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diff --git a/42475-0.txt b/42475-0.txt index 9451904..0c01ab3 100644 --- a/42475-0.txt +++ b/42475-0.txt @@ -1,40 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of Ancient America, Anterior to -the Time of Columbus, by George Jones - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The History of Ancient America, Anterior to the Time of Columbus - Proving the Identity of the Aborigines with the Tyrians - and Israelites; and the Introduction of Christianity into - the Western Hemisphere By The Apostle St. Thomas - -Author: George Jones - -Release Date: April 7, 2013 [EBook #42475] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANCIENT AMERICA *** - - - - -Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from scans of public domain material produced by -Microsoft for their Live Search Books site.) - - - - - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42475 *** [Illustration: George Jones. Drawn by F.S. Agate. Eng. by A.B. Durand.] @@ -14808,362 +14772,4 @@ transcriber and is placed in the public domain. 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Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42475 *** diff --git a/42475-0.zip b/42475-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 1c0a76c..0000000 --- a/42475-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/42475-h.zip b/42475-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 81b0e28..0000000 --- a/42475-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/42475-h/42475-h.htm b/42475-h/42475-h.htm index bed07be..ace6416 100644 --- a/42475-h/42475-h.htm +++ b/42475-h/42475-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of The History of Ancient America, anterior to the time of Columbus, by George Jones. @@ -209,49 +209,7 @@ li.pad { padding-top: 2.0%; } </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of Ancient America, Anterior to -the Time of Columbus, by George Jones - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The History of Ancient America, Anterior to the Time of Columbus - Proving the Identity of the Aborigines with the Tyrians - and Israelites; and the Introduction of Christianity into - the Western Hemisphere By The Apostle St. Thomas - -Author: George Jones - -Release Date: April 7, 2013 [EBook #42475] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANCIENT AMERICA *** - - - - -Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from scans of public domain material produced by -Microsoft for their Live Search Books site.) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42475 ***</div> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 401px;"> <img src="images/coverpage.jpg" width="401" height="700" alt="coverpage" /> @@ -347,7 +305,7 @@ GEORGE JONES, M.R.S.I., F.S.V.</h2> <p class="center">———</p> -<p class="center"><b>THE TYRIAN ÆRA.</b></p> +<p class="center"><b>THE TYRIAN ÆRA.</b></p> <p class="center">———</p> <p class="center">SECOND EDITION.</p> @@ -386,7 +344,7 @@ HIS GRACE<br /> <p><span class="smcap">Your Grace</span>, </p> -<p>Upon the completion of the Tyrian Æra of this +<p>Upon the completion of the Tyrian Æra of this Work, I submitted the outline to an Illustrious Prince, whose urbanity and amiability are not the least of his high qualities claiming admiration; and in reference @@ -466,7 +424,7 @@ WORDS OUT OF THEIR HEART?"</p> <p class="center"> VOLUME THE FIRST,<br /> <small>OR</small><br /> -<big>THE TYRIAN ÆRA</big>,<br /> +<big>THE TYRIAN ÆRA</big>,<br /> <small>IN</small><br /> TWO BOOKS.<br /> ———<br /> @@ -634,7 +592,7 @@ ages, or of our Fathers, would be useless.</p> <p>To give a list of works consulted during fifteen years in America, and more immediately for the last two -years in England, while writing the Tyrian Æra, +years in England, while writing the Tyrian Æra, would be pedantic: but no Author, sacred or profane, from the first Lawgiver to the present time, having even a remote reference to the Western Hemisphere, @@ -697,7 +655,7 @@ from abroad will be forfeited.</p> <hr class="chap" /> -<p class="center">THE TYRIAN ÆRA.</p> +<p class="center">THE TYRIAN ÆRA.</p> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -1433,7 +1391,7 @@ Fathers to the present day, will testify. In all their battles (and their name is legion) they have disputed the ground, inch by inch, and even their women have fought and fallen in their ranks. Every chief -was a Judas Maccabæus, or an Eleazer Savaran!</p> +was a Judas Maccabæus, or an Eleazer Savaran!