouldray_:--but [the] gret[e] god disposeth
-  And maketh casuel by his providence
-  Such thing as mannes frele wit purposeth;              45
-  Al for the best, if that our conscience
-  Nat grucche it, but in humble pacience
-  It receyve; for god saith, without[e] fable,
-  A faithful herte ever is acceptable.
-
-  Cautels who useth gladly, gloseth;                     50
-  To eschewe suche it is right high prudence;
-  What ye said[e] ones, [now] myn herte opposeth,
-  "That my wryting japes, in your absence,
-  Plesed you moche bet than my presence!"
-  Yet can I more, ye be nat excusable;                   55
-  A faithful herte ever is acceptable.
-
-  Quaketh my penne; my spirit supposeth
-  That in my wryting ye finde wol som offence;
-  Myn herte welkeneth thus sone, anon it +roseth;
-  Now hot, now cold, and eft in [al] fervence;           60
-  That mis is, is caused of negligence
-  And not of malice; therfor beth merciable;
-  A faithful herte ever is acceptable.
-
-              LENVOY.
-
-  � Forth, complaynt! forth, lakking eloquence,
-  Forth, litel lettre, of endyting lame!                 65
-  I have besought my ladies sapience
-  Of thy behalfe, to accept in game
-  Thyn inabilitee; do thou the same!
-  Abyd! have more yet; _Je serve Jonesse_.
-  Now forth; I close thee, in holy Venus name;           70
-  Thee shal unclose my hertes governeresse.
-
-              _Finis._
-
-_From_ Th. (Thynne's ed. 1532). TITLE. A goodly balade of Chaucer. _I note
-here rejected spellings._ 3. childe; lust. 4. selfe. 5. discrecion;
-recomende. 7. holy. 9. ease. 10. small. 11. Nathelesse; ought. 12. good;
-whiche fayne. 14. holy. 17. befall. 20. sythe. 21. holy; ben.
-
-22. grounde; comforte. 24. disporte. 27. derkenesse. 29. resorte. 30. And
-Phebus (_I omit_ And); father. 31. morowe; sorte. 32. wolden. 34. comforte.
-43. great (_read_ the grete). 45. Suche; mans (_read_ mannes); witte. 47.
-grutche. 48. _Read_ Receyve it (?); saythe withoute. 52. sayd; _I supply_
-now. 53. _Read_ wryting of iapes (?). 54. Pleased; better (_read_ bet). 58.
-_Omit_ wol (?); some. 59. ryseth (!); _read_ roseth. 60. Nowe hotte, nowe
-colde; efte; _I supply_ al.
-
-61. mysse. 62. therfore bethe. 64. _Headed_ Lenuoye. Forthe; forthe
-lackyng. 65. Forthe. 68. inabylite. 69. Iouesse. 70. Nowe; the. 71. The.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XXIII. GO FORTH, KING.
-
-      Rex sine sapiencia: Episcopus sine doctrina.
-      Dominus sine consilio: Mulier sine castitate.
-      Miles sine probitate: Iudex sine Iusticia.
-      Diues sine elemosina: Populus sine lege.
-      Senex sine religione: Seruus sine timore.
-      Pauper superbus: Adolescens sine obediencia.
-
-  Go forth, king, rule thee by sapience;
-  Bishop, be able to minister doctryne;
-  Lord, to trew consayl yeve audience;
-  Womanheed, to chastite ever enclyne;
-  Knight, let thy dedes worship determyne;                5
-  Be rightwis, juge, in saving thy name;
-  Rich, do almesse, lest thou lese blis with shame.
-
-  People, obey your king and the lawe;
-  Age, be thou ruled by good religioun;
-  Trew servant, be dredful, and keep thee under awe,     10
-  And thou, povre, fy on presumpcioun;
-  Inobedience to youth is utter distruccioun;
-  Remembre you how god hath set you, lo!
-  And do your part, as ye be ordained to.
-
-_From_ Th. (Thynne, ed. 1532); _I give rejected spellings_. 1. forthe; the.
-2. Bishoppe. 3. Lorde; trewe counsayle. 4. Womanhede. 5. lette. 6. rightous
-(_read_ rightwis); iuge. 7. blysse. 9. relygion. 10. Trewe; dredeful; kepe.
-11. poore; presumption. 12. distruction. 13. howe. 14. parte.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
-
-  With timerous hert and trembling hand of drede,
-  Of cunning naked, bare of eloquence,
-  Unto the flour of port in womanhede
-  I write, as he that non intelligence
-  Of metres hath, ne floures of sentence;                 5
-  Sauf that me list my writing to convey,
-  In that I can to please her hygh nobley.
-
-  The blosmes fresshe of Tullius garden soote
-  Present thaim not, my mater for to borne:
-  Poemes of Virgil taken here no rote,                   10
-  Ne crafte of Galfrid may not here sojorne:
-  Why nam I cunning? O well may I morne,
-  For lak of science that I can-not write
-  Unto the princes of my life a-right
-
-  No termes digne unto her excellence,                   15
-  So is she sprong of noble stirpe and high:
-  A world of honour and of reverence
-  There is in her, this wil I testifie.
-  Calliope, thou sister wise and sly,
-  And thou, Minerva, guyde me with thy grace,            20
-  That langage rude my mater not deface.
-
-  Thy suger-dropes swete of Elicon
-  Distill in me, thou gentle Muse, I pray;
-  And thee, Melpomene, I calle anon,
-  Of ignoraunce the mist to chace away;                  25
-  And give me grace so for to write and sey,
-  That she, my lady, of her worthinesse,
-  Accepte in gree this litel short tretesse,
-
-  That is entitled thus, 'THE COURT OF LOVE.'
-  And ye that ben metriciens me excuse,                  30
-  I you besech, for Venus sake above;
-  For what I mene in this ye need not muse:
-  And if so be my lady it refuse
-  For lak of ornat speche, I wold be wo,
-  That I presume to her to writen so.                    35
-
-  But myn entent and all my besy cure
-  Is for to write this tretesse, as I can,
-  Unto my lady, stable, true, and sure,
-  Feithfull and kind, sith first that she began
-  Me to accept in service as her man:                    40
-  To her be all the plesure of this boke,
-  That, whan her like, she may it rede and loke.
-
-  When I was yong, at eighteen yere of age,
-  Lusty and light, desirous of pleasaunce,
-  Approching on full sadde and ripe corage,              45
-  Love arted me to do myn observaunce
-  To his astate, and doon him obeysaunce,
-  Commaunding me the Court of Love to see,
-  A lite beside the mount of Citharee,
-
-  There Citherea goddesse was and quene                  50
-  Honoured highly for her majestee;
-  And eke her sone, the mighty god, I wene,
-  Cupid the blind, that for his dignitee
-  A thousand lovers worship on their knee;
-  There was I bid, on pain of death, t'apere,            55
-  By Mercury, the winged messengere.
-
-  So than I went by straunge and fer contrees,
-  Enquiring ay what costes +to it drew,
-  The Court of Love: and thiderward, as bees,
-  At last I sey the peple gan pursue:                    60
-  Anon, me thought, som wight was there that knew
-  Where that the court was holden, ferre or ny,
-  And after thaim ful fast I gan me hy.
-
-  Anone as I theim overtook, I said,
-  'Hail, frendes! whider purpose ye to wend?'            65
-  'Forsooth,' quod oon that answered lich a maid,
-  'To Loves Court now go we, gentill frend.'
-  'Where is that place,' quod I, 'my felowe hend?'
-  'At Citheron, sir,' seid he, 'without dowte,
-  The King of Love, and all his noble rowte,             70
-
-  Dwelling within a castell ryally.'
-  So than apace I jorned forth among,
-  And as he seid, so fond I there truly.
-  For I beheld the towres high and strong,
-  And high pinacles, large of hight and long,            75
-  With plate of gold bespred on every side,
-  And presious stones, the stone-werk for to hide.
-
-  No saphir ind, no rube riche of price,
-  There lakked than, nor emeraud so grene,
-  Baleis Turkeis, ne thing to my devise,                 80
-  That may the castell maken for to shene:
-  All was as bright as sterres in winter been;
-  And Phebus shoon, to make his pees agayn,
-  For trespas doon to high estates tweyn,
-
-  Venus and Mars, the god and goddesse clere,            85
-  Whan he theim found in armes cheined fast:
-  Venus was then full sad of herte and chere.
-  But Phebus bemes, streight as is the mast,
-  Upon the castell ginneth he to cast,
-  To plese the lady, princesse of that place,            90
-  In signe he loketh aftir Loves grace.
-
-  For there nis god in heven or helle, y-wis,
-  But he hath ben right soget unto Love:
-  Jove, Pluto, or what-so-ever he is,
-  Ne creature in erth, or yet above;                     95
-  Of thise the revers may no wight approve.
-  But furthermore, the castell to descry,
-  Yet saw I never non so large and high.
-
-  For unto heven it streccheth, I suppose,
-  Within and out depeynted wonderly,                    100
-  With many a thousand daisy, rede as rose,
-  And white also, this saw I verily:
-  But what tho daises might do signify,
-  Can I not tell, sauf that the quenes flour
-  Alceste it was that kept there her sojour;            105
-
-  Which under Venus lady was and quene,
-  And Admete king and soverain of that place,
-  To whom obeyed the ladies gode ninetene,
-  With many a thowsand other, bright of face.
-  And yong men fele came forth with lusty pace,         110
-  And aged eke, their homage to dispose;
-  But what thay were, I coud not well disclose.
-
-  Yet ner and ner furth in I gan me dresse
-  Into an halle of noble apparaile,
-  With arras spred and cloth of gold, I gesse,          115
-  And other silk of esier availe:
-  Under the cloth of their estate, saunz faile,
-  The king and quene ther sat, as I beheld:
-  It passed joye of Helisee the feld.
-
-  There saintes have their comming and resort,          120
-  To seen the king so ryally beseyn,
-  In purple clad, and eke the quene in sort:
-  And on their hedes saw I crownes tweyn,
-  With stones fret, so that it was no payn,
-  Withouten mete and drink, to stand and see            125
-  The kinges honour and the ryaltee.
-
-  And for to trete of states with the king,
-  That been of councell chief, and with the quene,
-  The king had Daunger ner to him standing,
-  The Quene of Love, Disdain, and that was seen:        130
-  For by the feith I shall to god, I wene,
-  Was never straunger [non] in her degree
-  Than was the quene in casting of her ee.
-
-  And as I stood perceiving her apart,
-  And eke the bemes shyning of her yen,                 135
-  Me thought thay were shapen lich a dart,
-  Sherp and persing, smale, and streight as lyne.
-  And all her here, it shoon as gold so fyne,
-  Dishevel, crisp, down hinging at her bak
-  A yarde in length: and soothly than I spak:--         140
-
-  'O bright Regina, who made thee so fair?
-  Who made thy colour vermelet and white?
-  Where woneth that god? how fer above the eyr?
-  Greet was his craft, and greet was his delyt.
-  Now marvel I nothing that ye do hight                 145
-  The Quene of Love, and occupy the place
-  Of Citharee: now, sweet lady, thy grace.'
-
-  In mewet spak I, so that nought astert,
-  By no condicion, word that might be herd;
-  B[ut] in myn inward thought I gan advert,             150
-  And oft I seid, 'My wit is dulle and hard:'
-  For with her bewtee, thus, god wot, I ferd
-  As doth the man y-ravisshed with sight,
-  When I beheld her cristall yen so bright,
-
-  No respect having what was best to doon;              155
-  Till right anon, beholding here and there,
-  I spied a frend of myne, and that full soon,
-  A gentilwoman, was the chamberer
-  Unto the quene, that hote, as ye shall here,
-  Philobone, that loved all her life:                   160
-  Whan she me sey, she led me furth as blyfe;
-
-  And me demaunded how and in what wise
-  I thider com, and what myne erand was?
-  'To seen the court,' quod I, 'and all the guyse;
-  And eke to sue for pardon and for grace,              165
-  And mercy ask for all my greet trespace,
-  That I non erst com to the Court of Love:
-  Foryeve me this, ye goddes all above!'
-
-  'That is well seid,' quod Philobone, 'in-dede:
-  But were ye not assomoned to apere                    170
-  By Mercury? For that is all my drede.'
-  'Yes, gentil fair,' quod I, 'now am I here;
-  Ye, yit what tho, though that be true, my dere?'
-  'Of your free will ye shuld have come unsent:
-  For ye did not, I deme ye will be shent.              175
-
-  For ye that reign in youth and lustinesse,
-  Pampired with ese, and +jolif in your age,
-  Your dewtee is, as fer as I can gesse,
-  To Loves Court to dressen your viage,
-  As sone as Nature maketh you so sage,                 180
-  That ye may know a woman from a swan,
-  Or whan your foot is growen half a span.
-
-  But sith that ye, by wilful necligence,
-  This eighteen yere have kept yourself at large,
-  The gretter is your trespace and offence,             185
-  And in your nek ye moot bere all the charge:
-  For better were ye ben withouten barge,
-  Amidde see, in tempest and in rain,
-  Than byden here, receiving woo and pain,
-
-  That ordeined is for such as thaim absent             190
-  Fro Loves Court by yeres long and fele.
-  I ley my lyf ye shall full soon repent;
-  For Love will reyve your colour, lust, and hele:
-  Eke ye must bait on many an hevy mele:
-  No force, y-wis, I stired you long agoon              195
-  To draw to court,' quod litell Philobon.
-
-  'Ye shall well see how rough and angry face
-  The King of Love will shew, when ye him see;
-  By myn advyse kneel down and ask him grace,
-  Eschewing perell and adversitee;                      200
-  For well I wot it wol non other be,
-  Comfort is non, ne counsel to your ese;
-  Why will ye than the King of Love displese?'
-
-  'O mercy, god,' quod ich, 'I me repent,
-  Caitif and wrecche in hert, in wille, and thought!    205
-  And aftir this shall be myne hole entent
-  To serve and plese, how dere that love be bought:
-  Yit, sith I have myn own penaunce y-sought,
-  With humble spirit shall I it receive,
-  Though that the King of Love my life bereyve.         210
-
-  And though that fervent loves qualite
-  In me did never worch truly, yit I
-  With all obeisaunce and humilite,
-  And benign hert, shall serve him til I dye:
-  And he that Lord of +might is, grete and highe,       215
-  Right as him list me chastice and correct,
-  And punish me, with trespace thus enfect.'
-
-  Thise wordes seid, she caught me by the lap,
-  And led me furth intill a temple round,
-  Large and wyde: and, as my blessed hap                220
-  And good aventure was, right sone I found
-  A tabernacle reised from the ground,
-  Where Venus sat, and Cupid by her syde;
-  Yet half for drede I gan my visage hyde.
-
-  And eft again I loked and beheld,                     225
-  Seeing full sundry peple in the place,
-  And mister folk, and som that might not weld
-  Their limmes well, me thought a wonder cas;
-  The temple shoon with windows all of glas,
-  Bright as the day, with many a fair image;            230
-  And there I sey the fresh quene of Cartage,
-
-  Dido, that brent her bewtee for the love
-  Of fals Eneas; and the weymenting
-  Of hir, Anelida, true as turtill-dove,
-  To Arcite fals: and there was in peinting             235
-  Of many a prince, and many a doughty king,
-  Whose marterdom was shewed about the walles;
-  And how that fele for love had suffered falles.
-
-  But sore I was abasshed and astonied
-  Of all tho folk that there were in that tyde;         240
-  And than I asked where thay had [y-]woned:
-  'In dyvers courtes,' quod she, 'here besyde.'
-  In sondry clothing, mantil-wyse full wyde,
-  They were arrayed, and did their sacrifice
-  Unto the god and goddesse in their guyse.             245
-
-  '+Lo! yonder folk,' quod she, 'that knele in blew,
-  They were the colour ay, and ever shall,
-  In sign they were, and ever will be trew
-  Withouten chaunge: and sothly, yonder all
-  That ben in blak, with morning cry and call           250
-  Unto the goddes, for their loves been
-  Som fer, som dede, som all to sherpe and kene.'
-
-  'Ye, than,' quod I, 'what doon thise prestes here,
-  Nonnes and hermits, freres, and all thoo
-  That sit in white, in russet, and in grene?'          255
-  'For-soth,' quod she, 'they wailen of their wo.'
-  'O mercy, lord! may thay so come and go
-  Freely to court, and have such libertee?'
-  'Ye, men of ech condicion and degree,
-
-  And women eke: for truly, there is non                260
-  Excepcion mad, ne never was ne may:
-  This court is ope and free for everichon,
-  The King of Love he will nat say thaim nay:
-  He taketh all, in poore or riche array,
-  That meekly sewe unto his excellence                  265
-  With all their herte and all their reverence.'
-
-  And, walking thus about with Philobone,
-  I sey where cam a messenger in hy
-  Streight from the king, which let commaund anon,
-  Through-out the court to make an ho and cry:          270
-  'A! new-come folk, abyde! and wot ye why?
-  The kinges lust is for to seen you soon:
-  Com ner, let see! his will mot need be doon.'
-
-  Than gan I me present to-fore the king,
-  Trembling for fere, with visage pale of hew,          275
-  And many a lover with me was kneling,
-  Abasshed sore, till unto tyme thay knew
-  The sentence yeve of his entent full trew:
-  And at the last the king hath me behold
-  With stern visage, and seid, 'What doth this old,     280
-
-  Thus fer y-stope in yeres, come so late
-  Unto the court?' 'For-soth, my liege,' quod I,
-  'An hundred tyme I have ben at the gate
-  Afore this tyme, yit coud I never espy
-  Of myn acqueyntaunce any with mine y;                 285
-  And shamefastnes away me gan to chace;
-  But now I me submit unto your grace.'
-
-  'Well! all is perdoned, with condicion
-  That thou be trew from hensforth to thy might,
-  And serven Love in thyn entencion:                    290
-  Swere this, and than, as fer as it is right,
-  Thou shalt have grace here in my quenes sight.'
-  'Yis, by the feith I ow your crown, I swere,
-  Though Deth therfore me thirlith with his spere!'
-
-  And whan the king had seen us everichoon,             295
-  He let commaunde an officer in hy
-  To take our feith, and shew us, oon by oon,
-  The statuts of the court full besily.
-  Anon the book was leid before their y,
-  To rede and see what thing we must observe            300
-  In Loves Court, till that we dye and sterve.
-
-  And, for that I was lettred, there I red
-  The statuts hole of Loves Court and hall:
-  The _first_ statut that on the boke was spred,
-  Was, To be true in thought and dedes all              305
-  Unto the King of Love, the Lord ryall;
-  And to the Quene, as feithful and as kind,
-  As I coud think with herte, and will and mind.
-
-  The _secund_ statut, Secretly to kepe
-  Councell of love, nat blowing every-where             310
-  All that I know, and let it sink +or flete;
-  It may not sown in every wightes ere:
-  Exyling slaunder ay for dred and fere,
-  And to my lady, which I love and serve,
-  Be true and kind, her grace for to deserve.           315
-
-  The _thrid_ statut was clerely write also,
-  Withouten chaunge to live and dye the same,
-  Non other love to take, for wele ne wo,
-  For brind delyt, for ernest nor for game:
-  Without repent, for laughing or for grame,            320
-  To byden still in full perseveraunce:
-  Al this was hole the kinges ordinaunce.
-
-  The _fourth_ statut, To purchace ever to here,
-  And stiren folk to love, and beten fyr
-  On Venus awter, here about and there,                 325
-  And preche to thaim of love and hot desyr,
-  And tell how love will quyten well their hire:
-  This must be kept; and loth me to displese:
-  If love be wroth, passe forby is an ese.
-
-  The _fifth_ statut, Not to be daungerous,             330
-  If that a thought wold reyve me of my slepe:
-  Nor of a sight to be over squeymous;
-  And so, verily, this statut was to kepe,
-  To turne and walowe in my bed and wepe,
-  When that my lady, of her cruelte,                    335
-  Wold from her herte exylen all pite.
-
-  The _sixt_ statut, it was for me to use,
-  Alone to wander, voide of company,
-  And on my ladys bewtee for to muse,
-  And to think [it] no force to live or dye;            340
-  And eft again to think the remedy,
-  How to her grace I might anon attain,
-  And tell my wo unto my souverain.
-
-  The _seventh_ statut was, To be pacient,
-  Whether my lady joyfull were or wroth;                345
-  For wordes glad or hevy, diligent,
-  Wheder that she me helden lefe or loth:
-  And hereupon I put was to myn oth,
-  Her for to serve, and lowly to obey,
-  Shewing my chere, ye, twenty sith a-day.              350
-
-  The _eighth_ statut, to my rememb[e]raunce,
-  Was, To speke, and pray my lady dere,
-  With hourly labour and gret attendaunce,
-  Me for to love with all her herte entere,
-  And me desyre, and make me joyfull chere,             355
-  Right as she is, surmounting every faire,
-  Of bewtie well, and gentill debonaire.
-
-  The _ninth_ statut, with lettres writ of gold,
-  This was the sentence, How that I and all
-  Shuld ever dred to be to over-bold                    360
-  Her to displese; and truly, so I shall;
-  But ben content for thing[es] that may falle,
-  And meekly take her chastisement and yerd,
-  And to offende her ever ben aferd.
-
-  The _tenth_ statut was, Egally discern                365
-  By-twene thy lady and thyn abilitee,
-  And think, thy-self art never like to yern,
-  By right, her mercy, nor of equitee,
-  But of her grace and womanly pitee:
-  For though thy-self be noble in thy strene,           370
-  A thowsand-fold more nobill is thy quene,
-
-  Thy lyves lady, and thy souverayn,
-  That hath thyn herte all hole in governaunce.
-  Thou mayst no wyse hit taken to disdayn,
-  To put thee humbly at her ordinaunce,                 375
-  And give her free the rein of her plesaunce;
-  For libertee is thing that women loke,
-  And truly, els the mater is a-croke.
-
-  The _eleventh_ statut, Thy signes for to +con
-  With y and finger, and with smyles soft,              380
-  And low to cough, and alway for to shon,
-  For dred of spyes, for to winken oft:
-  But secretly to bring a sigh a-loft,
-  And eke beware of over-moch resort;
-  For that, paraventure, spilleth al thy sport.         385
-
-  The _twelfth_ statut remember to observe:
-  For al the pain thow hast for love and wo,
-  All is to lite her mercy to deserve,
-  Thow must then think, where-ever thou ryde or go;
-  And mortall woundes suffer thow also,                 390
-  All for her sake, and thinke it well beset
-  Upon thy love, for it may be no bet.
-
-  The _thirteenth_ statut, Whylom is to thinke,
-  What thing may best thy lady lyke and plese,
-  And in thyn hertes botom let it sinke:                395
-  Som thing devise, and take [it] for thyn ese,
-  And send it her, that may her herte +apese:
-  Some hert, or ring, or lettre, or device,
-  Or precious stone; but spare not for no price.
-
-  The _fourteenth_ statut eke thou shalt assay          400
-  Fermly to kepe the most part of thy lyfe:
-  Wish that thy lady in thyne armes lay,
-  And nightly dreme, thow hast thy hertes wyfe
-  Swetely in armes, straining her as blyfe:
-  And whan thou seest it is but fantasy,                405
-  See that thow sing not over merily,
-
-  For to moche joye hath oft a wofull end.
-  It longith eke, this statut for to hold,
-  To deme thy lady evermore thy frend,
-  And think thyself in no wyse a cocold.                410
-  In every thing she doth but as she shold:
-  Construe the best, beleve no tales newe,
-  For many a lie is told, that semeth full trewe.
-
-  But think that she, so bounteous and fair,
-  Coud not be fals: imagine this algate;                415
-  And think that tonges wikke wold her appair,
-  Slaundering her name and worshipfull estat,
-  And lovers true to setten at debat:
-  And though thow seest a faut right at thyne y,
-  Excuse it blyve, and glose it pretily.                420
-
-  The _fifteenth_ statut, Use to swere and stare,
-  And counterfet a lesing hardely,
-  To save thy ladys honour every-where,
-  And put thyself to fight [for her] boldly:
-  Sey she is good, virtuous, and gostly,                425
-  Clere of entent, and herte, and thought and wille;
-  And argue not, for reson ne for skille,
-
-  Agayn thy ladys plesir ne entent,
-  For love wil not be countrepleted, indede:
-  Sey as she seith, than shalt thou not be shent,       430
-  The crow is whyte; ye, truly, so I rede:
-  And ay what thing that she thee will forbede,
-  Eschew all that, and give her sovereintee,
-  Her appetyt folow in all degree.
-
-  The _sixteenth_ statut, kepe it if thow may:--        435
-  Seven sith at night thy lady for to plese,
-  And seven at midnight, seven at morow-day;
-  And drink a cawdell erly for thyn ese.
-  Do this, and kepe thyn hede from all disese,
-  And win the garland here of lovers all,               440
-  That ever come in court, or ever shall.
-
-  Ful few, think I, this statut hold and kepe;
-  But truly, this my reson giveth me fele,
-  That som lovers shuld rather fall aslepe,
-  Than take on hand to plese so oft and wele.           445
-  There lay non oth to this statut a-dele,
-  But kepe who might, as gave him his corage:
-  Now get this garland, lusty folk of age.
-
-  Now win who may, ye lusty folk of youth,
-  This garland fresh, of floures rede and whyte,        450
-  Purpill and blewe, and colours +ful uncouth,
-  And I shal croune him king of all delyt!
-  In al the court there was not, to my sight,
-  A lover trew, that he ne was adred,
-  When he expresse hath herd the statut red.            455
-
-  The _seventeenth_ statut, Whan age approchith on,
-  And lust is leid, and all the fire is queint,
-  As freshly than thou shalt begin to fon,
-  And dote in love, and all her image paint
-  In remembraunce, til thou begin to faint,             460
-  +As in the first seson thyn hert began:
-  And her desire, though thou ne may ne can
-
-  Perform thy living actuell, and lust;
-  Regester this in thy rememb[e]raunce:
-  Eke when thou mayst not kepe thy thing from rust,     465
-  +Yit speke and talk of plesaunt daliaunce;
-  For that shall make thyn hert rejoise and daunce.
-  And when thou mayst no more the game assay,
-  The statut +bit thee pray for hem that may.
-
-  The _eighteenth_ statut, hoolly to commend,           470
-  To plese thy lady, is, That thou eschewe
-  With sluttishness thy-self for to offend;
-  Be jolif, fresh, and fete, with thinges newe,
-  Courtly with maner, this is all thy due,
-  Gentill of port, and loving clenlinesse;              475
-  This is the thing that lyketh thy maistresse.
-
-  And not to wander lich a dulled ass,
-  Ragged and torn, disgysed in array,
-  Ribaud in speche, or out of mesure pass,
-  Thy bound exceding; think on this alway:              480
-  For women +been of tender hertes ay,
-  And lightly set their plesire in a place;
-  Whan they misthink, they lightly let it passe.
-
-  The _nineteenth_ statut, Mete and drink forgete:
-  Ech other day, see that thou fast for love,           485
-  For in the court they live withouten mete,
-  Sauf such as cometh from Venus all above;
-  They take non heed, in pain of greet reprove,
-  Of mete and drink, for that is all in vain;
-  Only they live by sight of their soverain.            490
-
-  The _twentieth_ statut, last of everichoon,
-  Enroll it in thyn hertes privitee;
-  To wring and wail, to turn, and sigh and grone,
-  When that thy lady absent is from thee;
-  And eke renew the wordes [all] that she               495
-  Bitween you twain hath seid, and all the chere
-  That thee hath mad thy lyves lady dere.
-
-  And see thyn herte in quiet ne in rest
-  Sojorn, to tyme thou seen thy lady eft;
-  But wher she won by south, or est, or west,           500
-  With all thy force, now see it be not left:
-  Be diligent, till tyme thy lyfe be reft,
-  In that thou mayst, thy lady for to see;
-  This statut was of old antiquitee.
-
-  An officer of high auctoritee,                        505
-  Cleped Rigour, made us swere anon:
-  He nas corrupt with parcialitee,
-  Favour, prayer, ne gold that cherely shoon;
-  'Ye shall,' quod he, 'now sweren here echoon,
-  Yong and old, to kepe, in that +ye may,               510
-  The statuts truly, all, aftir this day.'
-
-  O god, thought I, hard is to make this oth!
-  But to my pouer shall I thaim observe;
-  In all this world nas mater half so loth,
-  To swere for all; for though my body sterve,          515
-  I have no might the hole for to reserve.
-  But herkin now the cace how it befell:
-  After my oth was mad, the trouth to tell,
-
-  I turned leves, loking on this boke,
-  Where other statuts were of women shene;              520
-  And right furthwith Rigour on me gan loke
-  Full angrily, and seid unto the quene
-  I traitour was, and charged me let been:
-  'There may no man,' quod he, 'the statut[s] know,
-  That long to woman, by degree ne low.                 525
-
-  In secret wyse thay kepten been full close,
-  They sowne echon to libertie, my frend;
-  Plesaunt thay be, and to their own purpose;
-  There wot no wight of thaim, but god and fend,
-  Ne naught shall wit, unto the worldes end.            530
-  The quene hath yeve me charge, in pain to dye,
-  Never to rede ne seen thaim with myn ye.
-
-  For men shall not so nere of councell ben,
-  With womanhode, ne knowen of her gyse,
-  Ne what they think, ne of their wit th'engyn;         535
-  I me report to Salamon the wyse,
-  And mighty Sampson, which begyled thryes
-  With Dalida was: he wot that, in a throw,
-  There may no man statut of women knowe.
-
-  For it paraventure may right so befall,               540
-  That they be bound by nature to disceive,
-  And spinne, and wepe, and sugre strewe on gall,
-  The hert of man to ravissh and to reyve,
-  And whet their tong as sharp as swerd or gleyve:
-  It may betyde, this is their ordinaunce;              545
-  So must they lowly doon the observaunce,
-
-  And kepe the statut yeven thaim of kind,
-  Or such as love hath yeve hem in their lyfe.
-  Men may not wete why turneth every wind,
-  Nor waxen wyse, nor ben inquisityf                    550
-  To know secret of maid, widow, or wyfe;
-  For they their statutes have to thaim reserved,
-  And never man to know thaim hath deserved.
-
-  Now dress you furth, the god of Love you gyde!'
-  Quod Rigour than, 'and seek the temple bright         555
-  Of Cither[e]a, goddess here besyde;
-  Beseche her, by [the] influence and might
-  Of al her vertue, you to teche a-right,
-  How for to serve your ladies, and to plese,
-  Ye that ben sped, and set your hert in ese.           560
-
-  And ye that ben unpurveyed, +pray her eke
-  Comfort you soon with grace and destinee,
-  That ye may set your hert there ye may lyke,
-  In suche a place, that it to love may be
-  Honour and worship, and felicitee                     565
-  To you for ay. Now goth, by one assent.'
-  'Graunt mercy, sir!' quod we, and furth we went
-
-  Devoutly, soft and esy pace, to see
-  Venus the goddes image, all of gold:
-  And there we founde a thousand on their knee,         570
-  Sum freshe and feire, som dedely to behold,
-  In sondry mantils new, and som were old,
-  Som painted were with flames rede as fire,
-  Outward to shew their inward hoot desire:
-
-  With dolefull chere, full fele in their complaint     575
-  Cried 'Lady Venus, rewe upon our sore!
-  Receive our billes, with teres all bedreint;
-  We may not wepe, there is no more in store;
-  But wo and pain us frettith more and more:
-  Thou +blisful planet, lovers sterre so shene,         580
-  Have rowth on us, that sigh and carefull been;
-
-  And ponish, Lady, grevously, we pray,
-  The false untrew with counterfet plesaunce,
-  That made their oth, be trew to live or dey,
-  With chere assured, and with countenaunce;            585
-  And falsly now thay foten loves daunce,
-  Barein of rewth, untrue of that they seid,
-  Now that their lust and plesire is alleyd.'
-
-  Yet eft again, a thousand milion,
-  Rejoysing, love, leding their life in blis:           590
-  They seid:--'Venus, redresse of all division,
-  Goddes eterne, thy name +y-heried is!
-  By loves bond is knit all thing, y-wis,
-  Best unto best, the erth to water wan,
-  Bird unto bird, and woman unto man;                   595
-
-  This is the lyfe of joye that we ben in,
-  Resembling lyfe of hevenly paradyse;
-  Love is exyler ay of vice and sin;
-  Love maketh hertes lusty to devyse;
-  Honour and grace have thay, in every wyse,            600
-  That been to loves law obedient;
-  Love makith folk benigne and diligent;
-
-  Ay stering theim to drede[n] vice and shame:
-  In their degree it maketh thaim honorable;
-  And swete it is of love [to] bere the name,           605
-  So that his love be feithfull, true, and stable:
-  Love prunith him, to semen amiable;
-  Love hath no faut, there it is exercysed,
-  But sole with theim that have all love dispised.
-
-  Honour to thee, celestiall and clere                  610
-  Goddes of love, and to thy celsitude,
-  That yevest us light so fer down from thy spere,
-  Persing our hertes with thy pulcritude!
-  Comparison non of similitude
-  May to thy grace be mad in no degree,                 615
-  That hast us set with love in unitee.
-
-  Gret cause have we to praise thy name and thee,
-  For [that] through thee we live in joye and blisse.
-  Blessed be thou, most souverain to see!
-  Thy holy court of gladness may not misse:             620
-  A thousand sith we may rejoise in this,
-  That we ben thyn with harte and all y-fere,
-  Enflamed with thy grace, and hevinly fere.'
-
-  Musing of tho that spakin in this wyse,
-  I me bethought in my rememb[e]raunce                  625
-  Myne orison right goodly to devyse,
-  And plesauntly, with hartes obeisaunce,
-  Beseech the goddes voiden my grevaunce;
-  For I loved eke, sauf that I wist nat where;
-  Yet down I set, and seid as ye shall here.            630
-
-  'Fairest of all that ever were or be!
-  +Lucerne and light to pensif creature!
-  Myn hole affiaunce, and my lady free,
-  My goddes bright, my fortune and my ure,
-  I yeve and yeld my hart to thee full sure,            635
-  Humbly beseching, lady, of thy grace
-  Me to bestowe into som blessed place.
-
-  And here I vow me feithfull, true, and kind,
-  Without offence of mutabilitee,
-  Humbly to serve, whyl I have wit and mind,            640
-  Myn hole affiaunce, and my lady free!
-  In thilke place, there ye me sign to be:
-  And, sith this thing of newe is yeve me, ay
-  To love and serve, needly must I obey.
-
-  Be merciable with thy fire of grace,                  645
-  And fix myne hert there bewtie is and routh,
-  For hote I love, determine in no place,
-  Sauf only this, by god and by my trouth,
-  Trowbled I was with slomber, slepe, and slouth
-  This other night, and in a visioun                    650
-  I sey a woman romen up and down,
-
-  Of mene stature, and seemly to behold,
-  Lusty and fresh, demure of countynaunce,
-  Yong and wel shap, with here [that] shoon as gold,
-  With yen as cristall, farced with plesaunce;          655
-  And she gan stir myne harte a lite to daunce;
-  But sodenly she vanissh gan right there:
-  Thus I may sey, I love and wot not where.
-
-  For what she is, ne her dwelling I not,
-  And yet I fele that love distraineth me:              660
-  Might ich her know, that wold I fain, god wot,
-  Serve and obey with all benignitee.
-  And if that other be my destinee,
-  So that no wyse I shall her never see,
-  Than graunt me her that best may lyken me,            665
-
-  With glad rejoyse to live in parfit hele,
-  Devoide of wrath, repent, or variaunce;
-  And able me to do that may be wele
-  Unto my lady, with hertes by plesaunce:
-  And, mighty goddes! through thy purviaunce            670
-  My wit, my thought, my lust and love so gyde,
-  That to thyne honour I may me provyde
-
-  To set myne herte in place there I may lyke,
-  And gladly serve with all affeccioun.
-  Gret is the pain which at myn hert doth stik.         675
-  Till I be sped by thyn eleccioun:
-  Help, lady goddes! that possessioun
-  I might of her have, that in all my lyfe
-  I clepen shall my quene and hertes wife.
-
-  And in the Court of Love to dwell for ay              680
-  My wille it is, and don thee sacrifice:
-  Daily with Diane eke to fight and fray,
-  And holden werre, as might well me suffice:
-  That goddes chaste I kepen in no wyse
-  To serve; a fig for all her chastitee!                685
-  Her lawe is for religiositee.'
-
-  And thus gan finish preyer, lawde, and preise,
-  Which that I yove to Venus on my knee,
-  And in myne hert to ponder and to peise,
-  I gave anon hir image fressh bewtie;                  690
-  'Heil to that figure sweet! and heil to thee,
-  Cupide,' quod I, and rose and yede my way;
-  And in the temple as I yede I sey
-
-  A shryne sormownting all in stones riche,
-  Of which the force was plesaunce to myn y,            695
-  With diamant or saphire; never liche
-  I have non seyn, ne wrought so wonderly.
-  So whan I met with Philobone, in hy
-  I gan demaund, 'Who[s] is this sepulture?'
-  'Forsoth,' quod she, 'a tender creature               700
-
-  Is shryned there, and Pite is her name.
-  She saw an egle wreke him on a fly,
-  And pluk his wing, and eke him, in his game,
-  And tender herte of that hath made her dy:
-  Eke she wold wepe, and morn right pitously            705
-  To seen a lover suffre gret destresse.
-  In all the court nas non that, as I gesse,
-
-  That coude a lover +half so well availe,
-  Ne of his wo the torment or the rage
-  +Aslaken, for he was sure, withouten faile,           710
-  That of his grief she coud the hete aswage.
-  In sted of Pite, spedeth hot corage
-  The maters all of court, now she is dede;
-  I me report in this to womanhede.
-
-  For weile and wepe, and crye, and speke, and pray,--  715
-  Women wold not have pite on thy plaint;
-  Ne by that mene to ese thyn hart convey,
-  But thee receiven for their own talent:
-  And sey, that Pite causith thee, in consent
-  Of rewth, to take thy service and thy pain            720
-  In that thow mayst, to plese thy souverain.
-
-  But this is councell, keep it secretly;'
-  Quod she, 'I nold, for all the world abowt,
-  The Quene of Love it wist; and wit ye why?
-  For if by me this matter springen out,                725
-  In court no lenger shuld I, owt of dowt,
-  Dwellen, but shame in all my life endry:
-  Now kepe it close,' quod she, 'this hardely.
-
-  Well, all is well! Now shall ye seen,' she seid,
-  'The feirest lady under son that is:                  730
-  Come on with me, demene you liche a maid,
-  With shamefast dred, for ye shall spede, y-wis,
-  With her that is the mir[th] and joy and blis:
-  But sumwhat straunge and sad of her demene
-  She is, be ware your countenaunce be sene,            735
-
-  Nor over light, ne recheless, ne to bold,
-  Ne malapert, ne rinning with your tong;
-  For she will you abeisen and behold,
-  And you demaund, why ye were hens so long
-  Out of this court, without resort among:              740
-  And Rosiall her name is hote aright,
-  Whose harte +as yet [is] yeven to no wight.
-
-  And ye also ben, as I understond,
-  With love but light avaunced, by your word;
-  Might ye, by hap, your fredom maken bond,             745
-  And fall in grace with her, and wele accord,
-  Well might ye thank the god of Love and lord;
-  For she that ye sawe in your dreme appere,
-  To love suche one, what are +ye than the nere?
-
-  Yit wot ye what? as my rememb[e]raunce                750
-  Me yevith now, ye fayn, where that ye sey
-  That ye with love had never acqueintaunce,
-  Sauf in your dreme right late this other day:
-  Why, yis, parde! my life, that durst I lay,
-  That ye were caught upon an heth, when I              755
-  Saw you complain, and sigh full pitously;
-
-  Within an erber, and a garden fair
-  With floures growe, and herbes vertuous,
-  Of which the savour swete was and the eyr,
-  There were your-self full hoot and amorous:           760
-  Y-wis, ye ben to nice and daungerous;
-  A! wold ye now repent, and love som new?'--
-  'Nay, by my trouth,' I seid, 'I never knew
-
-  The goodly wight, whos I shall be for ay:
-  Guyde me the lord that love hath made and me.'        765
-  But furth we went in-till a chambre gay,
-  There was Rosiall, womanly to see,
-  Whose stremes sotell-persing of her ee
-  Myn hart gan thrill for bewtie in the stound:
-  'Alas,' quod I, 'who hath me yeve this wound?'        770
-
-  And than I dred to speke, till at the last
-  I gret the lady reverently and wele,
-  Whan that my sigh was gon and over-past;
-  And down on knees full humbly gan I knele,
-  Beseching her my fervent wo to kele,                  775
-  For there I took full purpose in my mind,
-  Unto her grace my painfull hart to bind.
-
-  For if I shall all fully her discryve,
-  Her hede was round, by compace of nature,
-  Her here as gold,--she passed all on-lyve,--          780
-  And lily forhede had this creature,
-  With lovelich browes, flawe, of colour pure,
-  Bytwene the which was mene disseveraunce
-  From every brow, to shewe[n] a distaunce.
-
-  Her nose directed streight, and even as lyne,         785
-  With fourm and shap therto convenient,
-  In which the goddes milk-whyt path doth shine;
-  And eke her yen ben bright and orient
-  As is the smaragde, unto my juggement,
-  Or yet thise sterres hevenly, smale and bright;       790
-  Her visage is of lovely rede and whyte.
-
-  Her mouth is short, and shit in litell space,
-  Flaming somdele, not over-rede, I mene,
-  With pregnant lippes, and thik to kiss, percas;
-  (For lippes thin, not fat, but ever lene,             795
-  They serve of naught, they be not worth a bene;
-  For if the basse ben full, there is delyt,
-  Maximian truly thus doth he wryte.)
-
-  But to my purpose:--I sey, whyte as snow
-  Ben all her teeth, and in order thay stond            800
-  Of oon stature; and eke hir breth, I trow,
-  Surmounteth alle odours that ever I fond
-  In sweetnes; and her body, face, and hond
-  Ben sharply slender, so that from the hede
-  Unto the fote, all is but womanhede.                  805
-
-  I hold my pees of other thinges hid:--
-  Here shall my soul, and not my tong, bewray:--
-  But how she was arrayed, if ye me bid,
-  That shall I well discover you and say:
-  A bend of gold and silk, full fressh and gay;         810
-  With here in tresse[s], browdered full well,
-  Right smothly kept, and shyning every-del.
-
-  About her nek a flour of fressh devyse
-  With rubies set, that lusty were to sene;
-  And she in gown was, light and somer-wyse,            815
-  Shapen full wele, the colour was of grene,
-  With aureat seint about her sydes clene,
-  With dyvers stones, precious and riche:--
-  Thus was she rayed, yet saugh I never her liche.
-
-  For if that Jove had [but] this lady seyn,            820
-  Tho Calixto ne [yet] Alcmenia,
-  Thay never hadden in his armes leyn;
-  Ne he had loved the faire Europa;
-  Ye, ne yet Dane ne Antiopa!
-  For al their bewtie stood in Rosiall;                 825
-  She semed lich a thing celestiall
-
-  In bownte, favor, port, and semliness,
-  Plesaunt of figure, mirrour of delyt,
-  Gracious to sene, and rote of gentilness,
-  With angel visage, lusty rede and white:              830
-  There was not lak, sauf daunger had a lite
-  This goodly fressh in rule and governaunce;
-  And somdel straunge she was, for her plesaunce.
-
-  And truly sone I took my leve and went,
-  Whan she had me enquyred what I was;                  835
-  For more and more impressen gan the dent
-  Of Loves dart, whyl I beheld her face;
-  And eft again I com to seken grace,
-  And up I put my bill, with sentence clere
-  That folwith aftir; rede and ye shall here.           840
-
-  'O ye [the] fressh, of [all] bewtie the rote,
-  That nature hath fourmed so wele and made
-  Princesse and Quene! and ye that may do bote
-  Of all my langour with your wordes glad!
-  Ye wounded me, ye made me wo-bestad;                  845
-  Of grace redress my mortall +grief, as ye
-  Of all myne +harm the verrey causer be.
-
-  Now am I caught, and unwar sodenly,
-  With persant stremes of your yen clere,
-  Subject to ben, and serven you meekly,                850
-  And all your man, y-wis, my lady dere,
-  Abiding grace, of which I you requere,
-  That merciles ye cause me not to sterve;
-  But guerdon me, liche as I may deserve.
-
-  For, by my troth, the dayes of my breth               855
-  I am and will be youre in wille and hert,
-  Pacient and meek, for you to suffre deth
-  If it require; now rewe upon my smert;
-  And this I swere, I never shall out-stert
-  From Loves Court for none adversitee,                 860
-  So ye wold rewe on my distresse and me.
-
-  My destinee, +my fate, and ure I bliss,
-  That have me set to ben obedient
-  Only to you, the flour of all, y-wis:
-  I trust to Venus never to repent;                     865
-  For ever redy, glad, and diligent
-  Ye shall me finde in service to your grace,
-  Till deth my lyfe out of my body race.
-
-  Humble unto your excellence so digne,
-  Enforcing ay my wittes and delyt                      870
-  To serve and plese with glad herte and benigne,
-  And ben as Troilus, [old] Troyes knight,
-  Or Antony for Cleopatre bright,
-  And never you me thinkes to reney:
-  This shall I kepe unto myne ending-day.               875
-
-  Enprent my speche in your memorial
-  Sadly, my princess, salve of all my sore!
-  And think that, for I wold becomen thrall,
-  And ben your own, as I have seyd before,
-  Ye must of pity cherissh more and more                880
-  Your man, and tender aftir his desert,
-  And yive him corage for to ben expert.
-
-  For where that oon hath set his herte on fire,
-  And findeth nether refut ne plesaunce,
-  Ne word of comfort, deth will quyte his hire.         885
-  Allas! that there is none allegeaunce
-  Of all their wo! allas, the gret grevaunce
-  To love unloved! But ye, my Lady dere,
-  In other wyse may govern this matere.'
-
-  'Truly, gramercy, frend, of your good will,           890
-  And of your profer in your humble wyse!
-  But for your service, take and kepe it still.
-  And where ye say, I ought you well cheryse,
-  And of your gref the remedy devyse,
-  I know not why: I nam acqueinted well                 895
-  With you, ne wot not sothly where ye dwell.'
-
-  'In art of love +I wryte, and songes make,
-  That may be song in honour of the King
-  And Quene of Love; and than I undertake,
-  He that is sad shall than full mery sing.             900
-  And daunger[o]us not ben in every thing
-  Beseche I you, but seen my will and rede,
-  And let your aunswer put me out of drede.'
-
-  'What is your name? reherse it here, I pray,
-  Of whens and where, of what condicion                 905
-  That ye ben of? Let see, com of and say!
-  Fain wold I know your disposicion:--
-  Ye have put on your old entencion;
-  But what ye mene to serve me I noot,
-  Sauf that ye say ye love me wonder hoot.'             910
-
-  'My name? alas, my hert, why [make it straunge?]
-  Philogenet I cald am fer and nere,
-  Of Cambrige clerk, that never think to chaunge
-  Fro you that with your hevenly stremes clere
-  Ravissh myne herte and gost and all in-fere:          915
-  This is the first, I write my bill for grace,
-  Me think, I see som mercy in your face.
-
-  And what I mene, by god that al hath wrought,
-  My bill, that maketh finall mencion,
-  That ye ben, lady, in myne inward thought             920
-  Of all myne hert without offencion,
-  That I best love, and have, sith I begon
-  To draw to court. Lo, than! what might I say?
-  I yeld me here, [lo!] unto your nobley.
-
-  And if that I offend, or wilfully                     925
-  By pompe of hart your precept disobey,
-  Or doon again your will unskillfully,
-  Or greven you, for ernest or for play,
-  Correct ye me right sharply than, I pray,
-  As it is sene unto your womanhede,                    930
-  And rewe on me, or ellis I nam but dede.'
-
-  'Nay, god forbede to feffe you so with grace,
-  And for a worde of sugred eloquence,
-  To have compassion in so litell space!
-  Than were it tyme that som of us were hens!           935
-  Ye shall not find in me suche insolence.
-  Ay? what is this? may ye not suffer sight?
-  How may ye loke upon the candill-light,
-
-  That clere[r] is and hotter than myn y?
-  And yet ye seid, the bemes perse and frete:--         940
-  How shall ye than the candel-[l]ight endry?
-  For wel wot ye, that hath the sharper hete.
-  And there ye bid me you correct and bete,
-  If ye offend,--nay, that may not be doon:
-  There come but few that speden here so soon.          945
-
-  Withdraw your y, withdraw from presens eke:
-  Hurt not yourself, through foly, with a loke;
-  I wold be sory so to make you seke:
-  A woman shuld be ware eke whom she toke:
-  Ye beth a clark:--go serchen [in] my boke,            950
-  If any women ben so light to win:
-  Nay, byde a whyl, though ye were all my kin.
-
-  So soon ye may not win myne harte, in trouth
-  The gyse of court will seen your stedfastness,
-  And as ye don, to have upon you rewth.                955
-  Your own desert, and lowly gentilness,
-  That will reward you joy for heviness;
-  And though ye waxen pale, and grene and dede,
-  Ye must it use a while, withouten drede,
-
-  And it accept, and grucchen in no wyse;               960
-  But where as ye me hastily desyre
-  To been to love, me think, ye be not wyse.
-  Cese of your language! cese, I you requyre!
-  For he that hath this twenty yere ben here
-  May not obtayn; than marveile I that ye               965
-  Be now so bold, of love to trete with me.'
-
-  'Ah! mercy, hart, my lady and my love,
-  My rightwyse princesse and my lyves guyde!
-  Now may I playn to Venus all above,
-  That rewthles ye me +give these woundes wyde!         970
-  What have I don? why may it not betyde,
-  That for my trouth I may received be?
-  Alas! your daunger and your cruelte!
-
-  In wofull hour I got was, welaway!
-  In wofull hour [y-]fostred and y-fed,                 975
-  In wofull hour y-born, that I ne may
-  My supplicacion swetely have y-sped!
-  The frosty grave and cold must be my bedde,
-  Without ye list your grace and mercy shewe,
-  Deth with his axe so faste on me doth hewe.           980
-
-  So greet disese and in so litell whyle,
-  So litell joy, that felte I never yet;
-  And at my wo Fortune ginneth to smyle,
-  That never erst I felt so harde a fit:
-  Confounded ben my spirits and my wit,                 985
-  Till that my lady take me to her cure,
-  Which I love best of erthely creature.
-
-  But that I lyke, that may I not com by;
-  Of that I playn, that have I habondaunce;
-  Sorrow and thought, thay sit me wounder ny;           990
-  Me is withhold that might be my plesaunce:
-  Yet turne again, my worldly suffisaunce!
-  O lady bright! and save your feithfull true,
-  And, er I die, yet on[e]s upon me rewe.'
-
-  With that I fell in sounde, and dede as stone,        995
-  With colour slain, and wan as assh[es] pale;
-  And by the hand she caught me up anon,
-  'Aryse,' quod she, 'what? have ye dronken dwale?
-  Why slepen ye? it is no nightertale.'
-  'Now mercy, swete,' quod I, y-wis affrayed:          1000
-  'What thing,' quod she, 'hath mad you so dismayed?
-
-  Now wot I well that ye a lover be,
-  Your hewe is witnesse in this thing,' she seid:
-  'If ye were secret, [ye] might know,' quod she,
-  'Curteise and kind, all this shuld be allayed:       1005
-  And now, myn herte! all that I have misseid,
-  I shall amend, and set your harte in ese.'
-  'That word it is,' quod I, 'that doth me plese.'
-
-  'But this I charge, that ye the statuts kepe,
-  And breke thaim not for sloth nor ignoraunce.'       1010
-  With that she gan to smyle and laughen depe.
-  'Y-wis,' quod I, 'I will do your plesaunce;
-  The sixteenth statut doth me grete grevaunce,
-  But ye must that relesse or modifie.'
-  'I graunt,' quod she, 'and so I will truly.'         1015
-
-  And softly than her colour gan appeare,
-  As rose so rede, through-out her visage all,
-  Wherefore me think it is according here,
-  That she of right be cleped Rosiall.
-  Thus have I won, with wordes grate and small,        1020
-  Some goodly word of hir that I love best,
-  And trust she shall yit set myne harte in rest.
-
-    .    .    .    .    .    .
-
-  'Goth on,' she seid to Philobone, 'and take
-  This man with you, and lede him all abowt
-  Within the court, and shew him, for my sake,         1025
-  What lovers dwell withinne, and all the rowte
-  Of officers; for he is, out of dowte,
-  A straunger yit:'--'Come on,' quod Philobone,
-  'Philogenet, with me now must ye gon.'
-
-  And stalking soft with esy pace, I saw               1030
-  About the king [ther] stonden environ,
-  Attendaunce, Diligence, and their felaw
-  Fortherer, Esperaunce, and many oon;
-  Dred-to-offend there stood, and not aloon;
-  For there was eke the cruell adversair,              1035
-  The lovers fo, that cleped is Dispair,
-
-  Which unto me spak angrely and fell,
-  And said, my lady me deceiven shall:
-  'Trowest thow,' quod she, 'that all that she did tell,
-  Is true? Nay, nay, but under hony gall!              1040
-  Thy birth and +hers, [they] be nothing egall:
-  Cast of thyn hart, for all her wordes whyte,
-  For in good faith she lovith thee but a lyte.
-
-  And eek remember, thyn habilite
-  May not compare with hir, this well thow wot.'       1045
-  Ye, than cam Hope and said, 'My frend, let be!
-  Beleve him not: Dispair, he ginneth dote.'
-  'Alas,' quod I, 'here is both cold and hot:
-  The tone me biddeth love, the toder nay;
-  Thus wot I not what me is best to say.               1050
-
-  But well wot I, my lady graunted me,
-  Truly to be my woundes remedy;
-  Her gentilness may not infected be
-  With dobleness, thus trust I till I dy.'
-  So cast I void Dispaires company,                    1055
-  And taken Hope to councell and to frend.
-  'Ye, kepe that wele,' quod Philobone, 'in mind.'
-
-  And there besyde, within a bay-window,
-  Stood oon in grene, full large of brede and length,
-  His berd as blak as fethers of the crow;             1060
-  His name was Lust, of wounder might and strength;
-  And with Delyt to argue there he thenkth,
-  For this was all his [hool] opinion,
-  That love was sin! and so he hath begon
-
-  To reson fast, and legge auctorite:                  1065
-  'Nay,' quod Delyt, 'love is a vertue clere,
-  And from the soule his progress holdeth he:
-  Blind appetyt of lust doth often stere,
-  And that is sin: for reson lakketh there,
-  For thow [dost] think thy neighbours wyfe to win:    1070
-  Yit think it well that love may not be sin;
-
-  For god and seint, they love right verely,
-  Void of all sin and vice: this knowe I wele,
-  Affeccion of flessh is sin, truly;
-  But verray love is vertue, as I fele,                1075
-  For love may not thy freil desire akele:
-  For [verray] love is love withouten sin.'
-  'Now stint,' quoth Lust, 'thow spekest not worth a pin.'
-
-  And there I left thaim in their arguing,
-  Roming ferther in the castell wyde,                  1080
-  And in a corner Lier stood talking
-  Of lesings fast, with Flatery there besyde;
-  He seid that women were attire of pryde,
-  And men were founde of nature variaunt,
-  And coud be false, and shewen beau semblaunt.        1085
-
-  Than Flatery bespake and seid, y-wis:
-  'See, so she goth on patens faire and fete,
-  Hit doth right wele: what prety man is this
-  That rometh here? Now truly, drink ne mete
-  Nede I not have; myne hart for joye doth bete        1090
-  Him to behold, so is he goodly fressh:
-  It semeth for love his harte is tender nessh.'
-
-  This is the court of lusty folk and glad,
-  And wel becometh their habit and array:
-  O why be som so sorry and so sad,                    1095
-  Complaining thus in blak and whyte and gray?
-  Freres they ben, and monkes, in good fay:
-  Alas, for rewth! greet dole it is to seen,
-  To see thaim thus bewaile and sory been.
-
-  See how they cry and wring their handes whyte,       1100
-  For they so sone went to religion!
-  And eke the nonnes, with vaile and wimple plight,
-  There thought that they ben in confusion:
-  'Alas,' thay sayn, 'we fayn perfeccion,
-  In clothes wide, and lak our liberte;                1105
-  But all the sin mote on our frendes be.
-
-  For, Venus wot, we wold as fayn as ye,
-  That ben attired here and wel besene,
-  Desiren man, and love in our degree,
-  Ferme and feithfull, right as wold the quene:        1110
-  Our frendes wikke, in tender youth and grene,
-  Ayenst our will made us religious;
-  That is the cause we morne and wailen thus.'
-
-  Than seid the monks and freres in the tyde,
-  'Wel may we curse our abbeys and our place,          1115
-  Our statuts sharp, to sing in copes wyde,
-  Chastly to kepe us out of loves grace,
-  And never to fele comfort ne solace;
-  Yet suffre we the hete of loves fire,
-  And after than other haply we desire.                1120
-
-  O Fortune cursed, why now and wherefore
-  Hast thow,' they seid, 'beraft us liberte,
-  Sith nature yave us instrument in store,
-  And appetyt to love and lovers be?
-  Why mot we suffer suche adversite,                   1125
-  Diane to serve, and Venus to refuse?
-  Ful often sith this matier doth us muse.
-
-  We serve and honour, sore ayenst our will,
-  Of chastite the goddes and the quene;
-  Us leffer were with Venus byden still,               1130
-  And have reward for love, and soget been
-  Unto thise women courtly, fressh, and shene.
-  Fortune, we curse thy whele of variaunce!
-  There we were wele, thou revest our plesaunce.'
-
-  Thus leve I thaim, with voice of pleint and care,    1135
-  In raging wo crying ful pitously;
-  And as I yede, full naked and full bare
-  Some I behold, looking dispitously,
-  On poverte that dedely cast their y;
-  And 'Welaway!' they cried, and were not fain,        1140
-  For they ne might their glad desire attain.
-
-  For lak of richesse worldely and of +gode,
-  They banne and curse, and wepe, and sein, 'Alas,
-  That poverte hath us hent that whylom stode
-  At hartis ese, and free and in good case!            1145
-  But now we dar not shew our-self in place,
-  Ne us embolde to duelle in company,
-  There-as our hart wold love right faithfully.'
-
-  And yet againward shryked every nonne,
-  The prang of love so straineth thaim to cry:         1150
-  'Now wo the tyme,' quod thay, 'that we be boun!
-  This hateful ordre nyse will don us dy!
-  We sigh and sobbe, and bleden inwardly,
-  Freting our-self with thought and hard complaint,
-  That ney for love we waxen wode and faint.'          1155
-
-  And as I stood beholding here and there,
-  I was war of a sort full languisshing,
-  Savage and wild of loking and of chere,
-  Their mantels and their clothes ay tering;
-  And oft thay were of nature complaining,             1160
-  For they their members lakked, fote and hand,
-  With visage wry and blind, I understand.
-
-  They lakked shap, and beautie to preferre
-  Theim-self in love: and seid, that god and kind
-  Hath forged thaim to worshippen the sterre,          1165
-  Venus the bright, and leften all behind
-  His other werkes clene and out of mind:
-  'For other have their full shape and bewtee,
-  And we,' quod they, 'ben in deformite.'
-
-  And nye to thaim there was a company,                1170
-  That have the susters waried and misseid;
-  I mene, the three of fatall destine,
-  That be our +werdes; and sone, in a brayd,
-  Out gan they cry as they had been affrayd,
-  'We curse,' quod thay, 'that ever hath nature        1175
-  Y-formed us, this wofull lyfe t'endure!'
-
-  And there he was contrite, and gan repent,
-  Confessing hole the wound that Cithere
-  Hath with the dart of hot desire him sent,
-  And how that he to love must subjet be:              1180
-  Than held he all his skornes vanite,
-  And seid, that lovers lede a blisful lyfe,
-  Yong men and old, and widow, maid and wyfe.
-
-  'Bereve +me, goddesse,' quod he, '[of] thy might,
-  My skornes all and skoffes, that I have              1185
-  No power forth, to mokken any wight,
-  That in thy service dwell: for I did rave:
-  This know I well right now, so god me save,
-  And I shal be the chief post of thy feith,
-  And love uphold, the revers who-so seith.'           1190
-
-  Dissemble stood not fer from him in trouth,
-  With party mantill, party hood and hose;
-  And said, he had upon his lady rowth,
-  And thus he wound him in, and gan to glose
-  Of his entent full doble, I suppose:                 1195
-  And al the world, he seid, he loved it wele;
-  But ay, me thoughte, he loved her nere a dele.
-
-  Eek Shamefastness was there, as I took hede,
-  That blusshed rede, and durst nat ben a-knowe
-  She lover was, for thereof had she drede;            1200
-  She stood and hing her visage down alowe;
-  But suche a sight it was to sene, I trow,
-  +As of these roses rody on their stalk:
-  There cowd no wight her spy to speke or talk
-
-  In loves art, so gan she to abasshe,                 1205
-  Ne durst not utter all her privite:
-  Many a stripe and many a grevous lasshe
-  She gave to thaim that wolden loveres be,
-  And hindered sore the simpill comonalte,
-  That in no wyse durst grace and mercy crave;         1210
-  For were not she, they need but ask and have;
-
-  Where if they now approchin for to speke,
-  Than Shamefastness returnith thaim again:
-  Thay think, if +we our secret councell breke,
-  Our ladies will have scorn on us, certain,           1215
-  And [per]aventure thinken greet disdain:
-  Thus Shamefastness may bringin in Dispeir,
-  Whan she is dede, the toder will be heir.
-
-  Com forth, Avaunter! now I ring thy bell!
-  I spyed him sone; to god I make a-vowe,              1220
-  He loked blak as fendes doth in hell:--
-  'The first,' quod he, 'that ever [I] did +wowe,
-  Within a word she com, I wot not how,
-  So that in armes was my lady free;
-  And so hath ben a thousand mo than she.              1225
-
-  In Englond, Bretain, Spain, and Pycardie,
-  Arteys, and Fraunce, and up in hy Holand,
-  In Burgoyne, Naples, and [in] Italy,
-  Naverne, and Grece, and up in hethen land,
-  Was never woman yit that wold withstand              1230
-  To ben at myn commaundement, whan I wold:
-  I lakked neither silver, coin, ne gold.
-
-  And there I met with this estate and that;
-  And here I broched her, and here, I trow:
-  Lo! there goth oon of myne; and wot ye what?         1235
-  Yon fressh attired have I leyd full low;
-  And such oon yonder eke right well I know:
-  I kept the statut whan we lay y-fere;
-  And yet yon same hath made me right good chere.'
-
-  Thus hath Avaunter blowen every-where                1240
-  Al that he knowith, and more, a thousand-fold;
-  His auncetrye of kin was to Liere,
-  For firste he makith promise for to hold
-  His ladies councell, and it not unfold;
-  Wherfore, the secret when he doth unshit,            1245
-  Than lyeth he, that all the world may wit.
-
-  For falsing so his promise and behest,
-  I wounder sore he hath such fantasie;
-  He lakketh wit, I trowe, or is a best,
-  That can no bet him-self with reson gy.              1250
-  By myn advice, Love shal be contrarie
-  To his availe, and him eke dishonoure,
-  So that in court he shall no more sojoure.
-
-  'Take hede,' quod she, this litell Philobone,
-  'Where Envy rokketh in the corner yond,              1255
-  And sitteth dirk; and ye shall see anone
-  His lene bodie, fading face and hond;
-  Him-self he fretteth, as I understond;
-  Witnesse of Ovid Methamorphosose;
-  The lovers fo he is, I wil not glose.                1260
-
-  For where a lover thinketh him promote,
-  Envy will grucch, repyning at his wele;
-  Hit swelleth sore about his hartes rote,
-  That in no wyse he can not live in hele;
-  And if the feithfull to his lady stele,              1265
-  Envy will noise and ring it round aboute,
-  And sey moche worse than don is, out of dowte.'
-
-  And Prevy Thought, rejoysing of him-self,
-  Stood not fer thens in habit mervelous;
-  'Yon is,' thought [I], 'som spirit or some elf,      1270
-  His sotill image is so curious:
-  How is,' quod I, 'that he is shaded thus
-  With yonder cloth, I not of what colour?'
-  And nere I went, and gan to lere and pore,
-
-  And frayned him [a] question full hard.              1275
-  'What is,' quod I, 'the thing thou lovest best?
-  Or what is boot unto thy paines hard?
-  Me think, thow livest here in grete unrest;
-  Thow wandrest ay from south to est and west,
-  And est to north; as fer as I can see,               1280
-  There is no place in court may holden thee.
-
-  Whom folowest thow? where is thy harte y-set?
-  But my demaunde asoile, I thee require.'
-  'Me thought,' quod he, 'no creature may let
-  +Me to ben here, and where-as I desire:              1285
-  For where-as absence hath don out the fire,
-  My mery thought it kindleth yet again,
-  That bodily, me think, with my souverain
-
-  I stand and speke, and laugh, and kisse, and halse,
-  So that my thought comforteth me full oft:           1290
-  I think, god wot, though all the world be false,
-  I will be trewe; I think also how soft
-  My lady is in speche, and this on-loft
-  Bringeth myn hart +to joye and [greet] gladnesse;
-  This prevey thought alayeth myne hevinesse.          1295
-
-  And what I thinke, or where to be, no man
-  In all this erth can tell, y-wis, but I:
-  And eke there nis no swallow swift, ne swan
-  So wight of wing, ne half [so] yern can fly;
-  For I can been, and that right sodenly,              1300
-  In heven, in helle, in paradise, and here,
-  And with my lady, whan I will desire.
-
-  I am of councell ferre and wyde, I wot,
-  With lord and lady, and their previte
-  I wot it all; but be it cold or hot,                 1305
-  They shall not speke without licence of me,
-  I mene, in suche as sesonable be;
-  For first the thing is thought within the hert,
-  Ere any word out from the mouth astert.'
-
-  And with that word Thought bad farewell and yede:    1310
-  Eke furth went I to seen the courtes gyse:
-  And at the dore cam in, so god me spede,
-  +Twey courteours of age and of assyse
-  Liche high, and brode, and, as I me advyse,
-  The Golden Love, and Leden Love thay hight:          1315
-  The ton was sad, the toder glad and light.
-
-              [_Some stanzas lost._]
-
-  'Yis! draw your hart, with all your force and might,
-  To lustiness, and been as ye have seid;
-  And think that I no drop of favour hight,
-  Ne never had to your desire obeyd,                   1320
-  Till sodenly, me thought, me was affrayed,
-  To seen you wax so dede of countenaunce;
-  And Pite bad me don you some plasaunce.
-
-  Out of her shryne she roos from deth to lyve,
-  And in myne ere full prevely she spak,               1325
-  "Doth not your servaunt hens away to dryve,
-  Rosiall," quod she; and than myn harte [it] brak,
-  For tender +reuth: and where I found moch lak
-  In your persoune, +than I my-self bethought,
-  And seid, "This is the man myne harte hath sought."' 1330
-
-  'Gramercy, Pite! might I +but suffice
-  To yeve the lawde unto thy shryne of gold,
-  God wot, I wold; for sith that +thou did rise
-  From deth to lyve for me, I am behold
-  To +thanken you a thousand tymes told,               1335
-  And eke my lady Rosiall the shene,
-  Which hath in comfort set myn harte, I wene.
-
-  And here I make myn protestacion,
-  And depely swere, as [to] myn power, to been
-  Feithfull, devoid of variacion,                      1340
-  And her forbere in anger or in tene,
-  And serviceable to my worldes quene,
-  With al my reson and intelligence,
-  To don her honour high and reverence.'
-
-  I had not spoke so sone the word, but she,           1345
-  My souverain, did thank me hartily,
-  And seid, 'Abyde, ye shall dwell still with me
-  Till seson come of May; for than, truly,
-  The King of Love and all his company
-  Shall hold his fest full ryally and well:'           1350
-  And there I bode till that the seson fell.
-
-    .    .    .    .    .    .
-
-  On May-day, whan the lark began to ryse,
-  To matens went the lusty nightingale
-  Within a temple shapen hawthorn-wise;
-  He might not slepe in all the nightertale,           1355
-  But '_Domine labia_,' gan he crye and gale,
-  'My lippes open, Lord of Love, I crye,
-  And let my mouth thy preising now bewrye.'
-
-  The eagle sang '_Venite_, bodies all,
-  And let us joye to love that is our helth.'          1360
-  And to the deske anon they gan to fall,
-  And who come late, he pressed in by stelth:
-  Than seid the fawcon, our own hartis welth,
-  '_Domine, Dominus noster_, I wot,
-  Ye be the god that don us bren thus hot.'            1365
-
-  '_Celi enarrant_,' said the popingay,
-  'Your might is told in heven and firmament.'
-  And than came in the goldfinch fresh and gay,
-  And said this psalm with hertly glad intent,
-  '_Domini est terra_; this Laten intent,              1370
-  The god of Love hath erth in governaunce:'
-  And than the wren gan skippen and to daunce.
-
-  '_Jube, Domine_, Lord of Love, I pray
-  Commaund me well this lesson for to rede;
-  This legend is of all that wolden dey                1375
-  Marters for love; god yive the sowles spede!
-  And to thee, Venus, +sing we, out of drede,
-  By influence of all thy vertue grete,
-  Beseching thee to kepe us in our hete.'
-
-  The second lesson robin redebrest sang,              1380
-  'Hail to the god and goddess of our lay!'
-  And to the lectorn +amorously he sprang:--
-  'Hail,' quod [he] eke, 'O fresh seson of May,
-  Our moneth glad that singen on the spray!
-  Hail to the floures, rede, and whyte, and blewe,     1385
-  Which by their vertue make our lustes newe!'
-
-  The thrid lesson the turtill-dove took up,
-  And therat lough the mavis [as] in scorn:
-  He said, 'O god, as mot I dyne or sup,
-  This folissh dove will give us all an horn!          1390
-  There been right here a thousand better born,
-  To rede this lesson, which, as well as he,
-  And eke as hot, can love in all degree.'
-
-  The turtill-dove said, 'Welcom, welcom, May,
-  Gladsom and light to loveres that ben trewe!         1395
-  I thank thee, Lord of Love, that doth purvey
-  For me to rede this lesson all of dewe;
-  For, in gode sooth, of corage I +pursue
-  To serve my make till deth us must depart:'
-  And than '_Tu autem_' sang he all apart.             1400
-
-  '_Te deum amoris_' sang the thrustell-cok:
-  Tuball him-self, the first musician,
-  With key of armony coude not unlok
-  So swete [a] tewne as that the thrustill can:
-  'The Lord of Love we praisen,' quod he than,         1405
-  'And so don all the fowles, grete and lyte;
-  Honour we May, in fals lovers dispyte.'
-
-  '_Dominus regnavit_,' seid the pecok there,
-  'The Lord of Love, that mighty prince, y-wis,
-  He hath received her[e] and every-where:             1410
-  Now _Jubilate_ +sing:'--'What meneth this?'
-  Seid than the linet; 'welcom, Lord of blisse!'
-  Out-stert the owl with '_Benedicite_,
-  What meneth al this mery fare?' quod he.
-
-  '_Laudate_,' sang the lark with voice full shrill;   1415
-  And eke the kite, '_O admirabile_;
-  This quere will throgh myne eris pers and thrill;
-  But what? welcom this May seson,' quod he;
-  'And honour to the Lord of Love mot be,
-  That hath this feest so solemn and so high:'         1420
-  '_Amen_,' seid all; and so seid eke the pye.
-
-  And furth the cokkow gan procede anon,
-  With '_Benedictus_' thanking god in hast,
-  That in this May wold visite thaim echon,
-  And gladden thaim all whyl the fest shall last:      1425
-  And therewithall a-loughter out he brast,
-  'I thank it god that I shuld end the song,
-  And all the service which hath been so long.'
-
-  Thus sang thay all the service of the fest,
-  And that was don right erly, to my dome;             1430
-  And furth goth all the Court, both most and lest,
-  To feche the floures fressh, and braunche and blome;
-  And namly, hawthorn brought both page and grome.
-  With fressh garlandes, partie blewe and whyte,
-  And thaim rejoysen in their greet delyt.             1435
-
-  Eke eche at other threw the floures bright,
-  The prymerose, the violet, the gold;
-  So than, as I beheld the ryall sight,
-  My lady gan me sodenly behold,
-  And with a trew-love, plited many-fold,              1440
-  She smoot me through the [very] hert as blyve;
-  And Venus yet I thanke I am alyve.
-
-_From_ MS. Trin. R. 3. 19, fol. 128; _collated with the print of the same
-in_ (S.) Stowe's _edition_ (1561). _I note some rejected readings of the_
-MS. 1. tym_er_os; tremlyng. 3. poort. 4. none. 9. matere. 10. Poemys;
-Virgile. 11. Galfride. 15. termys. 17. honoure. 18. wille; S. wil. 19, 20,
-23. thowe. 24. the; anone. 25. miste.
-
-28. litill. 29. courte. 30. bene. 31. beseche. 32. whate; nede. 34. woo.
-35. soo. 36. myne. 39. kynde. 41. pleasure. 48. courte. 49. mounte. 51.
-maiestie. 52. sonne. 53. Cupyde; blynde; dignyte. 54. theire kne. 55.
-bidde; S. bid. in (_read_ on). to pere (_read_ tapere). 56. Marcury. 57.
-be; S. by. ferre. 58. whate; that it drewe (_read_ to it drew). 59. courte.
-60. se (_read_ sey). 61. knewe. 62. courte; nye. 63. full_e_ faste; hie.
-
-64. overtoke; seide. 65. Haile; wende. 66. Forsothe; one; mayde. 67. courte
-nowe goo. 71. withynne. 74. behelde. 76. bespredde. 77. stone; S. stones.
-werke. 79. thanne; emerawde. 80. Bales turkes. 82. bene. 83. shone; pease.
-84. trespace; tweyne. 86. founde; faste. 87. harte. 88. maste. 89. gynith;
-S. ginneth. 90. please. 94. whate. 97. discrive; S. descrie. 98. sawe;
-none. 100. Withynne; oute.
-
-102. sawe; verely. 103. whate; deyses; signifie. 104. floure. 105. yit; S.
-it. kepte; soioure. 108. obeide. 111, 117. theire. 112. whate; cowde. 113.
-nere (_twice_). 116. silke. 119. Helise. 121. beseen. 123. theire; sawe;
-twayn. 124. frett; payne. 125. drynke. 126. ryaltie; S. rialtee. 128. bene.
-129. nere. 130. disdeyne. 132. _I supply_ non. 133. ye; S. eye. 134. stode.
-136. shapyn liche; darte. 137. Sherpe. 138. shone.
-
-139. Disshivill crispe downe. 140. southly; spake. 141. the; faire. 143.
-weneth (S. w[=o]neth). howe; eyre. 144. Grete; crafte; grete; delite. 146.
-occupie. 147. Cithare; nowe swete. 148. spake. 149. worde; harde. 150.
-myne; aduerte. 151. witte; harde. 152. bewtie; ferde. 154. Whenne. 155.
-whate. 157. sone. 162. howe; whate. 163. come; whate. 164. sene; Courte.
-166. aske; grete. 167. none; come; courte. 171. Mercurius (_see_ l. 56).
-172. gentill feire; nowe. 173. whate thowe; S. what tho (i.e. then). 174.
-youre fre wille. 175. dide; wille.
-
-176. reigne. 177. ease. ioylof; S. ialous (_read_ iolif). 178. Youre
-dewtie; ferre; canne. 179. courte; youre. 181. knowe. 182. whanne youre
-fote; spanne. 183. be (_for_ by); wilfull. 184. kepte youre. 185. youre
-(_often_). 186. motte. 188. S. Amidde the sea. rayne. 189. That(!); S.
-Then. payne. 190. suche; absente. 191. courte. 192. sone. 193. wille; youre
-coloure. 194. most bayte. 195. agoone. 196. drawe; Courte. 197. se howe
-rowhe (S. rough). 198. shewe; se. 199. myne; knele downe; aske. 201. welle;
-wolle none. 202. Comforte; none; councell; youre ease. 203. wille; thanne.
-204. Iche. 207. please howe. 208. myne owen. 209. sprite.
-
-211. the; S. that. 212. worche. 214. benigne harte. 215. myghtes (_read_
-might is). 216. lyste; correcte. 217. punyssh; enfecte. 221. gode; founde.
-222. grounde. 223. cupide. 225. behild; S. behelde. 226. Seyng. 227. folke;
-wild (S. welde). 228. Theire; wele; case. 229. shone; wyndowes; glasse.
-230. feire. 231. fressh. 232. bewtie. 235. penytyng (!). 237. aboute. 238.
-howe; feale. 239. stonyed; S. astonied. 240. thoo folke. 241. hade. 244,
-245. theire. 246. To (!); _read_ Lo; folke; blewe. 247. coloure.
-
-248. signe. 249. southly. 250. calle. 251. bene. 252. ferre; sherpe. 253.
-whate done. 254. hermytes. 256. theire woo. 257. goo 258. Frely; suche
-libertie. 259. eche. 260. none. 261. made. 262. courte; fre; euerichone.
-263. wille. 264. arraye. 265. mekely. 266. theire harte. 267. aboute. 268.
-se; come; high (S. hie). 269. co_m_maunde. 270. -oute; courte; crye. 271.
-newe; wote; whye. 272. luste; youe sone. 273. Come nere; se; wille mote
-nede; done. 275. Tremelyng (S. Trembling); hewe. 277. unto the tyme (_om._
-the); knewe. 278. yove (S. yeue); trewe. 279. laste. 280. sterne; whate.
-281. ferre. 282. courte.
-
-284. coude; espye. 285. myne; eny; myne ye. 286. gane. 287. nowe; submytte.
-289. thowe; trewe. 290. seruen(!); thyne. 291. thanne. 292. Thowe shalte.
-293. owe youre crowne. 295. sene; euerychone. 296. hie. 297. oure; shewe;
-one by one. 298. statutis; courte. 299. boke; leide; her (S. their); ye.
-300. se whate; most. 301. courte. 302. redde. 303. statutis; courte; halle.
-304. firste statute. 307. kynde. 308. coude thynke; harte; wille; mynde.
-309. secunde statute secretely. 311. knowe; and (_read_ or). 312. sowne.
-315. kynde. 316. thridde statute. 317. _om._ the (_supplied in_ S.). 318.
-None; woo.
-
-319. brynde delite. 320. Withoute. 323. statute. 324. folke; fire. 325.
-aboute. 326. hote desire. 327. howe. 328. kepte; displease. 329. ease. 330.
-statute. 332. squymouse. 333. veryeuly (S. verely); statute. 335. crueltie.
-336. harte exilyn. 337. statute. 339. bewtie. 340. thinke; _I supply_ it.
-341. thynke. 342. Howe. 343. woo. 344. statute. 347. helden (_sic_). 348.
-othe. 350. And shewing (_om._ And). 351. statute. 353. hourely laboure;
-grete attendaunce (S. entte_n_daunce). 354. harte entier.
-
-356. fire; S. faire. 357. debonayre. 358. statute. 361. displease. 363.
-mekely; yerde. 365. statute; discerne. 367. thynke; arte; yerne. 373. thyne
-harte. 374. disdayne. 375. the. 376. yf (S. giue); reyne. 377. libertie.
-378. ellis. 379. statute. knowe (_read_ con). 380. Ie (_for_ y). 381. lowe;
-kowigh (_for_ cough). 382. ofte. 383. bring vp (_om._ vp). 384. moche
-resorte. 385. sporte. 386. statute. 387. payne; haste. 389. thou _or_ thon
-(S. the_n_); thynke; goo. 392. bette.
-
-393. statute. 394. Whate; please. 395. thyne hartes. 396. think; _I supply_
-it; thyne ease. 397. sent (_read_ send); harte pease (_read_ herte apese).
-398. letre; devise. 400. statute; shalte. 401. Formely; parte. 402. Wisshe.
-403. thy nyghtes hart_es_ wife (_om._ nyghtes). 405. whanne. 406. merely.
-408. statute. 409. frende. 410. thynke. 411. shuld. 412. beste. 413. semyth
-(S. semth). 414. thinke; fayre. 415. Cowde. 416. thinke; wykked (_read_
-wikke); appaier. 417. Sklaunderyng; estate. 418. debate. 419. fawte; thyne
-ye. 421. statute. 422. counterfete. 423. honoure; -whare. 424. _I supply_
-for her; boldely. 425. gode; gostely. 426. harte.
-
-428. Agayne; plesire. 429. wille. 430. shalte thowe. 431. crowe. 432.
-whate; the wille forbidde. 433. Eschewe; souerentie. 434. Hir appetide
-felawe (_sic_; S. appetite folowe). 435. statute. 436. please. 437. morowe.
-438. drynke; thyne ease. 439. thyne; dyssease. 440. wynne; alle. 441.
-courte; shalle. 442. fewe thynke; statute. 443. reason. 445. please; ofte.
-446. none othe; statute. 448. Nowe; garlant; folke. 449. (_From this point,
-I cease to give minute corrections of spelling, such as are given above._)
-451. fel (_read_ ful). 452. delite. 455. hard; statute redde. 458. fonne.
-460. In the remembraunce (I _omit_ the). 461. And (_read_ As).
-
-466. It (_read_ Yit). 468. gam; S. game. 469. bidde (_read_ bit). 470.
-holy. 471. please. 476. mastresse. 481. but(!); _read_ been. 483. the (_for
-1st_ they; S. thei). 490. be (_for_ by). MS. savioure(!); S. soueraine.
-492. hartes. 495. MS. revowe; S. renewe; _I supply_ all. 497. made. 499.
-sene(!). 500. wonne; S. won. be (_for_ by).
-
-508. cherely (S. clerely); shone. 510. they (_read_ ye). 517. herkyn. 518.
-othe; made. 519. loues (!); S. leaues. 523. bene. 524. statute (_read_
-statuts; _see_ 520). 525. hie. 526. kepten ben. 527. ecchone. 528. owen.
-531. youe; S. yeue. 534. guyse. 535. thengene.
-
-541. be (_for_ by). 542. sugre. 543. hart. 547. youen; S. yeuen. 548. Or;
-S. Of. yove; S. yeue. 551. widue; S. widowe. 552. Or (!); S. For. 554.
-guyde. 556. Cithera. 557. _I supply_ the; enfluence. 559. ladis (S.
-ladies); please. 560. hart; ease. 561. prayer (_for_ pray her). 563. hart.
-565. filicite. 574. hote. 575. feele; S. fele.
-
-579. woo. 580. blessedfull; S. blissedful. 581. bene. 582. ponysshe. 583.
-counterfete. 584. dye; S. deie. 587. Baron (_read_ Barein); S. Barain. 588.
-alleide. 590. blisse. 592. eternel (_read_ eterne); I-hired (_read_
-y-heried). 594. wanne. 595. woman vnto woman (!); S. woman unto man. 599,
-613. hartes. 605. _I supply_ to. 608. faute; excercised. 611. celcitude.
-614. Compersion; S. Comparison. 615. made.
-
-618. _I supply_ that. 626. godely. 628. Beseche. 632. Lucorne; S. Liquor
-(!). 634. vse (!); S. vre. 635. harte. 637. blissed; S. blessed. 643. yove
-(S. yeue); to me (S. me aie, _which seems better_). 644. and nedely most
-(_om._ and). 648. be (_for 1st_ by). 650. vision. 651. se (_read_ sey).
-654. _I supply_ that; shone. 655. fercid.
-
-663. by; S. be. 669. hartes hie. 671. guyde. 673. harte. 674. affeccion.
-675. hart; styke. 679. hart_es_. 682. for to (_om._ for). 684. in kepen
-(!); S. I kepen. 687. preice. 689. harte; peice.
-
-695. ye. 697. wounderly. 698. hie. 699. Who; _read_ Whos. 704. harte. 705.
-piteously; S. pitously. 708. haue (!); _read_ half. 710. Asslike_n_ (_read_
-Aslaken); S. Asken (!). 711. gryfe; S. grief. 714. womanhode (!). 717.
-meane; ease. 718. owen. 721. please. 724. witte. 725. spryngen (_sic_).
-726. dowte. 729. sene. 730. sonne.
-
-731. demeane. 732. spede; S. speke (_a needless alteration_). 733. MS. mir
-and ioye and blisse; S. mirrour ioye and blisse. 738. abeisen. 740.
-withouten. 742. is (_read_ as); _supply_ is; youen (S. yeuon). 745. be; S.
-by. 747. think; S. thanke. 749. the (= �e, _error for_ ye); S. thei (!).
-751. fayne. 755. opon. 756. piteously; S. pitously. 757. faier. 758.
-vertuse (_sic_). 759. heire (!). 760. ote (!); S. hote. 764. godely; whoes.
-
-768. ye (_read_ ee). 769. harte. 770. you (!); S. yeue. 772. grete. 776.
-toke. 777. harte. 781. lylly. 782. loueliessh (!); S. liuelishe. flawe
-(_for_ flave). 794. prengnaunte. 800. stand. 801. one. 802. oders (!); S.
-odours; found. 803. switnesse; S. swetenesse.
-
-806. pease; hidde. 807. bewry; S. bewraie. 808. bidde. 811. her intresse
-(_read_ here in tresses). 812. kepte (_perhaps for_ kempt). 820. _I supply_
-but. 821. _I supply_ yet. MS. alcenia (!). 823. eurosa (!). 825. stode.
-828. delite. 832. godely. 834. toke. 840. folowith. 841. _I supply_ the
-_and_ all. 843. I (!); S. ye.
-
-846. give (!); _read_ grief. 847. harte (!); _read_ harm. 850. mekely. 852.
-require (!). 856. harte. 857. meke. 862. and me (S. me); _read_ my. 868.
-rase. 870. delite. 871. please; harte. 872. _I supply_ old. 874. thynkes
-(_sic_). 876. Eprent (_for_ E_n_prent). 878. becom_m_en. 879. owyn; S.
-owne. 880. most. 882. yf (= yif); S. giue.
-
-883. one; harte. 884. refute. 886. allegaunce (!). 890. gode wille. 893.
-cheryssh. 894. gref. 896. southly. 897. and (!); _read_ I. 902. sene
-(_sic_). 908. vppon; _read_ on. 909. nete (_error for_ note = noot). 910.
-hete (_error for_ hote = hoot). 911. hart why (_rest of line blank; I
-supply_ make it straunge). 914. For (!); S. Fro. 915. harte. 918. goddes
-(S. gods); _read_ god.
-
-921. harte. 922. beganne. 924. _I supply_ lo; nobly (S. nobleye). 927. done
-(_sic_). 928. growen (_sic_); S. greuen. 939. clere; hatter (S. hotter);
-ye. 944, 945. done, sone. 946. ye. 948. syke; _read_ seke. 950. serchynne;
-_read_ serchen in. 951. wynne. 952. abide (_read_ byde); thowe; kynne. 954.
-guyse. 955. rewth. 956. owen; lawly. 958. thowe. 959. most.
-
-963. Cease (_twice_). 965. optayne. 968. rightwose (!). 970. ye may gise
-(_or_ gife) this wounder wide (_no sense_). 973. Alas thanne youre (_om._
-thanne); crueltie. 974. gote. 975. fostered and Ifedde. 977. Ispedde. 984.
-arst. 985. spritis. 993. sauf. 994. ar (_for_ er).
-
-998. Aryse anon quod (_om._ anon). 999. nytirtale. 1001. made. 1004. _I
-supply_ ye. 1006. myne harte. 1007. harte; ease. 1008. please. 1009.
-steutes (!); _error for_ statuts. 1014. most. 1018. thynke that it (_I
-omit_ that). 1021. godely. 1023. phelobone. 1027. officers him shewe for
-(_om._ him shewe). 1030. easy pase. 1031. _I supply_ ther.
-
-1032. felowe. 1033. asperaunce. 1034. stode. 1035. adu_er_sary (!). 1036.
-displesire (!); _for_ Despair (_see_ l. 1047). 1038. dysseyuene (!); _error
-for_ dysseyuen. 1039. Throwest (!); S. Trowest. 1041. his (!); _read_ hers;
-_I supply_ they. 1043. gode; louith. 1048. hote. 1054. dye. 1059. Stode
-one. 1062. thynketh; S. thinkth. 1063. _I supply_ hool. 1064. synne;
-begonne. 1065. reason. 1066. delite.
-
-1068. appityde (!); stirre (S. stere). 1069. synne; reason. 1070. _I
-supply_ dost; do wyn (_read_ to win). 1071. synne. 1072. verely. 1073.
-synne; vise. 1074. synne. 1076. For verray loue may not thy freyle desire
-akkele (_too long_). 1077. _I supply_ verray; synne. 1078. pynne. 1081.
-stode. 1083. woman (!). 1085. beawe. 1089. her; S. here. 1091. godely.
-1094. abite. 1097. gode. 1098. sene. 1099. bene.
-
-1106. synne. 1108. hire (!); S. here. 1114. monke; _read_ monks. 1115.
-course (S. curse); abbes. 1120. aftir than other happly. 1122. libartie.
-1124. appetide (!). 1127. matiers (!). 1134. revist. 1136. woo; petiously.
-1138. beholde (_perhaps read_ beheld); dispiteously. 1139. ye.
-
-1142. gold (!); _read_ gode _or_ good. 1145. eas; gode. 1146. _Not in the_
-MS.; _supplied by_ Stowe. 1150. prange (_and so in_ S.). 1151. woo; boune.
-1152. dye. 1156. stode. 1157. ware. 1159. mantaylles. 1161. there; S.
-their. 1168. shappe; bewtie. 1173. wordes (!). 1176. to endure. 1177.
-_Sic._ 1179. sent; _perhaps read_ shent.
-
-1182. blissed full (!). 1183. widue. 1184. my (_read_ me); _I supply_ of.
-1186. forth (S. for). 1187. ded (_for_ did). 1189. Chife. 1192. hode. 1198.
-toke. 1199. blasshed (_for_ blusshed); darst (_for_ durst). 1203. And (!);
-_read_ As. 1205. harte (!); _for_ art. 1206. previte. 1208. gaven (!).
-1209. co_mo_naltie. 1211. nede. 1214. thay (_read_ we); secrites (!). 1215.
-ladys; certen. 1216. _I supply_ per-. 1217, 1218. bryngyn; dispeire; heire.
-
-1222. firste; _I supply_ I; ded vowe. 1228. _I supply_ in. 1229. lond.
-1230. withstond. 1233. the (!); S. this. 1235. goith one; wotte; whate.
-1236. Yonne. 1237. one. 1242. kynne; lier. 1244. ladys. 1245. vnshitte.
-1246. That leith; S. Than lieth; witte. 1248. fantasie. 1250. canne; bette;
-reason guy. 1251. Be (_for_ By). 1253. soiorne (!); S. soioure. 1255.
-rokketh (_perhaps read_ rouketh); Cornor (!).
-
-1259. methamorphosees; S. Methamorphosose. 1260. foo; gloose. 1263. hartes.
-1269. Stode; ferre; abite. 1270. Yonne; _I supply_ I; sprite. 1271.
-corious; S. curious. 1275. _I supply_ a. 1277. bote. 1280. ferre; canne.
