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diff --git a/42720-8.txt b/42720-0.txt index 0b7b332..e8b1a26 100644 --- a/42720-8.txt +++ b/42720-0.txt @@ -1,44 +1,10 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Speciation in the Brazilian Spiny Rats, by João Moojen - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Speciation in the Brazilian Spiny Rats - KU. Vol 1 No 19 - -Author: João Moojen - -Editor: E. Raymond Hall - -Release Date: May 16, 2013 [EBook #42720] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPECIATION IN THE BRAZILIAN *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Matthias Grammel, Joseph Cooper, -The Internet Archive for some images and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42720 *** Speciation in the Brazilian Spiny Rats (Genus Proechimys, Family Echimyidae) BY - JOÃO MOOJEN + JOÃO MOOJEN University of Kansas Publications @@ -83,7 +49,7 @@ Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (Genus Proechimys, Family Echimyidae) By - JOÃO MOOJEN + JOÃO MOOJEN @@ -173,8 +139,8 @@ CONTENTS LITERATURE CITED 400 -[Illustration: FIG. 1. _Proechimys dimidiatus_ (Günther). Live female on -left and male on right. ×1/2. From Tingua, Nova Iguassú, Rio de Janeiro, +[Illustration: FIG. 1. _Proechimys dimidiatus_ (Günther). Live female on +left and male on right. ×1/2. From Tingua, Nova Iguassú, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Photographed in spring (August or September) of 1942 by author.] @@ -186,7 +152,7 @@ INTRODUCTION The spiny-rats included in the genus _Proechimys_ are common in almost every forest of South America above the Tropic of Capricorn, and in -Central America northward to approximately 12° N, in Nicaragua. In size +Central America northward to approximately 12° N, in Nicaragua. In size and proportions they are similar to the brown rat _Rattus norvegicus_ but actually they belong to a very different suborder of rodents--the Hystricomorpha. The hystricomorphs are represented in South America by a @@ -312,19 +278,19 @@ METHODS AND TERMINOLOGY Color Nomenclature," Washington, D. C., U. S. A., 1912. One setiform was taken from the animal and placed over the rectangles in Ridgway's charts and the examination made under a microscope - with low (×7) magnification and natural light. This method was + with low (×7) magnification and natural light. This method was found to give the most satisfactory results. The following abbreviations are used for names of institutions: AMNH--American Museum of Natural History. CNHM--Chicago Natural History Museum. - DZ--Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura, São + DZ--Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura, São Paulo, Brazil. MCZ--Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. MN--Museu Nacional, Brazil. MZ--Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. - SEPFA--Serviço de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre a Febre Amarela, Brazil. + SEPFA--Serviço de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre a Febre Amarela, Brazil. USNM--United States National Museum. UZM--Universitets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen. @@ -336,7 +302,7 @@ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Approximately two thousand skins and skulls were assembled at the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, through the - coöperation of the authorities in the various institutions of North + coöperation of the authorities in the various institutions of North America, Brazil and Denmark, as listed immediately above. This comprehensive material was used to obtain a more complete understanding of the group, and for the loan of these specimens I @@ -360,7 +326,7 @@ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS unpublished data, as for example, proof, in Kellogg's list, that _Proechimys guyannensis_ (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803) antedates _P. cayennensis_ (Desmarest, 1817). I register here my - gratitude to both these zoölogists and acknowledge other critical + gratitude to both these zoölogists and acknowledge other critical assistance from Dr. Kellogg. The John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation awarded me a @@ -385,7 +351,7 @@ the limestone caves of Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. These deposits, of Late Pleistocene or Recent age, were extensively studied by P. W. Lund and the results published in a series of French and Danish papers. F. Ameghino (1934:110) studied another fauna from a deposit of -similar age in the cave of Iporanga, São Paulo, Brazil. _Proechimys_ is +similar age in the cave of Iporanga, São Paulo, Brazil. _Proechimys_ is recorded in his account under the inclusive specific name _fuliginosus_. The molariform teeth of the fossil described by Lund (1841:pl. 21, fig. @@ -424,7 +390,7 @@ submersion of the central part of Brazil, there was a general uplift. The authors (_op. cit._:689) mention the presence of continental Cretaceous deposits in the Central Plateau of Brazil, in support of these changes, and state that "pelo menos em certas zonas do litoral a -elevação do continente prolongou-se até o Pleistoceno." +elevação do continente prolongou-se até o Pleistoceno." Berry (1942:373) concluded, among other things, that there was a southward extension "in South America of equatorial floras in the lower @@ -550,19 +516,19 @@ fold transversely crosses the crown of the tooth and in the other it extends scarcely halfway across. No specimen is intermediate in this respect. These two groups, furthermore, are separated geographically by an important barrier, the arid belt that starts in the northeastern -littoral of Brazil (Ceará), and that extends south and southwesterly, -more or less accompanying the São Francisco River in the Plateau, to -about 20° S. _Proechimys_ is thought not to inhabit this arid belt. At -the latitude of 20° S the conditions become more suitable for +littoral of Brazil (Ceará), and that extends south and southwesterly, +more or less accompanying the São Francisco River in the Plateau, to +about 20° S. _Proechimys_ is thought not to inhabit this arid belt. At +the latitude of 20° S the conditions become more suitable for _Proechimys_, especially along the rivers which flow eastward, but there the Plateau is replaced by mountains: the Serra Geral at the west, and Serra da Mantiqueira at the south; these ranges are bare of forests at higher elevations. Two groups of species of _Proechimys_ are, therefore, kept geographically isolated: one group lives in southeastern Brazil, -and the other lives in a large area to the west which starts at 21° S in +and the other lives in a large area to the west which starts at 21° S in Paraguay and Brazil and widens northward and includes, farther west, central and northern Brazil and all the South American countries -above 21° S, as well as Central America northward to southern Nicaragua. +above 21° S, as well as Central America northward to southern Nicaragua. The two groups which are here treated as subgenera may be designated as follows: @@ -652,20 +618,20 @@ where two or more different species live together. In the literature, _P. goeldii_ and _P. "oris"_ were mentioned by Thomas (1912:89) as having been collected in the same place; _P. mincae_ and _P. canicollis_, by H. H. Smith (in Allen, 1904:440); _P._ "_leucomystax_," -from Utiarití, by Miranda Ribeiro (1914:42) and _P._ "_longicaudatus_," +from UtiaritÃ, by Miranda Ribeiro (1914:42) and _P._ "_longicaudatus_," from the same place, by Allen (1916:569) were other examples. In these, and other alleged instances of two or more kinds occurring together, detailed study of the specimens concerned was necessary to learn the true facts. Also with the opportunity to compare collections from several different places, new facts emerged. _P. longicaudatus_, as it was conceived of by Allen, was a composite species, but in one locality, -Utiarití, Ribeiro and Allen actually were dealing with two distinct +UtiaritÃ, Ribeiro and Allen actually were dealing with two distinct species. The species, or subspecies belonging to different species, living together are: _goeldii_ and _hyleae_, at Fazenda Paraiso; _goeldii_ and -_riparum_ in Manaus; _boimensis_ and _hyleae_ in Tauarí; _leucomystax_ -and _villicauda_ in Utiarití; _mincae_ and _canicollis_ in Bonda; +_riparum_ in Manaus; _boimensis_ and _hyleae_ in TauarÃ; _leucomystax_ +and _villicauda_ in UtiaritÃ; _mincae_ and _canicollis_ in Bonda; _gularis_ and _hendeei_ on the banks of Rio Napo ("same trap lines," according to P. Hershkovitz, _In Litt._). Study of samples of the above named pairs of kinds of _Proechimys_ showed the following specific @@ -734,12 +700,12 @@ are more primitive than populations on the mainland. Apparently a small population restricted to a small island tends to revert to the primitive type. The homozygous condition will tend toward a generalized genotype and the disappearance of secondary biotypes. _P. i. iheringi_ on the -Island of São Sebastião averages larger, has thinner aristiforms, and a +Island of São Sebastião averages larger, has thinner aristiforms, and a stronger skull than the same subspecies on the mainland, and the cheekteeth usually have two and three counterfolds. The same subspecies on the mainland has no more than two counterfolds. _Proechimys semispinosus gorgonae_ and _Proechimys semispinosus ignotus_, living on -Gorgona and San José islands, respectively, are both characterized by +Gorgona and San José islands, respectively, are both characterized by large size, short tails, strong and conspicuously ridged skulls, and cheekteeth frequently with four and five counterfolds. On the mainland, closely related subspecies, like _P. s. panamensis_, _chiriquinus_ and @@ -936,14 +902,14 @@ foramen of _P. dimidiatus_ versus the larger, more elongate foramen in _P. iheringi_ will permit separation of the two. However, the two species live in the same place and one is led to infer that there may be greater differences in their physiology than in their morphology. In -fact Dr. H. W. Laemmert, from the Serviço de Estudos e Pesquisas Sobre a +fact Dr. H. W. Laemmert, from the Serviço de Estudos e Pesquisas Sobre a Febre Amarela in Brazil, informs me that while _P. dimidiatus_ was highly susceptible to the virus of yellow fever (18 out of 24 with virus in circulation), _P. iheringi_ showed a lower rate of susceptibility (3 out of 25 with virus in circulation). _P. longicaudatus roberti_, belonging in the other subgenus, showed no susceptibility at all. -At Teresópolis, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, the two species were found in +At Teresópolis, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, the two species were found in two different forests, only a few kilometers apart, but _dimidiatus_ lived at a higher elevation, where the humidity was remarkably higher. Naturally the plant associations were different in the two forests. This @@ -974,12 +940,12 @@ SUBSPECIFIC VARIATION IN THE SUBGENUS TRINOMYS One of the species of _Trinomys_, _Proechimys iheringi_, is here subdivided into six subspecies which show a clinal variation. _P. i. iheringi_, in the southernmost part of the range of the species (Ilha de -São Sebastião), has three counterfolds in the upper cheekteeth of almost +São Sebastião), has three counterfolds in the upper cheekteeth of almost every young specimen but one of these counterfolds, since it is small, very shallow, and disappears after little wear, is probably in the process of disappearance; all lower cheekteeth have two counterfolds or, rarely, m3 has only one. _P. i. bonafidei_ is the next subspecies -northward, where it was collected at 850 m altitude (Fazenda Bõa Fé). +northward, where it was collected at 850 m altitude (Fazenda Bõa Fé). This subspecies still has two counterfolds in all the upper cheekteeth; only 3 out of 16 specimens fail to have these counterfolds coalesced in one or more of the teeth. In the lower cheekteeth the coalescence is @@ -1235,7 +1201,7 @@ folds, when measured at sufficient intervals along a cline, may provide quantitative characters useful in differentiating subspecies. [Illustration: FIGS. 2-17. Second left upper molar of the two subgenera -_Proechimys_ and _Trinomys_. All × 8. Anterior border of tooth is at the +_Proechimys_ and _Trinomys_. All × 8. Anterior border of tooth is at the top of each figure (Nos. 9 and 17 excepted). Note especially that main fold is short in _Proechimys_ and long in _Trinomys_. @@ -1248,7 +1214,7 @@ fold is short in _Proechimys_ and long in _Trinomys_. Later in life the proximal end closes and three roots are formed. FIGS. 10-17. _Proechimys_ (_Trinomys_) _iheringi denigratus_, female, - SEPFA no. 17060, Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna. Figs. 10-16 + SEPFA no. 17060, Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna. Figs. 10-16 corresponding to figs. 2-8. Fig. 17, posterioventral view with proximal end of the tooth open and part of walls cut away, showing basal ends of folds. Later in life, as in _Proechimys_, the proximal @@ -1363,7 +1329,7 @@ fallen logs where litter accumulates. Records of animals kept in captivity show that the species _dimidiatus_ survives more than two years. Specimen MN no. 5448 [M] was adult when -captured by the Serviços de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre a Febre Amarela on +captured by the Serviços de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre a Febre Amarela on December 5, 1938, and died on January 17, 1942. Therefore, it lived for more than 1,139 days. @@ -1372,7 +1338,7 @@ and _P. i. iheringi_ which live in the same region, were found breeding from September to November and from March to May. _Proechimys longicaudatus roberti_, in Anapolis, Goiaz, was found breeding from July to November and from January to March. _P. g. hyleae_ and _P. g. -leioprimna_ in the lower Tapajoz and lower Tocantins rivers, Pará, were +leioprimna_ in the lower Tapajoz and lower Tocantins rivers, Pará, were found breeding in January. It seems that in the Central Plateau and southeastern Brazil, @@ -1428,7 +1394,7 @@ tooth is reduced to a short crown with a cuplike occlusal surface completely filled with dentine. Only the main fold usually remains; it is more or less reduced in size. -From the records of the Serviços de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre a Febre +From the records of the Serviços de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre a Febre Amarela, the following data for males of _Proechimys longicaudatus roberti_ were obtained: @@ -1484,7 +1450,7 @@ designation. [Illustration: FIGS. 18-21. Occlusal views of the upper left and lower right molariform teeth of the two subgenera of the genus _Proechimys_. -Anterior end of the tooth row at the top of drawing. All × 6. +Anterior end of the tooth row at the top of drawing. All × 6. FIGS. 18-19. _Proechimys_ (_Proechimys_) _goeldii steerei_, sex ?, USNM no. 105537, "Hyutanaham." Upper teeth at left (fig. 18). @@ -1601,7 +1567,7 @@ Subgenus =Proechimys= J. A. Allen rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:119; Osgood, 1944, Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 29(13):204. - _Type locality._--Hyutanaham, Upper Purus, _Lábrea_, Amazonas, + _Type locality._--Hyutanaham, Upper Purus, _Lábrea_, Amazonas, Brazil. _Type:_ United States National Museum, no. 105535, adult male; collected in 1901 by Prof. J. B. Steere. @@ -1624,23 +1590,23 @@ Subgenus =Proechimys= J. A. Allen [Illustration: FIGS. 25, 27. _Proechimys goeldii steerei_, sex ?, -"Hyutanaham," USNM no. 105537. × 1.] +"Hyutanaham," USNM no. 105537. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 26, 28. _Proechimys goeldii goeldii_, female, AMNH -no. 37488. × 1.] +no. 37488. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 29, 30. _Proechimys goeldii steerei_, sex ?, USNM -no. 105537, "Hyutanaham." × 1.] +no. 105537, "Hyutanaham." × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 31, 32. _Proechimys goeldii goeldii_, female, AMNH -no. 37488, Fazenda Paraiso. × 1.] +no. 37488, Fazenda Paraiso. × 1.] _Skull._--Large and strong; rostrum rather pointed posteriorly; supraorbital ridges not much expanded and extending across anterior half of parietals; infraorbital foramen without groove for transmission of nerve, or groove obsolete; zygomatic arches slender; postorbital process of zygoma involving mostly squamosal; - incisive foramen short and narrow (4.5 × 2.5 mm) with margins + incisive foramen short and narrow (4.5 × 2.5 mm) with margins almost parallel or tapering gradually caudad and extending toward palate as ridges; posterior margin of incisive foramen approximately 2.5 mm anterior to premolars; vomerine sheath @@ -1660,7 +1626,7 @@ no. 37488, Fazenda Paraiso. × 1.] counterfolds in M3. _Remarks._--This subspecies is clearly related to _P. goeldii_. One -skull from Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, _Guaporé_, Brazil (CNHM no. 21558) +skull from Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, _Guaporé_, Brazil (CNHM no. 21558) may belong to an unnamed subspecies but is provisionally included here. In the field notes of Professor Joseph Beal Steere, an entry for no. 72 @@ -1669,7 +1635,7 @@ on the ground with the two young--_much darker_ young female." No. 77 in his field notes corresponds to the type specimen. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 4, from Brazil, as follows: - Amazonas. _Lábrea_, Hyutanaham, 3 (USNM); Territ. Guaporé, Porto + Amazonas. _Lábrea_, Hyutanaham, 3 (USNM); Territ. Guaporé, Porto Velho, 1 (CNHM). @@ -1684,11 +1650,11 @@ his field notes corresponds to the type specimen. _Proechimys cayennensis goeldii_, Ellerman, 1940, The families and genera of living rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:121. - _Type locality._--Santarem, _Santarem_, Pará, Brazil. Type: British + _Type locality._--Santarem, _Santarem_, Pará, Brazil. Type: British Museum (Nat. Hist.), no. 5.1.25.6, adult female; presented by Dr. E. A. Goeldi. - _Range._--Margins of the Amazon, between Jamundá and Tapajoz + _Range._--Margins of the Amazon, between Jamundá and Tapajoz rivers. _Diagnosis._--Upper parts Ochraceous-Tawny; wide across zygomata; @@ -1736,9 +1702,9 @@ preservative (Thomas, 1905:587) and the best skin he saw was from Faro (1912:89). Thomas (1920:277) applied the name _goeldii_ also to specimens from -Manacaparú, a place a short distance above Manaus on the Solimões +Manacaparú, a place a short distance above Manaus on the Solimões (Amazon) River and from Acajutuba, near Manaus, on the Negro River. In -referring to these specimens (2 from Manacaparú and 2 from Acajutuba) +referring to these specimens (2 from Manacaparú and 2 from Acajutuba) Thomas (_loc. cit._) said "Five molar laminae are frequently, if not invariably, present among these specimens." He did not, however, mention whether or not the number of laminae was constant in both M2 and M3. One @@ -1753,28 +1719,28 @@ that Osgood's doubt was unjustified is furnished by the fact that Thomas Likewise, my two specimens from Faro agree with the type insofar as it has been described. Thomas (1912:89) mentioned two additional skulls from the type locality which, he stated, agree with the type which was -received from the Museu Goeldi, Pará. +received from the Museu Goeldi, Pará. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 4, from Brazil as follows: - Pará, _Faro_, Faro, Fazenda Paraiso, 2 (AMNH); Amazonas, _Manaus_, + Pará, _Faro_, Faro, Fazenda Paraiso, 2 (AMNH); Amazonas, _Manaus_, Manaus, 1 skull (AMNH); Amazonas, _Manaus_, Acajutuba, 1 (MN). _Additional records._--Total number, 7 (British Museum), from - Brazil, as follows: Pará, _Santarem_, Santarem (Thomas, 1912:89; + Brazil, as follows: Pará, _Santarem_, Santarem (Thomas, 1912:89; 1920:277), 3; Amazonas, _Manaus_, Acajutuba (Thomas, 1920:277), 2; - _Manacaparú_, Manacaparú (Thomas, 1920:277), 2. + _Manacaparú_, Manacaparú (Thomas, 1920:277), 2. =Proechimys semispinosus= (Tomes) [Illustration: FIGS. 33, 36. _Proechimys semispinosus liminalis_, -female, MN no. 6253, Rio Quichito. Type. × 1.] +female, MN no. 6253, Rio Quichito. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 34, 37. _Proechimys semispinosus amphichoricus_, -male, AMNH no. 77020, Mount Duida. Type. × 1.] +male, AMNH no. 77020, Mount Duida. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 35, 38. _Proechimys semispinosus kermiti_, female, -AMNH no. 37124, Lower Rio Solimões. Type. × 1.2 (from photograph).] +AMNH no. 37124, Lower Rio Solimões. Type. × 1.2 (from photograph).] _General characters._--Size large; tail short and hairy; aristiforms wide and stiff, especially well-developed on back; @@ -1787,19 +1753,19 @@ AMNH no. 37124, Lower Rio Solimões. Type. × 1.2 (from photograph).] lower premolar with four and lower molars with three counterfolds. [Illustration: FIGS. 39, 40. _Proechimys semispinosus liminalis_, -female, MN no. 6253, Rio Quichito. Type. × 1.] +female, MN no. 6253, Rio Quichito. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 41, 42. _Proechimys semispinosus amphichoricus_, -male, AMNH no. 77020, Mount Duida. Type. × 1.] +male, AMNH no. 77020, Mount Duida. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 43, 44. _Proechimys semispinosus kermiti_, female, -AMNH no. 37124, Lower Rio Solimões. Type. × 1.2 (from photograph).] +AMNH no. 37124, Lower Rio Solimões. Type. × 1.2 (from photograph).] =Proechimys semispinosus liminalis= subspecies nova _Type locality._--Rio Quichito, affluent from the south of the - Javarí River, near _Benjamin Constant_, Benjamin Constant, + Javarà River, near _Benjamin Constant_, Benjamin Constant, Amazonas, Brazil. _Type_: Museu Nacional, no. 6253, adult female, collected in August, 1942, by E. Parko. @@ -1917,8 +1883,8 @@ bulla; longer incisive foramen which is more constricted posteriorly. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 6 (AMNH), as follows: Venezuela, territ. _Amazonas_, Esmeralda, Mt. Duida, altitude 325 - m., 4; Venezuela, territ. _Amazonas_, Rio Cassiquiare, Quemapuré, - 1; Brazil, Amazonas, _São Gabriel_, Rio Uaupés or Caiari, Tatú, 1. + m., 4; Venezuela, territ. _Amazonas_, Rio Cassiquiare, Quemapuré, + 1; Brazil, Amazonas, _São Gabriel_, Rio Uaupés or Caiari, Tatú, 1. =Proechimys semispinosus kermiti= Allen @@ -1929,8 +1895,8 @@ bulla; longer incisive foramen which is more constricted posteriorly. 68(5):400; Ellerman, 1940, The families and genera of living rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:119. - _Type locality._--Lower Rio Solimões (up the Solimões 50 to 60 - miles on the north bank of the river), _Manacaparú_, Amazonas, + _Type locality._--Lower Rio Solimões (up the Solimões 50 to 60 + miles on the north bank of the river), _Manacaparú_, Amazonas, Brazil. _Type_: American Museum of Natural History, no. 37124, adult female; collected 20 April, 1914, by Leo E. Miller (Roosevelt Brazilian Expedition). @@ -2011,38 +1977,38 @@ be sure to which one his vague description applies. The form from Urucum, to which the name _Proechimys longicaudatus_ is here applied, is undoubtedly closely related to _Proechimys leucomystax_ -Ribeiro, from Utiarití, on the Rio Papagaio and also to _P. roberti_ and +Ribeiro, from UtiaritÃ, on the Rio Papagaio and also to _P. roberti_ and _P. boimensis_, all from Brazil. _P. longicaudatus_ is used as the name of the species because it is the oldest of the four names. [Illustration: FIGS. 45, 48. _Proechimys longicaudatus boimensis_, male, -MCZ no. 30881, Boim. × 1.] +MCZ no. 30881, Boim. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 46, 49. _Proechimys longicaudatus longicaudatus_, -male, AMNH no. 37085, Urucum. × 1.] +male, AMNH no. 37085, Urucum. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 47, 50. _Proechimys longicaudatus leucomystax_, -male, AMNH no. 37509, Tapirapoã. × 1.] +male, AMNH no. 37509, Tapirapoã. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 51, 52. _Proechimys longicaudatus roberti_, male, -MN no. 6233, Pouso Alto, Goiaz. × 1.] +MN no. 6233, Pouso Alto, Goiaz. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 53, 54. _Proechimys longicaudatus boimensis_, male, -MCZ no. 30881, Boim. × 1.] +MCZ no. 30881, Boim. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 55, 56. _Proechimys longicaudatus longicaudatus_, -male, AMNH no. 37085, Urucum. × 1.] +male, AMNH no. 37085, Urucum. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 57, 58. _Proechimys longicaudatus leucomystax_, -male, AMNH no. 37509, Tapirapoã. × 1.] +male, AMNH no. 37509, Tapirapoã. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 59, 60. _Proechimys longicaudatus roberti_, male, -MN no. 6233, Pouso Alto, Goiaz. × 1.] +MN no. 6233, Pouso Alto, Goiaz. × 1.] -=Proechimys longicaudatus brevicauda= (Günther) +=Proechimys longicaudatus brevicauda= (Günther) - _Echimys brevicauda_ Günther, 1 April 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London + _Echimys brevicauda_ Günther, 1 April 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1876, (49):748, fig. 9. _Proechimys brevicauda_ Ihering, 1904, Rev. Mus. Paulista, S. @@ -2063,7 +2029,7 @@ MN no. 6233, Pouso Alto, Goiaz. × 1.] Museum (Nat. Hist.), no. 66.1.29.8, from Upper Amazons (E. Barttet), selected by Thomas (1900:301). - _Range._--Region of the headwaters and upper courses of the Juruá + _Range._--Region of the headwaters and upper courses of the Juruá and Ucaiali rivers, eastern Peru and northwestern Brazil. _Diagnosis._--Upper parts Tawny and blackish without marked @@ -2104,7 +2070,7 @@ MN no. 6233, Pouso Alto, Goiaz. × 1.] counterfolds. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 3 (DZ), from Brazil, Amazonas, - _João Pessoa_, Rio Juruá. + _João Pessoa_, Rio Juruá. =Proechimys longicaudatus boimensis= J. A. Allen @@ -2117,7 +2083,7 @@ MN no. 6233, Pouso Alto, Goiaz. × 1.] _Proechimys cayennensis_ Osgood, 1944, Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 29(13):199. - _Type locality._--Boim, Rio Tapajoz, Santarem, Pará, Brazil. + _Type locality._--Boim, Rio Tapajoz, Santarem, Pará, Brazil. _Type_: American Museum of Natural History, no. 37486, adult male; "October 10, 1911 (ex Museu Goeldi)." @@ -2173,17 +2139,17 @@ orange-tint) assigned to this subspecies. However, in other samples of this species, similarly dark animals have been noted. It seems that the orange tint is gained only in old age. Another specimen (MCZ no. 30878 [F]) agrees in all respects with the type of the subspecies but the -locality recorded on the label is Cametá, on the Tocantins River. -Possibly the subspecies has a range so wide as to include Cametá but I +locality recorded on the label is Cametá, on the Tocantins River. +Possibly the subspecies has a range so wide as to include Cametá but I suspect that the data on the label is incorrect as to locality. The collector marked [M] on the label although the specimen is a [F]. The mistake might have occurred through labeling of specimens at a time later than that at which they were collected. The collector was in both localities on more than one occasion. - _Specimens examined._--Total number, 5, from Brazil, Pará, as + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 5, from Brazil, Pará, as follows: _Santarem_, Rio Tapajoz, Boim, 3 (AMNH type, MCZ 1, MN 1); - _Porto de Moz_, Tauarí, 1 (MCZ); _Cametá_ (?) 1 (MCZ). + _Porto de Moz_, TauarÃ, 1 (MCZ); _Cametá_ (?) 1 (MCZ). =Proechimys longicaudatus longicaudatus= (Rengger) @@ -2192,14 +2158,14 @@ localities on more than one occasion. Saeugethiere von Paraguay, p. 236. _Loncheres myosuros_ Lichtenstein, 1832, Darstellung neuer oder - wenig bekannter Säugethiere, pl. 36 and text. + wenig bekannter Säugethiere, pl. 36 and text. _Echimys myosuros Is._ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1840, Mag. Zool., Ann. 2 (ser. 2):15, 17; Allen, 1899, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12(20):261. - _Echimys cayennensis_ Pictet, 1841, Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat., - Genéve, 9:145; Waterhouse, 1848, Nat. Hist. Mammalia, 2:334. + _Echimys cayennensis_ Pictet, 1841, Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat., + Genéve, 9:145; Waterhouse, 1848, Nat. Hist. Mammalia, 2:334. _Proechimys longicaudatus_ Thomas, 1901, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8 (ser. 7):532; Thomas, 1904, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 240; @@ -2253,24 +2219,24 @@ localities on more than one occasion. roberti_ are given in the accounts of those subspecies. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 3 (2 AMNH, 1 CNHM), from - Brazil, Mato Grosso, _Corumbá_, Urucum. + Brazil, Mato Grosso, _Corumbá_, Urucum. =Proechimys longicaudatus leucomystax= Ribeiro - _Proechimys leucomystax_ Ribeiro, May, 1914, Commissão de linhas + _Proechimys leucomystax_ Ribeiro, May, 1914, Commissão de linhas telegraphicas estrategicas de Matto Grosso ao Amazonas, Annexo no. 5. Hit. Nat., Zool., Mammiferos, p. 42, pl. 24 (orig. descr.); Tate, 1935, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 68(5):400; Ellerman, 1940, The families and genera of living rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:119. - _Type locality._--Utiarití, Rio Papagaio, Diamantion, Mato Grosso, + _Type locality._--UtiaritÃ, Rio Papagaio, Diamantion, Mato Grosso, Brazil. _Type_: Museu Nacional, no. 2212, adult, skull only, collected on 5 May 1909, by Prof. A. Miaranda Ribeiro, is here designated _lectotype_. See remarks. - _Range._--Serra dos Parecís, Mato Grosso, Brazil. + _Range._--Serra dos ParecÃs, Mato Grosso, Brazil. _Diagnosis._--Ochraceous-Buff, richly lined with blackish, on upper parts; some setiforms completely blackened distally; @@ -2314,16 +2280,16 @@ localities on more than one occasion. widest anteriorly. _Remarks._--_Proechimys leucomystax_ was described mainly on the - basis of the Utiarití specimen, here designated lectotype of the + basis of the Utiarità specimen, here designated lectotype of the species. The specimen from the Juina River is younger, as stated by Ribeiro in his description. Ribeiro mentions the skin of the - specimen from Utiarití as "em muito mao estado" and I presume it + specimen from Utiarità as "em muito mao estado" and I presume it was discarded as it has not been found in the collection of the Museu Nacional, Brazil. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 6, from Brazil, Mato Grosso: - Cáceres, Salto Sepotube, 2 (MN); Cáceres, Tapirapoã, Rio Sepotuba, - 2 (AMNH); _Diamantino_, Utiarití, Rio Papagaio, 1 skull (MN); + Cáceres, Salto Sepotube, 2 (MN); Cáceres, Tapirapoã, Rio Sepotuba, + 2 (AMNH); _Diamantino_, UtiaritÃ, Rio Papagaio, 1 skull (MN); _Diamantino_, Rio Juina, 1 (MN). @@ -2337,7 +2303,7 @@ localities on more than one occasion. _Proechimys cayennensis roberti_ Ellerman, 1940, The families and genera of living rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:121. - _Type locality._--Rio Jordão, _Araguarí_, Minas Gerais, Brazil; 960 + _Type locality._--Rio Jordão, _AraguarÃ_, Minas Gerais, Brazil; 960 meters alt. _Type_: British Museum (Nat. Hist.), no. 1.11.3.62, old male, collected 8 August, 1902, by A. Robert; original number, 705. @@ -2404,16 +2370,16 @@ or in some advanced stage of the sere. The animals also make incursions into nearby open areas or crops of corn. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 52, from Brazil, as follows: - Minas Gerais, _Araguarí_, Rio Jordão (effluent of Parnaiba), 960 + Minas Gerais, _AraguarÃ_, Rio Jordão (effluent of Parnaiba), 960 meters alt., 2 (1 CNHM, 1 DZ); Goiaz, _Anapolis_, 1010 meters alt., 38 (MN); Goiaz, _Pouso Alto_, 768 meters alt., 11 (MN); Goiaz, Tio - São Miguel, 2 (MN). + São Miguel, 2 (MN). =Proechimys guyannensis= (E. Geoffroy) _Mus guyannensis_ E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803, Catalogue des - mammifères du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, p. 194. + mammifères du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, p. 194. _Echimys cayennensis_ Desmarest, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Paris, nouv. ed., 10:59. @@ -2437,12 +2403,12 @@ into nearby open areas or crops of corn. =Proechimys guyannensis villicauda= subspecies nova - _Type locality._--Tapirapoã, Rio Sepotuba, _Cáceres_, Mato Grosso, + _Type locality._--Tapirapoã, Rio Sepotuba, _Cáceres_, Mato Grosso, Brazil. _Type_: Museu Nacional, no. 1932, adult male (color faded); collected on 2 February, 1909, by Prof. A. Miranda Ribeiro; original number, 788 A. - _Range._--Serra dos Parecís, headwaters of Paraguai and Tapajoz + _Range._--Serra dos ParecÃs, headwaters of Paraguai and Tapajoz rivers. _Diagnosis._--Aristiforms wide and stiff; general color on upper @@ -2488,97 +2454,97 @@ into nearby open areas or crops of corn. usually with only two counterfolds. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 4, from Brazil, Mato Grosso, - as follows: _Cáceres_, Tapirapoã, 3 (MN); _Diamantino_, Rio - Papagaio, Utiarití, 1 (AMNH). + as follows: _Cáceres_, Tapirapoã, 3 (MN); _Diamantino_, Rio + Papagaio, UtiaritÃ, 1 (AMNH). [Illustration: FIG. 62. -_Proechimys guyannensis villicauda_, male, MN no. 1932, Tapirapoã. -Type. × 1.] +_Proechimys guyannensis villicauda_, male, MN no. 1932, Tapirapoã. +Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 63. _Proechimys guyannensis ribeiroi_, male, MN no. -1935, Rio Doze de Outubro. Type. × 1.] +1935, Rio Doze de Outubro. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 64. _Proechimys guyannensis hyleae_, male, MCZ no. -30887, Tauarí. Type. × 1.] +30887, TauarÃ. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 65. _Proechimys guyannensis nesiotes_, male, CNHM -no. 19496, Ilha de Manapirí. Type. × 1.] +no. 19496, Ilha de ManapirÃ. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 66. _Proechimys guyannensis leioprimna_, female, -CNHM no. 19503, Cametá. Type. × 1.] +CNHM no. 19503, Cametá. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 67. _Proechimys guyannensis oris_, male, CNHM no. -19495, Providencia. × 1.] +19495, Providencia. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 68. _Proechimys guyannensis arescens_, male, CNHM -no. 26440, Fazenda Inhuma. Paratype. × 1.] +no. 26440, Fazenda Inhuma. Paratype. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 69. _Proechimys guyannensis riparum_, female, AMNH -no. 143018, Manaus. Type. × 1.] +no. 143018, Manaus. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 70. _Proechimys guyannensis arabupu_, male, AMNH no. -75816, Arabupu. Type. × 1.] +75816, Arabupu. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 71. _Proechimys guyannensis villicauda_, male, MN -no. 1932, Tapirapoã. Type. × 1.] +no. 1932, Tapirapoã. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 72. _Proechimys guyannensis ribeiroi_, male, MN no. -1935, Rio Doze de Outubro. Type. × 1.] +1935, Rio Doze de Outubro. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 73. _Proechimys guyannensis hyleae_, male, MCZ no. -30887, Tauarí. Type. × 1.] +30887, TauarÃ. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 74. _Proechimys guyannensis nesiotes_, male, CNHM -no. 19496, Ilha de Manapirí. Type. × 1.] +no. 19496, Ilha de ManapirÃ. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 75. _Proechimys guyannensis leioprimna_, female, -CNHM no. 19503, Cametá. Type. × 1.] +CNHM no. 19503, Cametá. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 76. _Proechimys guyannensis oris_, male, CNHM no. -19495, Providencia. × 1.] +19495, Providencia. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 77. _Proechimys guyannensis arescens_, male, CNHM -no. 26440, Fazenda Inhuma. Paratype. × 1.] +no. 26440, Fazenda Inhuma. Paratype. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 78. _Proechimys guyannensis riparum_, female, AMNH -no. 143018, Manaus. Type. × 1.] +no. 143018, Manaus. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 79. _Proechimys guyannensis arabupu_, male, AMNH no. -75816, Arabupu. Type. × 1.] +75816, Arabupu. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 80, 81. _Proechimys guyannensis villicauda_, male, -MN no. 1932, Tapirapoã. Type. × 1.] +MN no. 1932, Tapirapoã. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 82, 83. _Proechimys guyannensis ribeiroi_, male, MN -no. 1935, Rio Doze de Outubro. Type. × 1.] +no. 1935, Rio Doze de Outubro. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 84, 85. _Proechimys guyannensis hyleae_, male, MCZ -no. 30887, Tauarí. Type. × 1.] +no. 30887, TauarÃ. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 86, 87. _Proechimys guyannensis nesiotes_, male, -CNHM no. 19496, Ilha de Manapirí. Type. × 1.] +CNHM no. 19496, Ilha de ManapirÃ. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 88, 89. _Proechimys guyannensis leioprimna_, -female, CNHM no. 19503. Type. × 1.] +female, CNHM no. 19503. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 90, 91. _Proechimys guyannensis oris_, male, CNHM -no. 19495, Providencia. × 1.] +no. 19495, Providencia. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 92, 93. _Proechimys guyannensis arescens_, male, -CNHM no. 26440, Fazenda Inhuma. Paratype. × 1.] +CNHM no. 26440, Fazenda Inhuma. Paratype. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 94, 95. _Proechimys guyannensis riparum_, female, -AMNH no. 143018, Manaus. Type. × 1.] +AMNH no. 143018, Manaus. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 96, 97. _Proechimys guyannensis arabupu_, male, -AMNH no. 75816, Arabupu. Type. × 1.] +AMNH no. 75816, Arabupu. Type. × 1.] =Proechimys guyannensis ribeiroi= subspecies nova - _Type locality._--Rio 12 de Outubro, affluent of the Camararé, + _Type locality._--Rio 12 de Outubro, affluent of the Camararé, _Mato Grosso_, Mato Grosso, Brazil; about 190 kilometers west of - Utiarití; altitude 414 meters. _Type_: Museu Nacional, no. 1935, + UtiaritÃ; altitude 414 meters. _Type_: Museu Nacional, no. 1935, adult male (colors faded); collected on 20 June, 1909, by Prof. A. Miranda Ribeiro; original number _G._ @@ -2600,7 +2566,7 @@ AMNH no. 75816, Arabupu. Type. × 1.] _Skull._--Slender; supraorbital ridges low; bullae ovate with shallow grooves; postorbital process of zygoma almost obsolete and - involving mostly jugal; incisive foramen short and narrow (4 × 2 + involving mostly jugal; incisive foramen short and narrow (4 × 2 mm), constricted posteriorly and with posterior margins raised; vomerine sheath complete and thick; mesopterygoid fossa extending forward as far as posterior faces of second molars; posterior @@ -2628,14 +2594,14 @@ Brazilian vertebrate zoology. =Proechimys guyannensis hyleae= subspecies nova - _Type locality._--Tauarí, Rio Tapajoz, _Porto de Moz_, Pará, + _Type locality._--TauarÃ, Rio Tapajoz, _Porto de Moz_, Pará, Brazil; approximately 87 kilometers south of Santarem. _Type_: Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, no. 30887, adult male; collected on 19 January, 1934, by A. M. Olalla; original number 7288. _Range._--Region of lower Tapajoz River and banks of Amazon up to - the Jamundá River. + the Jamundá River. _Diagnosis._--Aristiforms conspicuously wide and stiff; general color on upper parts Tawny; incisive foramen long and oval; @@ -2665,7 +2631,7 @@ Brazilian vertebrate zoology. posteriorly; supraorbital ridges broad but barely extended across parietals; zygomatic arches strong; postorbital process of zygoma involving mostly squamosal; incisive foramen long and narrow (5.5 - to 6 × 2.5 mm), oval and extending posteriorly to point only 2 mm + to 6 × 2.5 mm), oval and extending posteriorly to point only 2 mm anterior to premolars; vomerine sheath complete with maxillary part usually slender; mesopterygoid fossa extending forward as far as centers of third molars; bulla of medium size, well inflated @@ -2694,7 +2660,7 @@ specimen from Obidos, on the north bank of the Amazon, completely agrees in the characteristics of color and skull with the reddish type and suggests either that there is an extension of the range of the subspecies along the lower course of the Tapajoz or that there are two -subspecies, in which event the animals from Tauarí are intergrades +subspecies, in which event the animals from Tauarà are intergrades between _hyleae_ and an unnamed, tawny-colored subspecies occurring to the southward. @@ -2704,15 +2670,15 @@ embryos each, two had 3 embryos each and one had only 1 embryo. At this same time and place only ten per cent of specimens obtained were not fully adult. - _Specimens examined._--Total number, 21, from Brazil, Pará, as - follows: _Porto de Moz_, Tauarí, right bank of Tapajoz, + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 21, from Brazil, Pará, as + follows: _Porto de Moz_, TauarÃ, right bank of Tapajoz, approximately 85 kilometers south of Santarem, 20 (19 MCZ, 1 CNHM); _Obidos_, Obidos, 1 (MCZ). =Proechimys guyannensis nesiotes= subspecies nova - _Type locality._--Ilha de Manapirí, Rio Tocantins, Pará, + _Type locality._--Ilha de ManapirÃ, Rio Tocantins, Pará, Brazil. _Type_: Chicago Natural History Museum, no. 19496, adult male; collected on 9 December, 1910, by Dr. Emilia Snethlage; original number, 12. @@ -2763,18 +2729,18 @@ _Remarks._--Dr. E. Snethlage mentions the type as having been collected at night in the forest. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 8 (MCZ, CNHM, MN), from - Brazil, Pará, Tocantins River, Ilha de Manapirí. + Brazil, Pará, Tocantins River, Ilha de ManapirÃ. =Proechimys guyannensis leioprimna= subspecies nova - _Type locality._--Cametá, left bank of Tocantins River, near its - mouth, Cametá, Pará, Brazil. _Type_: Chicago Natural History + _Type locality._--Cametá, left bank of Tocantins River, near its + mouth, Cametá, Pará, Brazil. _Type_: Chicago Natural History Museum, no. 19503, adult female; collected on 21 January, 1911, by Dr. Emilia Snethlage; original number, 35. _Range._--Known only from type locality but probably extending - westward toward Xingú River. + westward toward Xingú River. _Diagnosis._--Aristiforms wide and stiff; general color on upper parts Ochraceous-Orange, incisive foramen moderately long; oval; @@ -2815,12 +2781,12 @@ at night in the forest. counterfolds. Differences from _P. g. nesiotes_ are given in the account of that subspecies. -_Remarks._--The paratype was collected in an "igarapé," depression +_Remarks._--The paratype was collected in an "igarapé," depression usually invaded by the river waters; the paratype, collected on 18 January, 1911, had two large embryos. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 4 (2 CNHM, 2 AMNH), from - Brazil, Pará, Cametá. + Brazil, Pará, Cametá. =Proechimys guyannensis oris= Thomas @@ -2834,13 +2800,13 @@ January, 1911, had two large embryos. _Proechimys cayennensis oris_ Ellerman, 1940, The families and genera of living rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:121. - _Type locality._--Igarapé-assú, E. F. B., near Belem, Igarapé-assú, - Pará, Brazil. _Type_: British Museum (Nat. Hist.), no. 4.7.4.78, + _Type locality._--Igarapé-assú, E. F. B., near Belem, Igarapé-assú, + Pará, Brazil. _Type_: British Museum (Nat. Hist.), no. 4.7.4.78, old male; collected on 6 March, 1904, by Alphonse Robert; original number, 1818. _Range._--Probably most of the region on south bank of Amazon - River, between Tocantins (west) and Gurupí River (south). + River, between Tocantins (west) and Gurupà River (south). _Diagnosis._--Aristiforms narrow but somewhat stiff; color on upper parts Ochraceous-Orange; incisive foramen long and wide, @@ -2880,7 +2846,7 @@ January, 1911, had two large embryos. ranges are given in the accounts of those subspecies. _Remarks._--Thomas (1912:89) extended the known range of the subspecies -to Faro, on the Jamundá River, on the left bank of the Amazon, and to +to Faro, on the Jamundá River, on the left bank of the Amazon, and to Boim, on the Tapajoz River, as well as to Benevides, E. F. Braganca, near Belem. It seems to me that the specimens from Faro should be referred provisionally to _Proechimys guyannensis hyleae_; the specimens @@ -2896,12 +2862,12 @@ However, according to the personnel of the Brazilian Health Service, the animals are strictly forest dwellers although they do make excursions into more open places. - _Specimens examined._--Total number, 3, from Brazil, Pará, as + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 3, from Brazil, Pará, as follows: Providencia, E. F. B., approximately 15 kilometers east - from Belem, 1 (CNHM); Tanaquará, near Belem, 1 (MN); Rio Guamá, + from Belem, 1 (CNHM); Tanaquará, near Belem, 1 (MN); Rio Guamá, near Belem, 1 (AMNH). - _Additional record._--Brazil, Pará, Benevides, E. F. B., + _Additional record._--Brazil, Pará, Benevides, E. F. B., approximately 100 kilometers north-east of Belem (Thomas, 1912:89). @@ -2912,12 +2878,12 @@ into more open places. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 29(13): 198. _Type locality._--Fazenda Inhuma, below Santa Filomena, upper Rio - Parnaiba, _Vitoria do Alto Parnaiba_, Maranhão, Brazil. _Type_: + Parnaiba, _Vitoria do Alto Parnaiba_, Maranhão, Brazil. _Type_: Chicago Natural History Museum, no. 26441, adult male; collected on 5 August, 1925, by Heinrich E. Snethlage. - _Range._--Region including the valleys of the Turí-assú and - Parnaiba rivers, Maranhão, Brazil. + _Range._--Region including the valleys of the TurÃ-assú and + Parnaiba rivers, Maranhão, Brazil. _Diagnosis._--Aristiforms moderately wide and not conspicuously stiff; general color of upper parts near (15'a) Ochraceous-Orange; @@ -2959,13 +2925,13 @@ into more open places. instead of conspicuously constricted posteriorly; posterior margin of incisive foramen farther from premolars. -_Remarks._--One specimen from Turí-assú (MN) has been identified by O. +_Remarks._--One specimen from TurÃ-assú (MN) has been identified by O. Thomas as "_P. oris_" (his own handwriting is on the label) and the subspecies is really closely related to _oris_. - _Specimens examined._--Total number, 3, from Brazil, Maranhão, as + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 3, from Brazil, Maranhão, as follows: _Vitoria do Alto Parnaiba_, Fazenda Inhuma (below Santa - Filomena), 2 (CNHM); Alto da Alegria, Turí-assú, 1 (MN). + Filomena), 2 (CNHM); Alto da Alegria, TurÃ-assú, 1 (MN). =Proechimys guyannensis riparum= subspecies nova @@ -2999,7 +2965,7 @@ subspecies is really closely related to _oris_. extended onto anteriormost part of parietals; zygomatic arches slender; infraorbital foramen with well-developed groove for nerve transmission; postorbital process of zygoma almost obsolete and - involving mostly squamosal; incisive foramen short and wide (4.5 × + involving mostly squamosal; incisive foramen short and wide (4.5 × 3.3 mm), oval and with posterior margins raised to form ridges which extend toward premolars; posterior margin of incisive foramen approximately 2.5 mm anterior to premolars; vomerine @@ -3030,7 +2996,7 @@ subspecies of _Proechimys guyannensis_ in Brazil.] =Proechimys guyannensis arabupu= subspecies nova - _Type locality._--Arabupu, Mount Roraima, _Bõa Vista_, Territ. Rio + _Type locality._--Arabupu, Mount Roraima, _Bõa Vista_, Territ. Rio Branco; about 1540 meters altitude. _Type_: American Museum of Natural History, no. 75816, adult male; collected by Dr. G. H. H. Tate on 30 December, 1927; original number, 4716. @@ -3059,7 +3025,7 @@ subspecies of _Proechimys guyannensis_ in Brazil.] of parietals; groove for transmission of nerve in infraorbital foramen weakly developed; zygomatic arches strong; postorbital process of zygoma involving mostly squamosal; incisive foramen - approximately 5.5 × 2.7 mm, widest in anterior third and + approximately 5.5 × 2.7 mm, widest in anterior third and constricted posteriorly, with posterior margin about 1 mm anterior to plane of premolars; vomerine sheath complete, with premaxillary part expanded and maxillary part notably slender and sometimes @@ -3081,7 +3047,7 @@ subspecies of _Proechimys guyannensis_ in Brazil.] _Remarks._--The sample is fairly uniform. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 6 (AMNH), from Brazil, - Territorio do Rio Branco, Bõa Vista, Mount Roraima, Arabupu; + Territorio do Rio Branco, Bõa Vista, Mount Roraima, Arabupu; approximately 1540 m. altitude. @@ -3128,9 +3094,9 @@ subspecies of three species of the subgenus _Trinomys_.] albispinus_ is the genotype. -=Proechimys dimidiatus= (Günther) +=Proechimys dimidiatus= (Günther) - _Echimys dimidiatus_ Günther, 1 April 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. + _Echimys dimidiatus_ Günther, 1 April 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1876(4):747. _Proechimys dimidiatus_ Allen, 1899, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., @@ -3178,7 +3144,7 @@ subspecies of three species of the subgenus _Trinomys_.] longer than, head and body; ears rather small (23 to 25 mm). [Illustration: FIGS. 100-103. _Proechimys dimidiatus_, male, MN no. -5452, Tijuca. × 1.] +5452, Tijuca. × 1.] _Color._--General color of back and sides results from uniform mixture of black distal parts of aristiforms with Ochraceous-Buff @@ -3241,13 +3207,13 @@ states: "We know that its donor did obtain a number of specimens from Rio Janeiro, and the skull agrees so closely with those of two examples from Itatiaia, near to the Rio-Minas frontier, collected and presented by Prof. J. P. Hill, that I have no hesitation in referring the latter -to Günther's species." +to Günther's species." _Specimens examined._--Total number, 211 (MN), from Brazil as follows: Rio de Janeiro; _Parati_, Pedra Branca (400 m.), 113; - _Mangaratiba_, Fazenda do Rubião (750 m.), 3; Fazenda do Tenente - (700 m.), 4; Fazenda da Lapa (450 m.), 13; _Teresópolis_, Fazenda - Guinle (960 m.), 61; _Nova Iguassú_, Barro Branco (20 m.), 16; + _Mangaratiba_, Fazenda do Rubião (750 m.), 3; Fazenda do Tenente + (700 m.), 4; Fazenda da Lapa (450 m.), 13; _Teresópolis_, Fazenda + Guinle (960 m.), 61; _Nova Iguassú_, Barro Branco (20 m.), 16; Distrito Federal, Tijuca, 1. _Additional records._--Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia (Thomas, @@ -3292,58 +3258,58 @@ among these forms and the most striking differences correspond to larger geographical distances. [Illustration: FIG. 104. _Proechimys iheringi iheringi_, female, MN no. -6453, Ilha de São Sebastião. × 1.] +6453, Ilha de São Sebastião. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 105. _Proechimys iheringi bonafidei_, male, MN no. -6183, Fazenda Bõa Fé. Type. × 1.] +6183, Fazenda Bõa Fé. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 106. _Proechimys iheringi gratiosus_, male, MN no. -4024, Floresta da Caixa Dagua. Type. × 1.] +4024, Floresta da Caixa Dagua. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 107. _Proechimys iheringi panema_, female, MN no. -8288, Campinho. Type. × 1.] +8288, Campinho. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 108. _Proechimys iheringi denigratus_, male, MN no. -8500, Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna. Type. × 1.] +8500, Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 109. _Proechimys iheringi paratus_, female, MN no. -4012, Floresta da Capela de São Braz. Type. × 1.] +4012, Floresta da Capela de São Braz. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 110. _Proechimys iheringi iheringi_, female, MN no. -6453, Ilha de São Sebastião. × 1.] +6453, Ilha de São Sebastião. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 111. _Proechimys iheringi bonafidei_, male, MN no. -6183, Fazenda Bõa Fé. Type. × 1.] +6183, Fazenda Bõa Fé. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 112. _Proechimys iheringi gratiosus_, male, MN no. -4024, Floresta da Caixa Dagua. Type. × 1.] +4024, Floresta da Caixa Dagua. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 113. _Proechimys iheringi panema_, female, MN no. -8288, Campinho. Type. × 1.] +8288, Campinho. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 114. _Proechimys iheringi denigratus_, male, MN no. -8500, Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna. Type. × 1.] +8500, Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIG. 115. _Proechimys iheringi paratus_, female, MN no. -4012, Floresta da Capela de São Braz. Type. × 1.] +4012, Floresta da Capela de São Braz. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 116, 117. _Proechimys iheringi iheringi_, female, -MN no. 6453, Ilha de São Sebastião. × 1.] +MN no. 6453, Ilha de São Sebastião. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 118, 119. _Proechimys iheringi bonafidei_, male, MN -no. 6183, Fazenda Bõa Fé. Type. × 1.] +no. 6183, Fazenda Bõa Fé. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 120, 121. _Proechimys iheringi gratiosus_, male, MN -no. 4024, Floresta da Caixa Dagua. Type. × 1.] +no. 4024, Floresta da Caixa Dagua. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 122, 123. _Proechimys iheringi panema_, female, MN -no. 8288, Campinho. Type. × 1.] +no. 8288, Campinho. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 124, 125. _Proechimys iheringi denigratus_, male, -MN no. 8500, Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna. Type. × 1.] +MN no. 8500, Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna. Type. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 126, 127. _Proechimys iheringi paratus_, female, MN -no. 4012, Floresta da Capela de São Braz. Type. × 1.] +no. 4012, Floresta da Capela de São Braz. Type. × 1.] =Proechimys iheringi iheringi= Thomas @@ -3354,11 +3320,11 @@ no. 4012, Floresta da Capela de São Braz. Type. × 1.] Ellerman, 1940, The families and genera of living rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:122. - _Type locality._--Island of São Sebastião (off São Paulo), Formosa, - São Paulo, Brazil. _Type_: British Museum (Nat. Hist.), no. - 2.8.25.5, adult male, presented by the São Paulo Museum. + _Type locality._--Island of São Sebastião (off São Paulo), Formosa, + São Paulo, Brazil. _Type_: British Museum (Nat. Hist.), no. + 2.8.25.5, adult male, presented by the São Paulo Museum. - _Range._--Littoral and islands of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. + _Range._--Littoral and islands of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. _Diagnosis._--Aristiforms narrow; tail shorter than head and body; setiforms Cinnamon-Buff; incisive foramen short; vomerine sheath @@ -3379,7 +3345,7 @@ no. 4012, Floresta da Capela de São Braz. Type. × 1.] _Skull._--Slender; bullae small and well inflated; jugal dorso-ventrally wide with transverse ridge inconspicuous; incisive - foramen short, 3.5 × 2.5 mm; vomerine sheath complete; + foramen short, 3.5 × 2.5 mm; vomerine sheath complete; mesopterygoid fossa extending forward as far as middle parts of second molars; postorbital process of zygoma small, formed by both jugal and squamosal; posterior palatine foramina at plane of @@ -3399,16 +3365,16 @@ no. 4012, Floresta da Capela de São Braz. Type. × 1.] in _bonafidei_. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 25, from Brazil, as follows: - São Paulo, _Formosa_, Ilha de São Sebastião, 9 (DZ 6, MN 2, MCZ 1); - São Paulo, _Mogi das Cruzes_, Alto da Serra, alt. 900 m., 2 (DZ); - São Paulo, _Ubatuba_, alt. 10 m., 4 (2 DZ, 2 MN); Rio de Janeiro, + São Paulo, _Formosa_, Ilha de São Sebastião, 9 (DZ 6, MN 2, MCZ 1); + São Paulo, _Mogi das Cruzes_, Alto da Serra, alt. 900 m., 2 (DZ); + São Paulo, _Ubatuba_, alt. 10 m., 4 (2 DZ, 2 MN); Rio de Janeiro, _Angra dos Reis_, 2 (MN); Rio de Janeiro, _Angra dos Reis_, Ilha Grande, 7 (5 DZ, 1 MCZ, 1 MN). =Proechimys iheringi bonafidei= subspecies nova - _Type locality._--Fazenda Bõa Fé, _Teresópolis_, Rio de Janeiro, + _Type locality._--Fazenda Bõa Fé, _Teresópolis_, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; alt. 850 meters. _Type_: Museu Nacional, no. 6183, adult male; collected on 18 August, 1942, by G. Pereira; SEPFA no. M 14663. @@ -3435,7 +3401,7 @@ no. 4012, Floresta da Capela de São Braz. Type. × 1.] _Skull._--Large, with elongate rostrum; bullae large and well inflated; jugals with transverse ridge inconspicuous; postorbital process of zygoma small, formed mostly by squamosal; incisive - foramen elongated (5.5 × 2.5 mm); vomerine sheath incomplete or, + foramen elongated (5.5 × 2.5 mm); vomerine sheath incomplete or, if complete, with maxillary part thin and delicate; posterior palatine foramen at plane of first molars; mesopterygoid fossa extending forward as far as middle parts of second molars. @@ -3460,10 +3426,10 @@ in September. The embryos number 2, 1, 2. Young were captured mostly in April, but two were taken in July. Male gonads seemed to be most active in March, April and September. The animals lived in a second growth forest, approaching the climax. The rainfall was more than 1600 mm -annually, and the mean annual temperature was 18.5° centigrade. +annually, and the mean annual temperature was 18.5° centigrade. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 18 (MN), from Brazil, Rio de - Janeiro, _Teresópolis_, Fazenda Bõa Fé. + Janeiro, _Teresópolis_, Fazenda Bõa Fé. =Proechimys iheringi gratiosus= subspecies nova @@ -3552,7 +3518,7 @@ _Remarks._--All the animals were captured in climax forest. _Skull._--Strong, with jugals dorso-ventrally wide; interorbital region and cranium wide; bullae well inflated; transverse ridge of jugals not well-developed; postorbital process of zygoma small and - formed only of squamosal; incisive foramen 4.7 × 2.2 mm; vomerine + formed only of squamosal; incisive foramen 4.7 × 2.2 mm; vomerine sheath always incomplete, with maxillary part reduced to small process; mesopterygoid fossa extending forward as far as middle of second molars or only slightly short thereof; posterior palatine @@ -3574,7 +3540,7 @@ _Remarks._--All the animals were captured in climax forest. =Proechimys iheringi denigratus= subspecies nova - _Type locality._--Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna, 40 kilometers west + _Type locality._--Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna, 40 kilometers west of Ilheus, _Itabuna_, Bahia, Brazil. _Type_: Museu Nacional, no. 8500, adult male; collected 16 March, 1945. @@ -3601,7 +3567,7 @@ _Remarks._--All the animals were captured in climax forest. _Skull._--Slender; nasals short; bullae large and well-inflated; jugals with conspicuous transverse ridge; postorbital process of zygoma conspicuous, spiniform and formed almost exclusively by - jugal; incisive foramen elongated and narrow (5 × 1.8 mm); + jugal; incisive foramen elongated and narrow (5 × 1.8 mm); vomerine sheath complete and formed almost exclusively by premaxillae; maxillary part of this sheath short and in most specimens the two parts of sheath completed by vomer itself; @@ -3642,12 +3608,12 @@ May. Most animals have a conspicuous Cinnamon patch on the nuchal region. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 34 (SEPFA 33, MN 1), from - Brazil, Bahia, _Itabuna_, Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna. + Brazil, Bahia, _Itabuna_, Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna. =Proechimys iheringi paratus= subspecies nova - _Type locality._--Floresta da Capela de São Braz, _Santa Teresa_, + _Type locality._--Floresta da Capela de São Braz, _Santa Teresa_, Espirito Santo, Brazil; altitude 630 meters. _Type_: Museu Nacional, no. 4012, adult female; collected on 24 September, 1940, by Dr. H. W. Laemmert; SEPFA no. M 8447. @@ -3671,7 +3637,7 @@ region. _Skull._--Slender; bullae large and well-inflated; jugals with conspicuous, transverse ridge; postorbital process of zygoma moderately developed and involving only squamosal; incisive - foramen short and narrow (4.1 × 2.1 mm); vomerine sheath complete, + foramen short and narrow (4.1 × 2.1 mm); vomerine sheath complete, with maxillary part short and thick; mesopterygoid fossa extending forward as far as posterior parts of second molars; posterior palatine foramina at plane of premolars. @@ -3694,7 +3660,7 @@ subspecies of _Proechimys iheringi_.] _Remarks._--The animals were captured in climax forest. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 3 (MN), from Brazil, Espirito - Santo, _Santa Teresa_, Floresta da Capela de São Braz; altitude 630 + Santo, _Santa Teresa_, Floresta da Capela de São Braz; altitude 630 meters. @@ -3720,7 +3686,7 @@ not correspond to the colors of unfaded pelages. Desmarest (1817:59) describes the color of setosus as similar to that of the "Echimys de Cayenne" (_Proechimys guyannensis_) but being more "rousse." Is. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1840:52) describes the same animal as being -"d'un brun roussâtre" on the upper parts. +"d'un brun roussâtre" on the upper parts. The _Proechimys_ from Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, _"Echimys" elegans_ Lund, is certainly related to _P. iheringi_ as well as to _P. @@ -3777,15 +3743,15 @@ subspecies are moderately wide. _Echimys setosus_ Desmarest (Geoffroy's MS), 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. nouv. ed., 10:59 (orig. descr.); Is. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1838, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci., Paris, 6(26):886; - Is. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1840, Mag. Zool., Paris, (ser. 2, année + Is. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1840, Mag. Zool., Paris, (ser. 2, année 2):12, 33, 52; Allen, 1899, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12(20):257, 261. - _Echimys cayennensis_ Pictet, 1841, Mém. Soc. phys. Hist. Nat., - Genève, 9:145; Waterhouse, 1848, Nat. Hist. Mammalia, 2:334. + _Echimys cayennensis_ Pictet, 1841, Mém. Soc. phys. Hist. Nat., + Genève, 9:145; Waterhouse, 1848, Nat. Hist. Mammalia, 2:334. - _Echinomys fuliginosus_ Wagner, 1843, Schreber's Säugethiere, - suppl. 3:343; Wagner, 1844, Schreber's Säugethiere, suppl. 4, pl. + _Echinomys fuliginosus_ Wagner, 1843, Schreber's Säugethiere, + suppl. 3:343; Wagner, 1844, Schreber's Säugethiere, suppl. 4, pl. 39 D. _Proechimys setosus_ Allen, 1899, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., @@ -3814,7 +3780,7 @@ subspecies are moderately wide. faded; total length, 10 to 13 mm; maximum width, 0.03 mm. [Illustration: FIGS. 129-132. _Proechimys setosus elegans_, sex ?, UZM -no. L 104, Lagoa Santa. × 1.] +no. L 104, Lagoa Santa. × 1.] _Skull._--Short; rostrum short and stout; length of nasals approximately 15 mm (broken); bullae roundish, smooth and @@ -3846,10 +3812,10 @@ and body 195 mm; tail (part missing), 170 mm. =Proechimys setosus elegans= (Lund) _E[chimys]. elegans_ Lund, 1841, Kong. Danske Videnskab. Selsk. - natur-vidensk. math. Afhandl., Kjöbenhavn, 8:99 (orig. descr.). + natur-vidensk. math. Afhandl., Kjöbenhavn, 8:99 (orig. descr.). _Loncheres elegans_ Lund, 1841, Kong. Danske Videnskab. Selsk, - natur-vidensk. math. Afhandl., Kjöbenhavn, 8:245, 266, 294; + natur-vidensk. math. Afhandl., Kjöbenhavn, 8:245, 266, 294; Wagner, 1843, Wiegman's Archiv f. Naturg., Berlin, 2 (Jahrg. 9):47. @@ -3857,7 +3823,7 @@ and body 195 mm; tail (part missing), 170 mm. 2:337. _Echinomys cajennensis_ Winge, 1888, Jordfundne og nulevende - Gnavere (Rodentia), E Museo Lundii, Kjöbenhavn, 1(3):71, + Gnavere (Rodentia), E Museo Lundii, Kjöbenhavn, 1(3):71, pl. 6, figs. 5-6, pl. 7, fig. 1. _Proechimys setosus_ Thomas, 1921, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8 (ser. @@ -3868,7 +3834,7 @@ and body 195 mm; tail (part missing), 170 mm. rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:119. _Type locality._--Lagoa Santa, _Nova Lima_, Minas Gerais, Brazil. - _Type_: Syntypes in Universitets Zoologiske Museum, Kjöbenhavn; + _Type_: Syntypes in Universitets Zoologiske Museum, Kjöbenhavn; collected by P. W. Lund. _Range._--Known only from the type locality. @@ -3893,7 +3859,7 @@ and body 195 mm; tail (part missing), 170 mm. mm; bullae large, smooth, and well-inflated; jugals with conspicuous, transverse ridge; postorbital process of zygoma long, spiniform and constructed entirely of jugal; incisive foramen - narrow (4 × 1.7 mm); vomerine sheath complete and slender; + narrow (4 × 1.7 mm); vomerine sheath complete and slender; posterior palatine foramina obsolete; mesopterygoid fossa extending anteriorly as far as middle parts of second molars. @@ -3933,17 +3899,17 @@ grass at the margins of the pools. narrow; vomerine sheath incomplete or complete; molariform teeth with only one counterfold; incisors orthodont or proodont. -_Remarks._--A good series from Macaco Seco, Andaraí, Bahia, agrees +_Remarks._--A good series from Macaco Seco, AndaraÃ, Bahia, agrees closely with the form first described (_albispinus_) from the Island Madre de Deus, in Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia. Compared with topotypes of _P. albispinus sertonius_, the animal from Macaco Seco in general color is more Ochraceous-Tawny and has a narrower skull with orthodont incisors. Specimens from Bonfim, northeastern Bahia, on the other hand, -agree with Thomas' _albispinus sertonius_, from Lamarão, being browner +agree with Thomas' _albispinus sertonius_, from Lamarão, being browner and having broader skulls than _P. a. albispinus_ and having proodont, instead of orthodont, incisors. The range of each of the two subspecies is, therefore, fairly extensive. The insular form extends to the less -rainy, continental area and the form from Lamarão ranges northward (NNW) +rainy, continental area and the form from Lamarão ranges northward (NNW) in the same type of highly deciduous forest, the "caatinga." The species _albispinus_ is certainly the most specialized form of the @@ -3955,16 +3921,16 @@ _Echimys_, where highly spinous forms, like _Echimys paleacea_ (Lichtenstein), show the same two types of aristiforms. [Illustration: FIGS. 133, 135. _Proechimys albispinus albispinus_, male, -CNHM no. 20409, Macaco Seco. × 1.] +CNHM no. 20409, Macaco Seco. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 134, 136. _Proechimys albispinus sertonius_, male, -MN no. 6454, Bonfim. × 1.] +MN no. 6454, Bonfim. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 137, 138. _Proechimys albispinus albispinus_, male, -CNHM no. 20409, Macaco Seco. × 1.] +CNHM no. 20409, Macaco Seco. × 1.] [Illustration: FIGS. 139, 140. _Proechimys albispinus sertonius_, male, -MN no. 6454, Bonfim. × 1.] +MN no. 6454, Bonfim. × 1.] =Proechimys albispinus albispinus= (Is. Geoffroy) @@ -3972,11 +3938,11 @@ MN no. 6454, Bonfim. × 1.] _Echimys albispinus_ Is. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 25 June 1838, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci., Paris, 6(26):886; Is. Geoffroy, August, 1838, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris, 10 (ser. 2):125; Is. Geoffroy, - 1840, Mag. Zool., Paris (ser. 2, année 2, livr. 13):33, 53, pl. 26, + 1840, Mag. Zool., Paris (ser. 2, année 2, livr. 13):33, 53, pl. 26, pl. 29 (figs. 1, 2, 3); Allen, 1899, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12(20):261. - _Echinomys fuliginosus_ Wagner, 1843, Schreber's Säugethiere, + _Echinomys fuliginosus_ Wagner, 1843, Schreber's Säugethiere, suppl., 3:343. _Echimys albispinosus_ Waterhouse, Nat. Hist., Mammalia, 2:341. @@ -3993,8 +3959,8 @@ MN no. 6454, Bonfim. × 1.] Bahia, Brazil. _Type_: Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, no. A 7669, "skull ... practically perfect" (Thomas, 1921:142). - _Range._--Island Madre de Deus, Macaco Seco, Andaraí and probably - islands of the bay of Todos os Santos and valley of the Paraguassú + _Range._--Island Madre de Deus, Macaco Seco, Andaraà and probably + islands of the bay of Todos os Santos and valley of the Paraguassú River. _Diagnosis._--Aristiforms wide; color on setiforms @@ -4039,7 +4005,7 @@ _Remarks._--The localities where _P. a. albispinus_ has been collected have a forest climax with a moderate percentage of deciduous trees. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 19 (18 CNHM, 1 MCZ), from - Brazil, Bahia, _Andaraí_, Macaco Seco. + Brazil, Bahia, _AndaraÃ_, Macaco Seco. =Proechimys albispinus sertonius= Thomas @@ -4049,13 +4015,13 @@ have a forest climax with a moderate percentage of deciduous trees. Mus. Nat. Hist., 68(5):401; Ellerman, 1940, The families and genera of living rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:122. - _Type locality._--Lamarão ("about 70 miles north of Bahia City"), + _Type locality._--Lamarão ("about 70 miles north of Bahia City"), _Ituiutaba_, Bahia, Brazil; altitude 300 meters. _Type_: British Museum (Nat. Hist.), no. 3.9.5.86, adult male; collected on 16 June, 1903, by Alphonse Robert; original number, 1508. _Range._--Known from the type locality and Bonfim; probably - occupies valleys of Jacuipe and the Itapicurú rivers and littoral + occupies valleys of Jacuipe and the Itapicurú rivers and littoral between them. _Diagnosis._--Aristiforms wide; color of setiforms @@ -4102,7 +4068,7 @@ _Remarks._--Localities where samples were collected are typical common in the region. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 10, from Brazil, Bahia, as - follows: _Ituiutaba_, Lamarão, 4 (1 DZ, 1 CNHM, 1 MCZ, 1 USNM); + follows: _Ituiutaba_, Lamarão, 4 (1 DZ, 1 CNHM, 1 MCZ, 1 USNM); _Bonfim_, Bonfim, 6 (5 DZ, 1 MN). @@ -4114,25 +4080,25 @@ INCERTA SEDIS =Proechimys myosuros= (Lichtenstein) _Loncheres myosuros_ Lichtenstein, 1818, Das zoologische Museum der - Universität zu Berlin, (2):18 (_nomen nudum_); Lichtenstein, 1820, + Universität zu Berlin, (2):18 (_nomen nudum_); Lichtenstein, 1820, Abhandl. K. Akad. Wissensch., Berlin (1818-1819):192, pl. 1, fig. 2 - (orig. descr.); Wied, 1826, Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte von + (orig. descr.); Wied, 1826, Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien, 2:445. _Mus leptosoma_ Brants, 1827, Het geslacht der Muizen door Linnaeus opgesteld ..., Berlyn, p. 150; Lichtenstein, 1830, - Darstellung neuer oder wenig bekannter Säugethiere, Berlin, Heft + Darstellung neuer oder wenig bekannter Säugethiere, Berlin, Heft 7, pl. 36, fig. and text pages. _Mus cinnamoneus_ Lichtenstein, 1830, Darstellung neuer oder wenig - bekannter Säugethiere, Berlin, Heft 7, pl. 36. + bekannter Säugethiere, Berlin, Heft 7, pl. 36. _Echimys myosuros_ Is. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1838, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci., 6(26):886, and 1840, Mag. Zool., Paris (ser. 2, - année 2):15, 33, 53; Allen, 1899, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., + année 2):15, 33, 53; Allen, 1899, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12(20):261. - _Echinomys leptosoma_ Wagner, 1843, Schreber's Säugethiere, + _Echinomys leptosoma_ Wagner, 1843, Schreber's Säugethiere, suppl., 3:341. _Echinomys myosuros_ Burmeister, 1854, Syst. ubersicht Thiere @@ -4183,10 +4149,10 @@ evidently no more than duplicate names for _myosuros_, as pointed out by Thomas (1921:141) and subsequent writers. Specimens referred to any of these forms, therefore, could take the earlier name _myosuros_ until identified otherwise. Lichtenstein later (1830, text for plate 36, fig. -2) added São Paulo State to the known range of the species, mentioning +2) added São Paulo State to the known range of the species, mentioning specimens collected there by Sello. Probably, therefore, Wagner redescribed _leptosoma_ using a composite sample; the white tip on the -tail could occur in any race of _P. iheringi_ from São Paulo. +tail could occur in any race of _P. iheringi_ from São Paulo. Considering the short hind feet and the wide aristiforms, _Proechimys myosuros_ probably will eventually prove to be related to _albispinus_; @@ -4240,8 +4206,8 @@ CONCLUSIONS counterfolds in each molariform tooth. 8. Geographic isolation appears to have been a factor in the - establishment of the two subgenera; the arid belt along the São - Francisco River and northward to Ceará appears to be uninhabited + establishment of the two subgenera; the arid belt along the São + Francisco River and northward to Ceará appears to be uninhabited by _Proechimys_ and constitutes a barrier separating the two subgenera, _Proechimys_ and _Trinomys_. @@ -4313,17 +4279,17 @@ TABLE 1.--Measurements (in millimeters) of adults of _Proechimys_ [F] AMNH 76999 235 149 50 24.0 19.0 9.