-1285. Nowe; _read_ Me. 1287. kyndelith. 1288. bodely. 1294. from (!);
-_read_ to; _I supply_ greet.
-
-1299. _I supply_ so. 1302. laday (!); S. lady. 1305. hoote or cold. 1306.
-withouten. 1307, 1308. harte, astarte. 1311. sene; cortis guyse. 1313.
-Twenty (!); _read_ Twey. 1316. The tone. 1320. vnto; _read_ to. 1322. sene.
-1323. pleasaunce. 1324. shyne (S. shrine); rose. 1325. eke (!); S. eare.
-1327. _I supply_ it; blak (_for_ brak). 1328. reiche (_read_ reuth). 1329.
-and I me; _read_ than I myself.
-
-1331. not (!); _read_ but. 1333. she (_sic_); _read_ thou. 1335. taken (!);
-S. thanken. 1339. _I supply_ to. 1341. heree (!); _for_ her. 1343. reason.
-1348, 1351. season. 1358. bewreye; S. bewrye. 1362. preced. 1363. oure
-owen. 1365. brenne; hote.
-
-1366. Cely enarant. 1369. thus (!; S. this); hartily. 1375. dye. 1376. yf
-(_for_ yive). 1377. signe (!). 1382. amoryly (!); sprong. 1383. _I supply_
-he. 1384. _Sic._ 1386. maketh; _read_ make. 1387. toke. 1388. _I supply_
-as. 1389. mut; dyene; suppe. 1390. gife. 1398. south; purpose (!); _read_
-pursue. 1399. most. 1400. tue (!). 1403. on-lok. 1404. _I supply_ a.
-
-1406. light; _read_ lyte. 1411. sang (!); _read_ sing. 1412. lynette. 1416.
-ki[gh]t; S. kight. 1417. throwe. 1418. season. 1420. solempne. 1425. lest.
-1431. goith. 1432. bleme (!). 1434. garlantis. 1435. reioyson; theire grete
-delite. 1441. smote; thrugh; _I supply_ very; harte.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XXV. VIRELAI.
-
-  Alone walking, In thought pleyning,
-  And sore sighing, All desolate,
-  Me remembring Of my living,
-  My deth wishing Bothe erly and late.
-
-  Infortunate Is so my fate                               5
-  That, wote ye what? Out of mesure
-  My lyf I hate Thus desperate;
-  In pore estate Do I endure.
-
-  Of other cure Am I nat sure,
-  Thus to endure Is hard, certain;                       10
-  Such is my ure, I yow ensure;
-  What creature May have more pain?
-
-  My trouth so pleyn Is take in veyn,
-  And gret disdeyn In remembraunce;
-  Yet I full feyn Wold me compleyn                       15
-  Me to absteyn From this penaunce.
-
-  But in substaunce Noon allegeaunce
-  Of my grevaunce Can I nat finde;
-  Right so my chaunce With displesaunce
-  Doth me avaunce; And thus an ende.                     20
-
-              _Explicit._
-
-_From_ Trin. (Trin. Coll. Cam. R. 3. 19); _collated with_ S. (Stowe's ed.
-1561). 4. S. death. Trin. wyssyng; S. wishyng. S. early. 5. Trin. soo; S.
-so. 6. Trin. whate Oute. S. measure. 7. Trin. lyfe; S. life. 8. Trin. In
-suche pore (I _omit_ suche). S. Doe. 9. S. not. 12. S. Maie. 13. S. truthe;
-plain; vain. 14. S. greate disdain. 15. Trin. feyne; S. faine. S. Would.
-Trin. co_m_pleyne; S. co_m_plaine. 16. Trin. absteyne; S. abstaine. 17. S.
-None. 18. S. not. 20. S. Doeth.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XXVI. PROSPERITY.
-
-  Richt as povert causith sobirnes,
-  And febilnes enforcith contenence,
-  Richt so prosperitee and gret riches
-  The moder is of vice and negligence;
-  And powere also causith insolence;                      5
-  And honour oftsiss chaungith gude thewis;
-  Thare is no more perilous pestilence
-  Than hie estate geven unto schrewis.
-                    Quod Chaucere.
-
-XXVI. _From_ MS. Arch. Seld. B. 24, fol. 119; _I give rejected spellings_.
-3. Ry_ch_t; grete. 7. p_er_ilouss.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XXVII. LEAULTE VAULT RICHESSE.
-
-  This warldly joy is only fantasy,
-  Of quhich non erdly wicht can be content;
-  Quho most has wit, lest suld in it affy,
-  Quho taistis it most, most sall him repent;
-  Quhat valis all this richess and this rent,             5
-  Sen no man wat quho sall his tresour have?
-  Presume nocht gevin that god has don but lent,
-  Within schort tyme the quhiche he thinkis to crave.
-
-          _Leaulte vault richesse._
-
-XXVII. _From_ MS. Arch. Seld. B. 24, fol. 138; _I give rejected spellings_.
-1. Ioy; onely. 3. leste. 6. wate. 7. done. 9. richess.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XXVIII. SAYINGS PRINTED BY CAXTON.
-
-  1. Whan feyth failleth in prestes sawes,
-  And lordes hestes ar holden for lawes,
-  And robbery is holden purchas,
-  And lechery is holden solas,
-  Than shal the lond of Albyon                            5
-  Be brought to grete confusioun.
-
-  2. Hit falleth for every gentilman
-  To saye the best that he can
-  In [every] mannes absence,
-  And the soth in his presence.                          10
-
-  3. Hit cometh by kynde of gentil blode
-  To cast away al hevines,
-  And gadre to-gidre wordes good;
-  The werk of wisdom berith witnes.
-
-          _Et sic est finis._
-
-XXVIII. _From_ Caxton's print of Chaucer's Anelida, &c.; see vol. i. p. 46.
-Also in ed. 1542, in later spelling.
-
-7. Cx. euery. 9. _I supply_ every. 12. Cx. heuynes. 14. Cx. wisedom.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-XXIX. BALADE IN PRAISE OF CHAUCER.
-
-  Master Geffray Chauser, that now lyth in grave,
-  The nobyll rethoricien, and poet of Gret Bretayne,
-  That worthy was the lawrer of poetry have
-  For thys hys labour, and the palme attayne;
-  Whych furst made to dystyll and reyne                   5
-  The gold dew-dropys of speche and eloquence
-  In-to Englyssh tong, thorow hys excellence.
-
-              _Explicit._
-
-XXIX. _From_ MS. Trin. R. 3. 19, fol. 25; _also in_ Stowe (ed. 1561). 1.
-MS. Chaus_er_s; Stowe, Chauser. 2. Rethoricion (!). 6. elloquence.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-NOTES.
-
-Sec. I. THE TESTAMENT OF LOVE.
-
-The text is from Thynne's first edition (1532); the later reprints are of
-inferior value. No MS. of this piece is known. Rejected spellings are given
-at the bottom of each page. Conjectural emendations are marked by a
-prefixed obelus (+). In many places, words or letters are supplied, within
-square brackets, to complete or improve the sense. For further discussion
-of this piece, see the Introduction.
-
-BOOK I.
-
-PROLOGUE. 1. The initial letters of the chapters in Book I. form the words
-MARGARETE OF. See the Introduction.
-
-3. _by queynt knitting coloures_, by curious fine phrases, that 'knit' or
-join the words or verses together. For _colours_ = fine phrases, cf. Ch.,
-HF. 859; C. T., E 16, F 726.
-
-7. _for_, because, seeing that; _boystous_, rough, plain, unadorned; cf. l.
-12. The Glossary in vol. vi should be compared for further illustration of
-the more difficult words.
-
-19. _for the first leudnesse_, on account of the former lack of skill.
-
-21. _yeve sight_, enable men to see clearly.
-
-30. _conne jumpere suche termes_, know how to jumble such terms together.
-_Jumpere_ should rather be spelt _jumpre_; cf. _jompre_ in the Gloss. to
-Chaucer. For such words, see the Glossary appended to the present volume.
-
-_but as_, except as the jay chatters English; i.e. without understanding
-it; cf. Ch. Prol. 642.
-
-43. _necessaries to cacche_, to lay hold of necessary ideas. Throughout
-this treatise, we frequently find the verb placed _after_ the substantive
-which it governs, or relegated to the end of the clause or sentence. This
-absurd affectation often greatly obscures the sense.
-
-45. The insertion of the words _perfeccion is_ is absolutely necessary to
-the sense; cf. ll. 47, 50. For the general argument, cf. Ch. Boeth. iii.
-proses 10 and 11, where 'perfection' is represented by _suffisaunce_, as,
-e.g., in iii. pr. 11. l. 18.
-
-50. Aristotle's Metaphysics begins with the words: [Greek: pantes anthropoi
-tou eidenai oregontai phusei], all men by nature are actuated by the desire
-of knowledge. The reference to this passage is explicitly given in the
-Romans of Partenay, ll. 78-87; and it was doubtless a much worn quotation.
-And see l. 64 below.
-
-58. _sightful and knowing_, visible and capable of being known.
-
-61. _David_. The whole of this sentence is so hopelessly corrupt that I can
-but give it up. Possibly there is a reference to Ps. cxxxix. 14. _me in
-makinge_ may be put for 'in makinge me.' _Tune_ is probably a misprint for
-_time_; _lent_ may be an error for _sent_; but the whole is hopelessly
-wrong.
-
-64. Apparently derived from Aristotle, De Animalibus, bk. i. c. 5. The
-general sense is that created things like to know both their creator and
-the causes of natural things akin to them ([Greek: oikeia]).
-
-67. _Considred_; i.e. the forms of natural things and their creation being
-considered, men should have a great natural love to the Workman that made
-them.
-
-68. _me_ is frequently written for _men_, the unemphatic form of _man_, in
-the impersonal sense of 'one' or 'people'; thus, in King Horn, ed. Morris,
-366, 'ne recche i what _me_ telle' means 'I care not what people may say.'
-Strict grammar requires the form _him_ for _hem_ in l. 69, as _me_ is
-properly singular; but the use of _hem_ is natural enough in this passage,
-as _me_ really signifies created beings in general. Cf. _me_ in ch. i. l.
-18 below.
-
-80. _Styx_ is not 'a pit,' but a river. The error is Chaucer's; cf. 'Stix,
-the put of helle,' in Troil. iv. 1540. Observe the expression--'Stygiamque
-paludem'; Vergil, Aen. vi. 323.
-
-86. I. e. 'rend the sword out of the hands of Hercules, and set Hercules'
-pillars at Gades a mile further onward.' For the latter allusion, see Ch.
-vol. ii. p. lv; it may have been taken from Guido delle Colonne. And see
-Poem VIII (below), l. 349. _Gades_, now Cadiz.
-
-89. _the spere_, the spear. There seems to be some confusion here. It was
-King Arthur who drew the magic sword out of the stone, after 150 knights
-had failed in the attempt: see Merlin, ed. Wheatley (E. E. T. S.), pp.
-100-3. Alexander's task was to untie the Gordian knot.
-
-90. _And that_; 'and who says that, surpassing all wonders, he will be
-master of France by might, whereas even King Edward III could not conquer
-all of it.' An interesting allusion.
-
-96. _unconninge_, ignorance. There is an unpublished treatise called 'The
-Cloud of Unknowing'; but it is probably not here alluded to.
-
-98. _gadered_, gathered. Thynne almost invariably commits the anachronism
-of spelling the words _gader_, _fader_, _moder_, _togider_, and the like,
-with _th_; and I have usually set him right, marking such corrections with
-a prefixed obelus (+). Cf. _weder_ in l. 123 below.
-
-100. _rekes_, ricks. The idea is from Chaucer, L. G. W. 73-4.
-
-101, 102. _his reson_, the reason of him. _hayne_, hatred.
-
-110. _Boece_, Boethius. No doubt the author simply consulted Chaucer's
-translation. See the Introduction.
-
-115. _slye_, cunning; evidently alluding to the parable of the unjust
-steward.
-
-117. _Aristotle_. The allusion appears to be to the Nicomachean Ethics, bk.
-i. c. 7: [Greek: doxeie d' an pantos einai proagagein, ... pantos gar
-prostheinai to elleipon].
-
-122. _betiden_, happened to me; the _i_ is short. This sudden transition to
-the mention of the author's pilgrimage suggests that a portion of the
-Prologue is missing here.
-
-CHAP. I. 1. Copied from Ch. Boeth. bk. i. met. 1. ll. 1, 2.
-
-12. _thing_ seems to mean 'person'; the person that cannot now embrace me
-when I wish for comfort.
-
-15. _prison_; probably not a material prison. The author, in imitation of
-Boethius, imagines himself to be imprisoned. At p. 144, l. 132, he is 'in
-good plite,' i.e. well off. Cf. note to ch. iii. 116.
-
-16. _caitived_, kept as a captive; the correction of _caytisned_ (with s
-for _s_) to _caytifued_ (better spelt _caitived_) is obvious, and is given
-in the New E. Dict., s.v. _Caitive_.
-
-17, 18. _Straunge_, a strange one, some stranger; _me_, one, really meaning
-'myself'; _he shulde_, it ought to be.
-
-21, 22. _bewent_, turned aside; see New E. Dict., s.v. _Bewend_. The
-reading _bewet_, i.e. profusely wetted, occurs (by misprinting) in later
-editions, and is adopted in the New E. Dict, s.v. _Bewet_. It is obviously
-wrong.
-
-23. _of hem_, by them; these words, in the construction, follow
-_enlumined_. The very frequent inversion of phrases in this piece tends
-greatly to obscure the sense of it.
-
-24. _Margarite precious_, a precious pearl. Gems were formerly credited
-with 'virtues'; thus Philip de Thaun, in his Bestiary (ed. Wright, l.
-1503), says of the pearl--
-
-'A mult choses pot valier, ki cestes peres pot aveir,' &c., or, in Wright's
-translation: 'For him who can have this stone, it will be of force against
-many things; there will never be any infirmity, except death, from which a
-person will not come to health, who will drink it with dew, if he has true
-faith.' See l. 133 below.
-
-28. _twinkling in your disese_, a small matter tending to your discomfort.
-Here _disese_ = dis-ease, want of ease. Cf. l. 31 below.
-
-42. 'It is so high,' &c. The implied subject to which _it_ refers is
-_paradise_, where the author's _Eve_ is supposed to be. Hence the sense
-is:--'paradise is so far away from the place where I am lying and from the
-common earth, that no cable (let down from it) can reach me.'
-
-59. _ferdnes_ is obviously the right word, though misprinted _frendes_. It
-signifies 'fear,' and occurs again in ch. ii. ll. 9, 16; besides, it is
-again misprinted as _frendes_ in the same chapter, l. 13.
-
-63. _weyved_ is an obvious correction for _veyned_; see the Glossary.
-
-70. _mercy passeth right_, your mercy exceeds your justice. This was a
-proverbial phrase, or, as it is called in the next clause, a 'proposition.'
-
-79. _flitte_, stir, be moved; 'not even the least bit.'
-
-80. _souded_ (misprinted _sonded_ by Thynne), fixed; cf. Ch. C.T., B 1769.
-From O.F. _souder_, Lat. _solidare_.
-
-83. _do_, cause; 'cause the lucky throw of comfort to fall upward';
-alluding to dice-play.
-
-96. _wolde conne_, would like to be able to.
-
-99, 100. _me weninge_, when I was expecting. _ther-as_, whereas.
-
-116. _no force_, it does not matter; no matter for that.
-
-117-20. Evidently corrupt, even when we read _flowing_ for _folowing_, and
-_of al_ for _by al_. Perhaps _ther_ in l. 119 should be _they_; giving the
-sense:--'but they (thy virtues) are wonderful, I know not which (of them it
-is) that prevents the flood,' &c. Even so, a clause is lacking after
-_vertues_ in l. 118.
-
-126. Thynne has _ioleynynge_ for _ioleyuynge_, i.e. _joleyving_, cheering,
-making joyous. The word is riot given in Stratmann or in Maetzner, but
-Godefroy has the corresponding O.F. verb _joliver_, to caress.
-
-CHAP. II. 18. _a lady_; this is evidently copied from Boethius; see Ch.
-Boeth. bk. i. pr. 1. l. 3. The visitor to the prison of Boethius was named
-Philosophy; the visitor in the present case is Love, personified as a
-female; see l. 53 below.
-
-20. _blustringe_, glance. But the word is not known in this sense, and
-there is evidently some mistake here. I have no doubt that the right word
-is _blushinge_; for the M.E. _blusshen_ was often used in the sense of 'to
-cast a glance, give a look, glance with the eye'; as duly noted in the New
-E. Dict, s.v. _Blush_. The word was probably written _bluschinge_ in
-Thynne's MS., with a _c_ exactly (as often) like a _t_. If he misread it as
-_blusthinge_, he may easily have altered it to _blustringe_.
-
-32. _neighe_, approach; governing _me_.
-
-37. _O my nory_, O my pupil! Copied from Ch. Boeth. bk. i. pr. 3. l. 10;
-cf. the same, bk. iii. pr. 11. l. 160. In l. 51 below, we have _my
-disciple_.
-
-60. _by thyn owne vyse_, by thine own resolve; i.e. of thine own accord;
-see _Advice_ in the New E. Dict. Sec. 6. _Vyse_ is put for _avyse_, the
-syllable _a_ being dropped. Halliwell notes that _vice_, with the sense of
-'advice,' is still in use.
-
-64. 'Because it comforts me to think on past gladness, it (also) vexes me
-again to be doing so.' Clumsily expressed; and borrowed from Ch. Boeth. bk.
-ii. pr. 4. ll. 4-7.
-
-74-84. From Matt. xviii. 12; Luke, xv. 4; John, x. 11.
-
-92. Love was kind to Paris, because he succeeded in gaining Helen. Jason
-was false to Love, because he deserted Hypsipyle and Medea. It is probable
-that _false_ is misprinted for _faire_ in l. 93; otherwise there is no
-contrast, as is implied by _for_.
-
-93. _Sesars sonke_ (_sic_) should probably be _Cesars swink_, i.e. Caesar's
-toil. I adopt this reading to make sense; but it is not at all clear why
-Caesar should have been selected as the type of a successful lover.
-
-95. _loveday_, a day of reconciliation; see note to Ch. C. T., A 258.
-
-96. 'And chose a maid to be umpire between God and man'; alluding to the
-Virgin Mary.
-
-114-5. _cause, causing_, the primary cause, originating these things and
-many others besides. See note to Troil. iv. 829.
-
-123-4. _wo is him_; Lat. ve soli, Eccl. iv. 10; quoted in Troil. i. 694.
-
-125. Cf. 'weep with them that weep'; Rom. xii. 15.
-
-138. Here the author bemoans his losses and heavy expenses.
-
-143. For _wolde endeynous_ I here read _wolde ben deynous_, i.e. would be
-disdainful; see _Deynous_ in the Gloss. to Chaucer. The New E. Dict. adopts
-the reading _wolde [be] endeynous_, with the same sense; but no other
-example of the adj. _endeynous_ is known, and it is an awkward formation.
-However, there are five examples of the verb _endeign_, meaning 'to be
-indignant'; see Wyclif, Gen. xviii. 30; Ex. xxxii. 22; Is. lvii. 6; Job,
-xxxii. 2; Wisd. xii. 27.
-
-166. Copied from Troil. iv. 460-1:--
-
- 'But canstow playen raket, to and fro,
-  Netle in, dokke out, now this, now that, Pandare?'
-
-See the note on the latter line.
-
-_Wethercocke_ is a late spelling; the proper M.E. spelling is _wedercokke_,
-from a nom. _wedercok_, which appears in the poem Against Women Unconstant,
-l. 12.
-
-173. _a_, an unemphatic form of _have_; 'thou wouldest have made me.'
-
-180. _voyde_, do away with. _webbes_; the _web_, also called _the pin and
-web_, or _the web and pin_, is a disease of the eyes, now known as
-cataract. See Nares, s.v. _Pin_; Florio's Ital. Dict., s.v. _Cateratta_;
-the New E. Dict., s.v. _Cataract_; King Lear, iii. 4. 122; Winter's Tale,
-i. 2. 291.
-
-191, 192. _truste on Mars_, trust to Mars, i.e. be ready with wager of
-battle; alluding to the common practice of appealing to arms when a
-speaker's truthfulness was called in question. See ch. vii. 10 below (p.
-31).
-
-CHAP. III. 14. _Come of_, lit. come off; but it is remarkable that this
-phrase is used in M.E. where we should now say rather 'come on!' See note
-to Troil. ii. 1738.
-
-21. _mayst thou_, canst thou do (or act)?
-
-25-7. 'I never yet set any one to serve anywhere who did not succeed in his
-service.'
-
-32. 'the nut in every nook.' Perhaps _on_ should be _in_.
-
-37-8. There is some corruption here. I insert _Tho gan I_ to help out the
-sense, but it remains partially obscure. Perhaps the sense is:--'Often one
-does what one does not wish to do, being stirred to do so by the opinion of
-others, who wanted me to stay at home; whereupon I suddenly began to wish
-to travel.' He would rather have stayed at home; but when he found that
-others wanted him to do so, he perversely began to wish to travel.
-
-39. _the wynding of the erthe_; an obscure expression; perhaps 'the
-envelopment of the earth in snow.'
-
-40. 'I walked through woods in which were broad ways, and (then) by small
-paths which the swine had made, being lanes with by-paths for seeking
-(there) their beech-mast.'
-
-42. _ladels_, by-paths (?). No other example of the word appears. I guess
-it to be a diminutive of M.E. _lade_, a path, road, which occurs in the
-Ormulum; see Stratmann. Perhaps it is a mere misprint for _lades_.
-
-44, 45. _gonne to wilde_, began to grow wild; cf. _ginne ayen waxe ramage_,
-in l. 48, with the like sense. I know of no other example of the verb _to
-wilde_.
-
-52. _shippe_, ship; not, however, a real ship, but an allegorical one named
-Travail, i.e. Danger; see ll. 55, 75 below. _many_ is here used in place of
-_meynee_, referring to the ship's company; some of whom had the allegorical
-names of Sight, Lust, Thought, and Will. The 'ship' is a common symbol of
-this present life, in which we are surrounded by perils; compare the
-parable of 'the wagging boat' in P. Plowm. C. xi. 32, and the long note to
-that line.
-
-58. _old hate_; probably borrowed from Ch. Pers. Tale, I 562; see the note.
-
-64. _avowing_, vowing; because persons in peril used to vow to perform
-pilgrimages.
-
-75. _my ship was out of mynde_, i.e. I forgot all about my previous danger.
-
-84. _the man_, the merchant-man in Matt. xiii. 45.
-
-105. _enmoysed_, comforted. _Enmoise_ or _emmoise_ is a variant of M.E.
-_amese_, _ameise_, from O.F. _amaiser_, _amaisier_, to pacify, appease,
-render gentle (Godefroy); answering to the Low Lat. type _*ad-mitiare_ from
-_mitis_, gentle. See _Amese_ in the New E. Dict. No other example of the
-form _enmoyse_ is known.
-
-111. _of nothing now may serve_, is now of no use (to you).
-
-116. _prison_; the author has forgotten all about his adventure in the
-ship, and is now back in prison, as in ch. i.
-
-118. _renyant forjuged_, a denier (of his guilt) who has been wrongfully
-condemned.
-
-121. _suche grace and non hap_, such favour and no mere luck.
-
-124. _let-games_; probably from Troil. iii. 527; spoilers of sport or
-happiness. _wayters_, watchers, watch-men, guards.
-
-131. _nothing as ye shulde_, not at all as you ought to do.
-
-148. _feld_, felled, put down, done away with.
-
-153-4. _For he ... suffer_, a perfect alliterative line; imitated from P.
-Plowm. C. xxi. 212:--'For wot no wight what wele is, that never wo
-suffrede.' Clearly quoted from memory; cf. notes to bk. ii. ch. 9. 178, and
-ch. 13. 86.
-
-157. _happy hevinesse_, fortunate grief; a parallel expression to _lyking
-tene_, i.e. pleasing vexation, in l. 158. These contradictory phrases were
-much affected by way of rhetorical flourish. For a long passage of this
-character, cf. Rom. Rose, 4703-50.
-
-158. _harse_ is almost certainly a misprint for _harme_; then _goodly_
-_harme_ means much the same as _lyking tene_ (see note above). So, in Rom.
-Rose, 4710, 4733, 4743, we find mention of 'a sweet peril,' 'a joyous
-pain,' and 'a sweet hell.'
-
-CHAP. IV. 2. _semed they boren_, they seemed to bore; _boren_ being in the
-infin. mood.
-
-18. For _or_ read _for_, to make sense; _for of disese_, for out of such
-distress come gladness and joy, so poured out by means of a full vessel,
-that such gladness quenches the feeling of former sorrows. Here _gladnesse
-and joy_ is spoken of as being all one thing, governing the singular verb
-_is_, and being alluded to as _it_.
-
-25. _commensal_, table-companion; from F. _commensal_, given in Cotgrave.
-See the New E. Dict.
-
-27. _soukinges_, suckings, draughts of milk; cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. i. pr. 2.
-l. 4.
-
-36. _clothe_, cloth. This circumstance is copied from Ch. Boeth. bk. i. pr.
-2. l. 19.
-
-42. This reference to Love, as controlling the universe, is borrowed from
-Boeth. bk. ii. met. 8.
-
-47. Read _werne_ (refuse) and _wol_ (will); 'yet all things desire that you
-should refuse help to no one who is willing to do as you direct him.'
-
-56. _every thing in coming_, every future thing. _contingent_, of uncertain
-occurrence; the earliest known quotation for this use of the word in
-English.
-
-61-2. _many let-games_; repeated from above, ch. iii. ll. 124-8. _thy
-moeble_; from the same, ll. 131-2.
-
-64. _by the first_, with reference to your first question; so also _by that
-other_, with reference to your second question, in l. 71.
-
-CHAP. V. 8. Acrisius shut his daughter Danae up in a tower, to keep her
-safe; nevertheless she became the mother of Perseus, who afterwards killed
-Acrisius accidentally.
-
-14. _entremellen_, intermingle hearts after merely seeing each other.
-
-16. _beestes_, animals, beings; not used contemptuously; equivalent to
-_living people_ in ll. 17, 18.
-
-20. _esployte_, success, achievement; see _Exploit_ in the New E. Dict.
-
-29. Supply _don_; 'and I will cause him to come to bliss, as being one of
-my own servants.'
-
-35. _and in-to water_, and jumps into the water and immediately comes up to
-breathe; like an unsuccessful diver.
-
-37. _A tree_, &c.; a common illustration; cf. Troil. i. 964.
-
-43. _this countre_; a common saying; cf. Troil. ii. 28 (and note), 42. And
-see l. 47 below.
-
-45. 'the salve that he healed his heel with.' From HF. 290.
-
-71. _jangelers_; referring to l. 19 above. _lokers_; referring to
-_overlokers_;  in ch. iii. l. 128.
-
-72. _wayters_; referring to ch. iii. l. 128.
-
-77. 'It is sometimes wise to feign flight.' Cf. P. Plowman, C. xxii. 103.
-
-85. _cornes_, grains of corn. I supply _bare_, i.e. empty.
-
-86-7. _Who_, &c.; a proverb; from Troil. v. 784.
-
-87-8. _After grete stormes_; see note to P. Plowman, C. xxi. 454.
-
-92. _grobbed_, grubbed; i.e. dug about. Cf. Isaiah, v. 2.
-
-95. _a_, have (as before). _Lya_, Leah; Lat. _Lia_, in Gen. xxix. 17
-(Vulgate).
-
-103. _eighteth_, eighth; an extraordinary perversion of the notion of the
-sabbatical year. So below, in l. 104, we are informed that the number of
-workdays is _seven_; and that, in Christian countries, the day of rest is
-the eighth day in the week! _kinrest_, rest for the _kin_ or people; a
-general day of rest. I know of no other example of this somewhat clumsy
-compound.
-
-110. _sothed_, verified; referring to Luke, xiv. 29.
-
-113. _conisance_, badge. Badges for retainers were very common at this
-date. See Notes to Richard the Redeless, ii. 2.
-
-117-9. Copied from P. Plowman, C. vii. 24, 25:--
-
- 'Lauhynge al aloude, for lewede men sholde
-  _Wene_ that ich were _witty_, and _wyser than anothere_;
-  _Scorner_ and unskilful to hem that _skil_ shewed.'
-
-As these lines are not found in the earlier versions, it follows that the
-author was acquainted with the _latest_ version.
-
-124. _a bridge_; i.e. to serve by way of retreat for such as trust them.
-_wolves_, destroyers; here meant as a complimentary epithet.
-
-127. This idea, of Jupiter's promotion, from being a bull, to being the
-mate of Europa, is extremely odd; still more so is that of the promotion of
-Aeneas from being in hell (l. 129). Cf. _Europe_ in Troil. iii. 722.
-
-128. _lowest degre_; not true, as Caesar's father was praetor, and his aunt
-married Marius. But cf. C. T., B 3862.
-
-CHAP. VI. 3. _enfame_, infamy, obloquy; from Lat. _infamia_. Godefroy gives
-_enfamer_, to dishonour. The word only occurs in the present treatise; see
-ll. 6, 7, 15.
-
-12. From Prov. xxvii. 6: 'Meliora sunt vulnera diligentis quam fraudulenta
-oscula odientis.'
-
-17. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 6. ll. 5-13.
-
-23. Cf. the same; bk. iv. pr. 7. ll. 34-42.
-
-27. Cf. the same; bk. ii. pr. 5. ll. 121, 122.
-
-30. Cf. the same; bk. iv. pr. 6. ll. 184-191.
-
-48. _Zedeoreys_ (or _[gh]edeoreys_). I can find nothing resembling this
-strange name, nor any trace of its owner's dealings with Hannibal.
-
-53. The (possibly imaginary) autobiographical details here supplied have
-been strangely handled for the purpose of insertion into the life of
-Chaucer, with which they have nothing to do. See Morris's Chaucer, vol. i.
-p. 32 (Aldine edition). The author tells us very little, except that
-tumults took place in London, of which he was a native, and that he had
-knowledge of some secret which he was pressed to betray, and did so in
-order to serve his own purposes.
-
-77-8. From Chaucer, Troil. v. 6, 7:--
-
-                --'shal dwelle in pyne
-  Til Lachesis his threed no lenger twyne.'
-
-107. Referring to John, xiv. 27.
-
-114. _Athenes_; Athene was the goddess who maintained the authority of law
-and order, and in this sense was 'a god of peace.' But she was certainly
-also a goddess of battles.
-
-139. _mighty senatoures_. It has been conjectured that the reference is to
-John of Gaunt. In the Annals of England, under the date 1384, it is noted
-that 'John of Northampton, a vehement partisan of the duke, is tried and
-sentenced to imprisonment and forfeiture. An attempt is also made to put
-the duke on his trial.' John of Northampton had been mayor of London in
-1382, when there was a dispute between the court and the citizens regarding
-his election; perhaps the words _comen eleccion_ (common election), in l.
-125 above, may refer to this trouble; so also _free eleccion_ in l. 140. In
-l. 143 we must read _fate_, not _face_; the confusion between _c_ and _t_
-is endless. Perhaps _governours_ in l. 144 should be _governour_, as in l.
-147. Note that the author seems to condemn the disturbers of the peace.
-
-157. _coarted by payninge dures_, constrained by painful duress (or
-torture).
-
-165. _sacrament_, my oath of allegiance. Note that the author takes credit
-for giving evidence _against_ the riotous people; for which the populace
-condemned him as a liar (l. 171).
-
-178. _passed_, surpassed (every one), in giving me an infamous character.
-
-181. _reply_, i.e. to subvert, entirely alter, recall; lit. to fold or bend
-back.
-
-189. Here the author says, more plainly, that he became unpopular for
-revealing a conspiracy.
-
-193. _out of denwere_, out of doubt, without doubt. Such is clearly the
-sense; but the word _denwere_ is rejected from the New E. Dict., as it is
-not otherwise known, and its form is suspicious. It is also omitted in
-Webster and in the Century Dictionary. Bailey has '_denwere_, doubt,' taken
-from Speght's Chaucer, and derived from this very passage. Hence Chatterton
-obtained the word, which he was glad to employ. It occurs, for instance, in
-his poem of Goddwyn, ed. Skeat, vol. ii. p. 100:--
-
-  --'No _denwere_ in my breast I of them feel.'
-
-The right phrase is simply _out of were_; cf. 'withoute were' in the Book
-of the Duchess, 1295. I think the letters _den_ may have been prefixed
-accidentally. The line, as printed in Thynne, stands thus: 'denwere al the
-sothe knowe of these thinges.' I suggest that _den_ is an error for _don_,
-and the word _don_ ought to come at the _end_ of the line (after _thinges_)
-instead of at the beginning. This would give the readings 'out of were' and
-'these thinges don in acte'; both of which are improvements.
-
-194. _but as_, only as, exactly as.
-
-198. _clerkes_, i.e. Chaucer, HF. 350; Vergil, Aen. iv. 174.
-
-200. _of mene_, make mention of. Cf. 'hit is a schep[h]erde _that I of
-mene_'; Ancient Metrical Tales, ed. Hartshorne, p. 74.
-
-CHAP. VII. 10. _profered_, offered wager of battle; hence the mention of
-_Mars_ in l. 11. Cf. note to ch. ii. 191 above, p. 455.
-
-23. _he_, i.e. thine adversary shall bring dishonour upon you in no way.
-
-34. _Indifferent_, impartial. _who_, whoever.
-
-38. _discovered_, betrayed; so that the author admits that he betrayed his
-mistress.
-
-46. _that sacrament_, that the oath to which you swore, viz. when you were
-charged upon your oath to tell the truth. That is, his oath in the court of
-justice made him break his private oath.
-
-49. _trewe_ is certainly an error for _trewthe_; the statement is copied
-from Jer. iv. 2:--' Et iurabis ... in veritate, et in iudicio, et in
-justitia.' So in l. 58 below, we have: 'in jugement, _in trouthe_, and
-rightwisenesse'; and in l. 53--'for a man to say truth, unless judgement
-and righteousness accompany it, he is forsworn.'
-
-54. _serment_, oath; as in l. 52: referring to Matt. xiv. 7.
-
-56. 'Moreover, it is sometimes forbidden to say truth rightfully--except in
-a trial--because all truths are not to be disclosed.'
-
-60. _that worde_: 'melius mori quam male vivere'; for which see P. Plowman,
-C. xviii. 40. Somewhat altered from Tobit, iii. 6:--'expedit mihi mori
-magis quam vivere.'
-
-61, 62. _al_, although, _enfame_, dishonour; as in vi. 3 (see note, p.
-458).
-
-63. _whan_, yet when.
-
-73. _legen_, short for _alegen_; 'allege against others.'
-
-75. Here misprinted; _read_:--'may it be sayd, "in that thinge this man
-thou demest,"' &c. From Rom. ii. 1; 'in quo enim iudicas alterum, teipsum
-condemnas.'
-
-83. _shrewe_, wicked man, i.e. Ham; Gen. ix. 22.
-
-101. _emprisonned_; so in Thynne; better, _emprisouned_.
-
-104. _brige_, contention, struggle, trouble; see note to Ch. C. T., B 2872.
-
-105. _after thyne helpes_, for your aid; i.e. to receive assistance from
-you.
-
-108. _Selande_, Zealand, Zeeland. The port of Middleburg, in the isle of
-Walcheren, was familiar to the English; cf. note to C. T., Prol. 277. The
-reference must be to some companions of the author who had fled to Zealand
-to be out of the way of prosecution. _rydinge_,  expedition on horseback,
-journey.
-
-109, 110. _for thy chambre_, to pay the rent of your room. _renter_,
-landlord; 'unknown to the landlord.'
-
-112. _helpe of unkyndnesse_, relieve from unkind treatment.
-
-115-6. _fleddest_, didst avoid. _privite to counsayle_, knowledge of a
-secret.
-
-120-1. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 8. ll. 31-3.
-
-CHAP. VIII. 1. _Eft_, again. Thynne prints _Ofte_, which does not give the
-sense required. Fortunately, we know that the first letter _must_ be E, in
-order that the initial letters of the Prologue and chapters I. to VIII. may
-give the word MARGARETE. The reading _Ofte_ would turn this into MARGARETO.
-
-4, 5. From Ch. Troil. iv. 3; Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 8. ll. 19-21.
-
-13. _and thou_, if thou. Cf. Matt. xviii. 12.
-
-27. _in their mouthes_, into their mouths; Matt. xii. 34.
-
-31. _leve for no wight_, cease not on any one's account.
-
-32. _use Jacobs wordes_. The allusion seems to be to the conciliatory
-conduct of Jacob towards Esau; Gen. xxxiii. 8, 10, 11. Similarly the author
-is to be patient, and to say--'I will endure my lady's wrath, which I have
-deserved,' &c.
-
-41. _sowe hem_, to sew them together again. _at his worshippe_, in honour
-of him; but I can find no antecedent to _his_. Perhaps for _his_ we should
-read _her_.
-
-44. The text has _forgoing al errour distroyeng causeth_; but _distroyeng_
-(which may have been a gloss upon _forgoing_) is superfluous, and _al_
-should be _of_. But _forgoing_ means rather 'abandonment.'
-
-55. _passest_, surpassest.
-
-59. _by_, with reference to.
-
-61. Hector, according to Guido delle Colonne, gave counsel against going to
-war with the Greeks, but was overborne by Paris. See the alliterative
-Destruction of Troy, ed. Panton and Donaldson (E. E. T. S.), Book VI; or
-Lydgate's Siege of Troye, ch. xii.
-
-65. _leveth_, neglects to oppose what is wrong.
-
-66. The modern proverb is: 'silence gives consent.' Ray gives, as the Latin
-equivalent, 'qui tacet consentire videtur (inquiunt iuris consulti).' This
-is the exact form which is here translated.
-
-73. Alluding to the canticle 'Exultet' sung upon Easter Eve, in the Sarum
-Missal:--'O certe necessarium Ade peccatum.' See note to P. Plowman, C.
-viii. 126 (or B. v. 491).
-
-80. _lurken_, creep into lurking-holes, slink away.
-
-95. _centre_, central point; from Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 7. ll. 18-20. The
-whole passage (ll. 94-105) is imitated from the same 'prose' of Boethius.
-
-103. _London_ is substituted for 'Rome' in Chaucer's Boethius. Chaucer
-has--'may thanne the glorie of a singuler Romaine strecchen thider as the
-fame of the name of Rome may nat climben or passen?' See the last note.
-
-112-6. From Ch. Boethius, bk. ii. pr. 7. 58-62.
-
-116-25. From the same, ll. 65-79. Thus, in l. 123, the word _ofte_ (in
-Thynne) is a misprint for _of the_; for Chaucer has--'For of thinges that
-han ende may be maked comparisoun.' The whole passage shews that the author
-consulted Chaucer's translation of Boethius rather than the Latin text.
-
-127. _and thou canst nothing don aright_; literally from Chaucer: 'Ye men,
-certes, _ne conne don nothing aright_'; Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 7. 79. _but thou
-desyre the rumour therof be heled and in every wightes ere_; corresponds to
-Chaucer's--'but-yif it be for the audience of the people and for ydel
-rumours'; Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 7. 80. Hence _heled_ (lit. hidden) is quite
-inadmissible; the right reading is probably _deled_, i.e. dealt round.
-
-134. The words supplied are necessary; they dropped out owing to the
-repetition of _vertue_.
-
-135-6. Again copied from Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 7. 106: 'the sowle ...
-unbounden fro the prison of the erthe.'
-
-CHAP. IX. 13. _than leveth there_, then it remains.
-
-15. _for thy moebles_, because thy goods.
-
-20. This proverb is given by Hazlitt in the form--
-
- 'Who-so heweth over-high,
-  The chips will fall in his eye.'
-
-Cf. 'one looketh high as one that feareth no chips'; Lyly's Euphues, ed.
-Arber, p. 467. And see IX. 158 (p. 270).
-
-34. From Chaucer, Boeth. bk. i. pr. 4. 186. The saying is attributed to
-Pythagoras; see the passage in Chaucer, and the note upon it.
-
-39. _a this halfe god_, on this side of God, i.e. here below; a strange
-expression. So again in bk. ii. ch. 13. 23.
-
-46. _the foure elementes_, earth, air, fire, and water; see notes to Ch. C.
-T., A 420, 1247, G 1460. _Al universitee_, the whole universe; hence man
-was called the microcosm, or the universe in little; see Coriolanus, ii. 1.
-68.
-
-64. _I sette now_, I will now suppose the most difficult case; suppose that
-thou shouldst die in my service.
-
-71. _in this persone_; read _on this persone_; or else, perhaps, _in this
-prisoune_.
-
-86. _til deth hem departe_; according to the phrase 'till death us depart'
-in the Marriage Service, now ingeniously altered to 'till death us _do
-part_.'
-
-96. 'and although they both break the agreement.'
-
-98, 99. _accord_, betrothal. _the rose_, i.e. of virginity; as in the
-Romance of the Rose, when interpreted.
-
-99, 100. _Marye his spouse_. But the Vulgate has; 'Surge, et accipe puerum
-et _matrem eius_'; Matt. ii. 13. The author must have been thinking of
-Matt. i. 18: 'Cum esset _desponsata_ mater eius Maria Ioseph.'
-
-113. _al being thinges_, all things that exist.
-
-118. _prophete_; David, in Ps. xcvi. 5: (xcv. 5 in the Vulgate): 'omnes dii
-gentium daemonia.'
-
-129. This refers back to ch. iv. 71-2, ch. ix. 14, 20, 56.
-
-CHAP. X. 5. _last objeccion_; i.e. his poverty, see ch. iii. 131, iv. 73,
-ix. 14.
-
-12-8. Imitated from Ch. Boeth. bk. i. pr. 4. 200-17.
-
-18. _sayd_, i.e. it is said of him.
-
-19. _aver_, property, wealth; 'lo! how the false man, for the sake of his
-wealth, is accounted true!'
-
-20. _dignitees_; cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 6.
-
-21. _were he out_, if he were not in office; cf. l. 23.
-
-26-37. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. i. met. 5. 22-39. Thus, _slydinge chaunges_ in l.
-31 answers to Chaucer's _slydinge fortune_ (l. 24); and _that arn a fayr
-parcel of the erthe_, in l. 32, to _a fayr party of so grete a werk_ (l.
-38); and yet again, _thou that knittest_, in l. 35, to _what so ever thou
-be that knittest_ (l. 36).
-
-37-40. From Ch. Boeth. bk. i. met 5. 27-30.
-
-64-7. From the same; bk. ii. pr. 2. 7-12.
-
-71-6. From the same; bk. ii. pr. 2. 23-5.
-
-76-80. Cf. the argument in the same; bk. iii. pr. 3.
-
-85-120. From Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 8. For literal imitations, compare _the
-other haleth him to vertue by the hookes of thoughtes_ (l. 104-5) with
-Chaucer's 'the contrarious Fortune ... haleth hem ayein as with an hooke'
-(l. 21); and _Is nat a greet good ... for to knowe the hertes of thy
-sothfast frendes_ (ll. 107-9) with Chaucer's 'wenest thou thanne that thou
-oughtest to leten this a litel thing, that this ... Fortune hath discovered
-to thee the thoughtes of thy trewe frendes' (l. 22). Also ll. 114-6 with
-Chaucer (ll. 28-31).
-
-126. _let us singen_; in imitation of the Metres in Boethius, which break
-the prose part of the treatise at frequent intervals. Cf. 'and bigan anon
-to singen right thus'; Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 9. 149.
-
-BOOK II.
-
-CHAP. I. The initials of the fourteen Chapters in this Book give the words:
-VIRTW HAVE MERCI. Thynne has not preserved the right division, but makes
-_fifteen_ chapters, giving the words: VIRTW HAVE MCTRCI. I have set this
-right, by making Chap. XI begin with 'Every.' Thynne makes Chapter XI begin
-with 'Certayn,' p. 86, l. 133, and another Chapter begin with 'Trewly,' p.
-89, l. 82. This cannot be right, because the latter word, 'Trewly,' belongs
-to the last clause of a sentence; and the Chapter thus beginning would have
-the unusually small number of 57 lines.
-
-1. Chapter I really forms a Prologue to the Second Book, interrupting our
-progress. At the end of Book I we are told that Love is about to sing, but
-her song begins with Chap. II. Hence this first Chapter must be regarded as
-a digression, in which the author reviews what has gone before (ll. 10-3),
-and anticipates what is to come (l. 61).
-
-9. _steering_, government (of God), _otherwysed_, changed, varied; an
-extraordinary form.
-
-12, 13. _after as_, according as. _hildeth_, outpours.
-
-14-8. There is clearly much corruption in this unintelligible and imperfect
-sentence. The reference to 'the Roman emperor' is mysterious.
-
-21. _woweth_; so in Thynne, but probably an error for _waweth_, i.e. move,
-shift; see _wa[gh]ien_ in Stratmann.
-
-23. _phane_, vane; cf. 'chaunging as a vane'; Ch. C. T., E 996.
-
-34. _irrecuperable_, irrecoverable; _irrecuperabilis_ is used by Tertullian
-(Lewis and Short).
-
-40. _armes_; this refers, possibly, to the struggle between the pope and
-anti-pope, after the year 1378.
-
-51-2. _lovers clerk_, clerk of lovers; but perhaps an error for _Loves
-clerk_; cf. Troil. iii. 41.
-
-62-3. _ryder and goer_, rider on horseback and walker on foot.
-
-77. Translated from 'Fides non habet meritum ubi humana ratio praebet
-experimentum'; as quoted in P. Plowman, C. xii. 160. This is slightly
-altered from a saying of St. Gregory (xl. Homil. in Evangelium, lib. ii.
-homil. 26)--'nec fides humana habet meritum cui humana ratio praebet
-experimentum.' See note to P. Plowman (as above).
-
-83. _as by a glasse_, as in a mirror; 1 Cor. xiii. 12.
-
-93. _cockle_, tares. This seems to refer to the Lollards, as puns upon the
-words _Lollard_ and _lolia_ were very rife at this period. If so, the
-author had ceased to approve of Lollard notions. In l. 94, _love_ seems to
-mean Christian charity, in its highest sense; hence it is called, in l. 95,
-the most precious thing in nature.
-
-96, 97. The passage seems corrupt, and I cannot quite see what is meant.
-Perhaps read: 'with many eke-names, [and] that [to] other thinges that the
-soule [seketh after, men] yeven the ilke noble name.' The comma after
-_kynde_ in l. 96 represents a down-stroke (equivalent to a comma) in
-Thynne; but it is not wanted.
-
-99. _to thee_, i.e. to the 'Margaret of virtue' whose name appears as an
-acrostic at the head of the Chapters in Book I. and Chapters I-V of Book
-II; moreover, we find at last that Margaret signifies Holy Church, to which
-the treatise is accordingly dedicated. _tytled of Loves name_, entitled the
-Testament of Love.
-
-103. _inseeres_, lookers into it, readers.
-
-104. _Every thing_; with respect to everything to which appertains a cause
-which is wrought with a view to its accomplishment, Aristotle supposes that
-the doing of everything is, in a manner, its final cause. 'Final cause' is
-a technical term, explained in the New E. Dict. as 'a term introduced into
-philosophical language by the schoolmen as a translation of Aristotle's
-fourth cause, [Greek: to hou heneka] or [Greek: telos], the end or purpose
-for which a thing is done, viewed as the cause of the act; especially as
-applied in Natural Theology to the design, purpose, or end of the
-arrangements of the universe.' The phrase 'the end in view' comes near to
-expressing it, and will serve to explain 'A final cause' in the next
-clause.
-
-107. _is finally to thilke ende_, is done with a view to that result.
-
-109. After _so_, understand 'is it with regard to.'
-
-110. _the cause_, the cause whereby I am directed, and that for which I
-ought to write it, are both alike noble.
-
-113. _this leude_, &c.; I have set about learning this alphabet; for I
-cannot, as yet, go beyond counting up to three.
-
-115. _in joininge_, &c.; by proceeding to the joining together of
-syllables.
-
-124. _in bright whele_, in (its) bright circuit. Chaucer has _wheel_ in the
-sense of orbit; HF. 1450.
-
-126. _another tretyse_. As to this proposed treatise nothing is known.
-Perhaps it never was written.
-
-CHAP. II. 2. _in Latin_. This suggests that the present chapter may be
-adapted from some Latin original; especially as the author only gives the
-_sentence_ or general drift of it. But the remark may mean nothing, and the
-tone of the chapter is wholly medieval.
-
-24. _Saturnes sphere_, Saturn's orbit; the supposed outer boundary of the
-spheres of the seven planets.
-
-27. _me have_, possess me (i.e. love), since Love is the speaker; i.e. they
-think they can procure men's love by heaping up wealth.
-
-28. Perhaps place the comma after _sowed_ (sewn), not after _sakke_.
-
-29. _pannes_, better spelt _panes_; see _pane_ in Stratmann. From O.F.
-_pan_, _panne_, Lat. _pannus_, a cloth, garment, robe. _mouled_, become
-mouldy; the very form from which the mod. E. _mould-y_ has been evolved;
-see _muwlen_ in Stratmann, and _mouldy_ in my Etym. Dict. (Supplement).
-_whicche_, chest, from A.S. _hwaecca_; see P. Plowm. A. iv. 102, where some
-copies have _huche_, a hutch, a word of French origin. Thus _pannes mouled
-in a whicche_ signifies garments that have become mouldy in a chest. See
-note to C. T., C 734.
-
-30. _presse_, a clothes-press; observe the context.
-
-35. _seventh_; perhaps an error for _thirde_; cf. 'percussa est tertia pars
-solis'; Rev. viii. 12. He is referring to the primitive days of the Church,
-when 'the pope went afoot.'
-
-40. _defended_, forbade (opposed) those taxations. See _Taylage_ in Ch.
-Glossary.
-
-42. _maryed_, caused to be married; cf. P. Plowman, B. vii. 29.
-
-47. _symonye_, simony; cf. note to P. Plowman, C. iii. 63.
-
-48. Observe the rimes: _achates, debates_; _wronges, songes_.
-
-49. _for his wronges_, on account of the wrongs which he commits.
-_personer_, better _parsoner_ or _parcener_, participant, sharer; i.e. the
-steward, courtier, escheator, and idle minstrel, all get something. See
-_parcener_ in Stratmann.
-
-50. 'And each one gets his prebend (or share) all for himself, with which
-many thrifty people ought to profit.'
-
-51. _behynde_, behindhand; even these wicked people are neglected, in
-comparison with the _losengeour_, or flatterer.
-
-52. Note the rimes, _forsake, take_. _it acordeth_, it agrees, it is all
-consistent; see note to l. 74 below.
-
-55. _at matins_; cf. P. Plowm. C. i. 125, viii. 27.
-
-56. _bene-breed_, bean-bread; cf. P. Plowm. C. ix. 327.
-
-57, 58. Cf. P. Plowman, C. vi. 160-5.
-
-60. _shete_, a sheet, instead of a napkin to cover the bread; _god_ refers
-to the eucharist.
-
-62. _a clergion_, a chorister-boy; see Ch. C. T., B 1693, and the note.
-
-65. _broken_, torn; as in P. Plowm. B. v. 108, ix. 91.
-
-66. _good houndes_; cf. P. Plowm. C. vi. 161-5.
-
-69. _dolven_, buried; 'because they (the poor) always crave an alms, and
-never make an offering, they (the priests) would like to see them dead and
-buried.'
-
-69. _legistres_, lawyers; 'legistres of bothe the lawes,' P. Plowm. B. vii.
-14.
-
-71. 'For then wrong and force would not be worth a haw anywhere.' Before
-_plesen_ something seems lost; perhaps read--'and [thou canst] plesen,'
-i.e. and you can please no one, unless those oppressive and wrong-doing
-lawyers are in power and full action.'
-
-74. _ryme_, rime. The reference is not to actual jingle of rime, but to a
-proverb then current. In a poem by Lydgate in MS. Harl. 2251 (fol. 26),
-beginning--'Alle thynge in kynde desirith thynge i-like,' the refrain to
-every stanza runs thus:--'It may wele ryme, but it accordith nought'; see
-his Minor Poems, ed. Halliwell, p. 55. The sense is that unlike things may
-be brought together, like riming words, but they will not on that account
-agree. So here: such things may seem, to all appearance, congruous, but
-they are really inconsistent. Cf. note to l. 52 above.
-
-79. _beestly wit_, animal intelligence.
-
-99. _cosinage_, those who are my relatives.
-
-104. _behynde_, behindhand, in the rear. _passe_, to surpass, be prominent.
-
-109. _comeden_ is false grammar for _comen_, came; perhaps it is a
-misprint. The reference is to Gen. ix. 27: 'God shall enlarge Japheth  ...
-and Canaan shall be his servant.' The author has turned _Canaan_ into
-_Cayn_, and has further confused Canaan with his father Ham!
-
-112. _gentilesse_; cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 6. 31-4; C. T., D 1109.
-
-116. _Perdicas_, Perdiccas, son of Orontes, a famous general under
-Alexander the Great. This king, on his death-bed, is said to have taken the
-royal signet-ring from his finger and to have given it to Perdiccas. After
-Alexander's death, Perdiccas held the chief authority under the new king
-Arrhidaeus; and it was really Arrhidaeus (not Perdiccas) who was the son of
-a _tombestere_, or female dancer, and of Philip of Macedonia; so that he
-was Alexander's half brother. The dancer's name was Philinna, of Larissa.
-In the Romance of Alexander, the dying king bequeaths to Perdiccas the
-kingdom of Greece; cf. note to bk. iii. c. ii. l. 25. Hence the confusion.
-
-122. Copied from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. met. 6:--'Al the linage of men that
-ben in erthe ben of semblable birthe. On allone is fader of thinges.... Why
-noisen ye or bosten of your eldres? For yif thou loke your biginninge, and
-god your auctor and maker,' &c.
-
-135. _one_; i.e. the Virgin Mary.
-
-139. After _secte_, supply _I_:--'that, in any respect, I may so hold an
-opinion against her sex.' _Secte_ is properly 'suite'; but here means
-_sex_; cf. l. 134.
-
-140. _in hem_, in them, i.e. in women. And so in l. 141.
-
-CHAP. III. 8. _victorie of strength_; because, according to the first book
-of Esdras, iv. 14, 15, women are the strongest of all things.
-
-9. _Esdram_, accus. of Esdras, with reference to the first book of Esdras,
-called 'liber Esdrae tertius' in the Vulgate.
-
-9, 10. _whos lordship al lignes_. Something is lost here; _lordship_ comes
-at the end of a line; perhaps the insertion of _passeth_ will give some
-sort of sense; _whos lordship [passeth] al lignes_, whose lordship
-surpasses all lines. But _lignes_ is probably a corrupt reading.
-
-10. _who is_, i.e. who is it that? The Vulgate has: 'Quis est ergo qui
-dominatur eorum? Nonne mulieres genuerunt regem,' &c. But the A. V. has:
-'Who is it then that ruleth them, or hath the lordship over them? Are they
-not women? Women have borne the king,' &c. This translates a text in which
-_mulieres_ has been repeated.
-
-17-21. From 1 Esdras, iv. 15-7: 'Women have borne the king and all the
-people that bear rule by sea and land. Even of them came they: and they
-nourished them up that planted the vineyards, from whence the wine cometh.
-These also make garments [Lat. _stolas_] for men; these bring glory unto
-men; and without women cannot men be.'
-
-21-5. Adapted from 1 Esdras, iv. 18, 19.
-
-30. 'That by no way can they refuse his desire to one that asks well.'
-
-32. _of your sectes_, of your followers, of those of your sex. Cf. chap. 2.
-139 above, and the note.
-
-38. _wenen_, imagine that your promises are all gospel-truth; cf. Legend of
-Good Women, 326 (earlier version).
-
-41. _so maked_; 'and that (i.e. the male sex) is so made sovereign and to
-be entreated, that was previously servant and used the voice of prayer.'
-Men begin by entreating, and women then surrender their sovereignty.
-
-43. _trewe_; used ironically; i.e. untrue.
-
-45, 46. _what thing to women it is_, what a thing it is for women. Ll.
-45-58 are borrowed, sometimes word for word, from Ch. HF. 269-85. See note
-to l. 70 below, and the Introduction, Sec. 11.
-
-47. 'All that glisters is not gold'; see Ch. C. T., G 962, and the note.
-But it is here copied from Ch. HF. 272.
-
-55. _whistel_, pipe. Cf. note to P. Plowm. B. xv. 467.
-
-60. _is put_, i.e. she (each one of them) is led to suppose.
-
-63, 64. Copied from Ch. HF. 305-10.
-
-67. _they_, i.e. women; cf. l. 58. So also in l. 68.
-
-68. _ye_, i.e. ye men; so also _you_ in l. 69.
-
-70-81. Expanded from Ch. HF. 332-59; observe how some phrases are
-preserved.
-
-91. 'Faciamus ei adiutorium simile sibi'; Gen. ii. 18.
-
-92. _this tree_, i.e. Eve, womankind. So in l. 96.
-
-100. 'What is heaven the worse, though Saracens lie concerning it?'
-
-111. _dames_, mothers; cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. met. 6. 1-9.
-
-114. _way_, path; _it lightly passe_, easily go along it.
-
-115. This proverb is copied from Ch. HF. 290-1; just as the proverb in l.
-47 is from the same, l. 272. Compare p. 22, ll. 44-5.
-
-131-2. Obscure; and apparently imperfect.
-
-CHAP. IV. 2. Either _my_ or _to me_ should be struck out.
-
-4-8. From Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 2. 3-8. 14-6. From the same, 8-12.
-
-20-1. _by wayes of riches_; cf. _richesses_ in Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 2.
-20; so also _dignite_ answers to _digne_ of _reverence_ in the same, l. 21;
-_power_ occurs in the same, l. 24; and _renome_ answers to _renoun_ in l.
-26.
-
-21. _wening me_, seeing that I supposed.
-
-22. _turneth_; 'it goes against the hair.' We now say--'against the grain.'
-
-45. The words between square brackets must be supplied.
-
-55. _holden for absolute_, considered as free, separate, or detached; as in
-Ch. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 6. 169.
-
-56. _leveth in_, there remain in, i.e. remain for consideration, remain to
-be considered. When 'bestial' living is set aside, 'manly' and 'resonable'
-are left.
-
-61. _riches_, &c.; from Boethius. See _riches_ discussed in Ch. Boeth. bk.
-ii. pr. 5; _dignite_, in pr. 6; _renome_, or fame, in pr. 7; and _power_,
-along with _dignite_, in pr. 6.
-
-99. _as a litel assay_, as if for a short trial, for a while.
-
-100. _songedest_, didst dream; from F. _songer_. I know of no other example
-of this verb in English. However, Langland has _songewarie_, interpretation
-of dreams, P. Plowman, C. x. 302.
-
-113. _thy king_; presumably, Richard II; cf. l. 120.
-
-116. _to oblige_, to subject thy body to deeds of arms, to offer to fight
-judicially; as already said above; cf. bk. i. c. 7. 10.
-
-138. 'Love and the bliss already spoken of above (cf. 'the parfit blisse of
-love,' bk. ii. c. 1. 79) shall be called "the knot" in the heart.' This
-definition of "the knot," viz. as being the perfect bliss or full fruition
-of love, should be noted; because, in later chapters, the author
-continually uses the phrase "the knot," without explaining what he means by
-it. It answers to 'sovereyn blisfulnesse' in Chaucer's Boethius.
-
-141. _inpossession_ is all one word, but is clearly an error. The right
-word is certainly _imposition_. The Lat. _impositio_ was a grammatical
-term, used by Varro, signifying the _imposing_ of a name, or the
-application of a name to an object; and the same sense of O.F. _imposition_
-appears in a quotation given by Godefroy. It is just the word required.
-When Love declares that she shall give the name of "the knot" to the
-perfect bliss of love, the author replies, 'I shall well understand the
-application of this name,' i.e. what you mean by it; cf. l. 149.
-
-147. _A goddes halfe_, lit. on the side of God; with much the same sense as
-in God's name; see Ch. C. T., D 50.
-
-CHAP. V. 3. _richesse_ is singular; it was probably Thynne who put the
-following verbs into plural forms.
-
-5. _Aristotle_. Perhaps the reference is to the Nicomachean Ethics, i. 1.
-
-15-20. The argument is from Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 5. 84, 122.
-
-57, 58. From Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 5. 45-7.
-
-65. Cf. 'Why embracest thou straunge goodes as they weren thyne?' Ch.
-Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 5. 50.
-
-67-77. From Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 5. 52-69.
-
-79-110. From the same; ll. 71-80; 88-133.
-
-CHAP. VI. Suggested by Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 6.
-
-11-4. From the same, 57, 58; 54-7; 62-4.
-
-25. _dignites ... is as the sonne_; the verb _is_ agrees with the latter
-substantive _sonne_.
-
-26-9. From the same as above, 4-6; the author substitutes _wilde fyre_ for
-Chaucer's _flaumbe of Ethna_.
-
-30. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 6. 75-8.
-
-38. Perhaps read _dignite in suche thing tene y-wrought_; 'as dignity in
-such a case wrought harm, so, on the contrary, the substance in dignity,
-being changed, rallied (so as) to bring in again a good condition in its
-effect.' Obscure. 'Dignities' are further discussed in Boeth. bk. iii. pr.
-4.
-
-74-7. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 4. 64-70.
-
-78. _Nero_. The name was evidently suggested by the mention of Nero
-immediately after the end of Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 4 (viz. in met. 4); but
-the story of Nero killing his mother is from an earlier passage in
-Boethius, viz. bk. ii. met. 6.
-
-81. _king John_. By asserting his 'dignity' as king against prince Arthur,
-he brought about a war in which the greater part of the French possessions
-of the crown were lost.
-
-82. _nedeth in a person_, are necessary for a man.
-
-99. _such maner planettes_, planets such as those; referring to the sun and
-moon mentioned just above; ll. 87, 91. The sun and moon were then accounted
-as being among the seven planets.
-
-100-1. 'That have any desire for such (ill) shining planets to appear any
-more in that way.'
-
-117-8. _I not_, I do not know. _and thou see_, if thou shouldst see. Cf.
-Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 4. 22-7.
-
-123-8. From Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 4. 31-9.
-
-127. _besmyteth_, contaminates, defiles. Note that the author is here
-reproducing Chaucer's _bispotten and defoulen_ (pr. 4. 38). The word is
-noted in Stratmann, because the A.S. _besm[=i]tan_, in this sense, occurs
-in Mark, vii. 15. The form _besmitten_ is commoner, four examples of it
-being given in the New E. Dict., s.v. _besmit_. The verb _besmite_ has
-escaped recognition there, because the present passage has not been noted.
-So also, in the next line, _smyteth_ has a like sense. _Smitted_ occurs in
-Troilus, v. 1545.
-
-129. _fyr_, fire; from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 4. 47.
-
-132-4. From the same; ll. 48-53.
-
-138. The sentence is incomplete and gives no sense; probably a clause has
-dropped out after the word _goodnesse_. I cannot set it right.
-
-143-5. Imitated from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 4. 55-7.
-
-153-6. Suggested by the same; ll. 64-70.
-
-164. Cf. 'leve hem in [_or_ on] thy lift hand'; P. Plowman, C. viii. 225.
-
-CHAP. VII. Suggested by Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 5.
-
-8. _Nero_; from the same, bk. iii. met. 4. 4, 5.
-
-14. _ensamples_; answers to _ensaumples_ in the same, bk. iii. pr. 5. 4.
-
-17. _Henry Curtmantil_, Henry II. 'Henry short mantell, or Henry the
-seconde'; Fabyan, ed. Ellis, p. 260. 'In his fifty-fifth year he thus
-miserably expired, and his son Geoffrey of Lincoln with difficulty found
-any one to attend to his funeral; the attendants had all fled away with
-everything valuable that they could lay their hands on'; Miss Yonge, Cameos
-from English History (1869); p. 180.
-
-20. Copied _without material alteration_ from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 5.
-5-7.
-
-23. _power of realmes_; from the same, l. 7.
-
-30-9. Copied, in part literally, from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 5. 8-17.
-
-39-42. From the same; ll. 20-5.
-
-50-2. Cf. 'Holdest thou thanne thilke man be mighty, that thou seest that
-he wolde don that he may nat don?' the same; ll. 23-5.
-
-72. _overthrowen_ would be better grammar.
-
-74-8. From the same prose, ll. 25-9.
-
-78. _warnisshed_, guarded. _warnishe,_ guard; _the hour of warnishe_, the
-time of his being guarded.
-
-81. _famulers_, household servants; borrowed from Chaucer's _familieres_ in
-the same prose, l. 29.
-
-82. _sypher_, cipher in arithmetic. Though in itself it signifies nothing,
-yet appended to a preceding figure it gives that figure a tenfold value.
-Cf. Richard the Redeless, iv. 53-4:--
-
- 'Than satte summe as siphre doth in awgrym
-  That noteth a place, and no-thing availeth.'
-
-92. _the blynde_; alluding to a common fable.
-
-95-6. From Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 5. 32-4.
-
-98-9; 101-3. From the same; ll. 41-6.
-
-105-8. From the same, ll. 48-51.
-
-109-12. From Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. met. 5.
-
-114-6. Here the author suddenly dashes off to another book of Boethius; see
-bk. ii. pr. 6. 44-5.
-
-117. _Buserus_; Chaucer has _Busirides_ in his text of Boethius, bk. ii.
-pr. 6. 47 (whose text our author here follows); but _Busirus_ in the Monkes
-Tale, B 3293. The true name is _Busiris_, of which _Busiridis_ is the
-genitive case. Chaucer evolved the form _Busirides_ out of the accusative
-_Busiridem_ in Boethius. See note in vol. ii. p. 433.
-
-118. _Hugest_; substituted for the example of Regulus in Boethius. Hugest
-is probably an error for Hengest, i.e. Hengist. The story of his slaughter
-of the Britons at Stonehenge by a shameful treachery is famous; he
-certainly 'betrayed many men.' See Fabyan, ed. Ellis, p. 66; Rob. of
-Gloucester, l. 2651 (ed. Hearne, p. 124). The story of his death is not
-inconsistent with the text. Rob. of Gloucester, at l. 2957 (ed. Hearne, p.
-140) tells how he was suddenly seized, in a battle, by Eldol, earl of
-Gloucester, who cried out for help; many came to his assistance, and
-Hengist was taken alive. Shortly afterwards, at the instance of Eldad,
-bishop of Gloucester, Eldol led him out of the town of Corneboru, and smote
-his head off. Eldad's verdict was:--
-
- 'Also doth by this mon that so moche wo ath y-do,
-  So mony child y-mad faderles, dighteth him al-so.'
-
-The name of his betrayer or capturer is given as _Collo_ in our text; but
-proper names take so many forms that it is not much to go by. Thus, the
-very name which is given as _Eldol_ in one MS. of Robert of Gloucester (l.
-2679) appears as _Cadel_ in another. Fabyan calls him _Edolf_ (p. 66), and
-makes him Earl of Chester. Layamon (ed. Madden, ii. 268) calls him
-_Aldolf_.
-
-120. 'Omnes enim, qui acceperint gladium, gladio peribunt'; Matt. xxvi. 52.
-
-122. _huisht_, hushed, silent; cf. _hust_ in Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. met. 5. 16.
-
-130-2. Cf. the same, bk. iv. pr. 2. 31-4.
-
-132. 'But then, as for him who could make you wretched, if he wished it,
-thou canst not resist it.' The sentence appears to be incomplete.
-
-135. _flye_, fly; substituted for Chaucer's _mous_; see his Boeth. bk. ii.
-pr. 6. 22-4.
-
-139-42. From the same, ll. 25-9.
-
-148-9. _Why there_, i.e. 'wherefore (viz. by help of these things) there is
-no way,' &c. Cf. 'Now is it no doute thanne that thise weyes ne ben a maner
-misledinges to blisfulnesse'; Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 8. 1-2.
-
-CHAP. VIII. 5. _renome_, renown; answering to _glori_ and _renoun_ in Ch.
-Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 6. 1, 6. But there is not much imitation of Chaucer in
-the former part of this chapter.
-
-37. _abouten_, round about; i.e. you have proved a contradiction.
-
-39. _acorden_, agree; _by lacking_, with respect to blame and praise.
-
-42. _elementes_, the four elements. Sir T. Elyot's Castel of Helthe (1539)
-presents the usual strange medieval notions on medicine. He begins by
-saying that we must consider the things natural, the things not natural,
-and the things against nature. The things natural are seven, viz. elements,
-complexions, humours, members, powers, operations, and spirits. 'The
-Elementes be those originall thynges vnmyxt and vncompounde, of whose
-temperance and myxture all other thynges, hauynge corporalle substance, be
-compacte: Of them be foure, that is to saye, Erthe, Water, Ayre, and Fyre.
-
-ERTHE is the moost grosse and ponderouse element, and of her proper nature
-is _colde_ and _drye_.
-
-WATER is more subtyll and lyght thanne erthe, but in respect of Ayre and
-Fyre, it is grosse and heuye, and of hir proper Nature is _colde_ and
-_moyste_.
-
-AYRE is more lyghte and subtylle than the other two, and beinge not altered
-with any exteriour cause, is properly _hotte_ and _moyste_.
-
-FYRE is absolutely lyght and clere, and is the clarifier of other
-elementes, if they be vyciate or out of their naturall temperaunce, and is
-properly _hotte_ and _drye_.' Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. met. 9. 13-7.
-
-50. _oned_, united; see the last note.
-
-52. _erthe_ (see the footnote) is an obvious error for _eyre_; so also in
-l. 53. But the whole of the argument is ridiculous.
-
-68-9. Copied from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 6. 3-4. From the Andromache of
-Euripides, l. 319; see the note in vol. ii. p. 439.
-
-69-71. From Chaucer, as above, ll. 5-9.
-
-75-81. From the same, ll. 9-17.
-
-82. _obstacles_; they are enumerated in bk. i. c. 8. l. 98 (p. 37).
-
-85-7; 89-97. From Chaucer, bk. iii. pr. 6. ll. 21-34.
-
-99. I do not know the source of this saying. Cf. C.T., D 1109-12.
-
-102-7. From Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 8. 26-35.
-
-104-5. _fayre and foule_, handsome and ugly men; _hewe_, beauty.
-
-107-10. _thilke--knotte_; equivalent to 'they ne ben nat weyes ne pathes
-that bringen men to blisfulnesse'; Ch., as above, ll. 42-3.
-
-122. Cf. 'But alday fayleth thing that fooles wenden'; certainly the right
-reading of Troil. i. 217; see note on the line; vol. ii. p. 463.
-
-124. _the sterre_, the star of the Southern pole; so in the next line, the
-Northern pole-star.
-
-126. _out-waye-going_, going out of the way, error of conduct; which may be
-called, as it were, 'imprisonment,' or 'banishment.' It is called
-_Deviacion_ in bk. iii. ch. i. 6, which see.
-
-127. _falsed_, proved false, gave way.
-
-130. Cf. 'It suffyseth that I have shewed hiderto the forme of false
-welefulness'; Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 9. 1. With line 131, cf. the same,
-ll. 5-7.
-
-CHAP. IX. 1-5. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 9. 9-11.
-
-9. The 'harmony' or music of the spheres; see Troil. v. 1812-3; Parl.
-Foules, 59-63, and the note in vol. i. p. 507.
-
-37-8. _sugre ... soot_; cf. 'sucre be or soot,' Troil. iii. 1194; and 'in
-her hony galle'; C. T., B 3537.
-
-54. _Flebring_; omitted in the New E. Dict., as being a false form; there
-is no such word. Mr. Bradley suggests _flekring_ or _flekering_, which is
-probable enough. The M.E. _flekeren_, also spelt _flikeren_, meant not only
-to flutter, but to be in doubt, to vacillate, and even to caress. We may
-take it to mean 'light speech' or 'gossip.'
-
-65. 'Good and yvel ben two contraries'; Ch. Boeth. bk. iv. pr. 2. 10.
-
-74. _in that mores_, in the possession of that greater thing.
-
-77-8. Cf. l. 81 below. Hence the sense is: 'and that thing which belongs to
-it (i.e. to the knot) ought to incline to its superior cause out of honour
-and good-will.' But it is clumsy enough; and even to get this sense (which
-seems to have been that intended) we must alter _mores_ to _more_. The form
-was probably miswritten _mores_ here owing to the occurrence of _mores_
-just above (l. 74) and just below (l. 79). It proceeds thus:--'otherwise,
-it is rebellious, and ought to be rejected from protection by its
-superior.'
-
-116. From Troil. iii. 1656-9.
-
-129-38. Perhaps the finest passage in the treatise, but not very original.
-Cf. P. Plowman, C. xxi. 456-7; Ch. Boeth. bk. iv. met. 6. 20-3.
-
-133. Cf. 'ones a yere al thinges renovelen'; Ch. C. T., I 1027.
-
-134. Cf. 'To be gayer than the heven'; Book of the Duch. 407.
-
-139. Imitated from Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 2. 54-5; but with the
-substitution of 'garmentes' for 'tonnes.'
-
-143. _proverbe_, proverb. 'When bale is hext (highest), then bote is next';
-Proverbs of Hending; see notes to Gamelyn, ll. 32, 631, in vol. v. pp. 478,
-486. For _hext_ our author substitutes _a nyebore_, i.e. a neighbour, nigh
-at hand.
-
-151. The truth of astrology is here assumed.
-
-155-70. I suspect that this account of the days of the week (though no
-doubt familiar in those days to many) was really copied from Chaucer's
-Treatise on the Astrolabe, part ii. sect. 12 (vol. iii. p. 197). For it
-contains a remarkable blunder. The word _noon_ in l. 163 should, of course,
-be _midnight_; but, as Chaucer omits to say when the first planetary hour
-of the day occurs, the author was left to himself in regard to this point.
-Few people understand _why_ the day after Sunday must needs be Monday; yet
-it is very simple. The principle is given in the footnote to vol. iii. p.
-197 (cf. vol. v. p. 86), but may here be stated a little more plainly. The
-earth being taken as the centre of the planetary system, the planets are
-arranged in the order of the radii of their orbits. The nearest planet is
-the Moon, then Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. These
-were arranged by the astrologers in the _reverse_ order; viz. Saturn,
-Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon; after which the rotation began
-over again, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, &c.; as before. If we now divide Sunday
-into twenty-four hours, and assign the _first_ of these to the Sun, the
-_second_ to Venus (next in rotation), the _third_ to Mercury, and so on,
-the _eighth_ hour will again fall to the Sun, and so will the _fifteenth_
-and the _twenty-second_. Consequently, the _twenty-third_ (like the
-_second_) belongs to Venus, the _twenty-fourth_ to Mercury, and the
-_twenty-fifth_ to the Moon. But the twenty-fifth hour is the first hour of
-the new day, which is therefore the day of the Moon. And so throughout.
-
-Since the twenty-second hour belongs to the Sun, and the twenty-fifth to
-the Moon, the planetary interval from day to day is really obtained by
-pitching upon every _third_ planet in the series, i.e. by skipping two.
-Hence the order of ruling planets for each day (which rule depends upon the
-assignment of the _first_ hour) is obviously--the Sun, the Moon, Mars,
-Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn; or, in Anglo-Saxon terminology, the Sun,
-the Moon, T[=i]w, W[=o]den, Thunor (Thur), Frige, and Saetern (Saeter).
-
-178. Cf. 'here wo into wele wende mote atte laste'; P. Plowman, C. xxi.
-210. See notes to ch. 13. 86 below, and bk. i. 3. 153.
-
-180. Cf. Troil. iv. 836, and the note (vol. ii. p. 490).
-
-196. _slawe_, slain; the usual expression; cf. Compl. of Mars, 186; Compl.
-unto Pite, 112.
-
-CHAP. X. 1-6. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 9. 1-4; pr. 10. 1-4.
-
-7. _three lyves_; as mentioned above, bk. ii. ch. 4. 44-6.
-
-18. _firste sayde_; viz. in bk. ii. ch. 4. 56.
-
-28-34. Borrowed from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. met. 7.
-
-37. _a fair parcel_. Similarly, Boethius recites his former good fortune;
-bk. ii. pr. 3. 20-43.
-
-45. He insists that he was only a servant of conspirators; he would have
-nothing to do with the plot (l. 50); yet he repented of it (l. 49); and it
-is clear that he betrayed it (bk. i. ch. 6. l. 189).
-
-58. _farn_, for _faren_, fared. _Fortune_; cf. the complaints of Boethius,
-bk. i. met. 1. 19; pr. 4. 8; bk. ii. met. 1.
-
-68-71. From Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 4. 57-61.
-
-81-3. From the same; bk. ii. pr. 4. 122; pr. 3. 61.
-
-84-7. From the same; pr. 4. 127-32.
-
-88-105. From the same; pr. 3. 48-63.
-
-96. _both_, booth; Chaucer has _tabernacle_; pr. 3. 56.
-
-105-10; 115-20. From the same; bk. ii. pr. 4. 33-42.
-
-126-9. From the same; ll. 43-7.
-
-133. Here begins a new chapter in Thynne; with a large capital C. See note
-to book ii. ch. i.
-
-148-50. From Ch. Boeth. bk. ii. pr. 4. 97-101.
-
-155. 'The soules of men ne mowe nat deyen in no wyse'; the same, ll. 122-3.
-
-163. _oon of three_; see ch. 10. 10 above (p. 83).
-
-CHAP. XI. 11-3. Not in character; the author forgets that Love is supposed
-to be the speaker, and speaks in his own person.
-
-40-8. From Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. met. 8. 3-7, 16-8; pr. ix. 12-16, 66-70;
-somewhat varied.
-
-56. _over his soule_; cf. 'but only upon his body'; the same, bk. ii. pr.
-6. 31.
-
-56-69. The general idea corresponds with the same, bk. iii. pr. 9. I
-observe no verbal resemblance.
-
-82. Thynne begins a new chapter here, with a large capital T. See note to
-bk. ii. ch. i.
-
-93. _Plato_. This story is told of Socrates, and is given in the note to C.
-T., I 670, in vol. v. p. 466; from Seneca, De Ira, lib. i. c. 15.
-
-111. _conclude_ seems here to mean 'include,' as in C. T., G 429.
-
-121. _habit ... monk_; 'Cucullus non facit monachum'; a common medieval
-proverb; see Rom. Rose, 6192, and the note.
-
-125. _cordiacle_ is Thynne's misprint for _cardiacle_; cf. 'That I almost
-have caught a cardiacle'; C.T., C 313.
-
-CHAP. XII. 8. _in place_, i.e. present; _chafinge_, warming.
-
-14. _neigheth_, approaches; _and it ... be_, if it can be.
-
-17. _Donet_, primer, elementary book of instruction; named from _Donatus_,
-the grammarian; see note to P. Plowman, C. vii. 215.
-
-32. _muskle_; referring to bk. i. ch. 3. 78.
-
-35. _excellence of coloures_, its (outward) blue colour. Blue was the
-emblem of constancy and truth; see note to C. T., F 644 (vol. v. p. 386).
-For _coloures_ we should rather read _colour_; the same error occurs in l.
-43 below (see footnote).
-
-45. 'When pleasant weather is above.'
-
-46. 'Betokening steadfastness (continuance) in peace'; cf. note to l. 35
-above.
-
-47. The following is Pliny's account of the Pearl, as translated by
-Holland; bk. ix. c. 35.
-
-'This shell-fish which is the mother of Pearle, differs not much in the
-manner of breeding and generation from the Oysters; for when the season of
-the yeare requireth that they should engender, they seeme to yawne and
-gape, and so do open wide; and then (by report) they conceive a certaine
-moist dew as seed, wherewith they swell and grow big; ... and the fruit of
-these shell-fishes are the Pear[l]es, better or worse, great or small,
-according to the qualitie and quantitie of the dew which they receiued. For
-if the dew were pure and cleare which went into them, then are the Pearles
-white, faire, and Orient: but if grosse and troubled, the Pearles likewise
-are dimme, foule, and duskish; ... according as the morning is faire, so
-are they cleere; but otherwise, if it were misty and cloudy, they also will
-be thicke and muddy in colour.'
-
-50. The sense of _Margaryte_ in _this_ passage is the visible church of
-Christ, as the context shews. In book iii. ch. 9. 160, the author tells us
-that it signifies 'grace, lerning, or wisdom of god, or els _holy church_.'
-
-52. _mekenesse_, humility; cf. l. 63. The church is descended from Christ,
-who is the heavenly dew.
-
-56. _reduced in-to good_, connected with good; _mene_, intermediate.
-
-58. _beestes_, living things that cannot move; the very word used by
-Chaucer, Boeth. bk. v. pr. 5. 20; compare the passage.
-
-64. There is something wrong; either _discendeth_ should be _discended_, or
-we should understand _and_ before _to_; and perhaps _downe_ should be
-_dewe_; cf. l. 68. The reference seems to be to the Incarnation.
-
-68. Here the Protean word _Margaryte_ means 'the wisdom of god,' judging by
-the context; see note to l. 50 above.
-
-78. This does not mean 'I would have explained it better,' but 'I should
-like to have it better explained.'
-
-86. _Margaryte_ here means the visible church, as before (l. 50); to the
-end of the chapter.
-
-91. _welde_, possess; and all that he now possesses is his life.
-
-108. _yvel spekers_; this seems to allude to the Lollards, who ought (he
-says) to be 'stopped and ashamed.'
-
-114. This shews that Margarete does not mean a woman; for it is declared to
-be as precious as a woman, to whom it is likened.
-
-121. _deedly_, mortal. Hence Margarete does not mean the church in general,
-but the visible church at the time of writing, the church militant.
-
-CHAP. XIII. 11. 'To be evil, is to be nothing.' The general argument
-follows Ch. Boeth. bk. iv. pr. 2. 143-94, and pr. 4.
-
-23. _a this halfe_, on this side of, under; cf. note to bk. i. ch. 9. 39.
-
-30. _determinison_, determination; a correct form. Cf. _venison_ from Lat.
-acc. _uenationem_. Accordingly, the O.F. forms were _determinaison_,
-_-eson_, _-oison_, as given by Godefroy. He supplies the example:
-'Definicio, difinicion ou _determineson_,' from an old glossary. Hence
-_determination_ is here used in the sense of 'definition,' as is obvious
-from the context. Thynne prints _determission_, which makes nonsense; and
-there is no such word. The present passage is entered in the New E. Dict.
-under _determission_, with the suggestion that it is an error; it might
-have been better to enter it under _determinison_ (or _-eson_); but it is
-always difficult to know how to deal with these mistakes of printers and
-editors.
-
-33. _your-selfe sayd_; referring to l. 4 above.
-
-35. _y-sayd good_, called 'good.'
-
-40. _participacion_; from Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 10. 110.
-
-43. _Austen_, St. Augustin; and so Pope, Essay on Man, i. 294:--'One truth
-is clear, Whatever is, is right.'
-
-49. _Boece_, Boethius; whom the author here mentions just once more; see
-his former allusion in bk. i. prologue, 110. The reference is to bk. iii.
-pr. 10. 153-84.
-
-53. _apeted to_, sought after, longed for, desired. _Apete_ is a correct
-form, as it represents an O.F. _*apeter_; but the usual O.F. form is
-_appeter_ (Littre, s.v. _appeter_), from Lat. _appetere_. See New E. Dict.,
-s.v. _Appete_, where a quotation is given from Chaucer, L. G. W. 1582. But
-the right reading in that line is surely _appetyteth_, as _appeteth_ will
-not scan; unless we strongly accent the initial _As_. See vol. ii. p. 137,
-l. 1582 and footnote, and the note to the line, at p. 328.
-
-56. _This_ stands for _This is_, as usual; see notes to C. T., A 1091, E
-56.
-
-71. _betterer_, better; not necessarily a misprint. The form _bettyrer_
-occurs in the Catholicon Anglicum.
-
-72. _his kyndely place_, its natural position; cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iii. pr.
-11. 100-2.
-
-77. _blacke_; cf. Troil. i. 642.
-
-82. _yeven by the ayre_, endowed by the air with little goodness and
-virtue; because the dew that produced the pearl fell through the air; see
-note to ch. xii. 47 above. Hence _matier_ is material, viz. the dew.
-
-86. _unpees_, war. The general argument, with the contrast of colours above
-mentioned, occurs in P. Plowman, C. xxi. 209-21; cf. also ll. 144-66. Of
-these lines, ll. 210 and 212 have already been explicitly cited above: see
-notes to bk. i. ch. 3. 153, and to bk. ii. ch. 9. 178.
-
-92. _Pallas_; we should have expected 'Minerva'; however, _Pallas_ occurs
-five times in Troilus.
-
-94. _and Mercurie_, if Mercury; but it is obscure.
-
-99. _a dewe and a deblys_. Under _Adieu_, in the New E. Dict., we find:
-'_fig._ an expression of regret at the loss or departure of anything; or a
-mere exclamatory recognition of its disappearance; = away, no longer, no
-more, all is over with. _c._ 1400 _Test. Love_ ii. (1560) 292/1. Adewe and
-adewe blis.'
-
-Something has gone wrong here; the edition of 1561 (not 1560) has, at fol.
-306, back (not 292) the reading 'a dewe and a deblis'; as in the text. The
-same reading occurs in all the earlier black-letter editions and in
-Chalmers; there being no other authority except Thynne. I do not understand
-the passage; the apparent sense is: 'his name is given _a dieu_ and to
-devils'; i.e. (I suppose) is renounced. _Deblis_ for 'devils' is a possible
-form; at any rate, we find _deblet_, _deblerie_, for _devilet_ and
-_diablerie_; see New E. Dict., under _Dablet_ and _Deblerie_.
-
-115-6. 'That which is good, seems to me to be wholly good.' This is
-extremely significant. 'The church is good, and therefore wholly good,' is
-evidently intended. In other words, it needs no reform; the Lollards should
-let it alone. In ch. 14. 24, he plainly speaks of 'heretics,' and of the
-errors of 'mismeninge people.'
-
-130. _leve_, believe. L. 120 shews that he hopes for mercy and pity; we may
-safely conclude that he had been a Lollard once. Cf. ch. 14. 2-4.
-
-CHAP. XIV. 6. _Proverbes_. He refers to Prov. vii. 7-22: 'Considero
-uecordem iuuenem, qui ... graditur in obscuro, in noctis tenebris; et ecce
-occurrit illi mulier ornatu meretricio, praeparata ad capiendas animas,
-garrula et uaga, quietis impatiens ... dicens ... ueni, inebriemur
-uberibus, et fruamur cupitis amplexibus ... statim eam sequitur quasi bos
-ductus ad uictimam.'
-
-25. _skleren and wimplen_, veil and cover over. He probably found the word
-_skleire_, a veil, in P. Plowman, C. ix. 5 (cf. also B. vi. 7, A. vii. 7),
-as that is the only known example of the substantive. The verb occurs here
-only. Other spellings of _skleire_, sb., in the MSS., are _sklayre_,
-_scleyre_, _slaire_, _skleir_, _sleire_, _sleyre_. Cf. Du. _sluier_, G.
-_Schleier_.
-
-29. _by experience_; i.e. the author had himself been inclined to 'heresy';
-he was even in danger of 'never returning' (l. 38).
-
-36. _weyved_, rejected; he had rejected temptations to Lollardry.
-
-38. _shewed thee thy Margarite_; meaning (I suppose) shewn thee the
-excellence of the church as it is.
-
-40. _Siloe_, Siloam. It is a wonder where the author found this description
-of the waters of the pool of Siloam; but I much suspect that it arose from
-a gross misunderstanding of Isaiah, viii. 6, 7, thus:--'the waters of
-Shiloah that go softly ... shall come up over all his channels, and go over
-all his banks.' In the Vulgate: 'aquas Siloe, quae uadunt cum silentio ...
-ascendet super omnes riuos eius, et fluet super uniuersas ripas eius.'
-Hence _cankes_ in l. 44 is certainly an error for _bankes_; the initial _c_
-was caught from the preceding _circuit_.
-
-46. After _Mercurius_ supply _servaunts_ or _children_. The children or
-servants of Mercury mean the clerks or writers. The expression is taken
-from Ch. C. T., D 697:--
-
- 'The children of Mercurie and of Venus
-  Ben in hir wirking ful contrarious.'
-
-47. _Veneriens_, followers of Venus; taken from Ch. C. T., D 609.
-
-52. _that ben fallas_; that is to say, deceptions. See _Fallace_ in the New
-E. Dict.
-
-60. _sote of the smoke_, soot of the smoke of the fire prepared for the
-sacrificed ox; 'bos ductus ad uictimam'; Prov. vii. 22.
-
-61. _it founde_, didst find it; referring, apparently, to _thy langoring
-deth_.
-
-67-8. _thilke Margaryte_, the church; by serving which he was to be
-delivered from danger, by means of his amendment.
-
-70. _disese_, misery, discomfort; because he had to do penance.
-
-74. He had formerly sinned against the church.
-
-80. 'And yet thou didst expect to have been rejected for ever.'
-
-83. _lache_, loosen (it); from O.F. _lascher_, to loosen, relax. Or it may
-mean 'turn cowardly.'
-
-85. 'Inueni Dauid seruum meum; oleo sancto meo unxi eum'; Ps. lxxxix. 20
-(lxxxviii. 21, Vulgate).
-
-93. _openly_; hence the author had publicly recanted.
-
-BOOK III.
-
-CHAP. I. This chapter is really a Prologue to the Third Book.
-
-2. _discrete_, separate; _tellinge_, counting.
-
-3. _Three_ was considered a perfect number; see below.
-
-6. Time was divided into three ages; first, the age of Error, before the
-coming of Christ; all that died then went to hell, whence some were rescued
-by Christ when He descended thither. The second, the age of Grace, from the
-time of Christ's coming till His second advent. The third, the age of Joy,
-enduring for ever in heaven.
-
-_Deviacion_; Thynne prints _Demacion_, an obvious error for _Deuiacion_
-(_m_ for _ui_); in l. 26, it is replaced by _Errour of misgoinge_, which
-has the same sense, and in bk. ii. ch. 8. 126, it is called
-_out-waye-going_. The New E. Dict. has no quotation for _deviation_ older
-than 1603; but here we find it.
-
-25. I. e. Book I treats of Error or Deviation; Book II, of Grace; and Book
-III, of Joy.
-
-28. _whiche is faylinge without desert_, which is failure without merit;
-these words are out of place here, and perhaps belong to the preceding
-clause (after _shewed_ in l. 26). _thilke_, &c.; amending that first fault.
-
-29. Perhaps for _and_ read _an_; it refers to guidance into the right path.
-
-37. He says that the English alter the name _Margarite-perle_ into
-_Margery-perle_, whereas Latin, French, and many other languages keep the
-true form. Cf. Lat. _margarita_, O.F. _marguerite_, _margarete_, Gk.
-[Greek: margarites], Pers. _marw[=a]r[=i]d_, Arab. _marj[=a]n_; all from
-Skt. _manjar[=i]_, a pearl.
-
-45. _the more Britayne_, greater Britain (England and Scotland), as
-distinguished from lesser Britain (Brittany); see note to bk. ii. ch. 12.
-47 above. Pliny says (tr. by Holland, bk. ix. c. 35):--'In Brittaine it is
-certain that some [pearls] do grow; but they be small, dim of colour, and
-nothing orient.'
-
-56. _conninge_, certain knowledge; _opinion_, uncertain knowledge,
-supposition; as he proceeds to say.