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - _P. s. kermiti_, [F] Lower Solimões + _P. s. kermiti_, [F] Lower Solimões AMNH 37124 210 55 65.2 53.7 29.2 27.6 13.5 21.4 9.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - _P. l. brevicauda_, [M] João Pessoa + _P. l. brevicauda_, [M] João Pessoa DZ 900 245 147 48 58.3 46.6 26.5 22.5 11.6 18.2 8.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- _P. l. boimensis_, [M] Boim MCZ 30881 220 160 50 54.6 44.2 24.8 21.0 11.7 17.3 7.5 [F] MN 1976 182 140 45 52.6 42.2 24.3 20.8 11.4 16.8 7.6 - [F] Cametá + [F] Cametá MCZ 30878 240 48 55.1 45.0 25.2 22.4 11.5 18.4 7.6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- _P. l. longicaudatus_, [M] Urucum @@ -4332,11 +4298,11 @@ TABLE 1.--Measurements (in millimeters) of adults of _Proechimys_ AMNH 37085 210 150 44 51.4 42.5 24.3 19.5 10.8 17.1 8.9 AMNH 37086 210 50 48.5 40.9 23.7 17.1 10.2 17.1 8.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - _P. l. leucomystax_, [M] Tapirapoã + _P. l. leucomystax_, [M] Tapirapoã AMNH 37509 230 150 43 50.7 42.2 24.5 18.4 10.3 17.5 8.1 [F] AMNH 37510 210 42 48.1 41.3 23.0 16.9 9.9 17.2 8.1 - [F] Utiarití + [F] Utiarità MN 2212 48.0 39.9 18.3 11.2 15.9 8.0 [F] Salto Sepotuba MN 1936 202 147 44 52.6 43.0 23.6 19.2 10.7 17.8 7.8 @@ -4352,16 +4318,16 @@ TABLE 1.--Measurements (in millimeters) of adults of _Proechimys_ Minimum 195 125 40 18 48.9 40.3 23.1 19.1 10.5 16.6 7.7 No. of specimens 10 8 10 10 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 ====================================================================================== - _P. g. villicauda_, [M] [M] Tapirapoã + _P. g. villicauda_, [M] [M] Tapirapoã MN 1932 225 145 47 55.6 45.5 26.8 24.0 12.0 18.1 8.9 MN 1934 215 162 50 56.2 46.0 26.1 21.3 12.0 18.6 8.4 - [M] Utiarití + [M] Utiarità AMNH 57544 250 200 55 . 24.3 13.1 19.9 9.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- _P. g. ribeiroi_, [M] Rio 12 de Outubro MN 1935 190 134 47 50.1 41.0 24.3 20.0 11.5 15.9 8.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - _P. g. hyleae_, [M] [M] Tauarí + _P. g. hyleae_, [M] [M] Tauarà Mean 248 146 52 58.1 47.6 27.1 22.9 12.1 19.4 8.5 Maximum 260 174 53 59.0 47.8 . 23.4 13.2 20.0 8.8 Minimum 217 143 51 57.2 46.5 . 22.4 11.1 18.8 8.3 @@ -4372,21 +4338,21 @@ TABLE 1.--Measurements (in millimeters) of adults of _Proechimys_ Minimum 190 132 49 51.5 42.9 24.5 19.1 11.1 17.1 7.9 No. of specimens 10 9 10 9 11 11 10 10 10 10 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - _P. g. nesiotes_, [M] Ilha de Manapirí + _P. g. nesiotes_, [M] Ilha de Manapirà CNHM 19496 201 133 47 20 52.7 42.7 25.1 19.5 11.1 17.8 8.0 [F] MN 1975 200 152 47 21 52.1 42.6 25.8 19.5 12.3 18.3 8.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - _P. g. leioprimna_, [F] [F] Cametá + _P. g. leioprimna_, [F] [F] Cametá AMNH 37484 192 151 41 22 54.8 44.9 25.4 19.2 12.6 18.4 8.4 CNHM 19503 189 164 47 22 54.4 43.7 26.2 20.5 12.6 18.2 8.2 CNHM 19536 189 43 22 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- _P. g. oris_, [M] Providencia CNHM 19495 230 170 45 24 56.1 47.1 25.8 22.0 11.4 17.4 8.3 - [M] Tanaquará + [M] Tanaquará MN 1974 230 175 49 23 53.2 43.0 23.8 20.1 10.5 17.9 7.7 - [M] Rio Guamá + [M] Rio Guamá AMNH 37487 205 142 42 21 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- _P. g. arescens_, [M] [M] Fazenda Inhuma @@ -4416,7 +4382,7 @@ TABLE 1.--Measurements (in millimeters) of adults of _Proechimys_ Minimum 165 145 42 48.6 39.5 23.8 17.6 10.7 14.8 7.7 No. of specimens 14 12 14 42 44 44 42 44 44 44 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - _P. i. iheringi_, [M] [M] Ilha de São Sebastião + _P. i. iheringi_, [M] [M] Ilha de São Sebastião Mean 207 197 48 54.5 44.6 26.2 19.9 12.0 18.3 8.3 Maximum 220 205 50 55.0 45.2 27.1 20.4 12.8 18.7 8.5 Minimum 196 190 46 53.5 43.7 25.9 19.3 10.9 17.5 8.0 @@ -4426,7 +4392,7 @@ TABLE 1.--Measurements (in millimeters) of adults of _Proechimys_ DZ 2095 205 180 46 53.2 42.9 26.4 18.9 11.1 17.0 8.2 DZ 2525 205 46 56.9 45.8 27.8 20.9 12.5 18.9 8.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - _P. i. bonafidei_, [M] [M] Fazenda Bõa Fé + _P. i. bonafidei_, [M] [M] Fazenda Bõa Fé Mean 211 186 50 25 53.3 43.4 25.6 20.2 12.1 16.3 8.5 Maximum 220 194 54 26 55.8 45.2 26.3 21.7 13.2 17.4 9.1 Minimum 200 176 47 24 50.7 41.0 24.2 19.1 11.0 14.8 8.1 @@ -4448,7 +4414,7 @@ TABLE 1.--Measurements (in millimeters) of adults of _Proechimys_ Minimum 195 160 47 22 48.4 41.0 25.3 17.5 10.7 15.3 7.6 No. of specimens 5 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - _P. i. paratus_, [M] [M] Floresta da Capela de São Braz + _P. i. paratus_, [M] [M] Floresta da Capela de São Braz MN 4023 203 195 54 28 51.2 41.7 25.4 18.3 10.4 16.2 8.4 MN 5458 190 170 51 27 [F] @@ -4462,7 +4428,7 @@ TABLE 1.--Measurements (in millimeters) of adults of _Proechimys_ MN 8287 200 190 46 23 52.6 43.6 27.2 18.4 12.5 16.7 8.3 MN 8285 190 45 24 50.0 41.1 26.6 19.4 12.3 16.1 8.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - _P. i. denigratus_, [M] [M] Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna + _P. i. denigratus_, [M] [M] Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna Mean 197 218 52 24 51.5 42.2 25.7 18.3 11.3 16.0 8.2 Maximum 217 242 54 28 55.4 45.3 27.0 20.3 12.4 17.6 8.5 Minimum 190 204 50 21 48.7 39.5 23.7 16.8 10.4 15.0 8.0 @@ -4490,7 +4456,7 @@ TABLE 1.--Measurements (in millimeters) of adults of _Proechimys_ CNHM 20402 187 171 40 46.0 40.8 23.8 14.9 11.3 16.0 7.4 CNHM 20408 47.6 40.7 24.6 17.1 11.2 15.9 8.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - _P. a. sertonius_, [M] Lamarão + _P. a. sertonius_, [M] Lamarão CNHM 18196 190 160 36 25 11.7 [M] Bonfim MN 6454 185 175 37 45.7 39.8 24.2 15.5 10.7 16.1 7.5 @@ -4515,8 +4481,8 @@ LITERATURE CITED 35:559-610, August 9, 1916. AMEGHINO, F. - 1934. Notas sobre una pequéna coleccion de huesos de mamiferos, - procedentes de las grutas calcáreas de Iporanga en el Estado São + 1934. Notas sobre una pequéna coleccion de huesos de mamiferos, + procedentes de las grutas calcáreas de Iporanga en el Estado São Paulo (Brasil), Obras completas y Correspondencia Cientifica de Florentino Ameghino, La Plata, 17:103-153. @@ -4534,20 +4500,20 @@ LITERATURE CITED (Natural History). June 8, 1940. GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, ISIDORE - 1840. Notice sur les rongeurs épineux, désignés par lés auteurs + 1840. Notice sur les rongeurs épineux, désignés par lés auteurs sous les noms d'_Echimys_, _Loncheres Heteromys_ et _Nelomys_. Mag. Zool. (Guerin-Meneville), s. 2, Ann. 2, pp. 1-57, pls. 20-29. LICHTENSTEIN, M. H. C. - 1830 (1827-34). Darstellung neuer oder wenig bekannter Säugethiere, + 1830 (1827-34). Darstellung neuer oder wenig bekannter Säugethiere, 65 Arten, etc., pp. 118, 50 pls. colored. LUND, P. W. - 1841. Blik paa Brasiliens Dyreverden för sidste Jordomvaeltning, af + 1841. Blik paa Brasiliens Dyreverden för sidste Jordomvaeltning, af Dr. Lund. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs naturvidenska-belige og mathematiske. Fortsaettelse af - Pattedyrene. Kjöbenhavn, 2:217-272, pls. 14-24. + Pattedyrene. Kjöbenhavn, 2:217-272, pls. 14-24. OLIVEIRA, A. I., and LEONARDOS, O. H. @@ -4559,7 +4525,7 @@ LITERATURE CITED Hist., 29:191-204, July 12, 1944. RIBEIRO, ALIPIO DE MIRANDA - 1914. Historia Natural. Zoologia. Mammiferos. Commissão de Linhas + 1914. Historia Natural. Zoologia. Mammiferos. Commissão de Linhas Telegraficas, Estrategicas de Matto Grosso ao Amazonas. Annexo no. 5, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 1-49 + 1-3, pls. 25, May, 1914. @@ -4586,7 +4552,7 @@ LITERATURE CITED Hist., 9(ser. 8):84-90, January, 1912. 1920. On mammals from the Lower Amazons in the Goeldi Museum, - Pará. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6(ser. 9):266-283, September, + Pará. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6(ser. 9):266-283, September, 1920. 1921. On the spiny rats of the _Proechimys_ group from @@ -4600,11 +4566,11 @@ LITERATURE CITED Cl., 3(4):173-216, pl. 2. WAGNER, J. A. - 1844 (1774-1846). In Schreber's Die Säugethiere ..., 7 pts. + 1844 (1774-1846). In Schreber's Die Säugethiere ..., 7 pts. including text and pls., colored (347). WIED, MAXIMILIAN ZU - 1826. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte von Brazilien, vol. 2, Mammalia, + 1826. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte von Brazilien, vol. 2, Mammalia, 600 pp., 6 pls., Weimar. WINGE, HERLUF @@ -4613,7 +4579,7 @@ LITERATURE CITED pls. 1-8. 1941. The interrelationships of the mammalian genera. Translated - from Danish by E. Deichmarm and G. M. Allen. København, 3 vols. + from Danish by E. Deichmarm and G. M. Allen. København, 3 vols. (vol. 1, xii + 418), 3 pls., 1941; vol. 2, 376 pp., 1941; vol. 3, 308 pp., 1942. @@ -4638,367 +4604,6 @@ Transcriber's notes: End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Speciation in the Brazilian Spiny Rats, by -João Moojen - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPECIATION IN THE BRAZILIAN *** - -***** This file should be named 42720-8.txt or 42720-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/7/2/42720/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Matthias Grammel, Joseph Cooper, -The Internet Archive for some images and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. +João Moojen + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42720 *** diff --git a/42720-8.zip b/42720-8.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 29cf58f..0000000 --- a/42720-8.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/42720-h.zip b/42720-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a0b662a..0000000 --- a/42720-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/42720-h/42720-h.htm b/42720-h/42720-h.htm index 47c2848..bcc8681 100644 --- a/42720-h/42720-h.htm +++ b/42720-h/42720-h.htm @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Speciation in the Brazilian Spiny Rats (Genus Proechimys, Family Echimyidae), by João Moojen. + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Speciation in the Brazilian Spiny Rats (Genus Proechimys, Family Echimyidae), by João Moojen. </title> <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover-page.jpg" /> @@ -144,49 +144,7 @@ em.gesperrt <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's Speciation in the Brazilian Spiny Rats, by João Moojen - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Speciation in the Brazilian Spiny Rats - KU. Vol 1 No 19 - -Author: João Moojen - -Editor: E. Raymond Hall - -Release Date: May 16, 2013 [EBook #42720] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPECIATION IN THE BRAZILIAN *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Matthias Grammel, Joseph Cooper, -The Internet Archive for some images and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42720 ***</div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p> @@ -198,7 +156,7 @@ Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net <p class="center"><span style="font-size:0.8em">BY</span></p> -<p class="center"><span style="font-size:1.0em">JOÃO MOOJEN</span></p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size:1.0em">JOÃO MOOJEN</span></p> <div class="pmb3"></div> <p class="center"><span style="font-size:1.0em">University of Kansas Publications</span></p> @@ -264,7 +222,7 @@ TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> <p class="center"><span style="font-size:0.8em">By</span></p> -<p class="center"><span style="font-size:1.0em">JOÃO MOOJEN</span></p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size:1.0em">JOÃO MOOJEN</span></p> <hr class="p5" /> @@ -628,10 +586,10 @@ TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <a name="Fig_1" id="Fig_1"></a> - <img src="images/i_006.jpg" width="600" height="370" alt="Proechimys dimidiatus (Günther)." title="" /> + <img src="images/i_006.jpg" width="600" height="370" alt="Proechimys dimidiatus (Günther)." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="small"> - <span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span> <i>Proechimys dimidiatus</i> (Günther). Live female on left and male on - right. × ½. From Tingua, Nova Iguassú, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Photographed + <span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span> <i>Proechimys dimidiatus</i> (Günther). Live female on left and male on + right. × ½. From Tingua, Nova Iguassú, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Photographed in spring (August or September) of 1942 by author.</span><br /> <br /> </span> @@ -650,7 +608,7 @@ TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> <p>The spiny-rats included in the genus <i>Proechimys</i> are common in almost every forest of South America above the Tropic of Capricorn, -and in Central America northward to approximately 12° N, +and in Central America northward to approximately 12° N, in Nicaragua. In size and proportions they are similar to the brown rat <i>Rattus norvegicus</i> but actually they belong to a very different suborder of rodents—the Hystricomorpha. The hystricomorphs are @@ -771,7 +729,7 @@ four upper molariform teeth unless otherwise indicated.</p> <p class="minor">Capitalized color terms are after <a href="#p_Ridgway">Ridgway</a> "Color Standards and Color Nomenclature," Washington, D. C., U. S. A., 1912. One setiform was taken from the animal and placed over the rectangles in <a href="#p_Ridgway">Ridgway's</a> charts and the -examination made under a microscope with low (×7) magnification and +examination made under a microscope with low (×7) magnification and natural light. This method was found to give the most satisfactory results.</p> <div class="pmb1"></div> @@ -779,11 +737,11 @@ natural light. This method was found to give the most satisfactory results.</p> <p class="minor">AMNH—American Museum of Natural History.<br /> CNHM—Chicago Natural History Museum.<br /> -DZ—Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura, São Paulo, Brazil.<br /> +DZ—Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura, São Paulo, Brazil.<br /> MCZ—Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College.<br /> MN—Museu Nacional, Brazil.<br /> MZ—Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan.<br /> -SEPFA—**Serviço de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre a Febre Amarela, Brazil.<br /> +SEPFA—**Serviço de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre a Febre Amarela, Brazil.<br /> USNM—United States National Museum.<br /> UZM—Universitets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen.<br /></p> @@ -797,7 +755,7 @@ UZM—Universitets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen.<br /></p> <p class="minor">Approximately two thousand skins and skulls were assembled at the Museum -of Natural History, University of Kansas, through the coöperation of +of Natural History, University of Kansas, through the coöperation of the authorities in the various institutions of North America, Brazil and Denmark, as listed immediately above. This comprehensive material was used to obtain a more complete understanding of the group, and for the loan of @@ -813,12 +771,12 @@ Julieta, for help in assembling data and for typing.</p> <p class="minor">Dr. Remington Kellogg, Curator of Mammals in the United States National Museum, and the late Dr. Wilfred H. <a href="#p_Osgood">Osgood</a>, formerly Curator Emeritus -of the Department of Zoölogy in the Chicago Natural History Museum, +of the Department of Zoölogy in the Chicago Natural History Museum, generously permitted me to use their private lists of South American mammals. These lists contain much unpublished data, as for example, proof, in Kellogg's list, that <i>Proechimys guyannensis</i> (E. <a href="#p_Geoffroy">Geoffroy</a> Saint-Hilaire, 1803) antedates <i>P. cayennensis</i> (<a href="#p_Desmarest">Desmarest</a>, 1817). I register here my gratitude to -both these zoölogists and acknowledge other critical assistance from Dr. Kellogg.</p> +both these zoölogists and acknowledge other critical assistance from Dr. Kellogg.</p> <p class="minor">The John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation awarded me a fellowship for which I am deeply grateful. This expression of the Foundation's interest @@ -827,7 +785,7 @@ the present paper.</p> <p class="minor">Finally I desire to express my deepest gratitude to Professor E. Raymond Hall, Director of the Museum of Natural History and Chairman of the Department -of Zoölogy at the University of Kansas whose untiring aid and guidance +of Zoölogy at the University of Kansas whose untiring aid and guidance has enabled me to terminate this study.</p> @@ -842,7 +800,7 @@ These deposits, of Late Pleistocene or Recent age, were extensively studied by P. W. <a href="#p_Lund">Lund</a> and the results published in a series of French and Danish papers. F. <a href="#p_Ameghino">Ameghino</a> (1934:110) studied another fauna from a deposit of similar age in the cave of Iporanga, -São Paulo, Brazil. <i>Proechimys</i> is recorded in his account under the +São Paulo, Brazil. <i>Proechimys</i> is recorded in his account under the inclusive specific name <i>fuliginosus</i>.</p> <p>The molariform teeth of the fossil described by <a href="#p_Lund">Lund</a> (1841:pl. 21, @@ -883,7 +841,7 @@ of the central part of Brazil, there was a general uplift. The authors (<i>op. cit.</i>:689) mention the presence of continental Cretaceous deposits in the Central Plateau of Brazil, in support of these changes, and state that "pelo menos em certas zonas do litoral -a elevação do continente prolongou-se até o Pleistoceno."</p> +a elevação do continente prolongou-se até o Pleistoceno."</p> <p><a href="#p_Berry">Berry</a> (1942:373) concluded, among other things, that there was a southward extension "in South America of equatorial floras in @@ -1019,20 +977,20 @@ fold transversely crosses the crown of the tooth and in the other it extends scarcely halfway across. No specimen is intermediate in this respect. These two groups, furthermore, are separated geographically by an important barrier, the arid belt that starts in the northeastern -littoral of Brazil (Ceará), and that extends south and southwesterly, -more or less accompanying the São Francisco River in the Plateau, to -about 20° S. <i>Proechimys</i> is thought not to inhabit this arid belt. At -the latitude of 20° S the conditions become more suitable for +littoral of Brazil (Ceará), and that extends south and southwesterly, +more or less accompanying the São Francisco River in the Plateau, to +about 20° S. <i>Proechimys</i> is thought not to inhabit this arid belt. At +the latitude of 20° S the conditions become more suitable for <i>Proechimys</i>, especially along the rivers which flow eastward, but there the Plateau is replaced by mountains: the Serra Geral at the west, and Serra da Mantiqueira at the south; these ranges are bare of forests at higher elevations. Two groups of species of <i>Proechimys</i> are, therefore, kept geographically isolated: one group lives in southeastern Brazil, -and the other lives in a large area to the west which starts at 21° S in +and the other lives in a large area to the west which starts at 21° S in Paraguay and Brazil and widens northward and includes, farther west, central and northern Brazil and all the South American countries above <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> -21° S, as well as Central America northward to southern Nicaragua.</p> +21° S, as well as Central America northward to southern Nicaragua.</p> <p>The two groups which are here treated as subgenera may be designated as follows:</p> @@ -1130,20 +1088,20 @@ where two or more different species live together. In the literature, <i>P. goeldii</i> and <i>P. "oris"</i> were mentioned by <a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a> (1912:89) as having been collected in the same place; <i>P. mincae</i> and <i>P. canicollis</i>, by H. H. Smith (in <a href="#p_Allen">Allen</a>, 1904:440); <i>P.</i> "<i>leucomystax</i>," -from Utiarití, by Miranda <a href="#p_Ribeiro">Ribeiro</a> (1914:42) and <i>P.</i> +from UtiaritÃ, by Miranda <a href="#p_Ribeiro">Ribeiro</a> (1914:42) and <i>P.</i> "<i>longicaudatus</i>," from the same place, by <a href="#p_Allen">Allen</a> (1916:569) were other examples. In these, and other alleged instances of two or more kinds occurring together, detailed study of the specimens concerned was necessary to learn the true facts. Also with the opportunity to compare collections from several different places, new facts emerged. <i>P. longicaudatus</i>, as it was conceived of by <a href="#p_Allen">Allen</a>, -was a composite species, but in one locality, Utiarití, <a href="#p_Ribeiro">Ribeiro</a> and +was a composite species, but in one locality, UtiaritÃ, <a href="#p_Ribeiro">Ribeiro</a> and <a href="#p_Allen">Allen</a> actually were dealing with two distinct species.</p> <p>The species, or subspecies belonging to different species, living together are: <i>goeldii</i> and <i>hyleae</i>, at Fazenda Paraiso; <i>goeldii</i> and -<i>riparum</i> in Manaus; <i>boimensis</i> and <i>hyleae</i> in Tauarí; <i>leucomystax</i> -and <i>villicauda</i> in Utiarití; <i>mincae</i> and <i>canicollis</i> in Bonda; <i>gularis</i> +<i>riparum</i> in Manaus; <i>boimensis</i> and <i>hyleae</i> in TauarÃ; <i>leucomystax</i> +and <i>villicauda</i> in UtiaritÃ; <i>mincae</i> and <i>canicollis</i> in Bonda; <i>gularis</i> and <i>hendeei</i> on the banks of Rio Napo ("same trap lines," according to P. Hershkovitz, <i>In Litt.</i>). Study of samples of the above named pairs of kinds of <i>Proechimys</i> showed the following specific @@ -1213,13 +1171,13 @@ islands are more primitive than populations on the mainland. Apparently a small population restricted to a small island tends to revert to the primitive type. The homozygous condition will tend toward a generalized genotype and the disappearance of secondary -biotypes. <i>P. i. iheringi</i> on the Island of São Sebastião averages +biotypes. <i>P. i. iheringi</i> on the Island of São Sebastião averages larger, has thinner aristiforms, and a stronger skull than the same subspecies on the mainland, and the cheekteeth usually have two and three counterfolds. The same subspecies on the mainland has no more than two counterfolds. <i>Proechimys semispinosus gorgonae</i> and <i>Proechimys semispinosus ignotus</i>, living on Gorgona and San -José islands, respectively, are both characterized by large size, short +José islands, respectively, are both characterized by large size, short tails, strong and conspicuously ridged skulls, and cheekteeth frequently with four and five counterfolds. On the mainland, closely related subspecies, like <i>P. s. panamensis</i>, <i>chiriquinus</i> and <i>gularis</i>, far @@ -1431,7 +1389,7 @@ foramen of <i>P. dimidiatus</i> versus the larger, more elongate foramen in <i>P. iheringi</i> will permit separation of the two. However, the two species live in the same place and one is led to infer that there may be greater differences in their physiology than in their morphology. -In fact Dr. H. W. Laemmert, from the Serviço de Estudos e +In fact Dr. H. W. Laemmert, from the Serviço de Estudos e Pesquisas Sobre a Febre Amarela in Brazil, informs me that while <i>P. dimidiatus</i> was highly susceptible to the virus of yellow fever (18 out of 24 with virus in circulation), <i>P. iheringi</i> showed a lower @@ -1439,7 +1397,7 @@ rate of susceptibility (3 out of 25 with virus in circulation). <i>P. longicaudatus roberti</i>, belonging in the other subgenus, showed no susceptibility at all.