-
-62. We thus learn that it was at this date an open question, whether the
-sun was bigger than the earth; there were some who imagined it to be so.
-
-68. He here mentions the _quadrivium_, or group of four of the seven
-sciences, viz. arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy; see note to P.
-Plowman, C. xii. 98.
-
-73. These are the four cardinal virtues, Prudence, Justice, Temperance, and
-Fortitude; see note to P. Plowman, C. i. 131.
-
-79. Why 'two things' are mentioned, is not clear. It was usual to introduce
-here the _trivium_, or second group of the seven arts (see note to l. 68);
-which contained logic, grammar, and rhetoric. For the two former he has
-substituted 'art,' the general term.
-
-99. _twey_, two; viz. _natural_ and _reasonable_; cf. l. 53. The third is
-_moral_. Hence we have the following scheme.
-
-                                      { _natural_: the quadrivium.
-              { relating to the body  {
-  Philosophy  {                       { _reasonable_: the trivium.
-              {
-              { relating to the soul: _moral_: the cardinal virtues.
-
-              { law: _natural_.
-              {
-              { right: _reasonable_.
-  Law         {
-              {         { written: _constitution_.
-              { custom  {
-                        { unwritten: _usage_.
-
-122. I. e. 'so that harm, (as punishment) for harm, should restrain
-evil-doers by the bridle of fear.'
-
-125. _contrarioustee of_, that which is contrary to.
-
-130. _and unworthy_, even if they be unworthy.
-
-_professe and reguler_; the 'professed' were such as, after a year of
-probation, had been received into a monastic order; the 'regular' were such
-as were bound by the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and
-obedience.
-
-131. _obediencer_, bound by obedience; used adjectivally; cf. Low Lat.
-_obedientiarius_.
-
-134. Thus the author was himself bound by monastic vows, and was one of the
-'regular' clergy.
-
-146-7. _abouten_, about (me), near at hand. _eche_, to increase, lengthen.
-
-156. _refrete_, refrain, burden of a song; O.F. _refrait_, _refret_
-(Godefroy). 'Sobs are a ready (ever-present) refrain in its meditations';
-where _his_ (its) refers to _goost_, or spirit, in l. 155.
-
-157-8. _comming about I not than_, recurring I know not when. For _than_
-read _whan_, to make sense.
-
-160. _he_, Christ; referring to Matt. xxi. 16.
-
-161. _whos spirit_; 'Spiritus ubi uult spirat'; John, iii. 8; 'Spiritus,
-diuidens singulis prout uult'; 1 Cor. xii. 11.
-
-170. _wyte that_, lay the blame for that upon. Such is the right idiom; cf.
-'Wyte it the ale of Southwerk, I yow preye'; Ch. C. T., A 3140. Thynne
-prints _with_ for _wite_ or _wyte_, making nonsense of the passage.
-
-CHAP. II. 14. _lybel of departicion_, bill (or writ) of separation; taken
-from _libellum repudii_ in Matt. v. 31, which Wyclif translates by 'a libel
-of forsakyng.'
-
-16. 'I find, in no law, (provision for) recompensing and rewarding in a
-bounteous way, those who are guilty, according to their deserts.'
-
-19. _Paulyn_, Paulinus. But there is some mistake. Perhaps he refers to L.
-Aemilius Paulus, brother of M. Aemilius Lepidus the Triumvir. This Paulus
-was once a determined enemy of Caesar, but was won over to his side by a
-large bribe.
-
-21-3. I cannot explain or understand this clause; something seems to be
-omitted, to which it refers.
-
-23. Julius Caesar was accounted as following Cato in justice. The statement
-is obscure.
-
-25. Perdiccas, according to the romances, succeeded Alexander the Great;
-see note to Bk. ii. c. 2. 116. I do not find the anecdote referring to
-Porus. It is not improbable that the author was thinking of Philip the
-physician, who revealed to Alexander 'a privy hate' entertained against
-that monarch by Parmenion; see the Wars of Alexander, ed. Skeat, 2559-83.
-
-49. _right as mater_. Cf. 'sicut ad formam de forma procedere materiam
-notum est'; an often quoted passage in Guido delle Colonne's Historia
-Troiae; see note to Legend of Good Women, 1582 (vol. iii. p. 329).
-
-65. _and right_, if right-doing were not in the original working.
-
-82. _muste do good nedes_, must necessarily do good.
-
-87. _ende_, object. The reference seems to be to Aristotle, Nicomachean
-Ethics, bk. i. c. 1, c. 2, or c. 5.
-
-90. _goodly_, with a good motive. In l. 99, it simply means 'a good
-motive.'
-
-112. _praysing ne lacking_, praise nor blame.
-
-115. The Latin would be _nemo inuite beatus_; but I do not know where to
-find it.
-
-128. _free arbitrement_, Lat. liberum arbitrium; introduced in order to
-lead up to a discussion of free will, necessity, and providence; as in
-Boeth. bk. v.
-
-140. _closing_, including, implying.
-
-154-60. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 3. 1-18.
-
-CHAP. III. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 3 and pr. 4.
-
-26. Cf. the same, pr. iii. 29, and the context.
-
-58. _for I love_, i.e. because (or since) I love.
-
-74. _commende_, coming; probably the original MS. had _command_, the
-Northern form. We have a similar form _lykende_, in l. 133 below. In ll.
-82, 83, the usual form _comming_ appears.
-
-82-3. In many places, _comming_ is used nearly with the sense of 'future';
-cf. ll. 177-8.
-
-126. Here again we have the usual ridiculous contradictions; the sense
-is--'being wet, I burn; without wasting, I fade.' Cf. Rom. Rose, Eng.
-version, 4703-50.
-
-128. Thynne has (here and in ch. 6. 147, p. 132) _vnbyde_, an obvious error
-for _onbyde_, i.e. abide, remain; see ch. 7. 161, 163.
-
-131. 'God grant (that) that thing may soon draw nigh to thee.' _Neigh_ is
-here a verb, as in Bk. ii. ch. 12. 14.
-
-164. _that_, that which; _with nothing_, yet not so as to be constrained by
-anything else.
-
-171. _rysinge of the sonne_, rising of the sun; this example is borrowed
-from Ch. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 6. 103, 165.
-
-CHAP. IV. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 6. 157-89.
-
-29. _and nedeful is_, 'and it is necessary that, in order to desire (a
-thing), he may also _not_ desire (it)'; otherwise, he does not make any
-choice.
-
-30-1. The words 'But thilke ... the same to wilne' are _repeated_ in
-Thynne's edition, to the destruction of the sense.
-
-59. _as now_, present; cf. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 6. 28-32.
-
-96-9. A clear case of reasoning in a circle.
-
-112. 'Constituisti terminos eius, qui praeteriri non poterunt'; Job, xiv.
-5.
-
-121-6. See Rom. viii. 29, 30. _conformes_; the Vulgate has: 'Nam quos
-praesciuit, et praedestinauit _conformes_ fieri imaginis Filii sui.'
-
-129. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 6. 35, 71-8.
-
-140. Cf. the same, 12-9, 28-33, &c.
-
-152. Referring to ll. 121-6 above.
-
-165. _close and one_, are closed and united; here _close_ and _one_ seem to
-be verbs.
-
-169. _by_, with reference to.
-
-198-9. _no art_, in no way (?); but surely an error for _nat_, as _wrytest
-nat_ is repeated in l. 200.
-
-206. _defendeth_, 'forbids something to be movable,' &c.
-
-220. Too obscure to deserve the encomium for perspicuity which follows in
-ll. 222-5.
-
-232. _for right_, &c.; 'for nothing at all exists there (i.e. in eternity)
-after the manner of that which is temporal.'
-
-243. _ben to ben_, are to come because of God's knowledge.
-
-249. _philosophical poete_; Chaucer, because he translated The Consolation
-of Philosophy, and introduced passages from it into his poem of Troilus,
-notably in Book iv. 963-6, 974-1078. In l. 254, Troilus is expressly
-mentioned. Most likely, the allusion is to Bk. iv. 974-1078; although this
-deals rather with predestination than with the origin of evil.
-
-257. _storiers_, gen. pl. of _storier_, a teller of a story; cf. O.F.
-_historieur_, an historian (Godefroy). Thynne prints _starieres_; which
-gives no sense.
-
-262. _two the laste_, the last two; chapters 13 and 14; but chapter 14 has
-little to do with the subject.
-
-CHAP. V. 4. 'Or as an ook comth of a litel spyr'; Troil. ii. 1335.
-
-33-7. The word _welked_ occurs twice in Chaucer, C. T., C 738, D 277; and
-_wiver_ once, Troil. iii. 1010.
-
-57. _with yvel ... acomered_, desires not to be encumbered with evil.
-
-63. 'Why, as soon as one has sprung up on high, does not the other spring
-up also?' Here 'one' and 'the other' seem to refer to 'will' and 'bliss';
-cf. ll. 16, 17, 70, 71.
-
-73-6. Cf. HF. 737-46; Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 11. 98-101.
-
-CHAP. VI. 4-7. Imitated from Ch. Boeth. bk. i. met. 6. 5-11.
-
-10. _seconde boke_; cf. Book ii. ch. 11. 51-69, 102.
-
-12. _setling_; misprinted _setteles_; but see _setling_ in ch. 5. l. 23.
-
-17. He here contemplates the possibility of yielding to persecution and
-threats.
-
-50-1. The _five wits_ are the five senses; P. Plowman, C. ii. 15, and the
-note.
-
-60. _aptes_, natural tendencies; used here only; see New E. Dict.
-
-64. _terme of equivocas_, terms of like signification; _terme_ being an
-error for _termes_. Answering to Lat. _uerba aequiuoca_, words of like
-signification; Isidore, Orig. ii. 26 (Lewis and Short). _Equivocas_ is
-formed by adding the Eng. pl. _-s_ to the Lat. neuter plural (New E.
-Dict.).
-
-Cf. the passage in P. Plowman, where _Liberum-arbitrium_ recites his names;
-C. xvii. 201. The first name, 'instrument of willing,' corresponds to
-_animus_: '_dum uult, animus est_'; but the rest vary.
-
-68. _reson_. Compare the same passage: '_dum iudicat, racio est_.'
-
-73. Compare the same: '_dum recolit, memoria est_.'
-
-77. _affeccion_: a disposition to wish for sleep.
-
-90. _that lambes_, who scorn and despise lambs.
-
-104. Thynne has _vs_, which is a not uncommon spelling of 'use.' I merely
-print 'us[e]' because _us_ looks so unintelligible. In l. 103, the word is
-_usage_; in l. 110, we have _use_.
-
-140. _thinges_; viz. riches, honour, and power; discussed in Book ii.
-chapters 5-7.
-
-147. _onbyde_, misprinted _unbyde_; see note above, to ch. 3. 128.
-
-CHAP. VII. 11. The idea of this Tree is copied from P. Plowman, C. xix.
-4-14. Thus in l. 11, the ground in which the tree grows is said to be 'ful
-in thyne herte'; and in P. Plowman, the tree grows in _cor-hominis_, the
-heart of man. In P. Plowman, the tree is called True-love, the blossoms are
-Benign-Speech (cf. l. 16), and the fruits are deeds of Charity. See note to
-l. 69 below.
-
-38. Cf. 'As, wry the gleed, and hotter is the fyr'; Legend of Good Women,
-735.
-
-50. _pype_; see Troil. v. 1433; C. T., A 1838 (and note).
-
-53. _no wode lay use_, sing no mad song.
-
-59. _Aristotel_. The reference appears to be to Aristotle, De
-Interpretatione ([Greek: peri hermeneias]), ch. 1. _Voice_ seems to mean 'a
-word unrelated to a sentence,' i.e. not related to something else as
-forming part of a sentence.
-
-69. So in P. Plowman, C. xix. 29, the tree is attacked by three wicked
-winds; especially 'in flouryng-tyme,' l. 35.
-
-97. _A marchaunt_; so in Chaucer, C. T., G 945-50.
-
-99. _So ofte_; from Ch. Troil. ii. 1380-3; note the epithet _happy_, the
-use of the sb. _sweigh_ or _swaye_, and the phrase _come al at ones_, in
-both passages.
-
-101. Cf. 'Gutta cauat lapidem'; Ovid, Ex Ponto, iv. 10. 5.
-
-_lethy_, weak; see Prompt. Parv., and Gloss. to P. Plowman.
-
-117-121. Compare Bk. iii. ch. 2. 122-9.
-
-123. 'Quod debuimus facere, fecimus'; Luke, xvii. 10.
-
-145. _al is_, it is all to be accounted to her wholly. _To wyte_ usually
-has a bad sense; as implying blame.
-
-160. _this lady_; i.e. Heavenly Love suddenly took up its place in his
-heart. This is rather inartistic; no wonder that the author was much
-astonished at such a proceeding (ch. 8. 2 below). This of course puts an
-end to the dialogue, but in Thynne's misarranged print the lady speaks to
-him again, as if it were _out of his heart_!
-
-CHAP. VIII. 7. _lynes_, written lines of writing, which he imagines to be
-imprinted on his understanding; see ll. 8, 13, 14 below.
-
-10. _me might_, one might; _me_ for _men_ = _man_, as often.
-
-21. _but for_, except because; so in l. 22. _wol_, desires.
-
-42. _owe I not alowe_, I ought not to applaud.
-
-46. _it make_, cause it (to be so); as in Troil. ii. 959.
-
-91. 'Quia Christi bonus odor sumus Deo, in iis qui salui fiunt; ... aliis
-quidem odor mortis in mortem'; 2 Cor. ii. 15-6.
-
-120. _ne had_, had; disregarding _ne_, which is inserted after the word
-_denyed_.
-
-123. _without ... nede_, without any kind of necessity.
-
-125. _him nedeth_, something is lacking to him.
-
-146. _forward_, thenceforward, afterwards.
-
-155-6. _in his owne comodite_, in what is suitable for him; _comodites_,
-desires that are suitable. The examples of the word in this passage are
-older than any given, s.v. _Commodity_, in the New E. Dict. Cf. ll. 159,
-165.
-
-CHAP. IX. 7. _destenee_, destiny; cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iv. pr. 6. 39, 44.
-
-12. _non inconvenient_, convenient; i.e. befitting.
-
-21. _chapitre_, chapter; viz. ch. 3 of Book iii.
-
-46. Here Thynne's text returns to the right order.
-
-52. The author now concludes his work with a prayer and a short
-recommendation of his book to the reader. Ll. 58-61 speak of its
-imperfections; ll. 61-6 tell us that the effort of writing it has done him
-good. In ll. 67-75 he anticipates future freedom from anxiety, and
-continuance 'in good plight.' He was then evidently unaware that his death
-was near at hand.
-
-86. 'My dull wit is hindred by the stepmother named Forgetfulness.' A
-curious expression.
-
-92. _horisons_, put for _orisons_, prayers.
-
-98. _sightful_, visible; an obvious allusion to the eucharist (l. 100).
-Similarly, a gem denotes a pearl, or 'margaret'; and Margaret (a woman's
-name) denotes grace, learning, or wisdom of God, or else holy church.
-
-104. From John, vi. 63.
-
-107. From 2 Cor. iii. 6.
-
-109, 110. Printed as prose in Thynne; but two riming verses seem to be
-intended. If so, _al-le_ is dissyllabic.
-
-Sec. II. THE PLOWMAN'S TALE.
-
-Numerous references are given to Pierce the Ploughman's Crede, ed. Skeat
-(E.E.T.S.); a poem by the same author. See the Introduction.
-
-9. _tabard_; a ploughman's loose frock; as in Ch. C. T., A 541.
-
-11. _saynt Thomas_; i.e. his shrine at Canterbury.
-
-30. _therwith to fynd_, to provide for thereby.
-
-40. _queynt_, quenched; because, in the solemn form of excommunication used
-in the Romish church, a bell was tolled, the book of offices for the
-purpose was used, and three candles were extinguished. See Nares, s.v.
-_Bell, Book, and Candle_. Cf. ll. 165, 1241.
-
-44. Four lines are here lost, the stanza being incomplete. We might supply
-them thus:--
-
-  They have the loof and we the crust,
-  They eten more than kinde hath craved;
-  They been ungentle and unjust,
-  With sinners shullen such be graved.
-
-53. _stryf_, strife. The struggle was between the secular and regular
-clergy on the one hand, and the Lollards on the other; see ll. 61-76. Each
-side accused the other of falseness, and the author hopes that the falser
-of them may suffer shame. He evidently sides with the Lollards; but, not
-caring to decide so weighty a question for himself, he contrives that the
-dispute shall be carried on by two birds, the Griffin and the Pelican.
-
-55. _sedes_, seeds. The Lollards were accused of sowing tares (_lolia_).
-The author hints that seeds were sown by _both_ of the contending parties.
-
-57. _some_; referring rather to the sowers than to the seeds. In any case,
-it refers to the two parties.
-
-58. _souple_; the text has _souble_, which is an obvious error. The O.F.
-_souple_ means 'humble,' which is the sense here intended.
-
-71. _a-cale_, chilled, frozen; cf. note to P. Plowman, C. xxi. 439; and see
-the New E. Dict.
-
-72. _ever in oon_, always in the same condition, without increasing in
-wealth.
-
-73. _I-cleped_, called; the old text has _Iclepeth_, but some editions make
-this obvious correction. _lollers_, idle fellows; see the note to P.
-Plowman, C. x. 213.
-
-74. 'Whoever looks on them (sees that) they are the reverse of tall.' Cf.
-'a _tall_ fellow,' and 'a _tall_ man of his hands' in Shakespeare.
-
-81. _wro_, nook; see _wr[=a]_ in Stratmann.
-
-86. _Griffon_, griffin; a fabulous monster with the head and wings of an
-eagle, and the hinder parts of a lion; with probable reference to the
-Vulture. 'In that contre ben many _griffounes_ ... thei han the body upward
-as an egle, and benethe as a lyoun.... But o griffoun is more strong thanne
-.viij. lyouns'; Mandeville's Travels; ch. xxvi. See l. 1317 below.
-
-87. 'A Pelican laid his lure to (attracted to him) these lollers.' The
-Pelican was supposed to feed its young with blood which it drew from its
-own breast by wounding it, and was early considered as the type of
-Christian love or Charity, or of Christ himself; see l. 1293. See the
-illustration at p. 172 of Legends of the Holy Rood, ed. Morris. Hence it is
-here supposed to plead on behalf of meekness, in the long passages
-contained in ll. 95-716, 719-988, 991-1072, 1110-32, 1177-232, 1245-68. The
-Pelican is responsible for the greater part of the poem, as the author
-distinctly says in l. 1373. Anything that is amiss, we are told, must be
-put down to the Pelican; the author is irresponsible, as it is only a
-fable.
-
-106. _pelure_, costly fur; also spelt _pellour_; but _pylloure_ (as in the
-old text) is a bad spelling. See Gloss. to P. Plowman.
-
-111. _batail_, battle. It was notorious that William Spenser, bishop of
-Norwich, used to lead military expeditions. Thus he led one such expedition
-into Flanders, in 1382. Cf. l. 128.
-
-129. 'God is not the master of them that consider no man equal to them.'
-
-130. _peragall_, equal; spelt 'p_er_agal' or 'p_ar_agal' in Rich. the
-Redeless, i. 71. The old text has _permagall_, where the _m_ is clearly for
-_in_; the spelling _peringall_ being intended. Godefroy has O.F. _parivel_,
-also _parigal_, _paregal_, _perigal_, _paringal_ [with intrusive _n_],
-'adj. et s., tout a fait egal, tout a fait semblable.' From Lat.
-_peraequalis_.
-
-135. 'Painted and adorned with colours.' Cf. 'peynt and portred'; P. Pl.
-Crede, 192; 'portreid and paynt,' 121.
-
-139. _boystous_, rough. The O.F. _boistous_ meant 'lame' (F. _boiteux_);
-but Godefroy shews, in his Supplement, that it was also applied to a very
-rough road (as being likely to lame one); hence, generally, rough, and
-finally, rude, noisy, as in the E. _boisterous_; a word of which the
-etymology has not yet been fully accounted for, but may be thus explained.
-
-159. _perrey_, precious stones, jewellery; see _Perree_ in the Glossary
-(vol. vi). The old text has _pyrrey_.
-
-162. _gown_, an obvious correction; old text, _gold_, repeated from l. 161.
-For 'grene gownes,' see l. 925 below.
-
-178. This line seems to be corrupt.
-
-186. _crallit_, curled, twisted; cf. _crulle_ in Chaucer; see New E. Dict.
-
-187. _gold-mastling_ is a compound word, and should have been printed with
-a hyphen. It means the same as _latoun_, unless _latoun_ was an imitation
-of an older and richer alloy. Thus, in Wright's A.S. Vocabularies, we find:
-'_Auricalcum_, goldmaeslinc,' col. 334, 10; '_Auricalcum_, goldmestling,'
-col. 550, 34; '_Auricalcum_, _Anglice_ latoun,' col. 567, 5. As to
-_latoun_, see note in vol. v. p. 270. Cf. A.S. _maestling_, G. _Messing_;
-words of uncertain origin.
-
-193-4. Cf. 1 John, iv. 3. _admirall_, prince, chief.
-
-198. _demed_; an easy correction; old text, _done_, which will not scan.
-
-201. _All-holyest_, i.e. _Sanctissimus_ (l. 230); a title given to the head
-of a religious order.
-
-208. 'The very thing which Christ forbad to the apostles.'
-
-212. 'They regard him (the pope) as wholly omnipotent.'
-
-213-6. _He_, the Pope. _another_, (apparently) a head of a religious order,
-an abbot or prior. _mystere_, ministry, office.
-
-220. 'He reserves nothing at all'; _opin_, open, a thing that is free;
-_joint_, a thing that is connected.
-
-226. _An angell_; see Rev. xxii. 9.
-
-235. Read _Christ his_; 'Christ keep his people from them'; the printer
-evidently regarded _Christ his_ as a form of the genitive case. The proper
-sense of _wisse_ is guide, or direct.
-
-242. _which of hem_, which of the two popes. The rival popes were Boniface
-IX, elected Nov. 2, 1389, and Benedict XIII, elected Sept. 28, 1394.
-Clement VIII, predecessor of the latter, died Sept. 16, 1394.
-
-245. 'Omnes enim, qui acceperint gladium, gladio peribunt'; Matt. xxvi. 52.
-
-255. Swearing was a dismembering of Christ; see note to C. T., C 474 (vol.
-v. p. 275).
-
-264. 'But curse all that oppose them.'
-
-275. 'But he, who so acquires it, shall part from it.'
-
-281. _rent_, income, profit; the method of doing this is explained in The
-Freres Tale, D 1371-4.
-
-282. 'They anoint the sheep's sore'; as a shepherd does with tar; see
-_Tar-box_ in Halliwell; and cf. l. 707.
-
-298. _Maximien_; Galerius Valerius Maximianus, usually called Galerius;
-emperor of Rome, 305-11; a cruel persecutor of the Christians.
-
-297. 'They follow Christ (who went upward) to heaven, just as a bucket
-(that goes downward) into a well.' Said ironically; their ascent towards
-heaven is in a downward direction; cf. l. 402. _wall_ for 'well' is rare,
-but not unexampled; cf. _walle-stream_, well-stream, in Layamon, vol. i. p.
-121, and see _walle_ in Stratmann.
-
-305. 'The truth has (often) slain such men.'
-
-306. 'They comb their "crockets" with a crystal comb.' A _crocket_ was a
-curl or roll of hair, as formerly worn; see the New E. Dict. There is a
-lost romance entitled 'King Adelstane with gilden kroket'; see footnote to
-Havelok, ed. Skeat, p. vi. Sir F. Madden remarks that 'the term _crocket_
-points out the period [i.e. the earliest possible date] of the poem's
-composition, since the fashion of wearing those large rolls of hair so
-called, only arose at the latter end of the reign of Henry III.'
-
-321. Cf. 'turpis lucri'; Tit. i. 7, 11; 1 Pet. v. 2.
-
-322. _meynall_, perhaps better spelt _meyneall_. It is the adj. formed from
-M.E. _meynee_, a household, and is the same word as mod. E. _menial_.
-Wyclif uses _meyneal_ to translate Lat. _domesticam_ in Rom. xvi. 5. The
-sense here is--the exaction of tithes is, with these masters, a household
-business, a part of their usual domestic arrangements.
-
-325. Lit. 'They betake to farm to their sumners,' i.e. they farm out to
-their sumners the power of harming people as much as they can; they let
-their sumners make exactions. The method of doing this is fully exposed in
-Chaucer's Freres Tale. Cf. ll. 328, 725.
-
-333. 'Such rascals are sure to slander men, in order to induce them to win
-their favour'; i.e. by compounding.
-
-338. _call_, caul or head-dress, richly ornamented, and therefore
-expensive; see note to C. T., D 1018 (vol. v. p. 318).
-
-375. 'Or, to commit such a tool (instrument) to such cursed men.'
-
-402. 'As good a bishop as is my horse Ball.' Said ironically; 'no better a
-bishop than,' &c. Ball was, and still is, a very common name for a horse.
-
-406. _nothing_, not at all, not a whit.
-
-410. Old text, _one fors_, with _s_ attached to the wrong word.
-
-417-8. _goodes_, property. _somme totall_, sum total of wealth.
-
-421, 431. _for Christes love_, for love of Christ. The words _forsake_ in
-l. 421, and _wake_ in l. 431, are used ironically.
-
-434. _Lamuall_, Lemuel; who was a king; Prov. xxxi. 1.
-
-443. _the stoon_, the rock; Matt. xvi. 18; cf. 1 Cor. x. 4.
-
-445. _croysery_, crusade, as in Rob. of Glouc. 9938. No serious crusade was
-intended at this time; however, the author affirms that the rival popes
-discouraged the idea; for each wanted men to fight for him.
-
-464. _hye seet_, sat aloft; the form _seet_ occurs in Ch. C. T., A 2075.
-
-471. _fettes_, fetch; observe the use of this Northern plural.
-
-473. 'Their servants are unfaithful [or unserviceable] to them unless they
-can double their rental.'
-
-477. The author can find no more rimes to rime with _fall_, so he proceeds
-to 'shew' or propose another word, viz. _amend_.
-
-487. 'They tell men nothing, nor (explain) how; yet, in God's word, they
-tell of (or count) many a slip, or omission,' i.e. find errors in the
-Scriptures. See _Balk_ in the New E. Dict.
-
-490. _offrend_; O.F. _offrende_; cf. '_Offrande_, an offering'; Cotgrave.
-
-520. Read _punishements_, as in the old edition; it is a word of four
-syllables; from O.F. _punissement_ (Godefroy), which often appears in verse
-as a word of four syllables.
-
-531. 'They hate guests of the poor,' i.e. hate to entertain them; cf. l.
-747.
-
-542. _careckes_, characters, signs, marks; see the New E. Dict.
-
-567. 'One, to curse to hell; the other, to slay men here (on earth)'; cf.
-Luke, xxii. 38.
-
-575. 'A sword is no implement to guard sheep with, except for shepherds
-that would devour the sheep.' In later English, at any rate, a
-_sheep-biter_ meant a thief (Halliwell). Cf. l. 583.
-
-594. _untrend_, unrolled; not rolled up, but freshly pulled off.
-
-605. _Sathan_, Satan; Heb. _s[=a]t[=a]n_, adversary, opponent.
-
-610. Read _reprende_; cf. _comprende_ in Chaucer.
-
-625. _ensyse_, variant of _assyse_, fashion, sort; 'they are, surely, of
-the same sort.' See _Assize_, sect. 8, in the New E. Dict. Bailey gives:
-'_Ensise_, quality, stamp; _Old word_'; with reference, doubtless, to this
-very line. Cf. _assyse_, fashion, manner, in l. 843 below.
-
-626. _frend_, evidently put for _fremde_, strange, foreign, averse; which
-was difficult to pronounce.
-
-633. Read _maundements_, i.e. commandments (trisyllabic). The form
-_commaundementes_ is too long for the line. See _mandement_ in Stratmann
-and in Chaucer.
-
-642. _to prison_. Evidently written before 1401, when Lollards were
-frequently sent to the stake for heresy. Cf. l. 650; and see note to l.
-827.
-
-645. 'The king's law will judge no man angrily, without allowing the
-accused to answer.'
-
-661. _testament_, a will; the friars had much to do with the making of
-wills.
-
-681. 'For they (the people) are faster in their bonds, worse beaten, and
-more bitterly burnt than is known to the king.' For the word _brent_, see
-note to l. 827.
-
-693. _The emperour_; Constantine, according to a legend which the Lollards
-loved to repeat; see the full note to P. Plowman, C. xviii. 220.
-
-695. _sely kyme_, innocent (or silly) wretch. _Kyme_ answers to an A.S.
-_*c[=y]ma_ = _*k[=u]m-ja_, lit. 'one who laments,' from the verb found in
-O.H.G. _k[=u]mjan_, to lament, _ch[=u]-mo_, a lament; cf. Gk. [Greek:
-goos], wailing; Skt. _gu_, to sound. See O.H.G. _c[=u]m_, _c[=u]mjan_ in
-Schade; and the Idg. root _gu_, in Fick.
-
-723. 'A title of dignity, to be as a play-mate to them'; a curious
-expression. Godefroy gives O.F. '_personage_, s.m., dignite, benefice
-ecclesiastique; en particulier personnat, dignite ecclesiastique qui
-donnait quelque preeminence au _chanoine_ qui en etait revetu dans le
-chapitre auquel il appartenait.' Cotgrave has: '_Personat_, a place, or
-title of honour, enjoyed by a beneficed person, without any manner of
-jurisdiction, in the church.'
-
-724. Possibly copied from P. Plowman, B. prol. 92:--'Somme serven the king,
-and his silver tellen.' These ecclesiastics often busied themselves in the
-law-courts, to their great profit. Cf. l. 790.
-
-725. 'And let out to farm all that business.'
-
-743. _builde_; so in P. Pl. Crede, 118: 'For we buldeth a burwgh, a brod
-and a large.' Cf. Wyclif's Works, ed. Arnold, iii. 380.
-
-748. 'Nor (will they) send anything to Him who hath given them everything.'
-
-759. _gigges_, concubines; see Stratmann. Roquefort has: '_Gigues_, fille
-gaie, vive.' Cf. _giglot_ in Shakespeare. (Initial _g_ is here sounded as
-_j_.)
-
-760. 'And provide them with fine clothes.'
-
-773. Here all the 'seven sins' are mentioned except gluttony.
-
-780. 'The wisdom of such willers is not worth a needle.'
-
-791. _jay_; so also in Chaucer, C. T., A 642.
-
-801. _maynteyners_, abettors of wrongdoers; see note to P. Plowman, B. iii.
-90.
-
-827. _brent_, burnt; still more strongly put in l. 1234. That heretics were
-sometimes burnt before 1401, is certain from Wyclif's Sermons, ed. Arnold,
-vol. i. pp. x, 205, as compared with p. 354. There is a case given in
-Bracton of a man who was burnt as early as in the reign of Henry III. See
-the whole subject discussed in my edition of P. Plowman (E. E. T. S.), in
-the Pref. to B-text, p. v, Pref. to C-text, pp. xi-xiv, and the note to B.
-xv. 81, where Langland has 'ledeth me to brennynge.' Observe that the king
-is here spoken of as not presuming to burn heretics.
-
-855. The seven sacraments of the Romish church; cf. l. 875.
-
-856. Compare--'And also y sey coveitise _catel to fongen_'; P. Pl. Crede,
-146.
-
-857. 'They want to meddle in everything, and to perform matters amiss is
-their amusement.'
-
-868. _sturte_, variant of _sterte_, start up; _stryve_, struggle.
-
-870. _at the nale_ = _at then ale_, at the ale-house; cf. note to P.
-Plowman, C. i. 43.
-
-871. Cf. 'At marketts and miracles we medleth us nevere'; P. Pl. Crede,
-107.
-
-872. 'They dance and hoot with the cry of "heave and hale."' _Heave_ is
-here to use exertion; cf. Troil. ii. 1289; and _hale_ is to haul or pull.
-_Heave and hale_, or _heave and hoe_, was a cry used for men to pull all
-together; hence _with heve and hale_ just corresponds to the modern 'with
-might and main.' Cotgrave has (s.v. _Cor_) the phrase: '_A cor et a cry_,
-by proclamation; also, by might and maine, with heave and hoe, eagerly,
-vehemently, seriously.'
-
-878. _they_, i.e. the husbands; _sory_, aggrieved.
-
-880. _For_, for fear of being summoned.
-
-893. _stocke_, i.e. some image of a saint. An image of a favourite saint
-was honoured with many candles burning before it; whilst other saints were
-left in the dark, because they could work no miracles. The most favourite
-image was that of Mary; see l. 902, and cf. P. Pl. Crede, 79.
-
-915. 'And alle povere in gost god himself blisseth'; P. Pl. Crede, 521.
-
-918. _Baudriks_, belts; _baselardes_, short swords, sometimes curved. See
-note to P. Plowman, C. iv. 461.
-
-927. _counten ... of gownes_, they think much (_counten_) of scarlet and
-green gowns, that must be made in the latest fashion, in order to embrace
-and kiss the damsels. An awkward sentence.
-
-929. _sewe_, sue, suit, lit. follow; unless it be for _schewe_, i.e. shew.
-
-930. _pykes_, peaks. Long-peaked shoes were much in fashion; cf. note to P.
-Plowman, C. xxiii. 219.
-
-941. 'Such men will ask them (i.e. those that confess to them) for money
-for shriving them.' _is_ = _es_, them; a curious form of the plural pronoun
-of the third person; see _es_ in Stratmann.
-
-942. 'And they desire men to creep to the cross.' 'Creeping to the cross'
-was an old ceremony of penance, most practised on Good Friday; see note to
-P. Plowman, C. xxi. 475.
-
-943. _askes_, ashes; alluding to the sacrament of penance. For all other
-sacraments (as baptism, confirmation, holy orders, the eucharist,
-matrimony, and extreme unction) men had to pay.
-
-955. _sans ... dyre_, without (saying) 'if I may say so.' That is, _ose je
-dyre_, (dare I say it) is an apologetic phrase for introducing an
-unpalatable remark.
-
-957. 'Either they give the bishops (some reason) why.'
-
-961. _agryse_, dread, here used in an imperative sense; 'let such men dread
-God's anger.' Cf. ll. 964, 1216.
-
-979. _for he_, because he would fain earn something.
-
-993. _Benet_, Benedict; cf. Ch. C. T., A 173, and note.
-
-1002. Cf. 'Of double worstede y-dight'; P. Pl. Crede, 228.
-
-1035. Compare--'And his syre a soutere' (cobbler); P. Pl. Crede, 752.
-
-1042-4. _honged_, hung upon, followed after. Cf. 'opon the plow hongen,' P.
-Pl. Crede, 421. And compare also the same, 784-8.
-
-1050. The line is imperfect. I have supplied _but_, but the right word is
-_not_. For _cherelich_ means 'expensive' or 'prodigal,' from O.F. _cher_,
-dear. This we know from the occurrence of the same rare form as an adverb
-in P. Pl. Crede, 582; where the sense is--'but to maintain his chamber as
-expensively (_chereliche_) as a chieftain.' See _cherely_ in the New E.
-Dict. The parallel phrase _not lordlych_ occurs in l. 1052.
-
-1066. _Crede_, i.e. Pierce the Ploughman's Crede, written shortly before by
-the same author, and describing at length the four orders of friars.
-
-1089. _sad_, sated, tired. The more usual old sense was 'staid.'
-
-1097. 'If they were poor, filthy, and dirty.'
-
-1102. _honest_, honourable, worthy of respect; cf. l. 1105.
-
-1115. _Maysters_, masters; Matt. xxiii. 10. Cf. P. Pl. Crede, 574-6, 838;
-and C. T., D 2185, and the note (vol. v. p. 340).
-
-1135. Read _leve_, not _lyve_; _with hir leve_, with what is permitted to
-them. For _leve_ (leave), see l. 1238.
-
-1153. _For ye woll_, because you wish to.
-
-1166. _distaunce_, disagreement, strife; see Maetzner.
-
-1174. 'Why do ye meddle, who have nothing to do with it?'
-
-1189. _lette_, to prevent men from living in that way.
-
-1193. _soule-hele_, salvation for the soul.
-
-1200. Pronounce _this is_ as _this_.
-
-1212. _Wedding_, matrimony; considered as a sacrament.
-
-1222. 'subject or accident'; cf. note to C. T., C 539.
-
-1231. The line should end with a semicolon.
-
-1244. 'Unless ye will act otherwise.'
-
-1271. _cockes_, euphemistic for _goddes_.
-
-1272. _doule_, small feather, down-feather. I derive it from O.F. _doulle_,
-variant of _douille_, soft, something soft, from Lat. _ductilis_. Hence it
-meant something downy, and, in particular, the 'down-feather' of a bird.
-This is clearly the sense in Shakespeare also, where Ariel uses the
-expression--'one _dowle_ that's in my plume'; Temp. iii. 3. 65; i.e. one
-down-feather (small feather) that is in my plumage. Dr. Schmidt is in doubt
-whether _plume_ here means 'plumage,' but the stage-direction expressly
-says that 'Ariel enters like a harpy, and claps his _wings_ upon the
-table.' It is very interesting to see how well this passage illustrates
-Shakespeare. See Mr. Wright's note for other passages where _dowl_ means
-'soft down.' Of course, the words _dowl_ and _down_ are in no way
-connected. See my note in Phil. Soc. Trans. 1888-90, p. 3.
-
-1280. _God wolde_, i.e. oh! that it might be God's will. Cf. _would God_,
-Numb. xi. 29; Deut. xxviii. 67; 2 Kings, v. 3; Rich. II, iv. 1. 117.
-
-1293. Christ was likened to the pelican; see note to l. 87.
-
-1305. _The foul_, the former or _bird_-like part of the griffin; see note
-to l. 86, and cf. l. 1317.
-
-1315. 'Because bribery may break God's prohibition.'
-
-1317. Referring to the form of the griffin; see notes to ll. 86, 1305.
-
-1336. _Y-gurd_, lit. girt; hence, prepared, ready.
-
-1339. _ly_, lie, i.e. deceive; because the lapwing tries to delude those
-who search for its nest.
-
-1340. _for-gerd_, destroyed, utterly done away with; from M.E. _for-garen_.
-
-1343. _the Phenix_. The Phoenix is here supposed, as being an unique bird,
-to be the king or master of all birds, and to execute vengeance on
-evil-doers.
-
-1359. The sense of _of_ is here uncertain. Perhaps _of flight_ means 'as
-regards my flight,' and so 'to protect my flight.'
-
-1361. This line is somewhat 'set back,' as in the original. But there seems
-to be no reason for it.
-
-1362. The original has: 'And the lambe that slayn was'; imperfect.
-
-1367. Here the author speaks for himself, and excuses the Pelican's
-language.
-
-Sec. III. JACK UPLAND.
-
-To this piece, which is an attack upon the friars, a reply was made by one
-of them (probably a Dominican, see notes to ll. 100, 130), which is printed
-at length in Wright's Political Poems and Songs (Record Series), vol. ii.
-pp. 39-114; together with a rejoinder by Jack Upland, printed on the same
-pages. The friar's reply is often cited in the Notes below, where the
-number refers to the page of the above-named volume. See further in the
-Introduction.
-
-1. _Jack Uplande_, Jack the Countryman, a nickname for one who is supposed
-to have had but little education; cf. the _Plowman's_ Tale.
-
-6. _fellest folk_, the wickedest people; referring to the friars.
-
-7. The friar's reply copies several of these expressions: thus we
-find--'_On wounder wise_, seith Jak, freres, ye ben growun'; p. 42.
-
-8. '_sowen_ in youre sectes of _Anticristis_ hondes'; p. 42.
-
-9. _not obedient_; 'unboxom _to bishopis_, not _lege men to kynges_'; p.
-42. The friar asserts that they _do_ obey the bishops; but carefully
-adds--'although not so fer forth as seculer preestes'; p. 44.
-
-11. '_wede, corn, ne gras_, wil ye not hewen'; p. 42; repeated on p. 44.
-The friar retorts that they are not expected to cleanse ditches, like a
-Jack Upland; p. 44. We thus learn that _woode_ in l. 11 is almost certainly
-an error for _weede_.
-
-15. _where to been_, where they will (hereafter) go to.
-
-21. See 1 Cor. xiii. 1-3.
-
-27. _skilfully_, reasonably; _skill_ often has the sense of reason.
-
-28. The friar evades the question as to the number of orders, and replies
-that he is of Christ's order; pp. 59-61.
-
-35. Reply: St. James makes mention of two kinds of life, the active and the
-contemplative; we belong to the latter; pp. 63-6.
-
-37. _apostata_, apostate; a term applied to a friar who left his order (see
-l. 42) _after_ his year of probation had been completed, or else (see l.
-42) after a probation of three months. See ll. 273-5, and 310-2 below; and
-the note to P. Plowman, C. ii. 98 (B. i. 104). The question here put was
-not answered.
-
-40-1. Reply: it is shocking to speak of men leaving their wives like this;
-we are not wedded to our habit any more than a priest is to his tonsure; p.
-67.
-
-44. Reply: no. We are only punished for leaving off our habits because it
-implies forsaking of our rule. Our habits are not sendal, nor satin nor
-golden; pp. 67-8.
-
-50. Reply: what, Jack, does your tippet mean? My wide cope signifies
-charity. My hood, patience in adversity. The scapulary denotes obedience to
-our superiors. As for the knotted girdle, ask the Franciscans; pp. 68-71.
-
-52. Reply: Why do most of the Lollards wear gray clothes? p. 71.
-
-58. No reply to this question.
-
-60. Reply: see Eccles. iii. 7; Prov. xxv. 28; p. 71.
-
-62. Reply: a question rather for monks than friars. Why do you not put your
-dining-table in your cow-house? p. 72.
-
-65. Reply: perhaps some of us go to Rome for dispensations, but most of us
-have need to stay at home, to keep watch over Lollards; p. 73.
-
-70. Reply: you have forgotten the text, 2 Cor. vi. 9; p. 74.
-
-74. Reply: Christ, at His transfiguration, had only three witnesses from
-among His apostles. And He chose only twelve apostles, out of His many
-followers; and see Prov. xii. 15; p. 75.
-
-77. Reply: a man is better than a beast; yet even for your beasts you make
-cattle-sheds and stables. Our houses are often poor ones. Did you ever see
-any that resembled the Tower, or Windsor Castle, or Woodstock? Your lies
-are shameless; pp. 77-8. I note here Jack Upland's rejoinder; he says that
-he does not object to the friars having houses, but he objects to the
-needless grandeur of them; for it does not follow that a man who drinks a
-quart of wine must therefore proceed to drink a gallon; p. 76.
-
-83. Reply: you say that we let the whole realm to farm. Why, it is not ours
-at all! It belongs to the king. We have no more estate in the country than
-you have in heaven; pp. 78-9. The incompleteness of this reply is amazing.
-
-86. The original reading must have been different here. The friar puts the
-question thus: Why do you pay no tribute to the king, whereas Christ paid
-tribute to the emperor? Reply: Christ did not pay it as a debt, but only to
-perform the law in meekness. The Jewish priests did not pay taxes like the
-commons. Priests may pay if they are willing, but not friars; pp. 79, 80.
-
-90. Reply: we are glad to have the prayers of the poor, if their letters of
-fraternity are genuine; but we do not desire _your_ paternosters; p. 80.
-
-92. Reply: we do not make men more perfect than their baptism makes them;
-p. 81.
-
-95. Reply: the golden trental, 'that now is purchasid of preestis out of
-freris hondis,' delivers no soul, except as it is deserved; p. 81. See note
-to Ch. C. T., D 1717 (vol. v. p. 331).
-
-100. Reply: you are quite mistaken. Perhaps some Carmelite told you this,
-or some Franciscan. The Austin friars and the Dominicans do not say so; p.
-82.
-
-105. Reply: if you accuse us of stealing children, Christ practically did
-the same, by enticing disciples to follow him. See Matt. xix. 21; Luke,
-xiv. 33; John, xv. 19. To win souls is no robbery; pp. 83-4.
-
-109. _undernime_, reprove. Reply: according to you, not even the king
-should maintain any discipline. The pope has a prison; and so has the
-bishop of Canterbury, and the bishop of London. But you do not like
-prisons, for you often experience them; pp. 85-6.
-
-114. Reply: burial is _not_ a sacrament, as you say. You contradict
-yourself; p. 86.
-
-116. Reply: if, as you say, we never shrive the poor, why are
-parish-priests so angry with us for doing so? p. 87. Cf. note to P.
-Plowman, C. xiii. 21. Questions 26, 27, and 28 are passed over.
-
-127. Reply: we do right to live of the gospel; see 1 Cor. ix. 14; Luke, x.
-7; Rom. xv. 26.
-
-130. Reply: God knows how much good the preaching of the friars has
-wrought; p. 89. The Dominicans especially were proud of their preaching.
-
-133. The friar here remarks that the Wycliffites are heretics, and ought to
-be burnt; p. 90. The same remark is all the answer made to question 32.
-
-141. Reply: the friars do not _sell_ the mass; they only freely give it to
-those who freely give to them. Even if we did sell it, surely the
-parish-priests receive money for the same; this is not simony; pp. 93-5.
-See note to Ch. C. T., D 1749; vol. v. p. 333.
-
-149. Reply: we write down the names only to help our _own_ memories; for
-special prayers are very profitable for souls; pp. 99, 100. See note to Ch.
-C. T., D 1741; vol. v. p. 332.
-
-153. _berest god in honde_, accusest Christ. Reply: Christ was lord of all
-spiritually; but, as a man, he was needy. David says of Him, 'I am poor and
-needy, yet the Lord thinketh upon me'; Ps. xl. 17. I refer you to Matt.
-viii. 20; pp. 95-8.
-
-156. No special answer is given to questions 36-9.
-
-187. Reply: you expect your servant to call you 'master.' It is not the
-being called 'master,' but ambition, that Christ forbids; pp. 100-1. Cf.
-note to Ch. C. T., D 2185; vol. v. p. 340.
-
-189. The reply is singular, to the effect that pope John XXIV wrote against
-this matter, and the friars Minors (Franciscans) against him. 'Examyne her
-actis, and loke who hath the beter; and knowe noon other ordre this
-perfitnesse approveth'; p. 101.
-
-208. There is no reply to question 42.
-
-211. Reply; going two and two together is a scriptural custom. Barnabas and
-Paul did so. So did Paul and Timothy. Besides, there were _two_ tables in
-the law, _two_ cherubim in the temple, and _two_ in the tabernacle. It was
-not good for Adam to be _alone_; pp. 101-3. Cf. note to P. Plowman, C. xi.
-8; and to Chaucer, C. T., C 1740.
-
-213. There seems to be no reply to questions 44-8.
-
-246. As regards question 49, the friar replies to ll. 249-51, saying that,
-according to this, no one could pray for any one; for we cannot tell his
-future destiny; p. 103. Cf. note to Ch. C. T., D 2126; vol. v. p. 339.
-
-258. Questions 50 and 51 do not seem to be noticed. Question 52 is partly
-answered in the reply to question 22. See l. 105.
-
-277. Reply: you admit (l. 283) that God made _all things_ according to
-weight, number, and measure. But a friar is _something_; ergo, God made
-friars according to weight, &c. Why are priests so numerous? As to a man's
-hand (l. 287), the number of fingers is fixed, and an extra finger is
-monstrous. But neither God nor holy church have fixed the number of priests
-or friars. 'Many hondis togider maken light werk'; pp. 105-6. Cf. note to
-P. Plowman, C. xxiii. 270.
-
-At this point the friar introduces a subject not discussed in the copy of
-Jack Upland here printed, viz. the subject of transubstantiation. He says
-that Jack accuses the friars of saying that the bread is not Christ's body,
-but mere roundness and whiteness, and accident without subject; and Wyclif
-is adduced as saying that it remains material bread, and only Christ's body
-in a figurative sense; pp. 106-10. The rest of the friar's reply (which
-goes but little further) is inapplicable to our text, so that the latter
-part of the treatise, ll. 294-end, is left unanswered. Perhaps sections
-54-64 were, at first, a somewhat later addition.
-
-296. This has been partly said before; see l. 77 above.
-
-310. It was thought that to die in a friar's habit increased a man's chance
-of salvation; see l. 100 above.
-
-320. Cf. note to P. Plowman, C. xiii. 21. See l. 246 above.
-
-336. Cf. P. Plowman, C. xxiii. 323-72.
-
-368. This enquiry takes up a large portion of the Ploughman's Crede. The
-jealousy of one order against the other was very remarkable. See note to l.
-100 above.
-
-399. See James, i. 27; cf. l. 36 above.
-
-411. See Matt. xi. 30. Wyclif has--'For my yok is _softe_, and my charge
-light.'
-
-421. The Franciscans claimed that St. Francis sat in heaven above the
-Seraphim, upon the throne from which Lucifer fell; see note to P. Plowman,
-C. ii. 105 (B. i. 105).
-
-424-7. Evidently intended for four alliterative lines, but the third is too
-long; read--'And whan ye han soiled that I saide,' &c. Again, the first is
-too short; read--'Go, _frere_, now forth,' &c.
-
-430. _even-Christen_, fellow-Christian; see Gloss. to P. Plowman.
-
-433. 'Benefac humili, et non dederis impio: prohibe panes illi dari, ne in
-ipsis potentior te sit'; Ecclus. xii. 6.
-
-Sec. IV. GOWER: THE PRAISE OF PEACE.
-
-This piece has no English title except that printed at p. 205; for the
-Latin title, see p. 216. See the Introduction.
-
-12, 13. Henry founded his title on conquest, hereditary right, and
-election. The first of these is referred to in ll. 9, 10; the second, in l.
-12; and the third, in l. 13. See note in vol. i. p. 564, to XIX. 23.
-
-17. _boun_, ready; better than the reading _bounde_.
-
-21. I note here an unimportant variation. For _this is_, the MS. has _is
-this_.
-
-27. I find that there is no need to insert _the_. Read _requeste_, in three
-syllables, as it really had a final _e_, being a feminine substantive. Cf.
-'Et lor _requeste_ refaison'; Rom. Rose, 4767. _Requeste_ is trisyllabic in
-Troil. iv. 57; L. Good Wom. 448.
-
-36. According to the romance of Alexander, the god Serapis, appearing in a
-dream, told him that his great deeds would be remembered for ever. Before
-this, Alexander had told his men that he hoped to conquer all the
-earth--'with the graunt of my god.' See Wars of Alexander, ed. Skeat, ll.
-990, 1095.
-
-57. This obviously refers to Bolingbroke's invasion, when he came, as he
-said, to claim his inheritance; cf. l. 65.
-
-81. _Of pestilence_, out of pestilence, to free him from pestilence.
-
-86. _lyf_, person, man; lit. 'living soul.' Common in P. Plowman.
-
-174, 179. Matt. v. 9; John, xiv. 27.
-
-185. _out of herre_, out of (off) the hinge; like mod. E. 'out of joint.' A
-favourite phrase of Gower's; see his Conf. Amant. ii. 139; iii. 43, 52,
-203, 211.
-
-197. Knights were expected to defend the faith; see note to P. Plowman, C.
-ix. 26. Cf. ll. 243-5.
-
-202. I supply _alday_ (i.e. continually) to complete the line.
-
-204. _wayted_, watched, carefully guarded; in contrast to l. 207.
-
-211. For _any_ perhaps read _a_; the line runs badly.
-
-218. 'It is easier to keep a thing than acquire it.'
-
-236. _assysed_, appointed; as in Conf. Amant. i. 181; iii. 228.
-
-251. 'Let men be armed to fight against the Saracens.'
-
-253. Three points; stated in ll. 254, 261-2, and 268; i.e. the church is
-divided; Christian nations are at variance; and the heathen threaten us.
-
-281-3. These are the nine worthies; of whom three were heathen (281), three
-Jewish (282), and three Christian (283); as noted in Reliquiae Antiquae, i.
-287. Sometimes they varied; thus Shakespeare introduces Hercules and Pompey
-among the number; L. L. L. v. 2. 538. _Machabeus_, Judas Maccabeus.
-_Godfray_, Godfrey of Bouillon. _Arthus_, King Arthur.
-
-294. For _men_, MS. T. has _pes_ = _pees_; which perhaps is better.
-
-295. For _tennes_, as in Thynne, the Trentham MS. has the older spelling
-_tenetz_, which gives the etymology of 'tennis.' _Tenetz_ is the imperative
-plural of the verb _tenir_, and must have been a cry frequently used in the
-_jeu de paume_; probably it was used to call attention, like the modern
-'play!' This is the earliest passage in which the word occurs. 'No one can
-tell whether he will win or lose a "chace" at tennis, till the ball has run
-its course.' _Chace_ is a term 'applied to the second impact on the floor
-(or in a gallery) of a ball which the opponent has failed or declined to
-return; the value of which is determined by the nearness of the spot of
-impact to the end wall. If the opponent, on both sides being changed, can
-"better" this stroke (i.e. cause his ball to rebound nearer the wall) he
-wins and scores it; if not, it is scored by the first player; until it is
-so decided, the "chace" is a stroke in abeyance'; New E. Dict.
-
-306. _be gete_, begotten, be obtained; _begete_ gives no sense.
-
-323. _lyf_, life; not as in l. 86. See 1 Cor. xiii. 1.
-
-330. _Cassodore_, Cassiodorus. Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus, born about A.D.
-468, was a statesman and author; his chief work being his _Variarum
-Epistolarum Libri XII_, which is six times quoted in Chaucer's Tale of
-Melibeus. Gower, in his Conf. Amantis, iii. 191, quotes this very passage
-again; thus--
-
- 'Cassiodore in his aprise telleth,
-  The regne is sauf, where pite dwelleth.'
-
-I find: 'Pietas est quae regit et celos'; Cass. _Var._ xi. 40.
-
-332. _assysed_, fixed, set; cf. l. 236. Unless it means assessed, rated; a
-sense which is also found in Gower, viz. in his Conf. Amant. i. 5; see the
-New E. Dict. The passage is a little obscure.
-
-336. 'On account of which mercy should turn aside.'
-
-339. _Constantyn_, Constantine the Great, Roman emperor from A.D. 306 to
-337. Eusebius wrote a life of him in four books, which is rather a
-panegyric than a biography. The story here told is hardly consistent with
-the facts, as Constantine caused the death of his own son Crispus and of
-young Licinius; as to which Gibbon (c. xviii) remarks that 'the courtly
-bishop, who has celebrated in an elaborate work the virtues and pieties of
-his hero, observes a prudent silence on the subject of these tragic
-events.' In his Conf. Amantis, iii. 192, Gower again says:--
-
- 'Thus saide whylom Constantyn:--
-  What emperour that is enclyn
-  To pite for to be servaunt,
-  Of al the worldes remenaunt
-  He is worthy to ben a lord.'
-
-But the particular story about the 'yonge children' to which Gower here
-alludes is given at length in the Conf. Amantis, bk. ii. vol. i. pp.
-266-77. Very briefly, it comes to this. Constantine, while still a heathen,
-was afflicted with leprosy. The physicians said he could only be healed by
-bathing in the blood of young children. On due reflection, he preferred to
-retain his leprosy; whereupon, he was directed in a vision to apply to pope
-Silvester, who converted him and baptised him; and he was cured of his
-leprosy when immersed in the baptismal font. The whole city followed the
-emperor's example, and was converted to Christianity. This explains ll.
-354-5:--'so that the dear ones, (converted) from being the hateful ones who
-had formerly been at enmity with Christ,' &c.
-
-363. For _debated_, MS. T. has _deleated_, for _delated_, i.e. deferred;
-see _Dilate_ in the New E. Dict.
-
-380. 'these other Christian princes'; viz. in particular, Charles VI, king
-of France, and Robert III, king of Scotland.
-
-393. These interesting lines tell us that blindness befell the poet in the
-first year of Henry IV (Sept. 30, 1399--Sept. 29, 1400); and we gather that
-the present poem was meant to be his last. As a matter of fact, he wrote a
-still later couplet in the following words:--
-
- 'Henrici regis annus fuit ille secundus
-  Scribere dum cesso, sum quia cecus ego.'
-
-These lines occur in MSS. of his Vox Clamantis; see Morley, Eng. Writers,
-iv. 157. Notwithstanding his infirmity, Gower survived till the autumn of
-1408; and was interred, as is well known, in the church of St. Mary
-Overies--now St. Saviour's--in Southwark, towards the rebuilding of which
-he had liberally contributed.
-
-It appears that negotiations for peace, both with Scotland and France, were
-being prosecuted in the latter part of 1399; see Wylie, History of Henry
-IV, i. 82, 86. It is also probable that Gower must have written the 'Praise
-of Peace' before the death of Richard II in Feb. 1400, as he makes no
-allusion to that event, nor to the dangerous conspiracy against Henry's
-life in the early part of January. For these reasons, we may safely date
-the poem in the end of the year 1399.
-
-Sec. V. THOMAS HOCCLEVE: THE LETTER OF CUPID.
-
-This poem is imitated, rather than translated, from the French poem
-entitled L'Epistre au Dieu d'Amours, written by Christine de Pisan in May,
-1399; printed in Oeuvres Poetiques de Christine de Pisan, publiees par
-Maurice Roy, ii. 1-27; Societe des Anciens Textes Francais, 1891. Hoccleve
-even rearranges some of the material; and Dr. Furnivall has printed all the
-lines of the original of which the English poet has made use, in the Notes
-to his edition of Hoccleve's Works, published for the Early English Text
-Society, in 1892. It thus appears that the lines of Christine's poem are to
-be taken in the following order: 1-116, 537-54, 126-30, 531-4, 131-96,
-721-5, 259-520, 321-5, 271-4, 387-460, 643-77, 608-23, 559-75, 759-800. The
-following stanzas, on the other hand, are wholly Hoccleve's own: 71-7,
-92-8, 127-33, 141-7, 162-8, 176-89, 267-73, 316-29, 379-434. The last set
-extends to 56 lines.
-
-Cupid, god of Love, is supposed to write a letter to all lovers, who are
-his subjects, reproving men for their slander and ill-treatment of women,
-and defending women against all that is alleged against them. In fact, it
-is a reply, by Christine de Pisan, to the numerous severe things that Jean
-de Meun had said about women in the famous Roman de la Rose. He is
-expressly mentioned by name in l. 281.
-
-I here quote, as a specimen, the first 7 lines of the original, answering
-to Hoccleve's first stanza--
-
- 'Cupido, roy par la grace de lui,
-  Dieu des amans, sans aide de nullui,
-  Regnant en l'air du ciel tres reluisant,
-  Filz de Venus la deesse poissant,
-  Sire d'amours et de tous ses obgiez,
-  A tous vos vrais loiaulx servans subgiez,
-  Salut, Amour, Familiarite!'
-
-5. 'Son of the goddess Cithera,' i.e. Venus. Cithera is an alternative
-spelling of Citherea, occurring in the Cambridge and Petworth MSS. of the
-Cant. Tales, A 2215. For the construction, see note to Ch. C. T., F 209.
-
-16. _Albion_. Of course Hoccleve has adapted the poem for English readers.
-The original has:--'Sur tous pais se complaignent de _France_.'
-
-28. I read _mot_ for the sake of the grammar and scansion; the MSS. have
-_most_, bad spelling for _most-e_, the past tense. But _moot_ occurs,
-correctly, as the emphatic form of _mot_, in l. 35. Cf. l. 410.
-
-30. _As doth_, pray, do; a common idiom; see note to C. T., E 7.
-
-37. _man_, i.e. 'human being'; used generally, and including women.
-
-38. 'When no word can proceed out of his mouth but such as may reasonably
-please any one, it apparently comes from the heart.'
-
-50. 'Has the pot by the handle'; i.e. holds it securely.
-
-54. Note the accentuation: 'Any woman.' This accentuation of words on the
-latter syllable in rather unlikely cases, is a marked peculiarity of
-Hoccleve's verse. Cf. _woman_ in l. 79, _journey_ in l. 106; _axing_ in l.
-122, _purpos_ in l. 130. Cf. _womman_ in l. 170 with _womman_ in l. 174.
-
-71. _To here?_ to her? Dr. Furnivall notes that Hoccleve frequently makes
-_here_ dissyllabic, when it represents the personal pronoun. Cf. l. 70; and
-see his Preface, p. xli. The reading 'To hir name yet was yt no reprefe,'
-given in Dr. Furnivall's edition from one MS. only, affords no sense, and
-will not scan, as _name_ is properly dissyllabic.
-
-90. _souneth in-to_, tends to; cf. note to C. T., B 3157.
-
-95. 'They procure such assistants as have a double face.' The accentuation
-of _procuren_ on the _o_ was at this time common; we even find the form
-_proker_ (see Stratmann).
-
-120-2. _wolde ... Men wiste_, would like men to know.
-
-131. 'Unless he be so far advanced in madness as to spoil all with open
-coarseness; for _that_, as I suppose, women do not like.'
-
-145. 'Reason follows it so slowly and leisurely.'
-
-184. _dishonest_, unworthy of honour, blameworthy. Ray gives the
-proverb--'it's an ill bird that bewrays its own nest'; and compares the
-Greek--[Greek: ton oikoi thesauron diaballein].
-
-192. _lakken_, blame, find fault with; as in Chaucer.
-
-196. _bilowen_, lied against; pp. of _bil[=e]o[gh]en_, A.S. _bil[=e]ogan_.
-
-204. Alluding to Ovid's _Remedium Amoris_. Cf. Ch. C. T., D 688-710.
-
-215. 'They say, it is profitable to consider peril.'
-
-225. Rather close to the original French:--
-
- 'Et aucuns sont qui iadis en mes las
-  Furent tenus, mais il sont d'amer las,
-  Ou par vieillece ou deffaulte de cuer,
-  Si ne veulent plus amer a nul fuer,
-  Et convenant m'ont de tous poins nye,
-  Moy et mon fait guerpy et renie,
-  Comme mauvais serviteurs et rebelles.'
-
-257. _hente_, caught; _in hir daunger_, under their control, within their
-power.
-
-258. It was thought that one poison would expel another; see P. Plowman, C.
-xxi. 156-8, and the notes.
-
-272. 'It cannot long abide upon one object.'
-
-281. Jean de Meun, author of the latter and more satirical part of the
-famous Roman de la Rose; see vol. i.
-
-298. 'They are not so void of constancy.' Read _constaunce_.
-
-302. See Ch. Legend of Good Women, 1580.
-
-305. _wold_, desired; pp. of _willen_; see note to C. T., B 2615.
-
-309. See Ch. Legend of Good Women, 924.
-
-316-29. These two stanzas are wholly original. Hoccleve, remembering that
-the examples of Medea and Dido both occur in Chaucer's Legend of Good
-Women, here takes occasion to make an express reference to that work, which
-he here calls 'my Legende of Martres.' _My_ refers to Cupid; _Legend_, to
-Chaucer's title; and _Martres_, to the Latin titles to some of the Legends.
-Thus the Legend of Hypsipyle and Medea is entitled--'Incipit Legenda
-Ysiphile et Medee, _Martirum_.' Instead of _Martres_, Thynne has the
-ridiculous reading _Natures_, which the editions carefully retain.
-
-357. 'And, had it not been for the devil,' &c.
-
-360. _her_, the serpent. There was a legend that the serpent had the face
-of a beautiful virgin. See Ch. C. T., B 360, and note; P. Plowman, B.
-xviii. 335, and note.
-
-379-434. These eight stanzas are all Hoccleve's own.
-
-393. _happy to_, fortunate for; because it brought about Christ's
-incarnation. The allusion is to the oft-quoted sentence--'O _felix culpa_,
-O necessarium peccatum Ade,' from the Sarum missal. See note to P. Plowman,
-C. viii. 126. Cf. l. 396.
-
-421. The day of St. Margaret, Virgin and Martyr, was July 20, in the Latin
-Church. See the edition of Seinte Marherete, by O. Cockayne, E. E. T. S.,
-1866.
-
-428. _I_, i.e. Cupid. This stanza is spoken by Cupid, in his own character;
-cf. l. 431. In l. 464, he assumes the royal style of _we_. It is, moreover,
-obvious that this stanza would hardly have been approved of by Christine.
-
-473-6. Imitated from the closing lines of Christine's poem:--
-
- 'Donne en l'air, en nostre grant palais,
-  Le jour de May la solempnee feste
-  Ou les amans nous font mainte requeste,
-  L'An de grace Mil trois cens quate vins
-  Et dix et neuf, present dieux et divins,' &c.
-
-It thus appears that 'the lusty month of May,' in l. 472, is merely copied
-from the French; but, to the fortunate circumstance that Christine gives
-the exact date of her poem as 1399, we owe the fact that Hoccleve likewise
-gives the exact date of his poem as being 1402.
-
-Sec. VI. THOMAS HOCCLEVE: TO THE KING; AND TO THE KNIGHTS OF THE GARTER.
-
-These two Balades, each of 32 lines, are written in a highly artificial
-metre; for, in each case, the four stanzas of which each consists shew the
-same rimes throughout. The riming syllables in Balade 1 are _-esse_,
-_-our_, and _-alle_; and in Balade 2, are _-ame_, _-aunce_, and _-ee_. A
-similar example of metrical arrangement occurs in Chaucer's Balade to
-Rosemounde.
-
-2. _king_, Henry V, as we see from the French title.
-
-3. _Justinian_; emperor of Constantinople, A.D. 527-65, whose fame rests
-upon the justly celebrated Justinian Code of laws. The reference,
-fortunately, is explained by Hoccleve himself, in a longer Balade
-concerning Sir John Oldcastel, printed in _Anglia_, v. 23; and again in
-Hoccleve's Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 8. Hoccleve is praising Justinian's
-orthodoxy, to which (as he tells us) Henry V was heir; and the exact
-reference is to the following clause in one of Justinian's laws, which is
-quoted in full in the margin of the Balade above mentioned; see _Anglia_,
-v. 28; or Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 14. 'Nemo clericus vel militaris, vel
-cuiuslibet alterius conditionis _de fide Christiana_ publice turbis
-coadunatis et audientibus tractare conetur,' &c. So that Justinian's
-'devout tenderness in the faith' was exhibited by repressing religious
-discussion; cf. l. 27. See Gibbon's Roman Empire, ch. 44.
-
-5. _the Garter_. The noble Order of the Garter was founded by Edward III on
-St. George's day, Apr. 23, 1349; cf. l. 54.
-
-10. _Constantyn_. He now proceeds to liken Henry V to Constantine the
-Great, who was a great supporter of the church; see note above, to Poem no.
-IV, l. 339. Cf. _Anglia_, v. 29; or Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 15; st. 28.
-
-15. _do forth_, proceed, continue to do as you have done in the past. Not a
-common expression; see _forth_ in Maetzner.
-
-18. Very characteristic of Hoccleve; the accents required by the verse are
-thrown upon the weak words _your_ and _the_. But perhaps _your_ is
-emphatic. Cf. _fully_ in l. 20, _a sharp_, 21.
-
-30. Hoccleve is clearly urging the King to repress Lollardry.
-
-37. 'God would have it so; and your allegiance would also have it so.' This
-is explained in a sidenote in the margin: 'quia Rex illam iustissimam
-partem tenet.' That is, the lords ought to put down heresy, because their
-master the king was against it.
-
-41. _Your style_, your motto; the famous 'Honi soit qui mal y pense.' Hence
-_shame_ here means scandal; but _foos to shame_ is an awkward expression in
-this connexion.
-
-47. _nuisaunce_, annoyance; referring to heresy; cf. l. 50.
-
-52. _Slepe nat this_, be not sleepy about this; a rare construction.
-
-58. _norice of distaunce_, nurse of debate or strife.
-
-60. 'Variation from the faith would be a damnable thing.'
-
-64. The remark--_Cest tout_--instead of the usual word _explicit_, occurs
-at the end of several poems by Hoccleve; see his Poems, ed. Furnivall, pp.
-8, 24, 47, 51, 57, 58, 61, 62, 64, &c.
-
-Sec. VII. HENRY SCOGAN: A MORAL BALADE.
-
-For remarks upon the heading of this poem, see the Introduction.
-
-3. _Sende_; that is, he did not come and recite the poem himself.
-
-8. This reminds us of the Knight's appeal: 'Now late us ryde, _and herkneth
-what I seye_'; C. T., A 855.
-
-30. _to queme_, according to your pleasure. _Queme_ is here a substantive;
-see Stratmann. Cf. _to pay_ in Chaucer.
-
-49. _Tak'th_ is monosyllabic, as in l. 57. So also _Think'th_, in l. 59.
-
-51. From James, ii. 17.
-
-56. 'To the honour of your life and the benefit of your soul.'
-
-65. The exclamation shews that Chaucer was then dead.
-
-67. The quotation is inexact; cf. ll. 120, 121 below. The reference is to
-the Wyf of Bathes Tale, D 1121:--
-
- 'Yet may they [our eldres] nat biquethe us, for no-thing,
-  To noon of us hir virtuous living.'
-
-81. Read _Think'th_; so also _Dryv'th_ in l. 86; _Tak'th_ in l. 89.
-
-97. Here the quotation, again from the Wyf of Bathes Tale (D 1131), is very
-close:--
-
- 'For of our eldres may we no-thing clayme
-  But temporel thing, that man may hurte and mayme.'
-
-100. 'Therefore God is the source of virtuous nobleness.' This depends on a
-passage in Boethius, bk. iii. met. 6. l. 2; see notes to poem XIV, in vol.
-i. pp. 553-5.
-
-105. See this poem of Chaucer's in vol. i. p. 392.
-
-143. _ful rage_, very fierce. But I know of no other example of _rage_ as
-an adjective.
-
-146. _kalends_, the beginning; as in Troil. v. 1634.
-
-150. The passage in Boethius is in Book i. met. 6. 11-15. Cf. Ch. vol. ii.
-p. 19.
-
- 'Nec quaeras auida manu Vernos stringere palmites,
-  Vuis si libeat frui: Autumno potius sua
-  Bacchus munera contulit.'
-
-166. From Chaucer, Wyf of Bathes Tale, D 1165:--
-
- 'Thenketh how noble, as seith Valerius,
-  Was thilke Tullius Hostilius,
-  That out of povert roos to heigh noblesse.'
-
-And Chaucer found it in Valerius Maximus, iii. 4; see vol. v. p. 320.
-
-168. From Chaucer, Monkes Tale, B 3862. But it may be doubted if Caesar's
-alleged poverty is an historical fact. Cf. p. 24, l. 128 (above).
-
-174. Read the story of Nero in the Monkes Tale, B 3653; that of Balthasar
-(Belshazzar) in the same, B 3373; and that of Antiochus in the same, B
-3765. Compare the lines in B 3800-1:--
-
- 'For he so sore fil out of his char
-  That it his limes and his skin to-tar.'
-
-187. 'I should be sorry, if ye choose amiss.'
-
-Sec. VIII. JOHN LYDGATE; COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT.
-
-There are some excellent notes relative to this poem in Schick's edition of
-Lydgate's _Temple of Glas_ (E. E. T. S.); I refer to them below as 'Schick,
-T. G.'
-
-4. _Bole_, Bull. The sun entered Taurus, in the fifteenth century, just
-before the middle of April. Hence the phrase _Amid the Bole_ refers, not to
-the first degree of the sign, but (literally) to the _middle_ of it. The
-reference must be to May 1, when the sun had just passed a little beyond
-the middle (or 15th degree) of Taurus.
-
-Even here we trace the influence of Chaucer's translation of the Romaunt of
-the Rose; for which see notes to ll. 36, 74 below. Chaucer reiterates the
-mention of _May_, R. R. 49, 51, 55, 74, 86; and ll. 1 and 2 of the present
-poem answer to R. R. 53-56:--
-
- 'For ther is neither busk ne hay
-  _In May_, that it nil shrouded been,
-  And it with newe leves wreen.'
-
-12. _with seint Johan_, with St. John for their security or protection;
-probably suggested by The Compleynt of Mars, l. 9, which opens in a similar
-strain; cf. note to C. T., F 596; vol. v. p. 385.
-
-15, 16. Compare Rom. Rose (Chaucer's version), ll. 94-5.
-
-21. _halt_, holds, constrains; the present tense.
-
-22, 23. Compare Rom. Rose (Chaucer's version), ll. 100-1.
-
-28. Lydgate is fond of calling the sun _Tytan_; Chaucer has the name only
-once; in Troil. iii. 1464. Lydgate is here thinking of the passage in the
-Knightes Tale, A 1493-6, about _fyry Phebus_. Note that he is fond of the
-word _persaunt_; see ll. 358, 591, 613; cf. Schick, note to T. G. 328.
-
-33. It is odd that no MS. has the form _splayen_; yet the final _n_ is
-required for the metre, or, at any rate, to save an hiatus.
-
-36. Lydgate here copies l. 134 of the English Romaunt of the Rose--'The
-river-syde costeying'--and is a witness to the genuineness of Fragment A of
-that poem; as appears more clearly below; see note to l. 75. The whole
-passage seems founded upon the Romaunt; for this walk by the river brings
-him to a _park_ (a _garden_ in the Romaunt) enclosed by a wall that had a
-small gate in it. It is further obvious that l. 42 is borrowed from l. 122
-of the Parliament of Foules--'Right of a park walled with grene stoon.' I
-may remark here that I have seen a wall constructed of red sandstone so
-entirely covered with a very minute kind of vegetable growth as to present
-to the eye a bright green surface.
-
-40. _gate smal_; usually called a _wiket_ in similar poems; see Rom. Rose,
-528, and Schick, note to T. G. 39.
-
-43-49. This stanza answers to Rom. Rose, ll. 105-8, 78-9.
-
-52. _celured_, canopied, over-arched (New E. Dict.).
-
-53-6. Cf. Rom. Rose, 1398-1400.
-
-57. _attempre_, temperate; observe that this word occurs in the Rom. Rose,
-l. 131 (only three lines above the line quoted in the note to l. 36), where
-the F. text has _atrempee_.
-
-62. _take_, take effect, take hold, become set; an early example of this
-curious intransitive use of the verb.
-
-63. 'Ready for (men) to shake off the fruit.'
-
-64. _Daphne_. Cf. Troil. iii. 726:--'O Phebus, thenk whan Dane hirselven
-shette _Under the bark, and laurer wex_ for drede.' And cf. C. T., A 2062;
-and Schick, note to T. G. 115.
-
-66. _myrre_; see Troil. iv. 1138-9.
-
-67. Cf. the mention of laurel, pine, and cedar in Rom. Rose, 1313-4.
-
-68. The resemblance of _philbert_ (Philibert's nut) to Phyllis is
-accidental, but it was then believed that the connexion was real; merely
-because Vergil has 'Phyllis amat corylos'; Ecl. vii. 63. Thus Gower has
-(Conf. Amant. ii. 30):--
-
- 'And, after Phillis, _philiberd_
-  This tree was called in the yerd'--
-
-and he gives the story of Phyllis and Demophon, saying that Phyllis hanged
-herself on a nut-tree. See the Legend of Good Women, 2557. Pliny alludes to
-'the almond-tree whereon ladie Phyllis hanged herselfe'; Nat. Hist. xvi. 26
-(in Holland's translation). See further in Schick, note to T. G. 86.
-
-71. _hawethorn_; often mentioned in poems of this period; see Schick, note
-to T. G. 505. Cf. XX. 272, p. 369; XXIV. 1433, p. 447.
-
-74, 75. The list of trees was evidently suggested by the Rom. Rose; see
-Chaucer's translation, 1379-86. Hence the next thing mentioned is a _well_;
-see the same, ll. 1409-11, 109-30. Note that the water was _cold_, as in R.
-R. 116; _under a hill_, as in R. R. 114; and ran over _gravel_, as in R. R.
-127, 1556. And then note the same, 1417-20:--
-
- 'About the _brinkes_ of thise welles,
-  And by the stremes over-al elles
-  _Sprang up the gras_, as thikke y-set
-  _And softe as any veluet_.'
-
-It is remarkable that the French original merely has 'Poignoit l'erbe
-freschete et drue,' without any mention of _softe_ or of _veluet_. It thus
-becomes clear that Lydgate is actually quoting _Chaucer's version_.
-
-81. The reading seems to be _lustily cam springing_; it would be a great
-improvement to transpose the words, and read _cam lustily springing_. Cf.
-'Abouten it is gras springing'; R. R. 1563.
-
-82. Cf. 'That shadwed was with braunches grene'; R. R. 1511.
-
-87. _Narcisus_, Narcissus; introduced as a matter of course, because he is
-here mentioned in the Romaunt; see R. R. 1468--'Here starf the faire
-Narcisus.'
-
-88. _Cupyde_; cf. R. R. 1523--'Wel couthe Love him wreke tho.' And see the
-same, 1601-29.
-
-89. Cf. R. R. 1617--'Hath sowen there of love the seed.'
-
-92. _pitte_, i.e. well of Helicon, most likely; which Chaucer mixed up with
-the Castalian spring on Parnassus; see note to Anelida, 15. And cf. _the
-Pegasee_ in C. T., F 207; and 'I sleep never on the mount of Pernaso,' F
-721.
-
-95. _Dyane_, Diana; see C. T., A 2065-6.
-
-97. _his houndes_, his _own_ dogs; not _her_, as in several MSS. For see C.
-T., A 2067--'his houndes have him caught.'
-
-102. _pensifheed_, pensiveness; common in Lydgate; see Schick, note to T.
-G. 2.
-
-103. Cf. 'To drinke and fresshe him wel withalle'; R. R. 1513.
-
-107-12. Suggested by R. R. 1507-16; especially 1515-6.
-
-127. 'Of gras and _floures, inde_ and pers'; R. R. 67. And compare l. 126
-with R. R. 68.
-
-129. _hulfere_, holly; Icel. _hulfr_, dogwood. Spelt _hulwur_, _huluyr_ in
-the Prompt. Parv. 'The holly is still called in Norfolk _hulver_, and in
-Suffolk _hulva_'; Way. Cotgrave has:--'_Houx_, the holly, holme, or
-hulver-tree.' Also '_Petit houx_, kneehulver, butchers broom.'
-
-131. MS. P. has _of colour_; which suggests the reading--'In blakke and
-whyte, of colour pale and wan'; but this, though a better line, cannot
-stand, as it makes the words _also of his hewe_ in l. 132 superfluous;
-indeed l. 132 then becomes unmeaning.
-
-136. _accesse_, feverish attack; see Schick, note to T. G. 358.
-
-151. _ure_, destiny; O.F. _eur_, Lat. _augurium_; cf. F. _mal-heur._ See l.
-302 below, and Barbour's Bruce, i. 312.
-
-154. _among_; so in all the copies; _among as_, whilst.
-
-161. _ado_, to do; put for _at do_; a Northern idiom.
-
-168. _awhaped_, stupefied: see Gloss. in vol. vi. _amat_, dismayed. Cf.
-Schick, note to T. G. 401.
-
-169. _sitting_, suitable; cf. R. R. 986.
-
-172. _grounde_ (dissyllabic) improves the line; but _ground_ is the correct
-form.
-
-176. Here the Ashmole MS. inserts 'La compleynt du Chiualier'; but wrongly.
-For see l. 218.
-
-178. _Niobe_; mentioned in Troil. i. 699. So _woful Myrre_, Troil. iv.
-1139.
-
-227. _cheste_, receptacle; '_cheste_ of every care'; Troil. v. 1368.
-
-229. Cf. Troil. i. 420; also Rom. Rose, 4746-50.
-
-233. _fro_, from being, after being.
-
-250. _Daunger_; see Schick, note to T. G. 156.
-
-253. Cf. 'his arwes ... fyle'; Parl. Foules, 212.
-
-260. _Male-Bouche_, Evil Tongue; cf. R. R. 7357, &c.; where Fragment C has
-'Wikkid-Tonge,' the F. original has _Male Bouche_. Cf. IX. 84 (p. 269). See
-Schick, note to T. G. 153.
-
-274-6. _forjuged_ and _excused_ only give an assonance, not a rime.
-
-291. _through-girt ... wounde_; from C. T., A 1010.
-
-303. _purveyaunce_, providence; a reminiscence of the argument in Troil.
-iv. 961, &c.
-
-304. _god_; for _the god_; but the article is unnecessary; see Schick, note
-to T. G. 132.
-
-305. 'And true men have fallen off the wheel'; i.e. the wheel of Fortune;
-cf. Troil. iv. 6.
-
-330. _Palamides_, Palamedes. There were two different heroes of this name.
-One was the son of Nauplius, king of Euboea, who lost his life before Troy,
-by the artifices of Ulysses. It is said that Ulysses, envious of his fame,
-forged a letter to him purporting to come from Priam, and then accused him
-of treachery; whereupon he was condemned to be stoned to death. But the
-reference is rather to a much later hero, the unsuccessful lover of La bele
-Isoude. He was defeated by the celebrated knight Sir Tristram, who made him
-promise to resign his pretensions to the lady; a promise which he did not
-keep. See Sir T. Malory, Morte Arthure, bk. viii. c. 10, &c.
-
-344. _Hercules_. See the Monkes Tale, B 3285.
-
-349. _Gades_, Cadiz; where, according to Guido, Hercules set up some
-columns or pillars, to shew that he had come to the end of the world. There
-is an extraordinary confusion as to the locality and maker of these
-pillars. Lydgate here follows the account in the Alexander romances, viz.
-that Alexander set up a pillar of marble in the furthest end of India (l.
-351); on which was inscribed--'Ego Alexander Philippi Macedonis post obitum
-Darii usque ad hunc locum expugnando viriliter militaui'; see Alexander and
-Dindimus, ed. Skeat, p. 42. Lydgate has confused the two accounts.
-
-354. Copied from Troil. i. 518:--'Of hem that Love list febly for to
-avaunce'; which is preceded by 'he may goon in the daunce'; see the next
-line.
-
-358. _Phebus_. Cf. 'Whan Phebus dwelled here in this erthe adoun'; C. T., H
-1. Lydgate is not, however, referring to the story in the Manciples Tale,
-but rather to the hopeless love of Phoebus for the daughter of Admetus; for
-which see Troil. i. 659-65. Cf. Schick, note to T. G. 112.
-
-365. _Piramus_. See Legend of Good Women, 724; and Schick, note to T. G.
-80.
-
-366. _Tristram_. See notes to Parl. Foules, 288, and to Rosamounde, 20; and
-to Temple of Glas, ed. Schick, l. 77.
-
-367. Achilles fell in love with Polyxena, a daughter of Priam, according to
-Guido; see note to Book of the Duch. 1070; and Schick, note to T. G. 94.
-_Antonius_, Antony; see Legend of Good Women, 588.
-
-368. See the Knightes Tale; but it is a little extraordinary that Lydgate
-should instance Palamon here.
-
-372. _Jason_; see Legend of Good Women, 1580. For _Theseus_, see the same,
-1945; and for _Enee_ (Aeneas), the same, 924.
-
-379. An interesting allusion, as the story of the false Arcite was of
-Chaucer's invention; see his Anelida.
-
-380. _Demophon_; already mentioned above, l. 70.
-
-386. _Adon_, Adonis; see Troil. iii. 721; C. T., A 2224.
-
-390. _chorl_, churl; Vulcan; cf. C. T., A 2222, and Compl. of Mars.
-
-393. _Ipomenes_, Hippomenes, the conqueror of Atalanta in the foot-race;
-and therefore _not_ 'guerdonles.' He is thinking of Meleager, the
-unsuccessful lover of the _other_ Atalanta, her of Calydon. Chaucer seems
-likewise to have confused these stories; see note to Parl. Foules, 286; and
-cf. C. T., A 2070-2.
-
-412. Cf. Book Duch. 1024, and my note; and Schick, note to T. G. 169.
-
-419. The correction is obvious. The scribes read _iupartyng_ as _inpartyng_
-and then made it into two words. Cf. l. 475. Chaucer has _juparten_, Troil.
-iv. 1566.
-
-458. 'So variable is thy chance'; cf. C. T., B 125, and the note.
-
-461. _blent_, blinded. Evidently the right reading, for which MS. S. has
-_blend_. This was turned into _blynde_, destroying the rime.
-
-462. _went_, weeneth, weens, supposes, guesses; he shoots by guess.
-Evidently the right word, for which MS. S. has _wend_. But it was easily
-misunderstood, and most MSS. have _by wenynge_, which preserves the sense,
-but destroys the rime. Cf. _let_ = lets, in l. 464.
-
-480. This line resembles l. 229 of the Temple of Glas.
-
-484. For references to similar lines, see Schick, note to T. G. 60.
-
-488. _Parcas_, Parcae, the Fates; the form is copied from Troil. v. 3.
-Lines 486-9 are reminiscences of Troil. iii. 734 and C. T., A 1566.
-
-491. Nature is the deputy of God; see P. F. 379, and note; C. T., C 20.
-
-512. With the following stanzas compare Chaucer's Complaint to his Lady,
-and An Amorous Complaint.
-
-525. 'Out of your mercy and womanliness, charm my sharp wounds.'
-
-554. A stock line of Lydgate's; it occurs twice in the Temple of Glas, ll.
-424, 879.
-
-574. Here the Knight's Complaint ends.
-
-590. 'Parfourned hath the sonne his ark diurne'; C. T., E 1795.
-
-596. Cf. 'among yon rowes rede'; Compl. Mars, 2.
-
-597. _deaurat_, gilded, of a golden colour; see _Deaurate_ in the New E.
-Dict.
-
-612. _Esperus_, Hesperus, the evening-star, the planet Venus. See note to
-Boeth. bk. i. m. 5. 9.
-
-621. Cf. C. T., A 2383, 2389; and Temple of Glas, 126-8.
-
-627. 'Venus I mene, the _wel-willy_ planete'; Troil. iii. 1257. Cf.
-_gude-willy_ in Burns.
-
-644. 'For thilke love thou haddest to Adoun'; C. T., A 2224.
-
-647. MS. B. has _for very wery_, meaning 'because I was very weary,' which
-is a possible expression; see Schick, note to T. G. 632; but _verily_ seems
-better, as otherwise the line is cumbersome.
-
-663. _Jelousye_; cf. Parl. Foules, 252.
-
-Sec. IX. JOHN LYDGATE: THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.
-
-I know of no MS. copy of this piece.
-
-4. Valentine's day is Feb. 14; cf. Parl. Foules, 309-11.
-
-8. _larke_; cf. the song of the bird in Compl. Mars, 13-21.
-
-20. _Cipryde_, really the same as Venus, but here distinguished; see Parl.
-Foules, 277.
-
-38. Apparently accented as 'Aurora'; Ch. has Aurora, L. G. W. 774.
-
-49. _crampessh at_ must be _crampisshed_, i.e. constrained painfully,
-tortured; see note to Anelida, 171 (vol. i. p. 535).
-
-62. Imitated from Parl. Foules, 379-89.
-
-75. _sursanure_; a wound healed outwardly only; cf. note to C. T., F 1113.
-
-84. _Male-bouche_, Evil Tongue, Slander; from the Roman de la Rose. See
-VIII. 260 above.
-
-96. _Boreas_, only mentioned by Ch. in his Boethius, bk. i. m. 5. 17, m. 3.
-8.
-
-113. _somer-sonne_; imitated from the Book of the Duch. 821-4.
-
-125. 'To speke of bounte or of gentilles,' &c.; T. G. 287.
-
-140. 'To alle hir werkes virtu is hir gyde'; C. T., B 164.
-
-158. Alluding to the proverb--'He that hews above his head, the chips fall
-in his eye'; which is a warning to men who attack their betters. See I. i.
-9. 20, and the note (p. 462).
-
-190-3. _Policene_, Polyxena; cf. note to VIII. 367. _Helayne_, Helen.
-_Dorigene_; see Frankleyns Tale, F 815.
-
-195. _Cleopatre_; see the first legend in the Legend of Good Women.
-_secree_, secret, able to keep secrets; a praiseworthy attribute; cf. Parl.
-of Foules, 395; and Lydgate's Temple of Glas, 294-5:--
-
-               'and mirrour eke was she
-  Of _secrenes_, of trouth, of faythfulnes.'
-
-It is obvious that the extraordinary word _setrone_ (see the footnote)
-arose from a desire on the part of the scribe to secure a rime for the name
-in the next line, which he must have imagined to be _An-ti-gone_, in
-_three_ syllables, with a mute final _e_! This turned _secree_ into
-_secrone_, which Thynne probably misread as _setrone_, since _c_ and _t_
-are alike in many MSS. But there are no such words as _secrone_ or
-_setrone_; and _secree_ must be restored, because _An-ti-go-ne_ is a word
-of four syllables. We know whence Lydgate obtained his 'white Antigone'; it
-was from Troilus, ii. 887, where we find 'fresshe Antigone the whyte.'
-Antigone was Criseyde's niece, and was so 'secree' that Pandarus considered
-her to be the most fitting person to accompany Criseyde when she visited
-Troilus (Troil. ii. 1563), and again when she came to visit Pandarus
-himself (iii. 597).
-
-197. _Hester_, Esther; see Book Duch. 987; but especially Legend of Good
-Women, 250: 'Ester, lay thou thy _mekenesse_ al adoun.' _Judith_; cf. Cant.
-Tales, B 939, 2289, 3761, E 1366.
-
-198. _Alceste_, Alcestis; see L. G. W. 432, 511, 518. _Marcia Catoun_,
-Martia, daughter of Cato of Utica; see note to L. G. W. 252 (vol. iii. p.
-298).
-
-199. _Grisilde_; the Griselda of the Clerkes Tale. Again mentioned by
-Lydgate in the Temple of Glas, 75, 405, and elsewhere; see Schick's note to
-T.G. l. 75.
-
-200, 201. _Ariadne_; see L. G. W. 268, 2078, &c. _Lucrece_, Lucretia; see
-the same, 1680; especially l. 1691:--'this Lucresse, that starf _at Rome
-toun_.'
-
-203. _Penelope_; see note to L. G. W. 252.
-
-204. _Phyllis_, _Hipsiphilee_; both in L. G. W.; 2394, 1368.
-
-206. _Canacee_; may be either the Canace mentioned in L. G. W. 265, or the
-heroine of the Squieres Tale; probably the latter. See Schick, note to l.
-137 of the Temple of Glas.
-
-209. _naught_, not. _falle_, stoop, droop; hence, fail.
-
-211-3. Dido slew herself; see L. G. W. 1351.
-
-214. _Medee_, Medea; see L. G. W. 1580. But Chaucer does not there relate
-how Medea committed any 'outrage.' However, he refers to her murder of her
-children in the Cant. Tales, B 72.
-
-216. 'That, while goodness and beauty are both under her dominion, she
-makes goodness have always the upper hand.' See l. 218.
-
-221. Read _n'offende_, offend not. Probably the MS. had _nofende_,  which
-Thynne turned into _ne fende_.
-
-229. It is remarkable how often Lydgate describes his hand as 'quaking';
-see Schick's note to the Temple of Glas, 947. Chaucer's hand quaked but
-once; Troil. iv. 14. Cf. note to XXII. 57 (p. 539).
-
-232. _suppryse_, undertake, endeavour to do. _Suppryse_ is from O.F.
-_sousprendre_, for which Godefroy gives the occasional sense
-'entreprendre.'
-
-234. _lose_, praise; _out of lose_, out of praise, discreditable.
-
-236. Perhaps this means that Chaucer's decease was a very recent event.
-Schick proposes to date this piece between 1400 and 1402.
-
-242. Chaucer invokes Clio at the beginning of Troilus, bk. ii. (l. 8); and
-Calliope at the beginning of bk. iii. (l. 45).
-
-251. Cf. Compl. Mars, 13, 14. The metre almost seems to require an accent
-on the second syllable of _Valentyn_, with suppressed final _e_; but a much
-more pleasing line, though less regular, can be made by distributing the
-pauses artificially thus: Upon . the day of . saint Valen . tyne . singe.
-The word _saint_ is altogether unemphatic; cf. ll. 4, 100.
-
-257. _fetheres ynde_, blue feathers; possibly with a reference to blue as
-being the colour of constancy. Cf. _floures inde_; VIII. 127.
-
-261. The woodbine is an emblem of constancy, as it clings to its support;
-cf. XX. 485-7.
-
-Sec. X. IN COMMENDATION OF OUR LADY.
-
-4, 5. In l. 4, _fere_ is the Kentish form of 'fire.' In l. 5, Thynne again
-prints _fere_, but MS. A. has _hyre_ (not a rime), and MS. Sl. has _were_,
-which means 'doubt,' and is the right word.
-
-7. For _her_, we must read _his_, as in l. 4. The reference is to Love or
-Cupid; see VIII. 354, and the note.
-
-12. Cf. 'O wind, O wind, the weder ginneth clere,' &c.; Troil. ii. 2.
-Observe that Chaucer invokes _Cleo_ (Clio) in his next stanza.
-
-22. We may compare this invocation with Chaucer's ABC, and his introduction
-to the Second Nonnes Tale; but there is not much resemblance. Observe the
-free use of alliteration throughout ll. 22-141.
-
-24. 'O pleasant ever-living one' seems to be meant; but it is very obscure.
-Notice that the excellent Sloane MS. has _O lusty lemand_ (= _leming_), O
-pleasant shining one. Perhaps we should read _leming_ for _living_; cf. l.
-25.
-
-27. Cf. 'Haven of refut'; ABC, 14. _up to ryve_, to arrive at; see _rive_
-in Halliwell.
-
-28. The five joys of the Virgin are occasionally alluded to. See the poem
-on this subject in An Old Eng. Miscellany, ed. Morris, p. 87. The five joys
-were (1) at the Annunciation; (2) when she bore Christ; (3) when Christ
-rose from the dead; (4) when she saw Him ascend into heaven; (5) at her own
-Assumption into heaven.
-
-30. 'And cheering course, for one to complain to for pity.' Very obscure.
-
-52. _propyne_, give to drink; a usage found in the Vulgate version of Jer.
-xxv. 15: 'Sume calicem ... et _propinabis_ de illo cunctis gentibus.'
-
-56. Cf. _magnificence_ in Ch. Sec. Nonnes Tale, G 50.
-
-58. _put in prescripcioun_, i.e. prescribed, recommended.
-
-60. Cf. 'I flee for socour to thy tente'; ABC, 41.
-
-64. _itinerarie_, a description of the way.
-
-65. _bravie_, prize, especially in an athletic contest; Lat. _brauium_, Gk.
-[Greek: brabeion], in 1 Cor. ix. 24. See note to C. T., D 75.
-
-66. _diourn denarie_, daily pay, as of a penny a day; referring to Matt.
-xx. 2: 'Conventione autem facta cum operariis ex _denario diurno_.'
-
-68. _Laureat crowne_, crown of laurel.
-
-69. _palestre_, a wrestling-match; cf. Troil. v. 304.
-
-70. _lake_, fine white linen cloth; as in C. T., B 2048.
-
-71. _citole_, harp; as in C. T., A 1959.
-
-78. 'The wedded turtel, with her herte trewe'; Parl. Foules, 355.
-
-83. _Phebus_; here used, in an extraordinary manner, of the Holy Spirit, as
-being the spirit of wisdom; perhaps suggested by the mention of the
-_columbe_ (or dove) in l. 79.
-
-87. Here Thynne prints _dyametre_, but the Sloane MS. corrects him.
-
-88. _Fewe feres_, few companions; i.e. few equals.
-
-92, 93. _loupe_; cf. F. _loupe_, an excrescence, fleshy kernel, knot in
-wood, lens, knob. It was also a term in jewellery. Littre has: 'pierre
-precieuse que la nature n'a pas achevee. Loupe de saphir, loupe de rubis,
-certaines parties imparfaites et grossieres qui se trouvent quelquefois
-dans ces pierres.' Hence it is not a very happy epithet, but Lydgate must
-have meant it in a good sense, as expressing the densest portion of a
-jewel; hence his 'stable (i.e. firm) as the loupe.' Similarly he explains
-_ewage_ as being 'fresshest of visage,' i.e. clearest in appearance.
-_Ewage_ was a term applied to a jacinth of the colour of sea-water; see New
-E. Dict. and P. Plowman, B. ii. 14; but it is here described as _blue_, and
-must therefore refer to a stone of the colour of water in a lake.
-
-98. Read _herte_ for the scansion; but it is a bad line. It runs:--And hem
-. receyvest . with . herte . ful trewe.
-
-99. _gladded_, gladdened; referring to the Annunciation.
-
-102. _obumbred_, spread like a shadow; 'uirtus Altissimi _obumbrabit_
-tibi'; Luke, i. 35. This explains _to thee_, which answers to _tibi_.
-
-106. This stanza refers to Christ rather than to Mary; see l. 112. But Mary
-is referred to as the _ground_ on which He built (l. 111).
-
-107. Cf. Isaiah, xi. 1; Jerem. xxiii. 5.
-
-110. _corn_, grain; 'suscitabo Dauid germen iustum'; Jer. xxiii. 5. Cf. 'ex
-semine Dauid uenit Christus; John, vii. 42.
-
-111. _ground_; the ground upon which it pleased Him to build. Referring to
-Mary.
-
-113. _vytre_, glass; Lat. _uitreum_. The Virgin was often likened to glass;
-sun-rays pass through it, and leave it pure.
-
-114. _Tytan_, sun; curiously applied. Christ seems to be meant; see l. 116.
-But _thy_ in l. 115 again refers to Mary. Hence, in l. 114 (as in 116) we
-should read _his_ for _thy_.
-
-118. _Sunamyte_, Shunammite; Lat. _Sunamitis_, 2 Kings, iv. 25. She was an
-emblem of the Virgin, because her son was raised from the dead.
-
-119. _Mesure_, moderate, assuage. _Margaryte_, pearl; as an epithet of the
-Virgin.
-
-121. _punical pome_, pomegranate; Pliny has _Punicum malum_ in this sense;
-Nat. Hist. xiii. 19.
-
-122. _bouk and boon_, body and bone; see _Bouk_ in the New E. Dict.
-
-123. _agnelet_, little lamb; not in the New E. Dict., because this stanza
-is now first printed.
-
-126. _habounde_, abundant; of this adj. the New E. Dict, gives two
-examples.
-
-128. _Cockle_, shell; referring to the shell in which the pearl was
-supposed to be generated by dew. See note to I. ii. 12. 47, p. 475.
-
-129. 'O bush unbrent'; C. T., B 1658; see the note, _fyrles_, set on fire
-without any fire (i.e. without visible cause).
-
-132. Referring to Gideon's fleece; Judges, vi. 39.
-
-133. Referring to Aaron's rod that budded; Heb. ix. 4.
-
-134. _misty_, mystic; cf. 'mysty, _misticus_,' in Prompt. Parv.
-
-_arke_, ark; the ark of the covenant.
-
-_probatik_; certainly the right reading (as in MS. Sl.), instead of
-_probatyf_ or _probatyfe_, as in A. and Thynne. The reference is to the
-O.F. phrase _piscine probatique_, which Godefroy explains as being a
-cistern of water, near Solomon's temple, in which the sheep were washed
-before being sacrificed. The phrase was borrowed immediately from the
-Vulgate version of John v. 2: 'Est autem Ierosolymis _probatica piscina_,
-quae cognominatur hebraice Bethsaida'; i.e. the reference is to the
-well-known pool of Bethesda. The Greek has: [Greek: epi tei probatikei
-kolumbethra]. The etymology is obvious, from Gk. [Greek: probaton], a
-sheep. We may translate the phrase by 'sheep-cleansing pool.' Cotgrave
-explains it very well; he has: '_piscine probatique_, a pond for the
-washing of the sheep that were, by the Law, to be sacrificed.'
-
-135. _Aurora_, dawn; mentioned in Ch. L. G. W. 774. Cf. 'al the orient
-_laugheth_'; C. T., A 1494. And cf. 'Th'olyve of pees'; Parl. Foules, 181.
-
-136. 'Column, with its base, which bears up (or supports) out of the
-abysmal depth.'
-
-137. 'Why could I not be skilful?'
-
-140. I make up this line as best I can; the readings are all bad.
-
-Note that, at this point, the MS. copies come to an end, and so does the
-alliteration. Poem no. XI is joined on to no. X in Thynne without any
-break, but is obviously a different piece, addressed to an earthly
-mistress.
-
-Sec. XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.
-
-1. Imitated from C. T., B 778: 'I ne have noon English digne,' &c. Cf. l.
-41. And see the Introduction.
-
-8. 'For if I could sing what I feel in love, I would (gladly do so).'
-
-14. 'I have all my trust in thee.' The scansion is got by grouping the
-syllables thus: J'ay . en vous . toute . ma . fiaunce. It is a line of the
-Lydgate type, in which the first syllable in the normal line, and the first
-syllable after the caesura, are alike dropped.
-
-17. _thou knette_, mayst thou knit; the subj. or optative mood.
-
-21. This quotation is most interesting, being taken from the first line in
-'Merciless Beauty'; Ch. Minor Poems; no. XI. Cf. l. 54.
-
-23. _it is_; pronounced either as _it's_ or _'t is_. The latter sounds
-better.
-
-26. The substitution of _ginne_ for _beginne_ much improves the line.
-
-_on esperaunce_, in hope.
-
-44. _in o degree_, (being) always in one state.
-
-49. 'Weep for me, if a lover pleases you.'
-
-56. 'So much it grieves to be away from my lady.'
-
-59. 'Now my heart has what it wished for.'
-
-64. _were_, should be, ought to be (subjunctive).
-
-68. _go love_, go and love, learn to love. _wher_, whether.
-
-77. _and also_, including. The 'fair' Rosamond is mentioned in P. Plowman,
-B. xii. 48; which shews that her name was proverbial.
-
-98. 'Embrace me closely with a joyful heart.'
-
-100. 'The ardent hope that pricks my heart, is dead; the hope--to gain the
-love of her whom I desire.'
-
-103. 'And I know well that it is not my fault; (the fault of me) who sing
-for you, as I may, by way of lament at your departure.' O.F. _sai_, I know,
-is a correct form.
-
-107. _sad_, fixed, resolute, firm, constant.
-
-Sec. XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.
-
-7. Cf. Prov. xvii. 20: 'He that hath a perverse tongue falleth into
-mischief.'
-
-15. _equipolent_, equal in power; used by Hoccleve (New E. Dict.).
-
-16. _peregal_, the same as _paregal_, fully equal; Troil. v. 840.
-
-22. I follow the order of stanzas in MS. H. (Harl. 2251), which is more
-complete than any other copy, as it alone contains ll. 71-7. Th. and Ff.
-transpose this stanza and the next one.
-
-23. _amorous_ is evidently used as a term of disparagement, i.e. 'wanton.'
-
-33. _this is_; pronounced as _this_, as often elsewhere.
-
-40. _deslavee_, loose, unchaste; see Gloss. to Chaucer.
-
-45. Accent _devourour_ on the first syllable.
-
-60. _dissolucioun_, dissolute behaviour.
-
-71-7. In Harl. 2251 only. In l. 71, read _is_; the MS. has _in_.
-
-73. The missing word is obviously _mene_, i.e. middling; missed because the
-similar word _men_ happened to follow it.
-
-78. _prudent_ seems here to be used in a bad sense; cf. mod. E. 'knowing.'
-
-86. In the course of ll. 86-103, Lydgate contrives to mention all the Nine
-Worthies except Godfrey of Bouillon; i.e. he mentions David, Joshua, Judas
-Maccabaeus, Hector, Julius Caesar, Alexander, Charles (Charlemagne), and
-King Arthur. His other examples are Solomon, Troilus, Tullius Cicero,
-Seneca, and Cato; all well known.
-
-96. Thynne has--'With _al_ Alisaundres.' The word _al_ is needless, and
-probably due to repeating the first syllable of _Alisaundre_.
-
-107. We now come to examples of famous women. _Hestre_ is Esther, and
-_Griseldes_, the Grisildis of Chaucer's Clerkes Tale. Others are Judith (in
-the Apocrypha), Polyxena, Penelope, Helen, Medea, Marcia the daughter of
-Marcus Cato Uticensis (see note to Legend of Good Women, 252), and
-Alcestis. They are all taken from Chaucer; Esther, Polyxena, Penelope,
-Helen, 'Marcia Catoun,' are all mentioned in the 'Balade' in Legend of Good
-Women, Prologue, B-text, 249-69; and Alcestis is the heroine of the same
-Prologue. The Legend contains the story of Medea at length; and Judith is
-celebrated in the Monkes Tale. See the similar list in IX. 190-210.
-
-110. For _Policenes_, Ff. has _Penilops_ (!); but Penelope is mentioned in
-l. 113. _Policenes_ is right; see IX. 190.
-
-115. For _Eleynes_, the printed editions have the astonishing reading
-_Holynesse_, a strange perversion of _Heleynes_.
-
-121. _kerve_, cut; suggested by Chaucer's use of _forkerveth_ in the
-Manciple's Tale, H 340. This _is_ tolerably certain, as in l. 129 he again
-refers to the same Tale, H 332-4.
-
-130. Chaucer does not mention Cato; he merely says--'Thus lerne children
-whan that they ben yonge.' Both Chaucer and Lydgate had no doubt been
-taught some of the sayings of Dionysius Cato in their youth; for see Troil.
-iii. 293-4. This particular precept occurs in the third distich in Cato's
-first book; i.e. almost at the very beginning. See note to C. T., H 332
-(vol. v. p. 443).
-
-Sec. XIII. BEWARE OF DOUBLENESS.
-
-This piece is gently ironical throughout, as, for example, in ll. 15, 23,
-31, 39, 47, &c.
-
-30. _abit_, abideth, abides, remains, is constant.
-
-32 (footnote). The remark in the margin--'Per antifrasim'--simply means
-that the text is ironical.
-
-48. _tache_, defect; this is Shakespeare's _touch_, in the same sense;
-Troilus and Cressida, iii. 3. 175.
-
-51. _sliper_, slippery; A.S. _slipor_; as in XVI. 262. Cf. HF. 2154, and
-the note.
-
-55. 'Who can (so) guide their sail as to row their boat with craft.' Not
-clearly put. Is there a reference to Wade's boat? Cf. C. T., E 1424, and
-the note. The irony seems here to be dropped, as in ll. 71, 79.
-
-75. _sys and sink_, six and five, a winning throw at hazard; see C. T., B
-124, and the note. _avaunce_, get profit, make gain.
-
-77, 78. Here _sette_ seems to mean 'lay a stake upon,' in the game of
-hazard; when, if the player throws double aces (_ambes as_), he loses; see
-the note on C. T., B 124 as above; and see _Ambs-Ace_ in the New E. Dict.
-It is amusing to find that Stowe so wholly misunderstood the text as to
-print _lombes, as_ (see footnote on p. 293); for _lombes_ means 'lambs'!
-
-83. _innocence_ is, I suppose, to be taken ironically; but the constancy of
-Rosamond and Cleopatra is appealed to as being real. For the ballad of
-'Fair Rosamond,' see Percy's Reliques of Ancient Poetry.
-
- 'Her chiefest foes did plaine confesse
-        She was a glorious wight.'
-
-89, 90. _sengle_, single. _oo-fold_, one-fold, as distinct from _double_.
-See the whimsical praise of 'double' things in Hood's Miss Kilmansegg, in
-the section entitled 'Her Honeymoon.'
-
-Sec. XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN, ETC.
-
-6. _see at y_, see by the outward appearance; cf. C. T., G 964, 1059. This
-Balade resembles no. XIII. Cf. l. 4 with XIII. 63, 81.
-
-7. _et_, eateth, eats. This contracted form evidently best suits the
-scansion. The copy in MS. T. had originally _ette_, mis-spelt for _et_,
-with _ettyth_ written above it, shewing that the old form _et_ was
-obsolescent. _Et_ (eateth) occurs in P. Plowman, C. vii. 431; and again, in
-the same, B. xv. 175, the MSS. have _eet_, _eteth_, _ette_, with the same
-sense. 'The blind eat many flies' is given in Hazlitt's Collection of
-Proverbs. Skelton has it, Works, ed. Dyce, i. 213; and Hazlitt gives four
-more references.
-
-9. _geson_, scarce, rare, seldom found; see note to P. Plowman, B. xiii.
-270.
-
-19. Remember to pronounce _this is_ (_this's_) as _this_.
-
-25. A common proverb; see note to C. T., G 962.
-
-26. 'But ay fortune hath in hir hony galle'; C. T., B 3537.
-
-29. The proverbial line quoted in T. is here referred to, viz. 'Fallere,
-flere, nere, tria sunt hec in muliere.' In the margin of the Corpus MS. of
-the C. T., opposite D 402, is written--'Fallere, flere, nere, dedit Deus in
-muliere.' See that passage in the Wife's Preamble.
-
-33. _sleight_; pronounced (_sleit_), riming with _bait_; shewing that the
-_gh_ was by this time a negligible quantity.
-
-36. The reference is to the proverb quoted in the note to C. T., B 2297
-(vol. v. p. 208):--
-
- 'Vento quid leuius? fulgur; quid fulgure? flamma.
-  Flamma quid? mulier. Quid muliere? nichil.'
-
-Hence _light_ in l. 37 should be _leit_, as it means 'lightning'; which
-explains 'passeth in a throw,' i.e. passes away instantly. We also see that
-Lydgate's original varied, and must have run thus:--
-
- 'Aere quid leuius? fulgur; quid fulgure? uentus.
-  Vento quid? mulier. Quid muliere? nichil.'
-
-43. Curiously imitated in the modern song for children:--
-
- 'If all the world were paper, And all the sea were ink,
-  And all the trees were bread and cheese, What _should_ we do for drink?'
-
-  The Baby's Bouquet, p. 26.
-
-Sec. XV. THREE SAYINGS.
-
-(A). 2. _Honour_, i.e. advancement. The Lat. proverb is--'Honores mutant
-mores'; on which Ray remarks--'As poverty depresseth and debaseth a man's
-mind, so great place and estate advance and enlarge it, but many times
-corrupt and puff it up.' _outrage_, extravagant self-importance.
-
-Sec. XVI. LA BELLE DAME.
-
-1-28. The first four stanzas are original; so also are the four at the end.
-These stanzas have seven lines; the rest have eight.
-
-10. Read _called_ as _call'd_; _Bell-e_ and _Dam-e_ are dissyllabic.
-
-11. _Aleyn_; i.e. Alain Chartier, a French poet and prose writer, born in
-1386, who died in 1458. He lived at the court of Charles VI and Charles
-VII, to whom he acted as secretary. Besides La Belle Dame sans Merci, he
-wrote several poems; in one of these, called Le Livre de Quatre Dames, four
-ladies bewail the loss of their lovers in the battle of Agincourt. He also
-wrote some prose pieces, chiefly satirical; his _Curial_, directed against
-the vices of the court, was translated by Caxton. Caxton's translation was
-printed by him in 1484, and reprinted by the Early English Text Society in
-1888. The best edition of Chartier's works is that by A. Duchesne (Paris,
-1617); a new edition is much wanted.
-
-45. I here quote the original of this stanza, as it settles the right
-reading of l. 47, where some MSS. have _eyen_ or _eyn_ for _pen_.
-
- 'Qui vouldroit mon vouloir contraindre
-  A ioyeuses choses escrire,
-  _Ma plume_ n'y scauroit attaindre,
-  Non feroit ma langue a les dire.
-  Ie n'ay bouche qui puisse rire
-  Que les yeulx ne la desmentissent:
-  Car le cueur l'en vouldroit desdire
-  Par les lermes qui des yeulx issent.'
-
-53. The original French is clearer:--
-
- 'Je laisse aux amoureulx malades,
-  Qui ont espoir d'allegement,
-  Faire chansons, ditz, et ballades.'
-
-65, 66. _forcer_, casket; _unshet_, opened; _sperd_, fastened, locked up.
-
-103 (footnote). _deedly_, inanimate, dull, sleepy; an unusual use of the
-word. Only in Thynne, who seems to be wrong.
-
-105, 106. _som_, i.e. some male guests. _their juges_, (apparently) the
-ladies who ruled them, whom they wooed; cf. l. 137. _demure_, serious,
-grave; an early example of the word; cf. XX. 459, XXI. 82.
-
-105. _most fresshest_, who had most newly arrived; 'Tels y ot qui a l'heure
-vinrent.'
-
-137. _scole-maister_, i.e. his mistress who ruled him; cf. _her_ in l. 139.
-
-145. The right reading is _shot_, as in Thynne and MS. Ff., which are
-usually better authorities than MSS. F. and H. The original has:--
-
- 'I'apperceu le _trait_ de ses yeulx
-  Tout empenne d'humbles requestes.'
-
-154, 156. _mes_, dish or course of meats. _entremes_, ill-spelt _entremass_
-in Barbour's Bruce, xvi. 457; on which my note is: 'it is the O.F.
-_entremes_, now spelt _entremets_, [to mark its connection with F.
-_mettre_; but] _mets_, O.F. _mes_, is the Lat. _missum_ [accusative of
-_missus_], a dish as _sent in_ or served at table (Brachet). An _entremes_
-is a delicacy or side-dish (lit. a between-dish)'; and I added a reference
-to the present passage. It is here used ironically.
-
-166. _chase_, chose; apparently, a Northern form.
-
-174. _apert_, as in MS. Ff., is obviously right; _pert_, as still in use,
-is due to the loss of the former syllable. _prevy nor apert_, neither
-secretly nor openly, i.e. in no way; just as in Ch. C. T., F 531.
-
-176. _frounter_; answering here, not to O.F. _frontier_, forehead, but to
-O.F. _frontiere_, front rank of an army, line of battle; whence the phrase
-_faire frontiere a_, to make an attack upon (Godefroy). So here, the lady's
-beauty was exactly calculated to make an attack upon a lover's heart. Sir
-R. Ros has 'a frounter _for_'; he should rather have written 'a frounter
-_on_.' The original has:--'Pour faire au cueur d'amant _frontiere_'; also
-_garnison_ in the preceding line.
-
-182. 'Car ioye triste cueur traueille.' Sir R. Ros actually takes _triste_
-with _ioye_ instead of with _cueur_. There are several other instances in
-which he does not seem to have understood his original. See below.
-
-184. _trayle_, trellis-work, or lattice-work, intertwined with pliant
-thick-leaved branches; Godefroy has O.F. '_treille_, _traille_, treillis,
-treillage'; cf. l. 195. The original has:--'Si m'assis dessoubz une
-treille.' A note explains _dessoubz_ as _derriere_.
-
-198. _neer_, nearer; as in l. 201. _sought_, attacked (him).
-
-230. 'Et se par honneur et sans blasme Ie suis vostre.' That is, if I am
-yours, with honour _to myself_. But the translator transfers the _worship_,
-i.e. the honour, to the lady.
-
-259. 'Which promised utterly to deprive me of my trust.'
-
-265. _Other or me_, me or some one else. But the French is:--'Se moy ou
-autre vous regarde,' if I or some one else look at you; which is quite a
-different thing.
-
-269-72. Obscure, and perhaps wrong; the original is:--
-
- 'S'aucun blesse autruy d'auenture
-    Par coulpe de celuy qui blesse,
-  Quoi qu'il n'en peult mais par droicture,
-    Si en a il dueil et tristesse.'
-
-282-3.
-
- 'Que peu de chose peult trop plaire
-  Et vous vous voulez deceuoir.'
-
-300. 'It were less harm for one to be sad than two.'
-
-303. Read _sory_: 'D'ung _dolent_ faire deux joyeulx.'
-
-324. _rechace_, chasing it back, which gives small sense; and the reading
-_richesse_ is worse, and will not rime. The French has _rachatz_ =  mod. F.
-_rachat_, redemption, ransom; which has been misunderstood.
-
-340. 'Preuue ses parolles par oeuure.'
-
-348. _their_ is an error for _his_ (Love's), due to the translator. 'Lors
-il [Amour] descouure sa fierte.'
-
-351.
-
- 'Tant plus aspre en est la poincture,
-  Et plus desplaisant le deffault.'
-
-357. _oon_, one; i.e. the same. MS. Ff. has _wone_, a very early example of
-the prefixed sound of _w_, as in modern English. See Zupitza's notes to Guy
-of Warwick.
-
-393. Something is wrong. The French is:--'La mesure faulx semblant porte';
-meaning (I suppose) moderation has a false appearance.
-
-400. _As think_, i.e. pray think; see _As_ in the Gloss. in vol. vi.
-
-443. 'A constrained reward, and a gift offered by way of thanks, cannot
-agree'; i.e. are quite different.
-
-449. _wanteth_, is wanting, is lacking.
-
-468. 'Qui soit donne a autre office.'
-
-469. 'D'assez grant charge se cheuit,' he gets rid of a great
-responsibility. The translator gives the contrary sense.
-
-506. 'D'en donner a qui les reffuse.'
-
-509. That _He_, not _Who_, should begin the line, is certain by comparison
-with the French:--'_Il_ ne doit pas cuider muser.'
-
-514. _me mistook_, that I mistook myself, that I made a mistake.
-
-519, 520. _prevayl you_, benefit you; _after_, according to.
-
-523-4. _after-game_, return-match, a second game played by one who has lost
-the first. I believe l. 524 to mean 'who cannot thoroughly afford to double
-his stakes.' To _set_ often means to stake. The French is:--
-
- 'Et celuy pert le ieu d'attente
-  Qui ne scet faire son point double.'
-
-531. _it ar_, they are. This use of _ar_ with _it_ is due to the pl. sb.
-_fantasyes_ (i.e. vain fancies) immediately following; _other counsayl_ is
-equivalent to 'as for any other counsel,' which implies that there are more
-alternatives than one.
-
-536. 'Who would like to conduct himself,' i.e. to regulate his conduct.
-'Qui la veult conduire et ne peult.'
-
-538. Read _sute_: 'Desespoir le met de sa _suite_.'
-
-555. 'Ne de l'aprendre n'ay-ie cure.'
-
-559. 'Et le deuoir d'amours payer Qui franc cueur a, prise et droit.'
-
-566. _That_ is a mere conjunction; the reading _Which_ alters the sense,
-and gives a false meaning.
-
-583. _let_, makes as though he knew not; French, 'scet celler.'
-
-594, 595. _Hath set_; 'Mettroit en mes maulx fin et terme.' Line 595 should
-begin with _Then_ rather than _Yet_, as there is no contrast.
-
-605. 'De tous soit celuy deguerpiz.'
-
-608. _or anything at al_, &c.; 'et le bien fait De sa Dame qui l'a reffait
-Et ramene de mort a vie'; i.e. and the kindness of his Lady, who has new
-made him, and brought him back from death to life. The English follows some
-different reading, and is obscurely expressed.
-
-614. 'A qui l'en puisse recourir'; to whom he could have recourse. But
-_recourir_ has been read as _recovrir_, giving no good sense.
-
-627. The reading _high_ is right; 'Que iamais _hault_ honneur ne chiet.'
-
-634. _reclaymed_, taught to come back; a term in falconry; French, 'bien
-reclamez.' Opposed to _hem to withholde_, i.e. to keep themselves from
-coming back.
-
-635.
-
- 'Et si bien aprins qu'ils retiennent
-  A changer des qu'ils ont clamez.'
-
-651. _fol_, foolish; F. text, 'fol plaisir.'
-
-667. _To have better_, to get a better lover. But the sense is wrongly
-given. In the French, this clause goes with what follows:--'D'auoir mieulx
-ne vous affiez,' i.e. expect to get nothing better.
-
-667. _to have better_, to get a better lover.
-
-668. 'Et prenez en gre le reffus.'
-
-673. The original shews that _she_ really refers to _Pity_, denoted by _it_
-in l. 671, not to the Lady herself.
-
-680. 'Et iamais a bout n'en vendrez.'
-
-706. _By_; French, _De_; hence _By_ should be _Of_. Read _defame of
-cruelty_, an ill name for cruelty. The mistake is the translator's.
-
-741. _Male-bouche_, Slander; a name probably taken from the Rom. de la
-Rose, 2847; called _Wikked-Tonge_ in the English version, 3027.
-
-750. _playn_, (all equally) flat. 'La terre n'est pas toute unie.'
-
-757. _be nought_, are naughty, are wicked; as in K. Lear, ii. 4. 136.
-
-788. 'Que si tost mis en obli a.'
-
-814. _avantours_, boasters; see l. 735. F. text, 'venteus'; cf. '_Vanteux_,
-vaunting'; Cotgrave.
-
-817. _Refus_, i.e. Denial; personified. 'Reffuz a ses chasteaulx bastiz.'
-
-829. The last four stanzas are original. Note the change from the 8-line to
-the 7-line stanza.
-
-Sec. XVII. THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.
-
-This sequel to Chaucer's 'Troilus,' written by Robert Henryson of
-Dunfermline, is in the Northern dialect of the Scottish Lowlands. Thynne
-has not made any special attempt to alter the wording of this piece, but he
-frequently modifies the spelling; printing _so_ instead of _sa_ (l. 3),
-_whan_ for _quhen_ (l. 3), _right_ for _richt_ (l. 4), and so on. I follow
-the Edinburgh edition of 1593. See further in the Introduction.
-
-1. _Ane_, a; altered by Thynne to _a_, throughout.
-
-_dooly_ (Th. _doly_), doleful, sad; from the sb. _dool_, sorrow.
-
-4-6. Here _fervent_ seems to mean 'stormy' or 'severe,' as it obviously
-does not mean hot. _Discend_ is used transitively; _can discend_ means
-'caused to descend.' This is an earlier example than that from Caxton in
-the New Eng. Dictionary. _Aries_ clearly means the influence of Aries, and
-implies that the sun was in that sign, which it entered (at that date)
-about the 12th of March; see vol. iii. p. 188 (footnote). _Lent_ is
-'spring'; and the Old Germanic method is here followed, which divided each
-of the seasons into three months. In this view, the spring-months were
-March, April, and May, called, respectively, foreward Lent, midward Lent,
-and afterward Lent; see A Student's Pastime, p. 190. Hence the phrase in
-_middis of the Lent_ does not mean precisely in the middle of the spring,
-but refers to the month of April; indeed, the sun passed out of Aries into
-Taurus on the 11th of the month. The date indicated is, accordingly, the
-_first week in April_, when the sun was still in Aries, and showers of
-hail, with a stormy north wind, were quite seasonable.
-
-10. _sylit under cure_, covered up, (as if) under his care. The verb _to
-syle_ is precisely the mod. E. _ceil_; which see in the New E. Dict.
-
-12. _unto_, i.e. over against. The planet Venus, rising in the east, set
-her face over against the west, where the sun had set.
-
-20. _shill_, shrill. _Shille_ occurs as a variant of _schrille_ in C. T., B
-4585; see _schil_ in Stratmann.
-
-32. _douf_ (spelt _doif_ in the old edition) is the Northern form of
-'deaf,' answering to the Icel. _daufr_; thus a nut without a kernel is
-called in the South 'a deaf nut,' but in Scotland 'a douf nit'; see
-Jamieson. For _deaf_ in the senses of 'dull' and 'unproductive,' see the
-New E. Dict.
-
-39. _cut_, curtail; illustrated from Lydgate in the New E. Dict.
-
-42. Read _lusty_, to avoid the repetition of _worthy_; cf. l. 41. It should
-have been stated, in the footnotes, that the readings are: E. worthy; Th.
-lusty.
-
-43. Referring to Troil. bk. v. In l. 92, we are told how Diomede led
-Criseyde away. Note particularly that, in l. 45, Henryson quotes Chaucer
-rather closely. Cf. 'For which wel neigh out of my wit I breyde'; Troil. v.
-1262. And cf. ll. 47-9 with--'Betwixen hope and drede his herte lay';
-Troil. v. 1207.
-
-48. _Quhill_, till. The reading _Esperus_ in E. is comic enough. Even
-Thynne has misread _esperans_, and has turned it into _esperous_. There can
-be little doubt that _esperans_ here means 'hope,' as it is opposed to
-_wanhope_ in the line above. The word was known to Henryson, as we find, in
-st. 8 of his Garment of Gude Ladyis: 'Hir slevis suld be of _esperance_, To
-keip hir _fra dispair_.' Cf. l. 49.
-
-50. _behest_, promise; because she had promised to return to Troy within
-ten days; Troil. iv. 1595.
-
-65. _this narratioun_, i.e. the sequel of the story, which he is about to
-tell. He does not tell us whence he derived it, but intimates that it is a
-fiction; I suppose he invented it himself.
-
-74. _lybel of repudy_, Lat. 'libellum repudii,' as in Matt. xix. 7.
-
-77. 'And, as some say, into the common court'; i.e. she became a courtesan.
-
-78. _A-per-se_, i.e. the first letter of the alphabet, standing alone. A
-letter that was also a word in itself, as _A_, or _I_, or _O_, was called
-'per se,' because it could stand alone. Of these, the _A-per-se_ was a type
-of excellence. One of Dunbar's Poems (ed. Small, i. 276) begins:--'London,
-thou art of townes _A-per-se_.'
-
-79. _fortunait_, the sport of fortune; oddly used, as it implies that she
-was 'an unfortunate.' Cf. l. 89.
-
-94. _but_, without; and Thynne actually prints _without_ in place of it.
-
-97. _quhair_, where her father Calchas (was). He was living among the
-Greeks; Troil. i. 80, 87.
-
-106. In the medieval legend, Calchas was not a priest of Venus, but of
-Apollo, as Chaucer notes; see Troil. i. 66-70. So also in Lydgate, Siege of
-Troy, bk. ii. c. 17. Henryson probably altered this intentionally, because
-it enabled him to represent Criseyde as reproaching her father's god; see
-ll. 124, 134.
-
-129. _outwaill_, outcast; one who is chosen out and rejected; from the verb
-_wail_, _ wale_, to choose. There seems to be no other example of the word,
-though Jamieson gives '_outwailins_, leavings, things of little value.'
-
-140. _forlane_ can hardly mean 'left alone.' If so, it would be a word
-invented for the occasion, and improperly formed from _lane_, which is
-itself a docked form of _alane_. In all other passages _forlane_ or
-_forlain_ is the pp. of _forliggen_; and the sense of 'defiled' is quite
-applicable. And further, it rimes with _slane_, which means 'slain.'
-
-143. 'And, as it seemed, she heard, where she lay,' &c.
-
-147. The seven planets; which, in the order of the magnitude of their
-orbits, are Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury, and the Moon.
-And to this order the author carefully adheres throughout ll. 151-263.
-
-155. _fronsit_, wrinkled; _frounse_ is the mod. E. _flounce_, which
-formerly meant 'a pleat'; see _frounce_, _frouncen_ in Stratmann, and the
-Gloss. to Chaucer. Misprinted _frosnit_ in E.
-
-'His complexion was like lead.' Lead was Saturn's metal; see C. T., G 828,
-and the note.
-
-164. That _gyte_ is the correct reading, is obvious from ll. 178, 260,
-where Thynne has preserved it. It is a Chaucerian word; see the Glossary in
-vol. vi. It seems to mean 'mantle.' The Edinburgh printer altered it to
-_gyis_, which is too general a term, at least in l. 260.
-
-182. 'To ward off from us the wrath of his father (Saturn).'
-
-198. Compare Ch. C. T., F 1031--'god and governour Of every plaunte, herbe,
-tree, and flour.'
-
-205. Alluding to Phaethon's misguidance of the chariot of the sun; 'And
-that his faders cart amis he dryve'; Troil. v. 665. Laing prints _unricht_;
-but omits to say that E. has _upricht_.
-
-211. _soyr_, sorrel-coloured, reddish-brown; see _Sorrel_ in my Etym. Dict.
-
-212-6. The names of the four horses are curiously corrupted from the names
-given in Ovid, Met. ii. 153, viz. Eoeus, AEthon, Pyroeeis, and Phlegon. As
-_Eous_ means 'belonging to the dawn,' we may consider the words _into the
-Orient_, i.e. in the East, as explanatory of the name _Eoy_; 'called Eoy,
-(which signifies) in the East.' As to the name of the last horse, it was
-obviously meant to take the form _Philegoney_, in order to rime with _sey_
-(sea), and I have therefore restored this form. The two authorities, E. and
-Th., give it in the amazing form _Philologie_ (_Philologee_), which can
-only mean 'philology'!
-
-231. _lauch_ and _weip_ are infinitives, but appear to be meant for past
-tenses. If so, the former should be _leuch_; _weip_ may answer to the
-strong pt. t. _weep_ in Chaucer (A.S. _w[=e]op_).
-
-246. He seems to be thinking of Chaucer's Doctor of Phisyk; cf. Ch. Prol. A
-425-6, 439.
-
-254. 'The last of all (in order), and swiftest in her orbit.'
-
-256. Thynne has _tapere_ = to appear; this passage is curiously cited, in
-Richardson's Dictionary, in illustration of the sb. _taper_!
-
-261. _churl_, man; this is Chaucer's _cherl_, in Troil. i. 1024. See the
-note to that line.
-
-263. _na nar_, no nearer; the moon's orbit, being the least, was the most
-remote from the outer heaven that enclosed the _primum mobile_.
-
-273. _shew_, shewed; but it is false grammar, for the verb to _shew_ (or
-_show_) was weak. Formed by analogy with _blew_, _grew_, _knew_; cf. _rew_,
-_mew_, _sew_, old strong preterites of _row_, _mow_, and _sow_.
-
-290. As Henryson usually refrains from the addition of a syllable at the
-caesura, we should probably read _injure_, not _injury_; see Troil. iii.
-1018.
-
-297, 298. _hyest_, i.e. Saturn; _lawest_ (lowest), i.e. Cynthia.
-
-299. _modify_, determine, specify; not here used in the modern sense.
-
-318. Heat and moisture characterised the _sanguine_ temperament (see vol.
-v. p. 33); coldness and dryness characterised the melancholy temperament
-(see P. Plowman, B-text, p. xix). Cf. l. 316.
-
-343. 'With cup and clapper, like a leper.' It was usual for lepers to carry
-a cup (for their own use), and a clapper or clap-dish, which was used in
-order to give warning of their approach, and also as a receptacle for alms,
-to prevent actual contact; cf. l. 479 below. Compare the following:--
-
- 'Coppe and claper he bare ...
-  As he a mesel [_leper_] were.'--Sir Tristrem, 3173.
-
- 'Than beg her bread with dish and clap' (referring to Criseyde).
-
-  Turbervile's Poems: The Lover in utter dispaire.
-
-See further under _Clapper_ in the New Eng. Dict.
-
-_lazarous_ is formed as an adj. in _-ous_ from the sb. _lazar_, a leper;
-see l. 531.
-
-350. _wa_, woful; 'God knows if she was woful enough.'
-
-382. The accent on the second syllable of _hospital_ was not uncommon;
-hence its frequent contraction to _spittal_ or _spittel-house_; for which
-see l. 391 below.
-
-386. Read _bevar_ or _bever_ (Th. has _beuer_); the reading _bawar_ in E.
-gives no sense. I see no connection with Lowl. Sc. _bevar_, 'one who is
-worn out with age,' according to Jamieson, who merely guesses at the sense,
-as being perhaps allied to _bavard_, which he also explains as 'worn out';
-although, if from the F. _bavard_, it rather means talkative, babbling, or
-idle. I believe that _bevar hat_ simply means 'beaver hat,' formerly used
-by women as well as by men. Even Dickens alludes to 'farmer's wives in
-beaver bonnets,' in Martin Chuzzlewit, ch. 5. No doubt a beaver hat was,
-when new, an expensive luxury, as worn by Chaucer's 'Merchant' (Prol. l.
-272); but they wore well and long, and were doubtless gladly used by
-beggars when cast off by their original owners.
-
-407. The metre, in ll. 407-69, is borrowed from Chaucer's Anelida.
-
-410. _blaiknit_, is not a derivative of M.E. _blak_, black, but of M.E.
-_bl[=a]k_, _bleik_, bleak, pallid, cheerless. It is here used in the sense
-of 'rendered cheerless'; and _bair_ means 'bare' or 'barren.' See
-_bl[=a]kien_ in Stratmann.
-
-413. 'Thy bale is in the growth,' or is sprouting. See _Braird_, the first
-shoots of corn or grass, in the New E. Dict., where two more examples of
-this phrase are cited from Henryson.
-
-417. 'With goodly bed, and convenient embroidered bench-covers.' _Burelie_
-(mod. E. _burly_, prov. E. _bowerly_) answers to an A.S. form
-_b[=u]r-l[=i]c_, i.e. suitable for a lady's bower. This explains why it was
-appropriately used as an epithet for a bed. Cf. 'Quhair ane _burely_ bed
-was wrocht in that wane'; Rauf Coilyear, 264. Hence 'a burly knight' was
-one suitable for a lady's bower, and therefore handsome, strong,
-well-grown, large; and by a degradation of meaning, huge, corpulent. The
-changes in sense are curious and instructive. In the New E. Dict., the
-etymology is not given. For _bene_, see _bain_ in the New E. Dict.; and for
-_bankouris_, see _banker_.
-
-421. _saipheroun sals_, saffron sauce. _Saffron_ and _salt_ were often used
-together in medieval cookery; see Two Fifteenth-Century Cookery Books, ed.
-Austin (E. E. T. S.). The Glossary to that book gives the spellings
-_safroun_, _saferon_, _saferoun_, and _sapheron_.
-
-423. This is a very early mention of _lawn_. It is also mentioned in st. 10
-of Lydgate's 'London Lickpeny.'
-
-429. _walk_, wake. The history of this spelling is not quite clear; but the
-_l_ was, in any case, mute; another spelling is _wauk_. I suspect that it
-originated in the misunderstanding of a symbol. The scribe, who wished to
-write _wakk_, used a symbol resembling _lk_, where the _l_ was _really_ the
-first _k_, indicated by its down-stroke only. For example, the word _rokke_
-was (apparently) written _rolke_. See my article on Ghost-words; Phil. Soc.
-Trans. 1885, p. 369.
-
-_tak the dew_, gather May-dew. The old custom of bathing the face with
-fresh dew on the 1st of May is referred to in Brand's Popular Antiquities.
-He gives an example as late as 1791. See Pepys' Diary, May 28, 1667, May
-11, 1669; where we find that _any_ day in May was then considered suitable
-for this health-giving operation.
-
-433. I take _on every grane_ to mean 'in every particular'; cf. 'a _grain_
-of sense.' We may also note the Fr. _teindre en graine_, to dye in grain,
-to dye of a fast colour; and we occasionally find _grain_ in the sense of
-'tint.' Godefroy cites 'ung couvertoer d'une _graigne_ vermeille'; and 'une
-manche vermeille, ne scay se c'est _graine_ ou autre taincture.' _Grane_
-also means 'groan,' and 'groin,' and 'fork of a tree'; but none of these
-senses suit.
-
-438. 'Take this leper-lodge in place of thy stately bower.'
-
-450. In l. 407, we have _sop of sorrow_, i.e. sop, or sup, of sorrow. So
-here _sowpit in syte_, sopped, or drenched, in sorrow; an expression which
-Jamieson illustrates from Holland's Houlate, i. 4, and Douglas's Vergil,
-prologue to Book viii, l. 5.
-
-463. This expression is imitated from Chaucer's Boethius, bk. iii. pr. 6.
-3--'O glorie, glorie, thou art nothing elles but a greet sweller of eres!'
-See note to I. ii. 8. 68 (p. 472).
-
-480. _leir_ (Th. _lerne_); surely miscopied from l. 479. Read _live_.
-
-490. _lipper_ seems to be used collectively; so also in l. 494.
-
-492. _shuik coppis_, shook their cups; it implies that they waved them
-aloft, to attract attention. They also used their clappers.
-
-501. _ply_, plight. I know of no other example of _ply_ in this sense; but
-_ply_ (usually, a fold) and _plight_ (incorrect spelling of M.E. _plyte_)
-are closely related; the former represents Lat. _plicitum_, the latter,
-Lat. _plicita_; from _plicare_, to fold (whence E. _ply_, verb, to bend).
-
-541. 'With many a sorrowful cry and cold _or_ sad (cry of) O hone!' Here
-_cald_ = sad; and _Ochane_ is the Irish and Scotch cry of _O hone!_ or _Och
-hone!_ See _O hone_ in the Century Dict., s.v. _O_.
-
-543. _will of wane_, lit. wild of weening, at a loss what to do. See Gloss.
-to Barbour's Bruce, s.v. _Will_.
-
-550. 'And climbed so high upon the fickle wheel' (of Fortune). Cf. Troil.
-iv. 6, 11.
-
-567. 'For they (women) are as constant as a weathercock in the wind.' Cf.
-'_unsad_ ... and chaunging as a vane'; Ch. C. T., E 995.
-
-588. _wellis_, streams, rills; as in Book Duch. 160.
-
-589. _broche and belt_; Criseyde gave Diomede the brooch she had received
-from Troilus; see Troil. v. 1661, 1669, 1688. The _belt_ is Henryson's
-addition.
-
-600. 'His heart was ready to burst.'
-
-Sec. XVIII. THE CUCKOO AND THE NIGHTINGALE.
-
-In this piece, the final _-e_ is much used as forming a distinct syllable;
-indeed, more freely than in Chaucer.
-
-1, 2. Quoted from the Knightes Tale, A 1785-6.
-
-4. The word _of_ is inserted in Th., Ff. and S., and seems to be right; but
-as _hy-e_ should be two syllables, perhaps the words _And of_ were rapidly
-pronounced, in the time of a single syllable. Or omit _And_.
-
-11-5. The lines of this stanza are wrongly arranged in Thynne, and in every
-printed edition except the present one; i.e. the lines 12 and 13 are
-transposed. But as the rime-formula is _aabba_, it is easy to see that
-_suffyse_, _devyse_, _agryse_ rime together on the one hand, and _nyce_,
-_vyce_, on the other. The pronunciation _suffice_ is comparatively modern;
-in Chaucer, the suffix _-yse_ was pronounced with a voiced _s_, i.e. as
-_z_. Note the rimes _devyse_, _suffyse_ in the Book of the Duch. 901-2;
-_suffyse_, _wyse_, _devyse_, in the C. T., B 3648-9; &c. The MSS. Ff., F.,
-and B. all give the right arrangement.
-
-18. _whom him lyketh_, him whom it pleases him (to gladden or sadden).
-
-20, 23. _May_; cf. Troil. ii. 50-63; Rom. Rose, 51-2, 74-6, 85-6; Legend of
-Good Women, 108; C. T., A 1500-2.
-
-36. _of feling_, from experience. _Spek-e_ is dissyllabic.
-
-39. _hoot_, hot, i.e. hopeful; _cold_, full of despair; _acces_, feverish
-attack, as in Troil. ii. 1315, 1543, 1578.
-
-41. _fevers whyte_, feverish attacks (of love) that turn men pale; the same
-as _blaunche fevere_ in Troil. i. 916; see note to that line.
-
-48. _a comune tale_, a common saying. As a fact, one would expect to hear
-the cuckoo first. Prof. Newton, in his Dict. of Birds, says of the cuckoo,
-that it 'crosses the Mediterranean from its winter-quarters in Africa at
-the end of March or beginning of April. Its arrival is at once proclaimed
-by the peculiar ... cry of the cock.' Of the nightingale he says--'if the
-appearance of truth is to be regarded, it is dangerous to introduce a
-nightingale as singing in England before the 15th of April or after the
-15th of June.'
-
-As the change of style makes a difference of 12 days, this 15th of April
-corresponds to the 3rd of April in the time of Chaucer. It is remarkable
-that Hazlitt, in his Proverbs, p. 305, gives the following:--'On the third
-of April, comes in the cuckoo and the nightingale'; which may once have
-been correct as regards the latter. Hazlitt also says that, in Sussex, the
-14th of April is supposed to be 'first cuckoo-day'; whereas it would better
-apply to the nightingale. And again, another proverb says (p. 380)--'The
-nightingale and the cuckoo sing both in one month.' It is clear that,
-whatever the facts may be, our ancestors had a notion that these birds
-arrived nearly at the same time, and attached some importance, by way of
-augury, to the possibility of hearing the nightingale first. They must
-frequently have been disappointed. See Milton's sonnet, as quoted in the
-Introduction.
-
-54. _of_, during; exactly as in l. 42.
-
-62. Read _inne_, the adverbial form; for the sake of the grammar and
-scansion. See _Inne_ in the Gloss. in vol. vi. p. 135. _been_ gives a false
-rime to _gren-e_ and _sen-e_; shewing that _grene_ and _sene_ are here
-monosyllabic (really _green_ and _seen_), instead of being dissyllabic, as
-in Chaucer. _Sene_ is the adj., meaning visible, not the pp., which then
-took the form _seyn_.
-
-70. For _began_, which is singular, substitute the pl. form _begonne_. _to
-don hir houres_, to sing their matins, &c.; referring to the canonical
-hours of church-service. Bell has the reading _to don honoures_, for which
-there is no early authority. Morris unluckily adopts the meaningless
-reading found in MSS. F. and B.
-
-71. 'They knew that service all by rote,' i.e. by heart. Bell actually
-explains _rote_ as a hurdy-gurdy; as to which see _Rote_ (in senses 2 and
-3) in the Gloss. in vol. vi. p. 218.
-
-80. _Feverere_ seems to have been pronounced _Fev'rer'_. Surely it must be
-right. Yet all the MSS. (except T.) actually have _Marche_ (written _Mars_
-in Ff.), followed by _upon_, not _on_. Even Th. and T. have _upon_, not
-_on_; but it ruins the scansion, unless we adopt the reading _March_. It
-looks as if the author really _did_ write _Marche_!
-
-82, 85. _ron_, _mon_, for _ran_, _man_, are peculiar. As such forms occur
-in Myrc and Audelay (both Shropshire authors) and in Robert of Gloucester,
-they are perfectly consistent with the supposition that they are due to
-Clanvowe's connection with Herefordshire.
-
-87. _swow_, swoon; cf. Book Duch. 215.
-
-90. As _brid_ is a monosyllable (cf. ll. 212, 260, 270, 271), it is
-necessary to make _lew-ed-e_ a trisyllable; as also in l. 103. But it
-becomes _lew'de_ in ll. 50, 94. Chaucer has _lew-ed_, P. F. 616, &c.
-
-105. _him_; the cuckoo is male, but the nightingale, by way of contrast, is
-supposed to be female.
-
-118. _playn_, simple, having simple notes; cf. 'the plain-song cuckoo,'
-Mids. Nt. Dr. iii. 1. 134.
-
-119. _crakel_, 'trill or quaver in singing; used in contempt'; New E. Dict.
-
-124. _I_ seems to be strongly accented. It is a pity that there is no
-authority for inserting _For_ before it. Otherwise, read _I hav-e_.
-
-In Old French, _oci oci_, represented the cry of the nightingale; Godefroy
-gives examples from Raoul de Houdenc, Froissart, and Deschamps. Moreover,
-_oci_ was also the imperative of the O.F. verb _ocire_, to kill; with which
-it is here intentionally confused. Accordingly, the nightingale retorts
-that _oci_ means 'kill! kill!' with reference to the enemies of love.
-
-135. _grede_, exclaim, cry out. Not used by Chaucer, though found in most
-dialects of Middle-English. Clanvowe may have heard it in Herefordshire, as
-it occurs in Langland, Layamon, Robert of Gloucester, and in the Coventry
-Mysteries, and must have been known in the west. But it was once a very
-common word. From A.S. _gr[=ae]dan_.
-
-137. _to-drawe_, drawn asunder; cf. Havelok, 2001; Will. of Palerne, 1564.
-
-140. _yok_, yoke; cf. Ch. C. T., E 113, 1285.
-
-142. _unthryve_, become unsuccessful, meet with ill luck. A very rare word;
-but it also occurs in the Cursor Mundi (Fairfax MS.), l. 9450, where it is
-said of Adam that 'his wyf made him _to unthryve_.'
-
-146. The first syllable of the line is deficient. Accent _What_ strongly.
-Cf. 153-8 below.
-
-151. The sentiment that love teaches all goodness, is common at this time;
-see Schick's note to Lydgate's Temple of Glas, l. 450.
-
-152. The true reading is doubtful.
-
-153-8. Here the author produces a considerable metrical effect, by
-beginning all of these lines with a strong accent. There are three such
-consecutive lines in the Wyf of Bathes Tale, D 869-71. Cf. ll. 161, 232,
-242, 252, 261, 265, 268, 270, 278.
-
-180. Bell and Morris read _haire_, without authority, and Bell explains it
-by 'he may full soon have the _hair_ (!) which belongs to age, _scil._,
-grey hair, said to be produced by anxiety.' But the M.E. form of 'hair' is
-_heer_, which will not give a true rime; and the word _heyr_ represents the
-mod. E. _heir_. As the _h_ was not sounded, it is also written _eir_ (as in
-MS. T.) and _air_ (as in MS. S.). The sense is--'For he who gets a little
-bliss of love may very soon find that his heir has come of age, unless he
-is always devoted to it.' This is a mild joke, signifying that he will soon
-find himself insecure, like one whose heir or successor has come of age,
-and whose inheritance is threatened. On the other hand, 'to have one's hair
-of age' is wholly without sense. Compare the next note.
-
-185. 'And then you shall be called as _I_ am.' I. e. your loved one will
-forsake you, and you will be called a cuckold. This remark is founded on
-the fact that the O.F. _coucou_ or _cocu_ had the double sense of cuckoo
-and cuckold. See _cocu_ in Littre. This explains l. 186.
-
-201-5. Bell, by an oversight, omits this stanza.
-
-203. This reading (from the best MS., viz. Ff.) is much the best. The sense
-is--'And whom he hits he knows not, or whom he misses'; because he is
-blind.
-
-216-25. All the early printed editions crush these two stanzas into one, by
-omitting ll. 217-9, and 224-5, and altering _thoughte me_ (l. 223) to _me
-aloon_. This is much inferior to the text.
-
-237. _leve_, believe; yet all the authorities but S. have the reading
-_loue_! Cf. l. 238.
-
-243. _dayesye_, daisy. Cf. Legend of Good Women, 182-7, 201-2, 211.
-
-266. _Ye witen_ is the right reading; turned into _ye knowe_ in F. and B.
-The old printed editions actually read _The cuckowe_!
-
-267. A syllable seems lacking after _I_; such lines are common in Lydgate.
-The reading _y-chid_ would render the line complete; or we may read
-_hav-e_, as perhaps in l. 124.
-
-275. An obvious allusion to Chaucer's Parlement of Foules, in which he
-gives 'the royal egle' the first place (l. 330).
-
-284. _The quene_; queen Joan of Navarre, second wife of Henry IV, who
-received the manor of Woodstock as part of her dower.
-
-285. _lay_, lea; not a common word in M.E. poetry, though occurring in P.
-Plowman. The parliament of birds required a large open space.
-
-289. _Terme_: during the whole term of my life; cf. C. T., G 1479.
-
-Sec. XIX. ENVOY TO ALISON.
-
-1. _lewde book_, unlearned book. It is not known to what book this refers.
-It has nothing to do with the preceding poem. My guess, in vol. i. p. 40,
-that this piece might be Hoccleve's, is quite untenable. His pieces are all
-known, and the metrical form is of later date. See the next note.
-
-11. Too long; perhaps _servant_ should be struck out. So in l. 13 we could
-spare the word _als_. But ll. 17, 18, 19, 20, are all of an unconscionable
-length.
-
-22-7. I believe I was the first to detect the obvious acrostic on the name
-of Alison; see vol. i. p. 40. The sense of ll. 25-6 (which are forced and
-poor) is--'I beseech (you) of your grace, let your writing (in reply)
-alleviate the sighs which I pour out in silence.'
-
-Sec. XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.
-
-I give numerous references below to 'A. L.', i.e. the Assembly of Ladies,
-printed at p. 380. The two poems have much in common.
-
-1-2. Imitated from C. T., F 671; see note in vol. v. p. 386.
-
-3. _Bole_, Bull, Taurus. The sun then entered Taurus about the middle of
-April; hence the allusion to April showers in l. 4. Compare the opening
-lines of Chaucer's Prologue. But we learn, from l. 437, that it was already
-May. Hence the sun had really run half its course in Taurus. _certeinly_;
-used at the end of the line, as in A. L. 85.
-
-10. _very good_; this adverbial use of _very_ is noticeable; cf. ll. 35,
-315, 409, and A. L. 479. I believe Chaucer never uses _very_ to qualify an
-adjective. It occurs, however, in Lydgate.
-
-20. Cf. '_more_ at _hertes ese_'; A. L. 672.
-
-25. Cf. 'at _springing of the day_'; A. L. 218.
-
-26. Cf. 'That ye wold help me _on_ with _myn aray_'; A. L. 241.
-
-27-8. This rime of _passe_ with _was_ occurs again below (114-6); and in A.
-L. 436-8.
-
-30. Chaucer has _hew-e_, _new-e_; but here _hew_, _new_ rime with the pt.
-t. _grew_. So, in A. L. 65-8, _hew_, _new_ rime with the pt. t. _knew_.
-
-31-2. Copied from the Book of the Duch. 419-20:--
-
- 'And every tree stood by him-selve
-  Fro other wel ten foot or twelve.'
-
-35. 'The young leaves of the oak, when they first burst from the bud, are
-of a red, cinereous colour'; Bell.
-
-37. Cf. 'this proces _for to here_'; A. L. 27. And again, 'pitous _for to
-here_; A. L. 718.
-
-39-42. This seems to be a direct allusion to the Cuckoo and the
-Nightingale, ll. 52-4:--
-
- 'I wolde go som whider to assay
-  If that I might _a nightingale here_;
-  For yet had I non _herd of al this yere_.'
-
-43-5. From the Book of the Duch. 398-401:--
-
- 'Doun by a floury grene wente
-  _Ful thikke of gras_, ful softe and swete,...
-  _And litel used_, it semed thus.'
-
-Cf. A. L. 47; 'into a strait passage,' and the context.
-
-47. _parde_; a petty oath (being in French), such as a female writer might
-use; so in A. L. 753.
-
-49, 50. For the _herber_ and _benches_, see A. L. 48-9; also L. G. W.
-203-4. For the phrase _wel y-wrought_, see A. L. 165.
-
-53. Bell and Morris read _wool_, which is obviously right; but neither of
-them mention the fact that _both_ Speght's editions have _wel_; and there
-is no other authority! Clearly, Speght's MS. had _wol_, which he misread as
-_wel_.
-
-56. _eglantere_, eglantine, sweet-briar. Entered under _eglatere_ in the
-New E. Dict., though the earlier quotations, in 1387 and 1459, have
-_eglentere_. I find no authority for the form _eglatere_ except Speght's
-misprint in this line, which he corrects in l. 80 below. Tennyson's
-_eglatere_ (Dirge, 23) is clearly borrowed from this very line.
-
-58. _by mesure_; a tag which reappears in A. L. 81.
-
-59. _by and by_; another tag, for which see A. L. 87, 717.
-
-60. _I you ensure_; yet another tag; see l. 457, and A. L. 52, 199, 495,
-517.
-
-62. The final _e_ in _peyn-e_ is suppressed; so in A. L. 359, 416.
-
-68. Cf. 'And as they sought hem-self thus _to and fro_'; A. L. 43.
-
-75. Here _espyed_ rimes with _syde_, _wyde_; in A. L. 193, it rimes with
-_asyde_ and _gyde_.
-
-89. The _goldfinch_ is afterwards opposed to the _nightingale_. Hence he
-replaces the _cuckoo_ in the poem of the Cuckoo and Nightingale. Just as
-the Cuckoo and Nightingale represent the faithless and the constant, so the
-goldfinch and the nightingale are attached, respectively, to the bright
-Flower and the long-lasting Leaf. This is explicitly said below; see ll.
-439, 444.
-
-98. _in this wyse_; appears also at the end of a line in A. L. 589; cf. _in
-her gyse_, A. L. 603; _in ful pitous wyse_, A. L. 584; _in no maner wyse_,
-A. L. 605.
-
-99, 100. These lines correspond to the Cuckoo and Nightingale, 98-100.
-
-113. _inly greet_, extremely great; cf. _inly fair_, A. L. 515.
-
-115. 'Ye wold it _thinke a_ very _paradyse_'; A. L. 168.
-
-118. Better _I set me doun_, as in A. L. 77.
-
-121. 'Withouten sleep, withouten mete or drinke'; L. G. W. 177 (note the
-context).
-
-134. Here begins the description of the adherents of the Leaf, extending to
-l. 322, including the Nine Worthies, ll. 239-94. The reader must carefully
-bear in mind that the followers of the Leaf are clad in _white_ (not in
-green, as we should now expect), though the nine Worthies are crowned with
-green laurel, and all the company gather under a huge Laurel-tree (l. 304).
-On the other hand the followers of the Flower, shortly described in ll.
-323-50, are clad in _green_, though wearing chaplets of white and red
-flowers; for green was formerly an emblem of _inconstancy_.
-
-137. Cf. '_to_ say you _very right_'; A. L. 750.
-
-144. _oon and oon_, every one of them. This phrase is rare in Chaucer; it
-seems only to occur once, in C. T., A 679; but see A. L. 368, 543, 710.
-
-146. _purfil_ occurs in A. L. 87, in the same line with _by and by_; and in
-A. L. 522-4, we find _colour_, _sleves_, and _purfyl_ close together.
-
-148. Cf. 'With _grete perles_, ful fyne _and orient_'; A. L. 528. For
-_diamonds_, see A. L. 530.
-
-150. Borrowed from Chaucer, Parl. Foules, 287: 'of whiche the name I
-wante.' Hence _wante_, i.e. lack, is the right reading. The rime is
-imperfect.
-
-155. The missing word is not _branches_, as suggested by Sir H. Nicolas,
-nor _floures_, as suggested by Morris, but _leves_; as the company of _the
-Leaf_ is being described; cf. l. 259. The epithets _fresh and grene_ are
-very suitable. The leaves were of laurel, woodbine, and _agnus-castus_.
-
-160. For _were_ read _ware_; see ll. 267, 329, 335, 340; the sense is
-_wore_. Chaucer's form is _wered_, as the verb was originally weak; Gower
-and Lydgate also use the form _wered_. The present is perhaps one of the
-earliest examples of the strong form of this preterite.
-
-_agnus-castus_; 'from Gk. [Greek: agnos], the name of the tree, confused
-with [Greek: agnos], chaste, whence the second word Lat. _castus_, chaste.
-A tree, species of Vitex (_V. Agnus Castus_), once believed to be a
-preservative of chastity, called also Chaste-tree and Abraham's Balm'; New
-E. Dict. The same Dict. quotes from Trevisa: 'The herbe agnus-castus is
-alwaye grene, and the flowre therof is namly callyd Agnus Castus, for wyth
-smelle and vse it makyth men chaste as a lombe.'
-
-163. For _But_ Morris reads _And_, which is simpler.
-
-164. _oon_, one. She was the goddess Diana (see l. 472), or the Lady of the
-Leaf.
-
-171. Cf. 'That to beholde it was a greet plesaunce'; A. L. 59.
-
-172. Cf. 'though it were _for a king_'; A. L. 158.
-
-177-8. Speght has _Suse le foyle de vert moy_ in l. 177, and _Seen et mon
-joly cuer en dormy_ in l. 178. I see little good in guessing what it ought
-to be; so I leave it alone, merely correcting _Suse_ and _foyle_ to _Sus_
-and _foyl_; as the O.F. _foil_ was masculine.
-
-Bell alters _de vert_ to _devers_, and for _Seen_ puts _Son_; and supplies
-_est_ after _cuer_; but it all gives no sense when it is done. We should
-have to read _Sus le foyl devers moy sied, et mon joli cuer est endormi_;
-sit down upon the foliage before me, and my merry heart has gone to sleep.
-Which can hardly be right. The Assembly of Ladies has the same peculiarity,
-of presenting unintelligible scraps of French to the bewildered reader.
-
-180. _smal_, high, treble; chiefly valuable for explaining the same word in
-Chaucer's Balade to Rosemounde.
-
-188-9. A parallel passage occurs in A. L. 384-5.
-
-201. _the large wones_, the spacious dwellings; cf. Ch. C. T., D 2105.
-
-202. Speght has _Pretir_, an obvious error for _Prester_. The authoress may
-easily have obtained her knowledge of Prester John from a MS. of
-Mandeville's Travels; see cap. 27 of that work. And see Yule's edition of
-Marco Polo. He was, according to Mandeville, one of the greatest potentates
-of Asia, next to the Great Khan.
-
-209. _cereal_; borrowed from Chaucer:--'A _coroune_ of a grene _ook
-cerial_'; C. T., A 2290. And Chaucer took it from Boccaccio; see note in
-vol. v. p. 87.
-
-210. _trumpets_, i.e. trumpeters; as several times in Shakespeare. Cf. l.
-213.
-
-212. _tartarium_, thin silk from Tartary. Fully explained in my note to P.
-Plowman, C. xvii. 299 (B. xv. 163), and in the Glossary to the same.
-_bete_, lit. beaten; hence, adorned with beaten gold; see note to C. T., A
-978 (vol. v. p. 64). _were_, (all of which) were; hence the plural.
-
-213. Read _bere_, as in l. 223; A.S. _b[=ae]ron_, pt. t. pl.
-
-220. _kinges of armes_, kings-at-arms; who presided over colleges of
-heralds. Sir David Lyndsay was Lord Lion king-at-arms.
-
-224. Cf. '_Set with saphyrs_'; A. L. 480.
-
-233. _vel-u-et_ is trisyllabic; as in The Black Knight, 80.
-
-234. 'And certainly, they had nothing to learn as to how they should place
-the armour upon them.'
-
-238. _in sute_, in their master's livery.
-
-240. The celebrated Nine Worthies; see notes to IV. 281, XII. 86.
-
-243. Cf. '_and furred_ wel _with gray_'; A. L. 305.
-
-252. _henshmen_, youths mounted on horseback, who attended their lords. See
-numerous quotations for this word in A Student's Pastime, Sec.Sec. 264, 272,
-415-8. Each of them is called _a child_, l. 259.
-
-253. For _every on_, it is absolutely necessary to read _the first upon_;
-for the sense. Each of the nine worthies had three henchmen; of these
-three, the first bore his helmet, the second his shield, and the third his
-spear.
-
-257. Bell and Morris alter _nekke_ to _bakke_; but wrongly. The shields
-were carried by help of a strap which passed round the _neck_ and over the
-shoulders; called in Old French a _guige_. The convenience of this
-arrangement is obvious. See note to C. T., A 2504 (vol. v. p. 88).
-
-272. In Lydgate's Temple of Glas, 508, we are told that hawthorn-leaves do
-not fade; see ll. 551-3 below.
-
-274. Read _hors_, not _horses_; _hors_ is the true plural; see l. 293.
-
-275. Cf. '_trompes_, that ... blowen _blody sounes_'; C. T., A 2511-2.
-
-286-7. 'That _to beholde it was a greet plesaunce_'; A. L. 59. And
-again--'_I you ensure_'; A. L. 52.
-
-289. I. e. the Nine Worthies; see ll. 240, 249.
-
-293. The reading _ninth_ (as in Speght) is an absurd error for _nine_; yet
-no one has hitherto corrected it. How could the ninth man alight from
-_their horses_? The 'remnant' were the twenty-seven henchmen and the other
-knights.
-
-295. Cf. 'See how they come _togider, twain and twain_'; A. L. 350.
-
-302. Cf. '_Ful womanly_ she gave me,' &c.; A. L. 196.
-
-305. 'Laden with leaves, with boughs of great breadth.'
-
-323. Here begins the description of the company of the Flower. They were
-clad in _green_.
-
-330. Cf. 'Her gown was _wel embrouded_'; A. L. 85.
-
-348. _bargaret_, a pastoral; a rustic song and dance; O.F. _bergerete_,
-from _berger_, a shepherd. Godefroy notes that they were in special vogue
-at Easter.
-
-350. We have here the refrain of a popular French pastoral. Warton suggests
-it may have been Froissart's; but the refrain of Froissart's Ballade de la
-Marguerite happens to be different: 'Sur toutes flours j'aime la
-margherite'; see Spec. of O. French, ed. Toynbee, p. 302. In fact, Warton
-proceeds to remark, that 'it was common in France to give the title of
-Marguerites to studied panegyrics and flowery compositions of every kind.'
-It is quite impossible to say if a special compliment is intended; most
-likely, the authoress thought of nothing of the kind. She again mentions
-_margarettes_ in A. L. 57.
-
-351. _in-fere_, together; very common at the end of a line, as in ll. 384,
-450; A. L. 407, 469, 546, 602, 719.
-
-369. _withouten fail_; this tag recurs in A. L. 567, 646, in the form
-_withouten any fail_; and, unaltered, in A. L. 188, 537.
-
-373. Those in white, the party of the Leaf.
-
-379. _oon_, one of those in green; this was queen Flora; see l. 534.
-
-403. Bell thinks this corrupt. I think it means, that, before engaging with
-them in jousts in a friendly manner, they procured some logs of wood and
-thoroughly dried them. Hence _To make hir justes_ = in order to joust with
-them afterwards.
-
-410. 'Quickly anointing the sick, wherever they went.'
-
-417. _for any thing_, in any case, whatever might happen; cf. C. T., A 276,
-and the note (vol. v. p. 30).
-
-427. 'For nothing was lacking that ought to belong to him.'
-
-450. Here the story ends, and the telling of the moral begins.
-
-457. The meeting with a 'fair lady' was convenient, as she wanted
-information. In the Assembly of Ladies, this simple device is resorted to
-repeatedly; see ll. 79, 191, 260, 400.
-
-459. We find _ful demure_ at the end of A. L. 82.
-
-462, 467. _My doughter_; this assumes that the author was a female; so in
-ll. 500, 547; and in A. L. throughout.
-
-475. Referring to l. 173; so l. 477 refers to l. 160; l. 479, to l. 158.
-
-493. _some maner way_, some kind of way; cf. _what maner way_, A. L. 234.
-
-502. Refers to ll. 240, 249. With l. 510, cf. C. T., A 1027.
-
-512. Speght prints _bowes_ for _boughes_; but the meaning is certain, as
-the reference is to ll. 270-1. Bows are not made of laurel; yet Dryden fell
-into the trap, and actually wrote as follows:--
-
- 'Who bear the bows were knights in Arthur's reign;
-  Twelve they, and twelve the peers of Charlemagne;
-  For bows the strength of brawny arms imply,
-  Emblems of valour and of victory.'
-
-This is probably the only instance, even in poetry, of knights being armed
-with bows and arrows.
-
-515. For the knights of Arthur's round table, see Malory's Morte Arthure.
-
-516. _Douseperes_; _les douze pers_, the twelve peers of Charlemagne,
-including Roland, Oliver, Ogier the Dane, Otuel, Ferumbras, the traitor
-Ganelon, and others. The names vary.
-
-520. _in hir tyme_, formerly, in their day; shewing that the institution of
-the Knights of the Garter on April 23, 1349, by Edward III, was anything
-but a recent event.
-
-530. I. e. 'Witness _him_ of Rome, who was the founder of knighthood.'
-Alluding to Julius Caesar, to whom was decreed by the senate the right of
-wearing a laurel-crown; Dryden mentions him by name.
-
-550. Cf. '_De mieulx en mieulx_'; Temple of Glas, 310.
-
-551-6. Apparently imitated from The Temple of Glas, 503-16.
-
-567. Cf. 'We _thanked_ her _in our most humble wyse_'; A. L. 729.
-
-580. _Male-Bouche_, Slander; borrowed from the Rom. de la Rose. See note
-above, to VIII. 260.
-
-589. Cf. 'to _put_ it _in wryting_'; A. L. 664; 'she _put_ it _in
-wryting_'; A. L. 629.
-
-590. I. e. in the hope that it will be patronised.
-
-591. Cf. 'As for this _book_'; A. L. (last stanza).
-
-592. 'How darest thou thrust thyself among the throng?' i.e. enter into
-contest. Cf. 'In suych materys to _putte mysylff in prees_'; Lydgate,
-Secrees of Philosophers, ed. Steele, l. 555.
-
-Sec. XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.
-
-For numerous references to this poem, see Notes to the preceding poem.
-
-Though apparently written by the authoress of the Flower and the Leaf, it
-is of later date, and much less use is made of the final e. That the author
-was a woman, is asserted in ll. 7, 18, 259, 284, 370, 379-85, 407, 450,
-625.
-
-17. _the mase_. They amused themselves by trying to find a way into a maze,
-similar to that at Hampton Court. Cf. l. 32.
-
-29. Ll. 1-28 are introductory. The story of the dream now begins, but is
-likewise preceded by an introduction, down to l. 77.
-
-34. The word _went_ is repeated; the second time, it is an error for
-_wend_, weened. 'Some went (really) inwards, and imagined that they had
-gone outwards.' Which shews that the maze was well constructed. So, in l.
-36, those who thought they were far behind, found themselves as far forward
-as the best of them.
-
-42. That is, they cheated the deviser of the maze, by stepping over the
-rail put to strengthen the hedge. That was because they lost their temper.
-
-44. The authoress got ahead of the rest; although sorely tired, she had
-gained a great advantage, and found the last narrow passage which led
-straight to the arbour in the centre. This was provided with benches
-(doubtless of turf, Flower and Leaf, l. 51) and well enclosed, having stone
-walls and a paved floor with a fountain in the middle of it.
-
-54. There were stairs leading downwards, with a 'turning-wheel.' I do not
-think that turning-wheel here means a turn-stile, or what was formerly
-called a turn-pike. It simply means that the stair-case was of spiral form.
-Jamieson tells us that, in Lowland Scotch, the term _turn-pike_ was applied
-(1) to the winding stair of a castle, and (2) to any set of stairs of
-spiral form; and quotes from Arnot to shew that a spiral stair-case was
-called a _turnpike stair_, whereas a straight one was called a _scale
-stair_. The pot of marjoram may have been placed on a support rising from
-the newel.
-
-It may be noted that arbours, which varied greatly in size and
-construction, were often set upon a small 'mount' or mound; in which case
-it would be easy to make a small spiral stair-case in the centre. In the
-present case, it could hardly have been very large, as it occupied a space
-in the centre of a maze. For further illustration, see A History of
-Gardening in England, by the Hon. Alicia Amherst, pp. 33, 52, 78, 116, 118,
-314.
-
-60. 'And how they (the daisies) were accompanied with other flowers
-besides, viz. forget-me-nots and remember-mes; and the poor pansies were
-not ousted from the place.'
-
-61. _Ne-m'oublie-mies_; from O.F. _ne m'oublie-mie_, a forget-me-not.
-Littre, s.v. _ne m'oubliez pas_, quotes, from Charles d'Orleans, 'Des
-fleurs de _ne m'oubliez mie_'; and again, from a later source, 'Un diamant
-taille en fleur de _ne m'oblie mie_.' The recovery of this true reading (by
-the help of MS. A.) is very interesting; as all the editions, who follow
-Thynne, are hopelessly wrong. Thynne, misreading the word, printed _Ne
-momblysnesse_; whence arose the following extraordinary entry in Bailey's
-Dictionary:--'_Momblishness_, talk, muttering; Old Word.' This ghost-word
-is carefully preserved in the Century Dictionary in the
-form:--'_Momblishness_, muttering talk; Bailey (1731).'
-
-_sovenez_ doubtless corresponds to the name _remember-me_, given in
-Yorkshire and Scotland to the _Veronica chamaedrys_, more commonly called
-the germander speedwell, and in some counties forget-me-not. But we should
-rather, in this passage, take forget-me-not (above) to refer, as is most
-usual, to the _Myosotis_; as Littre also explains it. Here Thynne was once
-more at a loss, and printed the word as _souenesse_, which was 'improved'
-by Stowe into _sonenesse_. Hence another ghost-word, recorded by Bailey in
-the entry:--'_Sonenesse_, noise.' Cf. l. 86.
-
-62. _pensees_, pansies; alluding, of course, to the _Viola tricolor_. The
-spelling is correct, as it represents the O.F. _pensee_, thought; and it
-seems to have been named, as Littre remarks, in a similar way to the
-forget-me-not, and (I may add) to the remember-me.
-
-68. _stremes_, jets of water; there was a little fountain in the middle.
-
-73. The authoress had to wait till the other ladies also arrived in the
-centre of the maze. Cf. note to l. 736.
-
-82. _sad_, settled, staid. _demure_, sober; lit. mature.
-
-83. _blewe_, blue; which was the colour of constancy; see note to C. T., F
-644 (vol. v. p. 386). For the lady's name was Perseverance. It is
-convenient to enumerate here the officers who are mentioned. They are:
-Perseveraunce, usher (91); Diligence (133, 198, 728); Countenance, porter
-(177, 277, 295); Discretion, purveyour (263); Acquaintance, herbergeour
-(269); Largesse, steward (318); Belchere, marshall (322); Remembrance,
-chamberlain (336); Avyseness, or Advisedness, secretary (343); and
-Attemperance, chancellor (508). The chief Lady is Loyalty (98), dwelling in
-the mansion of Pleasant Regard (170).
-
-87. Here _word_ means 'motto.' I here collect the French mottoes mentioned,
-viz. Bien et loyalement (88); Tant que je puis (208); A moi que je voy
-(308); Plus ne purroy (364); A endurer (489). Afterwards, four ladies are
-introduced, with the mottoes Sans que jamais (583); Une sanz chaungier
-(590); Oncques puis lever (598); and Entierment vostre (616). These ladies
-afterwards present petitions, on which were written, respectively, the
-phrases Cest sanz dire (627); En dieu est (645); Soyez en sure (666); and
-Bien moneste (675). The words, or mottoes, were embroidered on the sleeves
-of the ladies (119). See Lydgate's Temple of Glas, 308-10.
-
-224. They said a pater-noster for the benefit of St. Julian, because he was
-the patron-saint of wayfarers. 'Of this saynt Julyen somme saye that this
-is he that pylgryms and wey-faryng men calle and requyre for good
-herberowe, by-cause our lord was lodgyd in his hows'; Caxton's Golden
-Legend. The story occurs in the Gesta Romanorum, c. xviii., and in the
-Aurea Legenda. The following extract from an old translation of Boccaccio,
-Decam. Day 2. Nov. 2, explains the point of the allusion. 'Nevertheless, at
-all times, when I am thus in journey, in the morning before I depart my
-chamber, I say a _pater-noster_ and an _Ave-Maria_ for the souls of the
-father and mother of St. Julian; and after that, I pray God and St. Julian
-to send me a good lodging at night'; &c. Dunlop, in his Hist. of Fiction,
-discussing this Novella, says: 'This saint was originally a knight, and, as
-was prophecied to him by a stag, he had the singular hap to kill his father
-and mother by mistake. As an atonement for his carelessness, he afterwards
-founded a sumptuous hospital for the accommodation of travellers, who, in
-return for their entertainment, were required to _repeat pater-nosters_ for
-the souls of his unfortunate parents.'
-
-241. Because she was to change her dress, and put on blue; see ll. 258-9,
-313-4, 413.
-
-457. The reference is to the Legend of Good Women, which contains the story
-of Phyllis, Thisbe, and 'Cleopataras.' Cf. l. 465.
-
-463. _Hawes_, probably the same name as _Havise_, which occurs in the old
-story of Fulke Fitzwarine. But it is remarkable that MS. A. has the
-reading:--'That other syde was, how Enclusene'; and this looks like an
-error for _Melusene_, variant of _Melusine_. This would agree with the next
-line, which means 'was untruly deceived in her bath.' The story of Melusine
-is given in the Romance of Partenay. She was a fairy who married Raymound,
-son of the Earl of Forest, on the understanding that he was never to watch
-what she did on a Saturday. This he at last attempts to do, and discovers,
-through a hole in the door, that she was _in a bath_, and that her lower
-half was changed into a serpent. He tries to keep the knowledge of the
-secret, but one day, in a fit of anger, calls her a serpent. She reproaches
-him, and vanishes from his sight. See the Romans of Partenay, ed. Skeat
-(E.E.T.S.).
-
-465. From Chaucer's poem of Anelida and the false Arcite; vol. i. p. 365;
-for her Complaint, see the same, p. 373.
-
-471. _umple_ (MS. T. _vmpylle_), smooth gauze; from O.F. _omple_, smooth,
-used as an epithet of cloth, satin, or other stuff (Godefroy). Here
-evidently applied to something of a very thin texture, as gauze; see l.
-473.
-
-477. _stages_, steps. The chair or throne was set on a platform accessible
-by five steps, which were made of _cassidony_. Cotgrave explains O.F.
-_cassidonie_ as meaning not only chalcedony, but also a kind of marble; and
-this latter sense may be here intended.
-
-488. _Her word_, her motto; _her_ must refer to the great lady (l. 501) to
-whom the throne belonged.
-
-499. _tapet_, a hanging cloth (Halliwell); here a portion of the hangings
-that could be lifted up, to give entrance.
-
-526. _After a sort_, of one kind, alike. _vent_, slit in front of a gown.
-'_Vente_, the opening at the neck of the tunic or gown, as worn by both
-sexes during the Norman period, and which was closed by a brooch'; Gloss.
-to Fairholt's Costume in England. O.F. _fente_, a slit, cleft; from Lat.
-_findere_. The collar and slit were alike bordered with ermine, covered
-with large pearls, and sprinkled with diamonds. Cf. also: 'Wyth armynes
-powdred bordred at the vent'; Hawes, Pastime of Pleasure, ed. Wright, p.
-80.
-
-536. _balays_, a balas-ruby; 'a delicate rose-red variety of the spinel
-ruby'; New. E. Dict. _of entail_, lit. 'of cutting,' i.e. carefully cut;
-the usual phrase; see New E. Dict.
-
-539. _a world_, worth a world; cf. _a world_ (great quantity) of ladies;
-Flower and the Leaf, 137.
-
-576-8. Alluding to the proverb: 'first come, first served'; cf. C. T., D
-389, and the note (vol. v. p. 301).
-
-581. We find that the 'bills' are petitions made by the four ladies
-regarding their ill success in love-affairs.
-
-592. I. e. yet not so much as she ought to have been, as she had all the
-trouble; _she_ refers to the lady herself.
-
-598. _Oncques_, ever; Lat. _unquam_. 'I can ever rise' seems at first sight
-to be meant; but _ne_ must be understood; the true sense is, 'I can never
-rise'; i.e. never succeed. See the context, ll. 605-9.
-
-645. 'I trust in God'; see l. 655.
-
-675. 'Admonish well'; from O.F. _monester_, to admonish, warn.
-
-680. Here, and in l. 689, the speaker is the lady of the castle. In l. 682
-(as in l. 690), the speaker appears to be the fourth lady; it is none too
-clear.
-
-689. _I hate you_, I command you. _Hate_ should rather be written _hote_;
-perhaps it was confused with the related pt. t. _hatte_, was called. The
-reference to Saint James of Compostella is noteworthy.
-
-693. _it_, i.e. the bill, or petition; it takes the form of a Complaint.
-
-697-8. _And_, if. _ye wolde_, i.e. _ye wolde seme_, (see l. 696), ye would
-think so. _Seem_ is still common in Devonshire in the sense of think or
-suppose; usually pronounced _zim_.
-
-699. _her_ refers to the lady of the castle; at least, it would appear so
-from l. 705. Else, it refers to Fortune.
-
-736. _the water_, water thrown in her face by one of her companions, who
-had by this time entered the arbour.
-
-752. A headless line; accent the first syllable.
-
-754-5. The Flower and the Leaf has a similar ending (ll. 582-3).
-
-Sec. XXII. A GOODLY BALADE.
-
-Obviously Lydgate's. See the Introduction.
-
-1. _Moder of norture_, model of good breeding. The poem is evidently
-addressed to a lady named Margaret.
-
-2. _flour_, daisy (for Margaret); see ll. 22, 23.
-
-4. _Al be I_, although I am; common in Lydgate.
-
-9. _Thing_, i.e. anything, everything, whatever thing.
-
-15. _Mieulx un_, one (is) better; evidently cited from a motto or device.
-The meaning seems to be: it is better to have but _one_ lover, and you have
-found one in a heart that will never shrink. In the Temple of Glas, 310,
-Lydgate uses the motto _de mieulx en mieulx_.
-
-22-3. 'Daisy (born) of light; you are called the daughter of the sun.'
-Alluding to the name _day's eye_, which was also applied by Lydgate to the
-sun; see note in vol. iii. p. 291 (l. 43). Imitated from Legend of Good
-Women, 60-4.
-
-29. 'When the day dawns, (repairing) to its natural place (in the east),
-then your father Phoebus adorns the morrow.'
-
-34. 'Were it not for the comfort in the day-time, when (the sun's) clear
-eyes make the daisy unclose.' Awkward and involved; cf. Legend of Good
-Women, 48-50, 64-5.
-
-43. _Je vouldray_, I should like; purposely left incomplete.
-
-44. _casuel_, uncertain; see New E. Dict.
-
-48-9. _god saith_; implying that it is in the Bible. I do not find the
-words; cf. Prov. xxi. 3; 1 Pet. ii. 20.
-
-50. _Cautels_, artifices, deceits; a word not used by Chaucer, but found in
-Lydgate; see New E. Dict.
-
-57. _Quaketh my penne_, my pen quakes; an expression used once by Chaucer,
-Troil. iv. 13, but pounced upon by Lydgate, who employs it repeatedly. See
-more than twenty examples in Schick's note to the Temple of Glas, 947. Cf.
-IX. 229.
-
-59. Read _roseth_, grows rosy, grows red, as opposed to _welkeneth_,
-withers, fades. We find the pp. _rosed_ twice in Shakespeare; 'a maid yet
-_rosed over_,' Henry V, v. 2. 423; and 'thy _rosed_ lips'; Titus And. ii.
-4. 24. The emendation seems a safe one, for it restores the sense as well
-as the rime.
-
-_welkeneth_ should probably be _welketh_; I find no other example of the
-verb _welkenen_, though _welwen_ occurs in a like sense; and _welketh_
-suits the rhythm.
-
-60. _eft_, once again hot. These sudden transitions from cold to heat are
-common; see Temple of Glas, 356:--'For thoughe I brenne with _feruence_ and
-with hete.'
-
-64. Lydgate is always deploring his lack of eloquence; cf. notes to Temple
-of Glas, ed. Schick, ll. 1393, 1400.
-
-69. I can find no such word as _jouesse_, so I alter it to _jonesse_, i.e.
-youth. For the spelling _jonesce_ in the 14th century, see Littre, s.v.
-_jeunesse_. The expression _have more yet_ implies that the phrase or motto
-_je serve jonesse_ is added as a postscript, and that there was some
-special point in it; but the application of it is now lost to us. Cf.
-'Princes _of youthe_, and flour of gentilesse,' Temple of Glas, 970.
-
-Sec. XXIII. GO FORTH, KING.
-
-This poem really consists of twelve precepts, intended to redress twelve
-abuses. The twelve abuses are given by the Latin lines above, which should
-be compared throughout. The whole poem is thus easily understood.
-
-The accent is on the first syllable of the line in most of the lines. In l.
-3, the word _Lord_ stands alone in the first foot. The lines are somewhat
-unsteady, quite in Lydgate's usual manner. In l. 6, _jug-e_ is probably
-dissyllabic. See further in the Introduction.
-
-Sec. XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.
-
-This late piece abounds with imitations of Lydgate, especially of his
-Temple of Glas; many of the resemblances are pointed out in Schick's
-edition of that poem, which I refer to by the contraction 'T. G.'
-
-1. Cf. 'With quaking hert[e] of myn inward drede'; T. G. 978.
-
-'Another feature characteristic of Lydgate is his self-deprec[i]atory
-vein'; T. G., Introd. p. cxl. We have here an instance of an imitation of
-it.
-
-6. Cf. 'Save that he wol conveyen his matere'; C. T., E 55.
-
-8. He refers to Cicero's flowers of rhetoric. He may have found the name in
-Chaucer, P. F. 31. But he probably took the whole idea from a line of
-Lydgate's:--'Of rethoriques _Tullius_ fond the _floures_': Minor Poems, p.
-87.
-
-9. _borne_, burnish, adorn; it rimes (as here) with _sojorne_ in Troil. i.
-327.
-
-11. _Galfrid_, Geoffrey de Vinsauf; his 'craft' refers to his treatise on
-the art of poetry, entitled 'Nova Poetria'; see note to C. T., B 4537 (vol.
-v. p. 257). [I once thought (see vol. i. p. 43) that _Galfrid_ here means
-Chaucer himself, as he also is twice called _Galfrid_ in Lydgate's
-Troy-book. But I find that Dr. Schick thinks otherwise, and the use of the
-word _craft_ is on his side. At the same time, this renders it impossible
-for Chaucer to have written 'The Court of Love'; _his_ opinion of his
-namesake was the reverse of reverential.] With ll. 4-11 compare the opening
-lines of Benedict Burgh's Poem in Praise of Lydgate, pr. at p. xxxi of
-Steele's edition of Lydgate's Secrees of Philosophers.
-
-19. _Calliope_; twice mentioned by Chaucer; also by Lydgate, T. G. 1303.
-Lydgate's Troy-book opens with an invocation to Mars, followed by one to
-Calliope:--'Helpe me also, o thou Callyope'; and only four lines above
-there is a mention of 'Helicon the welle' (see l. 22 below).
-
-22. _Elicon_, mount Helicon in Boeotia, sacred to Apollo and the Muses;
-confused by Chaucer and his followers with the fountain Hippocrene; see
-note in vol. i. p. 531. Hence Lydgate's expression 'Helicon the welle' in
-the last note and in T. G. 706, and the reference in the text to its
-_dropes_.
-
-_suger-dropes_; Lydgate was fond of sugar; he has 'soote _sugred_ armonye,'
-Minor Poems, p. 182; and '_sugrid_ melody,' ib., p. 11. Also '_sugred_
-eloquence'; XII. 200 (p. 288); with which cf. l. 933 below. I have observed
-several other examples.
-
-24. _Melpomene_; the muse who presided over tragedy.
-
-28. Cf. 'This simpil tretis for to take _in gre_'; T. G. 1387. 'Taketh _at
-gre_ the rudness of my style'; Lydgate, Secrees of Philosophers, 21.
-
-30. _metriciens_, skilful in metre, poets; a word which has a remarkably
-late air about it. Richardson gives an example of it from Hall's Chronicle.
-
-36. Compare the following, from T. G. 1379-81.
-
- 'I purpos here to maken and to write
-  A litil tretise, and a processe make
-  In pris of women, oonli for hir sake.'
-
-40. _man_, servant, one who does her homage; cf. Chaucer, C. T., I 772; La
-Belle Dame, 244; T. G. 742.
-
-42. Cf. 'So that here-after my ladi may it _loke_'; T. G. 1392.
-
-45. Cf. 'Ther was enclosed _rype and sad corage_'; C. T., E 220.