</p> -<p>At Teresópolis, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, the two species were +<p>At Teresópolis, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, the two species were found in two different forests, only a few kilometers apart, but <i>dimidiatus</i> lived at a higher elevation, where the humidity was remarkably higher. Naturally the plant associations were different @@ -1475,13 +1433,13 @@ TRINOMYS</h3> <p>One of the species of <i>Trinomys</i>, <i>Proechimys iheringi</i>, is here subdivided into six subspecies which show a clinal variation. <i>P. i. iheringi</i>, in the southernmost part of the range of the species (Ilha de -São Sebastião), has three counterfolds in the upper cheekteeth of +São Sebastião), has three counterfolds in the upper cheekteeth of almost every young specimen but one of these counterfolds, since it is small, very shallow, and disappears after little wear, is probably in the process of disappearance; all lower cheekteeth have two counterfolds or, rarely, m3 has only one. <i>P. i. bonafidei</i> is the next subspecies northward, where it was collected at 850 m altitude -(Fazenda Boa Fé). This subspecies still has two counterfolds in +(Fazenda Boa Fé). This subspecies still has two counterfolds in all the upper cheekteeth; only 3 out of 16 specimens fail to have these counterfolds coalesced in one or more of the teeth. In the lower cheekteeth the coalescence is evident in 18 per cent of the @@ -1768,7 +1726,7 @@ subspecies.</p> <img src="images/i_030.jpg" width="505" height="690" alt="Figs. 2-17." title="" /> </div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 2-17.</span> Second left upper molar of the two subgenera <i>Proechimys</i> and <i>Trinomys</i>. All - × 8. Anterior border of tooth is at the top of each figure (Nos. 9 and 17 excepted). Note + × 8. Anterior border of tooth is at the top of each figure (Nos. 9 and 17 excepted). Note especially that main fold is short in <i>Proechimys</i> and long in <i>Trinomys</i>.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 2-9.</span> <i>Proechimys</i> (<i>Proechimys</i>) <i>semispinosus liminalis</i>, female, MN no. 6243, Rio Quichito. Fig. 2, unworn crown. Figs. 3-8, cross sections at 0.5 mm. intervals, showing @@ -1777,7 +1735,7 @@ subspecies.</p> the tooth open showing basal ends of folds. Later in life the proximal end closes and three roots are formed.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 10-17.</span> <i>Proechimys</i> (<i>Trinomys</i>) <i>iheringi denigratus</i>, female, SEPFA no. 17060, - Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna. Figs. 10-16 corresponding to figs. 2-8. Fig. 17, posterioventral + Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna. Figs. 10-16 corresponding to figs. 2-8. Fig. 17, posterioventral view with proximal end of the tooth open and part of walls cut away, showing basal ends of folds. Later in life, as in <i>Proechimys</i>, the proximal end closes and three roots are formed.</p></div> @@ -1906,7 +1864,7 @@ also at the bases of trees and near fallen logs where litter accumulates.</p> <p>Records of animals kept in captivity show that the species <i>dimidiatus</i> survives more than two years. Specimen MN no. 5448 [M] was -adult when captured by the Serviços de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre +adult when captured by the Serviços de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre a Febre Amarela on December 5, 1938, and died on January 17, 1942. Therefore, it lived for more than 1,139 days.</p> @@ -1916,7 +1874,7 @@ from September to November and from March to May. <i>Proechimys longicaudatus roberti</i>, in Anapolis, Goiaz, was found breeding from July to November and from January to March. <i>P. g. hyleae</i> and <i>P. g. leioprimna</i> in the lower Tapajoz and lower Tocantins rivers, -Pará, were found breeding in January.</p> +Pará, were found breeding in January.</p> <p>It seems that in the Central Plateau and southeastern Brazil, <i>Proechimys</i> has two litters per year, one in the early spring and a @@ -1976,7 +1934,7 @@ the tooth is reduced to a short crown with a cuplike occlusal surface completely filled with dentine. Only the main fold usually remains; it is more or less reduced in size.</p> -<p>From the records of the Serviços de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre a +<p>From the records of the Serviços de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre a Febre Amarela, the following data for males of <i>Proechimys longicaudatus roberti</i> were obtained:</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> @@ -2100,7 +2058,7 @@ large; angular process of mandible turned upward.</span></p> </div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 18-21.</span> Occlusal views of the upper left and lower right molariform teeth of the two subgenera of the genus <i>Proechimys</i>. Anterior end of the tooth row at the top of drawing. - All × 6.</p></div> + All × 6.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 18-19.</span> <i>Proechimys</i> (<i>Proechimys</i>) <i>goeldii steerei</i>, sex ?, USNM no. 105537, "Hyutanaham." Upper teeth at left (fig. 18).</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 20-21.</span> <i>Proechimys</i> (<i>Trinomys</i>) <i>dimidiatus</i>, male, MN no. 6256, Pedra Branca.</p></div> @@ -2402,7 +2360,7 @@ Washington, 25:186; <a href="#p_Tate">Tate</a>, 1935, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist (Nat. Hist.), 1:119; <a href="#p_Osgood">Osgood</a>, 1944, Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 29(13):204.</p></div> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Hyutanaham, Upper Purus, <i>Lábrea</i>, Amazonas, Brazil. +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Hyutanaham, Upper Purus, <i>Lábrea</i>, Amazonas, Brazil. <i>Type:</i> United States National Museum, no. 105535, adult male; collected in 1901 by Prof. J. B. Steere.</p> @@ -2432,10 +2390,10 @@ mm; maximum width, 0.05 mm.</p> <a name="Fig_31" id="Fig_31"></a> <a name="Fig_32" id="Fig_32"></a> <img src="images/i_041.jpg" width="400" height="700" alt="Figs. 25-32." title="" /> </div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 25, 27.</span> <i>Proechimys goeldii steerei</i>, sex ?, "Hyutanaham," USNM no. 105537. × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 26, 28.</span> <i>Proechimys goeldii goeldii</i>, female, AMNH no. 37488. × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 29, 30.</span> <i>Proechimys goeldii steerei</i>, sex ?, USNM no. 105537, "Hyutanaham." × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 31, 32.</span> <i>Proechimys goeldii goeldii</i>, female, AMNH no. 37488, Fazenda Paraiso. × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 25, 27.</span> <i>Proechimys goeldii steerei</i>, sex ?, "Hyutanaham," USNM no. 105537. × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 26, 28.</span> <i>Proechimys goeldii goeldii</i>, female, AMNH no. 37488. × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 29, 30.</span> <i>Proechimys goeldii steerei</i>, sex ?, USNM no. 105537, "Hyutanaham." × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 31, 32.</span> <i>Proechimys goeldii goeldii</i>, female, AMNH no. 37488, Fazenda Paraiso. × 1.</p></div> <div class="pmb3"></div> @@ -2445,7 +2403,7 @@ mm; maximum width, 0.05 mm.</p> ridges not much expanded and extending across anterior half of parietals; infraorbital foramen without groove for transmission of nerve, or groove obsolete; zygomatic arches slender; postorbital process of zygoma involving mostly -squamosal; incisive foramen short and narrow (4.5 × 2.5 mm) with margins +squamosal; incisive foramen short and narrow (4.5 × 2.5 mm) with margins almost parallel or tapering gradually caudad and extending toward palate as ridges; posterior margin of incisive foramen approximately 2.5 mm anterior to premolars; vomerine sheath complete, with both elements well-developed; @@ -2462,7 +2420,7 @@ less and nasals shorter; maxillary part of vomerine sheath thicker; usually four instead of three counterfolds in M3.</p> <p><i>Remarks.</i>—This subspecies is clearly related to <i>P. goeldii</i>. One -skull from Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, <i>Guaporé</i>, Brazil (CNHM no. +skull from Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, <i>Guaporé</i>, Brazil (CNHM no. 21558) may belong to an unnamed subspecies but is provisionally included here.</p> @@ -2472,8 +2430,8 @@ nest of grass on the ground with the two young—<i>much darker</i> young female." No. 77 in his field notes corresponds to the type specimen.</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 4, from Brazil, as follows: Amazonas. <i>Lábrea</i>, -Hyutanaham, 3 (USNM); Territ. Guaporé, Porto Velho, 1 (CNHM).</p> +<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 4, from Brazil, as follows: Amazonas. <i>Lábrea</i>, +Hyutanaham, 3 (USNM); Territ. Guaporé, Porto Velho, 1 (CNHM).</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> @@ -2488,10 +2446,10 @@ Nat. Hist., 29(13):199.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"><i>Proechimys cayennensis goeldii</i>, <a href="#p_Ellerman">Ellerman</a>, 1940, The families and genera of living rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:121.</p></div> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Santarem, <i>Santarem</i>, Pará, Brazil. Type: British Museum +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Santarem, <i>Santarem</i>, Pará, Brazil. Type: British Museum (Nat. Hist.), no. 5.1.25.6, adult female; presented by Dr. E. A. Goeldi.</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Range.</i>—Margins of the Amazon, between Jamundá and Tapajoz rivers.</p> +<p class="minor"><i>Range.</i>—Margins of the Amazon, between Jamundá and Tapajoz rivers.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Upper parts Ochraceous-Tawny; wide across zygomata; nasals of moderate length; incisive foramen long and narrow; vomerine sheath complete @@ -2513,7 +2471,7 @@ long; total length 14 to 16 mm; maximum width, 0.04 mm.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Skull.</i>—Large and strong; nasals pointed posteriorly; supraorbital ridges moderately developed and extended caudad across anterior third of parietals; zygomatic arches strong; postorbital process of zygoma involving mostly -squamosal; incisive foramen elongate and narrow (5 to 6.5 × 2.3 mm) with +squamosal; incisive foramen elongate and narrow (5 to 6.5 × 2.3 mm) with margins more or less parallel and raised to form ridges which extend posteriorly to within 3 mm of plane of premolars; vomerine sheath complete, with maxillary part thin and extended caudad as medial crest; mesopterygoid fossa @@ -2536,9 +2494,9 @@ color by preservative (<a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a>, 1905:587) and the best sk saw was from Faro (1912:89).</p> <p><a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a> (1920:277) applied the name <i>goeldii</i> also to specimens -from Manacaparú, a place a short distance above Manaus on the -Solimões (Amazon) River and from Acajutuba, near Manaus, on -the Negro River. In referring to these specimens (2 from Manacaparú +from Manacaparú, a place a short distance above Manaus on the +Solimões (Amazon) River and from Acajutuba, near Manaus, on +the Negro River. In referring to these specimens (2 from Manacaparú and 2 from Acajutuba) <a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a> (<i>loc. cit.</i>) said "Five molar laminae are frequently, if not invariably, present among these specimens." He did not, however, mention whether or not the @@ -2555,18 +2513,18 @@ Faro agrees with the type. Likewise, my two specimens from Faro agree with the type insofar as it has been described. <a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a> (1912:89) mentioned two additional skulls from the type locality which, he stated, agree with the type which was received from the -Museu Goeldi, Pará.</p> +Museu Goeldi, Pará.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span></p> -<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 4, from Brazil as follows: Pará, <i>Faro</i>, Faro, Fazenda +<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 4, from Brazil as follows: Pará, <i>Faro</i>, Faro, Fazenda Paraiso, 2 (AMNH); Amazonas, <i>Manaus</i>, Manaus, 1 skull (AMNH); Amazonas, <i>Manaus</i>, Acajutuba, 1 (MN).</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Additional records.</i>—Total number, 7 (British Museum), from Brazil, as follows: Pará, +<p class="minor"><i>Additional records.</i>—Total number, 7 (British Museum), from Brazil, as follows: Pará, <i>Santarem</i>, Santarem (<a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a>, 1912:89; 1920:277), 3; Amazonas, <i>Manaus</i>, Acajutuba -(<a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a>, 1920:277), 2; <i>Manacaparú</i>, Manacaparú (<a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a>, 1920:277), 2.</p> +(<a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a>, 1920:277), 2; <i>Manacaparú</i>, Manacaparú (<a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a>, 1920:277), 2.</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> @@ -2579,11 +2537,11 @@ Acajutuba, 1 (MN).</p> <img src="images/i_044.jpg" width="555" height="700" alt="Figs. 33-38." title="" /> </div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 33, 36.</span> <i>Proechimys semispinosus liminalis</i>, female, MN no. 6253, Rio Quichito. - Type. × 1.</p></div> + Type. × 1.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 34, 37.</span> <i>Proechimys semispinosus amphichoricus</i>, male, AMNH no. 77020, Mount - Duida. Type. × 1.</p></div> + Duida. Type. × 1.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 35, 38.</span> <i>Proechimys semispinosus kermiti</i>, female, AMNH no. 37124, Lower Rio - Solimões. Type. × 1.2 (from photograph).</p></div> + Solimões. Type. × 1.2 (from photograph).</p></div> <div class="pmb3"></div> @@ -2605,17 +2563,17 @@ four and lower molars with three counterfolds.</p> <img src="images/i_045.jpg" width="600" height="464" alt="Figs. 39-44." title="" /> </div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 39, 40.</span> <i>Proechimys semispinosus liminalis</i>, female, MN no. 6253, Rio Quichito. - Type. × 1.</p></div> + Type. × 1.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 41, 42.</span> <i>Proechimys semispinosus amphichoricus</i>, male, AMNH no. 77020, Mount - Duida. Type. × 1.</p></div> + Duida. Type. × 1.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 43, 44.</span> <i>Proechimys semispinosus kermiti</i>, female, AMNH no. 37124, Lower Rio - Solimões. Type. × 1.2 (from photograph).</p></div> + Solimões. Type. × 1.2 (from photograph).</p></div> <div class="pmb3"></div> <h4><b>Proechimys semispinosus liminalis</b> subspecies nova</h4> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Rio Quichito, affluent from the south of the Javarí River, +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Rio Quichito, affluent from the south of the Javarà River, near <i>Benjamin Constant</i>, Benjamin Constant, Amazonas, Brazil. <i>Type</i>: Museu Nacional, no. 6253, adult female, collected in August, 1942, by E. Parko.</p> @@ -2724,7 +2682,7 @@ foramen which is more constricted posteriorly.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 6 (AMNH), as follows: Venezuela, territ. <i>Amazonas</i>, Esmeralda, Mt. Duida, altitude 325 m., 4; Venezuela, territ. <i>Amazonas</i>, Rio Cassiquiare, -Quemapuré, 1; Brazil, Amazonas, <i>São Gabriel</i>, Rio Uaupés or Caiari, Tatú, 1.</p> +Quemapuré, 1; Brazil, Amazonas, <i>São Gabriel</i>, Rio Uaupés or Caiari, Tatú, 1.</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> @@ -2736,8 +2694,8 @@ Hist., 34(22):629 (orig. descr.); <a href="#p_Allen">Allen</a>, 1916, Bull. Amer 1940, The families and genera of living rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:119.</p></div> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Lower Rio Solimões (up the Solimões 50 to 60 miles on the -north bank of the river), <i>Manacaparú</i>, Amazonas, Brazil. <i>Type</i>: American +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Lower Rio Solimões (up the Solimões 50 to 60 miles on the +north bank of the river), <i>Manacaparú</i>, Amazonas, Brazil. <i>Type</i>: American Museum of Natural History, no. 37124, adult female; collected 20 April, 1914, by Leo E. Miller (Roosevelt Brazilian Expedition).</p> @@ -2817,7 +2775,7 @@ applies.</p> <p>The form from Urucum, to which the name <i>Proechimys longicaudatus</i> is here applied, is undoubtedly closely related to <i>Proechimys -leucomystax</i> <a href="#p_Ribeiro">Ribeiro</a>, from Utiarití, on the Rio Papagaio +leucomystax</i> <a href="#p_Ribeiro">Ribeiro</a>, from UtiaritÃ, on the Rio Papagaio and also to <i>P. roberti</i> and <i>P. boimensis</i>, all from Brazil. <i>P. longicaudatus</i> is used as the name of the species because it is the oldest of the four names.</p> @@ -2828,12 +2786,12 @@ of the four names.</p> <a name="Fig_47" id="Fig_47"></a> <a name="Fig_50" id="Fig_50"></a> <img src="images/i_049.jpg" width="554" height="700" alt="Figs. 45-50." title="" /> </div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 45, 48.</span> <i>Proechimys longicaudatus boimensis</i>, male, MCZ no. 30881, Boim. × 1. + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 45, 48.</span> <i>Proechimys longicaudatus boimensis</i>, male, MCZ no. 30881, Boim. × 1. </p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 41, 42.</span> <i>Proechimys longicaudatus longicaudatus</i>, male, AMNH no. 37085, Urucum. - × 1.</p></div> + × 1.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 43, 44.</span> <i>Proechimys longicaudatus leucomystax</i>, male, AMNH no. 37509, Tapirapoa. - × 1.</p></div> + × 1.</p></div> <div class="pmb3"></div> @@ -2848,25 +2806,25 @@ of the four names.</p> <img src="images/i_050.jpg" width="421" height="699" alt="Figs. 51-60." title="" /> </div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 51, 52.</span> <i>Proechimys longicaudatus roberti</i>, male, MN no. 6233, Pouso Alto, Goiaz. - × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 53, 54.</span> <i>Proechimys longicaudatus boimensis</i>, male, MCZ no. 30881, Boim. × 1. + × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 53, 54.</span> <i>Proechimys longicaudatus boimensis</i>, male, MCZ no. 30881, Boim. × 1. </p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 55, 56.</span> <i>Proechimys longicaudatus longicaudatus</i>, male, AMNH no. 37085, Urucum. - × 1.</p></div> + × 1.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 57, 58.</span> <i>Proechimys longicaudatus leucomystax</i>, male, AMNH no. 37509, Tapirapoa. - × 1.</p></div> + × 1.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 59, 60.</span> <i>Proechimys longicaudatus roberti</i>, male, MN no. 6233, Pouso Alto, Goiaz. - × 1.</p></div> + × 1.</p></div> <div class="pmb3"></div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span></p> -<h4><b>Proechimys longicaudatus brevicauda</b> (Günther)</h4> +<h4><b>Proechimys longicaudatus brevicauda</b> (Günther)</h4> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> -<i>Echimys brevicauda</i> Günther, 1 April 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for +<i>Echimys brevicauda</i> Günther, 1 April 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1876, (49):748, fig. 9.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> @@ -2886,7 +2844,7 @@ genera of living rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:120.</p></div> (Nat. Hist.), no. 69.3.31.7,[F]; <i>Lectoparatype</i>: British Museum (Nat. Hist.), no. 66.1.29.8, from Upper Amazons (E. Barttet), selected by <a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a> (1900:301).</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Range.</i>—Region of the headwaters and upper courses of the Juruá and +<p class="minor"><i>Range.</i>—Region of the headwaters and upper courses of the Juruá and Ucaiali rivers, eastern Peru and northwestern Brazil.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Upper parts Tawny and blackish without marked longitudinal @@ -2920,8 +2878,8 @@ counterfolds; m3 only, instead of both m1 and m3, with two counterfolds. From <i>P. l. boimensis</i>, <i>brevicauda</i> differs in: upper parts Tawny instead of Ochraceous-Orange; aristiforms wider; m3 with two instead of three counterfolds.</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 3 (DZ), from Brazil, Amazonas, <i>João Pessoa</i>, Rio -Juruá.</p> +<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 3 (DZ), from Brazil, Amazonas, <i>João Pessoa</i>, Rio +Juruá.</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> @@ -2938,7 +2896,7 @@ Juruá.</p> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"><i>Proechimys cayennensis</i> <a href="#p_Osgood">Osgood</a>, 1944, Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 29(13):199.</p></div> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Boim, Rio Tapajoz, Santarem, Pará, Brazil. <i>Type</i>: American +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Boim, Rio Tapajoz, Santarem, Pará, Brazil. <i>Type</i>: American Museum of Natural History, no. 37486, adult male; "October 10, 1911 (ex Museu Goeldi)."</p> @@ -2980,7 +2938,7 @@ that subspecies.</p> <p><i>Remarks.</i>—The material available from Boim, Tapajoz, is rather poor and of no great significance. The Museu Nacional has one specimen from Boim which agrees with the type in the American -Museum of Natural History. The Museum of Comparative Zoölogy +Museum of Natural History. The Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College, however, has one specimen in its collection (MCZ no. 30888 [M]), adult, also from Boim, in which the color pattern is different although agreement with the type specimen is @@ -2991,16 +2949,16 @@ assigned to this subspecies. However, in other samples of this species, similarly dark animals have been noted. It seems that the orange tint is gained only in old age. Another specimen (MCZ no. 30878 [F]) agrees in all respects with the type of the subspecies but -the locality recorded on the label is Cametá, on the Tocantins River. -Possibly the subspecies has a range so wide as to include Cametá +the locality recorded on the label is Cametá, on the Tocantins River. +Possibly the subspecies has a range so wide as to include Cametá but I suspect that the data on the label is incorrect as to locality. The collector marked [M] on the label although the specimen is a [F]. The mistake might have occurred through labeling of specimens at a time later than that at which they were collected. The collector was in both localities on more than one occasion.</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 5, from Brazil, Pará, as follows: <i>Santarem</i>, Rio -Tapajoz, Boim, 3 (AMNH type, MCZ 1, MN 1); <i>Porto de Moz</i>, Tauarí, 1 (MCZ); <i>Cametá</i> +<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 5, from Brazil, Pará, as follows: <i>Santarem</i>, Rio +Tapajoz, Boim, 3 (AMNH type, MCZ 1, MN 1); <i>Porto de Moz</i>, TauarÃ, 1 (MCZ); <i>Cametá</i> (?) 1 (MCZ).</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> @@ -3011,12 +2969,12 @@ Tapajoz, Boim, 3 (AMNH type, MCZ 1, MN 1); <i>Porto de Moz</i>, Tauarí, 1 (MCZ); von Paraguay, p. 236.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"><i>Loncheres myosuros</i> <a href="#p_Lichtenstein">Lichtenstein</a>, 1832, Darstellung neuer oder wenig -bekannter Säugethiere, pl. 36 and text.</p></div> +bekannter Säugethiere, pl. 36 and text.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"><i>Echimys myosuros Is.</i> <a href="#p_Geoffroy">Geoffroy</a> Saint-Hilaire, 1840, Mag. Zool., Ann. 2 (ser. 2):15, 17; <a href="#p_Allen">Allen</a>, 1899, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12(20):261.</p></div> -<div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"><i>Echimys cayennensis</i> Pictet, 1841, Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat., Genève, +<div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"><i>Echimys cayennensis</i> Pictet, 1841, Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat., Genève, 9:145; Waterhouse, 1848, Nat. Hist. Mammalia, 2:334.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"><i>Proechimys longicaudatus</i> <a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a>, 1901, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8 (ser. @@ -3065,24 +3023,24 @@ two anterior ones coalesced in m2; m1 with three counterfolds in one specimen in the accounts of those subspecies.