-
-49, 50. Here the mountain of Cithaeron, in Boeotia, is confused with the
-island of Cythera, sacred to Venus, whence her name Cytherea was derived.
-The mistake arose, of course, from the similarity of the names, and occurs
-(as said in vol. v. p. 78, note to A 1936), in the Roman de la Rose, where
-we find:--
-
- 'Citeron est une montaigne ...
-  Venus, qui les dames espire,
-  Fist la son principal manoir'; ll. 15865-71.
-
-Hence Chaucer makes the same confusion, but in a different way. Chaucer
-preserves the right name of the mountain, in the form _Citheroun_, which he
-rimes with _mencioun_ (A 1936) and with _Adoun_ (A 2223); but here we have
-the form _Citharee_, riming with _see_. For all this, the scribe corrects
-it to _Citheron_ in l. 69, where he has no rime to deal with.
-
-56. Cf. 'the _winged_ god, Mercurie'; C. T., A 1385.
-
-58. The MS. has _costes that it drewe_; Bell alters this to _had to it
-drew_, under the impression that _drew_ is the pp. of _draw_! So again, in
-l. 78, he alters _saphir ind_, which is correct, to _saphir of Inde_; and
-in general, alters the text at will without the least hint that he has done
-so.
-
-78. _ind_, blue; as in The Black Knight, 127.
-
-80. _Baleis Turkeis_ (MS. _Bales turkes_). _Baleis_ is a better spelling,
-answering to F. _balais_ in Littre. It also occurs as _balai_ in O.F.; and
-the word was probably suggested by the mention of it in Rom. de la Rose,
-20125:--'Que saphirs, rubis, ne _balai_.' Hence also the mention of it in
-the King's Quhair, st. 46, which see; and in the Assembly of Ladies, 536.
-_Turkeis_ is the A. F. equivalent of O.F. _Turkois_, i.e. Turkish, as in C.
-T., A 2895, on which see the note (vol. v. p. 93).
-
-81. _shene_, a misspelling of _shine_, intimating that the author has
-confused the adj. _shene_ with the verb; or rather, that the poem was
-written at a time when the word _shine_ could be used as riming to _been_;
-since we find similar examples in lines 561, 768. So also we find _pretily_
-riming with _be_ in The Flower and the Leaf, 89. The pt. t. _shoon_ occurs
-in l. 83.
-
-82. Cf. 'As doon the sterres in the frosty night'; C. T., A 268. And again:
-'_bryght As sterrys in_ the _wyntyr_ nyght'; Lydgate, Compleint following
-T. G., l. 548.
-
-86. Cf. Compl. of Mars, 78-84, 104-5; C. T., A 2388 (and note); and T. G.
-126-8.
-
-88. Cf. 'Long as _a mast_,' &c.; C. T., A 3264.
-
-92. Cf. Troil. iii. 8-21: '_In hevene and helle_,' &c.; from Boccaccio; see
-note (vol. ii. p. 475).
-
-105. _Alceste_; evidently borrowed from Ch., Legend of Good Women, 224,
-293-9, 432; cf. T. G. 70-4. _The quenes flour Alceste_ = the flower of
-queen Alcestis; a common idiom; see note to C. T., F 209 (vol. v. p. 376).
-
-107. _Admete_, Admetus; see Troil. i. 664, and the note; T. G. 72.
-
-108. _ninetene_; copied from the Legend of Good Women, 283; just as the
-next line is from the same, 285-9. This is the more remarkable, because
-Chaucer never finished the poem, but mentions ten ladies only, in nine
-Legends. Cf. 'the book of _the nynetene Ladies_'; C. T., I 1086. Hawes also
-refers to Chaucer's 'tragidyes ... of the xix. ladyes'; Pastime of
-Pleasure, ed. Wright, p. 53.
-
-115. 'So fair was noon in alle Arras'; R. R. 1234.
-
-116. _of esier availe_, of less value; see _Avail_ in the New E. Dict.
-
-117. _saunz faile_; thrice in Ch.; HF. 188, 429; C. T., B 501.
-
-119. _Helisee_, Elysium; '_the feld_ ... That hight _Elysos_'; Troil. iv.
-789.
-
-120. _saintes_, saints, martyrs for love; cf. V. 316, above (p. 227), and
-the note. Cf. T. G. 414.
-
-129. 'The king had Danger standing near him, and the queen had Disdain, who
-were chief of the council, to treat of affairs of state'; Bell.
-
-138. Cf. T. G. 271, and the note, shewing how common gold hair is in
-Lydgate.
-
-139, 140. 'Bihinde _her bak, a yerde long_'; C. T., A 1050.
-
-148. _In mewet_, in an inaudible voice, to myself; like mod. F. _a la
-muette_ (Littre).
-
-167. _non erst_; false grammar for _non er_, no sooner; 'no soonest' is
-nonsense. We find, however, the phrases _not erst_ and _never erst_
-elsewhere; see New E. Dict., s.v. _Erst_, Sec. B. 4.
-
-170. This is the earliest quotation given in the New E. Dict., s.v.
-_Assummon_; and the next is from the poet Daniel.
-
-177. Chaucer has the compound _for-pampred_; Former Age, 5. I read _jolif_,
-joyful, to make sense; the MS. has the absurd word _ioylof_ (_sic_); and
-Stowe has _ialous_, jealous, which is quite out of place here.
-
-181. 'An allusion to the monkish story of the man who brought up a youth
-ignorant of women, and who, when he first saw them, told him they were
-geese. The story is in the _Promptuarium Exemplorum_. It was adopted by
-Boccaccio, from whom it was taken by Lafontaine, liv. iii. conte 1. See
-_Latin Stories_, edited by Mr. [T.] Wright.'--Bell.
-
-194. From C. T., B 466: '_On many a_ sory _meel_ now _may she bayte_.'
-
-202. Cf. '_Comfort is noon_'; Chaucer's A B C, 17.
-
-207. _how_, however. Cf. 'that _boghten love_ so _dere_'; Legend of Good
-Women, 258.
-
-229. See the Book of the Duchess, 323-34, where the painted glass windows
-contain subjects from the Romance of the Rose and others. The story of Dido
-is common enough; but the reference to Chaucer's Anelida and the false
-Arcite, is remarkable, especially as it occurs also in XXI. 465 above (p.
-395). 'The turtel trewe' is from the Parl. Foules, 577. See the parallel
-passage in T. G. 44-142, where Lydgate's _first_ example is that of _Dido_,
-while at the same time he mentions Palamon, Emilie, and Canacee, all from
-Chaucer.
-
-246. _blew_, blue, the colour of constancy; see l. 248.
-
-250. 'And why that ye ben clothed thus _in blak_?' C. T., A 911.
-
-255. _grene_ only gives an assonance with _here_, not a rime. Green was the
-colour of inconstancy, and was sometimes used _for despyt_, to use
-Chaucer's phrase; see note to C. T., F 644 (vol. v. p. 386). White may
-refer to the White Friars or Carmelites, and russet to the hermits; cf. P.
-Plowman, C. prol. 3, C. xi. 1.
-
-270. _an ho_, a proclamation commanding silence; see C. T., 2533. Quite
-distinct from _hue_ (and cry), with which Bell confuses it. A hue and cry
-was only raised against fleeing criminals.
-
-280. Clearly suggested by the God of Love's stern question in the Legend of
-Good Women, 315:--'What dostow heer So nigh myn owne flour, so boldely?' At
-the same time the phrase _fer y-stope in yeres_ is from Chaucer's _somdel
-stape in age_, C. T., B 4011, on which see the note (vol. v. p. 248). See
-the next note.
-
-288. Similarly the God of Love pardoned Chaucer (L. G. W. 450), but upon a
-condition (ib. 548).
-
-290. _serven_, false grammar for _serve_.
-
-302. Here follow the twenty statutes; ll. 302-504. They are evidently
-expanded from the similar set of injunctions given by Venus to the Knight
-in The Temple of Glas, ll. 1152-213; as clearly shewn by Schick in his
-Introduction, p. cxxxi. The similarity extends to the first, second, third,
-fifth, sixth, seventh, ninth, tenth, twelfth, fourteenth and eighteenth
-statutes, which resemble passages found in the Temple of Glas, ll.
-1152-213, or elsewhere in the same poem. It is also possible that the
-author, or Lydgate, or both of them, kept an eye upon Ovid's Art of Love.
-See also Rom. Rose (Eng. version), 2355-950, which is much to the point.
-
-305. This is also the first injunction in T. G. 1152-3, and is immediately
-followed by the second, which enjoins _secrecy_. The reader should compare
-the passages for himself.
-
-311. MS. _synk and flete_; which must of course be corrected to 'sink _or_
-flete,' as in Anelida, 182; C. T., A 2397.
-
-317. '_Withoute chaunge_ in parti or in al'; T. G. 1155.
-
-319. The MS. has _brynde_, and Stowe has _brinde_; so I let the reading
-stand. Morris has _blynde_, and Bell _blind_; neither of them has a note as
-to the change made. Perhaps _brind_ = _brend_ = burnt, in the sense of
-'inflamed by passion'; or it may be an error for _brim_ = _breme_, furious,
-applied especially to the desire of the boar for the sow. The sense
-intended is clear enough; we should now write 'base.'
-
-324-5. From C. T., A 2252-3:--
-
- 'And on thyn [_Venus'_] _auter_, wher I ryde or go,
-  I wol don sacrifice, and _fyres bete_.'
-
-329. _passe forby_, to pass by, i.e. to get out of his way; cf. C. T., B
-1759, C 668. _an ese_, a relief, a way of escape. There is no difficulty,
-but all the editions have altered it to _passe, for thereby_, which will
-not scan.
-
-330. _daungerous_, grudging, reluctant; see C. T., D 514.
-
-332. _of a sight_, of what one may see. _squeymous_ (MS. _squymouse_, Stowe
-_squmous_), squeamish, particular; see note to C. T., A 3337 (vol. v. p.
-102). It is added that when the lady, on her part, was cruel, it was the
-lover's duty to toss about in bed and weep; cf. T. G. 12:--'The longe nyght
-_walowing_ to and fro.' 'To _walwe and wepe_'; Troil. i. 699. And see Rom.
-Rose (Eng. version), 2553-62.
-
-338. Cf. 'Him to complein, that he walk [_read_ welk = walked] so sole'; T.
-G. 552. And cf. Book Duch. 449; Black Knight, 143; Rom. Rose, 2391-6,
-2517-9.
-
-340. Cf. 'as though he roughte nought Of life ne deth'; T. G. 939-40.
-
-344. 'Abide awhile,' T. G. 1203; '_patiently_ t'endure'; T. G. 1267.
-
-347. _helden_, false grammar for _held_. The metre shews that it was
-intentional.
-
-349. 'Fulli _to obeye_,' T. G. 1151; cf. 1145-50.
-
-360-4. Cf. T. G. 1012-25; especially 'And when I trespas, goodli me
-correcte'; and 'neuyr yow offende.' And Ovid, Art. Amat. lib. ii. 199-202.
-
-367. _yern_, earn; so _yearne_ in Spenser, F. Q. vi. 1. 40; A.S.
-_geearnian_.
-
-368-9. 'Of _grace and pite_, and nought of rightwisnes'; T. G. 979.
-
-378. _a-croke_ (MS. _a croke_), awry; see _Acrook_ in the New E. Dict.
-
-379-81. In l. 381, the MS. has _shon_ (shun) distinctly; yet Morris prints
-_shoue_, and Stowe _showe_, destroying the sense. All have _knowe_ in l.
-379, but it should rather be _con_, which gives a perfect rime; for _con_
-represents A.S. _cunnan_, to know, and is frequently spelt _cun_; see _Con_
-in the New E. Dict. This statute refers to 'the comfort of Sweet-Looking';
-see Rom. Rose, 2893-922; Gower, C. A., iii. 26-7.
-
-390. See T. G. 170-1, 1014.
-
-397. 'Yeve hir giftes, and get hir grace'; Rom. Rose, 2699. 'Auro
-conciliatur amor'; Ovid, Art. Amat. lib. ii. 278.
-
-403. Cf. Rom. Rose, 2568-85.
-
-412. 'And for no tales thin herte not remue'; T. G. 1182. Cf. C. T., A
-3163-4; F 1483-5; and XII. 113-9 above (p. 289).
-
-429. 'For love ne wol nat countrepleted be'; Legend of Good Women, 476.
-'Quisquis erit cui favet illa, fave'; Ovid, Art. Amat. lib. i. 146.
-
-431. '_Whyt_ was this _crowe_'; C. T., H 133; cf. note to C. T., D 232.
-
-456. Compare the Merchant's Tale; C. T., E 1245.
-
-469. Cf. T. G. 1168-70: 'All trwe louers to relese of her payne,' &c.
-
-475. 'Ai fressh and wel besein'; T. G. 1167. Cf. Rom. Rose, 2279-84.
-'Munditiae placeant,' &c.; Ovid, Art. Amat. lib. i. 513.
-
-484. 'Who loveth trewe hath no fatnesse'; Rom. Rose, 2686; 'Arguat et
-macies animum'; Ovid, Art. Amat. lib. i. 733.
-
-491-504. Cf. Rom. Rose, 2419-39, 2817-20. In particular, ll. 496-7 seem to
-be actually copied from Rom. Rose, 2819-20: 'or of hir _chere That to thee
-made thy lady dere_.' This raises the suspicion that the Court of Love was
-written after 1532.
-
-499. _thou seen_ would be in Latin _tu videatis_; another example of false
-grammar.
-
-523. _let been_, to let (them) be, to leave off.
-
-526. _kepten been_ (MS. _bene_); so in all the copies; but _kepten_ is the
-pt. t. plural, as if we should say in Latin _seruauerunt sunt_. Unless,
-indeed, the _-en_ is meant for the pp. suffix of a strong verb, as if we
-should make a Latin form _seruatiti_. The scansion shews that this false
-grammar came from the author.
-
-529. 'Except God and the devil.'
-
-536-7. Solomon and Samson; the usual stock examples. But probably in this
-case borrowed from Lydgate's Balade, XIV. 4 (p. 295), which is certainly
-quoted thrice again below.
-
-542. This line is made up from Lydgate's Balade, XIV. 29-33, and 26; so
-again l. 544 resembles the same, l. 24. And Lydgate merely versifies the
-medieval proverb: 'Fallere,' &c.; see note to XIV. 29; p. 516.
-
-547. _of kind_, by nature; as in XIV. 29 (p. 296).
-
-550. 'An housbond shal _nat been inquisitif_'; C. T., A 3163.
-
-556. _Citherea_ is right; see l. 50; MS. and Stowe have _Cithera_.
-
-560. 'You that are provided already with a lady.'--Bell. Cf. l. 561.
-
-561-3. _eke_, _lyke_, a permissible rime, at a time when _e_ had gained the
-mod. E. sound. See note to l. 81 above.
-
-570. See T. G. 143-6. With l. 577, cf. T. G. 50.
-
-580. The reading _blisful_ is certain; it is from T. G. 328:--'O _blisful_
-sterre, persant and ful of light.' The author uses _persant_ below, in l.
-849.
-
-582. See the second of the interpolated stanzas in T. G., p. 21, ll. 6,
-7:--
-
- 'Withoute desert; wherefore that ye vouche
-  To _ponysshe_ hem dewely for here male-bouche.'
-
-586. _loves daunce_; see references in the Glossary to vol. vi., s.v.
-_Daunce_.
-
-589. In T. G. 144, the lovers are only many a thousand; in the Kingis
-Quair, st. 78, they are 'mony a' million; here they are a thousand million.
-Such is evolution.
-
-591. '_redresse_ is elegantly put for _redresser_';--Bell. Then let the
-credit of it be Lydgate's; cf. '_Redresse_ of sorow, O Citheria'; T. G.
-701.
-
-592. Bell prints _yheried_, which is obviously right; but he does not say
-that both the MS. and Stowe have _I hired_; see Troil. ii. 973, iii. 7,
-1804.
-
-593. _loves bond_; founded on Boethius, lib. ii. met. 8, but doubtless
-taken from Troil. iii. 1766; see note in vol. ii. p. 483.
-
-598, 603. 'Make him teschwe euere synne and vice'; T. G. 450.
-
-611-3. _Celsitude_ and _pulcritude_ are words that savour of the revival of
-learning. Such words are common in Dunbar, who uses both of them. For
-_celsitude_, see Dunbar, ed. Small, p. 271, 76, and p. 325, 25; for
-_pulcritude_, see the same, p. 271, 74; p. 274, 2; p. 279, 5. He even rimes
-them together; p. 271. Hawes also uses _pulchritude_; Pastime of Pleasure,
-ed. Wright, pp. 5, 18.
-
-614. Cf. '_Comparisoun may noon y-maked be_'; Legend of Good Women, 122.
-
-623. _fere_, fire (not fear); as in Troil. iii. 978.
-
-628. _Beseech_, to beseech; note the anachronism in using the French infin.
-_void-en_ with a suffix, and the Eng. _beseech_ with none at all.
-
-634. _ure_, destiny; from O.F. _eur_, Lat. _augurium_. A word that first
-appeared in Northern English; it occurs at least eight times in Barbour's
-Bruce. And in the Kingis Quair, st. 10, we have the whole phrase--'my
-fortune and ure.' It is also used by Lydgate; see VIII. 151, 302, 482 (pp.
-250, 254, 260).
-
-641. An exact repetition of l. 633 above.
-
-642. Here, for a wonder, is an example of the final _e_; the author took
-the whole phrase 'In thilk-e place' from some previous author; cf. 'In
-thilke places' (_sic_); Rom. Rose, 660 (Thynne). _sign_, assign.
-
-648. 'Bi god and be my trouthe'; T. G. 1011.
-
-683. '_And holden werre_ alwey with chastitee'; C. T., A 2236.
-
-684. _I kepen_; false grammar; equivalent to Lat. _ego curamus_.
-
-688. _yove_, gave; but in l. 690 the form is _gave_. I suspect that in l.
-690, _gave_ should be _gan_, and that _image_ (for _images_) is to be taken
-as a genitive case; then the sense is--'And I began anon to ponder and
-weigh in my heart her image's fresh beauty.'
-
-701. The idea is due to Chaucer's Compleynt to Pity; cf. l. 1324.
-
-702. Cf. 'Him deyneth nat to _wreke him on a flye_'; Legend of Good Women,
-381.
-
-703. _eke him_, him also; but perhaps read _ete him_.
-
-704. Cf. 'and tendre herte'; C. T., A 150.
-
-725. _springen_; false grammar, as it is a plural form.
-
-727. _endry_, suffer, endure; so again in l. 941. This ridiculous hybrid is
-rightly excluded from the New E. Dict., which gives, however, several
-similar formations. It was coined by prefixing the F. prefix _en-_, with an
-intensive force, to M.E. _drien_, variant of _dreogen_, to endure (A.S.
-_dr[=e]ogan_), Lowl. Sc. _dree_. No other author uses it.
-
-732. _spede_, succeed; Stowe's alteration to _speke_ is unnecessary.
-
-749. 'How are you the nearer for loving,' &c.
-
-751. _fayn_, put for _feyn_, i.e. feign, tell an untruth.
-
-755. _heth_, heath. Here, and in l. 757, the author refers to two occasions
-when he was in great danger of falling in love; but he does not go into
-details.
-
-768. Here we must read _ee_ (eye) for the rime; in other cases it appears
-as _eye_, _ye_, _y_, riming with words in _-y_. This points to a somewhat
-late date; see note to l. 81 above. As for _stremes_, it is Lydgate's word
-for glances of the eye; see T. G. 263, 582. And Lydgate had it from
-Chaucer, who mostly uses it of sunbeams, but twice applies it to the beams
-from the eyes of Criseyde; Troil. i. 305, iii. 129.
-
-782. _flawe_, generally explained as representing Lat. _flauus_, yellowish,
-or the O.F. _flave_, with the same sense. Her hair was gold, so her
-eyebrows may have been of a similar colour. I suspect that _flawe_ was a
-Northern form; cf. _braw_, as a Northern variant of _brave_.
-
-783. _mene disseverance_, a moderate distance; evidently meant with
-reference to Criseyde, whose one demerit was that her eye-brows joined each
-other; Troil. v. 813.
-
-787. _milk-whyt path_, the galaxy, or milky way; but surely this is quite a
-unique application of it, viz. to the prominent ridge of Rosial's nose.
-
-789. _smaragde_, emerald. The eyes of Beatrice are called _smeraldi_;
-Dante, Purg. xxxi. 116. Juliet's nurse said that an eagle's eye was not so
-green as that of Paris; Romeo, iii. 5. 222. Eyes in Chaucer are usually 'as
-gray as glas'; the O.F. _vair_, an epithet for eyes, meant grayish-blue.
-
-797. _basse_, kiss, buss; see _Bass_ in the New E. Dict. _ben_ is yet
-another instance of a false concord; read _be_, as _basse_ is singular. See
-next note.
-
-798. Cornelius Maximianus Gallus, a poet of the sixth century, wrote six
-elegies which have come down to us. The quotation referred to occurs in the
-first Elegy (ll. 97-8), which is also quoted by Chaucer; see note to C. T.,
-C 727 (vol. v. p. 287). The lines are:--
-
- 'Flammea dilexi, modicumque tumentia labra,
-  Quae mihi gustanti basia plena darent.'
-
-Hence the epithet _Flaming_ in l. 793.
-
-810. _bend_, a band, sash; see New E. Dict., s.v. _Bend_ (2), sb., 1. a.
-
-811. 'With hair in tresses'; like Criseyde's; see Troil. v. 810.
-
-813. Cf. the Assembly of Ladies, 533-4 (p. 397):--
-
- '_Aboute her nekke_ a sort of faire _rubyes_
-  In whyte _floures_ of right fyne enamayl.'
-
-See also the Kingis Quair, st. 48.
-
-815-6. See my note to Ch. Minor Poems, XXI. 20 (vol. i. p. 566).
-
-821. _Calixto_, Callisto; called _Calixte_ in Parl. Foules, 286. The story
-is in Ovid, Met. ii. 409, _Alcmenia_, Alcmene, mother of Hercules; see
-Ovid, Met. ix. 281; cf. Troil. iii. 1428; T. G. 123.
-
-823. _Europa_, the story is in Ovid, Met. ii. 858. See Legend of Good
-Women, 113, and the note; T. G. 118.
-
-824. _Dane_, Danae, mother of Perseus; see Ovid, Met. iv. 610. In Chaucer,
-C. T., A 2062, _Dane_ means Daphne. _Antiopa_, mother of Amphion and
-Zethus; it may be noted that Jupiter's intrigues with Europa, Antiopa,
-Alcmene, and Danae, are all mentioned together in Ovid, Met. vi. 103-13. It
-follows that our author had read Ovid.
-
-831. '_There is no lak, saue_ onli of pite'; T. G. 749.
-
-841. The word _the_ was probably written like _ye_, giving, apparently, the
-reading _ye ye_; then one of these was dropped. The long passage in ll.
-841-903 may be compared with the pleadings of the lover in La Belle Dame
-sans Merci (p. 307, above); with T. G. 970-1039; and with the Kingis Quair,
-st. 99. Note the expression 'of beaute rote,' T. G. 972; and '_Princes_ of
-youthe,' T. G. 970 (two lines above); see l. 843.
-
-849. _persant_, piercing; common in Lydgate; T. G. 328, 756, 1341; Black
-Knight, 28, 358, 591, 613. Cf. 'And _with_ the _stremes of your percyng_
-light'; Kingis Quair, 103.
-
-852-3. Cf. T. G. 1038-9; Kingis Quair, st. 103, l. 7.
-
-858. 'Of verrey routhe upon my peynes rewe'; T. G. 1001.
-
-865. 'To love him best ne shal I _never repente_'; The Compleynt of Venus,
-56, 64, 72. See note to l. 875.
-
-872-3. Referring to Ch. Troilus, and Legend of Good Women, 580. 'To ben as
-trewe as was Antonyus To Cleopatre'; T. G. 778.
-
-874. _thinkes_; observe this Northern form.
-
-875. 'And therfore, certes, _to myn ending-day_'; The Compleynt of Venus,
-55. See note to l. 865.
-
-882. _expert_, experienced; 'expert in love,' Troil. ii. 1367.
-
-891. 'With al my hert I thanke yow _of youre profre_'; T. G. 1060.
-
-897. Read _I_; this the scribe must have mistaken for the contraction for
-'and.'
-
-901. 'And I beseech you not to be disdainful.'
-
-902. _seen my wil_, to see what I wish; but surely _wil_ is an error for
-_bill_, petition; see l. 916. Then _rede_ means 'read it.'
-
-906. _com of_, be quick; see Troil. ii. 1738, 1742, 1750; and the numerous
-examples in Schick's note to T. G. 1272.
-
-911. Stowe, like the MS., ends the line with _why_. Bell supplied _makes
-thou straunge_.
-
-913. _Cambrige_; this form is not found till after 1400. Chaucer has
-_Cant-e-brigg-e_ (C. T., A 3921) in four syllables, which appears as
-_Cambrugge_ in the late Lansdowne MS., after 1420. See Skeat, A Student's
-Pastime, pp. 397-8.
-
-922. _and have_, i.e. and have loved. On this construction, see Schick's
-note to T. G. 1275.
-
-925-7. _I ... doon_; more false grammar; equivalent to Lat. _ego faciamus_.
-
-929. 'And, whan I trespace, goodli _me correcte_'; T. G. 1018.
-
-931-52. Compare the answers of the lady in La Belle Dame sans Merci (p.
-309, &c.).
-
-988-9. Cf. Parl. Foules, 90-1; Compl. to his Lady, 47-9.
-
-998. _dwale_, an opiate, a sleeping-draught; made from the _dwale_ or
-'deadly nightshade' (_Atropa belladonna_). It occurs once in Chaucer; C.
-T., A 4161. See my note to P. Plowman, C. xxiii. 379.
-
-1000. _y-wis afrayed_, (being) certainly frightened. The use of _y-wis_ in
-such a position is most unusual.
-
-1016-7. 'Right as the fressh[e] rodi rose nwe Of hir coloure to wexin she
-bigan'; T. G. 1042-3.
-
-1023. Something is lost here. There is no gap in the MS.; but there was
-probably one in the MS. from which it was copied. I think six stanzas are
-lost; see the Introduction.
-
-1032-3. 'And their fellow-furtherer,' i.e. fellow-helper.
-
-1034. _Dred_ is one of the personifications from the Roman de la Rose; see
-Rom. Rose, 3958; so in T. G. 631.
-
-1040. 'Gall under honey'; see l. 542 above. Cf. T. G. 192.
-
-1042. 'Lay aside your confidence (courage), for all her white (flattering)
-words'; cf. Troil. iii. 901.
-
-1045. _thow wot_, false grammar for _thou wost_.
-
-1049. _The ton_ = _thet on_, the one; _the toder_ = _thet oder_, the other.
-_Oder_ is a remarkable form; see Halliwell. So also _brodur_, in Le Bon
-Florence of Rome, ed. Ritson, 931.
-
-1053-4. 'Hir kind is fret with doublenesse'; XIII. 80 (p. 293).
-
-1055. 'So I cast about to get rid of Despair's company'; hence _taken_, in
-l. 1056, is in the infin. mood.
-
-1058. _bay-window_; cf. Assembly of Ladies, 163. The earliest known
-quotation for _bay-window_ is dated 1428, in a prosaic document.
-
-1060. 'As any ravenes _fether_ it shoon _for-blak_'; spoken of hair; C. T.,
-A 2144.
-
-1065. 'Ther needeth non _auctoritee allegge_'; C. T., A 3000.
-
-1072. Cf. Troil. ii. 855-61.
-
-1083. _were_, wear; altered by Bell to _ware_, which is a form of the past
-tense.
-
-1087. _she_ seems to be spoken casually of some woman in the company; and
-_prety man_, in l. 1088, is used in a similar way.
-
-_goth on patens_, walks in pattens. A very early example of the word
-_paten_. It occurs in Palsgrave (1530). _fete_, neat, smart; used by
-Lydgate; see _Feat_ in the New E. Dict.
-
-1095. Here the author comes back again to the Temple of Glas, 143-246,
-which see; and cf. The Kingis Quair, stanzas 79-93.
-
-1096. _black_, Dominican friars; _white_, Carmelites; _gray_, Franciscans.
-
-1100. From T. G. 196-206; for the nuns, see T. G. 207-8.
-
-1104. '_In wide_ copis _perfeccion to feine_'; T. G. 204. See l. 1116.
-
-1106. 'That _on hir freendis al the_ wite they leide'; T. G. 208.
-
-1116. '_In wide copis_ perfeccion to feine'; T. G. 204.
-
-1134. '_Ther thou were weel_, fro thennes artow weyved'; C. T., B 308.
-
-1136. Cf. 'With sobbing teris, and with ful pitous soune'; T. G. 197.
-
-1139. Cf. 'And other eke, that for _pouerte_'; T. G. 159.
-
-1150. _prang_, pang (MS. _prange_; and so in Stowe); altered to _pang_ by
-Bell and Morris. '_Pronge_, Erumpna' [aerumna]; Prompt. Parv. '_Throwe_
-[throe], _womannys pronge_, Erumpna'; the same. '_Prange_, oppression, or
-constraint'; Hexham's Dutch Dict. Cf. Gothic: 'in allamma _ana-pragganai_,'
-we were troubled on every side, 2 Cor. vii. 5; where _gg_ is written for
-_ng_, as in Greek. The mod. E. _pang_ seems to have been made out of it,
-perhaps by confusion with _pank_, to pant.
-
-1160, 1164. 'And pitousli _on god and kynde pleyne_'; T. G. 224. But the
-context requires the reading _god of kind_, i.e. God of nature. In l. 1166,
-_leften_ must be meant for a pp.; if so, it is erroneously formed, just
-like _kepten_ above; see note to l. 526.
-
-1173. _werdes_, Fates; obviously the right reading; yet the MS., Stowe, and
-Morris have _wordes_, and Bell alters the line. The confusion between _e_
-and _o_ at this time is endless. See _Werdes_, _Wierdes_ in the Gloss. to
-Chaucer.
-
-1177. _he_, another of the company; cf. _she_ in l. 1087. Both Morris and
-Bell alter the text. Bell reminds us that the character here described is
-that of Shakespeare's Benedict. But it is obviously copied from Troilus!
-see Troil. i. 904-38.
-
-1189. The word _post_ is from Troil. i. 1000: 'That thou shalt be the beste
-_post_, I leve, Of al his lay.'
-
-1198. _Shamefastness_, Bashfulness; borrowed from _Honte_ in the Rom. de la
-Rose, 2821; called _Shame_ in the E. version, 3034. Hence the reference to
-_roses_ in l. 1203, though it comes in naturally enough.
-
-1211. _were not she_, if it had not been for her.
-
-1213. _returnith_, turns them back again; used transitively.
-
-1218. 'When Bashfulness is dead, Despair will be heir' (will succeed in her
-place). Too bold lovers would be dismissed.
-
-1219. _Avaunter_, Boaster; as in Troil. iii. 308-14. The line sounds like
-an echo of 'Have at thee, Jason! now thyn horn is blowe!' Legend of Good
-Women, 1383.
-
-1222. _wowe_, woo; evidently the right reading; so in Morris. Cf. The
-Letter of Cupid, V. 274-80 (p. 226).
-
-1238. _statut_, i.e. the sixteenth statute (l. 435).
-
-1242. '_Avauntour_ and _a lyere_, al is on'; Troil. iii. 309.
-
-1253. _sojoure_, sojourn, dwell, used quite wrongly; for O.F. _sojur_
-(originally _sojorn_) is a sb. only, like mod. F. _sejour_. The O.F. verb
-was _sojorner_, _sojourner_, whence M.E. _sojornen_, _sojournen_, correctly
-used by Chaucer. The sb. _sojour_ occurs in Rom. Rose, 4282, 5150. The
-mistake is so bad that even the scribe has here written _soiorne_; but,
-unluckily, this destroys the rime.
-
-1255. 'Envy is admirably represented as rocking himself to and fro with
-vexation, as he sits, dark, in a corner.'--Bell. For all this, I suspect
-the right word is _rouketh_, i.e. cowers, as in C. T., A 1308. _Rokken_ is
-properly transitive, as in C. T., A 4157.
-
-1257. For the description of Envy, see Rom. Rose, 247. But the author (in
-l. 1259) refers us to Ovid, Met. ii. 775-82, q. v.
-
-1259. _Methamorphosose_; this terrible word is meant for _Metamorphoseos_,
-the form used by Chaucer, C. T., B 93. But the true ending is _-e[=o]n_,
-gen. pl. The scribe has altered the suffix to _-ees_, thus carelessly
-destroying the rime.
-
-1268. _Prevy Thought_ is taken from _Doux-Pensers_ in the Rom. de la Rose,
-2633, called _Swete-Thought_ in the E. Version, 2799; see the passage.
-
-1288. Cf. 'Hir person he shal afore him sette'; R. R. 2808.
-
-1290. Cf. 'This comfort wol I that thou take'; R. R. 2821.
-
-1295. Cf. 'Awey his anger for to dryve'; R. R. 2800.
-
-1315. Schick refers us, for this fiction, to the Rom. Rose, 939-82, where
-Cupid has two sets of arrows, one set of _gold_, and the other set _black_.
-Gower, Conf. Amantis (ed. Pauli, i. 336), says that Cupid shot Phoebus with
-a dart of _gold_, but Daphne with a dart of _lead_. In the Kingis Quair,
-stanzas 94-5, Cupid has _three_ arrows, one of _gold_, one of _silver_, and
-one of _steel_. But the fact is, that our author, like Gower, simply
-followed Ovid, Met. i. 470-1. Let Dryden explain it:--
-
- 'One shaft is pointed with refulgent gold
-  To bribe the love, and make the lover bold;
-  One blunt, and tipped with lead, whose base allay
-  Provokes disdain, and drives desire away.'
-
-1317. There is here a gap in the story. The speaker is Rosial, and she is
-addressing Philogenet, expressing herself favourably.
-
-1319-20. _hight_, promised. _had_, would have.
-
-1324. _she_, i.e. Pity, as in l. 701.
-
-1328. MS. _tender reich_; Stowe, _tenderiche_; which must be wrong; read
-_tender reuth_. Confusion between _ch_ and _th_ is common. _where I found_,
-where I (formerly) found much lack.
-
-1332. For Pity's golden shrine, see l. 694.
-
-1353. This notion of making the birds sing matins and lauds is hinted at in
-the Cuckoo and Nightingale--'That they begonne of May _to don hir houres_';
-l. 70. It is obviously varied from Chaucer's Parl. Foules, where all the
-birds sing a roundel before departing. Next, we find the idea expanded by
-Lydgate, in the poem called Devotions of the Fowls; Minor Poems, ed.
-Halliwell, p. 78; the singers are the popinjay, the pelican, the
-nightingale, the lark, and the dove. All these reappear here, except the
-pelican. A chorus of birds, including the mavis, merle, lark, and
-nightingale, is introduced at the close of Dunbar's Thistle and Rose. The
-present passage was probably suggested by Lydgate's poem, but is conceived
-in a lighter vein.
-
-The Latin quotations are easily followed by comparing them with The Prymer,
-or Lay Folks' Prayer-Book, ed. Littlehales (E. E. T. S.). They all appear
-in this 'common medieval Prayer-book'; and, in particular, in the Matins
-and Lauds of the Hours of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The Matins end at l.
-1407. The Matins contain:--the opening, the _Venite_, a Hymn, three Psalms,
-an Antiphon, Versicles and Responses, three Lessons (each with Versicles
-and Responses), and the _Te Deum_. The Lauds contain:--the opening, eight
-Psalms (the _Benedicite_ considered as one), Antiphon, Chapter, Hymn, the
-_Benedictus_; &c. I point out the correspondences below.
-
-1354. Observe that the nightingale sings _in a hawthorn_ in the Cuckoo and
-Nightingale, 287 (p. 358).
-
-1356. _Domine, labia mea aperies_, Lord, open thou my lips; 'the opening'
-of Matins.
-
-1358. _bewrye_, a variant of _bewreye_, to bewray; used by Dunbar.
-
-1359. _Venite, exultemus_, Ps. xcv (Vulgate, xciv); still in use.
-
-1362. 'The unhappy chorister who comes late skulks in behind the desks and
-stalls.'--Bell.
-
-1364. _Domine, Dominus noster_, Ps. viii. The 'first psalm.'
-
-1366. _Celi enarrant_, Ps. xix (Vulgate, xviii). The 'second psalm.'
-
-1370. _Domini est terra_, Ps. xxiv (Vulgate, xxiii). The 'third psalm.'
-_this Laten intent_, this Latin signifies; _intent_ is the contracted form
-of _intendeth_; by analogy with _went_ for _wendeth_.
-
-1372. A queer reminiscence of Troil. iii. 690:--'There was no more to
-_skippen nor to_ traunce.'
-
-1373. _Jube, Domine, benedicere_, 'Lord, comaunde us to blesse'; versicle
-preceding the first lesson; which explains l. 1374.
-
-1375. Cf. 'Legende of Martres'; Letter of Cupid, 316 (p. 227); and the
-note.
-
-1380. Here follows the second lesson. The _lectorn_ is the mod. E. lectern,
-which supports the book from which the lessons are read.
-
-1384. 'The glad month of us who sing.' Cf. 'lepten _on the spray_'; Cuckoo
-and Nightingale, 77 (p. 350).
-
-1387. Here follows the third lesson, read by the dove.
-
-1390. This looks like an allusion to the endless joke upon cuckolds, who
-are said, in our dramatists, to 'wear the horn'; which the offender is said
-'to give.' If so, it is surely a very early allusion. Here _give an horn_ =
-to scorn, mock.
-
-1400. _Tu autem, domine, miserere nobis_, 'thou, lord, have merci of us,'
-said at the conclusion of each lesson; to which all responded _Deo
-gratias_, 'thanke we god!' See The Prymer, p. 5.
-
-1401. _Te deum amoris_; substituted for _Te deum laudamus_, which is still
-in use; which concludes the matins.
-
-1402. _Tuball_, who was supposed to have been 'the first musician.' As to
-this error, see note in vol. i. p. 492 (l. 1162).
-
-1408. _Dominus regnavit_, Ps. xciii (Vulgate, xcii); the 'first psalm' at
-Lauds.
-
-1411. _Jubilate deo_, Ps. c (Vulgate, xcix); the 'second psalm.' The third
-and fourth psalms are not mentioned.
-
-1413. _Benedicite, omnia opera_; still in use in our morning service;
-counted as the 'fifth psalm.'
-
-1415. _Laudate dominum_, Ps. cxlviii; the 'sixth psalm.' The seventh and
-eighth are passed over.
-
-1416. _O admirabile_; the anthem. The E. version is:--'O thou wonderful
-chaunge! the makere of mankynde, takynge a bodi with a soule of a maide
-vouchide sauf be bore [_born_]; and so, forth-goynge man, with-outen seed,
-yaf to us his godhede'; Prymer, p. 12. The 'chapter' and hymn are omitted.
-
-1422. _Benedictus Dominus Deus Israel_; still in use in our morning
-service. This is the last extract from 'the hours.'
-
-1434. 'She gadereth floures, _party_ whyte and rede To make a sotil
-_garland_'; C. T., A 1053.
-
-1436. This is exactly like 'the battle of the flowers,' as seen in Italy.
-
-1437. _the gold_, the marigold; see C. T., A 1929.
-
-1440. _trew-love_; a name for herb paris (_Paris quadrifolia_). But as the
-'true-love' is described as being _plited_, i.e. folded, it must rather be
-supposed to mean a true lover's knot or love-knot, which was simply a bow
-of ribbon given as a token of affection, and frequently worn by the lover
-afterwards. The bestowal of this token nearly made an end of him.
-
-Sec. XXV. VIRELAI.
-
-Not a true virelay, as the ending _-ing_ does not reappear in the second
-stanza; for a correct example, see note to Anelida and Arcite, 256 (vol. i.
-p. 536). But it is of the nature of a virelay, inasmuch as the rime _-ate_,
-which concludes the first stanza, reappears in the second; and similarly,
-the ending _-ure_, which concludes the second stanza, reappears in the
-third; and so on, with the rime-endings _-ain_ and _-aunce_. Compare the
-poem by Lord Rivers, in the same metre, alluded to in vol. i. p. 42.
-
-11. _ure_, destiny; as above, sect. XXIV. 634 (and note, p. 546).
-
-20. The pronunciation of _ende_ as _ind_ is not uncommon in East Anglia,
-and may have been intended.
-
-Sec. XXVI. PROSPERITY.
-
-From John Walton's translation of Boethius, A.D. 1410. See the
-Introduction.
-
-Sec. XXVII. LEAULTE VAULT RICHESSE.
-
-From the same MS. as the last.
-
-7. _don but lent_, lit. 'done but lent,' i.e. merely lent (you). For this
-idiom, see note to Ch. C. T., B 171 (vol. v. p. 145).
-
-Sec. XXVIII. SAYINGS.
-
-5. Cf. Shak. King Lear, iii. 2. 91; see the Introduction.
-
-Sec. XXIX. BALADE.
-
-This Balade, printed by Stowe, seems like a poor imitation of the style of
-Lydgate.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-GLOSSARIAL INDEX.
-
-References to I. (The Testament of Love) are to the Book, Chapter, and
-Line; thus 'I. ii. 1. 7' = Testament of Love, bk. ii. ch. 1. l. 7.
-References containing '_pr._' refer to the prologue to the same. In all
-other cases, the references are to the piece and to the line: thus 'V. 50'
-= Letter of Cupid, l. 50.
-
-A, _v._ have, I. i. 2. 173; _ger._ I. i. 5. 93.
-
-A DEBLYS, (_perhaps_) to the devil, as if devoted to the devil, I. ii. 13.
-99. See the note.
-
-A DEWE, (_perhaps for_ a dieu), I. ii. 13. 99. See the note.
-
-A THIS HALFE, on this side, below, I. i. 9. 39.
-
-A. B. C., _s._ alphabet, I. ii. 1. 113.
-
-ABACKE, _adv._ backward, III. 300; Abakke, VIII. 326.
-
-ABBEYS, _s. pl._ abbeys, XXIV. 1115.
-
-ABEISEN, _v._ (_for_ Abasen), abase, put down, reprove, XXIV. 738.
-
-ABIT, _pr. s._ abides, IV. 284; XIII. 30.
-
-ABLE, _imp. s._ enable, VII. 32; Abled, _pp._ I. ii. 9. 95; fitted, I. ii.
-6. 4.
-
-ABODE, _2 pt. s._ didst abide, I. ii. 4. 101; Abood, _pt. s._ remained, I.
-i. 5. 31.
-
-ABOUTEN, _adv._ all about, all round, I. ii. 8. 37.
-
-ABREGGE, _ger._ to abridge, shorten, XIX. 18.
-
-ABREYDE, _ger._ to start up, awake, VIII. 15; Abraid, _pt. s._ started,
-went suddenly, XVII. 45; Abrayde, awoke, VIII. 154.
-
-ABYDINGE, _s._ waiting, delay, I. i. 3. 38.
-
-ABYE, _v._ pay for (it), II. 1233; pay for, II. 1199.
-
-ABYME, _s._ the abyss, X. 136.
-
-A-CALE, _pp. as adj._ frozen, afflicted with the cold, II. 71.
-
-ACCEPT, _pp._ accepted (as), I. ii. 13. 36; Accepte, _as adj. pl._
-accepted, VIII. 427.
-
-ACCES, _s._ feverish attack, VIII. 229; XVIII. 39; Accesse, VIII. 136.
-
-ACCIDENT, _s._ accidental quality, I. ii. 7. 144; accident, II. 1222.
-
-ACCOMPTE, _1 pr. s._ account, I. ii. 13. 91; _pp._ I. ii. 9. 48.
-
-ACCOMPTES, _s. pl._ accounts, II. 778.
-
-ACCORD, _s._ agreement, XVIII. 280.
-
-ACCORDAUNCE, _s._ agreement, I. ii. 5. 27.
-
-ACCORDAUNT, _adj._ agreeing, XVIII. 83.
-
-ACCORDE, _ger._ to agree, to rime, II. 477; _pr. s._ suits, VIII. 183; _2
-pr. pl._ agree, III. 212; _pr. pl._ I. ii. 5. 26; _pres. pt._ XX. 112. See
-ACORDE.
-
-ACERTAINED, _pp._ made sure, informed, XX. 568.
-
-ACHATES, _s. pl._ purchases, I. ii. 2. 48.
-
-ACOMERED, _pp._ encumbered, I. iii. 5. 57; troubled, I. iii. 7. 41.
-
-ACOMPT, _v._ reckon, I. ii. 10. 88.
-
-ACORDAUNCES, _s. pl._ agreements, I. ii. 8. 54.
-
-ACORDE, _ger._ to agree, I. ii. 8. 47; _pr. s._ I. ii. 2. 52; _pr. pl._ IX.
-210; _a. nothing_, in no wise agree, I. ii. 2. 74.
-
-ACORN, _s._ acorn, VIII. 73.
-
-A-CROKE, _adv._ amiss, XXIV. 378.
-
-A-DAYES, _adv._ by day-time, XXII. 34.
-
-ADHERAND, _pres. pt._ cleaving, I. i. 9. 103.
-
-ADMIRALL, _s._ prince, chief, II. 194.
-
-ADNULLED, _pp._ annulled, I. iii. 3. 49.
-
-ADNULLINGE, _s._ annulling, I. i. 4. 22.
-
-ADO, to do, VIII. 161.
-
-A-DOWN, _adv._ down here, II. 1319.
-
-A-DRAD, _pp._ afraid, I. ii 7. 61; IV. 89; filled with fear, I. i. 2. 12,
-182.
-
-ADULACIOUN, _s._ flattery, XII. 61.
-
-ADVERSAIR, _s._ adversary, XXIV. 1035.
-
-ADVERTENCE, _s._ attention, XI. 61.
-
-ADVERTETH, _imp. pl._ heed, note, XIII. 45.
-
-A-FERD, _pp._ afraid, II. 433; Aferde, I. i. 2. 10.
-
-A-FERE, on fire, X. 129.
-
-A-FERRE, _adv._ afar, VIII. 610.
-
-AFFECT, _s._ desire, I. iii. 9. 43.
-
-AFFECTUOUSLY, _adv._ with desire, I. iii. 6. 64.
-
-AFFERMED, _pp._ affirmed, IV. 13.
-
-AFFICHED, _pp._ fixed, set, I. ii. 9. 28.
-
-AFFIRMATIF, _s._ the affirmative, I. iii. 8. 40.
-
-AFFRAY, _s._ conflict, trouble, XX. 374.
-
-AFFRAYED, _pp._ frightened away, XVIII. 235; frightened, XXIV. 1000.
-
-AFFY, _v._ trust, XXVII. 3; Affye, _pr. pl._ X. 63.
-
-AFORN, _adv._ previously, VIII. 451; X. 107.
-
-AFRAY, _ger._ to frighten, II. 859.
-
-AFTER, _adv._ afterwards, XVI. 380; After as, according as, I. i. _pr._ 44.
-
-AFTER, _prep._ for, I. ii. 3. 35; i.e. to get, I. ii. 14. 94; After oon,
-i.e. always alike, XVI. 161.
-
-AFTER-GAME, _s._ second game, return-match, XVI. 523.
-
-AFTER-REWARD, _s._ following reward, I. iii. 2. 123.
-
-AGADRED, _pp._ gathered together, II. 1335.
-
-AGASTETH, _pr. s._ frightens greatly, I. ii. 7. 77.
-
-AGILTED, _pt. s._ sinned against, II. 1308.
-
-AGNELET, _s._ little lamb, X. 123.
-
-AGNUS-CASTUS (see the note, p. 531), XX. 160.
-
-AGOON, _pp._ gone away, VIII. 24; Ago, XVII. 238.
-
-AGRAMED, _pp._ angered, II. 343.
-
-AGRYSE, _v._ feel terror, II. 360, 841, 1216; XVIII. 15; _pr. pl. subj._
-let them fear, II. 961.
-
-AGUE, _s._ feverish attack, IX. 37.
-
-AIR, _adv._ early, XVII. 82.
-
-AKELE, _v._ cool, XXIV. 1076.
-
-AKEN, _pr. pl._ ache, IV. 260; Ake, VIII. 524.
-
-A-KNOWE, _pp._ perceived, recognised, XXIV. 1199.
-
-AL, _conj._ although, I. i. 7. 61.
-
-ALAY, _s._ alloy, I. ii. 4. 131; Alayes, _pl._ VII. 136.
-
-ALAYE, _v._ allay, VIII. 109.
-
-ALDAY, _adv._ continually, I. i. 2. 162; IV. 270.
-
-ALDER-LAST, _adv._ last of all, VIII. 561.
-
-ALDERNEXT, _adj._ next of all, XV. _a._ 3.
-
-ALE, _s._ ale, II. 432.
-
-ALEGEAUNCE, _s._ alleviation, XVI. 54.
-
-ALEGED, _pp._ alleged, adduced, I. ii. 9. 143.
-
-ALEGEMENT, _s._ alleviation, XII. 32.
-
-ALEGGE, _v._ alleviate (me), XIX. 26.
-
-ALGATE, _adv._ in any case, IV. 249; VIII. 519; always, IV. 271.
-
-ALGATES, _adv._ in all ways, I. iii. 6. 14; at any rate, I. ii. 5. 71.
-
-A-LIGHTE, _v._ be glad, be cheerful, I. i. 3. 71.
-
-ALLEGEAUNCE, _s._ alleviation, relief, XVI. 725; XXIV. 886; XXV. 17.
-
-ALL-HOLYEST, _adj._ holiest of all, II. 201.
-
-ALMESSE, _s._ alms, II. 301; XXIII. 7; Almous, (his) pittance, XVII. 392.
-
-ALMOIGNER, _s._ almoner, I. i. _pr._ 108.
-
-ALOES, _s._ aloes, I. i. 1. 100.
-
-AL-ONLY, _adv._ only, I. iii. 3. 44.
-
-A-LOUGHTER, a-laughing, XXIV. 1426.
-
-AL-OUT, _adv._ altogether outside, XVI. 575.
-
-ALOWE, _pr. s. subj._ may (He) approve, II. 1379; Alowed, _pp._ approved
-of, I. i. 8. 7.
-
-ALS, _adv._ as, XVII. 161, 571; Al-so, as, XII. 85.
-
-ALTERAIT, _pp._ altered, XVII. 227.
-
-ALTHER-GRETTEST, _adj._ greatest of all, very great, XVI. 298.
-
-ALTHER-LAST, _adv._ last of all, VIII. 503.
-
-A-MAISTRY, _v._ conquer, I. ii. 11. 63; rule, I. i. 2. 105; Amaistrien,
-_v._ subdue, I. ii. 11. 32; _pr. s._ masters, overpowers, I. ii. 9. 60;
-compels, I. iii. 6. 157; _pp._ conquered, got by mastery, I. ii. 11. 59;
-overcome, I. i. 4. 28.
-
-AMAT, _pp._ cast down, VIII. 168.
-
-AMAYED, _pp._ dismayed, XVIII. 232.
-
-AMBES AS, double aces, XIII. 78. See note, p. 515.
-
-AMENDES, _s. pl._ amends, retribution, II. 1090.
-
-AMERCED, _pp._ fined, II. 1023.
-
-AMISSE-GOING, _s._ trespass, I. ii. 14. 94.
-
-AMONESTETH, _pr. s._ admonishes, I. i. 6. 109.
-
-AMONG, _adv._ meanwhile, VIII. 154; X. 86; XXI. 300.
-
-AND, _conj._ if, I. i. 8. 13.
-
-ANE, a, XVII. 1.
-
-ANEUCH, _adj._ enough, XVII. 110, 350.
-
-ANGUIS, _adj._ distressful, I. ii. 8. 120; I. ii. 10. 94. See N. E. D.
-
-A-NIGHT, by night, XIX. 23.
-
-ANIS, _adv._ once, XVII. 127.
-
-ANKERS, _s. pl._ anchors, I. ii. 10. 117.
-
-ANON-RIGHT, _adv._ immediately, XX. 397, 402.
-
-ANOY, _s._ vexation, I. ii. 1. 34; Annoy, discomfort, XX. 389.
-
-ANOYNT, _pp._ anointed, IV. 274.
-
-ANTECEDENT, _s._ antecedent statement, premiss, I. ii. 5. 12.
-
-ANULLED, _pp._ annulled, I. iii. 2. 81.
-
-A-PACE, _adv._ quickly, VIII. 120.
-
-APAL, _v._ be appalled, faint, XXII. 15.
-
-APART, _adv._ apart, XXIV. 1400.
-
-APAYED, _pp._ pleased, satisfied, III. 133, 248; Apayd, XXI. 208; _wel a._,
-well pleased, XVIII. 231; _evel a._, ill pleased, XVIII. 92.
-
-APAYRED, _pp._ depreciated, I. ii. 1. 66.
-
-APECHE, _pr. pl._ impeach, XIII. 88; Apeched, _pp._ I. i. 9. 138.
-
-APEND, _v._ belong, II. 666.
-
-A-PER-SE, A by itself, the chief letter, prime thing, XVII. 78.
-
-APERT, _adj._ open; _prevy nor apert_, secret nor open, in no respect, XVI.
-174.
-
-APERTLY, _adv._ openly, I. iii. 8. 108; without concealment, I. i. 8. 29;
-Apertely, I. iii. 2. 28.
-
-APETED, _pp._ sought after, I. ii. 13. 53. See the note, p. 476.
-
-APEYRE, _v._ suffer evil, be harmed, XVIII. 170; Apeyred, _pp._ injured, I.
-iii. 5. 24; defamed, I. i. 6. 11.
-
-APEYSE, _v._ appease, XVI. 391.
-
-A-PLACE, into its right place, IV. 50.
-
-APOSTATA, _s._ apostate, III. 37, 312; Apostatas, _pl._ III. 43.
-
-APPAIR, _v._ blame, harm, XXIV. 416.
-
-APPALLE, _pr. s. subj._ fade, VI. 8.
-
-APPARAILE, _s._ ornamentation, XXIV. 114.
-
-APPARAYLEN, _pr. pl._ attempt, I. i. 6. 171.
-
-APPEIRED, _pp._ impaired, XX. 553; harmed (i.e. much harm is done), I. ii.
-6. 161.
-
-APPERCEYVED,_ pp._ perceived, I. i. 2. 34.
-
-APPERTLY, _adv._ openly, evidently, I. ii. 9. 178.
-
-APPROPRED, _pp._ appropriated, reserved, I. ii. 6. 63; assigned, VI. 34.
-
-APTES, _s. pl._ natural tendencies, I. iii. 6. 60. (Unique.)
-
-AQUYTEST, _pr. s._ payest, I. iii. 7. 152.
-
-AR, _pr. pl._ are; It ar, they are, XVI. 531.
-
-ARAYSE, _ger._ to raise, I. ii. 14. 45.
-
-ARBITREMENT, _s._ choice, I. iii. 2. 128; I. iii. 3. 76.
-
-AREIR, _adv._ behindhand, XVII. 423.
-
-ARERED, _pp._ set up, I. i. 5. 124.
-
-AREST, _s._ spear-rest, XX. 282. 'With spere in thyn _arest_ alway'; Rom.
-Rose, 7561.
-
-AREST, _s._ stopping, arresting, I. ii. 6. 83; arrest, I. ii. 10. 98.
-
-AREYSED, _pp._ raised up, I. ii. 5. 113; raised, V. 144.
-
-ARK, _s._ arc, course, VIII. 590.
-
-ARKE, _s._ ark, X. 134.
-
-ARMONY, _s._ harmony, I. ii. 9. 9; I. ii. 13. 75; XXIV. 1403.
-
-ARMURE, _s._ armour, XIII. 101.
-
-ARN, _pr. pl._ are, VI. 43; IX. 153.
-
-ARRAS, _s._ cloth of Arras, XXIV. 115.
-
-ARSMETRIKE, _s._ arithmetic, I. iii. 1. 68.
-
-ARTED, _pl. s._ provoked, XXIV. 46.
-
-ARTYK, _adj._ northern, XVII. 20.
-
-AS, _with imp._, pray, V. 30; As than, at that time, just then, XVII. 27.
-
-AS, _s. pl._ aces, XIII. 78.
-
-ASH, _s._ ash-tree, VIII. 73.
-
-ASKAUNCE, _adv._ askance, aside, XVI. 604.
-
-ASKER, _s._ one who asks, I. ii. 3. 30.
-
-ASKES, _s. pl._ ashes (i.e. penance), II. 943.
-
-ASKETH, _pr. s._ requires, I. i. _pr._ 124; I. ii. 5. 28.
-
-ASLAKEN, _v._ assuage, XXIV. 710.
-
-ASOTTED, _pp._ besotted, XVI. 682.
-
-ASSAY, _s._ trial, I. i. 5. 53; V. 147; attempt, XVI. 572; Assayes, _pl._
-trials, I. ii. 3. 72.
-
-ASSEMBLED, _pt. s._ brought (them) together, XVI. 691.
-
-ASSENTAUNT, _pres. pt._ assenting, I. i. 6. 53, 87; I. iii. 6. 150.
-
-ASSHEN, _s. pl._ ashes, I. iii. 7. 38.
-
-ASSOMONED, _pp._ summoned, XXIV. 170.
-
-ASSOYLE, _ger._ to explain, I. iii. 4. 18; Asoile, _v._ answer, XXIV. 1283;
-_pp._ explained, I. iii. 4. 255; absolved, III. 312.
-
-ASSYSE, _s._ way, fashion, II. 843; size, XXIV. 1313; _of a._, of a like
-size, suitable to each other, XXI. 531.
-
-ASSYSED, _pp._ fixed, set; _or perhaps_, assessed, rated, IV. 332;
-regulated, IV. 236.
-
-ASTARTE, _pt. s._ escaped, II. 1350.
-
-ASTATE, _s._ estate, rank, XXIV. 47.
-
-ASTERTE, _v._ escape, I. i. 7. 87; V. 38; VIII. 490; start aside, give way,
-I. ii. 1. 70; _pr. s. subj._ escape, IX. 234; _pt. s._ escaped, XXIV. 148.
-
-ASTONIED, _pp._ astonished, I. i. 2. 17; XX. 102.
-
-ASTRANGLED, _pp._ strangled, I. iii. 7. 128.
-
-ASTRAY, _adv._ astray, II. 673; XX. 285.
-
-ASTRONOMYE, _s._ astronomy, I. iii. 1. 69.
-
-ASURED, _pp._ rendered blue, blue, I. ii. 13. 78.
-
-AT, _prep._ from, XVII. 258.
-
-ATASTE, _v._ taste, I. i. 1. 101; I. iii. 7. 7; Atasted, _pp._ I. iii. 5.
-91.
-
-A-THROTED, _pp._ throttled, strangled, I. ii. 5. 71. (Unique.)
-
-ATOUR, _prep._ beyond, XVII. 162.
-
-ATTAME, _v._ subdue (lit. tame), XVI. 707. See _Atame_ in N. E. D.
-
-ATTEMPERAUNCE, _s._ Moderation, XXI. 507.
-
-ATTEMPRE, _adj._ temperate, VIII. 57.
-
-ATTOURNEY, _s._ attorney, I. i. 8. 111; VIII. 281.
-
-ATTYRED, _pp._ attired, II. 192.
-
-AUCTORITE, _s._ authority, I. i. 4. 9; XVI. 137.
-
-AUCTOUR, _s._ author, I. iii. 4. 245.
-
-AUGRIM, _s._ arithmetic, I. ii. 7. 83.
-
-AULD, _adj._ old, XVII. 32.
-
-AUNCESTRYE, _s._ ancestry, IV. 12; Auncetrye, XXIV. 1242.
-
-AUREAT, _adj._ golden, X. 13; XXIV. 817.
-
-AURORE, _s._ dawn, XIX. 22.
-
-AUTER, _s._ altar, I. ii. 2. 57.
-
-AUTHORYSED, _pp._ considered as authoritative, IV. 330; Authoreist, _pp._
-authorised, XVII. 66.
-
-AUTHOUR, _s._ author, I. iii. 1. 169.
-
-AUTUMPNE, _s._ autumn, VIII. 63.
-
-AVAILE, _s._ value; _esier a._, less value, _or_, easier to obtain, XXIV.
-116.
-
-AVANTOURS, _s. pl._ boasters, XVI. 814. See note, p. 520.
-
-AVAUNCE, _s._ advancement, II. 215.
-
-AVAUNCE, _v._ promote, VIII. 354; X. 7; succeed, XIII. 75; _imp. s. refl._
-advance, come forward, approach, XVI. 801; _pt. pl. refl._ advanced, came
-forward, XVI. 157; _pp._ promoted, I. i. 7. 69.
-
-AVAUNCEMENT, _s._ promotion, I. iii. 8. 145.
-
-AVAUNT, _s._ boast, V. 64; XVI. 732.
-
-AVAUNTE, _1 pr. s._ boast, I. i. 6. 186; _pr. pl._ boast, I. ii. 2. 124.
-
-AVAUNTOUR, _s._ boaster, XVI. 735, 739; Avaunter, Boaster, XXIV. 1219.
-
-AVAYL, _s._ prevalence, XXI. 649.
-
-AVAYL, _v._ be of use, II. 1080; _pp._ made valid, IV. 191; _pres. pt._
-useful, I. i. 7. 96.
-
-AVENTURE, _s._ fortune, XVI. 499; luck, XVI. 856.
-
-AVER, _s._ wealth, I. i. 10. 19. A. F. _aveir_, F. _avoir_.
-
-AVISEE, _adj._ prudent, IX. 215; XII. 4.
-
-AVOIDE, _ger._ to depart, I. i. 1. 131.
-
-AVOW, _s._ vow, II. 29; XVIII. 229; Avowe, IX. 93.
-
-AVOWE, _v._ vow, IV. 243; XVIII. 229; own, acknowledge (it), II. 1374.
-
-AVOWING, _s._ vowing, I. i. 3. 64.
-
-AVOWRIES, _s. pl._ protectors, III. 355.
-
-AVYSE, _s._ advice, XVI. 225; XXI. 189; consideration, VIII. 464.
-
-AVYSEMENT, _s._ consideration, VIII. 278; XVIII. 272.
-
-AVYSENESSE, _s._ Advisedness, XXI. 343.
-
-AVYSINGE, _pres. pt._ considering, I. i. 4. 5.
-
-AWAYT, _s._ lying in wait, watching an opportunity, XVI. 341; attendance,
-VIII. 408; ambush, snare, XVI. 778.
-
-AWAYTE, _v._ wait, XVI. 474; _ger._ to wait for, try, XVI. 555.
-
-AWAYWARD, _adv._ away, I. i. 1. 115; aside, XVI. 89.
-
-A-WERKE, at work, I. ii. 3. 124; I. iii. 6. 67.
-
-A-WHAPED, _pp._ amazed, VIII. 168.
-
-AWIN, _adj._ own, XVII. 275.
-
-AWREKE, _pp._ avenged, XVIII. 215.
-
-AWTER, _s._ alter, XXIV. 325.
-
-AXE, _v._ ask, III. 24.
-
-AXING, _s._ asking, request, V. 122.
-
-AY, _s._ egg, II. 862.
-
-AYEIN, _adv._ back again, XVI. 504.
-
-AYEN-BRINGE, _v._ bring back, I. i. 2. 77.
-
-AYENCOMING, _pres. pt._ returning, I. iii. 9. 66.
-
-AYENES, _prep._ in return for, II. 1297; Ayens, ready for, VIII. 63.
-
-AYEN-LOOKING, _pres. pt._ looking back, I. i. 8. 17.
-
-AYENST, _prep._ against, II. 826.
-
-AYENTURNING, _s._ power of turning again, I. ii. 7. 136.
-
-AYENWARD, _adv._ back again, I. ii. 6. 15; in return, I. i. 2. 102; on the
-contrary, on the other hand, I. iii. 4. 130; XVI. 18.
-
-AYRE, _s._ air, XVI. 384.
-
-AZURE, _s._ azure, i.e. _lapis lazuli_, I. iii. 5. 124, 132.
-
-
-
-BADDE, _adj._ bad, evil, I. ii. 13. 11.
-
-BADDE-MENINGE, _adj._ ill-intentioned, I. ii. 1. 94; I. ii. 13. 16.
-
-BAID, _pt. s._ abode, XVII. 490.
-
-BAILL, _s._ bale, sorrow, XVII. 110; harm, XVII. 413.
-
-BAIR, _s._ boar, XVII. 193.
-
-BAIR, _adj._ bare, XVII. 180, 206.
-
-BAIT, _s._ food (for horses), XVII. 210.
-
-BAIT, _v._ feed, XXIV. 194 (see note, p. 543); Baited, _pp._ baited, II.
-648.
-
-BAKBYTE, _ger._ to backbite, XII. 124.
-
-BAKKER-MORE, _adv._ further back, XVI. 85.
-
-BAL, _s._ ball, IV. 296; eye-ball, I. i. 4. 2.
-
-BALAUNCE, _s._ balance, IV. 263; the balance, XIII. 91; _in b._, in His
-sway, XVI. 851.
-
-BALAYS, _s._ balas-ruby, XXI. 536; Baleis, XXIV. 80.
-
-BALE, _s._ evil, I. ii. 9. 143.
-
-BALEFULL, _adj._ evil, II. 120, 1234.
-
-BALKE, _s._ balk, check, difficulty, II. 488.
-
-BALL, _s._ a horse's name, II. 402.
-
-BALLET, _s._ ballad, poem, XVII. 610.
-
-BANDON, _s._ disposal, I. ii. 5. 107.
-
-BANERE, _s._ banner, XX. 211.
-
-BANKES, _s. pl._ banks, I. ii. 14. 44. See note to l. 40, p. 478.
-
-BANKOURIS, _s. pl._ benches, soft seats, XVII. 417.
-
-BANNE, _pr. pl._ swear, XXIV. 1143.
-
-BAPTYME, _s._ baptism, III. 93.
-
-BAR, _pt. s._ bore, carried, XX. 254, 257.
-
-BAREYNE, _adj._ barren, void, V. 298.
-
-BARGARET, _s._ a pastoral song, XX. 348. See note, p. 533.
-
-BARGE, _s._ boat, XXIV. 187; ship, IV. 231.
-
-BASELARDES, _s. pl._ short swords, II. 918.
-
-BASSE, _s._ base, I. ii. 7. 90.
-
-BASSE, _s._ kiss, buss, XXIV. 797.
-
-BATAYLED, _pp._ assaulted, IV. 194.
-
-BAUDRIKS, _s. pl._ belts, II. 918.
-
-BAUME, _s._ balm, VIII. 27.
-
-BAWME-BLOSSOM, _s._ balm-blossom, X. 47.
-
-BAY, _s._ bay; _at bay_, II. 139.
-
-BAYN, _s._ bath, XXI. 464.
-
-BAY-WINDOW, _s._ window with a bay or recess, XXIV. 1058; _pl._ XXI. 163.
-
-BE, _adv._ by the time that, when, XVII. 358.
-
-BEAU, _adj._ fair, XXIV. 1085.
-
-BEDE, _pt. s._ bade, II. 1229.
-
-BEDRED, _adj._ bedridden, III. 119.
-
-BEDREINT, _pp._ drenched, wetted, XXIV. 577.
-
-BEESTLY, _adj._ animal, I. ii. 2. 79.
-
-BEET, _pt. s._ beat, II. 1353.
-
-BEFORE-WETING, _s._ foreknowledge, I. iii. 4. 63; Beforn-, I. iii. 4. 49.
-
-BEFORE-WIST, _pp._ foreknown, I. iii. 4. 154.
-
-BEGETEN, _pp._ begotten, I. iii. 4. 123; Begete, II. 1030.
-
-BEGGAIR, _s._ beggar, XVII. 483.
-
-BEGONNE, _pt. pl._ began, XVIII. 70; _pp._ IV. 22.
-
-BEHAVE, _v._ behave (himself), I. i. 10. 16.
-
-BEHEST, _s._ promise, I. i. 2. 93; _pl._ I. ii. 3. 38.
-
-BEHESTEN, _pr. pl._ promise, III. 334.
-
-BEHIGHT, _1 pr. s._ promise, assure, XX. 396; _pt. s._ promised, IV. 41;
-(apparently) commanded, XVI. 259.
-
-BEHOLD, _pp._ beheld, XXIV. 279.
-
-BEHOTEN, _pp._ promised, I. iii. 8. 76.
-
-BEHOVE, _s._ behoof, I. ii. 3. 86.
-
-BEHOVELY, _adj._ fit, suitable, IV. 304.
-
-BEIKIT, _1 pt. s._ warmed, XVII. 36.
-
-BEILDIT, _pp._ built, XVII. 97.
-
-BEING, _s._ existence, I. ii. 5. 29.
-
-BEINGE-PLACE, _s._ home, I. iii. 5. 77.
-
-BE-KNOWE, _ger._ to acknowledge, I. ii. 1. 127.
-
-BELCHERE, _s._ Good Cheer, XXI. 322.
-
-BELEVE, _s._ belief, XVI. 426; XVIII. 162.
-
-BELEVED, _pp._ left, I. ii. 10. 109.
-
-BELIVE, _adv._ at once, XVII. 331.
-
-BELLE, _s._ bell, VIII. 262; _gen._ II. 40.
-
-BENCHED, _pp._ provided with benches, VIII. 126; XX. 50.
-
-BENCHES, _s. pl._ benches, or banks of turf, XXI. 49.
-
-BEND, _s._ band, girdle, XXIV. 810; Bendes, _pl._ bonds, II. 537.
-
-BENE, _adv._ excellently, XVII. 417.
-
-BENE, _s._ bean, XXIV. 796.
-
-BENE-BREED, _s._ bean-bread, I. ii. 2. 56.
-
-BENIMEN, _v._ take away, I. i. 9. 77.
-
-BEQUATH, _pt. s._ bequeathed, IV. 178.
-
-BERAFT, _pp._ bereft, I. i. 10. 53; V. 362.
-
-BERAYNED, _pp._ rained upon, X. 128.
-
-BERE, _s._ bear, II. 139, 648.
-
-BERE HIM IN HONDE, make him believe, III. 323; _pt. pl._ bore, carried, XX.
-213, 223; Berest in honde, _2 pr. s._ accusest, III. 153; Beren on honde,
-accuse falsely, V. 274.
-
-BEREL, _s._ beryl, VIII. 37; XXI. 455.
-
-BERNES, _s. pl._ barns, I. i. 3. 31.
-
-BESEEN, _pp._ adorned, XX. 169; Besene, arrayed, XVII. 416.
-
-BESETTE, _v._ bestow, place, I. i. 9. 72; XI. 15; _pp._ bestowed, XXIV.
-391; used, II. 1040; set up, VIII. 352.
-
-BE-SEYN, _pp._ adorned, XII. 9; XXIV. 121.
-
-BESHET, _pp._ shut up, I. i. 3. 99.
-
-BESMYTETH, _pr. s._ defiles, I. ii. 6. 127. See the note, p. 469.
-
-BESPRAD, _pt. pl._ spread over, XXIV. 266.
-
-BESTAD, _pp._ hardly beset, IV. 88; Be-sted, _pp._ bestead, circumstanced,
-II. 403.
-
-BESTIAL, _adj._ bestial, I. ii. 4. 4; I. ii. 10. 12.
-
-BESTIALLICH, _adj._ bestial, I. ii. 4. 45.
-
-BESTIALTE. _s._ fleshliness, I. iii. 9. 48.
-
-BESWINKE, _ger._ to toil for, I. i. 1. 40.
-
-BET, _adv._ better, VIII. 337; XXII. 54.
-
-BETAKE, _pp._ committed (to), I. ii. 6. 42.
-
-BETE, _pp._ adorned with beaten gold, XX. 212.
-
-BETEICH, _1 pr. s._ bequeath, XVII. 577.
-
-BETEN, _v._ kindle, XXIV. 324.
-
-BETIDEN (= betidden), _pt. pl._ happened (to), I. i. _pr._ 122.
-
-BETOKENETH, _pr. s._ means, III. 50.
-
-BETRAPPED, _pp._ entrapped, V. 252.
-
-BETRAYDEN, _pt. pl._ betrayed, V. 198.
-
-BETRAYSSHED, _pt. s._ betrayed, I. ii. 7. 118.
-
-BETTERER, _adj._ better, I. ii. 13. 71.
-
-BEVAR, _adj._ made of beaver, XVII. 386.
-
-BEWENT, _pp._ turned aside, I. i. 1. 21.
-
-BEWRYE, _v._ disclose, utter, XXIV. 1358.
-
-BICCHE, _s._ bitch, II. 889.
-
-BIGGE, _ger._ to build, II. 473.
-
-BIGON, _pp._ beset; _wel b._, well placed, well situate, in a good position
-or case, XX. 186. See _Bego_ in the New E. Dict.
-
-BIL, _s._ petition, XXI. 325; Billes, _pl._ XXI. 352.
-
-BILEVED, _pp._ believed, I. ii. 6. 20.
-
-BILOWEN, _pp._ lied against, belied, V. 196.
-
-BIQUATH, _pt. s._ bequeathed, VII. 68.
-
-BIT, _pr. s._ bids, XXIV. 469.
-
-BITTE, _s._ bit, I. ii. 6. 83.
-
-BLA, _adj._ livid, XVII. 159. Icel. _blar_.
-
-BLABBING, _pres. pt._ prattling, V. 116.
-
-BLAIKNIT, _pp._ lit. made bleak, deprived, XVII. 410.
-
-BLASOURS, _s._ proclaimers, trumpeters, I. i. 10. 10.
-
-BLEMISSHED, _pp._ injured, I. ii. 12. 93.
-
-BLEND, _pp._ blinded, II. 852.
-
-BLENK, _s._ glance, look, XVII. 499.
-
-BLENKING, _s._ look, XVII. 503.
-
-BLENT, _pp._ blinded, II. 771; VIII. 461 (see note, p. 508).
-
-BLERE, _adj._ blear, dim, I. ii. 1. 123.
-
-BLERED, _pp._ bleared, dimmed, V. 105.
-
-BLISS, _1 pr. s._ bless, XXIV. 862.
-
-BLOBERE, _v._ to blubber, to sob, I. ii. 3. 59.
-
-BLUSTRINGE (_probably for_ bluschinge), _s._ brightness, I. i. 2. 20. See
-note, p. 454.
-
-BLYFE; _as bl._, as quickly as possible, XXIV. 161; heartily, XXIV. 404; as
-soon as possible, IX. 111; XXIV. 1441.
-
-BLYVELY, _adv._ soon, I. iii. 4. 19.
-
-BOCHOUR, _s._ butcher, II. 584.
-
-BODE, _1 pt. s._ remained, XXIV. 1351.
-
-BODEN, _pp._ bidden, III. 134.
-
-BOISTOUSLY, _adv._ rudely, XX. 595.
-
-BOKET, _s._ bucket, I. iii. 1. 145.
-
-BOLDED, _pp._ emboldened, XVI. 26.
-
-BOLE, _s._ bull, I. i. 5. 127; XX. 3; Taurus, VIII. 4.
-
-BOLLEN, _pp._ swollen, overcharged, VIII. 101.
-
-BOLNE, _ger._ to swell, I. ii. 14. 42.
-
-BOND, _s._ bond, II. 681.
-
-BOND, _pt. s._ bound, VIII. 623.
-
-BONDMEN, _s. pl._ serfs, II. 1009.
-
-BOOD, _1 pt. s._ abode, XVI. 99.
-
-BOON, _s._ boon, petition, XXI. 621.
-
-BOOT, _s._ boat, XIII. 56.
-
-BORDES, _s. pl._ tables, XVI. 101.
-
-BORDURE, _s._ border, rim, VIII. 594.
-
-BORE, _s._ boar, VIII. 386.
-
-BOREN, _v._ bore, I. i. 4. 2.
-
-BORNE, _ger._ to burnish, ornament, adorn, XXIV. 9.
-
-BOROWE, _s._ pledge; _to b._, as a security, VIII. 12.
-
-BOSARDES, _s. pl._ buzzards, II. 1337.
-
-BOSSE, _s._ stud, boss, XX. 246.
-
-BOST, _s._ boast, V. 234.
-
-BOSTEOUS, _adj._ noisy, XVII. 195.
-
-BOSTER, _s._ boaster, II. 401.
-
-BOTE, _s._ good, benefit, VII. 56; help, XX. 83.
-
-BOTH, _s._ booth, tabernacle, I. ii. 10. 95.
-
-BOUK, _s._ body; _bouk and boon_, body and bone, X. 122. See New E. D.
-
-BOUN, _adj._ ready, IV. 17; XVII. 600.
-
-BOUR, _s._ bower, II. 120.
-
-BOWE, _v._ bend, give way, XVI. 491, 492.
-
-BOWES, _s. pl._ boughs, VIII. 53, 583.
-
-BOYSTOUS, _adj._ rough, boisterous, I. i. _pr._ 7; II. 139; rough, poor,
-lowly, II. 1052; rude, XXII. 26.
-
-BRAK, _pt. s._ brake, V. 378.
-
-BRAST, _pt. s._ burst, XVIII. 210; _1 pt. s._ I. i. 4. 1; _pt. pl._ XX.
-490; penetrated, XVII. 15.
-
-BRAUNCHELET, _s._ small branch, X. 44.
-
-BRAUNCHES, _s. pl._ branches, I. iii. 7. 4.
-
-BRAVIE, _s._ prize of running, X. 65. See note.
-
-BRAYD, _s._ moment, XXIV. 1173.
-
-BRAYING, _pres. pt._ clanging, II. 166.
-
-BREDE, _s._ breadth, VIII. 162; XX. 43.
-
-BREIRD, _s._ lit. blade (of grass, &c.); _on br._, in growth, on the
-increase, XVII. 413.
-
-BREIST, _s._ breast, XVII. 110.
-
-BRENNE, _pr. s. subj._ burn, XVIII. 105; _pr. pl._ XVIII. 35; Brende, _1
-pt. s._ burnt, XI. 6; _pt. s. subj._ should burn, I. ii. 6. 29; Brent, _pt.
-s._ burnt, XXIV. 232; Brent, _pp._ II. 1234; Brend, _pp._ II. 674; _pres.
-pt._ burning, I. i. 3. 101; Brennende, I. i. 1. 21; Brennande, I. i. 1.
-104.
-
-BRENNINGLY, _adv._ hotly, V. 239.
-
-BRENT, _adj._ high, smooth, XVII. 173.
-
-BRETHERHEDES, _s. pl._ brotherhoods, III. 88.
-
-BRID, _s._ bird, XVIII. 260, 270; Briddes, _pl._ VIII. 43; XVIII. 262.
-
-BRIGE, _s._ contention, trouble, I. i. 7. 104. See note, p. 460.
-
-BRIND, _adj._ hot (lit. burnt), XXIV. 319. See note, p. 544.
-
-BRINKE, _s._ brink, edge, margin, I. ii. 14. 41; VIII. 90.
-
-BROCHED, _pt. s._ violated, XXIV. 1234.
-
-BROCHES, _s._ brooches, II. 904.
-
-BROKE, _s. dat._ brook, XVIII. 217; -syde, brook-side, XVIII. 60.
-
-BROKEN, _pp._ torn, I. ii. 2. 65.
-
-BROSTE, _pp._ burst, XI. 99. See BRAST.
-
-BROTEL, _adj._ brittle, frail, I. i. 10. 110.
-
-BROTELNESSE, _s._ frailty, XIII. 22.
-
-BROUK, _2 pr. pl._ use, make use of, enjoy, XXI. 259.
-
-BROWDERED, _pp._ braided, XXIV. 811; ornamented, XVII. 417.
-
-BRUKILNES, _s._ frailty, XVII. 86.
-
-BRUKKIL, _adj._ brittle, XVII. 569.
-
-BRYDEL, _ger._ to restrain, I. ii. 6. 83.
-
-BUCKELERS, _s. pl._ bucklers, II. 917.
-
-BUCKET, _s._ bucket, II. 298. See note.
-
-BUIT, _s._ advantage, profit, help, XVII. 481. See BOTE.
-
-BULLAR, _s._ bubble, XVII. 192.
-
-BULLE, _s._ bull, IV. 208.
-
-BURELY, _adj._ fit for a lady's bower, XVII. 417; handsome, XVII. 173;
-large, XVII. 180. See p. 524.
-
-BURJONEN, _v._ bud, I. iii. 7. 51.
-
-BURJONING, _s._ budding, bud, I. ii. 11. 105; I. iii. 7. 45.
-
-BURJONING-TYME, _s._ time of budding, I. iii. 7. 70.
-
-BURJONS, _s. pl._ buds, I. iii. 7. 49.
-
-BUSKIT, _pp._ adorned, XVII. 255.
-
-BUSTEOUS, _adj._ boisterous, rough, XVII. 153; huge, XVII. 166. See
-BOYSTOUS.
-
-BUT, _prep._ without, I. iii. 4. 135; XVII. 94, 194; except, I. iii. 6. 40.
-
-BUT-IF, _conj._ unless, I. i. 1. 124; I. ii. 7. 86.
-
-BUXOM, _adj._ obedient, hence, subject, I. i. 9. 40.
-
-BUXUMNESSE, _s._ obedience, VI. 11.
-
-BY, _prep._ with reference to, XVII. 278; By that, for the reason that, I.
-i. 7. 57.
-
-BY AND BY, in due order, IX. 226; XX. 59, 145.
-
-BYE, _v._ buy, I. i. 3. 123; _1 pr. s._ VIII. 435.
-
-BYLIS, _s. pl._ boils, tumours, XVII. 395.
-
-BY-PATHES, _s. pl._ by-ways, I. i. 4. 42.
-
-BYTE, _v._ bite, devour, II. 576; Bytande, _pres. pt._ biting, bitter, I.
-i. 10. 90.
-
-
-
-CABLES, _s. pl._ cables, I. ii. 10. 117.
-
-CACCHENDE, _pres. pt._ catching, comprehensive, I. ii. 1. 57.
-
-CACCHING, _s._ getting money, II. 1017.
-
-CACE, _s._ case; _in c._, perchance, XVII. 507.
-
-CAIRFUL, _adj._ full of care, mournful, XVII. 1, 310.
-
-CAITIF, _adj._ wretched, XXIV. 205.
-
-CAITIVED, Caytifved, _pp._ imprisoned, kept as a captive, I. i. 1. 16.
-
-CALD, _adj._ cold, XVII. 541.
-
-CALL, _s._ caul, head-dress, II. 338.
-
-CALL, _adj._ (_prob. error for_ Tall), II. 466. See UNTALL.
-
-CALM, _s._ calm, VII. 140.
-
-CAN, _1 pr. s._ know, possess, XVI. 733; _can pas_, did pass, went, XVII.
-28; _can discend_, caused to descend, XVII. 6; Canst, _pr. s._ knowest, II.
-1073.
-
-CAPTYVES, _s. pl._ wretches, captives, II. 291.
-
-CARDIACLE, _s._ a disease of the heart, pain in the heart, I. ii. 11. 125.
-
-CARDINALL, _s._ cardinal, II. 314, 456.
-
-CARE, _s._ misery, I. i. 3. 118.
-
-CARECKES, _s. pl._ characters, marks, II. 542.
-
-CARKE, _v._ be anxious, II. 250, 1123.
-
-CARPEN, _1 pr. pl._ talk about, discuss, I. ii. 8. 30.
-
-CASSIDONY, _s._ chalcedony, XXI. 478. See note.
-
-CAST ME, _1 pt. s._ designed, intended, XVI. 80.
-
-CASUEL, _adj._ subject to chance, XXII. 44.
-
-CATEL, _s._ wealth, I. ii. 5. 56; Catell, II. 385; Cattal, II. 250.
-
-CATHEDRALS, _s. pl._ cathedrals, II. 313.
-
-CATTEL-CACCHING, _s._ getting money, II. 856.
-
-CAULD, _s._ cold, XVII. 7.
-
-CAUSEFUL, _adj._ circumstantial, weighty, I. iii. 5. 54.
-
-CAUTEL, _s._ trick, III. 303; Cautele, V. 286; _pl._ deceits, XXII. 50.
-
-CAWDELL, _s._ a warm gruel, mixed with wine or ale, and sweetened or
-spiced, given chiefly to sick people, XXIV. 438. See _Caudle_ in the N. E.
-D.
-
-CAYTIF, _s._ captive, wretch, I. i. 1. 122; _pl._ II. 71.
-
-CAYTIFNESSE, _s._ captivity, wretchedness, I. i. 2. 31.
-
-CAYTIVE, _adj._ wretched, XVII. 408.
-
-CEDRE, _s._ cedar, X. 39; _pl._ VIII. 67.
-
-CEDULE, _s._ schedule, writing, XXI. 345.
-
-CELLER, _s._ cellar, I. ii. 2. 27.
-
-CELSITUDE, _s._ highness, XXIV. 611.
-
-CELURED, _pp._ ceiled, canopied, VIII. 52.
-
-CERCLE, _s._ circle, XXI. 536.
-
-CEREAL, _adj._; _c. okes_, holm-oaks, XX. 209. See note.
-
-CESSE, _ger._ to cease, XVI. 37; Cessing that, when that ceases, V. 415.
-
-CHACE, _s._ chase (at tennis), IV. 295. See note.
-
-CHAFED, _pp._ heated, warmed, I. ii. 12. 8; Chafinge, _pr. pt._ I. ii. 12.
-8.
-
-CHAFFREN, _pr. pl._ bargain for, II. 146.
-
-CHAIR, _s._ chariot, car, XVII. 204; XX. 1.
-
-CHALENGE, _v._ claim, I. i. 10. 66; _1 pr. s._ claim, XVI. 233; _pr. pl._
-III. 22.
-
-CHALMER, _s._ chamber, XVII. 28, 416.
-
-CHAMBERER, _s._ lady of the chamber, XXIV. 158.
-
-CHANONS, _s. pl._ canons, II. 717, 1062; III. 280.
-
-CHAPELAYNS, _s. pl._ chaplains, III. 348.
-
-CHAPELET, _s._ chaplet, XX. 154, 236; Chapelets, _pl._ XX. 159, 161, 209,
-222.
-
-CHAPITRE, _s._ chapter, I. iii. 9. 21.
-
-CHAPMAN, _s._ trader, III. 147; Chapmen, _pl._ III. 128.
-
-CHAPTER-HOUSE, _s._ chapter-house, III. 75.
-
-CHAR, _s._ chariot, VII. 177; VIII. 595.
-
-CHARGE, _s._ responsibility, VIII. 328; XVI. 469; burden, I. i. 3. 15;
-blame, XXIV. 186; _pl._ burdens, I. ii. 7. 69.
-
-CHASE, _pr. pl._ chase, persecute, II. 1322.
-
-CHASE, _pt. s._ chose, XVI. 166.
-
-CHAUNCELLERE, _s._ chancellor, XXI. 507.
-
-CHAUNSEL, _s._ chancel, I. ii. 2. 63.
-
-CHAUNTEMENTS, _s. pl._ enchantments, I. i. 9. 28.
-
-CHAUNTOURS, _s._ singers, II. 870.
-
-CHAYRE, _s._ throne, XXI. 476.
-
-CHEES; see CHESE.
-
-CHERE, _s._ demeanour, XXIV. 575; good cheer, XVI. 95; _pl._ looks, XIV. 8.
-
-CHERELICH, _adj._ prodigal, II. 1050. Read _not cherelich_; see note, p.
-491.
-
-CHERYCE, _v._ cherish, VII. 16; Cheryse, XXIV. 893.
-
-CHESE, _ger._ to choose, I. ii. 10. 21; Chesen, _ger._ VII. 185; _1 pr. s._
-IX. 249; _imp. s._ _3 p._ let him choose, XVI. 313; Chees, _pt. s._ chose,
-IV. 31; VIII. 395; Cheisit, _pt. pl._ chose, XVII. 265.
-
-CHESING, _s._ choice, IX. 15.
-
-CHESTE, _s._ chest, VIII. 227.
-
-CHEVERIT, _pt. pl._ shivered, shook, XVII. 156. See CHIVER.
-
-CHEVISAUNCE, _s._ usury, dealing for profit, XII. 53.
-
-CHEVYCE, _v._ preserve, V. 325.
-
-CHID, _pp._ chid (pp. of _chide_), XVIII. 267.
-
-CHILDING, _pres. pt._ bearing a child, X. 139.
-
-CHIPPES, _s. pl._ chips, I. i. 9. 20.
-
-CHIVER, _1 pr. s._ shiver, VIII. 230.
-
-CHORL, _s._ churl, VIII. 390.
-
-CHOSE, _pp._ chosen, IV. 4.
-
-CHOWETH, _pr. s._ chews, II. 258.
-
-CHRISTNED, _pp._ christened (person), II. 101.
-
-CHURLICH, _adj._ churlish, poor, II. 1051.
-
-CIRCUTE, _s._ circuit; _c. cours_, complete course, I. iii. 7. 75.
-
-CITOLE, _s._ zedoary, X. 71.
-
-CLADDE, _pp. pl._ clothed, II. 1014.
-
-CLAM, _pt. s._ climbed, XVII. 550.
-
-CLAMURE, _ger._ to clamour, I. i. 6. 120.
-
-CLAPPE, _pr. pl._ prate, V. 328; Clappen, I. i. 8. 33; Clappeth, _pr. s._
-prates, V. 142.
-
-CLAPPER, _s._ clap-dish, as carried by lepers, XVII. 343, 387.
-
-CLATTER, _ger._ to proclaim, applaud, I. i. 8. 24.
-
-CLERGION, _s._ chorister-boy, I. ii. 2. 62.
-
-CLEPE, _1 pr. s._ cry, VIII. 285; _pr. pl._ call, name, VI. 6; _pr. pl._
-II. 201; _imp. s._ call, I. ii. 14. 75; _pt. pl._ called, I. ii. 2. 96;
-_pp._ I. iii. 4. 154; V. 16.
-
-CLIM, _v._ climb, XVII. 263.
-
-CLINKE, _s._ clink, sound, II. 40.
-
-CLIPPINGES, _s. pl._ embraces, I. i. 5. 97.
-
-CLIPS, _s._ eclipse, I. ii. 2. 15; I. ii. 6. 94.
-
-CLOKES, _s. pl._ cloaks, XX. 207.
-
-CLOSE, _pr. pl._ are included, come together, I. iii. 4. 165; _pp._
-enclosed, I. i. 1. 133; XXI. 52.
-
-COACCION, _s._ compulsion, I. iii. 3. 53.
-
-COARTED, _pp._ constrained, I. i. 6. 157; compelled, I. iii. 3. 63.
-
-COCKES, _s._ (_for_ Goddes), II. 1271.
-
-COCKLE, _s._ darnel, I. ii. 1. 93.
-
-COCKLE, _s._ shell, X. 128.
-
-COCOLD, _s._ cuckold, XXIV. 410.
-
-COFREN, _ger._ to put in a chest, II. 107.
-
-COKKOW, _s._ cuckoo, XXIV. 1422.
-
-COLERS, _s. pl._ collars, XX. 215.
-
-COLES, _s. pl._ coals, i.e. charcoal, I. i. _pr._ 15.
-
-COLLATIOUN, _s._ banquet, XVII. 418.