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 3 (2 AMNH, 1 CNHM), from Brazil, Mato Grosso, -<i>Corumbá</i>, Urucum.</p> +<i>Corumbá</i>, Urucum.</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> <h4><b>Proechimys longicaudatus leucomystax</b> <a href="#p_Ribeiro">Ribeiro</a></h4> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> -<i>Proechimys leucomystax</i> <a href="#p_Ribeiro">Ribeiro</a>, May, 1914, Commissão de linhas +<i>Proechimys leucomystax</i> <a href="#p_Ribeiro">Ribeiro</a>, May, 1914, Commissão de linhas telegraphicas estrategicas de Matto Grosso ao Amazonas, Annexo no. 5. Hit. Nat., Zool., Mammiferos, p. 42, pl. 24 (orig. descr.); <a href="#p_Tate">Tate</a>, 1935, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 68(5):400; <a href="#p_Ellerman">Ellerman</a>, 1940, The families and genera of living rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:119.</p></div> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Utiarití, Rio Papagaio, Diamantion, Mato Grosso, Brazil. +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—UtiaritÃ, Rio Papagaio, Diamantion, Mato Grosso, Brazil. <i>Type</i>: Museu Nacional, no. 2212, adult, skull only, collected on 5 May 1909, by Prof. A. Miaranda <a href="#p_Ribeiro">Ribeiro</a>, is here designated <i>lectotype</i>. See remarks.</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Range.</i>—Serra dos Parecís, Mato Grosso, Brazil.</p> +<p class="minor"><i>Range.</i>—Serra dos ParecÃs, Mato Grosso, Brazil.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Ochraceous-Buff, richly lined with blackish, on upper parts; some setiforms completely blackened distally; incisive foramen regularly ovoid; @@ -3122,14 +3080,14 @@ richly lined, instead of scarcely lined, with blackish; incisive foramen narrowe and regularly oval instead of widest anteriorly.</p> <p><i>Remarks.</i>—<i>Proechimys leucomystax</i> was described mainly on the basis of the -Utiarití specimen, here designated lectotype of the species. The specimen from +Utiarità specimen, here designated lectotype of the species. The specimen from the Juina River is younger, as stated by <a href="#p_Ribeiro">Ribeiro</a> in his description. <a href="#p_Ribeiro">Ribeiro</a> -mentions the skin of the specimen from Utiarití as "em muito mao estado" and +mentions the skin of the specimen from Utiarità as "em muito mao estado" and I presume it was discarded as it has not been found in the collection of the Museu Nacional, Brazil.</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 6, from Brazil, Mato Grosso: Cáceres, Salto -Sepotube, 2 (MN); Cáceres, Tapirapoã, Rio Sepotuba, 2 (AMNH); <i>Diamantino</i>, Utiarití, +<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 6, from Brazil, Mato Grosso: Cáceres, Salto +Sepotube, 2 (MN); Cáceres, Tapirapoã, Rio Sepotuba, 2 (AMNH); <i>Diamantino</i>, UtiaritÃ, Rio Papagaio, 1 skull (MN); <i>Diamantino</i>, Rio Juina, 1 (MN).</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> @@ -3144,7 +3102,7 @@ Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 68(5):400.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"><i>Proechimys cayennensis roberti</i> <a href="#p_Ellerman">Ellerman</a>, 1940, The families and genera of living rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:121.</p></div> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Rio Jordão, <i>Araguarí</i>, Minas Gerais, Brazil; 960 meters alt. +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Rio Jordão, <i>AraguarÃ</i>, Minas Gerais, Brazil; 960 meters alt. <i>Type</i>: British Museum (Nat. Hist.), no. 1.11.3.62, old male, collected 8 August, 1902, by A. Robert; original number, 705.</p> @@ -3219,16 +3177,16 @@ It was found in Goiaz usually in riparian forests with climactic associations or in some advanced stage of the sere. The animals also make incursions into nearby open areas or crops of corn.</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 52, from Brazil, as follows: Minas Gerais, <i>Araguarí</i>, -Rio Jordão (effluent of Parnaiba), 960 meters alt., 2 (1 CNHM, 1 DZ); Goiaz, <i>Anapolis</i>, -1010 meters alt., 38 (MN); Goiaz, <i>Pouso Alto</i>, 768 meters alt., 11 (MN); Goiaz, Tio São +<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 52, from Brazil, as follows: Minas Gerais, <i>AraguarÃ</i>, +Rio Jordão (effluent of Parnaiba), 960 meters alt., 2 (1 CNHM, 1 DZ); Goiaz, <i>Anapolis</i>, +1010 meters alt., 38 (MN); Goiaz, <i>Pouso Alto</i>, 768 meters alt., 11 (MN); Goiaz, Tio São Miguel, 2 (MN).</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> <h3><b>Proechimys guyannensis</b> (E. <a href="#p_Geoffroy">Geoffroy</a>)</h3> -<div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"><i>Mus guyannensis</i> E. <a href="#p_Geoffroy">Geoffroy</a> Saint-Hilaire, 1803, Catalogue des mammifères +<div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"><i>Mus guyannensis</i> E. <a href="#p_Geoffroy">Geoffroy</a> Saint-Hilaire, 1803, Catalogue des mammifères du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, p. 194.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"><i>Echimys cayennensis</i> <a href="#p_Desmarest">Desmarest</a>, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Paris, @@ -3252,11 +3210,11 @@ with three or four counterfolds, and lower molars with two or three.</p> <h4><b>Proechimys guyannensis villicauda</b> subspecies nova</h4> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Tapirapoã, Rio Sepotuba, <i>Cáceres</i>, Mato Grosso, Brazil. +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Tapirapoã, Rio Sepotuba, <i>Cáceres</i>, Mato Grosso, Brazil. <i>Type</i>: Museu Nacional, no. 1932, adult male (color faded); collected on 2 February, 1909, by Prof. A. Miranda <a href="#p_Ribeiro">Ribeiro</a>; original number, 788 A.</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Range.</i>—Serra dos Parecís, headwaters of Paraguai and Tapajoz rivers.</p> +<p class="minor"><i>Range.</i>—Serra dos ParecÃs, headwaters of Paraguai and Tapajoz rivers.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Aristiforms wide and stiff; general color on upper parts Ochraceous-Orange; incisive foramen long; vomerine sheath incomplete or complete; @@ -3294,8 +3252,8 @@ always complete and thick. From <i>P. g. bolivianus</i>, <i>villicauda</i> diffe premolars always, instead of rarely, with four counterfolds, and m3 always with three counterfolds instead of usually with only two counterfolds.</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 4, from Brazil, Mato Grosso, as follows: <i>Cáceres</i>, -Tapirapoã, 3 (MN); <i>Diamantino</i>, Rio Papagaio, Utiarití, 1 (AMNH).</p> +<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 4, from Brazil, Mato Grosso, as follows: <i>Cáceres</i>, +Tapirapoã, 3 (MN); <i>Diamantino</i>, Rio Papagaio, UtiaritÃ, 1 (AMNH).</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span></p> @@ -3308,23 +3266,23 @@ Tapirapoã, 3 (MN); <i>Diamantino</i>, Rio Papagaio, Utiarití, 1 (AMNH).</p> <a name="Fig_70" id="Fig_70"></a> <img src="images/i_059.jpg" width="420" height="700" alt="Figs. 62-70." title="" /> </div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 62.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis villicauda</i>, male, MN no. 1932, Tapirapoã. Type. × 1. - × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 62.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis villicauda</i>, male, MN no. 1932, Tapirapoã. Type. × 1. + × 1.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 63.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis ribeiroi</i>, male, MN no. 1935, Rio Doze de Outubro. - Type. × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 64.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis hyleae</i>, male, MCZ no. 30887, Tauarí. Type. × 1. + Type. × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 64.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis hyleae</i>, male, MCZ no. 30887, TauarÃ. Type. × 1. </p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 65.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis nesiotes</i>, male, CNHM no. 19496, Ilha de Manapirí. - Type. × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 66.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis leioprimna</i>, female, CNHM no. 19503, Cametá. Type. - × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 67.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis oris</i>, male, CNHM no. 19495, Providencia. × 1. + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 65.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis nesiotes</i>, male, CNHM no. 19496, Ilha de ManapirÃ. + Type. × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 66.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis leioprimna</i>, female, CNHM no. 19503, Cametá. Type. + × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 67.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis oris</i>, male, CNHM no. 19495, Providencia. × 1. </p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 68.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis arescens</i>, male, CNHM no. 26440, Fazenda Inhuma. - Paratype. × 1.</p></div> + Paratype. × 1.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 69.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis riparum</i>, female, AMNH no. 143018, Manaus. Type. - × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 70.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis arabupu</i>, male, AMNH no. 75816, Arabupu. Type. × 1. + × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 70.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis arabupu</i>, male, AMNH no. 75816, Arabupu. Type. × 1. </p></div> <div class="pmb3"></div> @@ -3339,23 +3297,23 @@ Tapirapoã, 3 (MN); <i>Diamantino</i>, Rio Papagaio, Utiarití, 1 (AMNH).</p> <a name="Fig_79" id="Fig_79"></a> <img src="images/i_060.jpg" width="401" height="701" alt="Figs. 71-79." title="" /> </div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 71.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis villicauda</i>, male, MN no. 1932, Tapirapoã. Type. × 1. + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 71.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis villicauda</i>, male, MN no. 1932, Tapirapoã. Type. × 1. </p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 72.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis ribeiroi</i>, male, MN no. 1935, Rio Doze de Outubro. - Type. × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 73.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis hyleae</i>, male, MCZ no. 30887, Tauarí. Type. × 1. + Type. × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 73.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis hyleae</i>, male, MCZ no. 30887, TauarÃ. Type. × 1. </p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 74.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis nesiotes</i>, male, CNHM no. 19496, Ilha de Manapirí. - Type. × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 75.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis leioprimna</i>, female, CNHM no. 19503, Cametá. Type. - × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 76.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis oris</i>, male, CNHM no. 19495, Providencia. × 1. + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 74.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis nesiotes</i>, male, CNHM no. 19496, Ilha de ManapirÃ. + Type. × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 75.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis leioprimna</i>, female, CNHM no. 19503, Cametá. Type. + × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 76.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis oris</i>, male, CNHM no. 19495, Providencia. × 1. </p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 77.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis arescens</i>, male, CNHM no. 26440, Fazenda Inhuma. - Paratype. × 1.</p></div> + Paratype. × 1.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 78.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis riparum</i>, female, AMNH no. 143018, Manaus. Type. - × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 79.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis arabupu</i>, male, AMNH no. 75816, Arabupu. Type. × 1. + × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 79.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis arabupu</i>, male, AMNH no. 75816, Arabupu. Type. × 1. </p></div> <div class="pmb3"></div> @@ -3370,15 +3328,15 @@ Tapirapoã, 3 (MN); <i>Diamantino</i>, Rio Papagaio, Utiarití, 1 (AMNH).</p> <a name="Fig_88" id="Fig_88"></a> <a name="Fig_89" id="Fig_89"></a> <img src="images/i_061.jpg" width="534" height="699" alt="Figs. 80-89." title="" /> </div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 80, 81.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis villicauda</i>, male, MN no. 1932, Tapirapoã. Type. - × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 80, 81.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis villicauda</i>, male, MN no. 1932, Tapirapoã. Type. + × 1.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 82, 83.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis ribeiroi</i>, male, MN no. 1935, Rio Doze de Outubro. - Type. × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 84, 85.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis hyleae</i>, male, MCZ no. 30887, Tauarí. Type. × 1. + Type. × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 84, 85.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis hyleae</i>, male, MCZ no. 30887, TauarÃ. Type. × 1. </p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 86, 87.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis nesiotes</i>, male, CNHM no. 19496, Ilha de Manapirí. - Type. × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 88, 89.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis leioprimna</i>, female, CNHM no. 19503. Type. × 1. + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 86, 87.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis nesiotes</i>, male, CNHM no. 19496, Ilha de ManapirÃ. + Type. × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 88, 89.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis leioprimna</i>, female, CNHM no. 19503. Type. × 1. </p></div> <div class="pmb3"></div> @@ -3392,14 +3350,14 @@ Tapirapoã, 3 (MN); <i>Diamantino</i>, Rio Papagaio, Utiarití, 1 (AMNH).</p> <a name="Fig_96" id="Fig_96"></a> <a name="Fig_97" id="Fig_97"></a> <img src="images/i_062.jpg" width="600" height="598" alt="Figs. 90-97." title="" /> </div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 90, 91.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis oris</i>, male, CNHM no. 19495, Providencia. × 1. + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 90, 91.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis oris</i>, male, CNHM no. 19495, Providencia. × 1. </p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 92, 93.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis arescens</i>, male, CNHM no. 26440, Fazenda Inhuma. - Paratype. × 1.</p></div> + Paratype. × 1.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 94, 95.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis riparum</i>, female, AMNH no. 143018, Manaus. - Type. × 1.</p></div> + Type. × 1.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 96, 97.</span> <i>Proechimys guyannensis arabupu</i>, male, AMNH no. 75816, Arabupu. Type. - × 1.</p></div> + × 1.</p></div> <div class="pmb3"></div> @@ -3408,8 +3366,8 @@ Tapirapoã, 3 (MN); <i>Diamantino</i>, Rio Papagaio, Utiarití, 1 (AMNH).</p> <h4><b>Proechimys guyannensis ribeiroi</b> subspecies nova</h4> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Rio 12 de Outubro, affluent of the Camararé, <i>Mato Grosso</i>, -Mato Grosso, Brazil; about 190 kilometers west of Utiarití; altitude 414 meters. +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Rio 12 de Outubro, affluent of the Camararé, <i>Mato Grosso</i>, +Mato Grosso, Brazil; about 190 kilometers west of UtiaritÃ; altitude 414 meters. <i>Type</i>: Museu Nacional, no. 1935, adult male (colors faded); collected on 20 June, 1909, by Prof. A. Miranda <a href="#p_Ribeiro">Ribeiro</a>; original number <i>G.</i></p> @@ -3430,7 +3388,7 @@ light ochraceous, subapical zone; total length 14 to 16 mm; maximum width, <p class="minor"><i>Skull.</i>—Slender; supraorbital ridges low; bullae ovate with shallow grooves; postorbital process of zygoma almost obsolete and involving mostly jugal; incisive -foramen short and narrow (4 × 2 mm), constricted posteriorly and with +foramen short and narrow (4 × 2 mm), constricted posteriorly and with posterior margins raised; vomerine sheath complete and thick; mesopterygoid fossa extending forward as far as posterior faces of second molars; posterior palatine foramina on plane with centers of second molars.</p> @@ -3457,13 +3415,13 @@ Rio 12 de Outubro; altitude, 414 meters.</p> <h3><b>Proechimys guyannensis hyleae</b> subspecies nova</h3> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Tauarí, Rio Tapajoz, <i>Porto de Moz</i>, Pará, Brazil; approximately +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—TauarÃ, Rio Tapajoz, <i>Porto de Moz</i>, Pará, Brazil; approximately 87 kilometers south of Santarem. <i>Type</i>: Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, no. 30887, adult male; collected on 19 January, 1934, by A. M. Olalla; original number 7288.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Range.</i>—Region of lower Tapajoz River and banks of Amazon up to the -Jamundá River.</p> +Jamundá River.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Aristiforms conspicuously wide and stiff; general color on upper parts Tawny; incisive foramen long and oval; vomerine sheath complete @@ -3490,7 +3448,7 @@ much in breadth posteriorly; rostrum stout, laterally thick, with masseteric crest well-developed; nasals pointed posteriorly; supraorbital ridges broad but barely extended across parietals; zygomatic arches strong; postorbital process of zygoma involving mostly squamosal; incisive foramen long and -narrow (5.5 to 6 × 2.5 mm), oval and extending posteriorly to point only 2 mm +narrow (5.5 to 6 × 2.5 mm), oval and extending posteriorly to point only 2 mm anterior to premolars; vomerine sheath complete with maxillary part usually slender; mesopterygoid fossa extending forward as far as centers of third molars; bulla of medium size, well inflated and with shallow grooves on surface.</p> @@ -3519,7 +3477,7 @@ of color and skull with the reddish type and suggests either that there is an extension of the range of the subspecies along the lower <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> course of the Tapajoz or that there are two subspecies, in which -event the animals from Tauarí are intergrades between <i>hyleae</i> and +event the animals from Tauarà are intergrades between <i>hyleae</i> and an unnamed, tawny-colored subspecies occurring to the southward.</p> <p>Between 13 and 23 January, 1934, A. M. Olalla collected 10 adult @@ -3528,15 +3486,15 @@ females, 6 of which contained embryos. Three of the females had At this same time and place only ten per cent of specimens obtained were not fully adult.</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 21, from Brazil, Pará, as follows: <i>Porto de Moz</i>, -Tauarí, right bank of Tapajoz, approximately 85 kilometers south of Santarem, 20 (19 MCZ, +<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 21, from Brazil, Pará, as follows: <i>Porto de Moz</i>, +TauarÃ, right bank of Tapajoz, approximately 85 kilometers south of Santarem, 20 (19 MCZ, 1 CNHM); <i>Obidos</i>, Obidos, 1 (MCZ).</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> <h4><b>Proechimys guyannensis nesiotes</b> subspecies nova</h4> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Ilha de Manapirí, Rio Tocantins, Pará, Brazil. <i>Type</i>: Chicago +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Ilha de ManapirÃ, Rio Tocantins, Pará, Brazil. <i>Type</i>: Chicago Natural History Museum, no. 19496, adult male; collected on 9 December, 1910, by Dr. Emilia Snethlage; original number, 12.</p> @@ -3583,20 +3541,20 @@ counterfolds; m3 always with three instead of two counterfolds.</p> <p><i>Remarks.</i>—Dr. E. Snethlage mentions the type as having been collected at night in the forest.</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 8 (MCZ, CNHM, MN), from Brazil, Pará, Tocantins -River, Ilha de Manapirí.</p> +<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 8 (MCZ, CNHM, MN), from Brazil, Pará, Tocantins +River, Ilha de ManapirÃ.</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> <h4><b>Proechimys guyannensis leioprimna</b> subspecies nova</h4> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Cametá, left bank of Tocantins River, near its mouth, -Cametá, Pará, Brazil. <i>Type</i>: Chicago Natural History Museum, no. 19503, +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Cametá, left bank of Tocantins River, near its mouth, +Cametá, Pará, Brazil. <i>Type</i>: Chicago Natural History Museum, no. 19503, adult female; collected on 21 January, 1911, by Dr. Emilia Snethlage; original number, 35.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Range.</i>—Known only from type locality but probably extending westward -toward Xingú River.</p> +toward Xingú River.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Aristiforms wide and stiff; general color on upper parts Ochraceous-Orange, incisive foramen moderately long; oval; vomerine sheath complete; @@ -3631,12 +3589,12 @@ with three counterfolds (except m3 with only two), instead of lower molars with only two counterfolds. Differences from <i>P. g. nesiotes</i> are given in the account of that subspecies.</p> -<p><i>Remarks.</i>—The paratype was collected in an "igarapé," depression +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—The paratype was collected in an "igarapé," depression usually invaded by the river waters; the paratype, collected on 18 January, 1911, had two large embryos.</p> <p class="minor"> -<i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 4 (2 CNHM, 2 AMNH), from Brazil, Pará, Cametá.</p> +<i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 4 (2 CNHM, 2 AMNH), from Brazil, Pará, Cametá.</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> @@ -3656,12 +3614,12 @@ Hist., 29:199.</p></div> <i>Proechimys cayennensis oris</i> <a href="#p_Ellerman">Ellerman</a>, 1940, The families and genera of living rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:121.</p></div> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Igarapé-assú, E. F. B., near Belem, Igarapé-assú, Pará, +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Igarapé-assú, E. F. B., near Belem, Igarapé-assú, Pará, Brazil. <i>Type</i>: British Museum (Nat. Hist.), no. 4.7.4.78, old male; collected on 6 March, 1904, by Alphonse Robert; original number, 1818.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Range.</i>—Probably most of the region on south bank of Amazon River, between -Tocantins (west) and Gurupí River (south).</p> +Tocantins (west) and Gurupà River (south).</p> <p class="minor"><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Aristiforms narrow but somewhat stiff; color on upper parts Ochraceous-Orange; incisive foramen long and wide, conspicuously constricted @@ -3696,7 +3654,7 @@ jaw, premolar with three, and molars with only two, counterfolds.</p> given in the accounts of those subspecies.</p> <p><i>Remarks.</i>—<a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a> (1912:89) extended the known range of the -subspecies to Faro, on the Jamundá River, on the left bank of the +subspecies to Faro, on the Jamundá River, on the left bank of the Amazon, and to Boim, on the Tapajoz River, as well as to Benevides, E. F. Braganca, near Belem. It seems to me that the specimens from Faro should be referred provisionally to <i>Proechimys @@ -3714,11 +3672,11 @@ E. F. B.). However, according to the personnel of the Brazilian Health Service, the animals are strictly forest dwellers although they do make excursions into more open places.</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 3, from Brazil, Pará, as follows: Providencia, E. F. -B., approximately 15 kilometers east from Belem, 1 (CNHM); Tanaquará, near Belem, 1 -(MN); Rio Guamá, near Belem, 1 (AMNH).</p> +<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 3, from Brazil, Pará, as follows: Providencia, E. F. +B., approximately 15 kilometers east from Belem, 1 (CNHM); Tanaquará, near Belem, 1 +(MN); Rio Guamá, near Belem, 1 (AMNH).</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Additional record.</i>—Brazil, Pará, Benevides, E. F. B., +<p class="minor"><i>Additional record.</i>—Brazil, Pará, Benevides, E. F. B., approximately 100 kilometers north-east of Belem (<a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a>, 1912:89).</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> @@ -3730,12 +3688,12 @@ approximately 100 kilometers north-east of Belem (<a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a> Mus. Nat. Hist., 29(13): 198.</p></div> <p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Fazenda Inhuma, below Santa Filomena, upper Rio Parnaiba, -<i>Vitoria do Alto Parnaiba</i>, Maranhão, Brazil. <i>Type</i>: Chicago Natural +<i>Vitoria do Alto Parnaiba</i>, Maranhão, Brazil. <i>Type</i>: Chicago Natural History Museum, no. 26441, adult male; collected on 5 August, 1925, by Heinrich E. Snethlage.</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Range.</i>—Region including the valleys of the Turí-assú and Parnaiba rivers, -Maranhão, Brazil.</p> +<p class="minor"><i>Range.</i>—Region including the valleys of the TurÃ-assú and Parnaiba rivers, +Maranhão, Brazil.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Aristiforms moderately wide and not conspicuously stiff; general color of upper parts near (15'a) Ochraceous-Orange; incisive foramen @@ -3772,12 +3730,12 @@ with three counterfolds; lower molars with two counterfolds.</p> lighter and more uniform; incisive foramen oval instead of conspicuously constricted posteriorly; posterior margin of incisive foramen farther from premolars.</p> -<p><i>Remarks.</i>—One specimen from Turí-assú (MN) has been identified +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—One specimen from TurÃ-assú (MN) has been identified by O. <a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a> as "<i>P. oris</i>" (his own handwriting is on the label) and the subspecies is really closely related to <i>oris</i>.</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 3, from Brazil, Maranhão, as follows: <i>Vitoria do -Alto Parnaiba</i>, Fazenda Inhuma (below Santa Filomena), 2 (CNHM); Alto da Alegria, Turí-assú, +<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 3, from Brazil, Maranhão, as follows: <i>Vitoria do +Alto Parnaiba</i>, Fazenda Inhuma (below Santa Filomena), 2 (CNHM); Alto da Alegria, TurÃ-assú, 1 (MN).</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> @@ -3811,7 +3769,7 @@ supraorbital ridges well developed and barely extended onto anteriormost part of parietals; zygomatic arches slender; infraorbital foramen with well-developed groove for nerve transmission; postorbital process of zygoma almost obsolete and involving mostly squamosal; incisive foramen -short and wide (4.5 × 3.3 mm), oval and with posterior margins raised to form +short and wide (4.5 × 3.3 mm), oval and with posterior margins raised to form ridges which extend toward premolars; posterior margin of incisive foramen approximately 2.5 mm anterior to premolars; vomerine sheath incomplete, with only short, premaxillary part; mesopterygoid fossa extending forward as @@ -3878,7 +3836,7 @@ subapical zone; total length, 20 to 23 mm; maximum width, and slightly extended caudad onto anterior half of parietals; groove for transmission of nerve in infraorbital foramen weakly developed; zygomatic arches strong; postorbital process of zygoma involving mostly squamosal; -incisive foramen approximately 5.5 × 2.7 mm, widest in anterior third and +incisive foramen approximately 5.5 × 2.7 mm, widest in anterior third and constricted posteriorly, with posterior margin about 1 mm anterior to plane of premolars; vomerine sheath complete, with premaxillary part expanded and maxillary part notably slender and sometimes lacking; mesopterygoid @@ -3959,10 +3917,10 @@ albispinus</i> is the genotype.</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> -<h3><b>Proechimys dimidiatus</b> (Günther)</h3> +<h3><b>Proechimys dimidiatus</b> (Günther)</h3> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> -<i>Echimys dimidiatus</i> Günther, 1 April 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, +<i>Echimys dimidiatus</i> Günther, 1 April 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1876(4):747.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> @@ -4015,7 +3973,7 @@ rather small (23 to 25 mm).</p> <a name="Fig_103" id="Fig_103"></a> <img src="images/i_074.jpg" width="600" height="539" alt="Figs. 100-103." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="small"> - <span class="smcap">Figs. 100-103.</span> <i>Proechimys dimidiatus</i>, male, MN no. 5452, Tijuca. × 1. + <span class="smcap">Figs. 100-103.</span> <i>Proechimys dimidiatus</i>, male, MN no. 5452, Tijuca. × 1. </span><br /> <br /> </span> @@ -4077,12 +4035,12 @@ states: "We know that its donor did obtain a number of specimens from Rio Janeiro, and the skull agrees so closely with those of two examples from Itatiaia, near to the Rio-Minas frontier, collected and presented by Prof. J. P. Hill, that I have no hesitation in referring -the latter to Günther's species."</p> +the latter to Günther's species."</p> <p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 211 (MN), from Brazil as follows: Rio de Janeiro; -<i>Parati</i>, Pedra Branca (400 m.), 113; <i>Mangaratiba</i>, Fazenda do Rubião (750 m.), 3; Fazenda -do Tenente (700 m.), 4; Fazenda da Lapa (450 m.), 13; <i>Teresópolis</i>, Fazenda Guinle (960 m.), -61; <i>Nova Iguassú</i>, Barro Branco (20 m.), 16; Distrito Federal, Tijuca, 1.</p> +<i>Parati</i>, Pedra Branca (400 m.), 113; <i>Mangaratiba</i>, Fazenda do Rubião (750 m.), 3; Fazenda +do Tenente (700 m.), 4; Fazenda da Lapa (450 m.), 13; <i>Teresópolis</i>, Fazenda Guinle (960 m.), +61; <i>Nova Iguassú</i>, Barro Branco (20 m.), 16; Distrito Federal, Tijuca, 1.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Additional records.</i>—Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia (<a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a>, 1921:141); Rio de Janeiro, Zona da mata, Mont-Serrat, Serra do Itatiaia (<a href="#p_Ribeiro">Ribeiro</a>, 1905:187).</p> @@ -4134,18 +4092,18 @@ geographical distances.</p> <a name="Fig_108" id="Fig_108"></a> <a name="Fig_109" id="Fig_109"></a> <img src="images/i_077.jpg" width="569" height="700" alt="Figs. 104-109." title="" /> </div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 104.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi iheringi</i>, female, MN no. 6453, Ilha de São Sebastião. × 1. + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 104.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi iheringi</i>, female, MN no. 6453, Ilha de São Sebastião. × 1. </p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 105.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi bonafidei</i>, male, MN no. 6183, Fazenda Bõa Fé. Type. × 1. + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 105.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi bonafidei</i>, male, MN no. 6183, Fazenda Bõa Fé. Type. × 1. </p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 106.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi gratiosus</i>, male, MN no. 4024, Floresta da Caixa Dagua. - Type. × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 107.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi panema</i>, female, MN no. 8288, Campinho. Type. × 1. + Type. × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 107.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi panema</i>, female, MN no. 8288, Campinho. Type. × 1. </p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 108.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi denigratus</i>, male, MN no. 8500, Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna. - Type. × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 109.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi paratus</i>, female, MN no. 4012, Floresta da Capela de São - Braz. Type. × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 108.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi denigratus</i>, male, MN no. 8500, Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna. + Type. × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 109.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi paratus</i>, female, MN no. 4012, Floresta da Capela de São + Braz. Type. × 1.</p></div> <div class="pmb3"></div> @@ -4157,18 +4115,18 @@ geographical distances.</p> <a name="Fig_114" id="Fig_114"></a> <a name="Fig_115" id="Fig_115"></a> <img src="images/i_078.jpg" width="571" height="701" alt="Figs. 110-115." title="" /> </div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 110.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi iheringi</i>, female, MN no. 6453, Ilha de São Sebastião. × 1. + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 110.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi iheringi</i>, female, MN no. 6453, Ilha de São Sebastião. × 1. </p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 111.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi bonafidei</i>, male, MN no. 6183, Fazenda Bõa Fé. Type. × 1. + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 111.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi bonafidei</i>, male, MN no. 6183, Fazenda Bõa Fé. Type. × 1. </p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 112.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi gratiosus</i>, male, MN no. 4024, Floresta da Caixa Dagua. - Type. × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 113.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi panema</i>, female, MN no. 8288, Campinho. Type. × 1. + Type. × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 113.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi panema</i>, female, MN no. 8288, Campinho. Type. × 1. </p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 114.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi denigratus</i>, male, MN no. 8500, Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna. - Type. × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 115.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi paratus</i>, female, MN no. 4012, Floresta da Capela de São - Braz. Type. × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 114.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi denigratus</i>, male, MN no. 8500, Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna. + Type. × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Fig. 115.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi paratus</i>, female, MN no. 4012, Floresta da Capela de São + Braz. Type. × 1.</p></div> <div class="pmb3"></div> @@ -4183,18 +4141,18 @@ geographical distances.</p> <a name="Fig_126" id="Fig_126"></a> <a name="Fig_127" id="Fig_127"></a> <img src="images/i_079.jpg" width="483" height="700" alt="Figs. 116-127." title="" /> </div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 116, 117.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi iheringi</i>, female, MN no. 6453, Ilha de São Sebastião. - × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 118, 119.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi bonafidei</i>, male, MN no. 6183, Fazenda Bõa Fé. - Type. × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 116, 117.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi iheringi</i>, female, MN no. 6453, Ilha de São Sebastião. + × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 118, 119.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi bonafidei</i>, male, MN no. 6183, Fazenda Bõa Fé. + Type. × 1.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 120, 121.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi gratiosus</i>, male, MN no. 4024, Floresta da Caixa - Dagua. Type. × 1.</p></div> + Dagua. Type. × 1.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 122, 123.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi panema</i>, female, MN no. 8288, Campinho. Type. - × 1.</p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 124, 125.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi denigratus</i>, male, MN no. 8500, Mata do Ribeirão da - Fortuna. Type. × 1.</p></div> + × 1.</p></div> + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 124, 125.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi denigratus</i>, male, MN no. 8500, Mata do Ribeirão da + Fortuna. Type. × 1.</p></div> <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 126, 127.</span> <i>Proechimys iheringi paratus</i>, female, MN no. 4012, Floresta da Capela de - São Braz. Type. × 1.</p></div> + São Braz. Type. × 1.</p></div> <div class="pmb3"></div> @@ -4210,11 +4168,11 @@ geographical distances.</p> 1940, The families and genera of living rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:122.</p></div> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Island of São Sebastião (off São Paulo), Formosa, São +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Island of São Sebastião (off São Paulo), Formosa, São Paulo, Brazil. <i>Type</i>: British Museum (Nat. Hist.), no. 2.8.25.5, adult male, -presented by the São Paulo Museum.</p> +presented by the São Paulo Museum.</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Range.</i>—Littoral and islands of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.</p> +<p class="minor"><i>Range.</i>—Littoral and islands of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Aristiforms narrow; tail shorter than head and body; setiforms Cinnamon-Buff; incisive foramen short; vomerine sheath complete; upper @@ -4232,7 +4190,7 @@ tip but interrupted by Cinnamon-Buff, subapical zone or with Cinnamon-Buff continuous to tip.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Skull.</i>—Slender; bullae small and well inflated; jugal dorso-ventrally wide -with transverse ridge inconspicuous; incisive foramen short, 3.5 × 2.5 mm; +with transverse ridge inconspicuous; incisive foramen short, 3.5 × 2.5 mm; vomerine sheath complete; mesopterygoid fossa extending forward as far as middle parts of second molars; postorbital process of zygoma small, formed by both jugal and squamosal; posterior palatine foramina at plane of premolars; @@ -4250,9 +4208,9 @@ teeth with two or three separate counterfolds, instead of having counterfolds fused or reduced to one or two; aristiforms narrower in <i>iheringi</i> than in <i>bonafidei</i>.</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 25, from Brazil, as follows: São Paulo, <i>Formosa</i>, -Ilha de São Sebastião, 9 (DZ 6, MN 2, MCZ 1); São Paulo, <i>Mogi das Cruzes</i>, Alto da Serra, -alt. 900 m., 2 (DZ); São Paulo, <i>Ubatuba</i>, alt. 10 m., 4 (2 DZ, 2 MN); Rio de Janeiro, +<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 25, from Brazil, as follows: São Paulo, <i>Formosa</i>, +Ilha de São Sebastião, 9 (DZ 6, MN 2, MCZ 1); São Paulo, <i>Mogi das Cruzes</i>, Alto da Serra, +alt. 900 m., 2 (DZ); São Paulo, <i>Ubatuba</i>, alt. 10 m., 4 (2 DZ, 2 MN); Rio de Janeiro, <i>Angra dos Reis</i>, 2 (MN); Rio de Janeiro, <i>Angra dos Reis</i>, Ilha Grande, 7 (5 DZ, 1 MCZ, 1 MN).</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> @@ -4260,7 +4218,7 @@ alt. 900 m., 2 (DZ); São Paulo, <i>Ubatuba</i>, alt. 10 m., 4 (2 DZ, 2 MN); Rio <h4><b>Proechimys iheringi bonafidei</b> subspecies nova</h4> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Fazenda Bõa Fé, <i>Teresópolis</i>, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; alt. +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Fazenda Bõa Fé, <i>Teresópolis</i>, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; alt. 850 meters. <i>Type</i>: Museu Nacional, no. 6183, adult male; collected on 18 August, 1942, by G. Pereira; SEPFA no. M 14663.</p> @@ -4286,7 +4244,7 @@ blackened tip.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Skull.</i>—Large, with elongate rostrum; bullae large and well inflated; jugals with transverse ridge inconspicuous; postorbital process of zygoma small, -formed mostly by squamosal; incisive foramen elongated (5.5 × 2.5 mm); +formed mostly by squamosal; incisive foramen elongated (5.5 × 2.5 mm); vomerine sheath incomplete or, if complete, with maxillary part thin and delicate; posterior palatine foramen at plane of first molars; mesopterygoid fossa extending forward as far as middle parts of second molars.</p> @@ -4309,10 +4267,10 @@ captured mostly in April, but two were taken in July. Male gonads seemed to be most active in March, April and September. The animals lived in a second growth forest, approaching the climax. The rainfall was more than 1600 mm annually, and the mean annual -temperature was 18.5° centigrade.</p> +temperature was 18.5° centigrade.</p> -<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 18 (MN), from Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, <i>Teresópolis</i>, -Fazenda Bõa Fé.</p> +<p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 18 (MN), from Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, <i>Teresópolis</i>, +Fazenda Bõa Fé.</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> @@ -4395,7 +4353,7 @@ tip blackish; total length, 13 to 15 mm; maximum width, 0.09 mm.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Skull.</i>—Strong, with jugals dorso-ventrally wide; interorbital region and cranium wide; bullae well inflated; transverse ridge of jugals not well-developed; postorbital process of zygoma small and formed only of squamosal; -incisive foramen 4.7 × 2.2 mm; vomerine sheath always incomplete, with maxillary +incisive foramen 4.7 × 2.2 mm; vomerine sheath always incomplete, with maxillary part reduced to small process; mesopterygoid fossa extending forward as far as middle of second molars or only slightly short thereof; posterior palatine foramina at plane of front of first molars.</p> @@ -4416,7 +4374,7 @@ Campinho; altitude 500 meters.</p> <h4><b>Proechimys iheringi denigratus</b> subspecies nova</h4> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna, 40 kilometers west of Ilheus, +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna, 40 kilometers west of Ilheus, <i>Itabuna</i>, Bahia, Brazil. <i>Type</i>: Museu Nacional, no. 8500, adult male; collected 16 March, 1945.</p> @@ -4440,7 +4398,7 @@ interrupted by wide, near (15"<i>a</i>) Cinnamon, subapical zone.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Skull.</i>—Slender; nasals short; bullae large and well-inflated; jugals with conspicuous transverse ridge; postorbital process of zygoma conspicuous, spiniform and formed almost exclusively by jugal; incisive foramen elongated and -narrow (5 × 1.8 mm); vomerine sheath complete and formed almost exclusively +narrow (5 × 1.8 mm); vomerine sheath complete and formed almost exclusively by premaxillae; maxillary part of this sheath short and in most specimens the two parts of sheath completed by vomer itself; mesopterygoid fossa extending forward as far as middle of second molars and in some skulls as @@ -4480,13 +4438,13 @@ from January to May. Most animals have a conspicuous Cinnamon patch on the nuchal region.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 34 (SEPFA 33, MN 1), from Brazil, Bahia, <i>Itabuna</i>, -Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna.</p> +Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna.</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> <h4><b>Proechimys iheringi paratus</b> subspecies nova</h4> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Floresta da Capela de São Braz, <i>Santa Teresa</i>, Espirito +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Floresta da Capela de São Braz, <i>Santa Teresa</i>, Espirito Santo, Brazil; altitude 630 meters. <i>Type</i>: Museu Nacional, no. 4012, adult female; collected on 24 September, 1940, by Dr. H. W. Laemmert; SEPFA no. M 8447.</p> @@ -4508,7 +4466,7 @@ total length 14 to 16 mm; maximum width, 0.06 mm.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Skull.</i>—Slender; bullae large and well-inflated; jugals with conspicuous, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span> transverse ridge; postorbital process of zygoma moderately developed and -involving only squamosal; incisive foramen short and narrow (4.1 × 2.1 mm); +involving only squamosal; incisive foramen short and narrow (4.1 × 2.1 mm); vomerine sheath complete, with maxillary part short and thick; mesopterygoid fossa extending forward as far as posterior parts of second molars; posterior palatine foramina at plane of premolars.</p> @@ -4540,7 +4498,7 @@ Cinnamon-Buff instead of Ochraceous-Buff and Cinnamon, respectively. Tail <p><i>Remarks.</i>—The animals were captured in climax forest.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 3 (MN), from Brazil, Espirito Santo, <i>Santa Teresa</i>, -Floresta da Capela de São Braz; altitude 630 meters.</p> +Floresta da Capela de São Braz; altitude 630 meters.</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> @@ -4564,7 +4522,7 @@ may not correspond to the colors of unfaded pelages. <a href="#p_Desmarest">Desm (1817:59) describes the color of setosus as similar to that of the "Echimys de Cayenne" (<i>Proechimys guyannensis</i>) but being more "rousse." Is. <a href="#p_Geoffroy">Geoffroy</a> Saint-Hilaire (1840:52) describes the same -animal as being "d'un brun roussâtre" on the upper parts.</p> +animal as being "d'un brun roussâtre" on the upper parts.</p> <p>The <i>Proechimys</i> from Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, <i>"Echimys" elegans</i> <a href="#p_Lund">Lund</a>, is certainly related to <i>P. iheringi</i> as well as to <i>P. albispinus</i>. @@ -4626,16 +4584,16 @@ aristiforms of this subspecies are moderately wide.</p> <i>Echimys setosus</i> <a href="#p_Desmarest">Desmarest</a> (<a href="#p_Geoffroy">Geoffroy's</a> MS), 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. nouv. ed., 10:59 (orig. descr.); Is. <a href="#p_Geoffroy">Geoffroy</a> Saint-Hilaire, 1838, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci., Paris, 6(26):886; Is. <a href="#p_Geoffroy">Geoffroy</a> Saint-Hilaire, -1840, Mag. Zool., Paris, (ser. 2, année 2):12, 33, 52; <a href="#p_Allen">Allen</a>, 1899, Bull. +1840, Mag. Zool., Paris, (ser. 2, année 2):12, 33, 52; <a href="#p_Allen">Allen</a>, 1899, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12(20):257, 261.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> -<i>Echimys cayennensis</i> Pictet, 1841, Mém. Soc. phys. Hist. Nat., Genève, +<i>Echimys cayennensis</i> Pictet, 1841, Mém. Soc. phys. Hist. Nat., Genève, 9:145; Waterhouse, 1848, Nat. Hist. Mammalia, 2:334.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> -<i>Echinomys fuliginosus</i> <a href="#p_Wagner">Wagner</a>, 1843, Schreber's Säugethiere, suppl. -3:343; <a href="#p_Wagner">Wagner</a>, 1844, Schreber's Säugethiere, suppl. 4, pl. 39 D.</p></div> +<i>Echinomys fuliginosus</i> <a href="#p_Wagner">Wagner</a>, 1843, Schreber's Säugethiere, suppl. +3:343; <a href="#p_Wagner">Wagner</a>, 1844, Schreber's Säugethiere, suppl. 4, pl. 39 D.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> <i>Proechimys setosus</i> <a href="#p_Allen">Allen</a>, 1899, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12(20):264; @@ -4670,7 +4628,7 @@ Color faded; total length, 10 to 13 mm; maximum width, 0.03 mm.</p> <a name="Fig_131" id="Fig_131"></a> <a name="Fig_132" id="Fig_132"></a> <img src="images/i_088.jpg" width="600" height="477" alt="Figs. 129-132." title="" /> </div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 129-132.