-
-COLLINGES, _s. pl._ embracings, I. ii. 14. 12.
-
-COLOUR, _s._ pretence, III. 3, 341; VIII. 425.
-
-COLUMBE, _s._ dove, X. 79.
-
-COLUMPNE, _s._ column, X. 136.
-
-COM OF, be quick! XXI. 244; Come of, come on, I. i. 3. 14.
-
-COMBERAUNCE, _s._ trouble, XXI. 430.
-
-COMBRED, _pp._ encumbered, burdened, I. i. 3. 103.
-
-COMFORTABLE, _adj._ comforting, I. ii. 2. 1.
-
-COMINALTEE, _s._ a community, I. i. 6. 65.
-
-COMMENDE, _pres. pt._ coming, I. iii. 3. 74.
-
-COMMENS, _s._ commons, rations of food, I. i. 7. 106.
-
-COMMENS, _s. pl._ the commons, I. i, 7. 64.
-
-COMMENSAL, _adj._ partaking of a common repast, feeding with others, I. i.
-4. 25.
-
-COMMINALTE, _s._ commons, II. 654; _pl._ communities, I. iii. 1. 89.
-
-COMMING, _pres. pt. as adj._ future, sure to happen, I. iii. 3. 26; I. iii.
-3. 82.
-
-COMODITE, _s._ advantage, I. iii. 8. 155.
-
-COMONALTE, _s._ commonalty, XXIV. 1209.
-
-COMPARACION, _s._ comparison, I. ii. 11. 35.
-
-COMPARISONED, _pp._ compared, I. i. _pr._ 49; I. i. 1. 68; I. ii. 13. 50.
-
-COMPAS, _s._ circuit, XX. 54; _a certain of c._, within a certain distance
-round, XVI. 193; _of compas_, in a circle, XXI. 53.
-
-COMPASSED, _pp._ contrived, V. 369.
-
-COMPTETH, _pr. s._ accounts, I. iii. 5. 45; Compted, _pp._ accounted, I.
-ii. 10. 16; counted, I. ii. 5. 77.
-
-COMPULCION, _s._ compulsion, I. iii. 2. 145.
-
-COMUNE WELE, commonwealth, I. i. 6. 84.
-
-CON, _ger._ to observe, note, XXIV. 379.
-
-CONCEIT, _s._ liking, fancy, XVI. 442; Conceyt, XVI. 476; imagination, V.
-364; XVI. 791.
-
-CONCLUDE, _v._ include, I. ii. 11. 111. See note, p. 475.
-
-CONCLUSIOUN, _s._ result, XIII. 77.
-
-CONCOURS, _s._ due course, XIII. 35.
-
-CONDING, _adj._ excellent, XVII. 446.
-
-CONDUIT, _s._ conduit, X. 32.
-
-CONDUITE, _v._ conduct, demean, XVI. 536.
-
-CONFESSOURES, _s. pl._ confessors, III. 336.
-
-CONFITEOR, _s._ confession, III. 353.
-
-CONFORMES, _adj. pl._ similar, shewing conformity (with), like (to), I.
-iii. 4. 122.
-
-CONFOUNDE, _v._ confuse, trouble, VIII. 481.
-
-CONGELED, _pp._ congealed, I. ii. 12. 52.
-
-CONGELEMENT, _s._ congealment, I. ii. 12. 39.
-
-CONISAUNCE, _s._ cognisance, badge, I. i. 5. 113.
-
-CONJECTEMENTS, _s._ devices, I. ii. 3. 73.
-
-CONJUNCCION, _s._ conjunction, I. iii. 1. 113; conjoining, I. ii. 5. 40.
-
-CONJURACIONS, _s. pl._ conspiracies, I. i. 6. 54.
-
-CONNE, _v._ know how (to), I. i. 1. 96; I. iii. 3. 120; be able, I. ii. 4.
-37; _pr. pl._ know, II. 413, 842; IV. 24; can, V. 18; may, I. iii. 7. 160.
-
-CONNECCION, _s._ connexion, I. ii. 8. 56.
-
-CONNING, _s._ skill, I. i. _pr._ 99.
-
-CONSERVATRICE, _s._ preserver. X. 117.
-
-CONSIGNED, _pp._ dedicated, X. 37.
-
-CONSISTORY, _s._ consistory-court, II. 880.
-
-CONSTAUNCE, _s._ constancy, XIII. 3.
-
-CONSTREWE, _v._ construe, translate, I. ii. 2. 7; _imp. s._ I. iii. 6. 148.
-
-CONTENENCE, _s._ continence, XXVI. 2.
-
-CONTINGENCE, _s._ contingence, conditional state, I. ii. 9. 181.
-
-CONTINGENT, _adj._ contingent, I. i. 4. 56; conditional, I. ii. 9. 147.
-
-CONTRADICCION, _s._ a contradiction, I. ii. 11. 116.
-
-CONTRADICTORIE, _s._ opposite, I. ii. 13. 129.
-
-CONTRARIAUNT, _adj._ opposing, I. iii. 2. 96; Contrariant, I. ii. 9. 65;
-Contrariauntes, _pl._ contravening, I. i. 5. 64.
-
-CONTRARIEN, _pr. pl._ contradict (it), II. 936; _pt. s. subj._ should
-contradict, I. ii. 4. 117; would oppose, I. iii. 2. 152.
-
-CONTRARIES, _s. pl._ contrary things, I. ii. 6. 11.
-
-CONTRARIOUS, _adj._ contrary, I. ii. 6. 95.
-
-CONTRARIOUSTE, _s._ contrariety, I. ii. 8. 50; contradiction, I. iii. 4.
-229; opposition, I. iii. 1. 125.
-
-CONTRARY-DOERS, _s. pl._ trespassers, I. iii. 2. 8.
-
-CONVENIENT, _adj._ fitting, suitable, XI. 1; XX. 119; XXIV. 786.
-
-COP, _s._ cup, XVII. 343, 387.
-
-COP, _s._ top, I. iii. 1. 151.
-
-COPE, _s._ cope, cape, III. 51; I. i. 3. 149; _pl._ XXIV. 116.
-
-CORNES, _s. pl._ grains of corn, I. i. 5. 85.
-
-COROWNED, _pp._ crowned, I. iii. 2. 12.
-
-COSINAGE, _s._ relationship, I. ii. 2. 101; relatives, I. ii. 2. 99.
-
-COST, _s._ side, XX. 76; _pl._ coasts, regions, XXIV. 58.
-
-COSTAGES, _s. pl._ expenses, I. i. 2. 139.
-
-COSTEY, _v._ coast along, VIII. 36.
-
-COTE, _s._ coat, I. iii. 7. 132.
-
-COUCHED, _pp._ set, XXI. 529.
-
-COUDE, _pt. pl._ knew, XVIII. 71.
-
-COUNTEN, _pr. pl._ (they) count, expect, II. 927.
-
-COUNTENAUNCE, _s._ sign, I. ii. 7. 122; semblance, XVI. 50.
-
-COUNTERFAYTOURS, _s. pl._ counterfeit dealers, II. 1061.
-
-COUNTERPAYSING, _s._ an equivalent, I. i. 2. 128.
-
-COUNTERPLETE, _v._ plead against, contradict, I. i. 8. 30; _v._ plead
-against me, I. ii. 12. 101; _pp._ pleaded against, XXIV. 429.
-
-COUNTERVAYLE, _ger._ to equal, I. i. 3. 132; _pp._ balanced, I. iii. 5.
-131.
-
-COUNTOURS, _s._ accountants, II. 802.
-
-COUPABLE, _adj._ culpable, V. 152.
-
-COURE, _v._ cower, cringe, II. 207.
-
-COURSER, _s._ horse, II. 1004.
-
-COURTEOURS, _s._ courtiers, XXIV. 1313.
-
-COURTES, _s. pl._ court-houses, III. 81.
-
-COURT-HOLDING, _s._ holding of courts, II. 790.
-
-COUTH, _pt. s._ knew how, XVI. 134.
-
-COVENABLE, _adj._ suitable, I. iii. 8. 116.
-
-COVER, _v._ recover (themselves), I. ii. 7. 97; obtain, I. ii. 5. 121.
-
-COVERT, _adj._ secretive, sly, very prudent, XVI. 177.
-
-COVERTOURS, _s._ coverings, II. 105.
-
-COVINS, _s. pl._ complots, I. i. 6. 167.
-
-COWPIS, _s. pl._ cups, flagons, XVII. 419.
-
-CRABBED, _adj._ crabbed, perverse, V. 324; Crabbit, cross, XVII. 353.
-
-CRABBITLY, _adv._ crabbedly, morosely, XVII. 154.
-
-CRAKE, _pr. pl._ boast, V. 328.
-
-CRAKEL, _v._ quaver, XVIII. 119. See note.
-
-CRALLIT, _pp._ curled, twisted, II. 186.
-
-CRAMPISSHED, _pt. s._ oppressed, constrained, pained, IX. 49.
-
-CRAVE, _ger._ to ask for again, XXVII. 8.
-
-CREDE, _s._ Creed, II. 413, 1066.
-
-CREPE, _v._ creep, II. 942.
-
-CRESSE, _s._ blade of a cress, I. i. 5. 133; I. ii. 7. 109; I. iii. 5. 45.
-
-CROKE, _pr. pl._ go crooked, bend in, I. ii. 7. 69.
-
-CROKED, _adj._ crooked, indirect, I. ii. 6. 163; curved, XIII. 17.
-
-CROKEN, _adj._ crooked, I. ii. 7. 91.
-
-CROKETS, _s. pl._ rolls of hair, II. 306. See note.
-
-CROMMES, _s. pl._ crumbs, I. i. _pr._ 105.
-
-CRONIQUE, _s._ chronicle, story, IV. 338, 369.
-
-CROPE, _pp._ crept, I. i. 4. 54.
-
-CROPPE, _s._ shoot, sprout, top, V. 17.
-
-CROSSE, _s._ cross, the cross marked on a piece of money, III. 225.
-
-CROSSE-ALEYS, _s. pl._ cross-alleys, XXI. 10.
-
-CROUCHE, _s._ cross, II. 942.
-
-CROWES, _s. pl._ crows, II. 1334.
-
-CROYSERY, _s._ crusade, II. 445.
-
-CUKKOW, _s._ cuckoo, XVIII. 50.
-
-CULLETH, _pr. s._ kills, II. 593, 1314; _pr. pl._ II. 267.
-
-CULTRE, _s._ coulter, II. 7.
-
-CURE, _s._ care, XVI. 494; XXIV. 986; guard, XVII. 10; diligence, VIII.
-311; attention, I. iii. 8. 52; cure (of souls), II. 1173; responsibility,
-XX. 61.
-
-CURIOUS, _adj._ curious, anxious, II. 384; nice, II. 1013; choice, VII. 66.
-
-CURRANT, _s._ current, _or adj._ running, X. 51.
-
-CURREYDEN, _pt. pl._ curried favour, I. i. 10. 11.
-
-CURRISH, _adj._ like a cur, XVI. 389.
-
-CURTEYS, _adj._ gentle, II. 482.
-
-CUSTOME, _s._ custom, I. iii. 1. 106.
-
-CUT, _ger._ curtail, XVII. 39; _pp._ cut short, II. 929.
-
-
-
-DAME, _s._ mother, I. ii. 2. 117; II. 1361; Dames tonge, mother-tongue, I.
-i. _pr._ 37.
-
-DAMOSELLES, _s. pl._ damsels, I. ii. 2. 42; girls, II. 928.
-
-DAMPNABLE, _adj._ damnable, VI. 60.
-
-DAMPNE, _v._ condemn, II. 630; _pr. s._ II. 224; _pp._ damned, I. i. 7. 55;
-condemned, VIII. 276.
-
-DASED, _pp._ dazed, II. 1326.
-
-DAUNGER, _s._ control, V. 257.
-
-DAUNGEROUS, _adj._ disdainful, XXIV. 901; cross, XXIV. 330; difficult to
-please, XXIV. 761; forbidding, I. i. 2. 102.
-
-DAUNTEN, _v._ subdue, I. ii. 2. 131.
-
-DAWE, _s. pl. dat._ days; _by elder dawe_, in olden times, II. 643. A.S.
-_dagum_.
-
-DAWENINGE, _s._ dawning, IX. 251.
-
-DAWING, _pres. pt._ dawning, XXII. 29.
-
-DAYESYE, _s._ daisy, XVIII. 243.
-
-DAYNETH, _pr. s._ deigns, I. ii. 9. 122.
-
-DEAURAT, _pp._ gilded, made of a golden colour, VIII. 597.
-
-DEBAT, _s._ strife, VII. 59; uneasiness, XVI. 698; _pl._ I. ii. 2. 48;
-combats, I. i. 4. 44.
-
-DEBATED, _pp._ striven about, IV. 363. But read _delated_, i.e. deferred;
-the Trentham MS. has _deleated_, meant for _delated_.
-
-DEBONAIR, _adj._ courteous, XX. 501; gentle, V. 347.
-
-DEED, _adj._ dead, II. 198.
-
-DEEDLY, _adj._ mortal, I. ii. 12. 121; Deedliche, I. iii. 3. 65; Dedly, I.
-iii. 3. 68.
-
-DEETH, _s._ death, VIII. 140.
-
-DEFAME, _ger._ to accuse falsely, III. 305.
-
-DEFASED, _pp._ defaced, I. i. 8. 115; made cheerless, I. i. 1. 66.
-
-DEFAUT, _s._ default, trespass, I. i. 3. 95; XVI. 270 (obscure); XVI. 611;
-Defaute, fault, I. ii. 2. 17; III. 398; _pl._ IV. 267.
-
-DEFENCE, _s._ power to defend, X. 124.
-
-DEFEND, _v._ forbid, II. 570; _pt. s._ forbade, I. iii. 8. 122; II. 1115;
-_pp._ forbidden, I. iii. 3. 57.
-
-DEFENDINGE, _s._ forbidding, I. iii. 3. 55.
-
-DEFORMAIT, _adj._ deformed, ugly, XVII. 349.
-
-DEFOULE, _ger._ to defile, V. 186; _1 pt. s._ defiled, I. i. 8. 83; _pp._
-I. ii. 13. 74.
-
-DEGEST, _pp._ digested, considered, XVII. 303.
-
-DEID, _s._ death, XVII. 70, 585.
-
-DEID, _s._ deed, doing, XVII. 328.
-
-DEIFICAIT, _pp._ accounted as gods, XVII. 288.
-
-DEL, _s._ portion; _every del_, every bit, XXI. 227.
-
-DELATED; see DEBATED.
-
-DELECTABLE, _adj._ delightful, XXI. 72.
-
-DELITABLE, _adj._ delightful, VIII. 122.
-
-DELIVER, _adj._ nimble, VIII. 164.
-
-DELIVERAUNCE, _s._ deliverance, I. i. 7. 102.
-
-DELYTABLE, _adj._ delightful, I. ii. 4. 47.
-
-DELYTE, _v._ delight, VIII. 61, 381.
-
-DEME, _v._ judge, XII. 7; _2 pr. s. subj._ VII. 32; _pr. s._ condemns, I.
-ii. 7. 117; _pp._ judged, adjudged to be true, approved, II. 67; condemned,
-II. 198.
-
-DEMENE, _s._ demeanour, XXIV. 734.
-
-DEMEYNE, _s._ control, IX. 216; XVI. 132.
-
-DEMIN, _v._ deem, suppose, I. iii. 3. 111; _pr. pl._ (?), II. 510. See
-DEME.
-
-DEMING, _s._ suspicion, XVII. 118.
-
-DEMURE, _adj._ sedate, IX. 156; XVI. 106; XX. 459; XXI. 82; XXIV. 653.
-
-DEMURELY, _adv._ sedately, XVI. 246.
-
-DENARIE, _s._ pay, wages, X. 66.
-
-DENOMINACION, _s._ naming, I. ii. 9. 162.
-
-DENT, _s._ stroke, blow, dint, I. iii. 7. 92, 100; XXIV. 836.
-
-DENWERE, _s._ doubt, I. i. 6. 193. A false form; see note, p. 459.
-
-DEPARTE, _v._ separate, XVI. 317; sever, I. i. 1. 90; part, XXIV. 1399;
-impart, XVI. 440; _pr. s. subj._ part, I. i. 9. 86; _pp._ divided, I. ii.
-10. 9; parted, XI. 51; rent, XX. 193.
-
-DEPARTICION, _s._ divorce, I. iii. 2. 14.
-
-DEPARTING, _s._ separation, I. iii. 6. 158; XVI. 659; distributing, I. ii.
-5. 44.
-
-DEPEYNT, _pp._ painted, VIII. 425; Depeynted, XXIV. 100.
-
-DEQUACE, _v._ suppress, I. i. 5. 77; put down, I. i. 7. 26; _ger._ to
-repress, I. ii. 1. 74.
-
-DERE, _v._ do harm, I. i. 5. 72.
-
-DEREWORTHINESSE, _s._ fondness (for), I. ii. 5. 99.
-
-DEREWORTHLY, _adv._ preciously, X. 39.
-
-DERE-WORTHY, _adj._ precious, I. i. 10. 117.
-
-DESCRY, _ger._ to describe, XXIV. 97.
-
-DESESPERAUNCE, _s._ despair, desperation, XVI. 538, 652.
-
-DESLAVEE, _adj._ unchaste, inordinate in conduct, XII. 40.
-
-DESTENYED, _pp._ predestined, I. iii. 9. 13.
-
-DESYROUSLY, _adv._ eagerly, I. iii. 6. 70.
-
-DETERMINACIONS, _s. pl._ ordinances, settlements, I. i. 5. 52.
-
-DETERMINE, _adj._ fixed, XXIV. 647.
-
-DETERMINE, _ger._ to end, I. iii. 3. 129; _pp._ settled, fixed, I. ii. 6.
-20.
-
-DETERMINISON, _s._ determination, definition, I. ii. 13. 30.
-
-DETTOUR, _s._ debtor, VI. 31.
-
-DEVIACION, _s._ deviation, going astray, I. iii. 1. 6.
-
-DEVOIR, _s._ duty, XVI. 559. (F. text, _devoir_.)
-
-DEVOIT, _adj._ devout, XVII. 115.
-
-DEVYN, _adj._ divine, XVII. 127.
-
-DEVYNLY, _adj._ divine-like, I. iii. 1. 55.
-
-DEVYSE, _s._ device, XXI. 207.
-
-DEVYSE, _v._ relate, XX. 97; XXI. 525.
-
-DEW, _adj._ due, XXI. 51.
-
-DEW-DROPYS, _s. pl._ dewdrops, XXIX. 6.
-
-DEWE, _s._ due; _of dewe_, duly, XXIV. 1397.
-
-DEWETE, _s._ duty, due course, IV. 232.
-
-DEYDEST, _2 pt. s._ didst die, were to die, I. i. 9. 65; _pt. s._ died,
-VII. 102.
-
-DEYNE, _v. refl._ deign, I. ii. 3. 3.
-
-DEYNOUS, _adj._ disdainful, I. i. 1. 130; I. i. 2. 143 (see note); I. i. 3.
-70; Deynouse, _fem._ V. 150.
-
-DEYNTEES, _s._ dainties, II. 1008.
-
-DIAMANT, _s._ diamond, XXIV. 696.
-
-DIFFAME, _pr. pl._ defame, I. i. 3. 7.
-
-DIFFYNE, _v._ define, V. 463.
-
-DIGHTETH, _pr. s._ gets ready, II. 978; _pr. s. subj._ may (He) arrange
-_or_ place, X. 84; _pp._ ornamented, II. 894; XX. 254.
-
-DIGNE, _adj._ worthy, V. 457; XIX. 11.
-
-DIGNED, _pp._ honoured, X. 39.
-
-DINNE, _s._ din, noise, I. ii. 9. 31.
-
-DIOURN, _adj._ daily, X. 66.
-
-DIRIGES, _s. pl._ dirges, burials, III. 125.
-
-DIRK, _adv._ in the dark, XXIV. 1256.
-
-DISALOWE, _v._ disapprove of, dispraise, IV. 242.
-
-DISAVENTURE, _s._ ill fortune, IX. 72.
-
-DISCEYVABLE, _adj._ deceitful, I. ii. 4. 89.
-
-DISCIPLYNING, _s._ correction, I. ii. 11. 137.
-
-DISCLAUNDER, _v._ slander, II. 333; _pr. pl._ II. 1053; _pr. s._ speaks
-slander, I. ii. 8. 74.
-
-DISCLAUNDRING, _s._ slandering, I. ii. 3. 112.
-
-DISCOMFIT, _adj._ discomfited, sad, XVI. 35.
-
-DISCOMFITETH, _pr. s._ discomforts himself, grieves, I. ii. 11. 55; _pp._
-discomforted, I. ii. 11. 57.
-
-DISCORDAUNCE, _s._ disagreement, I. ii. 8. 47.
-
-DISCORDAUNT, _adj._ discordant, I. i. 9. 106; Discordantes, _s. pl._ things
-discordant, I. ii. 8. 54.
-
-DISCOVERT, _pp._ discovered, made known, XVI. 403.
-
-DISCRETE, _adj._ separate, I. iii. 1. 2.
-
-DISCRYVE, _v._ describe, VIII. 156; IX. 112; XXIV. 778; _ger._ XXI. 512.
-
-DISENCREES, _s._ decrease, VIII. 202.
-
-DISESE, _s._ misery, woe, XVIII. 265; XX. 377; annoyance, I. i. 1. 20, 28;
-anger, II. 1260.
-
-DISESED, _pp._ made wretched, I. i. 1. 31.
-
-DISESELY, _adj._ uncomfortable, I. iii. 1. 172.
-
-DISHEVEL, _adj._ dishevelled, XXIV. 139.
-
-DISHONEST, _adj._ shameful, V. 184.
-
-DISLOGED, _pp._ banished, XXI. 62.
-
-DISMAYE, _v._ feel dismay, I. ii. 9. 144.
-
-DISPENCE, _s._ expence, II. 523; _pl._ I. i. 7. 107.
-
-DISPENDE, _ger._ to spend, VII. 40; XXII. 16; _pr. pl._ II. 762; Dispent,
-_pp._ spent, I. i. 10. 53.
-
-DISPENSE, _ger._ to dispense, III. 367.
-
-DISPITOUS, _adj._ contemptuous, I. i. 10. 90; spiteful, XII. 26.
-
-DISPLESAUNCE, _s._ displeasure, XVI. 544; XXI. 661; XXV. 19.
-
-DISPORT, _s._ amusement, XVI. 98; _pl._ XVI. 410.
-
-DISPORTE, _ger._ to amuse, interest, VIII. 602; _v. refl._ be merry, VIII.
-10; _1 pr. s. refl._ throw myself about, tumble and toss, I. i. 3. 102.
-
-DISPREYSE, _v._ blame, I. ii. 6. 91.
-
-DISPYT, _s._ contempt, II. 712; VIII. 240.
-
-DISSEVER, _v._ part, depart, IX. 175; _pp._ separated, II. 1242.
-
-DISSEVERAUNCE, _s._ separation, XI. 13; XXIV. 783.
-
-DISSIMULACION, _s._ (_ill used for_ simulation), imitation, I. ii. 14. 10.
-
-DISSIMULAIT, _adj._ full of dissimulation, XVII. 225.
-
-DISSIMULEN, _v._ dissimulate, V. 18.
-
-DISSOLUCIOUN, _s._ dissolute conduct, XII. 60.
-
-DISTAUNCE, _s._ strife, VI. 58; VII. 161; disagreement, II. 1166.
-
-DISTEMPRETH, _pr. s._ intoxicates, XV. _a._ 7.
-
-DISTOURBOUR, _s._ disturbance, I. iii. 5. 30.
-
-DISTRAINETH, _pr. s._ constrains, XXIV. 660; _pp._ afflicted, VIII. 134.
-
-DISTRUCCIOUN, _s._ destruction, IX. 88.
-
-DISTRYE, _v._ destroy, II. 1235. (In II. 1144, perhaps _distry_ should be
-_discry_, i.e. describe.)
-
-DIURNAL, _adj._ daily, VIII. 590.
-
-DO, _imp. s._ cause, I. i. 1. 83; _pp._ done, IV. 97; come to an end, XIV.
-18; Do way, do (it) away, put (it) aside, abandon (the idea), I. i. 9. 89.
-
-DOCKE, _s._ dock (plant), I. i. 2. 167; I. iii. 6. 7.
-
-DOCTRINE, _s._ learning, I. ii. 11. 136.
-
-DOLE, _s._ sorrow, woe, X. 10; XXIV. 1098.
-
-DOLEFUL, _adj._ sad (ones), X. 55.
-
-DOLVEN, _pp._ buried, I. ii. 2. 69; wrought, I. i. _pr._ 11.
-
-DOMBE, _adj._ dumb, I. ii. 5. 98.
-
-DOME, _s._ judgement, XX. 306; _gen._ II. 331.
-
-DOMESDAY, _s._ doom's-day, X. 84.
-
-DON, _pp._ done; _d. but lent_, only lent, XXVII. 7.
-
-DONATYF, _s._ gift, reward, X. 72.
-
-DONET, _s._ primer, I. ii. 12. 17. See note, p. 475.
-
-DONNE, _adj. pl._ dun, dark, IX. 115.
-
-DOOLY, _adj._ mournful, XVII. 1, 344.
-
-DOON, _error for_ Do, _1 pr. s. subj._ do, act, XXIV. 927.
-
-DOTAGE, _s._ folly, XV. _a._ 5, XV. _b._ 4.
-
-DOTE, _ger._ to be a fool, I. i. 2. 71; _v._ XXIV. 1047.
-
-DOTH, _imp. pl._ cause, make, XXIV. 1326.
-
-DOUBLENESSE, _s._ duplicity, XIII. 8.
-
-DOUCEPERES, _s. pl._ the twelve peers (of Charlemagne), XX. 516.
-
-DOUF (_old text_ doif), benumbed (lit. deaf), XVII. 32. See note.
-
-DOULE, _s._ down-feather, II. 1272. See note.
-
-DOUR, _adj._ stern, severe, oppressive, XVII. 437.
-
-DOUT, _s._ fear, II. 697.
-
-DOUTE, _ger._ to be feared, IV. 138; _1 pr. s. refl._ fear, XXI. 246.
-
-DRADDE, _1 pt. s._ dreaded; feared, I. i. 3. 74; Drad, _pp._ frightened,
-II. 561; afraid, II. 1088.
-
-DRAUGHT, _s._ draught, drawing, I. iii. 7. 102.
-
-DREDE, _s._ dread; _withoute d._, without doubt, XX. 152.
-
-DREDE, _ger._ to fear, V. 330.
-
-DREDFUL, _adj._ timid, V. 348; XVI. 218; fearful, IX. 157; fearful (to
-offend), XXIII. 10.
-
-DRENCHE, _1 pr. s._ am drowned, I. i. 3. 162.
-
-DRERIHEED, _s._ dreariness, VIII. 9.
-
-DRESSE, _v. refl._ advance, XXIV. 113; address myself, VIII. 203; _ger._ to
-direct, XXIV. 179; Dresse, XIII. 62; _pr. pl. refl._ direct themselves, II.
-379; _1 pr. pl. subj._ direct our way, go forward, XXI. 215; Dress you,
-_imp. pl. (as s.)_, direct yourself, go, XXIV. 554; Drest, _1 pt. s. refl._
-advanced, XX. 456; Dressed, _pt. s. refl._ advanced, I. iii. 3. 2.
-
-DRIVE, _pp._ driven, I. i. 1. 2.
-
-DROPPING, _pres. pt._ dripping, XX. 371.
-
-DROW, _pt. s._ withdrew, XVI. 806.
-
-DROWPIT, _pt. pl._ drooped, XVII. 157.
-
-DROWRY, _s._ love-token, XVII. 583.
-
-DUALITE, _s._ duality, doubleness, I. ii. 13. 30.
-
-DUCHEES, _s. pl._ duchies, V. 333.
-
-DUETEE, _s._ duty, VI. 38; IX. 5, 106.
-
-DULEFUL, _adj._ grievous, XVII. 309.
-
-DULLEN, _v._ render dull, I. iii. 3. 196.
-
-DURACIOUN, _s._ duration, endurance, X. 87.
-
-DURESSE, _s._ hardness, XVI. 703; force, I. iii. 7. 71; constraint, I. i.
-6. 157; stress, I. i. 1. 87; cruelty, XVI. 784.
-
-DURETH, _pr. s._ lasts, I. i. 3. 20.
-
-DURING, _adj._ enduring, X. 131.
-
-DWALE, _s._ a sleeping draught made from the deadly nightshade, XXIV. 998.
-
-DYAMAUNT, _s._ diamond, X. 87.
-
-DYKING, _pres. pt._ ditching, II. 1043.
-
-DYS, _s. pl._ dice, XIII. 74.
-
-DYTE, _s._ ditty, song, poem, VIII. 606; IX. 268; XVII. 1.
-
-
-
-EBBE, _s._ ebb, VII. 143; XIII. 36.
-
-ECHE, _ger._ to increase, I. iii. 1. 147; Eched, _pp._ I. ii. 8. 79.
-
-EDEFYE, _ger._ to build, I. i. 5. 110; _v._ VII. 77.
-
-EDWYTE, _v._ accuse, reproach, XII. 18.
-
-EE, _s._ eye, XXIV. 768. See EYE.
-
-EET, _pt. s._ ate, I. i. 8. 55; XX. 90; Eten, _pp._ eaten, XX. 95.
-
-EFFUNDE, _1 pr. s._ pour out, XIX. 25.
-
-EFTER, _conj._ according as, XVII. 106.
-
-EGALL, _adj._ equal, XXIV. 1041.
-
-EGALLY, _adv._ equally, impartially, XXIV. 365.
-
-EGLANTERE, _s._ sweet-briar, XX. 56, 80. See the note, p. 520.
-
-EIGHTETH, _adj._ eighth, I. i. 5. 103.
-
-EIRD, _s._ earth. XVII. 384.
-
-EIRDLY, _adj._ earthly, XVII. 52, 355.
-
-EKE-NAMES, _s. pl._ nicknames, I. ii. 1. 96.
-
-ELDE, _s._ old age, I. i. 6. 94; I. i. 8. 115.
-
-ELDE-FADERS, _s. pl._ ancestors, I. ii. 2. 125.
-
-ELECCIOUN, _s._ choice, V. 236.
-
-ELECTUAIRIS, _s. pl._ electuaries, XVII. 246.
-
-ELEMENTES, _s. pl._ elements, I. ii. 9. 41.
-
-ELENGE, _adj._ mournful, miserable, XVIII. 115.
-
-EMBELISSHED, _pp._ honoured, dignified, X. 104.
-
-EMBROUDED, _pp._ embroidered, XXI. 85.
-
-EMERAUD, _adj._ emerald, XXIV. 79; _s. pl._ XX. 144.
-
-EMISPERE, _s._ hemisphere, XXII. 27.
-
-EMPRYSE, _s._ enterprise, II. 960; design, V. 119; _pl._ VIII. 416.
-
-ENAMAYL, _s._ enamel, XXI. 534.
-
-ENBOLDED, _pp._ emboldened, I. i. 2. 23.
-
-ENCHACE, _v._ chase, XVI. 416.
-
-ENCHESOUN, _s._ reason, V. 429.
-
-ENCHEYNEN, _ger._ to link together, _or_, to be linked together, I. ii. 6.
-4.
-
-ENCOMBERAUNCE, _s._ encumbrance, trouble, XVI. 284, 775; XXI. 746.
-
-ENCOMBRED, _pp._ encumbered, hindered, defeated, X. 103.
-
-ENCREES, _s._ increase, II. 72.
-
-ENDRY, _v._ suffer, endure, XXIV. 727, 941. See note, p. 547.
-
-ENDUCED, _pp._ induced, I. ii. 1. 60.
-
-ENDYTE, _v._ indite, VIII. 196; IX. 231; _pr. pl._ indict, II. 1026.
-
-ENDYTING, _s._ composition, inditing, XXII. 65.
-
-ENE, _s. pl._ eyes, XVII. 157.
-
-ENFAME, _s._ disgrace, I. i. 8. 51; reproach, I. i. 6. 6.
-
-ENFECT, _pp._ infected, stained, XXIV. 217.
-
-ENFEFFED, _pp._ invested (with), possessed (of), XVI. 364.
-
-ENFORME, _ger._ to inform, I. ii. 11. 127; to give information, I. ii. 1.
-51; _pr. pl._ instruct, I. ii. 2. 79.
-
-ENFOURMER, _s._ instructor, I. ii. 2. 87.
-
-ENGENDRURE, _s._ conception, I. ii. 6. 80; nativity, I. i. 6. 101; _pl._ I.
-ii. 9. 174.
-
-ENGYN, _s._ device, XXIV. 535; ingenuity, V. 296.
-
-ENHAUNCE, _ger._ to exalt, V. 455; _pr. pl._ increase, I. ii. 8. 85; _pp._
-advanced, II. 448.
-
-ENLUMINETH, _pr. s._ illumines, I. ii. I. 127; _pp._ I. i. 1. 23.
-
-ENMOYSED, _pp._ cheered, comforted, I. i. 3. 105. See note, p. 456.
-
-ENPECHE, _v._ impeach, accuse, I. i. 6. 86.
-
-ENPEYRED, _pp._ injured, I. i. 6. 8.
-
-ENPIGHT, _pp._ infixed, I. i. 2. 48.
-
-ENPITED, _pp._ filled with pity, I. ii. 4. 111. (The sole known example of
-the word.)
-
-ENPLEDE, _v._ plead against, II. 734.
-
-ENPOYSONEN, _ger._ to poison, I. iii. 5. 115.
-
-ENPRENT, _imp. s._ imprint, XXIV. 876.
-
-ENPRISONED, _pp._ imprisoned, I. ii. 4. 104.
-
-ENSAMPLE, _s._ example, I. i. 5. 1.
-
-ENSELED, _pp._ sealed, I. i. 9. 94.
-
-ENSURE, _1 pr. s._ assure, XX. 60, 287; XXI. 52.
-
-ENSYSE, _s._ kind, sort, II. 625.
-
-ENTALENTED, _pp._ excited, V. 338. See N.E.D.
-
-ENTAYL, _s._ cutting; _of e._, with excellent cutting, XXI. 536.
-
-ENTENCION, _s._ intention, design, I. ii. 4. 42; V. 553; XXIV. 908;
-signification, I. iii. 2. 140; VIII. 431.
-
-ENTENDAUNCE, _s._ service, VII. 173.
-
-ENTENDE, _v._ intend, XXII. 12.
-
-ENTENT, _s._ intent, desire, XVI. 768; XXIV. 206; _pl._ II. 1159.
-
-ENTENTYF, _adj._ attentive, V. 439.
-
-ENTERCHAUNGED, _pp._ interchanged, I. ii. 9. 156.
-
-ENTERE, _adj._ entire, XXIV. 354;   true, IX. 163.
-
-ENTERMETING, _pres. pt._ intermeddling, I. iii. 7. 163.
-
-ENTRECHANGEN, _v._ interchange, I. ii. 9. 176.
-
-ENTRECOMUNED, _pp._ had communication, I. i. 5. 7.
-
-ENTREMELLEN, _pr. pl._ intermingle, I. i. 5. 14.
-
-ENTREMES, _s._ course between two more substantial ones, XVI. 156. See
-note.
-
-ENTREPRISE, _s._ enterprise, XVI. 515.
-
-ENTUNE, _s._ tune, tone, XI. 27.
-
-ENTUNED, _pp._ kept in tune, XX. 180.
-
-ENVIROUN, _adv._ all round, XXI. 53;   Environ, XXIV. 1031.
-
-ENVOLVED, _pp._ enwrapped, I. i. 1. 111.
-
-ENVYRONED, _pp._ surrounded, I. ii. 7. 94;   Envyroning, _pres. pt._
-encircling, VIII. 79.
-
-EQUIPOLENT, _adj._ equal in power, XII. 15.
-
-EQUIVOCAS, _s. pl._ words of like meaning, I. iii. 6. 64. See note, p. 482.
-
-ER, _adv._ sooner, XVIII. 233.
-
-ERBER, _s._ arbour, XXIV. 757.
-
-ERDLY, _adj._ earthly, XXVII. 2.
-
-ERMYNE, _s._ ermine, XX. 243.
-
-ERNEST-SILVER, _s._ earnest money, I. i. 3. 151.
-
-ERST, _adv._ soonest; _non erst_ (error for _non er_), no sooner, XXIV.
-167.
-
-ESCHAUNGE, _s._ change, XIII. 96.
-
-ESCHETOUR, _s._ an escheator, I. ii. 2. 49.
-
-ESCHEWING, _s._ avoidance, avoiding, XVI. 291, 307.
-
-ESCLAUNDRE, _s._ scandal, V. 70.
-
-ESPERAUNCE, _s._ Hope, XXIV. 1033; Esperans, XVII. 48; _on e._, in hope,
-XI. 26.
-
-ESPERUS, Hesperus, the evening-star, VIII. 612.
-
-ESPLOIT, _s._ result, success, XI. 57;   Esployte, I. i. 5. 20.
-
-ESPOIRE, _s._ hope, I. ii. 8. 23.
-
-ESTATE, _s._ state, XXI. 486; _pl._ VII. 6.
-
-ET, _pr. s._ (_short for_ eteth), eats, XIV. 7, 14.
-
-ETERNE, _adj._ eternal, I. iii. 4. 205.
-
-EVANGELY, _s._ gospel, II. 97; IV. 217.
-
-EVEN, _adv._ close; _e. by_, close by, XX. 134.
-
-EVEN-CHRISTEN, _s._ fellow-Christian, III. 430.
-
-EVENFORTH, _adv._ continually, I. ii. 11. 21;   forwards, I. i. 1. 110.
-
-EVENHED, _s._ equality, I. iii. 1. 89; I. iii. 5. 150.
-
-EVENLICH, _adv._ equally, I. iii. 4. 62; similarly, I. iii. 3. 95.
-
-EVENLICHE, _adj._ equal, I. ii. 2. 122; I. iii. 5. 152.
-
-EVEN-LYK, _adv._ exactly so, VIII. 201; exactly, VIII. 194.
-
-EVER, _adv. as s._ eternity, I. i. 8. 117.
-
-EVER IN OON, _adv._ continually, VIII. 528.
-
-EVERICH, _adj._ each one, XX. 151.
-
-EVERICHON, _pron._ every one, XX. 168.
-
-EVE-STERRE, _s._ evening-star, I. ii. 13. 96.
-
-EWAGE, _s._ a precious stone having the colour of sea-water, X. 92, 93. See
-note.
-
-EXCITATION, _s._ instigation, I. i. 3. 37.
-
-EXCITOURS, _s. pl._ exhorters, instigators, I. i. 6. 56.
-
-EXCUSACION, _s._ excuse, I. i. 7. 33; V. 471.
-
-EXEMPLAIR, _s._ exemplar, XX. 502.
-
-EXEMPT, _pp._ exempted, III. 232.
-
-EXPERT, _adj._ experienced, XXIV. 882.
-
-EXPLOYTES, _s. pl._ successes, successful results, I. i. 5. 69.
-
-EXPONE, _v._ recount, XVII. 369;   Expowne, _imp. s._ expound, I. iii. 5.
-10.
-
-EXPULS, _s._ expulsion, repulse, XVII. 119.
-
-EXTEND, _s._ extent, II. 658.
-
-EYE, _s._ eye; _at e._, visibly, I. ii. 6. 16;   Eyen, _pl_. XVI. 266. See
-EE.
-
-EYLEN, _v._ ail, XVIII. 116.
-
-EYRE, _s._ air, I. ii. 8. 48; VIII. 14;   Eyr, XIV. 36.
-
-
-
-FACHIOUN, _s._ falchion, curved sword, XVII. 187.
-
-FACOUND, _adj._ eloquent, XVII. 268.
-
-FACULTEES, _s. pl._ facilities, opportunities, I. i. 2. 29.
-
-FADE, _adj._ dull, sombre, IV. 102.
-
-FADE, _ger._ to cause to wither, I. i. 1. 27; Faidit, _pp._ XVII. 24.
-
-FAIN, _adj._ glad, XX. 378.
-
-FAIR, _s._ fare, XVII. 403.
-
-FALLAS, _s._ deceit, I. ii. 14. 52, 54.
-
-FALLE, _v._ happen, I. i. 1. 77; XVI. 539; _pr. s._ is suitable, III. 78.
-
-FALOWEN, _pr. pl._ fade, I. ii. 8. 114.
-
-FALSEN, _ger._ to deceive, V. 307; _pt. s._ gave way, failed, I. ii. 8.
-127; was false to, I. i. 2. 92.
-
-FALSETE, _s._ falsehood, I. ii. 3. 57; _pl._ I. ii. 1. 73.
-
-FALSHEED, _s._ falsehood, I. iii. 6. 127.
-
-FAMED, _pp._ defamed, II. 341.
-
-FAMILIER, _adj._ familiar, (once) friendly, I. ii. 7. 108.
-
-FAMULERS, _s. pl._ familiar friends, I. ii. 7. 81.
-
-FAND, _1 pt. s._ found, XVII. 43.
-
-FANES, _s. pl._ vanes, weather-cocks, XXI. 161.
-
-FANTASY, _s._ fancy, XXI. 597; XXVII. 1; folly, XIV. 20; pleasure, I. i.
-_pr._ 26; _pl._ XXI. 11.
-
-FARCED, _pp._ stuffed, filled, XXIV. 655.
-
-FARE, _pr. pl._ go, XX. 341; fare, II. 1134; Farn, _pp._ fared, I. ii. 10.
-58.
-
-FASOUN, _s._ make, XXI. 305, 522; Fassioun, habit, XII. 46.
-
-FAUCON, _s._ falcon, XVI. 413.
-
-FAUTE, _s._ lack, VIII. 443; Faut, fault, XXIV. 608.
-
-FAY, _s._ faith, XVII. 571; XVIII. 115.
-
-FAYN, _2 pr. pl._ feign, make a pretence, XXIV. 751.
-
-FAYRHEDE, _s._ beauty, I. ii. 3. 124.
-
-FAYTOURS, _s._ deceivers, II. 148, 327.
-
-FECHT, _ger._ to fight, XVII. 185.
-
-FEDERED, _pp._ feathered, XVI. 146; Fedderit, XVII. 168.
-
-FEFFE, _ger._ to endow, XXIV. 932; _pr. s._ XVI. 472.
-
-FEILL, _s._ experience, knowledge, XVII. 533.
-
-FEIRD, _adj._ fourth, XVII. 216.
-
-FEL, _adj._ cruel, wicked, XVI. 505; evil, XIII. 77.
-
-FELAUSHIP, _s._ company, XXI. 730.
-
-FELAWES, _s. pl._ companions, XXI. 247.
-
-FELD, _pp._ overthrown (lit. felled), I. i. 3. 148.
-
-FELE, _adj._ many, XX. 5; XXIV. 110, 191.
-
-FELED, _pp._ felt, perceived, I. ii. 1. 86.
-
-FELL, _adj._ cruel, II. 859; terrible, XVII. 187; Fellest, worst, III. 6.
-
-FELLE, _v._ overturn, V. 234.
-
-FELLOUN, _adj._ destructive, XVII. 167.
-
-FELLY, _adv._ cruelly, IX. 76.
-
-FELONOUS, _adj._ evil, I. i. 6. 167; wicked, I. ii. 6. 56.
-
-FELTERIT, _pp._ entangled, XVII. 163.
-
-FEMININITEE, _s._ womanhood, IX. 148.
-
-FEMINITEE (_for_ Femininitee), _s._ womanliness, XVII. 80.
-
-FEND, _s._ the fiend, XXIV. 529; _pl._ II. 1165.
-
-FENYEIT, _pp._ feigned, XVII. 66.
-
-FEORTHE, _adj._ fourth, VII. (_title_).
-
-FER, _adv._ far, XXI. 141.
-
-FERD, 1. _pt. s._ fared, was, XXIV. 152.
-
-FERDE, _s._ fear, I. i. 2. 15.
-
-FERDE, _adj. pl._ afraid, I. ii. 9. 138.
-
-FERDETH, _pr. s._ feels fear, I. ii. 7. 42.
-
-FERDFUL, _adj._ timid, I. ii. 7. 43.
-
-FERDNESSE, _s._ fear, terror, I. i. 1. 9; I. i. 1. 59; I. i. 2. 13; I. ii.
-4. 102; I. iii. 1. 123; I. iii. 6. 126.
-
-FERE, _s._ companion, comrade, I. i. 2. 123; I. i. 5. 128; Feres, _pl._ X.
-88.
-
-FERE, _s._ fire, VIII. 55; _on f._, on fire, X. 4.
-
-FERFORTH, _adv._ far onward, I. ii. 10. 66; XXI. 37; far, XXI. 273.
-
-FERME, TO, to farm, on hire, II. 325, 725; III. 83.
-
-FERVENCE, _s._ ardour, VIII. 205; X. 130; XXII. 60.
-
-FERVENT, _adj._ severe, XVII. 4.
-
-FETE, _adj._ neat, XXIV. 473.
-
-FETTES, _pr. pl._ fetch, II. 471; Fet, _pp._ I. ii. 13. 40.
-
-FEVERS WHYTE, _s. pl._ attacks of lovelonging, XVIII. 41. See note.
-
-FEYNTYSE, _s._ feigning, deceit, XVI. 385.
-
-FIG; _a fig for_, XXIV. 685.
-
-FIGURAIT, _pp._ figured, imaged, XVII. 511.
-
-FIKILNESSE, _s._ fickleness, VI. 19.
-
-FIL, _pt. s._ came to pass, IV. 43.
-
-FILTHES, _s. pl._ low women, V. 262.
-
-FIRRE, _s._ fir, VIII. 73.
-
-FIT, _s._ bout, XXIV. 984.
-
-FLAMBING, _pres. pt._ flaming, X. 130.
-
-FLAMING, _adj._ flame-coloured, XXIV. 793. See note to l. 798.
-
-FLANIS, _s. pl._ arrows, XVII. 167.
-
-FLASH, _s._ sheaf, quiver (?), XVII. 167.
-
-FLAWE, _adj._ yellowish (?), XXIV. 782. See note.
-
-FLEBRING, _s._ gossip (?), I. ii. 9. 54. Or is it an error for _fabling_?
-
-FLEES, _s._ fleece, V. 303; X. 132.
-
-FLETE, _v._ float, XXIV. 311.
-
-FLEY, _pt. s._ flew, XVIII. 219, 221.
-
-FLICKERING, _adj._ wavering, I. ii. 5. 104.
-
-FLITTE, _v._ stir, I. i. 1. 79; move, I. i. 9. 69; change, XVI. 639;
-remove, XX. 489; _pr. pl._ go away, I. i. 7. 95; Flittinge, _pres. pt._
-volatile, fading, I. ii. 8. 102.
-
-FLOON, _s. pl._ arrows, VIII. 468. See FLANIS.
-
-FLORISHED, _pp._ garnished, III. 26.
-
-FLORISSHINGE, _s._ adornment, florid use, I. ii. 14. 33.
-
-FLOUR, _s._ flower, chief, XXIV. 3; chastity, IV. 108.
-
-FLOURED, _pp._ full of flower, VII. 48.
-
-FLOWE, _pp._ flown, II. 1306, 1311, 1344; come, I. i. 1. 128; gone, I. ii.
-3. 69.
-
-FLYTE, _pr. pl._ chide, scold, II. 1022.
-
-FOIR-SPEIKAR, _s._ first speaker, XVII. 266.
-
-FOL, _adj._ foolish, XVI. 651.
-
-FOLDE, _pp._ enfolded, I. iii. 9. 76.
-
-FOLE, _s._ fool, II. 373; _voc._ XVIII. 126.
-
-FON, _v._ to be foolish, act foolishly, dote, XXIV. 458.
-
-FOND, _pt. s._ found, VIII. 622.
-
-FONGETH, _pr. pl._ take, II. 967.
-
-FOOLE, _adj._ foolish, XIX. 1.
-
-FOON, _s. pl._ foes, V. 466; VIII. 280.
-
-FOR, _prep._ on account of, I. i. 3. 156; for fear of, II. 880; XVII. 118,
-207.
-
-FOR, _conj._ because, I. iii. 8. 22; III. 161.
-
-FORAYNE, _adj._ foreign, alien, I. i. 2. 56; I. ii. 8. 97.
-
-FOR-BARRE, _v._ bar up, repress, XVI. 259.
-
-FORBED; see FORBIT.
-
-FORBERE, _v._ forbear, XXIV. 1341.
-
-FORBIT, _pr. s._ forbids, I. iii. 3. 71; Forbood, _pt. s._ forbade, II.
-701; Forbed, II. 200; Forbode, _pp._ forbidden, I. ii. 2. 78; Forboden,
-_pp._ I. i. 7. 57.
-
-FORBODE, _s._ prohibition, II. 1315.
-
-FORBY, _adv._ by; _passe forby_, to pass by, to take no notice, XXIV. 329.
-
-FORCAST, _pp._ cast away, VIII. 236.
-
-FORCE; _of f._, of necessity, XVII. 202; _no f._, it is no matter, I. i. 1.
-53.
-
-FORCER, _s._ casket, shrine, XVI. 65.
-
-FORDO, _v._ annul, III. 218; For-don, _pp._ destroyed, III. 431.
-
-FORDOINGE, _s._ annulling, I. iii. 8. 63; destruction, I. iii. 1. 11.
-
-FORE-NEMPNED, _pp._ aforenamed, I. ii. 9. 2.
-
-FORFAYTURE, _s._ trespass, IV. 133.
-
-FOR-FERDE, _pp. pl._ extremely afraid, I. i. 6. 135.
-
-FORFEYT, _s._ injury, XVI. 789.
-
-FORFEYTEST, _2 pr. s._ offendest, I. ii. 14. 75.
-
-FORGED, _pp._ made, XXIV. 1165.
-
-FOR-GERD, _pp._ ruined, destroyed, II. 1340. See Stratmann.
-
-FORGETE, _pp._ forgotten, XVI. 662.
-
-FORGO, _v._ forgo, II. 319.
-
-FORGOING, _s._ giving up, I. i. 8. 44.
-
-FORGROWEN, _pp._ overgrown, XX. 45.
-
-FORJUGED, _pp._ condemned, I. i. 3. 118; VIII. 274.
-
-FORLANE, _pp._ lit. for-lain, deflowered, XVII. 140.
-
-FORLETEN, _pp._ forsaken, I. ii. 11. 45.
-
-FORLYTH, _pr. s._ lies with, IV. 108.
-
-FORNCAST, _pp._ forecast, I. i. 6. 73.
-
-FOR-QUHY, _adv._ because, XVII. 53.
-
-FORS, _s._ matter, III. 327; V. 273.
-
-FORSAKE, _pp._ refused, rejected, XVI. 502.
-
-FOR-SHRONK, _pp._ shrunken up, XX. 358.
-
-FORSOKEN, _pt. pl._ forsook, V. 441.
-
-FORSWAT, _pp._ covered with sweat, II. 14.
-
-FORSWONKE, _pp._ worn with toil, II. 14.
-
-FORSWORE, _pp._ forsworn, V. 310.
-
-FORT, _adj._ strong, XIV. 4.
-
-FORTH, _adv._ forward; _do f._, go on, V. 327.
-
-FOR-THAN, _adv._ therefore, II. 603.
-
-FORTHERER, _s._ Advancer, Promoter, XXIV. 1033.
-
-FORTHERINGE, _s._ helping forward, preparing, I. ii. 3. 105.
-
-FORTHREN, _v._ further, II. 1080; _pr. s._ advances, VIII. 384; _pp._ I. i.
-9. 8.
-
-FORTHRIGHT, _adv._ immediately, XX. 439.
-
-FOR-THY, _adv._ therefore, V. 264; _nat for-thy_, all the same,
-nevertheless, XVI. 3.
-
-FORTUNAIT, _adj._ afflicted by fortune, XVII. 79.
-
-FORTUNED, _pp._ directed by fortune, XIII. 73.
-
-FORWARD, _adv._ afterwards, I. iii. 8. 146.
-
-FORWARD, _s._ covenant, agreement, I. i. 9. 96; -warde, I. i. 3. 152.
-
-FOR-WERIED, _pp._ tired out, XXI. 45.
-
-FORWETING, _s._ foreknowledge, I. iii. 2. 159; I. iii. 3. 78.
-
-FORWOT, _pr. s._ foresees, I. iii. 2. 155.
-
-FORYETE, _v._ forget, V. 423; Foryet, _pr. s._ II. 465; _pr. pl._ I. ii.
-11. 136; _pp._ I. i. 2. 52.
-
-FORYETING. _s._ forgetfulness, I. iii. 9. 86.
-
-FOTEN, _pr. pl._ foot, dance, XXIV. 586.
-
-FOUL, _s._ a foul or evil fate, II. 60.
-
-FOULE, _adj._ ugly, VIII. 390.
-
-FOULERS, _gen._ fowler's, I. ii. 3. 55.
-
-FOULES, _s. pl._ birds, II. 83.
-
-FOUNDEMENT, _s._ foundation, I. i. 5. 111; I. ii. 14. 64.
-
-FOYLES, _s. pl._ leaves, X. 38.
-
-FRA, _adv._ from, XVII. 7; from the time that, as soon as, XVII. 101.
-
-FRATERNITE, _s._ fraternity, III. 246.
-
-FRAUNCHYSE, _s._ freedom, XVI. 236, 364;   liberality, XVI. 422;
-privileged place, VIII. 273.
-
-FRAWARD, _adj._ froward, XVII. 352.
-
-FRAY, _ger._ to quarrel, XXIV. 682.
-
-FRAYNE, _imp. s._ ask, III. 424; _1 pt. s._ XXIV. 1275.
-
-FREEL-WITTED, _adj._ thin-witted, I. iii. 7. 57.
-
-FREESED, _adj._ very cold, I. ii. 6. 105.
-
-FREISIT, _pt. s._ froze, XVI. 19.
-
-FRELE, _adj._ frail, VII. 22; XXII. 45.
-
-FREND, _for_ Fremd, _adj._ strange, II. 626.
-
-FRENDED, _pp._ befriended, I. iii. 9. 109.
-
-FRERES, _s. pl._ friars, II. 1065; XXIV. 1097.
-
-FRESSHE, _ger._ to refresh, X. 61.
-
-FRET, _s._ ornament, XX. 152.
-
-FRET, _pp._ lit. adorned, XXIV. 124;   hence, furnished, XIII. 80.
-
-FRETE, _pr. pl._ fret, annoy, XXIV. 940;   Fretes, _pr. pl._ eat, devour,
-II. 151;   Frettith, _pr. pl._ (_or s._), vex, XXIV. 579.
-
-FRITH, _s._ coppice, XVI. 124.
-
-FRIVOLL, _adj._ frivolous, hence, poor, base, XVII. 454.
-
-FRO, _prep._ after, VIII. 233.
-
-FRONSIT, _pp._ wrinkled, XVII. 155.
-
-FROUNTER, _s._ first attack, XVI. 176. See note.
-
-FRUCTIF, _adj._ fruitful, X. 38.
-
-FRUCTIFYING, _pres. pt._ fruit-producing, X. 133.
-
-FULFILLED, _pp._ filled full, I. ii. 9. 54; V. 301.
-
-FUTUR, _adj._ future, I. iii. 3. 177.
-
-FYLE, _ger._ to file, to whet, VIII. 253, 441.
-
-FYNDING, _s._ food, II. 794.
-
-FYNE, _s._ end, VIII. 343, 400; XVI. 594.
-
-FYNED, _pp._ refined, I. ii. 4. 130.
-
-FYNESSE, _s._ fineness, I. ii. 12. 44;   Fynenesse, I. ii. 12. 48.
-
-FYRLES, _s._ without fire, X. 129.
-
-
-
-GA, _v._ go; _ga dy_, go and die, XVII. 203.
-
-GABBEST, _2 pr. s._ talkest idly, I. iii. 4. 171;   Gabbeth, _pr. s._ lies,
-V. 142.
-
-GABBING, _s._ boasting, XVI. 342.
-
-GADER, _ger._ gather, III. 301; _pp._ I. i. _pr._ 98.
-
-GAINCOME, _s._ coming again, XVII. 55.
-
-GAIR, _s._ gore, strip, XVII. 179.
-
-GALERYES, _s. pl._ galleries, XXI. 165.
-
-GALLE, _s._ gall, bitterness, XIV. 26.
-
-GAN, _1 pt. s._ did, XXIV. 274.
-
-GARMOUND, _s._ garment, XVII. 164.
-
-GARNEMENT, _s._ garment, I. iii. 7. 132.
-
-GARNISHING, _s._ ornamentation, XX. 143.
-
-GARNISOUN, _s._ garrison, XVII. 484;   complete array, XVI. 175.
-
-GASTETH, _pr. s._ frightens, I. ii. 7. 76.
-
-GAYNETH, _pr. s._ serves, helps, XVI. 623.
-
-GEDER, _2 pr. pl._ gather, III. 191; _pres. pt._ collecting, II. 733.
-
-GEMETRYE, _s._ geometry, I. i. 1. 79.
-
-GENERABILL, _adj._ that can be produced, created, XVII. 148, 171.
-
-GENERALTEE, _s._ generality, V. 402.
-
-GENTILLESSE, _s._ nobility, I. ii. 8. 94.
-
-GENTILWOMAN, _s._ gentlewoman, XXI. 133.
-
-GENTYLED, _pp._ ennobled, I. ii. 8. 100.
-
-GERE, _s._ dress, XX. 26;   array, II. 651.
-
-GERNERE, _s._ garner, I. ii. 2. 27.
-
-GESON, _adj._ scarce, XIV. 9.
-
-GESSE, _pr. pl._ guess, make guesses, II. 170.
-
-GEST, _s._ guest, I. ii. 5. 51; _pl._ II. 531.
-
-GET, _pr. s._ gets, II. 275;   Gete, _pp._ gotten, obtained, IV. 306; XVI.
-67.
-
-GIF, _pr. s. subj._ grant, XVII. 414.
-
-GIF, _conj._ if, XVII. 64.
-
-GIGGES, _s. pl._ concubines, II. 759.
-
-GIGLOT-LYK, _adj._ like a giglot, like a common woman, XVII. 83.
-
-GINNE, _1 pr. s._ begin, XI. 26; _pr. pl._ I. i. 3. 48.
-
-GINNING, _s._ beginning, I. i. 3. 61; IX. 88, 253.
-
-GLAD, _adj._ pleasant, XX. 35.
-
-GLADDE, _ger._ to gladden, please, I. ii. 12. 86; _pp._ X. 99.
-
-GLADSOM, _adj._ pleasant, X. 43.
-
-GLASSE, _s._ glass, i.e. mirror, I. ii. 1. 83.
-
-GLEDES, _s. pl._ kites, II. 1337.
-
-GLEED, _s._ glowing coal, VIII. 231; Gledes, _pl._ I. iii. 7. 37.
-
-GLEYVE, _s._ glaive, sword, XXIV. 544.
-
-GLITERANDE, _pres. pt._ glittering, I. ii. 13. 75; Glitterand, II. 134.
-
-GLOSE, _s._ explanation, comment, II. 842.
-
-GLOSE, _v._ explain (it) away, XXIV. 1260; _imp. s._ XXIV. 420; _pr. s._
-glosses over (things), dissembles, XXII. 50; _pt. pl._ flattered, I. ii. 7.
-105; _pp._ commented upon, II. 312.
-
-GLOSING, _s._ explaining, II. 1140; flattery, I. i. 6. 14; deception, I. i.
-10. 58.
-
-GLOSOURS, _s. pl._ flatterers, I. i. 10. 11.
-
-GLOTON, _adj._ gluttonous, devouring, I. iii. 9. 65.
-
-GLOTOUN, _s._ glutton, XII. 44.
-
-GLOWRAND, _pres. pl._ glowering, lowering, XVII. 191.
-
-GNAT, _s._ gnat, II. 459.
-
-GNAWEN, _pp._ gnawed, I. ii. 9. 113.
-
-GODLIHEED, _error for_ Godheed, _s._ godhead, I. i. 9. 117.
-
-GOER, _s._ walker (on foot), I. ii. 1. 63.
-
-GOINGE, _s._ departure, I. i. 10. 110.
-
-GOLD, _s._ marigold, XXIV. 1437.
-
-GOLD-BURNED, _pp._ burnished like gold, VIII. 34.
-
-GOLDFINCH, _s._ XX. 89; XXIV. 1368.
-
-GOLD-MASTLING, _s._ latten, II. 187. See note.
-
-GONG, _s._ privy, II. 152.
-
-GONNEN, _pt. pl._ began, VIII. 61; Gonne, VIII. 32.
-
-GOODLIHEDE, _s._ excellence, IX. 244.
-
-GOODLY, _adj._ courteous, XXI. 367.
-
-GOODLY, _adj. as s._ goodness, I. iii. 2. 99, 104.
-
-GOODLY, _adv._ well, justly, I. iii. 2. 106.
-
-GOSPEL, _s._ gospel, truth, I. ii. 3. 38.
-
-GOSPELL-BOOK, _s._ gospel, II. 595.
-
-GOSTLY, _adj._ spiritual, II. 1118.
-
-GOVERNAUNCE, _s._ guidance, VII. 139.
-
-GOVERNAYL, _s._ steersman, II. 1078.
-
-GOVERNED, _pp._ steered, I. i. 1. 36.
-
-GOVERNERESSE, _s._ mistress, XXII. 71.
-
-GRAFFEN, _pr. pl._ graft, I. ii. 3. 19; _pp._ I. ii. 3. 92; _gr. in_,
-become grafted into, I. i. _pr._ 6.
-
-GRAME, _s._ anger, II. 961; XXIV. 320; harm, XI. 55.
-
-GRAME, _v._ make angry, VI. 57.
-
-GRAMERCY, _s._ great thanks, XX. 462.
-
-GRANE, _s._ grain, minute particular, XVII. 433. See note.
-
-GRAUNTETH, _pr. s._ admits (a thing), I. i. 7. 32.
-
-GRAVE, _ger._ to engrave, V. 280; _pp._ buried, VII. 67; XVI. 171;
-engraved, I. iii. 8. 14.
-
-GRAY, _adj._ gray (referring to the Franciscans), XXIV. 1096.
-
-GREDE, _1 pr. s._ exclaim, cry out, XVIII. 135.
-
-GREE, _s._ rank, grade, I. iii. 1. 116; favour, II. 334; XXIV. 28; _to take
-in gr._, to receive with favour, XVI. 842.
-
-GREET-NAMED, _adj._ renowned, I. i. 8. 112.
-
-GREISSIS, _s. pl._ grasses, XVII. 425.
-
-GRETTE, _pt. s._ greeted, X. 100; XXIV. 772.
-
-GREVAUNCE, _s._ grievance, harm, XX. 311.
-
-GREVE, _v._ grieve, VI. 57; Greven, _error for_ Greve, _1 pr. s. subj._
-grieve, XXIV. 928.
-
-GREVES, _s. pl._ groves, XX. 367.
-
-GREYNED, _pp._ formed like grain, I. ii. 2. 124.
-
-GRIFFON, _s._ griffin, II. 86.
-
-GRIPE, _s._ grip, grasp, I. ii. 11. 71.
-
-GRITH, _s._ protection, II. 247.
-
-GROBBED, _pp._ grubbed, dug round about, I. i. 5. 92.
-
-GROME, _s._ groom, XXIV. 1433.
-
-GROUF; _on gr._, in a grovelling posture, XVII. 362. See GRUFFE.
-
-GROUNDE, _pp._ ground down, VIII. 225.
-
-GROUNDED, _pp._, founded, I. ii. 5. 118.
-
-GRUCCHEN, _v._ murmur, XXIV. 960; grumble, II. 1164; _pr. s. subj._ may
-grumble (at), II. 886; murmur at, XXI. 47.
-
-GRUFFE, _adv._ grovelling, VIII. 167.
-
-GRYPEN, _pr. pl._ grasp, II. 667.
-
-GUBERNATIF, _adj._ governing, relating to government, political, I. i. 6.
-120.
-
-GUERDON, _s._ reward, I. i. 8. 136; VIII. 371; X. 6; XVI. 443.
-
-GUERDONETH, _pr. s._ rewards, V. 97; _pp._ XXI. 591.
-
-GUERDONING, _s._ reward, I. i. 8. 135.
-
-GUERDONLES, _adj._ without reward, VIII. 399.
-
-GUYSE, _s._ way, XXIV. 245.
-
-GYDIT, _pt. s._ guided, XVII. 205.
-
-GYE, _v._ guide, VIII. 177; XIII. 55; preserve, VII. 79; direct, XXIV.
-1250.
-
-GYLOUR, _s._ traitor, XII. 74.
-
-GYSE, _s._ manner, XXI. 9.
-
-GYTE, _s._ mantle, XVII. 164, 178, 260. See note, p. 522.
-
-GYVES, _s. pl._ fetters, II. 651.
-
-
-
-HABIRGEOUN, _s._ coat of mail, XVII. 186.
-
-HABIT, _s._ friar's dress, III. 101; dress, I. ii. 11. 121.
-
-HABOUNDE, _adj._ abundant, X. 126.
-
-HABOUNDETH, _pr. s._ abounds, I. i. 1. 75; I. ii. 2. 140.
-
-HABUNDAUNCE, _s._ abundance, VI. 63.
-
-HACE, _adj._ hoarse, XVII. 338, 445.
-
-HAILL, _adj._ whole, XVII. 73.
-
-HAILSUM, _adj._ wholesome, XVII. 249.
-
-HAIT, _adj._ hot, XVII. 29, 237.
-
-HALE, _s._ the cry of 'haul,' II. 872.
-
-HALETH, _pr. s._ draws, I. i. 10. 104.
-
-HALFE, _s._ side, direction, I. ii. 3. 47; _a goddes h._, in God's name, I.
-ii. 4. 147.
-
-HALKE, _s._ nook, I. i. 3. 32; II. 489.
-
-HALOWE, _pr. pl._ consecrate, II. 277.
-
-HALSE, _1 pr. s._ embrace, XXIV. 1289.
-
-HALT, _pr. s._ holds, I. ii. 3. 12; VIII. 21; keeps, I. i. 1. 115.
-
-HALTE, _adj._ halt, VI. 43.
-
-HALVE, _s._ side, I. ii. 1. 7; part, I. iii. 7. 32; IV. 120; way, respect,
-I. ii. 12. 86.
-
-HAN, _pr. pl._ have, possess, I. ii. 5. 42; II. 601.
-
-HANCHE, _s._ haunch, hip, XVII. 187.
-
-HANDLE, _ger._ to handle, feel, I. iii. 6. 52.
-
-HANG, _pt. pl._ hung, XVII. 160.
-
-HAP, _s._ chance, mere luck, I. i. 3. 121.
-
-HAPPED, _pp._ chanced; _was happed_, had such fortune, XX. 16.
-
-HAPPY, _adj._ due to chance, casual, I. i. 3. 157; fortunate, V. 393.
-
-HAPPYOUS, _adj._ chance, casual, I. i. 10. 29.
-
-HARBEROWED, _pp._ harboured, lodged, I. ii. 2. 19.
-
-HARD, _pt. s._ heard, XVII. 143.
-
-HARDILY, _adv._ certainly, XX. 234.
-
-HARDYED, _pp._ emboldened, I. iii. 7. 30.
-
-HARDYER, _adj._ more difficult, I. i. _pr._ 116.
-
-HARLOTRY, _s._ evil conduct, II. 1100.
-
-HARNEYS, _s._ defensive armour, I. i. 4. 45; XX. 242; Harnes, XVII. 186.
-
-HARSE, _s._ _perhaps an error for_ harm, I. i. 3. 158.
-
-HART, _s._ hart, I. ii. 11. 43.
-
-HASEL, _s._ hazel-bush, I. iii. 6. 5.
-
-HAT, _pr. s._ is called, II. 454.
-
-HATE, _v._ hate; hence, put force upon, XVI. 729.
-
-HATE, _1 pr. s._ command, bid, XXI. 689. (Better, _hote_.)
-
-HAUNCE, _pr. pl._ enhance, advance, VIII. 430.
-
-HAUTAYN, _adj._ haughty, I. iii. 6. 89.
-
-HAVELESSE, _adj._ indigent, as one that possesses nothing, XVI. 605.
-
-HAW, _adj._ wan, dull of colour, XVII. 257; livid, XVII. 340.
-
-HAWE, _s._ haw, II. 304; _sette nat an h._, care not a haw, I. i. 7. 100.
-
-HAYLES, _s. pl._ hailstorms, I. iii. 5. 22.
-
-HAYNE, _s._ hatred, dislike, I. i. _pr._ 102; I. i. 7. 43.
-
-HECHT, _1 pt. s._ promised, XVII. 23; _pt. s._ was named, XVII. 213.
-
-HEDE-TAKING, _s._ taking heed, I. ii. 4. 67.
-
-HEEP, _s._ crowd, VI. 43.
-
-HEER, _s._ hair, I. ii. 4. 22 (see note); XIII. 84.
-
-HEERDES, _s. pl._ herds, I. i. 3. 44.
-
-HEGGE, _s._ hedge, XX. 54, 66.
-
-HEIDIT, _pp._ headed, XVII. 168.
-
-HEIL, _s._ health (E. _heit_) XVII. 334.
-
-HEIRD, _prob. for_ Heir it, hear it, XVII. 415. Cf. Lowl. Sc. _dude_, do it
-(Jamieson).
-
-HEKLIT, _pp._ drawn forward over, XVII. 244. Cf. Icel. _hekla_, _hoekull_.
-
-HELDE, _v._ hold, II. 704; Helden, _3 pr. s. subj._ might hold, XXIV. 347
-(ungrammatical).
-
-HELDED, _pp._ inclined, poured out, I. i. 4. 19.
-
-HELE, _s._ health, XXIV. 193, 666; salvation, IV. 343; VII. 24.
-
-HELEDEST, _pr. s._ didst conceal, I. i. 7. 117; _pp._ hidden, I. i. 8. 128
-(obviously a false reading; read _deled_, distributed).
-
-HELEN, _v._ (to) heal, I. ii. 11. 23; _pt. s._ healed; _h. with his hele_,
-healed his heel with, I. i. 5. 45.
-
-HELES, _s. pl._ heels, IV. 113.
-
-HELL-YATES, _s. pl._ hell-gates, II. 419.
-
-HENNE, _adv._ hence, XVIII. 102.
-
-HENS-FORWARD; _from h._, from henceforth, I. ii. 10. 144.
-
-HENSHMEN, _s. pl._ henchmen, XX. 252.
-
-HENTE, _v._ catch, I. i. _pr._ 12; seize, I. i. 1. 12; _pr. s._ catches, I.
-iii. 4. 115; _pt. pl._ caught, seized, V. 257; _pp._ caught, II. 555;
-seized, XXIV. 1144; gained, I. i. 3. 121.
-
-HEPED, _pp._ heaped, i.e. great, V. 407.
-
-HERAUD, _s._ herald, XVI. 258; _pl._ XX. 233.
-
-HERBER, _s._ arbour, VIII. 125, 127; XVI. 191; XX. 48; XXI. 48.
-
-HERBERGERE, _s._ harbinger, officer who provides apartments, XXI. 268, 389.
-
-HERBEROWED, _pp._ lodged, I. ii. 2. 34.
-
-HERBERWE, _s._ harbour, X. 35;   Herbery, shelter, XVII. 403.
-
-HERDES, _s. pl._ shepherds, II. 339.
-
-HERE, _s._ hair, XX. 332.
-
-HERE, _pron._ her, V. 70, 71; IX. 111.
-
-HERE-TOFORN, _adv._ formerly, I. i. 8. 6.
-
-HERNES, _s. pl._ corners, II. 489.
-
-HERRE, _s._ hinge;   _out of h._, off the hinge, IV. 185.   A.S. _heorr_.
-
-HERTED, _pp._ hardened, strengthened, I. iii. 7. 91.
-
-HERTELY, _adj._ dear to my heart, XI. 23;   Hertly, severe, VIII. 139.
-
-HEST, _s._ promise, VIII. 319;   Heste, VIII. 571;   command, III. 106;
-_pl._ commands, II. 209; V. 354.
-
-HETE, _s._ heat, XXIV. 1379.
-
-HETE, _v._ be called (_probably an error for_ hote), I. ii. 6. 86.   See
-HOTE.
-
-HETH, _s._ heath, XXIV. 755.
-
-HETHENESSE, _s._ pagan country, VI. 17.
-
-HEVE, _s._ the cry of 'heave,' II. 872. See note.
-
-HEVEN-KAY, _s._ the key of heaven, II. 865.
-
-HEVYE, _ger._ to be sorrowful, I. i. 4. 4.
-
-HEWE, _ger._ to hew, IX. 158.
-
-HEWMOUND, _s._ helmet, XVII. 186.
-
-HEY, _interj._ hey! II. 890.
-
-HEYR, _s._ heir, successor, XVIII. 180 (see note); _pl._ III. 207.
-
-HIGHNES, _s._ exaltation, II. 116.
-
-HIGHT, _pr. s._ is named, XXI. 169;   _2 pr. pl._ XXII. 23;   _do h._, are
-called, XXIV. 145;   _1 pt. s._ promised, XXIV. 1319;   _pp._ promised,
-VIII. 319; IX. 97.
-
-HILDETH, _pr. s._ pours out, I. ii. 1. 13.
-
-HING, _pt. s._ hung, XXIV. 1201;   Hingen, _pt. pl._ I. i. 4. 36;   _pres.
-pt._ hanging, XXIV. 139.   See HONG.
-
-HIT, _pr. s._ hits, XVIII. 203.
-
-HO, _s._ proclamation, XXIV. 270. See note.
-
-HOGGES, _s. pl._ hogs, I. i. _pr._ 121.
-
-HOIR, _adj._ lit. hoary, XVII. 163;   old, feeble, XVII. 338, 445.   See
-HORE.
-
-HOLD, _s._ fortress, II. 475.
-
-HOLDEN, _pp._ beholden, I. ii. 4. 122;   compelled, I. iii. 7. 120;
-Holde, _pp._ bound, IV. 7.
-
-HOLE, _adj._ whole, IV. 226; XVIII. 7;   entire, XXIV. 302;   trustworthy,
-XIII. 39.
-
-HOLE, _adv._ wholly, II. 212; XXIV. 322.
-
-HOLOWNESSE, _s._ hollow vault, concave, I. ii. 9. 109.
-
-HOLPEN, _pp._ helped, I. ii. 12. 23.
-
-HOLTES, _s. pl._ woods, copses, VIII. 119; IX. 47.
-
-HONDE, _s._ hand, IV. 384.
-
-HONG, _v._ hang, XX. 245;   Hongen, _pr. pl._ IV. 263;   Hong, _pt. s._
-hung, II. 8;   Honged, _pp._ hung on, II. 1042.   See HING.
-
-HONY, _s._ honey, I. i. 2. 46; I. ii. 9. 38; XXIV. 1040.
-
-HONYED, _adj._ full of honey, I. ii. 14. 24.
-
-HONY-SOUKELS, _s. pl._ honeysuckles, I. iii. 6. 6.
-
-HOOKES, _s. pl._ hooks, I. i. 10. 105.
-
-HOOL, _adj. as adv._ wholly, XVI. 234;   in full, XXI. 628.
-
-HOOLLY, _adv._ wholly, XXII. 14.
-
-HOOLSOM, _adj._ wholesome, VIII. 14; X. 36; XX. 6.
-
-HOOMLINESSE, _s._ plainness of speech, V. 132.
-
-HOOT, _adj._ hot, VIII. 136.
-
-HOPPEN, _pr. pl._ dance, II. 872.
-
-HORE, _adj. pl._ hoary, old, hence bare (as trees in winter), VIII. 119;
-IX. 47.   See HOIR.
-
-HORISONS, _s. pl._ prayers, I. iii. 9. 92.
-
-HORN, _s._ horn;   _give us an horn_, scoff at us, XXIV. 1390.
-
-HOROWE, _adj._ dirty, II. 1097.
-
-HORS, _s. pl._ horses, XX. 201, 274.
-
-HORS-HARNEYS, _s._ horse-trappings, XX. 218, 226, 237.
-
-HOSPITALL, _s._ hospital, XVII. 382.
-
-HOSTEL, _s._ lodging, I. i. 2. 57.
-
-HOTE, _v._ be called, I. ii. 4. 139;   Hoten, have a name, XVIII. 185;
-Hote, _pt. s._ was named, XXIV. 159;   _pp._ called, XXIV. 741.
-
-HOUGE, _adj._ huge, great, II. 1109.
-
-HOURES, _s. pl._ services, as matins, &c., XVIII. 70. See note.
-
-HOUSELIN, _ger._ to receive the eucharist, II. 1211.
-
-HOUTEN, _pr. pl._ hoot, shout, II. 872.
-
-HOW, _adv._ however, XXIV. 207.
-
-HOW, _adj._ hollow, XVII. 157.
-
-HOWSINGE, _s._ building of houses, III. 296.
-
-HUDE, _s._ hood, XVII. 244.
-
-HUISHT, _adj._ silent, I. ii. 7. 122.   See below.
-
-HUISSHT, _interj._ whist! peace! I. i. 5. 90.
-
-HULFERE, _s._ holly, VIII. 129.
-
-HY, _s._ haste; _in hy_, XVII. 361; XXIV. 268, 698.
-
-HYE, _v. refl._ hasten, I. iii. 5. 71; IX. 33;   _imp. pl. refl._ XXI. 244;
-_pr. s._ I. iii. 4. 98.
-
-HYLY, _adv._ highly, IX. 185.
-
-HYND, _s._ hind, I. ii. 11. 43.
-
-HYNE, _s._ hind, farm-labourer, II. 26.
-
-
-
-I-CLEPED, _pp._ called, II. 73.
-
-IDEOT, _s._ idiot, I. i. 9. 87;   _pl._ I. ii. 1. 94.
-
-IDOLE, _s._ image, XVII. 507.
-
-ILKE, _adj_. same, I. i. 3. 80; I. i. 9. 62.
-
-IMPEDIMENTES, _s. pl._ hindrances, I. ii. 6. 96.
-
-IMPERCIABLE, _adj._ impervious, not to be pierced, I. i. 4. 45.
-
-IMPERFITE, _adj._ imperfect, III. 186, 199.
-
-IMPORTABLE, _adj._ unbearable, I. i. 1. 108; V. 26.
-
-IMPOSSIBLE, _s._ a thing impossible, I. ii. 4. 152; Impossible, VII. 12.
-
-IMPRENTIT, _pp._ imprinted, XVII. 508.
-
-IMPRESSION, _s._ impression, I. ii. 9. 32.
-
-IN PRINCIPIO, first verse of St. John's gospel, III. 136.
-
-INCHAUNGEABLE, _adj._ unchangeable, I. i. _pr._ 52.
-
-INCLOSE, _pp._ included, I. iii. 4. 164.
-
-INCOMMODITE, _s._ inconvenience, I. iii. 8. 141.
-
-INCONVENIENCE, _s._ unfitness, I. iii. 4. 139;   mistake, I. ii. 4. 153.
-
-INCONVENIENT, _adj._ unfitting, I. iii. 9. 12.
-
-IND, _adj._ blue, XXIV. 78;   Inde, _pl._ VIII. 127.
-
-INDIFFERENT, _adj._ impartial, I. i. 7. 34.
-
-INDUCTATIFE, _adj._ capable of being reduced, I. ii. 13. 48.
-
-INFAME, _s._ ill fame, disgrace, I. i. 8. 49;   ill report, I. i. 6. 70.
-
-INFECTED, _pp._ impaired, XXIV. 1053.
-
-IN-FERE, _adv._ together, II. 1212; V. 458; XVIII. 78, 263, 273; XXI. 407;
-fully, XXI. 602.
-
-INFLAT, _pp._ inflated, blown, XVII. 463.
-
-INFORTUNE, _s._ misfortune, IV. 49.
-
-INHAUNSING, _s._ enhancing, II. 112.
-
-INKE, _s._ ink, I. i. _pr._ 15.
-
-INLY, _adv._ inwardly, extremely, XX. 113;   very, XXI. 515, 747.
-
-IN-MIDDES, _prep._ amid, XXI. 55.
-
-INNE, _s._ inn, lodging, II. 977.
-
-INNE, _adv._ within, in, XVIII. 62.
-
-INNOMINABLE, _adj._ unnameable, I. i. 9. 55; I. ii. 4. 53.
-
-INOBEDIENCE, _s._ disobedience, XXIII. 12.
-
-INPOSSESSION, _s._ an error for 'imposition,' i.e. the imposing of a name,
-I. ii. 4. 141.   See the note.
-
-INPUT, _pp._ placed in, implanted, I. ii. 2. 120.
-
-INSEER, _s._ investigator, looker into, I. iii. 1. 141; I. iii. 9. 91;
-reader, I. iii. 1. 25;   _pl._ I. ii. 1. 103.
-
-INSIGHT, _s._ perception, I. ii. 6. 96.
-
-INSPIRACION, _s._ inspiration, I. ii. 1. 13.
-
-INSUFFISANCE, _s._ insufficiency, I. i. 9. 13.
-
-INSUFFYSAUNT, _adj._ insufficient, I. i. 4. 63.
-
-INTENT, _pr. s._ means, XXIV. 1370.
-
-INTERE, _adj._ entire, sincere, XIII. 31.
-
-IN-TO, _prep._ in, XVII. 212.
-
-INTRUCIOUN, _s._ intrusion, I. i. 1. 17.
-
-INWIT, _s._ conscience, I. i. 4. 17.
-
-I-PAYNTED, _pp._ painted, II. 135.
-
-I-PERLED, _pp._ adorned with pearls, II. 158.
-
-IPOCRYTE, _s._ hypocrite, XII. 65.
-
-IRRECUPERABLE, _adj._ irrecoverable, I. ii. 1. 34.
-
-IS, _pron._ them, II. 941.
-
-ISSEWE, _s._ issue, flow, XVI. 52.
-
-ITINERARIE, _s._ road-book, guide, X. 64.
-
-IVORIE, _s._ ivory, XI. 3.
-
-
-
-JANGELING, _adj._ prattling, vain, I. iii. 6. 89.
-
-JANGLE, _ger._ to prattle, XVI. 744;   _pr. s._ prates, II. 791; XVI. 333.
-
-JANGLERS, _s. pl._ praters, I. i. 4. 64.
-
-JANGLES, _s. pl._ idle words, I. ii. 9. 93.
-
-JANGLINGE, _s._ discord, I. ii. 9. 52;   gossip, I. i. 5. 19;   _pl._
-babblings, I. ii. 14. 10.
-
-JAPE, _s._ jest, I. i. 10. 87; XXI. 348;   _pl._ XXII. 53.
-
-JAY, _s._ jay, I. i. _pr._ 30; II. 791.
-
-JEUSE, _s._ juice, I. iii. 5. 115.
-
-JOCOUNDE, _adj._ jocund, pleasant, V. 475.
-
-JOLEYVINGE, _pres. pt._ cheering, I. i. 1. 126.
-
-JOLIF, _adj._ happy, XXIV. 177;   spruce, XXIV. 473.
-
-JONESSE, _s._ Youth, XXII. 69.
-
-JORNED, _1 pt. s._ journeyed, XXIV. 72.
-
-JOURNEY, _s._ day's work, I. i. 5. 31.
-
-JOWALL, _s._ jewel, XVII. 521.
-
-JOYNT, _pp. as s._ a thing closed, II. 220.
-
-JUMPERE, _v._ jumble together;   _conne j._, know how to mix, I. i. _pr._
-30.
-
-JUPARDYE, _s._ risk, peril, VIII. 475.
-
-JUPARTING, _s._ jeoparding, risking, VIII. 419.
-
-JURISDICCIOUN, _s._ jurisdiction, VIII. 271.
-
-JUSTES, _s. pl._ jousts, tournaments, XX. 282.
-
-JUSTIFICACION, _s._ justification, I. ii. 13. 88.
-
-JUVENTE, _s._ youth, VII. 11.
-
-JUYSE, _s._ penalty, XVI. 622.
-
-
-
-KALENDS, _s._ the beginning, VII. 146.
-
-KELE, _ger._ to cool, XXIV. 775.
-
-KEMBE, _pr. pl._ comb, II. 306;   Kemmit, _pp._ XVII. 222.
-
-KEND, _pp._ known, XVII. 380.
-
-KENDILLIS, _pr. s._ kindles, takes fire, XVII. 30.
-
-KEPE, _s._ heed, XVIII. 207;   _I take no kepe_, I take no heed, XVI. 267.
-
-KEPEN, _1 pr. s._ (_for_ Kepe), take care, XXIV. 684.
-
-KEPTEN, _pp._ (_false form, for_ Kept), kept, XXIV. 526.
-
-KERVE, _v._ cut, XII. 121;   _pr. pl._ V. 245.
-
-KIDDE, _pt. s._ shewed, V. 314;   Kid, _pp._ made known, I. iii. 5. 70.
-
-KIND, _s._ nature, XIII. 80.
-
-KINDE, _adj._ natural, XXII. 29.
-
-KINGES OF ARMES, _s. pl._ kings-at-arms, XX. 220.
-
-KINREDE, _s._ kindred, I. ii. 2. 113; V. 2; _pl._ III. 8.
-
-KINREST, _s._ rest for the people, time of rest, I. i. 5. 103.   See the
-note.
-
-KIRK, _s._ church, XVII. 117.
-
-KITE, _s._ kite, XXIV. 1416.
-
-KITH, _s._ native country, I. i. _pr._ 123.
-
-KNETTE, _v._ knit, weave, suggest, I. i. 7. 39;   Knitten, _pr. pl._
-accept, lit. knit together, I. ii. 5. 34;   _imp. s._ knit, fasten, XI. 17;
-_pp._ knit, IX. 171;   Knit, _pp._ chosen, I. ii. 8. 62.
-
-KNITTING, _s._ choosing friends, I. ii. 8. 19.
-
-KNOT, _s._ knot, a fanciful term for the bliss for which a man strives, the
-_summum bonum_, I. ii. 4. 140.
-
-KNOWERS, _s. pl._ men who know (it), I. ii. 8. 28.
-
-KNOWING, _s._ knowledge, I. ii. 9. 17.
-
-KNOWLEGEDEN, _pt. pl._ acknowledged, I. i. 6. 157.
-
-KNOWLEGINGE, _s._ knowledge, I. i. 8. 99;   meaning, I. i. _pr._ 29.
-
-KNYF, _s._ knife, II. 241.
-
-KYME, _s._ wretch, II. 695. See note.
-
-KYNDE, _adj._ kindred, I. i. 6. 49.
-
-KYNDELY, _adj._ natural, I. i. _pr._ 36; I. ii. 3. 52.
-
-KYTHEN, _v._ (to) manifest, V. 224;   _imp. pl._ shew, VI. 42.
-
-
-
-LABORIOUS, _adj._ full of endeavour, VII. 69.
-
-LACCHE, _ger._ to seize, grasp, I. i. 3. 51.
-
-LACE, _s._ tie, bond, XI. 17.
-
-LACED, _pp._ bound, I. i. 3. 144.
-
-LACHE, _2 pr. s. subj._ loosen (it), let go, _or perhaps_, turn coward,
-relax, I. ii. 14. 83. F. _lacher_.
-
-LACKE, _v._ fail, III. 222.
-
-LACKED, _pp._ dispraised, I. i. 8. 104; I. i. 10. 83.
-
-LACKING, _s._ blaming, I. ii. 8. 33;   dispraise, I. iii. 2. 112.
-
-LADDE, _2 pt. pl._ led, I. i. 3. 76; _pp._ IX. 219.
-
-LADE, _pp._ laden, XX. 305.
-
-LADELS, _s. pl._ cross-paths, by-paths, I. i. 3. 42. (See note, p. 456.)
-
-LAFT, _pt. s._ remained, XX. 364.
-
-LAK, _s._ reproof, blame, reproach, XVII. 276.
-
-LAKE, _s._ linen cloth, X. 70.
-
-LAKKEN, _pr. pl._ blame, V. 192.
-
-LAMENTACIOUS, _adj._ mournful, I. i. 1. 128.
-
-LANES, _s. pl._ pathways, tracks, I. i. 3. 41.
-
-LANGORING, _adj._ full of langour, swooning, I. ii. 14. 59.
-
-LAPWINGES, _s. pl._ lapwings, II. 1339.
-
-LARDER, _s._ larder (i.e. slaughter), I. ii. 14. 13.
-
-LARGE, _adj._ loose, too free, IX. 157;   liberal, XVI. 455.
-
-LARGE, _s._; _at hir l._, at freedom, free, VIII. 329;   _at your l._, IX.
-15.
-
-LARGESSE, _s._ bounty, II. 511; XVIII. 157; XXI. 318.
-
-LARSON, _s._ larceny, II. 323.
-
-LAS, _adj. pl._ less, XXI. 439.
-
-LASSE, _adj._ less, I. ii. 9. 77; IV. 109.
-
-LASSHED, _pt. pl._ burst, ran forth, flowed, I. i. 6. 71.
-
-LAST, _pt. pl._ lasted, XX. 288.
-
-LAT, _adj._ late, behindhand, II. 457.
-
-LATTIT, _pp._ hindered, XVII. 27.
-
-LAUCH (_for_ Leuch?), _pt. s._ laughed, XVII. 231   (_or infin._ to laugh).
-
-LAUDEST, _2 pr. s._ praisest, I. i. 10. 76.
-
-LAUGHANDE, _pres. pt._ laughing, I. i. 1. 47.
-
-LAUNDE, _s._ glade, VIII. 120; XVIII. 61.
-
-LAUREAT, _adj._ made of laurel, X. 68.
-
-LAURER, _s._ laurel, VIII. 65; IX. 238; XX. 158;   -tree, XX. 109.
-
-LAURIOLE, _s._ laurel crown, X. 73.
-
-LAVEROK, _s._ lark, X. 82.
-
-LAWDE, _s._ praise, XXIV. 1332.
-
-LAWEST, _adj._ lowest, XVII. 298.
-
-LAWFULLY, _adv._ in a low tone, XVII. 312.
-
-LAWN, _s._ lawn covering, lawn kerchief, XVII. 423.
-
-LAY, _s._ lea, XVIII. 285.
-
-LAY, _s._ lay, song, I. iii. 7. 53.
-
-LAY, _s._ law, faith, belief, V. 433.
-
-LAY-FEE, _s._ fee belonging to laymen, II. 686, 741.
-
-LAYSER, _s._ leisure, XI. 41.
-
-LAZAROUS, _s._ leprous person, leper, XVII. 343, 531.
-
-LECHE, _s._ physician, I. iii. 7. 79; X. 42.
-
-LECHECRAFT, _s._ healing, I. iii. 9. 69.
-
-LECTORN, _s._ lectern, XXIV. 1382.
-
-LEED, _s._ lead, II. 160.
-
-LEEF, _adj._ lief, dear, longed for, XXI. 694.
-
-LEEFFUL, _adj._ permissible, VII. 75.
-
-LEEFLY, _adj._ permissible, I. ii. 14. 8.
-
-LEEL, _adj._ loyal, II. 755.
-
-LEES, _s._ lie, V. 444.
-
-LEET, _pt. s._ caused; _leet do crye_, caused to be cried or proclaimed,
-IV. 174.