</span> <i>Proechimys setosus elegans</i>, sex ?, UZM no. L 104, Lagoa Santa. × 1. + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 129-132.</span> <i>Proechimys setosus elegans</i>, sex ?, UZM no. L 104, Lagoa Santa. × 1. </p></div> <div class="pmb3"></div> @@ -4708,11 +4666,11 @@ to: head and body 195 mm; tail (part missing), 170 mm.</p> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> <i>E[chimys]. elegans</i> <a href="#p_Lund">Lund</a>, 1841, Kong. Danske Videnskab. Selsk. natur-vidensk. -math. Afhandl., Kjöbenhavn, 8:99 (orig. descr.).</p></div> +math. Afhandl., Kjöbenhavn, 8:99 (orig. descr.).</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> <i>Loncheres elegans</i> <a href="#p_Lund">Lund</a>, 1841, Kong. Danske Videnskab. Selsk, natur-vidensk. -math. Afhandl., Kjöbenhavn, 8:245, 266, 294; <a href="#p_Wagner">Wagner</a>, 1843, +math. Afhandl., Kjöbenhavn, 8:245, 266, 294; <a href="#p_Wagner">Wagner</a>, 1843, Wiegman's Archiv f. Naturg., Berlin, 2 (Jahrg. 9):47.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> @@ -4720,7 +4678,7 @@ Wiegman's Archiv f. Naturg., Berlin, 2 (Jahrg. 9):47.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> <i>Echinomys cajennensis</i> <a href="#p_Winge">Winge</a>, 1888, Jordfundne og nulevende Gnavere -(Rodentia), E Museo Lundii, Kjöbenhavn, 1(3):71, pl. 6, figs. 5-6, pl. 7, +(Rodentia), E Museo Lundii, Kjöbenhavn, 1(3):71, pl. 6, figs. 5-6, pl. 7, fig. 1.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> @@ -4732,7 +4690,7 @@ fig. 1.</p></div> (Nat. Hist.), 1:119.</p></div> <p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Lagoa Santa, <i>Nova Lima</i>, Minas Gerais, Brazil. <i>Type</i>: -Syntypes in Universitets Zoologiske Museum, Kjöbenhavn; collected by +Syntypes in Universitets Zoologiske Museum, Kjöbenhavn; collected by P. W. <a href="#p_Lund">Lund</a>.</p> <p><i>Range.</i>—Known only from the type locality.</p> @@ -4753,7 +4711,7 @@ zone; total length, 10 to 12 mm; maximum width, 0.03 mm.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Skull.</i>—Short; rostrum short but not stout; length of nasals 17 mm; bullae large, smooth, and well-inflated; jugals with conspicuous, transverse ridge; postorbital process of zygoma long, spiniform and constructed entirely of -jugal; incisive foramen narrow (4 × 1.7 mm); vomerine sheath complete and +jugal; incisive foramen narrow (4 × 1.7 mm); vomerine sheath complete and slender; posterior palatine foramina obsolete; mesopterygoid fossa extending anteriorly as far as middle parts of second molars.</p> @@ -4794,18 +4752,18 @@ and involving both jugal and squamosal; bullae large and smooth; incisive foramen short and narrow; vomerine sheath incomplete or complete; molariform teeth with only one counterfold; incisors orthodont or proodont.</p> -<p><i>Remarks.</i>—A good series from Macaco Seco, Andaraí, Bahia, +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—A good series from Macaco Seco, AndaraÃ, Bahia, agrees closely with the form first described (<i>albispinus</i>) from the Island Madre de Deus, in Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia. Compared with topotypes of <i>P. albispinus sertonius</i>, the animal from Macaco Seco in general color is more Ochraceous-Tawny and has a narrower skull with orthodont incisors. Specimens from Bonfim, northeastern Bahia, on the other hand, agree with <a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas'</a> <i>albispinus sertonius</i>, -from Lamarão, being browner and having broader skulls than <i>P. a. +from Lamarão, being browner and having broader skulls than <i>P. a. albispinus</i> and having proodont, instead of orthodont, incisors. The range of each of the two subspecies is, therefore, fairly extensive. The insular form extends to the less rainy, continental area and the -form from Lamarão ranges northward (NNW) in the same type of +form from Lamarão ranges northward (NNW) in the same type of highly deciduous forest, the "caatinga."</p> <p>The species <i>albispinus</i> is certainly the most specialized form of @@ -4827,13 +4785,13 @@ is seen in the genus <i>Echimys</i>, where highly spinous forms, like <a name="Fig_139" id="Fig_139"></a> <a name="Fig_140" id="Fig_140"></a> <img src="images/i_091.jpg" width="434" height="700" alt="Figs. 133-140." title="" /> </div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 133, 135.</span> <i>Proechimys albispinus albispinus</i>, male, CNHM no. 20409, Macaco Seco. × 1. + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 133, 135.</span> <i>Proechimys albispinus albispinus</i>, male, CNHM no. 20409, Macaco Seco. × 1. </p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 134, 136.</span> <i>Proechimys albispinus sertonius</i>, male, MN no. 6454, Bonfim. × 1 + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 134, 136.</span> <i>Proechimys albispinus sertonius</i>, male, MN no. 6454, Bonfim. × 1 </p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 137, 138.</span> <i>Proechimys albispinus albispinus</i>, male, CNHM no. 20409, Macaco Seco. × 1. + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 137, 138.</span> <i>Proechimys albispinus albispinus</i>, male, CNHM no. 20409, Macaco Seco. × 1. </p></div> - <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 139, 140.</span> <i>Proechimys albispinus sertonius</i>, male, MN no. 6454, Bonfim. × 1. + <div class="l_distance_fig"><p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Figs. 139, 140.</span> <i>Proechimys albispinus sertonius</i>, male, MN no. 6454, Bonfim. × 1. </p></div> <div class="pmb3"></div> @@ -4847,11 +4805,11 @@ is seen in the genus <i>Echimys</i>, where highly spinous forms, like <i>Echimys albispinus</i> Is. <a href="#p_Geoffroy">Geoffroy</a> Saint-Hilaire, 25 June 1838, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci., Paris, 6(26):886; Is. <a href="#p_Geoffroy">Geoffroy</a>, August, 1838, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris, 10 (ser. 2):125; Is. <a href="#p_Geoffroy">Geoffroy</a>, 1840, Mag. Zool., Paris (ser. 2, -année 2, livr. 13):33, 53, pl. 26, pl. 29 (figs. 1, 2, 3); <a href="#p_Allen">Allen</a>, 1899, Bull. +année 2, livr. 13):33, 53, pl. 26, pl. 29 (figs. 1, 2, 3); <a href="#p_Allen">Allen</a>, 1899, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12(20):261.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> -<i>Echinomys fuliginosus</i> <a href="#p_Wagner">Wagner</a>, 1843, Schreber's Säugethiere, suppl., +<i>Echinomys fuliginosus</i> <a href="#p_Wagner">Wagner</a>, 1843, Schreber's Säugethiere, suppl., 3:343.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> @@ -4871,8 +4829,8 @@ Hist.), 1:122.</p></div> Brazil. <i>Type</i>: Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, no. A 7669, "skull ... practically perfect" (<a href="#p_Thomas">Thomas</a>, 1921:142).</p> -<p><i>Range.</i>—Island Madre de Deus, Macaco Seco, Andaraí and probably islands -of the bay of Todos os Santos and valley of the Paraguassú River.</p> +<p><i>Range.</i>—Island Madre de Deus, Macaco Seco, Andaraà and probably islands +of the bay of Todos os Santos and valley of the Paraguassú River.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Aristiforms wide; color on setiforms Ochraceous-Tawny on upper parts and sides; incisors orthodont; molariform teeth with one counterfold, @@ -4915,7 +4873,7 @@ instead of always with one counterfold.</p> forest climax with a moderate percentage of deciduous trees.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 19 (18 CMNH, 1 MCZ), from Brazil, Bahia, -<i>Andaraí</i>, Macaco Seco.</p> +<i>AndaraÃ</i>, Macaco Seco.</p> <div class="pmb2"></div> @@ -4927,13 +4885,13 @@ Hist., 8 (ser. 9):142 (orig. descr.); <a href="#p_Tate">Tate</a>, 1935, Bull. Am 68(5):401; <a href="#p_Ellerman">Ellerman</a>, 1940, The families and genera of living rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:122.</p></div> -<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Lamarão ("about 70 miles north of Bahia City"), <i>Ituiutaba</i>, +<p class="minor"><i>Type locality.</i>—Lamarão ("about 70 miles north of Bahia City"), <i>Ituiutaba</i>, Bahia, Brazil; altitude 300 meters. <i>Type</i>: British Museum (Nat. Hist.), no. 3.9.5.86, adult male; collected on 16 June, 1903, by Alphonse Robert; original number, 1508.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Range.</i>—Known from the type locality and Bonfim; probably occupies valleys -of Jacuipe and the Itapicurú rivers and littoral between them.</p> +of Jacuipe and the Itapicurú rivers and littoral between them.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Aristiforms wide; color of setiforms Ochraceous-Tawny on back, grading to Ochraceous-Buff on sides; incisors proodont; no molariform @@ -4973,7 +4931,7 @@ that subspecies.</p> common in the region.</p> <p class="minor"><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 10, from Brazil, Bahia, as follows: <i>Ituiutaba</i>, -Lamarão, 4 (1 DZ, 1 CMNH, 1 MCZ, 1 USNM); <i>Bonfim</i>, Bonfim, 6 (5 DZ, 1 MN).</p> +Lamarão, 4 (1 DZ, 1 CMNH, 1 MCZ, 1 USNM); <i>Bonfim</i>, Bonfim, 6 (5 DZ, 1 MN).</p> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -4988,27 +4946,27 @@ Lamarão, 4 (1 DZ, 1 CMNH, 1 MCZ, 1 USNM); <i>Bonfim</i>, Bonfim, 6 (5 DZ, 1 MN). <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> <i>Loncheres myosuros</i> <a href="#p_Lichtenstein">Lichtenstein</a>, 1818, Das zoologische Museum der -Universität zu Berlin, (2):18 (<i>nomen nudum</i>); <a href="#p_Lichtenstein">Lichtenstein</a>, 1820, Abhandl. +Universität zu Berlin, (2):18 (<i>nomen nudum</i>); <a href="#p_Lichtenstein">Lichtenstein</a>, 1820, Abhandl. K. Akad. Wissensch., Berlin (1818-1819):192, pl. 1, fig. 2 (orig. -descr.); <a href="#p_Wied">Wied</a>, 1826, Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien, 2:445.</p></div> +descr.); <a href="#p_Wied">Wied</a>, 1826, Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien, 2:445.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> <i>Mus leptosoma</i> Brants, 1827, Het geslacht der Muizen door Linnaeus opgesteld ..., Berlyn, p. 150; <a href="#p_Lichtenstein">Lichtenstein</a>, 1830, Darstellung neuer -oder wenig bekannter Säugethiere, Berlin, Heft 7, pl. 36, fig. and text +oder wenig bekannter Säugethiere, Berlin, Heft 7, pl. 36, fig. and text pages.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> <i>Mus cinnamoneus</i> <a href="#p_Lichtenstein">Lichtenstein</a>, 1830, Darstellung neuer oder wenig -bekannter Säugethiere, Berlin, Heft 7, pl. 36.</p></div> +bekannter Säugethiere, Berlin, Heft 7, pl. 36.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> <i>Echimys myosuros</i> Is. <a href="#p_Geoffroy">Geoffroy</a> Saint-Hilaire, 1838, Comptes Rendus -Acad. Sci., 6(26):886, and 1840, Mag. Zool., Paris (ser. 2, année 2):15, +Acad. Sci., 6(26):886, and 1840, Mag. Zool., Paris (ser. 2, année 2):15, 33, 53; <a href="#p_Allen">Allen</a>, 1899, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12(20):261.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> -<i>Echinomys leptosoma</i> <a href="#p_Wagner">Wagner</a>, 1843, Schreber's Säugethiere, suppl., +<i>Echinomys leptosoma</i> <a href="#p_Wagner">Wagner</a>, 1843, Schreber's Säugethiere, suppl., 3:341.</p></div> <div class="l_distance"><p class="minor"> @@ -5061,10 +5019,10 @@ duplicate names for <i>myosuros</i>, as pointed out by <a href="#p_Thomas">Thoma and subsequent writers. Specimens referred to any of these forms, therefore, could take the earlier name <i>myosuros</i> until identified otherwise. <a href="#p_Lichtenstein">Lichtenstein</a> later (1830, text for plate 36, fig. 2) -added São Paulo State to the known range of the species, mentioning +added São Paulo State to the known range of the species, mentioning specimens collected there by Sello. Probably, therefore, <a href="#p_Wagner">Wagner</a> redescribed <i>leptosoma</i> using a composite sample; the white tip -on the tail could occur in any race of <i>P. iheringi</i> from São Paulo.</p> +on the tail could occur in any race of <i>P. iheringi</i> from São Paulo.</p> <p>Considering the short hind feet and the wide aristiforms, <i>Proechimys myosuros</i> probably will eventually prove to be related to @@ -5123,7 +5081,7 @@ in each molariform tooth.</p> <p style="text-indent:-1.5em;"> 8. Geographic isolation appears to have been a factor in the establishment of the two subgenera; the arid belt along the -São Francisco River and northward to Ceará appears to be +São Francisco River and northward to Ceará appears to be uninhabited by <i>Proechimys</i> and constitutes a barrier separating the two subgenera, <i>Proechimys</i> and <i>Trinomys</i>.</p> @@ -5415,7 +5373,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td><p class="p_2"><small>9.3</small></p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. s. kermiti</i>, ♀ Lower Solimões</p></td> + <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. s. kermiti</i>, ♀ Lower Solimões</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p class="p_1"><small>AMNH 37124</small></p></td> @@ -5432,7 +5390,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td><p class="p_2"><small>9.0</small></p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. l. brevicauda</i>, ♂ João Pessoa</p></td> + <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. l. brevicauda</i>, ♂ João Pessoa</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p class="p_1"><small>DZ 900</small></p></td> @@ -5483,7 +5441,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td><p class="p_2"><small>7.6</small></p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td colspan="12"><p class="p_2_5">♀ Cametá</p></td> + <td colspan="12"><p class="p_2_5">♀ Cametá</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p class="p_1"><small>MCZ 30878</small></p></td> @@ -5549,7 +5507,7 @@ biotypes.</p> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span> - <p class="p_0_5"><i>P. l. leucomystax</i>, ♂ Tapirapoã</p></td> + <p class="p_0_5"><i>P. l. leucomystax</i>, ♂ Tapirapoã</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p class="p_1"><small>AMNH 37509</small></p></td> @@ -5583,7 +5541,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td><p class="p_2"><small>8.1</small></p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td colspan="12"><p class="p_2_5">♀ Utiarití</p></td> + <td colspan="12"><p class="p_2_5">♀ UtiaritÃ</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p class="p_1"><small>MN 2212</small></p></td> @@ -5735,7 +5693,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td><p class="p_2"><small>7</small></p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. g. villicauda</i>, ♂ ♂ Tapirapoã</p></td> + <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. g. villicauda</i>, ♂ ♂ Tapirapoã</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p class="p_1"><small>MN 1932</small></p></td> @@ -5766,7 +5724,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td><p class="p_2"><small>8.4</small></p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td colspan="12"><p class="p_2_5">♂ Utiarití</p></td> + <td colspan="12"><p class="p_2_5">♂ UtiaritÃ</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p class="p_1"><small>AMNH 57544</small></p></td> @@ -5800,7 +5758,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td><p class="p_2"><small>8.1</small></p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. g. hyleae</i>, ♂ ♂ Tauarí</p></td> + <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. g. hyleae</i>, ♂ ♂ TauarÃ</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p class="p_1"><small>Mean</small></p></td> @@ -5918,7 +5876,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td><p class="p_1_5"><small>10</small></p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. g. nesiotes</i>, ♂ Ilha de Manapirí</p></td> + <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. g. nesiotes</i>, ♂ Ilha de ManapirÃ</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p class="p_1"><small>CNHM 19496</small></p></td> @@ -5953,7 +5911,7 @@ biotypes.</p> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span> - <p class="p_0_5"><i>P. g. leioprimna</i>, ♀ ♀ Cametá</p></td> + <p class="p_0_5"><i>P. g. leioprimna</i>, ♀ ♀ Cametá</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p class="p_1"><small>AMNH 37484</small></p></td> @@ -6015,7 +5973,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td><p class="p_2"><small>8.3</small></p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td colspan="12"><p class="p_2_5">♂ Tanaquará</p></td> + <td colspan="12"><p class="p_2_5">♂ Tanaquará</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p class="p_1"><small>MN 1974</small></p></td> @@ -6032,7 +5990,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td><p class="p_2"><small>7.7</small></p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td colspan="12"><p class="p_2_5">♂ Rio Guamá</p></td> + <td colspan="12"><p class="p_2_5">♂ Rio Guamá</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p class="p_1"><small>AMNH 37487</small></p></td> @@ -6322,7 +6280,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td><p class="p_1_5"><small>44</small></p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. i. iheringi</i>, ♂ ♂ Ilha de São Sebastião</p></td> + <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. i. iheringi</i>, ♂ ♂ Ilha de São Sebastião</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p class="p_1"><small>Mean</small></p></td> @@ -6427,7 +6385,7 @@ biotypes.</p> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span> - <p class="p_0_5"><i>P. i. bonafidei</i>, ♂ ♂ Fazenda Bõa Fé</p></td> + <p class="p_0_5"><i>P. i. bonafidei</i>, ♂ ♂ Fazenda Bõa Fé</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p class="p_1"><small>Mean</small></p></td> @@ -6663,7 +6621,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td><p class="p_2"><small>4</small></p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. i. paratus</i>, ♂ ♂ Floresta da Capela de São Braz</p></td> + <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. i. paratus</i>, ♂ ♂ Floresta da Capela de São Braz</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p class="p_1"><small>MN 4023</small></p></td> @@ -6787,7 +6745,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td><p class="p_2"><small>8.1</small></p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. i. denigratus</i>, ♂ ♂ Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna</p></td> + <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. i. denigratus</i>, ♂ ♂ Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p class="p_1"><small>Mean</small></p></td> @@ -7047,7 +7005,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td><p class="p_2"><small>8.2</small></p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. a. sertonius</i>, ♂ Lamarão</p></td> + <td colspan="12"><p class="p_0_5"><i>P. a. sertonius</i>, ♂ Lamarão</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p class="p_1"><small>CNHM 18196</small></p></td> @@ -7157,8 +7115,8 @@ biotypes.</p> <td valign="top"><span class="small"> </span></td> <td valign="top"><span class="small">1934.</span></td> <td valign="top"><span class="small"> - Notas sobre una pequéna coleccion de huesos de mamiferos, procedentes - de las grutas calcáreas de Iporanga en el Estado São Paulo + Notas sobre una pequéna coleccion de huesos de mamiferos, procedentes + de las grutas calcáreas de Iporanga en el Estado São Paulo (Brasil), Obras completas y Correspondencia Cientifica de Florentino Ameghino, La Plata, 17:103-153.</span></td> </tr> @@ -7199,7 +7157,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td valign="top"><span class="small"> </span></td> <td valign="top"><span class="small">1840.</span></td> <td valign="top"><span class="small"> - Notice sur les rongeurs épineux, désignés par lés auteurs sous les + Notice sur les rongeurs épineux, désignés par lés auteurs sous les noms d'<i>Echimys</i>, <i>Loncheres Heteromys</i> et <i>Nelomys</i>. Mag. Zool. (Guerin-Meneville), s. 2, Ann. 2, pp. 1-57, pls. 20-29.</span></td> </tr> @@ -7210,7 +7168,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td valign="top"><span class="small"> </span></td> <td valign="top"><span class="small">1830.</span></td> <td valign="top"><span class="small"> - Darstellung neuer oder wenig bekannter Säugethiere, 65 + Darstellung neuer oder wenig bekannter Säugethiere, 65 Arten, etc., pp. 118, 50 pls. colored.</span></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -7220,9 +7178,9 @@ biotypes.</p> <td valign="top"><span class="small"> </span></td> <td valign="top"><span class="small">1841.</span></td> <td valign="top"><span class="small"> - Blik paa Brasiliens Dyreverden för sidste Jordomvaeltning, af Dr. + Blik paa Brasiliens Dyreverden för sidste Jordomvaeltning, af Dr. Lund. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs naturvidenskabelige - og mathematiske. Fortsaettelse af Pattedyrene. Kjöbenhavn, + og mathematiske. Fortsaettelse af Pattedyrene. Kjöbenhavn, 2:217-272, pls. 14-24.</span></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -7253,7 +7211,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td valign="top"><span class="small"> </span></td> <td valign="top"><span class="small">1914.</span></td> <td valign="top"><span class="small"> - Historia Natural. Zoologia. Mammiferos. Commissão de Linhas + Historia Natural. Zoologia. Mammiferos. Commissão de Linhas Telegraficas, Estrategicas de Matto Grosso ao Amazonas. Annexo no. 5, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 1-49 + 1-3, pls. 25, May, 1914.</span></td> </tr> @@ -7315,7 +7273,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td valign="top"><span class="small">1920.</span></td> <td valign="top"><span class="small"> On mammals from the Lower Amazons in the Goeldi Museum, - Pará. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6(ser. 9):266-283, September, 1920.</span></td> + Pará. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6(ser. 9):266-283, September, 1920.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><span class="small"> </span></td> @@ -7343,7 +7301,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td valign="top"><span class="small"> </span></td> <td valign="top"><span class="small">1844.</span></td> <td valign="top"><span class="small"> - (1774-1846). In Schreber's Die Säugethiere ..., 7 pts. including + (1774-1846). In Schreber's Die Säugethiere ..., 7 pts. including text and pls., colored (347).</span></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -7353,7 +7311,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td valign="top"><span class="small"> </span></td> <td valign="top"><span class="small">1826.</span></td> <td valign="top"><span class="small"> - Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte von Brazilien, vol. 2, Mammalia, 600 + Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte von Brazilien, vol. 2, Mammalia, 600 pp., 6 pls., Weimar.</span></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -7372,7 +7330,7 @@ biotypes.</p> <td valign="top"><span class="small">1941.</span></td> <td valign="top"><span class="small"> The interrelationships of the mammalian genera. Translated from - Danish by E. Deichmarm and G. M. Allen. København, 3 vols. + Danish by E. Deichmarm and G. M. Allen. København, 3 vols. (vol. 1, xii + 418, 3 pls., 1941; vol. 2, 376 pp., 1941; vol. 3, 308 pp., 1942.</span></td> </tr> @@ -7389,388 +7347,6 @@ biotypes.</p> <p class="center"><span class="small">22-3343</span></p> <div class="pmb3"></div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Speciation in the Brazilian Spiny Rats, by -João Moojen - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPECIATION IN THE BRAZILIAN *** - -***** This file should be named 42720-h.htm or 42720-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/7/2/42720/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Matthias Grammel, Joseph Cooper, -The Internet Archive for some images and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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