-
-LEFFER, _adj._ liefer, XXIV. 1130.
-
-LEFFUL, ADJ. permissible, I. iii. 2. 51;   Leful, I. i. 3. 129.
-
-LEFTE, _1 pt. s._ remained, V. 443; XXI. 190;   abandoned, IV. 342;
-Leften, _error for_ Left, _pp._ left, XXIV. 1166.
-
-LEGE, _adj._ liege, III. 10.
-
-LEGEAUNCE, _s._ allegiance, VIII. 551.
-
-LEGENDE, Legend, V. 316. See note.
-
-LEGGE, _v._ allege, XXIV. 1065;   Legen, _pr. pl._ allege, I. i. 7. 73;
-Leged, _pp._ alleged (to be), I. ii. 2. 103.
-
-LEGISTRES, _s. pl._ lawyers, I. ii. 2. 69.
-
-LEID, _s._ lead, XVII. 155.
-
-LEID, _s._ person, man, XVII. 449.
-
-LEIF, _ger._ to live, XVII. 384.
-
-LEIR, _ger._ to learn, XVII. 479.
-
-LEMES, _s. pl._ rays, X. 116.
-
-LEMMAN, _s._ leman, II. 883; _gen._ II. 338.
-
-LENE, _pr. s. subj._ may lend, I. iii. 9. 78.
-
-LENE, _adj._ lean, weak, V. 408.
-
-LENETH, _pr. s._ leans, inclines, I. ii. 6. 53.
-
-LENGER, _adv._ the longer, XVI. 678.
-
-LENGEST, _adv._ longest, I. ii. 9. 86.
-
-LENT, _s._ spring, XVII. 5.
-
-LEPRE, _s._ leprosy, IV. 349.
-
-LERE, _ger._ to learn, XX. 229;   _pp._ learned, II. 754.
-
-LERNE, _ger._ to learn, to be taught, XVI. 535;   _2 pr. pl._ teach, I. i.
-4. 41;   _pp._ instructed, XVI. 635.
-
-LESE, _ger._ to lose, II. 591; IV. 295;   _2 pr. s._ I. i. 8. 131;   _pr.
-s._ XVI. 388;   _pr. pl._ XVI. 588;   _imp. pl._ VII. 87.
-
-LESERS, _s. pl._ losers, I. i. 10. 62.
-
-LESING, _s._ losing, loss, I. ii. 7. 65; I. ii. 10. 120.
-
-LESING, _s._ falsehood, lie, XVIII. 238; XXI. 263; XXIV. 422;   _pl._ I. i.
-6. 159; VIII. 421.
-
-LESTE, _pt. s._ lasted (_or_, might last), I. i. 5. 32.
-
-LET, _pr. s._ letteth, lets, VIII. 464.
-
-LET, _pr. s._ hinders, I. i. 1. 119.
-
-LET, _pr. s._ leads, I. iii. 9. 11.
-
-LETE, _v._ let go, spare, let alone, XX. 215;   Let, _v._ pretend, XVI.
-583;   Lete, _2 pr. pl._ allow to be, III. 362;   Let commaunde, caused men
-to command, XXIV. 296.
-
-LET-GAMES, _s. pl._ hinderers of sport, I. i. 3. 124; I. i. 4. 61.
-
-LETHY, _adj._ weak, I. iii. 7. 101.
-
-LETTE, _v._ hinder, III. 289; VIII. 251;   _ger._ to prevent, II. 1189;
-_pp._ hindered, I. i. 8. 100.
-
-LETTING, _s._ hindrance, I. i. 9. 114.
-
-LETTOURS, _s. pl._ hinderers, I. i. 3. 126.
-
-LETTRED, _pp._ learned, XXIV. 302.
-
-LEUDE, _adj._ ignorant, I. i. _pr._ 16.
-
-LEUDNESSE, _s._ ignorance, want of skill, I. i. _pr._ 19.
-
-LEVE, _s._ belief, II. 1135.
-
-LEVE, _adj. pl._ dear ones, IV. 354.
-
-LEVE, _v._ leave, abandon, XVI. 534;   _pr. s._ leaves off, ceases, I. ii.
-5. 46;   remains, I. ii. 4. 7;   is left, XVI. 668;   _pp._ left, I. i. 7.
-22;   neglected, I. ii. 9. 191.
-
-LEVEN, _ger._ to believe, II. 895; V. 56;   _v._ I. ii. 13. 130;   _1 pr.
-s._ XVI. 710;   _imp. s._ XVIII. 237;   _pp._ I. i. 4. 69.
-
-LEVER, _adv._ sooner, rather, I. ii. 10. 71; VIII. 535.
-
-LEVES, _s. pl._ leaves, XXIV. 519.
-
-LEWED, _adj._ ignorant, II. 146, 970;   Lewde, unskilful, XIX. 1;
-ill-omened, XVIII. 50.
-
-LEYSER, _s._ leisure, V. 129; XIX. 13;   Leysar, I. i. 2. 43.
-
-LICH, _adj._ like, similar, I. i. 5. 42; II. 303; XXIV. 696; Liche, _pl._
-alike, I. i. 5. 46.
-
-LICHE, _adv._ alike, XXI. 117.
-
-LIERE, _s._ Liar, XXIV. 1242.
-
-LIFT, _adj._ left, I. i. 1. 111; I. ii. 1. 6.
-
-LIGE, _adj._ liege, VI. 9.
-
-LIGEAUNCE, _s._ allegiance, I. i. 6. 165; VI. 37.
-
-LIGGE, _ger._ to lie, I. ii. 6. 90; Lig, _v._ II. 4; _2 pr. pl._ lodge,
-III. 81; _pr. pl._ lie still, III. 181.
-
-LIGGEN, _2 pr. pl._ lay, III. 46. (Incorrectly used.)
-
-LIGHT, _adj._ easy, IV. 218; Lighter, _comp._ I. ii. 12. 202.
-
-LIGHT, _s._ lightning, XIV. 37. See note. As 'lightning' is certainly
-meant, a better reading would be _leyt_.
-
-LIGHTE, _pr. s. subj._ may alight, alight, X. 83; _pt. s._ I. i. 2. 5.
-
-LIGHTINGE, _pres. pt._ shining; _suche lightinge_, giving such a kind of
-light, I. ii. 6. 101.
-
-LIGHTLES, _adj._ deprived of light, I. i. 1. 20.
-
-LIGHTLY, _adv._ easily, I. ii. 5. 121; XVI. 426.
-
-LIGHTSOM, _adj._ light, XVI. 405; pleasant, X. 30.
-
-LIGNES (?), I. ii. 3. 10; see note, p. 467.
-
-LIMITACION, _s._ boundary, limit, III. 85.
-
-LIMITORS, _s. pl._ friars begging within a fixed limit, III. 83.
-
-LIMMES, _s. pl._ limbs, IV. 260; XXIV. 228.
-
-LINET, _s._ linnet, XXIV. 1408.
-
-LIPPER, _adj._ belonging to lepers, XVII. 438; leprous, XVII. 372.
-
-LIPPER-LEID, _s._ leper-folk, XVII. 451.
-
-LISSE, _s._ comfort, alleviation, I. ii. 14. 3.
-
-LISSEN, _v._ ease, relieve, XVIII. 245; _pp._ I. iii. 6. 13.
-
-LIST, _pr. s._ is pleased, I. i. 3. 35; XVI. 455; _pr. s._ prefers, likes,
-XVII. 256; List, _2 pr. pl._ are (you) pleased, XVI. 276; _pr. s. subj._
-may please, IX. 63; _pt. s. subj._ (it) should please, IX. 255.
-
-LISTED, _pp._ listened, IX. 29.
-
-LISTIS, _s. pl._ borders, XVII. 179.
-
-LIVING, _pres. pt._ living, existing, (_but perhaps an error for_ leming,
-i.e. shining), X. 24. See note.
-
-LIVINGES, _s. pl._ modes of life (?), I. ii. 1. 119 (_perhaps an error for_
-livinge).
-
-LODEMANAGE, _s._ pilotage, steering, XIII. 61.
-
-LODESTERRE, _s._ lode-star, guiding star, XVI. 257.
-
-LOENGE, _s._ praise, IV. 371.
-
-LOGGE, _s._ lodge, VIII. 585.
-
-LOGGED, _pp._ lodged, I. i. 2. 18.
-
-LOGGING, _s._ lodging, abode, XVI. 82.
-
-LOKE, _ger._ to look, I. iii. 6. 97; _pr. s. subj._ let (him) see, II. 834;
-Lokeden, _pt. pl._ looked, I. i. 7. 105.
-
-LOKERS, _s. pl._ onlookers, I. i. 5. 71.
-
-LOLLERS, _s._ Lollards, II. 73, 88.
-
-LONDE, _s._ country, II. 1138.
-
-LONDLEES, _adj._ landless, II. 73.
-
-LOND-TILLERS, _s. pl._ farmers, I. i. 3. 32.
-
-LONGETH, _pr. s._ belongs, I. ii. 9. 78; II. 965; XVI. 53; is suitable,
-XXIV. 408; _pt. s._ XXI. 518.
-
-LOOS, _s._ praise, I. i. 7. 26; fame, VI. 8; _badde l._, ill fame, I. i. 6.
-179.
-
-LORDLYCH, _adj._ lordly, II. 1052.
-
-LORE, _s._ teaching, I. i. 4. 48; IX. 220.
-
-LORE, _pp._ lost, II. 731, 986.
-
-LORELL, _s._ abandoned wretch, II. 374, 1138.
-
-LORN, _pp._ lost, I. i. 4. 28; I. ii. 3. 77.
-
-LOSE, _s._ praise; _out of lose_, to my dispraise, IX. 234.
-
-LOSED, _pp._ praised, I. i. 8. 113, 126.
-
-LOSEL, _s._ abandoned wretch, I. ii. 2. 49.
-
-LOSENGEOUR, _s._ flatterer, I. ii. 2. 52.
-
-LOSENGERY, _s._ flattery, II. 635; III. 202.
-
-LOTHE, _adj._ hated, I. i. 3. 37; _pl._ hostile ones, IV. 354.
-
-LOTHER, _adj._ more loath, XVIII. 160.
-
-LOUGH, _pt. s._ laughed, XXI. 279.
-
-LOUPE, _s._ a hard knot in a gem, X. 92, 93. See note.
-
-LOUTE, _v._ bow down, II. 181; _pt. pl._ I. i. 10. 10.
-
-LOUTINGES, _s._ salutations, respects, I. i. 5. 116.
-
-LOVEDAY, _s._ day of reconciliation, I. i. 2. 95.
-
-LOWE, _s._ blaze; _on a l._, in a blaze, V. 61.
-
-LOWED, _pp._ set low, put down, I. iii. 6. 11.
-
-LUCERNE, _s._ lantern, XIX. 23; XXIV. 632.
-
-LUCIFER, the morning-star, IX. 115.
-
-LUIFFERIS, _s. pl._ lovers, XVII. 140.
-
-LUIFIS, _gen. sing._ love's, of love, XVII. 22.
-
-LURE, _s._ lure, enticement, II. 88; XVI. 634.
-
-LURKEN, _pr. pl._ lurk, I. i. 8. 80.
-
-LUST, _s._ pleasure, I. i. _pr._ 74; XXIV. 272.
-
-LUST, _pr. pl._ please, are pleased, XX. 590.
-
-LUSTY, _adj._ pleasureable, I. iii. 1. 129. _adv._ jollily, II. 434.
-
-LYART, _adv._ gray, XVII. 162.
-
-LYBEL, _s._ bill (of divorce), I. iii. 2. 14; XVII. 74. (See note, p. 480.)
-
-LYF, _s._ person, IV. 86.
-
-LYFELICH, _adj._ lively, I. iii. 9. 107; life-giving, I. i. _pr._ 12.
-
-LYKE, _v._ please, XXIV. 394; _pr. s. impers._ XVIII. 43.
-
-LYKINGE, _adj._ pleasant, I. i. _pr._ 74; delicate, III. 297.
-
-LYKLY, _adj._ similar, II. 1303.
-
-LYNDE, _s. dat._ lime-tree, IX. 256.
-
-LYNES, _s. pl._ lines, I. iii. 8. 7. See the note, p. 483.
-
-LYNX, _s._ lynx, I. ii. 8. 104.
-
-LYOUN, _s._ lion, II. 1317.
-
-LYRE, _s._ complexion, hue, XVII. 339.
-
-LYTE, _s._ little, XVIII. 42; XX. 205; _adv._ VIII. 413.
-
-LYTHER, _adj._ vicious, XVIII. 14.
-
-LYVELODE, _s._ livelihood, I. iii. 5. 104; Lyvelod, II. 34.
-
-
-
-MACULAIT, _adj._ stained, XVII. 81.
-
-MAD, _pp._ made, XIII. 12; written, I. iii. 9. 84.
-
-MADDING, _s._ madness, V. 131.
-
-MAIST, _adv._ most, XVII. 52.
-
-MAISTRES, _s._ mistress, I. iii. 4. 227.
-
-MAISTRYE, _s._ mastery, power, I. i. 3. 128; miracle, II. 900.
-
-MAKE, _s._ companion, V. 57; IX. 56; XVIII. 183.
-
-MAKERS, _s. pl._ poets, I. iii. 4. 258.
-
-MAKING, _s._ composition of poetry, IX. 237; poem, II. 1066.
-
-MALAPERT, _adj._ malapert, XXIV. 737.
-
-MALE, _s._ bag, II. 145.
-
-MALE-BOUCHE, _s._ Scandal, VIII. 260; IX. 84; XVI. 741; XX. 580.
-
-MANACE, _s._ threat, II. 1370.
-
-MANACE, _v._ menace, XVI. 615.
-
-MANERLESSE, _adj._ devoid of good manners, rude, XVI. 714.
-
-MANLICH, _adj._ manly, I. ii. 4. 46.
-
-MANNA, _s._ manna, I. iii. 9. 98; II. 784.
-
-MAPLE, _s._ maple-tree, XVIII. 283.
-
-MARCHANDRY, _s._ trade, II. 800.
-
-MARCIAL, _adj._ warlike, I. i. 5. 29.
-
-MARGARETTES, _s. pl._ daisies, XXI. 57.
-
-MARGARIT-PERLE, _s._ pearl, I. iii. 1. 35; _pl._ I. iii. 1. 37.
-
-MARJOLAIN, _s._ marjoram, XXI. 56.
-
-MARKET-BETERS, _s. pl._ haunters of the market, II. 871.
-
-MARS, i.e. ordeal by combat, I. i. 7. 11.
-
-MARTYR, _s._ martyr, I. i. 7. 115; _pl._ Martres, V. 316; XXIV. 1376.
-
-MARTYRE, _ger._ to be martyred, IV. 341; Martred, _pp._ martyred, full of
-martyrdom, I. ii. 9. 108.
-
-MASE, _s._ maze, XXI. 17, 32.
-
-MASED, _pp._ amazed, confused, I. i. 3. 103; perplexed, XXI. 38.
-
-MASONRY, masonry, _s._ XXI. 53.
-
-MASSEDAY, _s._ day when mass is said, I. i. 5. 103.
-
-MAST, _s._ mast (of a ship), XXIV. 88.
-
-MASTE, _s._ mast fallen from trees, beech-mast, I. i. 3. 42.
-
-MATE, _adj._ depressed, XVI. 35.
-
-MATED, _pp._ overcome, I. i. 1. 120.
-
-MATENS, _s. pl._ matins, XXIV. 1353.
-
-MATER, _s._ matter, I. iii. 9. 85.
-
-MAUGRE, _prep._ in spite of, II. 886; V. 232; _m. me_, in spite of myself,
-unwillingly, I. iii. 3. 114.
-
-MAUGRE, _s._ ill will, XVI. 240; Maugree, dislike, V. 376; displeasure, I.
-ii. 6. 53.
-
-MAUNDEMENTS, _s. pl._ commandments, II. 633.
-
-MAVIS, _s._ thrush, XVII. 430; XXIV. 798.
-
-MAY, _pr. s._ can (do a thing), I. ii. 7. 131.
-
-MAYNTENAUNCE, _s._ abetting, II. 1256.
-
-MAYNTEYNOURS, _s. pl._ maintainers, abettors, II. 302, 801.
-
-MAYRE, _s._ mayor, I. ii. 6. 132.
-
-MAYSTERFULLY, _adv._ tyrannously, II. 656.
-
-MAYSTERS, _s. pl._ masters, II. 1115.
-
-MAYSTRESHIP, _s._ sovereignty, I. ii. 3. 40; rank of a master, II. 1122.
-
-MAYSTRESSE, _s._ mistress, I. i. 4. 18.
-
-MAYSTRY, _s._ mastery, II. 1117; superior powers, I. ii. 2. 23. (_That
-wolden m. me have_, who wished me to have authority.)
-
-ME, _indef. pron._ one, I. i. _pr._ 68; I. i. 1. 18; I. ii. 11. 10; I. iii.
-8. 10; XXI. 22.
-
-MEDE, _s._ reward, II. 944.
-
-MEDED, _pp._ rewarded, I. ii. 9. 98; I. iii. 2. 11.
-
-MEDEFULLY, _adv._ deservedly, I. iii. 2. 37.
-
-MEDLEST, _pr. s._ takest part, interferest, I. i. 7. 111; _pp._ mingled, I.
-ii. 13. 76; I. iii. 7. 33; XVI. 657.
-
-MEDLE-TREE, _s._ medlar, XX. 86, 442.
-
-MEDLINGE, _pres. pt._ meddling, I. ii. 10. 51; mixture, I. ii. 1. 92;
-interference, I. i. 6. 77.
-
-MEEDFUL, _adj._ meritorious, III. 178.
-
-MEES, _s. pl._ dwellings, houses, V. 334. O.F. _mes_, _meis_, _meix_,
-'ferme ... habitation, demeure'; Godefroy.
-
-MEID, _s._ reward, recompense, XVII. 277.
-
-MELANCOLIOUS, _adj._ melancholy, XX. 314.
-
-MELDROP, _s._ hanging drop of mucus, XVII. 158.
-
-MELES, _s. pl._ meals, II. 1036.
-
-MELL, _v._ meddle, II. 857.
-
-MEMORIAL, _s._ memory, XXIV. 876.
-
-MEMOUR, _s._ memory, XVII. 465.
-
-MENE, _adj._ intermediate, I. ii. 12. 56; middle, XXIV. 652.
-
-MENE, _s._ mean, intermediate, III. 162; mean, I. iii. 5. 53; middle
-course, III. 170; mediator, I. ii. 2. 100; method, way, I. i. _pr._ 54;
-moderation (?), I. ii. 10. 43.
-
-MENING, _s._ intention, XVI. 393; _pl._ I. i. 8. 30.
-
-MERCHANDE, _s._ (_perhaps_) merchants' meeting, VII. (_title_).
-
-MERCIABLE, _adj._ merciful, II. 96; XXII. 62; XXIV. 645.
-
-MERCIABLY, _adv._ mercifully, I. iii. 9. 73.
-
-MERLE, _s._ blackbird, XVII. 430.
-
-MERVAYL, _s._ marvel, XXI. 648.
-
-MERY, _adj._ pleasant, I. ii. 9. 131.
-
-MES, _s._ dish, course of meats, XVI. 154.
-
-MESCHAUNCE, _s._ misfortune, VII. 179.
-
-MESCREAUNCE, _s._ unbelief, VI. 50.
-
-MESURABELLY, _adv._ with moderation, XVI. 248.
-
-MESURABLE, _adj._ moderate, V. 350.
-
-MESURE, _imp. s._ moderate, X. 119.
-
-METE-BORDE, _s._ dining-table, I. ii. 2. 61.
-
-METELY, _adj._ moderate, i.e. of middle height, XXI. 79.
-
-METRICIANS, _s. pl._ men skilled in metre, XXIV. 30.
-
-MEVABLE, _adj._ moveable; i.e. (more) moveable, XIV. 36.
-
-MEVE, _ger._ to move, I. i. 1. 109; _pr. s._ moves, V. 432; _2 pt. pl._
-discussed, I. iii. 5. 158.
-
-MEVINGES, _s. pl._ motions, I. ii. 9. 45.
-
-MEWARD; _to m._, towards me, i. ii. 9. 123.
-
-MEWE, _s._ mew, coop; _in mewe_, under restraint, XVI. 338.
-
-MEWET, _adj._ mute; _in m._, in a tone unheard, to myself, XXIV. 148.
-
-MEYNALL, _adj._ belonging to their household, domestic, II. 322. See note,
-p. 487.
-
-MEYNT, _pp._ mingled, VIII. 229.
-
-MEYNY, _s._ household, I. ii. 5. 52; crowd, I. i. 7. 104; followers, I. i.
-6. 145.
-
-MICHEL, _adv._ much, V. 142.
-
-MIDDIS, _s._ midst, XVII. 5.
-
-MIDLE-ERTH, _s._ the earth, I. iii. 1. 65.
-
-MILK-WHYT, _adj._ milk-white, XXIV. 787.
-
-MINDE, _s._ remembrance, XI. 42.
-
-MING, _imp. s._ mix, XVII. 613; _pp._ 236.
-
-MIROUR, _s._ mirror, V. 179.
-
-MIRTHED, _pp._ cheered, I. ii. 3. 98.
-
-MIS, _adj._ wrong, I. ii. 5. 111; II. 1197; VIII. 603; XXII. 61; _pl._
-things that are wrong, I. ii. 9. 84.
-
-MISCARY, _v._ go astray, fail, I. ii. 14. 98; _pp._ gone astray, I. ii. 4.
-106.
-
-MISCHAUNCE, _s._ a curse, ill luck, II. 1168; III. 423.
-
-MISCHESE, _2 pr. pl._ choose amiss, VII. 187.
-
-MISCHEVES, _s._ diseases, X. 54.
-
-MISCLEPINGE, _s._ misnaming, I. i. 10. 46.
-
-MISCORDEN, _pr. pl._ disagree, I. ii. 14. 27.
-
-MISCREANTS, _s. pl._ unbelievers, IV. 268.
-
-MISESE, _s._ lack of ease, misery, I. ii. 5. 21.
-
-MISESY, _adj._ uneasy, I. i. 3. 150.
-
-MISGLOSED, _pp._ misinterpreted, I. ii. 1. 59.
-
-MISGO, _pp._ gone astray, II. 756.
-
-MISGOING, _s._ error, I. ii. 8. 129.
-
-MISHAPPED, _pp._ come to misfortune, V. 217.
-
-MISPEND, _v._ misspend, II. 618.
-
-MISPLESAUNCE, _s._ displeasure, grief, I. i. 3. 22.
-
-MISQUEME, _pr. s. subj._ displease, II. 647.
-
-MIS-SECHING, _s._ seeking amiss, I. ii. 11. 48.
-
-MISSE-MENING, _adj._ ill-intentioned, I. ii. 9. 88.
-
-MISTER, _s._ occupation, handicraft; _m. folk_, craftsmen, XXIV. 227.
-
-MISTIHEDE, _s._ mistiness, darkness, XXII. 33.
-
-MISTURNEN, _v._ overturn, change the fortunes of, I. i. 10. 31; _pp._
-altered amiss, I. ii. 5. 88; misdirected, I. ii. 4. 11.
-
-MISTY, _adj._ mystic, mysterious, X. 134.
-
-MISUSING, _s._ misuse, VII. 95.
-
-MISWENT, _pp._ gone astray, I. ii. 10. 143.
-
-MO, _adv._ besides, X. 1; XVI. 713; _adj._ others, I. i. 5. 11; others
-besides, XVI. 329, 480; XXI. 60.
-
-MOCHE-FOLDE, _adj._ manifold, I. i. 8. 43.
-
-MOCHEL, _adj._ much, XVIII. 240.
-
-MODER, _s._ mother, I. iii. 8. 86.
-
-MODIFY, _ger._ to adjudge, appoint, specify, XVII. 299.
-
-MOEBLE, _s._ (moveable) property, wealth, I. i. 3. 231; I. i. 4. 62; _pl._
-I. i. 9. 15.
-
-MOKEL, _adv._ much, I. ii. 6. 161.
-
-MOKKEN, _ger._ to mock, XXIV. 1186.
-
-MOLLES, _s. pl._ birds of the kite or buzzard family (see the context); II.
-1338. (The exact sense is not known.)
-
-MONE, _s._ moon, II. 2.
-
-MONE, _s._ moan, lament, I. iii. 7. 23; X. 77; XI. 104.
-
-MONED, _pp._ bemoaned, I. i. 2. 124.
-
-MONETH, _s._ month, I. ii. 8. 113; XIII. 20.
-
-MOO, _adj._ more numerous, III. 421.
-
-MOON, _s._ moan, lament, XVI. 783.
-
-MOOT, _pr. s._ must, V. 35.
-
-MORE, _adj._ greater, I. i. 1. 69; I. ii. 9. 73; I. iii. 1. 63; Mores,
-_adj. gen._; _that mores_, of that greater thing, I. ii. 9. 74.
-
-MORNING, _s._ mourning, XXIV. 250.
-
-MOROW-DAY, _s._ morn, XXIV. 437.
-
-MOROWNING, _s._ morning, VIII. 25.
-
-MOTE, _pr. s. subj._ may, II. 60; V. 111.
-
-MOTLE, _s._ motley, VIII. 72.
-
-MOUCHE, _pr. pl._ sneak about, II. 947.
-
-MOULE, _v._ go mouldy, be putrid, II. 1275; _pp._ gone mouldy, I. ii. 2.
-29.
-
-MOUN, _2 pr. pl._ can, are able to, I. i. 5. 22.
-
-MOUNTENANCE, _s._ amount, period, I. i. 9. 49.
-
-MOUSTRE, _s._ example, pattern, I. ii. 6. 86.
-
-MOW, _pr. pl._ may, V. 381; Mowe, _2 pr. pl._ can, III. 94; _pr. pl._ I.
-ii. 6. 155.
-
-MOWLIT, _adj._ mouldy, XVII. 441.
-
-MUFE, _ger._ to move, provoke, XVII. 352.
-
-MURTHED, _pt. s._ cheered, I. i. 1. 11.
-
-MUSE, _v._ study, meditate, V. 238; _pt. s._ considered, II. 89.
-
-MUSKLE, _s._ mussel (shell-fish), I. ii. 12. 32; _pl._ I. iii. 1. 45.
-
-MYND, _s._ memory, II. 1076; remembrance, I. i. 1. 20.
-
-MYRRE, _s._ myrrh, VIII. 66.
-
-MYSTERE, _s._ ministry, II. 216.
-
-MYSTRY, _s._ mystery, II. 1219.
-
-MYTE, _s._ mite, I. ii. 3. 68.
-
-
-
-NAD, _pt. s._ had not, V. 357.
-
-NAKED, _pt. s._ deprived, V. 353.
-
-NALE, _s._; _at the nale_ = _at then ale_, at the ale-house, II. 870.
-
-NAME-CLEPING, _s._ naming, I. iii. 1. 42.
-
-NAMELICHE, _adv._ especially, I. iii. 6. 100; Namely, I. i. 2. 27; III.
-264; V. 322; VIII. 480.
-
-NAMORE, no more, V. 357.
-
-NAR, _adv._ nearer, XVII. 263.
-
-NAT-FOR-THAN, _adv._ nevertheless, I. iii. 5. 52.
-
-NAUGHT, _adj._ wicked, XVIII. 190; Naughty, I. ii. 5. 7.
-
-NAY, _s._ denial, XVIII. 281; denying, XXI. 351, 521.
-
-NAYED, _pp._ said no, I. i. 7. 7.
-
-NEBULE, _s._ mist, X. 53.
-
-NEDE, _s._ need, V. 77.
-
-NEDES, _adv._ of necessity, I. iii. 2. 83.
-
-NEDEST, _2 pr. s._ art needy, I. ii. 5. 16.
-
-NEDY, _adj._ needy, II. 1086.
-
-NEEDLY, _adv._ needs, XXIV. 644.
-
-NEER, _adv._ nearer, XVI. 198, 201.
-
-NEET, _s. pl._ neat cattle, I. ii. 2. 31.
-
-NEIGHE, _v._ approach, I. i. 2. 32; _pr. s._ approaches, I. ii. 12. 14; I.
-iii. 4. 100; Neigh, _pr. s. imp._ may it come near to, I. iii. 3. 131.
-
-NEIST, _adj._ nearest, XVII. 109.
-
-NELD, _s._ needle, II. 780; XIII. 62.
-
-NE-MOUBLIE-MIES, _s. pl._ forget-me-nots, XXI. 61. See note, p. 535.
-
-NEMPNE, _v._ name, mention, I. i. 6. 172; I. iii. 8. 14; _2 pr. s._ I. iii.
-5. 143; _2 pt. s._ didst name, I. ii. 4. 30; _pp._ I. i. 7. 48.
-
-NER, _adv._ nearer, XXIV. 113; Nere, XXIV. 749, 1274; nearly (i.e. it
-touched her very nearly), XXI. 663.
-
-NERE, _adv._ never, I. i. 6. 89; XXIV. 1197.
-
-NERE, _for_ Ne were, were it not (for), XXII. 34; _n. it_, were it not, I.
-i. 3. 119.
-
-NESSH, _adj._ soft, XXIV. 1092.
-
-NETTIL, _s._ nettle, I. i. 2. 167.
-
-NEVER-THE-LATTER (-LATER), nevertheless, I. i. 1. 19; I. i. 6. 137; I. ii.
-1. 94.
-
-NEWE, _adj._; _for the n._, in the new guise, II. 926.
-
-NEWEFANGELNESSE, _s._ newfangledness, IX. 173; XIII. 54.
-
-NEXT, _adj._ nearest, most intimate, I. i. 4. 17.
-
-NEYGHED, _1 pt. s._ drew near, I. i. 3. 45.
-
-NIGARD, _s._ niggard, XII. 47; Nigges, _pl._ II. 757.
-
-NIGHTERTALE, _s._ night-time, XXIV. 999, 1355.
-
-NIL, _pr. pl._ will not, I. i. 1. 102; II. 950; Nilt, wilt not, XI. 38.
-
-NIST, _2 pr. s._ knowest not, II. 1172.
-
-NOBLERER, _adj._ more noble, I. ii. 1. 106.
-
-NOBLES, _s. pl._ coins so called, I. iii. 5. 120. A _noble_ was worth 6_s._
-8_d._
-
-NOBLEY, _s._ nobility, I. iii. 1. 142; VII. 73; nobleness, I. i. 1. 62;
-XVI. 473; excellence, I. ii. 9. 62.
-
-NOGHT, _adj._ evil, V. 321.
-
-NO-KINS WYSE, lit. 'a way of no kind,' no kind of way, XVI. 384.
-
-NOMBRE, _s._ number, proportion, I. i. 8. 119.
-
-NOMBRED, _pp._ numbered, estimated, X. 100.
-
-NOMPERE, _s._ umpire, I. i. 2. 96.
-
-NON, none, i.e. not, I. i. 2. 62.
-
-NON-CERTAYN, _s._ uncertainty, I. iii. 1. 61.
-
-NONES; _for the n._, for the occasion, XX. 198.
-
-NONNES, _s. pl._ nuns, XXIV. 1102.
-
-NONPOWER, _s._ weakness, I. ii. 7. 36.
-
-NOOT, _1 pr. s._ know not, XXIV. 909.
-
-NORICE, _s._ nurse, VI. 58.
-
-NORITURE, _s._ nutriment, I. i. 1. 34.
-
-NORTURE, _s._ good breeding, XXII. 1.
-
-NORY, _s._ pupil. I. i. 2. 37; _pl._ I. i. 2. 121.
-
-NOT, _1 pr. s._ know not, I. i. 1. 119; I. iii. 1. 158; _pr. s._ knows not,
-XVIII. 203.
-
-NOTHING, _adv._ not at all, in no respect, I. i. 2. 139; XVI. 132.
-
-NOUGHTY, _adj._ needy, II. 1097.
-
-NOVELLERIES, _s. pl._ novelties, I. ii. 14. 42.
-
-NOW-A-DAYES, _adv._ now-a-days, VII. 134.
-
-NOY, _2 pr. pl._ annoy, XVI. 795.
-
-NUISAUNCE, _s._ annoyance, VI. 47.
-
-NUNCUPACION, _s._ naming, I. i. 9. 119.
-
-NUREIS, _s._ nurse, nourisher, XVII. 171, 199.
-
-NUTTE, _s._ nut, I. i. 3. 32.
-
-NYCE, _adj._ foolish, V. 148; VII. 14; XVIII. 13; Nyse, I. i. 4. 55.
-
-NYCETE, _s._ folly, I. iii. 4. 257.
-
-NYE-BORE, _s._ neighbour, I. ii. 9. 144.
-
-
-
-O, _adj._ one and the same, XI. 44.
-
-OBEDIENCER, _adj._ under obedience, I. iii. 1. 131.
-
-OBEYSAUNCE, _s._ obedience, XXIV. 47.
-
-OBEYSAUNT, _adj._ obedient, II. 182.
-
-OBUMBRED, _pp._ overshadowed, X. 102. See note, p. 512.
-
-OCCIAN, _s._ ocean, XIV. 45.
-
-OCCUPACIOUN, _s._ occupation, employment, XX. 565.
-
-OCCUPYER, _s._ owner, user, I. ii. 5. 75; I. ii. 6. 30.
-
-OCHANE, _s._ och hone! cry of woe, XVII. 541.
-
-OCY, _s._ French _oci_, an exclamation imitating the cry of a nightingale,
-XVIII. 124, 127, 135. See note.
-
-OF, _prep._ for (with _biseche_), XIX. 26; during, XVIII. 42, 54; XX. 40.
-
-OF-DROW, _pt. s._ drew off, II. 7.
-
-OFFEND, _pp._ offended, II. 538.
-
-OFFICE, _s._ duty, XVI. 468.
-
-OFFREND, _s._ offering, II. 490.
-
-OF-NEW, _adv._ anew, XX. 319.
-
-OFTSISS, _adv._ oftentimes, XXVI. 6; -syis, XVII. 525.
-
-OKES, _s. pl._ oaks, I. iii. 6. 6.
-
-ON, _prep._ against, I. ii. 3. 101.
-
-ONBELDE, _ger._ to build on, X. 111.
-
-ON-BREDE, _adv._ abroad, VIII. 33.
-
-ONBYDE, _ger._ to abide, I. iii. 5. 68; _v._ I. iii. 6. 147; remain, I.
-iii. 7. 161; _1 pr. s._ await, I. iii. 3. 128.
-
-ONE, _pr. pl._ unite, I. iii. 4. 165; _pp._ joined together, I. ii. 8. 50.
-
-ONHEED, _s._ unity, I. iii. 3. 9; Onhed, I. ii. 13. 21.
-
-ON-LOFT, _adv._ aloft, upwards, XXIV. 1293.
-
-ON-LYVE, _adv._ alive, II. 1223; IV. 71; VIII. 158; XIV. 22; XVIII. 141;
-XXIV. 780.
-
-ONY, _pron._ any, III. 30; XVII. 118.
-
-OO, one, V. 165, 258.
-
-OO-FOLD, _adj._ simple, lit. one-fold, XIII. 90. Cf. Lat. _sim-plex_.
-
-OOK, _s._ oak, VIII. 73.
-
-OON, one, any one, XX. 74; Oon and oon, severally, XX. 144.
-
-OONHED, _s._ unity, I. iii. 2. 34.
-
-OPE, _adj._ open, XXIV. 262; Open, displayed, I. ii. 6. 79; _as s._ a thing
-open, II. 220.
-
-OR, _conj._ ere, IV. 176; VII. 32; Or that, before, XVI. 802.
-
-ORATURE, _s._ oratory, XVII. 8.
-
-ORDENAUNCE, _s._ arrangement, XXI. 235. See ORDINAUNCE.
-
-ORDERS, _s. pl._ orders (of friars), III. 28.
-
-ORDINABLE, _adj._ adjustable, brought into relation with, I. ii. 13. 29.
-
-ORDINAUNCE, _s._ order, XXI. 575; (apparently) self-control, decision, XVI.
-153; warlike array, XVI. 818; orderly disposition, I. ii. 5. 43; a row,
-XXI. 57.
-
-ORIENT, _adj._ (_as applied to gems_), of prime excellence, XX. 148 (see
-note); XXI. 528; XXIV. 788.
-
-ORIZONT, _s._ horizon, VIII. 6.
-
-ORNAT, _adj._ ornate, XXIV. 34.
-
-OTHERWHILE, _adv._ sometimes, I. i. 7. 56; I. ii. 13. 96; V. 49.
-
-OTHERWYSED, _pp._ changed, altered, I. ii. 1. 9.
-
-OUCHES, _s._ settings for jewels, II. 904, 1006.
-
-OURFRET, _pp._ covered over, XVII. 163.
-
-OURQUHELMIT, _pt. pl._ overwhelmed, covered, XVII. 401.
-
-OURSPRED, _pp._ overspread, marked all over, XVII. 339.
-
-OUT-BRINGE, _v._ educe, I. ii. 6. 88.
-
-OUTFORTH, _adv._ externally, I. ii. 5. 85; I. ii. 10. 145.
-
-OUT-HELPES, _s. pl._ external aids, I. ii. 5. 46.
-
-OUTHER, _conj._ either, V. 171.
-
-OUTHERWHILE, _adv._ sometimes, I. iii. 3. 107.
-
-OUTRAGE, _s._ violent act, IX. 213; extravagance of conduct, XV. _a._ 2.
-
-OUTRAGE, _ger._ to banish, drive out, VII. 85.
-
-OUTRAGIOUSNESSE, _s._ extravagance, II. 507.
-
-OUTRANCE, _s._ excessive injury, defeat, VI. 36.
-
-OUT-THROWE, _pp._ thrown out, I. ii. 5. 116.
-
-OUTWAILL, _s._ outcast, XVII. 129. See note.
-
-OUT-WAYE, out of the way, I. i. 8. 15. (But read _out-waye-going_ as one
-word, meaning deviation; see note to bk. iii. 1. 6; p. 479.)
-
-OUT-WAYE-GOING, _s._ deviation, error, I. ii. 8. 126.
-
-OUT-WRESTE, _v._ force out, VIII. 48.
-
-OVER, _prep._ besides, I. i. _pr._ 88.
-
-OVER-AL, _adv._ everywhere, I. i. 3. 136; XII. 18.
-
-OVERCHARGE, _ger._ to overburden, III. 265.
-
-OVERCHAUNGINGES, _s._ changes, I. iii. 2. 49.
-
-OVERCOOM, _2 pt. s._ didst overcome, V. 425.
-
-OVERLEDE, _pr. pl._ oppress, treat cruelly, V. 332; overwhelm, XXII. 32.
-
-OVERLEYN, _pp._ covered, I. iii. 7. 39.
-
-OVERLOKE, _ger._ to oversee, I. i. 3. 125.
-
-OVERLOKERS, _s. pl._ overseers, I. i. 3. 128; I. i. 4. 62.
-
-OVER-REDE, _adj._ too red, XXIV. 793.
-
-OVERSEE, _pr. pl._ are overseers of, II. 1021.
-
-OVERSHAKE, _v._ pass away, XVI. 726.
-
-OVERSPRAD, _pp._ overspread, VIII. 51.
-
-OVERTHROWE, _v._ tumble over, I. ii. 7. 70.
-
-OVERTHWARTLY, _adv._ contrarily, adversely, I. i. 3. 56; perversely, I.
-iii. 7. 155.
-
-OVERTOURNING, _pres. pt._ overwhelming, I. i. 9. 83.
-
-OVER-WHELMED, _pt. s._ overturned, I. ii. 2. 13.
-
-OVERWHELMINGES, _s. pl._ circuits overhead, I. iii. 4. 145.
-
-OW, _pr. s._ ought, II. 545; Oweth, _pr. s._ I. iii. 5. 54; ought (to be),
-I. ii. 8. 64; Owe, _pr. pl._ I. iii. 4. 251; Owande, _pres. pt._ due, I.
-ii. 1. 104.
-
-OYNTMENTES, _s. pl._ ointments, I. iii. 9. 78.
-
-
-
-PAAS, _s._ pace, XVI. 29.
-
-PACKE, _s._ pack, bundle of garments, I. ii. 3. 65; Pak, V. 110.
-
-PADDE, _s._ frog, toad, I. iii. 5. 37.
-
-PALASY-YUEL, _s._ paralysis, I. iii. 7. 40.
-
-PALESTRE, _s._ wrestling match, struggle, X. 69.
-
-PALEYS, _s._ palace, V. 473.
-
-PALFRAY, _s._ horse (for a lady), XX. 425.
-
-PALL, _s._ fine cloth, II. 106, 299.
-
-PALLED, _pp._ rendered vapid, as stale liquor, X. 46; enfeebled, VII. 145.
-
-PALME, _s._ palm-branch, XXIX. 4.
-
-PAMFLET, _s._ pamphlet, I. iii. 9. 54.
-
-PAMPIRED, _pp._ pampered, XXIV. 177.
-
-PANE, _s._ pain, XVII. 291; Panis, _pl._ 277.
-
-PANE, _s._ plot of ground, bed for flowers, XVII. 427; Pannes, _s. pl._
-clothes, I. ii. 2. 29. See the note. (A better spelling is _panes_.)
-
-PAPINJAY, _s._ parrot, used merely in scorn, XVIII. 222.
-
-PARCEL, _s._ part, portion, I. i. 10. 32; _as adv._ in part, VIII. 224.
-
-PARDE, pardieu, XX. 47; XXI. 753.
-
-PARDURABLE, _adj._ everlasting, I. ii. 8. 87.
-
-PARFYTE, _adj. fem._ perfect, IV. 316.
-
-PARISHENS, _s. pl._ parishioners, II. 767; III. 114.
-
-PARTABLE, _adj._ divisible, I. ii. 10. 76.
-
-PARTED, _pt. s._ departed, XVI. 798.
-
-PARTY, _s._ part, I. ii. 9. 95; XXIV. 1192; _pl._ _On some p._, in some
-respects, XVI. 746; Partie, _adv._ partly, XXIV. 1434.
-
-PASSE, _ger._ to surpass, excel, I. ii. 2. 12; _v._ II. 972; XX. 63; Pas,
-_v._ pass beyond, XVI. 76; _pr. s._ IX. 114; _pr. pl._ III. 298; _pp._ past
-away, long ago dead, I. i. _pr._ 77.
-
-PASSIF, _adj._ passive (man), I. i. 6. 122; (thing), I. ii. 9. 102.
-
-PASSING, _adj._ surpassing, great, severe, I. i. _pr._ 118.
-
-PASSINGE, _prep._ surpassing, beyond, I. i. _pr._ 90.
-
-PASSINGLY, _adv._ surpassingly, XX. 352.
-
-PASSIVE, _s._ subject, I. ii. 12. 6.
-
-PASTOUR, _s._ shepherd, pastor, II. 582.
-
-PATENS, _s. pl._ pattens, XXIV. 1087.
-
-PATRON, _s._ patron, founder, III. 33.
-
-PAUSACIOUN, _s._ waiting, repose, X. 61.
-
-PAVILIOUN, _s._ tent, X. 60.
-
-PAY, _s._ satisfaction; _her to pay_, for a satisfaction to her, VIII. 536.
-
-PAYEN, _adj._ pagan, IV. 45; _s. pl._ IV. 183.
-
-PAYNIMS, _pl. adj._ pagan, I. ii. 1. 49; _s. pl._ I. ii. 1. 46.
-
-PAYNTURE, _s._ painting, I. ii. 13. 78.
-
-PECOK, _s._ peacock, XXIV. 1408.
-
-PEES, _s._ peace, IV. 62.
-
-PEES, _s._ pea, I. i. 8. 118; Peese, I. ii. 9. 126.
-
-PEIRRY, _s._ perry, XVII. 441.
-
-PEISE, _ger._ to weigh, consider, XXIV. 689; _pp._ XIII. 91.
-
-PEITREL, _s._ poitrel, breast-strap (of a horse), XX. 246.
-
-PELE, _1 pr. s._ appeal, XVI. 783.
-
-PELURE, _s._ fur, I. ii. 2. 30; II. 106.
-
-PEND, _pp._ penned, II. 650.
-
-PENNY, _s._ money, fee, II. 309.
-
-PENSEES, _s. pl._ pansies, XXI. 62.
-
-PENSIFHEED, _s._ pensiveness, VIII. 102.
-
-PENSIVENES, _s._ sadness, XVII. 317.
-
-PENURITIE, _s._ penury, XVII. 321.
-
-PENY, _s._ money, III. 142.
-
-PERAGALL, _s._ equal, II. 130.
-
-PERAUNTER, _adv._ perhaps, I. ii. 13. 44.
-
-PERCAS, _adv._ perchance, XXIV. 794.
-
-PERCE, _v._ pierce, X. 3.
-
-PERDONED, _pp._ pardoned, XXIV. 288.
-
-PERDURABLE, _adj._ everlasting, I. ii. 9. 40; IV. 371.
-
-PERE, _s._ peer, II. 219; _pl._ XVIII. 277.
-
-PEREGAL, _adj._ fully equal, XII. 16.
-
-PERELES, _adj._ peerless, VIII. 346.
-
-PERFITER, _adj._ more perfect, III. 387.
-
-PERFITEST, _adj._ most perfect, III. 29.
-
-PERREY, _s._ jewellery, II. 159.
-
-PERSAUNT, _adj._ piercing, VIII. 28, 358; XXIV. 849.
-
-PERSE, _pr. pl._ pierce, XXIV. 940.
-
-PERSEVER, _v._ persevere, IX. 174.
-
-PERSONAGE, _s._ dignity, title, II. 269, 723; titles, II. 953. See note to
-II. 723, p. 465.
-
-PERSONER, _s._ a participant, I. ii. 2. 49. See the note.
-
-PERTE, _adj._ open, evident, I. iii. 7. 70.
-
-PERTINACIE, _s._ obstinacy, I. ii. 1. 46.
-
-PERTURBAUNCE, _s._ distress, VIII. 214.
-
-PESE, _s._ pea, II. 1163.
-
-PEYNTURE, _s._ painting, description, I. i. 10. 42.
-
-PEYRETH, _pr. s._ impairs, XVI. 228. (Short for _apeyreth_.)
-
-PEYSE, _v._ weigh, ponder, IV. 143; _pr. pl._ I. ii. 9. 125.
-
-PHANE, _s._ vane, weathercock, I. ii. 1. 23.
-
-PHENIX, _s._ phoenix, II. 1343.
-
-PHILBERT, _s._ filbert, VIII. 68.
-
-PILER, _s._ pillar, VI. 13; _pl._ VIII. 358.
-
-PILGRIMAGED, _1 pt. s._ made a pilgrimage, I. i. _pr._ 122.
-
-PILL, _ger._ to pillage, rob, II. 355; III. 338; _pp._ III. 317.
-
-PINCHE AT, _ger._ to find fault with, XIII. 68.
-
-PISCYNE, _s._ fish-pool, X. 134.
-
-PITOUS, _adj._ merciful, IV. 345; Pitouse, _fem._ piteous, V. 23.
-
-PITTE, _s._ pit, well, VIII. 92.
-
-PLAIN, _adj._ open, true, XIII. 39.
-
-PLAT, _adv._ flatly, plainly, II. 12.
-
-PLATE, _s._ coin, I. i. 7. 98.
-
-PLAYING-FERE, _s._ playmate, II. 723.
-
-PLAYN, _s._ plain, VIII. 44.
-
-PLAYN, _adj._ flat, free from mountains, XVI. 750.
-
-PLAYNE, _v._ complain, I. i. 3. 130; lament, IX. 71.
-
-PLAYNING, _adj._ complaining, sad, XXI. 611.
-
-PLAYNTE, _s._ complaint, VIII. 599.
-
-PLAYTED, _adj._ pleated, involved, I. i. 8. 45.
-
-PLEDOURS, _s._ pleaders, II. 802.
-
-PLEE, _s._ plea, pleading, I. ii. 5. 22.
-
-PLENTUOUSLY, _adv._ fully, I. iii. 5. 16.
-
-PLESANDLY, _adv._ pleasantly, XVII. 427.
-
-PLESAUNCE, _s._ pleasure, XVI. 382.
-
-PLESYR, _s._ pleasure, XX. 113.
-
-PLEYN, _1 pr. s. refl._ complain, XVI. 785; _pp._ XVIII. 73.
-
-PLIGHT, _pp._ folded, XXIV. 1102.
-
-PLITED, _pp._ folded, XXIV. 1440.
-
-PLITES, _s. pl._ folds, I. iii. 9. 77.
-
-PLOT, _s._ plot, bed (of flowers), XX. 499.
-
-PLOW, _s._ plough, II. 1042.
-
-PLUCKINGE, _s._ inducement, I. ii. 14. 78.
-
-PLY, _s._ plight, XVII. 501. See note.
-
-PLYTE, _s._ condition, state (lit. fold), I. ii. 1. 8; I. ii. 9. 103; IV.
-318.
-
-POESIES, _s. pl._ poems, songs, I. iii. 7. 57.
-
-POESYE-MATER, _s._ composition, I. i. _pr._ 25.
-
-POINTE; _in p. to_, ready to, I. i. 2. 70.
-
-POKES, _s. pl._ pockets, II. 933.
-
-POLEIST, _pp._ polished, XVII. 347.
-
-POME, _s._ apple; _punical p._, Punic apple, i.e. pomegranate, X. 121.
-
-POMELLES, _s. pl._ pommels, balls, XXI. 479.
-
-POPINJAY, _s._ parrot, X. 81; XXIV. 1366.
-
-PORT, _s._ demeanour, I. i. 5. 73; VIII. 409; XXI. 137.
-
-PORTRED, _pp._ pourtrayed, II. 135.
-
-POSSED, _pp._ pushed about, VIII. 236.
-
-POST, _s._ support, XXIV. 1189.
-
-POSTERIORITE, _s._ being behind, I. iii. 4. 166.
-
-POTHECAIRIS, _s. pl._ apothecaries, XVII. 248.
-
-POVERT, _s._ poverty, II. 430.
-
-POVRE, _adj._ poor, VII. 89; XXI. 62.
-
-POWDERING, _s._ sprinkling (with bright ornaments), XXI. 530.
-
-POYNTE; _in p. to_, ready to, I. i. _pr._ 126; _pl._ (_perhaps_) stakes,
-XVI. 524. See note, p. 519.
-
-PRAKTIK, _s._ practice, XVII. 269.
-
-PRANG, _s._ pang, XXIV. 1150.
-
-PRAUNCE, _v._ prance about, I. ii. 6. 84.
-
-PRAY, _s._ prey, II. 355.
-
-PRAYS, _ger._ to praise, to be worthy of praise, XVI. 631.
-
-PRECELLING, _pres. pt._ excelling, XVII. 446.
-
-PREEF, _s._ proof, I. ii. 13. 103; Prefe, XVI. 577.
-
-PREES, _s._ press, throng, crowd, XX. 592; XXI. 429; _putten me in p._,
-force me, I. i. _pr._ 96.
-
-PREGNANT, _adj._ pregnant, full, comprehensive, XVII. 270.
-
-PREIF, _imp. pl._ prove, make trial, XVII. 565.
-
-PREJUDYCE, _s._ harm, XVI. 229.
-
-PRENE, _s._ brooch, XVII. 423.
-
-PREROGATYF, _s._ prerogative, first claim, X. 74.
-
-PREST, _adj._ ready, II. 745.
-
-PRETENDE, _pr. pl._ tend to advance, I. i. 1. 110.
-
-PRETERIT, _adj._ preterite, gone by, I. iii. 4. 56.
-
-PRETILY, _adv._ prettily, XX. 89.
-
-PRETY, _adj._ pretty, XXIV. 1088.
-
-PREVAYL, _v._ benefit, be of service to, help, XVI. 519.
-
-PREVE, _s._ proof, XVI. 751.
-
-PREVEN, _ger._ to prove, to test, I. i. 5. 15; _v._ V. 55; _pr. s._ XVI.
-350; _pp._ XVI. 586.
-
-PREVY NOR APERT, i.e. in no respect, XVI. 174.
-
-PRICKE, _s._ dot, point, I. i. 8. 95; moment, I. i. 8. 128.
-
-PRIME FACE, first look; _at the p. f._, prim[=a] facie, I. i. 6. 57.
-
-PRINCIPALITE, _s._ rule, I. i. 9. 47; -alte, dominion, I. ii. 3. 12.
-
-PRINT, _s._ impression, XVI. 477.
-
-PRINTED, _pp._ imprinted, I. ii. 12. 106.
-
-PRISE, _s._ prize, I. i. 7. 22.
-
-PRISONMENT, _s._ imprisonment, I. ii. 11. 54.
-
-PROBATYK, _adj._ sheep-cleansing, X. 134. See note, p. 513.
-
-PROCESSE, _s._ work, business, XVI. 15.
-
-PROCURATOUR, _s._ proctor, II. 733.
-
-PROCUREN, _pr. pl._ procure, suborn, V. 95. (Accented on the _o_.)
-
-PROFESSE, _s._ the professed member of a religious order, I. iii. 1. 130.
-
-PROFESSED, _pp._ professed as members, III. 70; devoted, VIII. 296.
-
-PROPER, _adj._ own, I. i. 10. 112; Propre, peculiar, I. ii. 6. 135.
-
-PROPER, _s._ personal property, III. 190.
-
-PROPINQUITE, _s._ nearness of kin, I. ii. 2. 101.
-
-PROPORCIONS, _s. pl._ suppositions, I. iii. 3. 19. (_Probably for_
-propositions.)
-
-PROPYNE, _imp. s._ give to drink, afford, X. 52.
-
-PROTECTRICE, _s._ protectrix, X. 57.
-
-PROVE, _s._ proof, I. iii. 4. 73.
-
-PROVED, _pp._ approved, VIII. 161.
-
-PROVENDRE, _s._ prebend, I. ii. 2. 50.
-
-PROYNED, _pt. pl._ preened, trimmed, XVIII. 76.
-
-PRUNITH, _pr. s. refl._ preens himself, trims himself, XXIV. 607.
-
-PRYDED, _pp._ made proud, IV. 257.
-
-PRYEN, _v._ pry (about), XX. 68.
-
-PRYMEROSE, _s._ primrose, XXIV. 1437.
-
-PRYSE, _s._ value, X. 11; Prys, glory, V. 308.
-
-PSAUTER, _s._ psalter, I. ii. 14. 85.
-
-PUCELLE, _s._ maiden, X. 54.
-
-PUISSANCE, _s._ power, XII. 3.
-
-PULCRITUDE, _s._ beauty, XXIV. 613.
-
-PULL, _ger._ to pluck, tear, II. 1329.
-
-PUNGITIVE, _adj._ pungent, i.e. ready to sting, XVII. 229.
-
-PUNICAL, _adj._ Punic, X. 121. See Pome.
-
-PUNISSHEMENT, _s._ punishment, V. 467; _pl._ II. 520.
-
-PURCHACE, _s._ earning (it), obtaining (it), XVI. 322; Purchas, bargain,
-XVI. 74; purchase, XXVIII. 3.
-
-PURCHACE, _imp. s._ purchase, procure, obtain, IV. 124; _1 pr. s. subj._
-XVI. 371.
-
-PURFELING, _s._ edging, ornamenting an edge, XXI. 527.
-
-PURFYL, _s._ edge (of her sleeve), XXI. 87, 524; _pl._ XX. 146.
-
-PURFYLED, _pp._ ornamented at the edge, XX. 328.
-
-PURGACIOUN, _s._ purgation, a clearing of a false charge, II. 342.
-
-PURPOSE, _pr. s. subj._ intend, V. 372.
-
-PURSE, _ger._ to put in their purse, II. 178.
-
-PURSEVAUNTES, _s. pl._ pursuivants, XX. 232.
-
-PURTREYTURE, _s._ drawing, I. i. _pr._ 17; _pl._ I. ii. 13. 76.
-
-PURVEY, _ger._ to provide, XX. 429; _v._ XXIV. 1396; _pp._ I. ii. 14. 9;
-XVI. 219; destined, I. i. 1. 46.
-
-PURVEYAUNCE, _s._ providence, disposal, I. i. 3. 130; IV. 21; VIII. 303;
-IX. 68; provision, XVI. 165.
-
-PURVEYOUR, _s._ purveyor, XXI. 266.
-
-PUTRYE, _s._ whoredom, II. 287.
-
-PUTTOCKES, _s. pl._ kites, II. 1338. (Lit. poult(ry)-hawks.)
-
-PYE, _s._ magpie, II. 1334; XXIV. 1421.
-
-PYKES, _s. pl._ peaks, II. 930.
-
-PYLES, _s. pl._ piles, strong stakes, I. ii. 5. 116.
-
-PYMENT, _s._ piment, wine mixed with honey and spices, II. 432.
-
-PYNANDE, _pres. pt._ wearisome, I. i. 6. 77; Pynd, _pp._ pined, tortured,
-II. 481.
-
-PYNE, _s._ pain, XVIII. 245; punishment, V. 399.
-
-PYNE, _s._ pine, VIII. 65; -tree, X. 44.
-
-PYPE, _v._ pipe, whistle, I. iii. 7. 50.
-
-
-
-QUAIR, _s._ book (lit. quire), XVII. 40; Quayre, VIII. 674.
-
-QUAKE, _v._ quake, VIII. 181.
-
-QUARELE, _s._ complaint, IV. 242.
-
-QUARTERS, _s. pl._ quarters (measures so called), I. iii. 5. 120.
-
-QUAYNTLY, _adv._ curiously, II. 186.
-
-QUEME, _s._; _to qu._, to your pleasure, VII. 30.
-
-QUEME, _v._ please, V. 39.
-
-QUERE, _s._ choir, XXIV. 1417.
-
-QUEYNT, _pp._ quenched, I. ii. 2. 33; II. 40; Queint, XXIV. 457.
-
-QUEYNTE, _adj._ curious, XVIII. 182; particular, II. 1013; Queinte, pretty,
-XIII. 8.
-
-QUEYNTYSE, _s._ finery, ornaments, II. 627; Queyntyses, contrivances, I. i.
-7. 40.
-
-QUHAIR, _adv._ where, XVII. 34.
-
-QUHAIS, _pron._ whose, of which, XVII. 146.
-
-QUHEN, _adv._ when, XVII. 5.
-
-QUHETTING, _pres. pt._ whetting, XVII. 193.
-
-QUHILK, _pron._ which, XVII. 33.
-
-QUHILL, _adv._ until, XVII. 48, 482.
-
-QUHISLING, _pres. pt._ whistling, XVII. 20.
-
-QUHYL, _adv._ sometimes, XVII. 49.
-
-QUHYTLY, _adj._ whitish, XVII. 214.
-
-QUIK, _adj._ alive, IX. 256; Quicke, living, III. 71.
-
-QUYTE, _v._ requite, VIII. 401; repay, IV. 279; _ger._ to requite, XV. _c._
-3; to redeem, IX. 230; Quitte, _pt. s._ requited, V. 304; _pt. pl._ V. 263.
-
-QUYTINGE, _s._ requital, I. iii. 7. 125, 142.
-
-
-
-RACE, _pr. s. subj._ pluck, XXIV. 868.
-
-RADDEST, _2 pt. s._ readest, hast thou read, I. i. 5. 6; Rad, _pp._ read,
-I. i. 2. 91; I. ii. 1. 101; XXI. 473.
-
-RAGE, _adj._ raging, VII. 143.
-
-RAKET, _s._ the game of rackets, I. i. 2. 166.
-
-RAMAGE, _adj._ wild, I. i. 3. 49.
-
-RANCOUR, _s._ hatred, I. ii. 1. 63; _pl._ heartburnings, I. ii. 6. 32.
-
-RANK, _adj._ rank, overgrown, II. 407.
-
-RASOURS, _s. pl._ razors, XIV. 24.
-
-RATHE, _adv._ soon, I. ii. 8. 9; _to r._, too soon, I. ii. 3. 50; Rather,
-_comp._ XVIII. 104; Rathest, _superl._ I. i. 5. 30.
-
-RAUGHTE, _1 pt. s._ reached down, VIII. 111.
-
-RAUNSOUN, _s._ ransom, XX. 255.
-
-RAVE, _ger._ to rave, be mad, XVI. 283.
-
-RAVEYNOUS, _adj._ ravenous, I. ii. 2. 90.
-
-RAVINOUR, _s._ gluttonous destroyer, II. 735; Ravinere, spoiler, II. 1318.
-
-RAVINS, _s. pl._ ravens, II. 1334.
-
-RAVISSHED, _pp._ torn away, I. ii. 7. 4.
-
-RAWK, _adj._ hoarse, XVII. 445. Lat. _raucus_.
-
-RAYED, _pp._ arrayed, XXIV. 819.
-
-RAYLE, _s._ rail, bar, XXI. 42. See note.
-
-REALMES, _s. pl._ kingdoms, I. ii. 7. 23, 33.
-
-REBEL, _adj._ rebellious, XVI. 656.
-
-RECCHE, _v._ reck, care, I. iii. 2. 68; III. 332; _pr. s. subj._ I. ii. 7.
-63; _pr. s._ I. iii. 6. 118.
-
-RECEYT, _s._ receipt, receiving, XVI. 553.
-
-RECHACE, _s._ ransom, XVI. 324. (An erroneous form, meant to answer to F.
-_rachat_; see note.)
-
-RECHELESS, _adj._ reckless, V. 149.
-
-RECLAYMED, _pp._ reclaimed (as a hawk), XVI. 634.
-
-RECOMFORTE, _ger._ to comfort anew, VIII. 8.
-
-RECORDE, _s._ example, VIII. 330.
-
-RECOVER, _s._ recovery, I. i. 1. 45; Recour, I. i. 4. 14; Recure, XVII.
-335; remedy, VIII. 681.
-
-RECURED, _pp._ recovered, VIII. 651.
-
-REDBREST, _s._ redbreast, IX. 58.
-
-REDE, _s._ advice, II. 739.
-
-REDE, _1 pr. s._ advise, VII. 77; XXI. 215; Red, _pp._ read, II. 400.
-
-REDRESSE, _s._ redresser, XXIV. 591.
-
-REED, _adj._ red, I. i. 4. 31.
-
-REFRAYNE, _v._ restrain, XVI. 219; hold back, VIII. 341.
-
-REFRESSHMENTS, _s. pl._ aids, I. iii. 7. 31.
-
-REFRETE, _s._ burden (of a song), I. iii. 1. 156. See Halliwell.
-
-REFUSE, _s._ denial, rejection, XVI. 506, 755; Refus, Denial, XVI. 817.
-
-REFUT, _s._ refuge, XI. 89; shelter, XVI. 845; XXIV. 884.
-
-REGALL, _adj. as s._ chief, II. 202.
-
-REGALYE, _s._ sovereignty, royalty, IX. 121; royal rank, IV. 9.
-
-REGESTER, _imp. s._ register, note, XXIV. 464.
-
-REGNES, _s. pl._ kingdoms, IV. 261.
-
-REGRAIT, _s._ complaint, XVII. 397.
-
-REGULER, _s._ full member of a religious order, I. iii. 1. 131.
-
-REHERSAYLE, _s._ rehearsal, I. iii. 6. 160.
-
-REID, _adj._ red, XVII. 211.
-
-REID, _s._ redness, XVII. 464.
-
-REIGNATIF, _adj._ governing, I. ii. 2. 83. A coined word.
-
-REJOICE, _ger._ to enjoy, XVI. 680; _pp._ gained, XVI. 794.
-
-REJOYSE, _s._ joy, enjoyment, XXIV. 666.
-
-REKES, _s. pl._ ricks, I. i. _pr._ 100.
-
-RELEES, _s._ release, VIII. 332; Reles, VIII. 20.
-
-RELESSE, _v._ relax, XXIV. 1014.
-
-RELIEF, _s._ remnant, remnants, orts, I. i. _pr._ 109. F. _relief_.
-
-RELIGIOSITEE, _s._ religiousness, piety, XXIV. 686.
-
-RELIGIOUN, _s._ a life as of one of a religious order, II. 1041; XXIV.
-1101.
-
-RELYED, _pt. s._ united, I. ii. 6. 39.
-
-REMEDYE, _s._ Remedy (of Love), V. 204.
-
-REMEID, _s._ remedy, XVII. 33.
-
-REMEID, _v._ remedy, cure, XVII. 473.
-
-REMENANT, _s._ rest, V. 163.
-
-REMES, _s. pl._ realms, V. 333; X. 117.
-
-REMEWE, _v._ move away, change, XVI. 641; _ger._ to remove, XII. 122;
-Remuf, XVII. 21.
-
-REMISSAILES, _s. pl._ left fragments, scraps, leavings, I. i. _pr._ 108.
-
-RENEGATES, _s. pl._ recreants, renegades, I. ii. 3. 101.
-
-RENEY, _ger._ to deny, renounce, XXIV. 874.
-
-RENNE, _ger._ to run, I. i. 1. 107; _pr. pl._ X. 64; _pres. pt._ running,
-variable, VIII. 458.
-
-RENOME, _s._ renown, fame, I. ii. 4. 21; XI. 93.
-
-RENOMMED, _pp._ renowned, XVI. 756.
-
-RENOVEL, _ger._ to spring anew, I. ii. 9. 133.
-
-RENT, _s._ income, II. 281.
-
-RENTER, _s._ landlord, I. i. 7. 110.
-
-RENTEST, _2 pt. s._ didst rend, I. i. 8. 40.
-
-RENYANT, _s._ renegade, I. i. 3. 118.
-
-REPARATRYCE, _s._ restorer, V. 403.
-
-REPELE, _v._ recall, repeal, XVI. 649.
-
-REPENT, _s._ repentance, XXIV. 667.
-
-REPENTAUNT, _adj._ repentant, I. ii. 10. 49.
-
-REPLY, _ger._ to turn back, recall, unsay, I. i. 6. 181.
-
-REPREEF, _s._ reproof, V. 71; XVIII. 174.
-
-REPRENDE, _v._ reprehend, II. 610.
-
-REPRESENTATIVE, _adj._ capable of representing, I. ii. 13. 40.
-
-REPREVABLE, _adj._ reprehensible, V. 319; XVI. 512.
-
-REPUDY, _s._ divorce, XVII. 74.
-
-REPUGNAUNCE, _s._ opposition, contrariety, I. iii. 3. 49.
-
-REPUGNAUNT, _adj._ opposite, contrary, I. iii. 3. 32.
-
-REPUGNETH, _pr. s._ opposes, I. iii. 2 158.
-
-REQUESTE, _s._ request (trisyllabic), IV. 27 (not _request_, as in the
-text); _withoute r._, unintentionally, XVI. 122.
-
-RESCEYT, _s._ receptacle, VIII. 226.
-
-RESCOWE, _ger._ to rescue, XVIII. 228; _v._ XVI. 91; _pp._ I. i. 3. 55.
-
-RESONABLES, _s. pl._ reasonable beings, I. ii. 10. 12.
-
-RESONABLICH, _adj._ reasonable, I. ii. 10. 25.
-
-RESONFULLY, _adv._ reasonably, I. iii. 1. 136.
-
-RESORT, _s._ place of resort, XXII. 29.
-
-RESOWNING, _pres. pt._ resounding, sounding, IX. 167.
-
-RESPIRETH, _pr. s._ breathes again, comes up to breathe, I. i. 5. 35.
-
-RESPONSAILL, _s._ response, XVII. 127.
-
-RESPYTE, _ger._ to respite, pardon, VIII. 403.
-
-RESSOUN, _s._ reason; hence, sentence, declaration, XVII. 606.
-
-RESTINGE-WHYLES, _s. pl._ times of rest, I. i. 9. 24.
-
-RETHORICIEN, _s._ rhetorician, XXIX. 2.
-
-RETHORIKE, _s._ rhetoric, I. i. 2. 133; I. iii. 1. 180; _r. wise_, manner
-of rhetoric, I. ii. 2. 3.
-
-RETHORY, _s._ rhetoric, XVII. 240.
-
-RETOUR, _s._ return, X. 58; XVII. 51.
-
-RETOUR, _v._ return, XVII. 464; Returnith, _pr. s._ sends back, XXIV. 1213.
-
-REULE, _s._ rule, order, IV. 259; Reull, XVII. 233.
-
-REVE, _v._ tear away, remove, I. ii. 4. 102; _2 pr. s._ XXIV. 1134.
-
-REVERS, _adj._ reverse, XXIV. 96; opposite, I. iii. 4. 83, 84.
-
-REVERS, _s._ reverse, opposite, contrary, XII. 132; XXIV. 1190.
-
-REVERSEST, _pr. s._ goest in the opposite direction, I. iii. 4. 86.
-
-REVERSINGE, _s._ retrogradation, I. iii. 4. 90.
-
-REVOLVEN, _v._ turn round, exercise, I. i. 7. 72.
-
-REVOLVING, _s._ revolution, I. ii. 9. 158.
-
-REWARDE, _v._ reward, III. 151.
-
-REWETH, _imp. pl._ have mercy, XI. 62.
-
-REYNE, _s._ reign, VIII. 510.
-
-REYNINGE, _pres. pt._ raining, I. i. 2. 46.
-
-REYVE, _v._ reave, take away, XXIV. 193; bereave, XXIV. 331; _ger._ to rob,
-XXIV. 543.
-
-RIBAUD, _adj._ ribald, XXIV. 479.
-
-RICHEN, _v._ enrich, II. 738.
-
-RIGHT, _s._ justice, XVI. 483.
-
-RIGHTFUL, _adj._ just, I. iii. 3. 66.
-
-RIGHTWYSE, _adj._ righteous, II. 361.
-
-RIGHTWYSED, _pp._ justified, I. i. 8. 35.
-
-RIGHTWYSENESSE, _s._ righteous dealing, I. iii. 2. 28.
-
-RIGHTWYSLY, _adv._ justly, XVI. 371.
-
-RIN, _v._ run; _can rin_, ran, did run, XVII. 158.
-
-RINDE, _s._ bark, VIII. 64.
-
-RINGAND, _pres. pt._ ringing, XVII. 144.
-
-RINKIS, _s. pl._ men, people, XVII. 432.
-
-RINNING, _pres. pt. as adj._ running, talkative, XXIV. 737.
-
-ROBBERYE, _s._ robbery, II. 190.
-
-ROBIN REDEBREST, XXIV. 1380.
-
-RODE, _s._ road, common use, V. 102.
-
-RODE, _s._ rood, cross, II. 256, 1294.
-
-RODY, _adj._ ruddy, X. 50; XXIV. 1203.
-
-ROIS, _s._ rose, XVII. 211.
-
-ROISING, _pres. pt._ growing rosy, roseate, XVII. 464.
-
-ROKES, _s. pl._ rooks, II. 1334.
-
-ROKKETH, _pr. s._ rocks; _but prob. an error for_ Rouketh, i.e. cowers,
-XXIV. 1255.
-
-ROMEN, _v._ roam, XXIV. 651.
-
-RON, _pt. s._ ran, XVIII. 82; Ronne, _pp._ run, I. i. 6. 70; run (its full
-course), IV. 296.
-
-RONG, _pt. s._ rang, VIII. 45; XX. 100.
-
-RORE, _s._ tumult, I. i. 6. 150.
-
-ROSE-FLOUR, _s._ rose, II. 752.
-
-ROSEN, _adj._ rosy, VIII. 656.
-
-ROSETH, _pr. s._ grows rosy, grows red, revives, XXII. 59. See note.
-
-ROSIER, _s._ rose-bush, X. 50.
-
-ROTE, _s._ rote, XVIII. 71. See note.
-
-ROUGHT, _pt. s. refl._ recked, I. i. 5. 61.
-
-ROUM, _s._ room, space, XXI. 552.
-
-ROUNDE, _ger._ to cut all round, XIII. 84.
-
-ROUNDEL, _s._ roundel, XI. 40; XX. 176.
-
-ROUSTY, _adj._ rusty, XVII. 187.
-
-ROUT, _s._ great company, XX. 196.
-
-ROWE BY ROWE, in rows, I. i. 9. 70.
-
-ROWES, _s. pl._ beams, VIII. 596.
-
-ROWNE, _ger._ to whisper, XIII. 67.
-
-ROWNING, _s._ whispering, I. i. 5. 89.
-
-ROWTE, _s._ company, XXIV. 70.
-
-RUBIFYED, _pp._ reddened, X. 85.
-
-RUIK, _s._ rook (bird), XVII. 445.
-
-RUSE, _v._ praise, XVII. 573.
-
-RUSSET, _adj._ russet-brown, XXIV. 255.
-
-RYALL, _adj._ royal, XXIV. 306.
-
-RYALLY, _adv._ royally, XXIV. 71, 1350.
-
-RYALTEE, _s._ royalty, XXIV. 126.
-
-RYATOURS, _s. pl._ rioters, riotous persons, II. 281.
-
-RYDER, _s._ rider (on horseback), I. ii. 1. 62.
-
-RYME, _v._ rime, I. ii. 2. 74 (see the note, p. 466); write verses, IX.
-101.
-
-RYPING, _adj._ ripening, VII. 153.
-
-RYVE, _v._ be rent, VIII. 576.
-
-RYVE, _ger._ to arrive (at), X. 27.
-
-
-
-SA, _adv._ so, XVII. 3.
-
-SACRAMENT, _s._ oath, I. i. 6. 165.
-
-SAD, _adj._ settled, constant, steadfast, firm, XI. 107; XVII. 567; XXIV.
-45.
-
-SADLY, _adv._ staidly, in a staid manner, XX. 159; firmly, I. i. 1. 79;
-permanently, XXIV. 877.
-
-SAFE-CONDUCTE, _s._ safe conduct, I. iii. 1. 122.
-
-SAIPHERON, _adj._ made with saffron, XVII. 421.
-
-SAIT, _s._ seat, XVII. 331.
-
-SALS, _s._ sauce, XVII. 421.
-
-SALUED, _1 pt. s._ saluted, I. i. 2. 25; XX. 460; _1 pt. pl._ XXI. 442.
-
-SALVE, _s._ salve, healing, medicament, IV. 122.
-
-SAMIN, _adv._ same, XVII. 58, 484.
-
-_Sans ose ieo dyre_, without saying 'may I dare to mention it,' II. 955.
-
-SAPHYRE, _s._ sapphire, X. 92; XX. 224; _pl._ XXI. 480.
-
-SAPIENCE, _s._ wisdom, VII. 50; XIX. 19; XXII. 66; XXIII. 1.
-
-SARAZINS, _s. pl._ Saracens, I. ii. 3. 100; IV. 250.
-
-SAT, _pt. s._ affected, pressed upon, XXI. 663.
-
-SAUF, _prep._ save, except, XXI. 507.
-
-SAUF, _adj._ safe, IV. 158; Save, _pl._ IV. 291.
-
-SAUNZ, _prep._ without, XXIV. 117.
-
-SAUTES, _s. pl._ assaults, VIII. 418.
-
-SAUTRY, _s._ psaltery, XX. 337.
-
-SAVOUR, _s._ understanding, I. iii. 4. 79.
-
-SAWE, _s._ saying, command, II. 359; teaching, II. 641; sayings, XXVIII. 1.
-
-SAWIN, _pp._ sown, XVII. 137.
-
-SCAPLERYE, _s._ scapulary, III. 50.
-
-SCHREWIS, _s. pl._ wicked persons, XXVI. 8.
-
-SCLAUNDER, _pr. pl._ slander, III. 198; _2 pr. s._ III. 153.
-
-SCOCHONES, _s. pl._ escutcheons, XX. 216, 223, 237.
-
-SCOLE-MAISTER, _s._ schoolmaster, oddly used to mean mistress, XVI. 137.
-
-SCOLERS, _s. pl._ scholars, schoolboys, V. 211.
-
-SCOLES, _s. pl._ schools, XVI. 329.
-
-SCORGES, _s. pl._ scourges, I. iii. 9. 69.
-
-SCOURGE, _ger._ to scourge, I. ii. 11. 94; Scorged, _pp._ I. iii. 9. 74.
-
-SCRIBABLE, _adj._ fit to write on, XIV. 44.
-
-SCRIPPE, _s._ scrip, II. 13.
-
-SCRIPTURE, _s._ writing, I. i. 6. 195.
-
-SCRIVEYN, _s._ scrivener, scribe, XIV. 47.
-
-SECHERS, _s. pl._ seekers, I. i. _pr._ 117.
-
-SECHETH, _imp. pl._ seek, XVI. 518.
-
-SECREE, _adj._ secret, IX. 195.
-
-SECTE, _s._ order, III. 38, 58, 106; sex, I. ii. 2. 139.
-
-SEE, _s._ seat, II. 113.
-
-SEEMELY, _adj._ handsome, XX. 240.
-
-SEEMLIHEED, _s._ seemly behaviour, XVIII. 157.
-
-SEER, _adj._ sere, withered, I. ii. 11. 105; I. iii. 7. 22.
-
-SEE-SYDES, _s. pl._ coasts, I. iii. 1. 45.
-
-SEET, _pt. s._ sat, II. 464.
-
-SEETH, _imp. pl._ see, VII. 158.
-
-SEE-WARD, sea-ward, I. iii. 5. 78.
-
-SEID, _s._ seed, XVII. 137, 139.
-
-SEINT, _s._ girdle, XXIV. 817.
-
-SEKE, _adj. pl._ sick, XVI. 53; XVIII. 7; XXIV. 948.
-
-SEKE, _ger._ to seek, to learn, XX. 234 (cf. 229).
-
-SEKER, _adv._ surely, II. 625.
-
-SELE, _s._ seal, III. 260; _pl._ II. 328.
-
-SELF, _adj._ same, XVII. 552.
-
-SELINESS, _s._ happiness, I. i. 10. 79; I. ii. 4. 6.
-
-SELY, _adj._ happy, I. ii. 10. 108; simple, IX. 57; innocent, II. 695,
-1312.
-
-SEMBLABLE, _adj._ like, I. i. 9. 37; similar, V. 390.
-
-SEMBLAUNT, _s._ notice, appearance of taking notice, XVI. 107; glance, I.
-ii. 12. 3; mien, XVI. 293; method, I. i. 4. 13.
-
-SEMELICH, _adj._ seemly, pleasing, I. i. _pr._ 11.
-
-SEMES, _s. pl._ seams, XX. 142.
-
-SEN, _conj._ since, XVII. 288.
-
-SEND, _pp._ sent, II. 546.
-
-SENE, _adj._ visible, VIII. 437; XVII. 353; XVIII. 65; obvious, I. ii. 6.
-156.
-
-SENE, _ger._ to behold, XX. 157.
-
-SENGED, _pp._ singed, II. 19.
-
-SENGLE, _adj._ single, XIII. 89.
-
-SENTEMENT, _s._ feeling, VIII. 197.
-
-SENTENCE, _s._ meaning, I. i. _pr._ 9, 12.
-
-SEPULTURE, _s._ sepulchre, XXIV. 699.
-
-SEQUELE, _s._ following, X. 59.
-
-SERE, _adj._ sear, withered, dead (?), I. i. 4. 23. Cf. '_derke_ opinions.'
-Or _sere_ may mean 'several, particular.'
-
-SERMENT, _s._ oath, I. i. 7. 52.
-
-SERPENTYNES, _adj. pl._ winding, tortuous, I. i. 7. 40.
-
-SERVAUNT, _s._ lover, XVI. 321.
-
-SERVEN, _error for_ Serve, _2 pr. s. subj._ serve, XXIV. 290.
-
-SESSOUN, _s._ seasoning, XVII. 421.
-
-SET BY, _pp._ esteemed, XVI. 420.
-
-SETE, _s._ seat, I. ii. 10. 126.
-
-SETE, _pp._ sat, XX. 436.
-
-SETLING, _s._ sapling, shoot, I. iii. 5. 23; I. iii. 6. 12.
-
-SETTE, _v._ (_perhaps_) lay down (a stake), XVI. 524 (see note); _1 pr. s._
-suppose, I. i. 9. 64; _pr. pl._ lay stakes (upon), run risk (upon), XIII.
-77.
-
-SEW, SEWE, _ger._ to follow up, pursue, XXI. 117; to sue, XXI. 420; _v._
-sue, XXI. 594; pursue, XVI. 541; _1 pr. s._ follow, pursue, XVI. 227; _pr.
-pl._ follow, II. 608, 776; go, II. 928; sue, XXIV. 265; _imp. s._ sue, XXI.
-332.
-
-SEWE, _pp._ sown, II. 55.
-
-SEWE, _error for_ Shewe, _ger._ to shew, II. 929.
-
-SEY, _s._ sea, XVII. 217.
-
-SEY, _1 pt. s._ saw, XXIV. 693; Seye, _pp._ seen, I. ii. 12. 13.
-
-SHAD, _pp._ shed, IV. 105.
-
-SHADDOW, _s._ reflexion, image, XVII. 347.
-
-SHADOWE, _v._ shelter, II. 587.
-
-SHAKE, _ger._ to be shaken down, VIII. 63.
-
-SHALL, _1 pr. s._ owe, XXIV. 131.
-
-SHAPEN, _pp._ shaped, XX. 64; Shape, II. 926; _imp. pl._ endeavour, VII.
-40.
-
-SHARE, _s._ plough-share, II. 7.
-
-SHEDE, _v._ part, II. 275.
-
-SHEDE, _ger._ to shed, VIII. 3; _v._ part, II. 275; _pp._ dispersed, XVII.
-18; poured out, I. ii. 2. 27.
-
-SHEDINGE, _s._ that which is shed or dropped, I. i. _pr._ 112.
-
-SHEEF, _s._ sheaf, XXI. 3.
-
-SHEL, _s._ shell, I. i. 3. 78.
-
-SHENDE, _ger._ to disgrace, I. i. 2. 122; I. iii. 9. 56; to harm, I. ii. 9.
-57; to reprove, II. 485; _v._ disgrace, IX. 90; destroy, I. ii. 1. 19; _pr.
-s._ disgraces, I. ii. 2. 47; _pr. s. subj._ spoil, V. 132; _pr. pl. subj._
-may (they) disgrace, XVI. 370; Shent, _pp._ reproached, II. 24; scolded,
-XVI. 766; exhausted, XX. 360; ill-treated, II. 259; disgraced, I. ii. 3.
-77.
-
-SHENE, _adj._ showy, fair, XVII. 419; bright, VIII. 3; XX. 34.
-
-SHENE, _ger._ to shine, XXIV. 81. Misused for _shine_.
-
-SHEPY, _adj._ sheepish, I. i. 6. 161.
-
-SHERES, _s. pl._ shears, XIII. 84; XIV. 24.
-
-SHERTE, _s._ shirt, VIII. 489.
-
-SHETETH, _pr. s._ shoots, VIII. 462.
-
-SHETH, _s._ sheath, II. 571.
-
-SHETINGE, _s._ shooting, VIII. 466.
-
-SHEW, _1 pr. s._ shew, XVII. 287.
-
-SHILDE, _pr. s. subj._ shield, XVIII. 259.
-
-SHILL, _adv._ shrilly, XVII. 20.
-
-SHIPCRAFT, _s._ use of a ship, I. i. 3. 46.
-
-SHIR, _s._ sir, XVII. 296.
-
-SHIT, _pp._ shut, XVI. 671; XXIV. 792.
-
-SHIVER, _v._ break, be shattered, VIII. 46.
-
-SHO, _pron._ she, XVII. 142.
-
-SHOCKES, _s. pl._ shocks of corn, I. i. _pr._ 105.
-
-SHON, _ger._ to shun, XXIV. 381; _pp._ avoided, I. iii. 4. 38.
-
-SHOON, _s. pl._ shoes, II. 930.
-
-SHOOP, _pt. s._ endeavoured, I. i. 6. 148; Shopen, _pt. pl._ appointed,
-made, I. i. 6. 77; decreed, VIII. 489.
-
-SHORERS, _s._ posts to shore a thing up, props, I. ii. 7. 87.
-
-SHOT, _s._ glance, XVI. 145. (F. _trait_.)
-
-SHOVE, _imp. pl._ push, VI. 36.
-
-SHREUDNES, _s._ wickedness, I. ii. 6. 14.
-
-SHREWE, 1 PR. S. curse, XVIII. 250.
-
-SHRIFTE-FATHERS, _s. pl._ confessors, III. 118.
-
-SHROUDE, _v. refl._ (to) shelter themselves, XIII. 72; _ger._ to cover,
-hide, VIII. 147.
-
-SHRYFT-SILVER, _s._ money for shriving, II. 941.
-
-SHRYKED, _pt. s._ shrieked, XXIV. 1149.
-
-SHYNANDE, _pres. pt._ shining, I. ii. 2. 15; Shynende, I. i. 10. 39.
-
-SHYRE, _s._ shire, II. 952.
-
-SICAMOUR, _s._ sycamore, XX. 56
-
-SIGHTFUL, _adj._ visible, I. iii. 9. 98.
-
-SIKER, _adj._ secure, I. iii. 6. 3; sure, I. ii. 6. 62; IV. 319; XIX. 5.
-
-SIKER, _adv._ certainly, II. 1268.
-
-SIKERNESSE, _s._ security, VIII. 459; XIII. 6; XVI. 470.
-
-SILDE, _adv._ seldom, I. ii. 10. 77.
-
-SIMPLELY, _adv._ simply, XXI. 741.
-
-SIMPLESSE, _s._ simplicity, XVI. 651.
-
-SINGULER, _adj._ single, I. i. 8. 103.
-
-SIT, _pr. s. impers._ suits, IV. 166; V. 339; befits, IV. 52; becomes,
-VIII. 552. See SITTETH.
-
-SITH, _s. pl._ times, XXIV. 621, 1127.
-
-SITH, _conj._ since, III. 59; VII. 101; XIX. 2; Sithe, VIII. 323; Sithen,
-I. i. 2. 13; XVIII. 278.
-
-SITHEN, _adv._ since, ago, I. ii. 13. 34.
-
-SITTETH, _pr. s._ suits, XVI. 706; _impers._ (it) oppresses, I. iii. 5. 81;
-_pres. pt._ fitting, VIII. 169; XX. 141.
-
-SKALL, _s._ sore place, scab, II. 282.
-
-SKERE, _adj._ sheer, clean, pure, II. 987.
-
-SKIL, _s._ reason, I. ii. 6. 121; Skille, VIII. 378; _pl._ I. i. 4. 7; I.
-i. 9. 5.
-
-SKILFULLY, _adv._ reasonably, III. 27.
-
-SKIPPEN, _v._ skip, XXIV. 1372.
-
-SKLAUNDRINGE, _pres. pt._ slandering, I. i. 7. 70.
-
-SKLEREN, _pr. pl._ veil, I. ii. 14. 25.
-
-SKOFFES, _s. pl._ scoffs, XXIV. 1185.
-
-SKRIVENERE, _s._ scrivener, VIII. 194.
-
-SLAKE, _adj._ slack, ended, XVI. 41.
-
-SLAKE, _v._ pay slight heed to, XVI. 507; become slack, get loose, IV. 220.
-
-SLEE, _v._ (to) slay, II. 567; XI. 21; _pr. s._ VIII. 385; Slawe, _pp._
-slain, I. ii. 9. 196; II. 305; VIII. 259.
-
-SLEIGH, _adj._ cunning, I. iii. 1. 141.
-
-SLEIGHT, _s._ subtlety, V. 394; trick, XIV. 33.
-
-SLEIGHTLY, _adj._ sly, VIII. 255.
-
-SLENDRE, _adj._ thin, slim, V. 171.
-
-SLEVELESSE, _adj._ sleeveless, vain, I. ii. 8. 77.
-
-SLEVES, _s. pl._ sleeves, XX. 147; XXI. 119, 523.
-
-SLIDDEN, _pp._ slid, slipped, I. i. 8. 114.
-
-SLIPER, _adj._ slippery, XIII. 51; XVI. 262.
-
-SLO, _v._ slay, XI. 36.
-
-SLOGARD, _s._ sluggard, XII. 19.
-
-SLOGARDRYE, _s._ sluggishness, VII. 76, 161.
-
-SLOUTHE, _s._ sloth, VIII. 380.
-
-SLOWE, _pt. s. subj._ should slay, IV. 132.
-
-SLUTTE, _s._ slut, V. 237.
-
-SLUTTISHNESS, _s._ slovenliness, XXIV. 472.
-
-SLYE, _adj._ cunning, I. ii. 8. 7.
-
-SMAL, _adj._ high, treble, XX. 180. See note, p. 532.
-
-SMARAGDE, _s._ emerald, XXIV. 789.
-
-SMERE, _pr. pl._ smear, II. 282; _pr. pl. (or v.)_, smear, II. 707.
-
-SMERTETH, _pr. s._ causes to smart, XVI. 454; Smertande, _pres. pt._
-smarting, I. ii. 3. 115; painful, I. ii. 10. 29.
-
-SMYTETH, _pr. s._ defiles, I. ii. 6. 128.
-
-SNAK, _s._ snack, share, V. 109.
-
-SOBBINGES, _s. pl._ sobs, I. iii. 1. 156.
-
-SOCOURES, _s. pl._ assistance, XVI. 847.
-
-SODAINLY, _adv._ suddenly, XI. 21; XX. 79.
-
-SODAYN, _adj._ sudden, I. iii. 5. 142.
-
-SOFTE, _adj._ easy, III. 412.
-
-SOGET, _s._ subject, XXIV. 1131; _adj._ XXIV. 93.
-
-SOILL, _v._ absolve, III. 427.
-
-SOJORN, _pr. s. subj._ dwell, XXIV. 499.
-
-SOJOUR, _s._ abode, XXIV. 105.
-
-SOJOURE, _v._ sojourn, XXIV. 1253.
-
-SOJOURNANT, _s._ visitor, guest, II. 772.
-
-SOJOURNE, _s._ residence, rest, XVI. 100.
-
-SOLE, _adj._ alone, XX. 165.
-
-SOLEYN, _adj._ sole, unsupported, I. iii. 1. 90.
-
-SOMER-SONNE, _s._ summer-sun, IX. 113.
-
-SOMER-WYSE, _adj._ suitable for summer, XXIV. 815.
-
-SOMME, _s._ sum, II. 418.
-
-SOMPNING, _s._ summoning, II. 880.
-
-SOMPNOUR, _s._ summoner, II. 325.
-
-SONDE, _s._ sending, ordinance, IV. 84.
-
-SONE, _s._ son, V. 5.
-
-SONGE, _pp._ sung, III. 95.
-
-SONGEDEST, _2 pt. s._ didst dream, I. ii. 4. 100. F. _songer_.
-
-SOOT, _s._ soot, I. ii. 9. 38.
-
-SOOTE, _adj._ sweet, XXIV. 8.
-
-SOP, _s._ sup, XVII. 407.
-
-SORT, _s._ kind, set, XXI. 533; company, XXIV. 1157; multitude, XXII. 31;
-_after a s._, after one pattern, XXI. 526.
-
-SOT, _s._ foolish person, XX. 101.
-
-SOTE, _s._ soot, I. ii. 14. 60.
-
-SOTE, _adj._ sweet, I. ii. 14. 57; XX. 84.
-
-SOTELL-PERSING, _adj._ subtly piercing, XXIV. 768.
-
-SOTELTE, _s._ subtlety, XVI. 619.
-
-SOTH, _s._ truth, II. 171.
-
-SOTHED, _pp._ verified, I. i. 5. 110.
-
-SOTILLY, _adv._ subtly, V. 255.
-
-SOTILTEE, _s._ subtilty, V. 78.
-
-SOTTED, _pp._ besotted, I. i. 10. 18; XVI. 326.
-
-SOTTES, _s. pl._ dolts, I. iii. 7. 89.
-
-SOUDED, _pp._ fixed, I. i. 1. 80.
-
-SOUKE, _v._ suck, I. ii. 14. 53; I. iii. 1. 141.
-
-SOUKINGES, _s. pl._ food for infants, I. i. 4. 27.
-
-SOULED, _pp._ conferred on the soul, I. iii. 1. 15.
-
-SOULE-HELE, _s._ health of the soul, salvation, II. 1193.
-
-SOUN, _s._ sound, VIII. 200.
-
-SOUNDE, _s._ swoon, XXIV. 995.
-
-SOUNDE, _ger._ to heal, VIII. 292.
-
-SOUPE, _v._ sup, II. 1096; _ger._ XX. 417.
-
-SOUPLE, _adj._ supple, weak, II. 58.
-
-SOUVERAIN, _s._ mistress, XXIV. 1288.
-
-SOVENEZ, _s. pl._ remember-me's, plants of germander, XXI. 61, 86. See
-note, p. 536.
-
-SOVERAINNESSE, _s._ sovereignty, I. ii. 2. 85.
-
-SOVERAYNE, _adj._ supreme, IX. 217.
-
-SOVERAYNTEE, s. supremacy, I. ii. 6. 47; IX. 219.
-
-SOWE, _pp._ sown, I. iii. 5. 32; V. 10.
-
-SOWE, _ger._ to sew together, I. i. 8. 41.
-
-SOWN, _v._ sound, be heard, XXIV. 312; _pr. pl._ tend, XXIV. 527; _pres.
-pt._ tending, XVI. 530.
-
-SOWNE, _s._ sound, voice, I. i. 1. 127; XVI. 123; _pl._ XX. 275.
-
-SOWPIT, _pp._ drenched, XVII. 450. See note.
-
-SOYLE, _ger._ to absolve, II. 986.
-
-SOYR, _adj._ sorrel (in colour), reddish brown, XVII. 211.
-
-SPAN, _s._ span (in length), XXIV. 182.
-
-SPECES, _s. pl._ kinds, sorts, I. iii. 1. 52.
-
-SPEDE, _v._ prosper, XXI. 226; expedite, II. 395; _pr. pl._ succeed, XXIV.
-945; Sped, _pp._ provided with a mate, XXIV. 560.
-
-SPEID, _s._ speed; _good sp._, quickly, eagerly, XVII. 492.
-
-SPEIR, _s._ spear, XVII. 161.
-
-SPEIRIS, _pr. s._ asks, XVII. 272.
-
-SPERD, _pp._ fastened, shut up, XVI. 66.
-
-SPERE, _s._ sphere, VIII. 34; X. 53.
-
-SPERKELANDE, _pres. pt._ wandering in different directions, I. i. 2. 75.
-
-SPILLE, _ger._ to destroy, I. i. _pr._ 127; I. ii. 14. 43; to perish, to
-pine, I. i. 1. 7; _v._ perish, XVIII. 200; _pr. s._ spoils, XXIV. 385;
-Spilte, _pp._ destroyed, I. i. 2. 86.
-
-SPINNE, _ger._ to spin, XIV. 31.
-
-SPIRE, _s._ blade, young shoot, I. iii. 5. 4, 9.
-
-SPITTAIL-HOUS, _s._ hospital, XVII. 391.
-
-SPLAYE, _ger._ to display, VIII. 33.
-
-SPLENE, _s._ spleen, ill temper, XVI. 327.
-
-SPONNE, _pp._ spun, IV. 299; VIII. 487.
-
-SPONTANYE, _adj._ spontaneous, I. iii. 4. 33.
-
-SPOUSAYLE, _s._ espousal, I. i. 9. 96; I. ii. 12. 27.
-
-SPRAD, _pp._ spread, I. i. _pr._ 1; I. i. 3. 55.
-
-SPREIT, _s._ spirit, XVII. 587; _pl._ XVII. 37.
-
-SPRINGEN, _pr. s. subj._ (_for_ Springe), may spring, should spring
-(abroad), XXIV. 725.
-
-SPRINGES, _s. pl._ growths, growing things, shoots, I. iii. 6. 4; sources,
-I. ii. 13. 59.
-
-SPRINGING, _s._ dawning, XX. 25; XXI. 218.
-
-SPRONGE, _pp._ sprinkled, I. i. 1. 100. (The right form is _spreyned_.)
-
-SPRYT, _s._ spirit, II. 1182.
-
-SPURNIS, _2 pr. s._ kickest, XVII. 475.
-
-SPYCES, _s. pl._ species, sorts of people, I. ii. 3. 86.
-
-SPYNE, _s._ thorn, X. 50.
-
-SQUARE, _v._ to square, make square by cutting, XX. 404.
-
-SQUEYMOUS, _adj._ squeamish, XXIV. 332.
-
-STABELNESSE, _s._ stability, XIII. 38.
-
-STABLISSHMENT, _s._ establishment, I. iii. 1. 132.
-
-STAD, _pp._ bestead, beset, XI. 109; XVII. 542.
-
-STAL, _pt. s._ stole, II. 618.
-
-STALE, _adj._ late, II. 873.
-
-STALKING, _pres. pt._ going stealthily, XXIV. 1030.
-
-STALLE, _s._ stall, papal chair, IV. 483.
-
-STALLE, _v._ install, VI. 32.
-
-STAMPED, _pp._ stamped, pressed, I. iii. 5. 114.
-
-STANCHE, _ger._ to quench, I. iii. 1. 152.
-
-STANT, _pr. s._ stands, I. iii. 4. 15; IV. 6; is, XVI. 364.
-
-STARKLY, _adv._ strongly, severely, XVII. 280.
-
-STARNIS, _s. pl._ stars, XVII. 170.
-
-STATLY, _adj._ stately, costly, XX. 153.
-
-STATUT, _s._ statute, XXIV. 304.
-
-STAUNCHING, _s._ staying, I. iii. 1. 50.
-
-STAYRES, _s. pl._ stairs, XXI. 54.
-
-STEDFASTNESSE, _s._ assurance, VIII. 425.
-
-STEDSHIP, _s._ security, safety (?), I. i. 4. 40. A coined word.
-
-STEERING, _s._ guidance, I. ii. 1. 9.
-
-STEIR, _ger._ to govern, XVII. 149.
-
-STEIR, _ger._ to stir, XVII. 352.
-
-STELE, _s._ handle, V. 50.
-
-STELTHE, _s._ stealth, subtle trick, V. 362.
-
-STENT, _s._ rate; _at oo s._, at one rate, valued equally, XVI. 769.
-
-STEPMODER, _s._ stepmother, I. iii. 9. 86.
-
-STERE, _s._ rudder, IV. 230; VII. 138.
-
-STERE, _ger._ to stir, move men to, IV. 71; I. i. 8. 1; _pp._ I. ii. 1.
-111; displaced, I. i. 9. 10; _pres. pt._ moving, XX. 199; active, I. ii.
-11. 1.
-
-STERING, _pres. pt._ guiding, XXIV. 603.
-
-STERING, _s._ stirring, I. i. 4. 67; movement, I. i. _pr._ 82; provocation,
-XVIII. 23.
-
-STERINGE, _s._ management, I. ii. 3. 107.
-
-STERNE, _s._ rudder, I. i. 1. 35.
-
-STERRE, _s._ star, X. 22, 23, 68; (of Bethlehem), I. ii. 1. 50.
-
-STERRY, _adj._ starry, XX. 2.
-
-STERTE, _pt. s._ started, leapt, I. iii. 7. 160; darted, XVII. 537; _1 pt.
-s._ started, XVIII. 216.
-
-STERVE, _ger._ to die, XVIII. 134; _v._ I. i. 3. 120; _1 pr. s._ IX. 97.
-
-STEVIN, _s._ voice, XVII. 491.
-
-STEYE, _ger._ to climb, I. i. 1. 45.
-
-STEYERS, _s. pl._ stairs, I. i. 1. 44.
-
-STIGH, _pt. s._ ascended, IV. 177.
-
-STIK, _v._ stick, remain, XXIV. 675.
-
-STINTE, _v._ leave off, I. i. 3. 88; _pr. s._ ceases, I. iii. 5. 74;
-Stinten, _pr. pl._ (_error for_ Stinteth, _pr. s._ ceases), I. ii. 9. 172;
-_pt. s._ ceased, I. ii. 3. 1; _pt. s. subj._ were to leave off, I. iii. 7.
-104; _pp._ stopped, VIII. 256.
-
-STIRPE, _s._ stock, race, XXIV. 16.
-
-STOCKE, _s._ trunk, stem, I. iii. 7. 12; idol, II. 893; _pl._ the stocks,
-I. i. 3. 144.
-
-STONDMELE, _adv._ at various times, I. ii. 9. 156.
-
-STOON, _s._ stone (but here used with reference to the magnet), XIII. 62.
-
-STORIED, _pp._ full of stories, representing various stories, I. ii. 13.
-76.
-
-STORIERS, _s. pl. gen._ of story-tellers, I. iii. 4. 257. (Th.
-_starieres_.)
-
-STORIES, _s. pl._ histories, XIII. 87.
-
-STOUNDE, _s._ time, IX. 64; XVIII. 6; meanwhile, XXIV. 769; sudden pain,
-XVII. 537; _pl._ times, hours, I. i. 1. 2; _pl._ acute pains, XVII. 542.
-
-STOUNDEMELE, _adv._ sometimes, now and then, I. ii. 13. 105; I. iii. 3.
-108.
-
-STOUT, _adj._ proud, II. 699.
-
-STRAIT, _adj._ strict, XVI. 28; narrow, XXI. 47.
-
-STRAUNGE, _adj._ distant in manner, XXIV. 834; _as s._ a stranger, I. i. 1.
-17.
-
-STRAYNE, _v._ constrain, I. ii. 14. 72.
-
-STRAYT, _adj._ strict, XVI. 550; close, XVI. 563; vexatious, I. ii. 5. 48.
-
-STRECCHEN, _v._ extend, last, suffice, I. ii. 5. 22.
-
-STREMES, _s. pl._ glances, beams, XXIV. 768; glances, XXIV. 849; rays,
-VIII. 3, 592; X. 22; XXII. 30.
-
-STREMING, _pres. pt._ beaming, X. 68.
-
-STRENE, _s._ race, kindred, strain, stock, XXIV. 370.
-
-STRENGTHETH, _pr. s._ strengthens, I. iii. 8. 64.
-
-STRENGTHINGE, _s._ strengthening, I. ii. 4. 145.
-
-STREYGHT, _pt. s._ stretched, I. ii. 14. 99.
-
-STRO, _s._ straw, XVII. 439.
-
-STROY, _ger._ to destroy, XVI. 304.
-
-STUDIENT, _adj._ studious, I. iii. 6. 137.
-
-STULTY, _adj._ foolish, I. ii. 3. 106.
-
-STURDILY, _adv._ strongly, XX. 362.
-
-STURTE, _pr. pl._ start up, II. 868.
-
-STYLE, _s._ style, VIII. 177.
-
-STYRED, _1 pt. s._ stirred, I. ii. 14. 79.
-
-STYROPPES, _s._ stirrups, II. 187.
-
-SUBGET, _s._ subject, II. 1222.
-
-SUBMIT, _pp._ submitted, XVI. 234.
-
-SUBSTANCIAL, _adj._ that which is substance, I. ii. 7. 144.
-
-SUERLY, _adv._ surely, verily, XXI. 318.
-
-SUFFISAUNCE, _s._ sufficiency, XI. 23; what suffices (me), XXII. 13.
-
-SUFFRAUNCE, sufferance, XVI. 545; patience, II. 518.
-
-SUGER-DROPES, _s. pl._ sweet drops, XXIV. 22.
-
-SUGETS, _s. pl._ subjects, V. 7.
-
-SUGRE, _s._ sugar, XXIV. 542.
-
-SUGRED, _adj._ sugared, sweet, I. i. 4. 34; XII. 100; XIV. 26.
-
-SULD, _pt. s._ should, XXVII. 3.
-
-SUPERSCRIPTIOUN, _s._ title, description, XVII. 604.
-
-SUPPLE-WERCHINGE, _adj._ pliant, I. iii. 7. 103.
-
-SUPPORTACIOUN, _s._ support, XVI. 841.
-
-SUPPOSAILE, _s._ expectation, I. iii. 3. 129.
-
-SUPPRYSE, _v._ undertake, IX. 232.
-
-SURCOTES, _s. pl._ surcoats, XX. 141, 327.
-
-SURFETTES, _s. pl._ surfeits, I. ii. 14. 58.
-
-SURPLICE, _s._ surplice, I. ii. 2. 65.
-
-SURQUEDRY, _s._ arrogance, I. iii. 2. 60; VIII. 430.
-
-SURSANURE, _s._ a wound that only heals outwardly, IX. 75.
-
-SUSPENT, _pp._ suspended, II. 283.
-
-SUSPIRIES, _s. pl._ sighs, XIX. 25.
-
-SUSTENE, _v._ sustain, endure, bear up, XX. 291; _pr. s._ maintains, V.
-161.
-
-SUSTENOUR, _s._ sustainer, VI. 12.
-
-SUSTERN, _s. pl._ sisters, I. iii. 1. 93; Sustren, VIII. 488; Susters,
-XXIV. 1171.
-
-SUTE, _s._ suit, XVI. 538; livery, XX. 227, 238, 335; set, row, VIII. 82.
-
-SWAK, _v._ throw; _can swak_, _v._ threw, cast quickly, XVII. 522.
-
-SWAYE, _s._ sway, I. iii. 7. 160.
-
-SWEIT, _s._ sweat, XVII. 514.
-
-SWELT, _pt. pl._ fainted, XVII. 599; XX. 360; died, XVII. 591.
-
-SWETE, _s._ sweat, I. i. 1. 40.
-
-SWETE, _1 pr. s._ sweat, VIII. 231; Swetande, _pres. pt._ sweating,
-laborious, I. i. _pr._ 72.
-
-SWINK, _s._ toil, I. i. 1. 13; I. i. 2. 93 (see note, p. 454).
-
-SWINKE, _ger._ to toil, II. 29.
-
-SWOTE, _adv._ sweetly, VIII. 72.
-
-SWOUGH, _s._ swoon, VIII. 154.
-
-SWOUN, _s._ swoon, XVII. 599; Swow, XVIII. 87.
-
-SWOWNING, _s._ trance, XVIII. 107.
-
-SWYRE, _s._ neck, II. 1236.
-
-SY, _1 pt. s._ saw, XX. 60.
-
-SYCHING, _pres. pt._ sighing, XVII. 601; _s._ XVII. 540.
-
-SYDER, _s._ cider, XVII. 441.
-
-SYE, _pt. pl._ saw, II. 765.
-
-SYKE, _v._ sigh, VIII. 575; _pr. s._ XVIII. 19.
-
-SYLIT, _pp._ lit. ceiled; hence, covered, XVII. 10.
-
-SYNE, _adv._ afterwards, XVII. 593.
-
-SYPHER, _s._ cipher, I. ii. 7. 82.
-
-SYROPIS, _s. pl._ syrups, XVII. 247.
-
-SYS AND CINQ, six and five, XIII. 75. See note.
-
-SYTE, _s._ sorrow, XVII. 450.
-
-SYTHES, _s. pl._ scythes, I. i. _pr._ 99.
-
-
-
-TABARD, _s._ ploughman's coat, II. 9.
-
-TABARD-WYSE, (in) a way like a tabard, or herald's coat, XXI. 523.
-
-TABLES, _s. pl._ writing-tablets, III. 149.
-
-T'ABYDE, _ger._ to abide, II. 777.
-
-TACHE, _s._ defect, blame, XIII. 48; _pl._ XVIII. 192.
-
-TAIDIS, _s. pl._ toads, XVII. 578.
-
-TAIKNING, _s._ token, XVII. 232.
-
-TAISTIS, _pr. s._ tastes, tries, XXVII. 4.
-
-TAKE, _v._ be set, VIII. 62.
-
-TALENT, _s._ pleasure, XXIV. 718.
-
-T'APERE, to appear, XXIV. 55.
-
-TAPET, _s._ piece of tapestry, XXI. 499, 579; Tapites, _pl._ tapestry, I.
-ii. 2. 64; carpets, VIII. 51.
-
-TARTARIUM, _s._ Tartary cloth, XX. 212.
-
-T'ASSURE, _ger._ to secure, protect, XIII. 103.
-
-TAYLAGES, _s. pl._ taxes, I. ii. 2. 40.
-
-TELLE, _v._ recount, I. ii. 3. 66; _pr. pl._ count, II. 488.
-
-TELLINGE, _s._ counting, I. ii. 1. 114; I. iii. 1. 2.
-
-TENAUNTES, _s. pl._ tenants, III. 339.
-
-TEND, _pr. pl._ attend, II. 506.
-
-TENDER, _v._ affect, cherish, XXIV. 881.
-
-T'ENDURE, to endure, XXIV. 1176.
-
-T'ENDYTE, _ger._ to indite, IX. 179.
-
-TENE, _s._ vexation, I. ii. 10. 89; XVIII. 209; XX. 389; sorrow, I. i. 1.
-3; V. 242; harm, VII. 157; anger, XVII. 194.
-
-TENEFUL, _adj._ distressful, I. ii. 11. 132; miserable, I. ii. 5. 49.
-
-TENETH, _pr. s._ grieves, vexes, I. i. 2. 66.
-
-TENETZ, _s._ tennis, IV. 295. See note.
-
-T'ENPRINTE, to imprint, VII. 131.
-
-TERME, _s._ term, appointed age, I. iii. 4. 112; _t. of my lyf_, for all my
-lifetime, XVIII. 289.
-
-TERRESTRE, _adj._ terrestrial, I. ii. 9. 33.
-
-TEWNE, _s._ tune, XXIV. 1404.
-
-T'EXCUSE, to excuse, VIII. 282.
-
-TEYED, _pp._ tied, bound, I. iii. 2. 144.
-
-THAN, _adv._ then; _or than_, ere then, before, XX. 125.
-
-THANK, _s._ thanks, VIII. 249.
-
-THANKFULLY, _adv._ by way of thanks, XVI. 443.
-
-THANK-WORTHY, _adj._ worthy of thanks. I. i. _pr._ 39.
-
-TH'AYR, the air, V. 472.
-
-THEE, _v._ prosper, succeed, II. 339.
-
-THEE-WARDES, to, towards thee, I. i. 10. 121.
-
-TH'EFFECT, the effect, V. 14; the tenour, VIII. 217.
-
-THENKEN, _ger._ to think, VIII. 432; _pr. s._ XXIV. 1062.
-
-TH'ENTENT, the intent, I. i. 1. 93.
-
-THERAFTER, _adv._ accordingly, I. i. 6. 20; III. 32.
-
-THER-AS, _adv._ where that, I. i. _pr._ 91; XVI. 645.
-
-THER-AYEINES, _adv._ there-against, VIII. 533; Ther-ayenst, on the
-contrary, VII. 158.
-
-THERETO, _adv._ moreover, XX. 122.
-
-THERE-WITHOUT, _adv._ outside, XX. 71.
-
-THER-INNE, _adv._ therein, V. 469.
-
-THERTHOROUGH, _adv._ thereby, I. iii. 8. 89; There-thorow, I. i. 9. 10.
-
-TH'ESCHAUNGE, _s._ the exchange, I. iii. 6. 36.
-
-THEWES, _s. pl._ customs, manner, V. 339; XXVI. 6.
-
-THILKE, _adj._ that (person), I. i. _pr._ 85; that same, I. iii. 4. 15;
-_pron._ those, IV. 115.
-
-THINKES ME, _pr. s. impers._ it seems to me, I intend, XXIV. 874.
-
-THIR, _pron._ those, XVII. 264.
-
-THIRLITH, _pr. s._ pierces, XXIV. 294.
-
-THO, _adv._ then, I. i. 6. 175; XVII. 106.
-
-THOILLIT, _pt. s._ suffered, XVII. 70.
-
-THOO, _pron._ those, XXIV. 254.
-
-THOROUGH, _prep._ through, by, XIX. 10.
-
-THOROUGH-SOUGHT, _pp._ (that has) penetrated (me), I. i. 1. 120.
-
-THOUGHTFUL, _adj._ anxious, I. ii. 9. 185.
-
-THRALL, _adj._ subject, II. 178. (Doubtful; perhaps _wol come thrall_ =
-will consent to become servants.)
-
-THRALLE, _v._ enthral, VI. 22; _pp._ made subject, I. ii. 3. 40; I. iii. 8.
-168.
-
-THRALLES, _s. pl._ thralls, II. 41.
-
-THREED, _s._ thread, XX. 370.
-
-THRESHING, _pres. pt._ thrashing, II. 1043.
-
-THRESTEN, _pr. pl._ endeavour (lit. thrust), I. i. 2. 153.
-
-THRIDDE, _adj._ third, XVIII. 55; XX. 257.
-
-THRIST, _1 pr. s._ thirst, I. i. 3. 160.
-
-THRONGE, _pp._ thrust, I. i. 3. 98.
-
-THROUGH-GIRT, _pp._ pierced through, VIII. 291.
-
-THROW, _s._ time, XX. 190; moment, short time, XIV. 37; XXIV. 538; space of
-time, XX. 318.
-
-THROW-OUT, _as adj._ thorough, I. ii. 5. 105; I. ii. 6. 69.
-
-THRUST, _s._ thirst, VIII. 107.
-
-THRUSTELL-COK, _s._ thrush, XXIV. 1401.
-
-THURSTING, _pres. pt._ thirsting, I. iii. 3. 126.
-
-TIFFELERS, _s. pl._ triflers, II. 195. See _Tiffle_ in Halliwell.
-
-TILLOUR, _s._ tiller, II. 453; _pl._ II. 868.
-
-TILTHE, _s._ tillage, I. iii. 5. 107.
-
-TITMOSE, _s._ titmouse, IX. 57.
-
-TO, _adv._ too, XVII. 324.
-
-TO, _prep._ up to; _to thy might_, as far you can, XXIV. 289.
-
-TO-BENTE, _pp. as adj._ bowed down, subject, rendered obedient, IX. 260.
-
-TO-BRAST, _pt. s._ burst asunder, XVI. 799.
-
-TO-BREKE, _v._ break in two, XVIII. 211.
-
-TO-BRENT, _pp._ (were) much burnt, XX. 358.
-
-TO-BREST, _pt. s._ burst in twain, XVI. 207.
-
-TO-BROKE, _pp._ utterly broken, IV. 221.
-
-TODER; _the toder_ = _that oder_, the other, XXIV. 1049, 1218.
-
-TO-DRAWE, _pp._ drawn, II. 1237; drawn asunder, XVIII. 137.
-
-TOFORE, _adj._ before, IX. 264.
-
-TOFOR(E)GOING, _adj._ foregoing, antecedent, I. iii. 3. 180.
-
-TOFORE-NEMPNED, _pp._ aforenamed, I. ii. 3. 122.
-
-TOFORN, _prep._ before, I. i. _pr._ 98; _conj._ before that, I. ii. 2. 35.
-
-TOFORN-GOING, _adj._ antecedent, I. iii. 8. 30.
-
-TO-FORN-HAND, _adv._ beforehand, I. i. 6. 154.
-
-TO-FORN-SAYD, _pp._ aforesaid, I. ii. 2. 73; I. iii. 4. 261.
-
-TO-HEMWARD, towards them, I. ii. 5. 114.
-
-TO-HIM-WARDES, towards him, I. iii. 8. 148.
-
-TOLE, _s._ tool, instrument, II. 375, 575; _pl._ II. 919.
-
-TOMBESTERE, _s._ female dancer, I. ii. 2. 117.
-
-TO-MORNE, to-morrow, I. iii. 4. 214.
-
-TONE; _the tone_ = _thet one_, the one, XXIV. 1049, 1316.
-
-TO-PULL, _pr. pl._ pull to pieces, II. 179.
-
-TO-RACE, _v._ tear to pieces, II. 1274.
-
-TORCENCIOUS, _adj._ exacting, I. i. 9. 131. Apparently a false form; it
-should rather be _torcenous_, from O.F. _torconos_, _torcenous_, exacting;
-see Godefroy.
-
-TORCIOUS, _adj._ exacting, I. ii. 2. 73. Probably for _torcenous_ (see
-above).
-
-TORE, _pp._ torn, VIII. 220.
-
-TO-RENT, _pp._ with garments much rent, XII. 17; much torn, II. 20.
-
-TORNED, _pp._ turned, XIV. 46.
-
-TORT, _s._ wrong, I. ii. 2. 71.
-
-TO-TERE, _v._ rend in pieces, II. 255; XX. 488; _pt. s._ tore to pieces,
-VII. 178.
-
-TOTETH, _pr. s._ looks, II. 74, 418.
-
-TOTHER; _the tother_ = _thet other_, that other, XX. 394.
-
-TO-TORN, _pp._ with garments much torn, XII. 17.
-
-TOUR, _s._ tower, I. i. 5. 8.
-
-TOWAYLE, _s._ towel, I. ii. 2. 60; Towelles, _pl._ I. ii. 2. 62.
-
-TOWN, _s._ farm, II. 1043.
-
-TO-YERE, _adv._ this year, XVIII. 79. Cf. _to-day_.
-
-TRACE, _s._ a round (in a dance), XVI. 190.
-
-TRAINES, _s. pl._ trains (of dresses), XX. 147.
-
-TRAISTIT, _1 pt. s._ trusted, hoped, XVII. 22.
-
-TRAITORY, _s._ treachery, III. 234; XIV. 48.
-
-TRANSITORIE, _adj._ transitory, I. iii. 1. 11; I. iii. 4. 148.
-
-TRANSMEW, _ger._ to move across, change, XIII. 44.
-
-TRANSVERSE, _v._ gainsay, I. i. 2. 195.
-
-TRAPPED, _pp._ adorned with trappings, XX. 262.
-
-TRAPPURES, _s. pl._ trappings, XX. 244.
-
-TRAUNCE, _s._ trance, dream, XVI. 407.
-
-TRAVAYLE, _s._ toil, XVI. 471.
-
-TRAVEYLED, _pp._ worked for, I. iii. 5. 112; Travall, _pr. pl._ labour, II.
-426.
-
-TRAY, _ger._ to betray, II. 808; _v._ II. 621.
-
-TRAYLE, _s._ trellis, XVI. 184, 195. (F. text, _treille_.)
-
-TRAYNES, _s. pl._ snares, IX. 90.
-
-TRENCHOURS, _s. pl._ trenchers, i.e. pieces of bread used as plates, I. i.
-_pr._ 109.
-
-TRENTALL, _s._ trental, mass repeated for thirty days, III. 95.
-
-TRESORY, _s._ treasury, III. 302; XX. 202.
-
-TRETED, _pp._ treated, IV. 312.
-
-TRETIS, _s._ treatise, I. iii. 4. 253; Tretesse, XXIV. 28.
-
-TREW-LOVE, _s._ true-lover's knot, bow of ribbon, XXIV. 1440. See note.
-
-TRISTESSE, _s._ sadness, XI. 55.
-
-TRONCHEOUN, _s._ thick and short staff (properly, a broken piece of a
-spear), XX. 253.
-
-TRONE, _s._ throne, IV. 378.
-
-TRONED, _pp._ enthroned, I. i. 2. 94.
-
-TROUBLOUS, _adj._ troublesome, XX. 389.
-
-TRUMPE, _s._ trumpet, XX. 211; _pl._ XX. 192.
-
-TRUMPET, _s._ trumpeter, XX. 213; _pl._ XX. 210.
-
-TRUSSE, _pr. pl._ pack up, II. 750.
-
-TUCKE, _s._ fold, I. i. 5. 132.
-
-TUILYOUR, _s._ quarreller; _t.-lyk_, quarrelsome, XVII. 194.
-
-TURKEIS (lit. Turkish), an epithet of Baleis, XXIV. 80.
-
-TURTILL-DOVE, _s._ turtle-dove, XXIV. 234, 1387.
-
-TURTLE, _s._ turtle-dove, X. 78.
-
-TURVED, _pp._ turfed, XX. 51.
-
-TURVES, _s. pl._ pieces of turf, XX. 50.
-
-TUTELE, _s._ guardian, X. 57.
-
-TWEY, _num._ two, I. iii. 1. 99; XXIV. 1313; Twa, XVII. 301.
-
-TWINKLING, _s._ small point, least matter, I. i. 1. 28. (Lit. glimmer,
-glimpse.)
-
-TWINNE, _1 pr. s. subj._ may depart, IX. 256; _2 pr. s._ V. 104.
-
-TYTHEN, _ger._ to pay tithes, II. 1209.
-
-TYTHING, _s._ tithe, II. 317, 861; _pl._ II. 1159.
-
-TYTLED, _pp._ entitled, I. ii. 1. 99.
-
-
-
-UMPLE, fine stuff in a single fold, fine gauze or lawn, XXI. 471.
-
-UNABLE, _adj._ weak, I. iii. 1. 171.
-
-UNBODYE, _ger._ to quit the body, I. i. 1. 88.
-
-UNBRENT, _pp._ unburnt, X. 129.
-
-UNCONNING, _adj._ unskilful, I. i. 3. 164.
-
-UNCONNING, _s._ ignorance, I. iii. 4. 224; VII. 7; Uncunning, III. 391.
-
-UNCOUTH, _adj._ strange, unusual, XXIV. 451; unknown, I. ii. 11. 45.
-
-UNDEFOULED, _pp._ undefiled, X. 132.
-
-UNDERFONGEN, _pp._ undertaken, IV. 264.
-
-UNDERNEMINGE, _s._ reproof, III. 110.
-
-UNDERNIME, _2 pr. pl._ reprove, III. 109.
-
-UNDERPUT, _pp._ shored up, supported, I. ii. 7. 72; subjected, I. i. 9. 38;
-subject, I. i. 9. 52.
-
-UNDERSTONDE, _pp._ understood, I. iii. 3. 77; II. 683; Understande, I. iii.
-6. 65; Understont, _pr. s._ II. 792; Understondeth, _imp. pl._ V. 428.
-
-UNDERSTONDING, _adj._ intelligible, I. i. _pr._ 56.
-
-UNDER-THROWEN, _pp._ made subject, I. iii. 8. 151.
-
-UNFAIR, _adv._ horribly, XVII. 163.
-
-UNFOLD, _pp._ unfolded, XX. 595.
-
-UNGENTIL, _adj._ not of gentle birth, I. ii. 2. 129.
-
-UNGOODLY, _adj._ unkind, II. 387.
-
-UNGOODLY, _adv._ evilly, unfairly, VIII. 385.
-
-UNHOLD, _adj._ faithless, II. 473.
-
-UNIVERSAL, _s._ the whole, I. ii. 13. 70.
-
-UNIVERSITEE, _s._ the universe, I. i. 9. 46.
-
-UNKINDLY, _adj._ unnatural, XX. 413.
-
-UNKNIT, _pp._ rejected, I. ii. 8. 36.
-
-UNKNOWE, _pp._ unknown, I. ii. 10. 71.
-
-UNKYNDELY, _adv._ unusually, I. i. _pr._ 126.
-
-UNLEFFUL, _adj._ not permissible, forbidden, I. ii. 14. 23.
-
-UNLOK, _v._ unlock, XXIV. 1403.
-
-UNLUST, _s._ listlessness, V. 227.
-
-UNMETE, _adj._ unsuitable, XX. 17.
-
-UNMIGHTY, _adj._ weak, feeble, I. ii. 7. 39; III. 394.
-
-UNNETH, _adv._ scarcely, I. i. _pr._ 28; II. 789; IV. 196; XX. 46; with
-difficulty, I. iii. 9. 76.
-
-UNNETHES, _adv._ scarcely, II. 311; V. 380.
-
-UNPEES, _s._ war, I. ii. 13. 86.
-
-UNPERFIT, _adj._ imperfect, III. 66.
-
-UNPOWER, _s._ weakness, III. 391.
-
-UNPURVEYED, _pp._ unprovided, XXI. 382; XXIV. 561.
-
-UNRESON, _s._ lack of reason, I. iii. 6. 133.
-
-UNRESTY, _adj._ restless, X. 62.
-
-UNRICHT, _adv._ wrongly, amiss, XVII. 205.
-
-UNRIGHT, _s._ injustice, II. 1071; VIII. 334.
-
-UNRIGHTFUL, _adj._ unjust, I. iii. 3. 68.
-
-UNSELY, _adj._ unhappy, I. i. 10. 80.
-
-UNSENE, _adj._ invisible, I. i. _pr._ 57.
-
-UNSHITTE, _v._ open, unfasten, I. iii. 1. 160; Unshit, disclose, XXIV.
-1245; Unshet, _2 pr. pl._ I. i. 4. 41; _pp._ opened, XVI. 65.
-
-UNSHRIVE, _pp._ unshriven, II. 751.
-
-UNTALL, _adj._ not tall, weak, II. 74.
-
-UNTHRIFTY, _adj._ unprofitable, I. i. 4. 55.
-
-UNTHRYVE, _v._ prosper ill, have ill luck, XVIII. 142. See note.
-
-UNTREND, _pp._ not rolled up, II. 594. See note.
-
-UNWAR, _adv._ at unawares, XXIV. 848.
-
-UNWELDY, _adj._ unwieldy, hence, infirm, XV. _a._ 4; XV. _b._ 2; weak, VII.
-145.
-
-UNWETINGE, _pres. pt._ unwitting, I. i. 7. 110; _but an error for_ unwist,
-i.e. unknown.
-
-UNWORSHIP, _s._ discredit, I. i. 5. 24.
-
-UNWORSHIPPED, _pp._ treated with disrespect, I. ii. 6. 125.
-
-UNWYSE, _adj._ not wise, III. 155.
-
-UPHAP, _adv._ perhaps, I. i. 8. 132.
-
-UPLANDE, i.e. living in the country, countryman, III. 1.
-
-UPPEREST, _adj._ highest, I. i. 10. 32.
-
-UPRAIS, _pt. s._ rose, XVII. 12.
-
-URE, _s._ fortune, destiny, VIII. 151, 302, 482; XXIV. 634, 862; XXV. 11.
-
-US(E), _s._ use, I. iii. 6. 104; Use, 110.
-
-USSHER, _s._ usher, XXI. 102.
-
-
-
-VAILABLE, _adj._ useful, IV. 142.
-
-VAILE, _s._ veil, XXIV. 1102.
-
-VAILING, _pres. pt._ lowering, XVII. 271.
-
-VALE, _s._ valley, VIII. 44.
-
-VALEWE, _s._ value, I. i. 7. 97.
-
-VALEY, _s._ valley, XVI. 24.
-
-VALIS, _pr. s._ avails, XXVII. 5. (Sing. after _what_.)
-
-VARYAUNT, _adj._ changeable, I. ii. 1. 24; variable, I. ii. 6. 148.
-
-VASSALAGE, _s._ prowess, VII. 148.
-
-VAYLANCE, _s._ benefit, profit, I. ii. 5. 85.
-
-VAYLETH, _pr. s._ availeth (it), XVI. 720; _pp._ I. i. 2. 163.
-
-VELUET, _s._ velvet, VIII. 80; XX. 233; Veluet, XX. 141, 261.
-
-VENGEABLE, _adj._ revengeful, I. ii. 11. 92; II. 805.
-
-VENT, _s._ slit of a gown at the neck, XXI. 526. F. _fente_.
-
-VENYM, _s._ venom, V. 258.
-
-VERAMENT, _adv._ truly, II. 1224.
-
-VERE, _s._ spring-time, I. ii. 9. 133.
-
-VERMAYLE, _adj._ crimson, X. 45.
-
-VERMELET, _adj._ red, XXIV. 142.
-
-VERTULES, _adj._ without virtue, VII. 133, 157.
-
-VERTUOUS, _adj._ endowed with virtue or power, I. iii. 1. 45.
-
-VERY, _adv._ extremely, XX. 10, 35; very, XX. 409; XXI. 479.
-
-VESTEMENT, _s._ vestment, II. 278, 934.
-
-VIAGE, _s._ voyage, journey, I. i. 5. 84; IV. 57; XXI. 46.
-
-VIBRAT, _pp._ vibrated, X. 115.
-
-VICAIRE, _s._ vicar, II. 830; _pl._ III. 279.
-
-VINOLENT, _adj._ drunken, XII. 45.
-
-VIOLET, _s._ violet, II. 96; XXIV. 1437.
-
-VIRELAY, _s._ lay with recurring rimes, XI. 40. (Such as _aabaab .
-bbabba_.)
-
-VIRGINAL, _adj._ virgin-like, XII. 110.
-
-VOCACIOUN, _s._ calling of an assembly together, XVII. 272.
-
-VOIDEN, _v._ (to) take away, XXIV. 628; escape, XIII. 52; _pr. s._
-retreats, I. i. 5. 34.
-
-VOLUNTARIOUS, _adj._ voluntary, free, I. ii. 8. 116.
-
-VOLUNTE, _s._ free will, VIII. 299.
-
-VOLUPTUOUSLY, _adv._ luxuriously, I. ii. 10. 18.
-
-VOUCHE, _pr. pl._ avouch, II. 945.
-
-VOYDE, _ger._ to banish, IX. 116; _v._ escape, I. i. 3. 140; set aside, I.
-iii. 6. 15; _pr. s._ dispels, I. ii. 10. 34; departs, I. i. 10. 95.
-
-VYNTRE, Vintry, VII. (_title_).
-
-VYOLE, _s._ vial, X. 113.
-
-VYSE, _s._ advice, intention, I. i. 2. 60.
-
-VYTRE, _s._ glass, X. 113.
-
-
-
-WA, _adj._ sad, XVII. 350.
-
-WAGEOURS, _s. pl._ wagers, XXI. 383.
-
-WAGGE, _v._ move, stir, I. i. _pr._ 90; _ger._ XVII. 196.
-
-WAILLIT, _pp._ chosen, choice, XVII. 440.
-
-WAIT, _pr. s._ knows, XVII. 64.
-
-WAITED, _1 pt. s._ watched, XX. 106.
-
-WAKE, _s._ fair, II. 869.
-
-WAKE, _v._ keep a revel, I. ii. 2. 54.
-
-WALD, _pt. s._ would (have), desired, XVII. 102.
-
-WALET, _s._ wallet, bag, I. i. _pr._ 106.
-
-WALL,_ s._ well, II. 298. See note.
-
-WALLED, _pp._ walled, VIII. 42.
-
-WALOWE, _ger._ to toss about, XXIV. 334; _1 pr. s._ I. i. 3. 102.
-
-WAN, _adj._ pale, dim of colour, XIV. 43.
-
-WAN, _pt. pl._ won, XX. 480. (A guess; the old ed. has _manly_!)
-
-WANDRED, _pp._ men who have wandered, X. 60.
-
-WANE, _s._ weening, thought, XVII. 543. See WILL.
-
-WANG-TOOTH, _s._ molar tooth, II. 16.
-
-WANHOPE, _s._ despair, I. i. 1. 112; I. i. 4. 54; XVII. 47.
-
-WANT, _1 pr. s._ lack, do not possess, do not know, XX. 150; _pr. s._ is
-lacking, XVI. 449.
-
-WANTINGE, _s._ lacking, I. i. _pr._ 83.
-
-WANTRUST, _s._ distrust, I. i. 8. 19; I. ii. 9. 50.
-
-WAR, _adj._ aware, I. i. 3. 76; _be w._, beware, VII. 180.
-
-WAR, _adj._ worse, XVII. 460.
-
-WARANTYSE, _s._ surety; _on w._, on my surety, XXI. 406.
-
-WARDEROBE, _s._ wardrobe, I. ii. 9. 140.
-
-WAREN, _pt. pl._ wore, XX. 267.
-
-WARIED, _pp._ cursed, XXIV. 1171.
-
-WARLDLY, _adj._ worldly, XXVII. 1.
-
-WARNE, _v._ refuse, I. ii. 3. 31.
-
-WARNISSHE, _s._ protection, I. ii. 7. 78.
-
-WARNISSHED, _pp._ defended, I. ii. 7. 78.
-
-WASTOUR, _s._ waster, XII. 72.
-
-WAVED, _pp._ wavered, I. i. 2. 167.
-
-WAWES, _s. pl._ waves, I. i. _pr._ 125; I. i. 3. 57; VII. 80; XIII. 33.
-
-WAXE, _v._ grow to be, II. 128; _pp._ become, II. 371.
-
-WAYTED, _pp._ watched, IV. 204.
-
-WAYTERS, _s. pl._ spies, I. iii. 6. 88; guards, sentinels, I. i. 3. 124.
-
-WAYTINGE, _s._ watching, lying in wait, I. ii. 9. 59.
-
-WEBBES, _s. pl._ dimness of vision, I. i. 2. 180. See note, p. 455.
-
-WEDE, _s._ covering, XIV. 26.
-
-WEDEN, _pr. pl._ weed, III. 11.
-
-WEDER, _s._ weather, I. i. _pr._ 123; Wedder, XVII. 4; _pl._ storms, I. i.
-3. 63; I. ii. 9. 130; I. iii. 5. 25.
-
-WEDES, _s. pl._ weeds, X. 36.
-
-WEDRING, _s._ tempest, I. iii. 7. 74.
-
-WEED, _s. (as pl.)_ garments, apparel, XX. 371; Weid, XVII. 165.
-
-WEGHT, _s._ weight, XIII. 92.
-
-WEIP, _pt. s._ wept, XVII. 231 (or _infin._ to weep).
-
-WEIR, _s._ war, XVII. 196, 486.
-
-WEIR, _ger._ to guard, ward off, XVII. 182.
-
-WEIRD, _s._ destiny, XVII. 384, 412.
-
-WEIRIS, _pr. s._ wears, wastes away, XVII. 467.
-
-WEKED, _pp._ rendered weak (but read _wikked_), I. i. 6. 25.
-
-WEL-CONDICIONED, _adj._ of good condition, XX. 581.
-
-WELDE, _v._ possess, II. 118, 416, 702; manage, XXIV. 227; _1 pr. s._ I.
-ii. 12. 91.
-
-WELDOING, _s._ well-doing, I. ii. 10. 120.
-
-WELE, _s._ wealth, II. 812; VII. 165.
-
-WELFULNESSE, _s._ wealth, I. i. 6. 24.
-
-WELKE, _1 pr. s._ wither, I. ii. 11. 105; Welked, _pp._ withered, old, I.
-iii. 5. 33; withered, wrinkled, I. iii. 5. 37.
-
-WELKEN, _s._ sky, I. i. 3. 57.
-
-WELKENETH, _pr. s._ withers, fades, XXII. 59.
-
-WELLE, _s._ well, source, IX. 139; _pl._ streams, rills, XVII. 588.
-
-WELLEN, _pr. pl._ rise up, have their source, I. i. 2. 151; _pres. pt._
-flowing, I. i. 1. 86.
-
-WEL-MENINGE, _adj._ well-intentioned, I. ii. 5. 117.
-
-WELTERIT, _pp._ overturned, XVII. 436.
-
-WELTH, _s._ happiness, I. i. 1. 39.
-
-WELWILLY, _adj._ benignant, favourable, VIII. 627.
-
-WEM, _s._ stain, I. i. 1. 74.
-
-WEMLEES, _adj._ spotless, X. 104.
-
-WENDE, _v._ go, XVIII. 252; _pt. s._ went, XVII. 474; _pp._ gone, II. 498.
-
-WENE, _s._ _withoute w._, without doubt, IX. 237; XIII. 12.
-
-WENEN, _pr. pl._ imagine, I. ii. 3. 38; _1 pt. s._ expected, I. i. 3. 65;
-_2 pt. s._ didst expect, I. ii. 14. 80; Wenden, _pt. pl._ imagined, I. ii.
-11. 9; Wend (_old text_, went), imagined, XXI. 34; Went, _pr. s._ weens,
-imagines, guesses, VIII. 462. See note.
-
-WENING, _s._ fancy, XVI. 286.
-
-WENT, _pp._ gone, departed, I. ii. 1. 34.
-
-WEPEN, _s._ weapon, II. 1092.
-
-WERBLES, _s. pl._ warblings, notes, I. ii. 2. 6; I. iii. 1. 157.
-
-WERCHE, _pr. s. subj._ operate, I. ii. 13. 127; _pres. pt._ working,
-active, I. ii. 5. 43.
-
-WERCHER, _s._ agent, I. iii. 2. 63.
-
-WERCHINGE, _s._ operation, I. ii. 13. 118.
-
-WERDES, _s. pl._ fates, XXIV. 1173.
-
-WERE, _s._ doubt, IX. 223; X. 5.
-
-WERE, _pt. pl. subj._ should be, XI. 64; Wern, _pt. pl._ were, I. iii. 8.
-91.
-
-WERETH, _pr. s._ wears away, III. 45; _pr. pl._ wear, XXIV. 247.
-
-WERIEN, _v._ grow weary, II. 1068.
-
-WERNE, _2 pr. pl._ refuse, I. i. 4. 47; _pp._ IV. 26.
-
-WERNINGES, _s. pl._ refusals, I. i. 2. 58.
-
-WERRE, _s._ war, VIII. 256.
-
-WERREY, _1 pr. s._ war, V. 431; _pp._ warred against, VIII. 665.
-
-WERREYOUR, _s._ warrior, IV. 130; VI. 13.
-
-WESTRETH, _pr. s._ sets in the west, XXII. 24.
-
-WETE, _adj._ wet, I. iii. 3. 126; XX. 406.
-
-WETE, _ger._ to know, I. i. 3. 18; Weten, _2 pr. pl._ I. i. 8. 80; II.
-1206; _pr. pl._ I. iii. 8. 128.
-
-WETHERCOCKE, _s._ weathercock, I. i. 2. 167.
-
-WETING, _s._ knowledge, I. iii. 4. 62, 243.
-
-WEXETH, _pr. s._ grows, XX. 14; _pres. pt._ I. iii. 1. 30; Wexte, _pt. s._
-became, I. i. 2. 24.
-
-WEXING, _s._ growth, I. i. 9. 42.
-
-WEYE, _ger._ to weigh, IV. 91; _pp._ 320.
-
-WEYMENTING, _s._ lamenting, XXIV. 233.
-
-WEYVE, _ger._ to put away, I. ii. 10. 40; _v._ put aside, I. ii. 7. 100;
-_pr. s. subj._ I. iii. 1. 136; _2 pr. s._ rejectest, I. iii. 6. 154; _pr.
-s._ rejects, I. ii. 13. 95; _pp._ I. i. 1. 63; I. ii. 14. 36; I. iii. 8.
-154.
-
-WHEDER, _conj._ whether (or no), I. iii. 3. 30; XVI. 401.
-
-WHEEL, _s._ _turning wheel_, winding staircase, XXI. 55 (see note); orbit,
-I. ii. 1. 124.
-
-WHEROF, _adv._ to what purpose, XVI. 431.
-
-WHERTHROUGH, _adv._ whereby, I. i. 4. 53; X. 103; wherefore, I. ii. 13.
-109.
-
-WHERTO, _adv._ why? I. i. 3. 87.
-
-WHICCHE, _s._ hutch, chest, I. ii. 2. 29.
-
-WHIRLED, _pp._ whirled, driven, XX. 2.
-
-WHISTEL, _s._ whistle, I. ii. 3. 55.
-
-WHYLE, _s._ time, VIII. 244.
-
-WHYT, _adj._ white, II. 1338; plausible, XXIV. 1042.
-
-WICCHE, _s._ witch, II. 891.
-
-WICHT, _s._ wight, man, XXVII. 2.
-
-WIDDERCOCK, _s._ weathercock, XVII. 567.
-
-WIDDERIT, _pp._ withered, XVII. 238; soiled by weather, XVII. 165.
-
-WIGHT, _s._ person, XX. 38, 46.
-
-WIKKE, _adj._ noxious, X. 36.
-
-WIKKIT, _adj._ evil, XVII. 412.
-
-WILDE, _adj._ wild (i.e. unquenchable), I. ii. 6. 29.
-
-WILDE, _ger._ to become wild, I. i. 3. 45.
-
-WILL OF WANE, lit. wild of weening, at a loss as to what to do, XVII. 543.
-
-WILLERS, _s. pl._ wishers, II. 228; _gen._ _such w._, of men who so desire,
-II. 780.
-
-WILLINGLY, _adv._ wilfully, V. 391.
-
-WILNE, _ger._ to desire, I. i. 6. 101; _v._ I. iii. 4. 11; _2 pr. pl._ II.
-1250; _pr. pl._ II. 118; _pp._ I. iii. 6. 111.
-
-WIMPELN, _pr. pl._ cover as with a wimple, I. ii. 14. 25; _pp._ covered up,
-I. iii. 9. 76.
-
-WIMPLE, _s._ chin-cloth, XXIV. 1102.
-
-WINNE, _v._ make a gain, II. 979.
-
-WISSE, _pr. s. subj._ may (He) guide, keep away, II. 235.
-
-WITE, _v._ know, XXI. 749; Witen, _2 pr. pl._ know, XVIII. 266; Wistest, _2
-pt. s._ I. i. 8. 31; Wist, _pp._ known, II. 1092.
-
-WITHDRAWE, _ger._ to draw back, hold in, I. ii. 6. 84; _pr. s._ draws away,
-I. ii. 5. 129.
-
-WITH-HOLDE, _pp._ retained, I. ii. 8. 121; XVIII. 289; kept back, I. iii.
-3. 114.
-
-WITHIES, _s. pl._ withies, twigs of willow, XVI. 186. (F. text, Entrelacee
-de _saulx vers_.)
-
-WITHIN-BORDE, on board, I. i. 3. 54.
-
-WITHOUT, _conj._ unless, XXI. 299.
-
-WITHSAYE, _ger._ to contradict, I. i. 2. 184; I. i. 8. 65; _v._ gainsay,
-II. 599.
-
-WITHSETTEN, _pp._ opposed, I. iii. 1. 133; Withset, I. ii. 7. 66.
-
-WITHSITTE, _v._ resist, I. ii. 7. 133; _ger._ I. iii. 8. 64.
-
-WITHSITTINGE, _s._ opposition, I. ii. 7. 142.
-
-WITLES, _adj._ ignorant, II. 528.
-
-WITTES, _s. pl._ wits, senses, I. iii. 5. 51.
-
-WIVERS, _s. pl._ vipers, serpents, snakes, I. iii. 5. 34.
-
-WLATE, _v._ loathe, II. 1098.
-
-WO-BESTAD, _pp._ beset with woe, XXIV. 845.
-
-WODE, _adj._ mad, I. iii. 7. 53.
-
-WODEBINDE, _s._ woodbine, VIII. 129; IX. 261.
-
-WOIR, _pt. s._ carried, wafted away, XVII. 165. (It seems to be merely a
-peculiar use of E. _wore_, pt. t. of _wear_; cf. _boir_, bore, in l. 166.)
-
-WOL, _s._ wool, XX. 53. See WOLLE.
-
-WOLDE, _pt. s. subj._ would wish, XVI. 272; Wold, _pp._ desired, V. 305.
-
-WOLLE, _s._ wool, I. ii. 2. 28 (see the note, p. 465); IV. 299; Woll, II.
-177, 594.
-
-WOMANLY, _adj._ woman-like, I. ii. 12. 114.
-
-WON, _pr. s. subj._ dwell, XXIV. 500.
-
-WONDER, _adj._ wonderful, III. 7; XX. 434.
-
-WONDERLY, _adv._ wondrously, XXIV. 100, 697.
-
-WONDERS, _adv._ wondrously, I. ii. 3. 45.
-
-WONE, _s._ custom, XXI. 5.
-
-WONES, _s. pl._ dwellings, XX. 201.
-
-WONETH, _pr. s._ dwells, XXIV. 143; Wonneth, II. 1140.
-
-WONNE, _pp._ won, XVI. 356.
-
-WONNING, _s._ abode, VII. 86.
-
-WOOD, _adj._ mad, II. 299, 764, 1075, 1269; XVIII. 188.
-
-WOODBIND, _s._ woodbine, XX. 159.
-
-WOODE, _s._ _an error for_ Weede, weed, III. 11. See note.
-
-WOODNESSE, _s._ madness, VI. 50; XVIII. 175.
-
-WOOK, _1 pt. s._ awoke, XXI. 737.
-
-WORCH, _pr. pl._ work, II. 411.
-
-WORD, _s._ motto, XXI. 87, 310, 312; Wordes, _pl._ XXI. 119.
-
-WORLD, _s._ great quantity, XX. 137; a thing worth the world, XXI. 539.
-
-WORSHIP, _s._ honour, XIV. 382.
-
-WORSTED, _s._ worsted, II. 1002.
-
-WORTHYED, _pp._ honoured, I. i. 2. 109.
-
-WOST, _2 pr. s._ knowest, XVIII. 126; Wottest, I. i. 2. 74.
-
-WOWE, _v._ woo, XXIV. 1222.
-
-WOWETH, _pr. pl._ move, I. ii. 1. 21. _Put for_ waweth; and properly
-singular.
-
-WOX, _1 pt. s._ became, I. i. 4. 30; grew, XVII. 102; Woxen, _pp._ I. iii.
-5. 24.
-
-WRAIKFUL, _adj._ vengeful, XVII. 329.
-
-WRAIT, _pt. s._ wrote, XVII. 64.
-
-WRAITH, _s._ wroth, XVII. 182.
-
-WRAK, _s._ vengeance, XVII. 370.
-
-WRALL, _pr. pl._ pervert, II. 370. Cf. M.E. _wrawe_, perverse.
-
-WRANGLEN, _pr. pl._ wrangle, II. 426.
-
-WRAPPED, _pp._ involved; _in be w._, been mixed up with, V. 216.
-
-WRECHE, _s._ misery, I. i. 1. 60; vengeance, VIII. 471.
-
-WREKE, _v._ avenge, XXIV. 702;   _pp._ VIII. 284;   Wreche, _pr. pl. subj._
-X. 41.
-
-WRENNE, _s._ wren, IX. 57;   Wren, XXIV. 1372.
-
-WRETHE, _s._ a wreath, garland, I. iii. 6. 158.
-
-WRINGING, _pres. pt._ wringing (wringing wet), XX. 406.
-
-WRITHEN, _pp._ wreathed, twined, XX. 57.
-
-WRO, _s._ corner, II. 81. Icel. _r[=a]_.
-
-WROCHT, _pp._ wrought, made, XVII. 203.
-
-WRY, _adj._ deformed, XXIV. 1062.
-
-WRYE, _v._ turn aside, XVI. 331.
-
-WRYETH, _pr. s._ disguises, I. ii. 5. 102.
-
-WRYTHING, _s._ twisting, turning aside, error, rebellion, X. 96.
-
-WYDE-WHERE, _adv._ far and wide, I. ii. 11. 107.
-
-WYNDE, _s._ breath, XVI. 795.
-
-WYNDE, _1 pr. s. subj._ wind, go, IX. 263.
-
-WYNDING,_ s._ envelopment (in snow) (?), I. i. 3. 39.
-
-WYR, _s._ wire, I. iii. 7. 103.
-
-WYR-DRAWER, _s._ wire-drawer, I. iii. 7. 103.
-
-WYTE, _s._ blame, VIII. 603; IX. 103.
-
-WYTE, _ger._ to blame, I. iii. 7. 145; II. 577; XVII. 134;   _1 pr. s._
-blame (for it), VIII. 460;   _imp. s._ blame (for), I. iii. 1. 170;   _imp.
-pl._ II. 1373; V. 376.
-
-
-
-Y, _s._ eye, XVI. 263; XX. 85; XXIV. 229, 1139;   _at y_, in appearance,
-XIV. 6.
-
-YAF, _pt. s._ gave, IX. 248.
-
-YALL, _v._ yell, II. 386, 1355.
-
-YATE, _s._ gate, XXI. 274;   _pl._ II. 65.
-
-Y-BE, _pp._ been, XVIII. 190; XX. 375.
-
-Y-BORE, _pp._ born, XVI. 462.
-
-Y-BRENT, _pp._ burnt, II. 18;   Y-brend, II. 634.
-
-Y-BUILDE, _v._ build (_or pp._ build), II. 120.
-
-Y-CALLED, _pp._ named, VIII. 70.
-
-Y-CHASED, _pp._ chased, XVI. 287.
-
-Y-CLEPED, _pp._ called, I. iii. 1. 12.
-
-Y-DAMPNED, _pp._ damned, II. 1243.
-
-YDEL; _in y._, in vain, I. i. 1. 70; I. ii. 11. 109.
-
-Y-DIGHT, _pp._ dressed, II. 1002.
-
-Y-DON, _pp._ made, XX. 61.
-
-YE, yea, I. i. 7. 34.
-
-YE, _s._ eye, IX. 124.
-
-YEDE, _1 pt. s._ went, VIII. 120;   _pt. s._ I. i. 10. 111; XX. 54;   _pt.
-pl._ XX. 295, 301.
-
-YEF, _pr. pl._ give, II. 957.
-
-YEFTES, _s. pl._ gifts, bribes, I. i. 10. 41.
-
-YELDE, _ger._ to pay, X. 112;   _v._ yield, render, II. 778;   _pr. s.
-subj._ may (He) repay, XXI. 360;   _pr. pl. subj._ may yield, I. iii. 9.
-93.
-
-YELDINGE, _s._ yielding, giving, I. iii. 1. 13.
-
-YELKE, _s._ yolk, hence centre, nucleus, I. iii. 4. 198.
-
-YEN, _s. pl._ eyes, XXIV. 135, 154.
-
-YERDE, _s._ rod, I. ii. 11. 136; X. 133;   correction, XXIV. 363.
-
-YERN, _ger._ to earn, XXIV. 367.
-
-YERNE, _adv._ quickly;   _as y._, very quickly, I. ii. 8. 41;   Yern,
-eagerly, XXIV. 1299.
-
-YET, _s._ gate, XVII. 388.
-
-YEVE, _1 pr. s._ give, XI. 80;   _2 pr. pl._ III. 208;   _pr. pl._ I. i.
-_pr._ 18;   _pp._ XVIII. 279; XXIV. 278.
-
-YEVER, _s._ giver, I. iii. 7. 134, 138; III. 176.
-
-YEXINGE, _s._ sobbing, outburst (of grief), I. i. 1. 6.
-
-Y-FED, _pp._ fed, XXIV. 975.
-
-Y-FERE, _adv._ together, in company, IX. 59, 224; XI. 64.
-
-Y-FEYNED, _pp._ feigned, XVIII. 74.
-
-Y-FURTHERED, _pp._ advanced, VIII. 327.
-
-Y-FYNED, _pp._ refined, XIII. 99.
-
-Y-GRAVE, _pp._ buried, XVI. 60.
-
-Y-GROUNDED, _pp._ rooted, I. ii. 9. 19.
-
-Y-GURD, _pp._ girt, i.e. ready, II. 1336.
-
-Y-HANDLED, _pp._ handled, treated of, I. ii. 11. 101.
-
-Y-HERD, _pp._ heard, XVIII. 85.
-
-Y-HERIED, _pp._ praised, XXIV. 592.
-
-Y-KEND, _pp._ taught, II. 482;   known, II. 530.
-
-YLE, _s._ isle, I. i. 3. 64; V. 15; VI. 17.
-
-Y-LOST, _pp._ lost, VII. 36.
-
-Y-LYKE, _adv._ alike, equally, XVIII. 64.
-
-Y-MAD, _pp._ made, VIII. 163.
-
-Y-MEYNT, _pp._ mingled, VIII. 457.
-
-YNDE, _adj. pl._ blue, IX. 257.
-
-Y-NEMPNED, _pp._ named, I. i. 1. 5.
-
-Y-NOMEN, _pp._ taken up, II. 1031.
-
-Y-NOW, _adj._ enough, II. 3, 1044;   _pl._ (men) enough, I. i. 3. 51.
-
-YOK, _s._ yoke, XVIII. 140.
-
-YOKKIT, _pp._ yoked, XVII. 209.
-
-YOLDEN, _pp._ yielded, I. i. 7. 30;   returned, I. i. 3. 107;   repaid, I.
-iii. 5. 140.
-
-YON, _adj._ yonder, yon, that, XVII. 533.
-
-YOUTHHEID, _s._ time of youth, XVII. 30.
-
-YOVE, _1 pt. s._ gave, XXIV. 688.
-
-Y-PASSED, _pp._ past, VIII. 591.
-
-Y-PENT, _pp._ pent, II. 22;   fastened, II. 939.
-
-Y-POUDRED, _pp._ besprinkled, XVIII. 63.
-
-Y-RENT, _pp._ torn, II. 256.
-
-YS, _s._ ice, VIII. 234; Yse, XVII. 168.
-
-YSE-SHOKLIS, _s. pl._ icicles, XVII. 160.
-
-Y-SET, _pp._ appointed, XVI. 613.
-
-Y-SHONED, _pp._ shunned, I. ii. 11. 10.
-
-Y-SLAYN, _pp._ slain, VIII. 88.
-
-Y-SOGHT, _pp._ importuned, V. 128.
-
-Y-SPED, _pp._ granted, XXIV. 977.
-
-Y-STOCKED, _pp._ fastened as in the stocks, I. i. 1. 41.
-
-Y-STOPE, _pp._ advanced, XXIV. 281.
-
-Y-TAKE, _pp._ taken, II. 1281.
-
-Y-THEE, _v._ prosper, XVIII. 187.
-
-Y-TOURNED, _pp._ turned, I. i. 7. 51.
-
-Y-TYED, _pp._ tied, V. 226.
-
-YVE-LEFE, _s._ ivy-leaf, I. iii. 7. 50.
-
-YUEL-SPEKERS, _s. pl._ evil-speakers, I. i. 9. 6.
-
-Y-WHET, _pp._ whetted, V. 243.
-
-Y-WIS, _adv._ verily, I. i. 2. 116.
-
-Y-WONED, _pp._ dwelt, XXIV. 241.
-
-Y-WONNE, _pp._ won, V. 49.
-
-Y-WOUNDED, _pp._ wounded, VIII. 361.
-
-Y-WROUGHT, _pp._ made, XX. 48.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-INDEX OF NAMES.
-
-AARON, X. 133.
-
-ABRAHAM, I. i. 8. 59.
-
-ACHILLES, VIII. 367.
-
-ACRISIUS, I. i. 5. 8.
-
-ACTEON, Actaeon, VIII. 97.
-
-ADAM, I. i. 1. 39; I. i. 8. 73; I. iii. 8. 104; V. 199, 366.
-
-ADMETE, Admetus, XXIV. 107.
-
-ADON, Adonis, VIII. 386;   Adoun, VIII. 644.
-
-ALBION, V. 16; XXVIII. 5.
-
-ALCESTE, Alcestis, IX. 198; XII. 117; XXIV. 105.
-
-ALCMENIA, Alcmene, XXIV. 821.
-
-ALEXANDER, I. iii. 2. 26; II. 335;   Alisaundre, I. ii. 2. 114; IV. 36;
-Alisander, I. i. _pr._ 89; IV. 281; _gen._ XII. 96.
-
-ALEYN, Alain Chartier, XVI. 11.
-
-ANNELIDA, XXI. 465;   Anelida, XXIV. 234.
-
-ANTICHRIST, II. 191, 493; III. 2; _gen._ II. 956.
-
-ANTIGONE, IX. 196.
-
-ANTIOCHUS, VII. 177.
-
-ANTIOPA, XXIV. 824.
-
-ANTONIUS, VIII. 367;   Antony, XXI. 462; XXIV. 873.
-
-ARCITE, VIII. 368, 379; XXI. 466; XXIV. 235.
-
-ARIADNE, IX. 200.
-
-ARISTOTEL, I. iii. 2. 87; I. iii. 7. 59;   Aristotle, I. i. _pr._ 64, 117;
-I. ii. 1. 105; I. ii. 5. 5.
-
-ARTEYS, Artois, XXIV. 1227.
-
-ARTOUR, Arthur, I. ii. 2. 116;   Arthus, IV. 283; _gen._ XII. 103.
-
-ATHALANS, Atalanta, VIII. 396.
-
-ATHENES, Athens, I. i. 9. 114.
-
-AURORA, IX. 38; X. 135.
-
-AUSTEN, St. Augustine, I. ii. 13. 43; _gen._ III. 112.
-
-
-
-BALTHASAR, Belshazzar, VII. 175.
-
-BEDFORD, duke of, VII. (_title_).
-
-BELIAL, II. 234.
-
-BENET, St. Benedict, II. 993, 1011.
-
-BOECE, Boethius, I. i. _pr._ 110; I. ii. 13. 49; VII. 150.
-
-BOREAS, north wind, I. i. _pr._ 124; IX. 96.
-
-BRETAYNE, Britain, VII. 126; XXIV. 1226; XXIX. 2;   Britayne, I. iii. 1.
-45.
-
-BURGOYNE, _s._ Burgundy, XXIV. 1228.
-
-BUSERUS, Busiris, I. ii. 7. 117.
-
-
-
-CALCHAS, XVII. 97.
-
-CALIOPE, Calliope, IX. 242; XXIV. 19.
-
-CALIXTO, Callisto, XXIV. 821.
-
-CAMBRIGE, Cambridge, XXIV. 913.
-
-CANACEE, IX. 206.
-
-CARTAGE, Carthage, V. 311; XXIV. 231.
-
-CASSODORE, Cassiodorus, IV. 330.
-
-CATOUN, Cato, XII. 102;   Dionysius Cato, XII. 130; _gen._ I. iii. 2. 24.
-
-CAYNES, Cain's, I. ii. 2. 107.
-
-CESAR, Julius Caesar, XII. 95.
-
-CHARLES, Charlemagne, XII. 103;   Charlemayne, IV. 283.
-
-CHAUCER, VII. 65, 98; IX. 236; XVII. 41; XXIX. 1.
-
-CIPRYDE, Venus, IX. 20. (_Venus and Cipryde_, Venus and the Cyprian
-goddess, really one and the same.)
-
-CITHAREA, Venus, XXIV. 50, 556; Cithera, V. 5; Cithere, XXIV. 1178.
-
-CITHAREE, Cythera, _but an error for_ Cithaeron, XXIV. 49. See note.
-
-CITHERON, Cithaeron, XXIV. 69. (See l. 49.)
-
-CLARENCE, DUKE OF, VII. (_title_).
-
-CLEO, Clio, X. 13; Clio, IX. 242.
-
-CLEOPATRE, Cleopatra, IX. 195; XXIV. 873; Cleopatras, XXI. 462; _gen._
-XIII. 86.
-
-COLKOS, Colchis, VIII. 373.
-
-COLLO, I. ii. 7. 119.
-
-CONSTANTYN, Constantine, IV. 339; VI. 10.
-
-CRESSEID, XVII. 42.
-
-CUPIDO, Cupid, V. 1; Cupyde, VIII. 88; _gen._ VIII. 361.
-
-CYNTHIA, the Moon, XVII. 253.
-
-
-
-DALIDA, Delilah, XIII. 83; XXIV. 538.
-
-DANE, Danae, I. i. 5. 8; XXIV. 824.
-
-DAPHNE, VIII. 64.
-
-DAVID, I. i. 5. 126; I. i. 8. 73; &c.
-
-DEMOPHOON, Demophon, XXI. 458; _spelt_ Demophon, VIII. 380; Demophoun,
-VIII. 70.
-
-DIANE, Diana, XVII. 587; XX. 472; XXIV. 682; Dyane, VIII. 95.
-
-DIDO, V. 311; XXIV. 232; Dydo, IX. 211.
-
-DIOMEID, Diomede, XVII. 43.
-
-DIVES, II. 533.
-
-DOMINIKS, _gen._ St. Dominic's, III. 406.
-
-DORIGENE, Dorigen, IX. 192.
-
-
-
-EDWARD, Edward III, I. i. _pr._ 91.
-
-EGYPTE, Egypt, I. i. 9. 100.
-
-ELEYNES, Helen's, XII. 115.
-
-ELICON, Helicon, XXIV. 22.
-
-ENEAS, Aeneas, I. i. 5. 129; V. 309; XXIV. 233; Enee, VIII. 375; IX. 212.
-
-ENGLISSH, English, I. iii. 4. 249.
-
-ENGLOND, England, XXIV. 1226; Engelond, IV. 358.
-
-EOY, Eous, XVII. 212.
-
-ESDRAM, Ezra, I. ii. 3. 8.
-
-ETHIOS, Aethon, XVII. 213.
-
-EUROPA, XXIV. 823; _gen._ I. i. 5. 127.
-
-EVE, I. i. 1. 39; I. iii. 8. 104; V. 361, 365.
-
-
-
-FEVRIER, February, IX. 1.
-
-FLORA, goddess of flowers, VIII. 1; XVII. 426; XX. 534.
-
-FRAUNCE, France, I. i. _pr._ 91; XXIV. 1227.
-
-FRAUNCES, St. Francis, III. 356; _gen._ III. 215.
-
-
-
-GABRIEL, X. 99.
-
-GADES, Cadiz, in Spain (see note), I. i. _pr._ 88; VIII. 349.
-
-GALFRID, Geoffrey de Vinsauf, XXIV. 11. See note.
-
-GARTER, _s._ the Garter, VI. 5; (Knights of the), XX. 519.
-
-GEDEON, Gideon, X. 132.
-
-GEORGES, St. George's, VI. 54.
-
-GLOUCESTRE, DUKE OF, VII. (_title_).
-
-GODFRAY, Godfray of Bouillon, IV. 283.
-
-GOWER, IV. 374.
-
-GRECE, Greece, I. i. 5. 29; I. ii. 2. 116; XXIV. 1229.
-
-GREGORY, ST., III. 49.
-
-GRISILDE, Griselda, IX. 119; Griseldes, XII. 108. _See_ The Clerkes Tale.
-
-
-
-HANIBAL, Hannibal, I. i. 6. 49.
-
-HAWES, Havise (?), XXI. 463.
-
-HECTOR, I. i. 8. 61; I. ii. 2. 115; IV. 281; XII. 93.
-
-HELAYNE, Helen, IX. 191; Heleyne, I. i. 5. 7.
-
-HELISEE, Elysium, XXIV. 119.
-
-HENRY CURTMANTIL, Henry II. (see the note), I. ii. 7. 17; Henry (IV.), IV.
-358; _gen._ IV. 272.
-
-HERCULES, I. ii. 7. 118; VIII. 344; _gen._ I. i. _pr._ 87.
-
-HERODES, Herod, I. i. 7. 54; I. ii. 6. 80.
-
-HESTER, Esther, IX. 197; Hestre, XII. 107.
-
-HIPSIPHILEE, Hypsipyle, IX. 204.
-
-HOLAND, Holland, XXIV. 1227.
-
-HUGEST, _for_ Hengist (?), I. ii. 7. 118. See note.
-
-
-
-INDE, India, VIII. 351; XXI. 482.
-
-IPOMENES, Hippomanes, VIII. 393.
-
-ISAIE, Isaiah, X. 109; _gen._ X. 118.
-
-ITALY, XXIV. 1228.
-
-
-
-JACOBES, _s._ Jacob's, I. i. 8. 32.
-
-JAMES, St. James, III. 389; XXI. 689.
-
-JAPHETES, Japhet's, I. ii. 2. 105.
-
-JASON, I. i. 2. 92; VIII. 372; IX. 214; Jasoun, V. 302.
-
-JEWES, _pl._ Jews, I. ii. 1. 43.
-
-JOHAN, St. John, VIII. 12; John, II. 226; _gen._ II. 193; king John, I. ii.
-6. 81.
-
-JOHN DE MEUN, V. 281.
-
-JOSEPH, X. 138.
-
-JOSUE, Joshua, IV. 282; XII. 88.
-
-JOVE, Jupiter, XXIV. 94, 820; Jovis, I. ii. 9. 167.
-
-JUDAS, II. 615; III. 147.
-
-JUDAS MACHABEE, Judas Maccabeus, XII. 88.
-
-JUDITH, IX. 197; XII. 109.
-
-JULIAN, SAINT, XXI. 224. See note.
-
-JULIUS CESAR, I. i. 5. 128; I. iii. 2. 23; Julius, IV. 281; VII. 168.
-
-JUPITER, I. i. 5. 10, 127; I. ii. 9. 108; Juppiter, XVII. 169; _gen._ I. i.
-9. 68.
-
-JUSTINIANS, Justinian's, VI. 3.
-
-
-
-LABAN, I. i. 5. 94.
-
-LACHASES, Lachesis, I. i. 6. 78.
-
-LAMUALL, Lamuel, II. 434.
-
-LONDENOYS, Londoner, I. i. 8. 103.
-
-LONDON, I. i. 6. 98; I. i. 8. 103.
-
-LOTHE, _s._ Lot, I. i. 8. 58; _gen._ I. i. 8. 17.
-
-LUCIFER, II. 119, 380, 833, 937; VIII. 5.
-
-LUCRECE, Lucretia, IX. 201.
-
-LYA, Leah, I. i. 5. 95.
-
-
-
-MACHABEUS, IV. 282.
-
-MARCES, _gen._ of Mars, I. ii. 4. 116.
-
-MARCIA CATOUN, Marcia, daughter of Cato, IX. 198; XII. 116.
-
-MARGARIT, Margaret, I. i. 1. 19, &c.; Margarete, V. 421; X. 119.
-
-MARS, I. i. 2. 192; XVII. 183.
-
-MAXIMIAN, the poet, XXIV. 798.
-
-MAXIMIEN, Maximianus, II. 293.
-
-MEDEA, V. 302; Medee, VIII. 373; IX. 214; XII. 115.
-
-MELPOMENE, the muse, XXIV. 24.
-
-MERCURIUS, Mercury, XVII. 239; _gen._ I. ii. 14. 46; Mercury, I. ii. 13.
-92; XXIV. 56.
-
-METAMORPHOSOSE, Ovid's Metamorphoses, XXIV. 1259. See note.
-
-MINERVA, XXIV. 20.
-
-MIRRE, Myrrha, VIII. 180.
-
-
-
-NAPLES, XXIV. 1228.
-
-NARCISUS, Narcissus, VIII. 87.
-
-NAVERNE, Navarre, XXIV. 1229.
-
-NERO, I. ii. 3. 110; I. ii. 6. 78; I. ii. 7. 8; II. 294, 1250; VII. 174.
-
-NIOBE, VIII. 178.
-
-NOE, Noah, I. i. 8. 56; Noes, _gen._ I. i. 7. 83; I. ii. 2. 108.
-
-NORMANDES, _s. pl._ Normans', I. ii. 7. 19.
-
-NOVEMBRE, November, I. i. 3. 30.
-
-
-
-OCTOBRE, October, I. i. 3. 30.
-
-OVYDE, Ovid, V. 204, 246; XXIV. 1259.
-
-
-
-PALAMIDES, Palamedes, VIII. 330.
-
-PALEMOUN, VIII. 368.
-
-PALLAS, I. ii. 13. 92.
-
-PARCAS, _s. pl._ the Fates, VIII. 483.
-
-PARIS, I. i. 2. 92; I. i. 5. 6; I. i. 8. 63.
-
-PAULYN, Paulinus, I. iii. 2. 19, 21. See note.
-
-PEGACE, _s._ Pegasus, VIII. 92.
-
-PENELOPE, IX. 203; XII. 113.
-
-PERDICAS, Perdiccas, I. ii. 2. 116; I. iii. 2. 25.
-
-PERNASO, _s._ Parnassus, VIII. 93.
-
-PEROS, Pyroeis, XVII. 215.
-
-PETER, II. 365, 443; _gen._ II. 66.
-
-PHAETON, Phaethon, XVII. 205.
-
-PHARISEES, _pl._ III. 351.
-
-PHEBUS, Phoebus, VIII. 3, 358; XVII. 197; the sun, XVII. 14; XX. 1; XXII.
-30; (an emblem of the Holy Ghost), X. 83; _gen._ VIII. 55, 597; XXIV. 88.
-
-PHILEGONEY, Phlegon, XVII. 216.
-
-PHILOBONE, XXIV. 160, 912, 1028.
-
-PHILOGENET, XXIV. 912, 1029.
-
-PHYLLIS, IX. 204; XXI. 457.
-
-PIRAMUS, Pyramus, VIII. 365.
-
-PLATO, I. ii. 11. 93.
-
-PLUTO, XXIV. 94.
-
-POLICENE, Polyxena, IX. 190; _gen._ XII. 110.
-
-POMPEUS, Pompey, I. iii. 2. 20.
-
-PORRUS, Porus, I. iii. 2. 27.
-
-POULE, Paul, I. iii. 4. 120.
-
-PRESTER JOHN, XX. 202.
-
-PRIAMUS, _gen._ of Priam, I. i. 2. 92.
-
-PYCARDIE, Picardy, XXIV. 1226.
-
-
-
-RACHEL, I. i. 9. 95.
-
-ROMANCE OF THE ROSE, V. 283.
-
-ROMAYNE, Roman, I. i. 6. 48; I. ii. 1. 14.
-
-ROME, I. i. 5. 130.
-
-ROSAMOUNDE, XI. 77; XIII. 85.
-
-ROSIALL, XXIV. 741, 767, 1019, 1327.
-
-
-
-SALAMOUN, Solomon, I. i. 8. 74; IV. 29; V. 199; XIII. 63; XIV. 4.
-
-SAMPSOUN, Samson, V. 199; XIII. 81; XIV. 4.
-
-SARAZINS, _s. pl._ Saracens, IV. 250.
-
-SATAN, II. 1208.
-
-SATURN, XVII. 151; _gen._ I. ii. 2. 24.
-
-SCOGAN, HENRY, VII. (_title_).
-
-SELANDE, _s._ Zealand, I. i. 7. 108. See note, p. 460.
-
-SENEK, Seneca, XII. 101.
-
-SEPTEMBRE, September, XXI. 1.
-
-SILOE, Siloam, I. ii. 14. 40.
-
-SILVESTER, pope, IV. 346.
-
-SION, X. 120.
-
-SONDAY, Sunday, I. ii. 9. 162.
-
-SPAIN, XXIV. 1226.
-
-STYX, considered as 'the pit of hell,' I. i. _pr._ 80.
-
-SUNAMYTE, Shunammite, X. 118. See 2 Kings, iv. 12.
-
-
-
-THEBES, VIII. 379.
-
-THESEUS, VIII. 374.
-
-THOMAS, St. Thomas, II. 11.
-
-TISBEE, Thisbe, XXI. 459.
-
-TITUS LIVIUS, Livy, XX. 532.
-
-TRISTRAM, VIII. 366.
-
-TROILUS, I. iii. 4. 254; XII. 94; XVII. 42; XXIV. 872.
-
-TROY, I. i. 2. 92; I. i. 5. 6; V. 81.
-
-TUBALL, Tubal, XXIV. 1402.
-
-TULLIUS, Cicero, XII. 100; XXIV. 8.
-
-TULLIUS HOSTILIUS, VII. 166.
-
-TYTAN, _s._ the sun, VIII. 28; IX. 265; XVII. 9; (as an emblem of Jesus),
-X. 114.
-
-
-
-URYE, Uriah, I. i. 8. 60; _gen._ I. i. 8. 74.
-
-
-
-VALENTYNE, SAINT, IX. 4, 252.
-
-VENERIENS, _s. pl._ servants of Venus, I. ii. 14. 47.
-
-VENUS, XVII. 218; (the planet), VIII. 614; _gen._ VIII. 360.
-
-VIRGIL, XXIV. 10.
-
-VULCANUS, Vulcan, VIII. 389.
-
-
-
-WODESTOK, Woodstock, XVIII. 285.
-
-
-
-ZEDEOREYS (see note), I. i. 6. 48.
-
-ZEPHERUS, Zephyr, VIII. 57.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-INDEX
-
-TO SOME
-
-SUBJECTS EXPLAINED IN THE NOTES.
-
-A large number of the Notes refer to explanations of peculiar words and to
-proper names; the references to these will be found in the Glossarial Index
-and in the Index of Names. A few other subjects of more general interest
-are also discussed; the chief of these are indexed below. The references
-are to the pages.
-
-  Arbours described, 535.
-
-  Bell, Book, and Candle, cursing by, 485.
-  Birds singing the 'hours,' 552.
-  _burly_, etymology of, 524.
-  Burning of heretics, 489, 490, 494.
-
-  Cardinal Virtues, 479.
-  Chaucer's death alluded to, 510.
-  Chaucer's Boethius, alluded to, 451, 453-4, 457-8, 461-3, 466-76, 481-3.
-  -- Anelida, 537, 543.
-  -- Book of the Duchess, 473, 530.
-  -- Canterbury Tales, 456, 503, &c.
-  -- Compleynt of Venus, 548-9.
-  -- House of Fame, imitated, 467-8.
-  -- Legend of Good Women, 452, 467, 483, 500-1, 537, 542-3, 547.
-  -- Merciless Beaute, 513.
-  -- Rom. of the Rose, 456-7, 504-6, 545, 549, 551.
-  -- Troilus, 452, 455, 457, 459, 472, 481-3, 521-3, 525, 551.
-  Christine de Pisan, 499.
-  Creeping to the cross, 490.
-  Cupid's arrows, 531-2.
-
-  _determission_ (a false form), 476.
-
-  Elements, the four, 462, 472.
-
-  Final cause, 464.
-  Forget-me-not, 536.
-  Friars, the, 493-6.
-
-  Geoffrey de Vinsauf, 540.
-  Gower's blindness, 498.
-  Griffin, the, 485.
-
-  Hengist, perhaps alluded to, 471.
-  Hercules, pillars of, 507.
- 'Hours,' Canonical, 552-3.
-
-  Knot, the, defined, 468.
-
-  Lent, three divisions of, 521.
-  Lepers, 523, 525.
-  Lollards, the, 464, 485, 489.
-  London, election of the mayor, 459.
-  Lydgate's Temple of Glass, imitated, 540, &c.
-
-  Margaret, meaning of, 475-6, 484;
-    derivation of, 479.
-  Maze described, 535.
-  _me_, for _men_ = _man_, 452.
-  Mottoes worn on sleeves, 536.
-
-  Pearl, virtues of the, 453, 475.
-  Pelican, the, 485.
-  Piers Plowman, imitated, 456-8, 464-6, 477, 482-4.
-  Popes, schism of the, 487.
-  Prester John, 532.
-  Proverbs, Book of (quoted), 477-8.
-  Proverbs:--a cipher in augrim, 470;
-    against the hair, 468;
-    all day fails the fool's thought, 472;
-    he that hews above his head, the chips fall in his eye, 462, 509;
-    it may rime, but it accords not, 466;
-    silence gives consent, 461;
-    the habit makes not the monk, 475;
-    when bale is highest, boot is nighest, 473;
-    _fallere, flere_, &c., 516, 546;
-    _vento quid levius_, &c., 516.
-
-  Remember-me, 536.
-  Romance of the Rose, 456-7, 504-6, 545, 549, 551.
-
-  St. Julian's paternoster, 536-7.
-  Sun, four horses of the, 523;
-    greater than the earth, 479.
-
-  Virgin, five joys of the, 511.
-
-  _web and pin_, 455.
-  Week, names of the days of the, 473-4.
-  Worthies, the nine, 497, 514, 532.
-
-  Zealand, 460.
-
-THE END.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
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-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-FOOTNOTES.
-
-[1] In this connection, we must not forget the curious story told in
-Francis Thynne's _Animadversions_ on Speght's edition of 1598, to the
-effect that his father (William Thynne) had some thoughts of inserting in
-the volume a piece called _The Pilgrim's Tale_, but was advised by the king
-to let it alone; and this, _not_ on the ground that the Tale was written
-after 1536, and contained an allusion to _Perkin Warbeck_, but solely in
-deference to the king's remark--'William Thynne, I doubt this will not be
-allowed, for I suspect the bishops will call thee in question for it.' See
-F. Thynne, _Animadversions_, &c., ed. Furnivall (Ch. Soc.), pp. 9, 89.
-
-[2] These names are given, in the margin, in MS. Addit. 34360 only.
-
-[3] Morris printed _sleepe_, giving no sense; MS. 10303 has _slepye_.
-
-[4] The way in which the spelling was gradually altered can be seen even
-from the following example, in which the eighth line of the Plowman's Tale
-is represented:--
-
-  Ed. 1542. And honge his harneys on a pynne; fol. cxix.
-  Ed. 1550. And honged his harnys on a pynne; fol. xc.
-  Ed. 1561. And honged his harnis on a pinne; fol. xciii.
-
-[5] So in Thynne. But 'tyme' really concludes a sentence; and 'there'
-should have a capital letter.
-
-[6] He had been imprisoned in 1384 (p. 33, l. 101); but at p. 49, l. 126,
-he is leisurely planning a _future_ treatise! At p. 60, l. 104, he is in
-prison _again_.
-
-[7] See p. 128, l. 16. He did not care to be 'a stinking martyr'; p. 34, l.
-115.
-
-[8] Perhaps this is why Langland refers to 'the castel of Corf'; P.
-Plowman, C. iv. 140.
-
-[9] Rolls of Parliament, iii. 234 a.
-
-[10] Professor Morley says:--'As Boethius ... wrote three books of the
-Consolation of Philosophy," &c. But Boethius wrote _five_ books.
-
-[11] One line is enough to shew the order of the texts; see p. xv,
-footnote.
-
-[12] But this proves nothing, as Urry departs from all sound texts in an
-erratic manner all his own.
-
-[13] The expression 'the quenes heed,' at l. 158, hardly implies that there
-was then a queen of England. If it does, it makes the poem later than
-October, 1396.
-
-[14] The line, as it stands, is ambiguous; what Spenser meant to say
-was--'the Ploughman that the Pilgrim playde awhyle'; which expresses the
-fact. The subject is 'the Ploughman'; and 'that' means 'whom.'
-
-[15] Mr. Wright says 1401, and refers to Capgrave's Chronicle. But this is
-surely an error; see J. H. Wylie's Hist. of Henry IV, i. 277-8; with a
-reference to the Close Rolls, 3 Hen. IV, 2. 16.
-
-[16] Fairfax deduced the date from the poem here printed, l. 393.
-
-[17] Shirley also refers to Lydgate's Temple of Glas; see Schick's edition
-of that poem; p. lxxxii.
-
-[18] Which is not the case; the text in the Trinity MS. is in the correct
-order.
-
-[19] Richard Ros, born March 8, 1428-9; Nichols, Hist. of Leicestershire,
-vol. ii. p. 37.
-
-[20] There is _no_ copy in MS. Harl. 7333, as said by error in vol. i. p.
-39.
-
-[21] There is no authority, except Thynne, for the title The Cuckoo and the
-Nightingale. It has been repeated in all the printed editions, but does not
-appear in any MS.
-
-[22] 'In Hereford and the far West, not Oldcastle alone, but the Actons,
-Cheynes, Clanvowes, Greindors, and many great gentlemen of birth, had begun
-to mell of Lollardy and drink the gall of heresy.'--Wylie, Hist. of Henry
-IV, vol. iii. p. 296. Sir T. Clanvowe was alive in 1404 (Test. Vetusta).
-
-[23] The MSS. have _ran_ in C. T., B 661. _Man_ rimes with _can_ in Parl.
-Foules, 479, and with _began_ in the same, 563.
-
-[24] Perhaps, more strictly, a dedication, the true envoy consisting of the
-last six lines only. But it is no great matter.
-
-[25] Hence F. 148, 'As gret-e perl-es, round and orient,' reappears in A.
-528 without the final _-e_, in the form: 'With gret' perles, _ful_ fyne and
-orient.'
-
-[26] The examples of _trewly_ in Book Duch. 1111, 1151, are doubtful. It is
-a slippery poem to scan. Elsewhere, we find _trew-e-ly_.
-
-[27] F. and L. 134-138.
-
-[28] F. and L. 151-158, 333.
-
-[29] F. and L. 148, 224.
-
-[30] F. and L. 192, 193.
-
-[31] Cf. F. and L. 358-364.
-
-[32] See the English translation in Bohn's Library, i. 214.
-
-[33] A piece entitled 'De Duodecim Abusivis' is one of three pieces
-appended to AElfric's Lives of the Saints in MS. Julius E. 7.
-
-[34] No. 61 is The Storie of Thebes, which he of course knew to be
-Lydgate's; he adds it _after_ the note--'Thus endeth the workes of Geffray
-Chaucer.'
-
-[35] At the same time he struck out no. 56 (p. 34), as being by Lydgate.
-
-[36] In Moxon's Chaucer, which professed to accept Tyrwhitt's canon, this
-piece was omitted; but it was revived once more by Bell.
-
-[37] See The Athenaeum, Nov. 4, 1876; The Academy, June 3, 1878; Aug. 3,
-1878.
-
-[38] My remark upon the Trinity MS. in vol. i. p. 56, that 'most of the
-pieces are in a handwriting of a later date [than 1463], not far from
-1500,' does not apply to The Court of Love. This poem, together with two
-poems by Lydgate, fills part of a quire of twenty-four leaves _near the
-end_ of the MS., of which the seventeenth has been cut out and the last
-three are blank; and this quire is quite distinct from the rest as regards
-the date of the writing, which is considerably later than 1500, and
-exhibits a marked change. There are two _lacunae_ in the poem, one after l.
-1022, and another after l. 1316; probably six stanzas are lost in each
-case, owing to the loss of the two corresponding leaves in the original
-from which the existing copy was made.
-
-[39] I doubt if speculation as to the possible meaning of these names will
-really help us.
-
-[40] Which looks as if the author had written _grewen_ for _greven_, like a
-Scotchman.
-
-[41] A very bad mistake occurs in l. 1045, viz. _thou wot_ instead of _thou
-wost_, as if one should say in Latin _tu scio_. It rimes with _dote_,
-which, in Chaucer, is dissyllabic.
-
-[42] There are many more; _fon-ne_ becomes _fon_, to rime with _on_, 458;
-_tell-e_ is cut down to _tell_, 518; _behold-e_, to _behold_, 652;
-_accord-e_, to _accord_, 746; &c. The reader can find out more for himself;
-see ll. 771, 844, 862, 896, 1032, 1334, 1389, &c. In ll. 1063-4, we have
-_opinion_ riming with _begon_, the Chaucerian forms being _opinioun_ and
-_bigonne_ or _bigunne_!
-
-[43] See vol. vi. p. xlv.
-
-[44] The MS. has:--'Than is is lande'--by mistake.
-
-[45] It is clear that The Plowmans Tale and Jack Upland were inserted by
-Thynne and Speght respectively on religious grounds.
-
-[46] We may safely assign to Lydgate the pieces numbered XXII and XXIII, as
-well as those numbered VIII to XV.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-Corrections made to the printed original.
-
-P. lx. "Of sek-e folk ful hol-e" corrected from "seke-e".
-
-P. 142. Line 93. "come; read com" corrected from "com; read come".
-
-P. 297. Line B 7. "I supply eek" corrected from "suppy".
-
-P. 346. "Th. Thynne, ed. 1532" corrected from "Thyme".
-
-P. 358. Line 267 "Th. chyde; T. chide" - "T." corrected from "Th.".
-
-P. 522. Line 97 "her father Calchas" corrected from "Chalcas".
-
-P. 537. Line 477. "meaning not only chalcedony" corrected from "chaledony".
-
-P. 556. s.v. Alegge. "XIX. 26." corrected from "XVIII. 26."
-
-
-
-
-
-
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