</p> <p>Now in every physical characteristic of the Northern, did the Mexican differ; they bore no analogy as @@ -1448,7 +1406,7 @@ retreat—death or victory—Jerusalem or the grave! Every chieftain of the North, even upon a supposition of flight from a superior foe (either in number or prowess), may be imagined to have uttered the last<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> -words of Judas Maccabæus, when in his final battle he +words of Judas Maccabæus, when in his final battle he was opposed by twenty times his own force: "God forbid that I should do this thing, and flee from them; if our time be come, let us die manfully for our @@ -1559,7 +1517,7 @@ all-powerful champion—the Press.</p> <p class="center">FIRST EPOCH.<br /> -<em>THE TYRIAN ÆRA</em>;<br /> +<em>THE TYRIAN ÆRA</em>;<br /> <big>BEFORE CHRIST 332 YEARS</big>.<br /> THE LANDING IN MEXICAN (<em>i. e. Central</em>) AMERICA</p> @@ -1710,7 +1668,7 @@ and proportions; but the latter was the power<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page whereby they were fashioned and embellished. Architecture by his peculiar characteristic gives intelligence as we wander amid his works, that we are on the land -of Egypt, or the plains of Pæstum: on the Acropolis +of Egypt, or the plains of Pæstum: on the Acropolis of Athens, or the land of Romulus and the Coliseum: and whether we gaze upon the sky-pointing Pyramid, the stern or the graceful Doric, the Ionic of the Ilissus, @@ -1816,7 +1774,7 @@ triple-fame of Bramante, Raphael, and Angelo!</p> <p>These are the still-living metropolitan records of by-gone days—from the Heathen to the Christian—they cannot be rejected—from them we trace and prove the -æras of the world.</p> +æras of the world.</p> <p>Sculpture has also her own prerogative, apart and separate from her Lord, as a dower-right, a jointure @@ -1829,7 +1787,7 @@ from the banks of Eden's limpid waters, she first gazed upon the mirrored image of herself! The Jupiter of Elias,—the Minerva and the Triple-Fates of the Parthenon,—the Medicean Venus and her sister of the -Bath,—the gentle Antinöus,—the Athenian Phocian,—The +Bath,—the gentle Antinöus,—the Athenian Phocian,—The Pythonian Victor—Sun-clad Apollo,—the Serpent-strangled Priest and Sons of Troy, all speak the intellectual power of their mistress: and even the @@ -1878,7 +1836,7 @@ amid the wreck of time, as when Marcellus wept tears of joy at beholding his mighty conquest: it still points out Carthage, the fatherland of Hannibal, as when Marius upon a prostrate column mourned -her desolation. Mysterious Pæstum has no other +her desolation. Mysterious Pæstum has no other monument, for her deeds have perished with her records. From Istria to Dalmatia may be traced the historic progress of the art,—the gate of the Sergii, @@ -1917,7 +1875,7 @@ Peace, while the earth-buried palace of the Esquiline contained the moving form of that Son of War, who fell beneath the patriot blow of Brutus! The Pantheon,—the Pyramid,—and the Tower,—perpetuate -Agrippa, Cestius, and Mætella's fame! The triple-monument +Agrippa, Cestius, and Mætella's fame! The triple-monument of the Appian-Way, tells the historic tale of the first victory that consolidated Rome in early freedom,—it speaks of the Curiatian Brothers who @@ -1994,7 +1952,7 @@ illustration of the Epoch now under investigation. Ictinus, Phidias, and Praxiteles,—Bramante, Jones, and Wren,—Canova, Chantrey, and Greenough, may justly be regarded as historians; for from the volumes -of their art, events and æras can be traced and established.</p> +of their art, events and æras can be traced and established.</p> <h3>SECTION II.</h3> @@ -2080,7 +2038,7 @@ them. The obverse of the coin contained a profile head, and around it the letters <span class="antiqua">AVGVSTVS</span>: on the reverse, a Temple with the doors closed, surmounted by the word <span class="antiqua">PROVIDENTIA</span>. The explanation was -as follows: viz.—A coin of Augustus Cæsar—the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +as follows: viz.—A coin of Augustus Cæsar—the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> Temple was that of Janus, the doors of which had been <em>open</em> for nearly two centuries, as emblematical of the continuance of Roman warfare with foreign countries; @@ -2136,7 +2094,7 @@ arms of family honours, their names and actions are traceable, and thus they illustrate the chivalric dignities of the original owners. The style of ancient art (even without a date to the gem) will carry the inquiring -mind to the æra of the artist, and thence establish +mind to the æra of the artist, and thence establish at least the century in which they were engraved.</p> <p>Of the antiquity of gem engraving, the Bible bears @@ -2183,7 +2141,7 @@ their epochs, or their progress in civilization.</p> <p>In the development of the present work, every branch of the Fine Arts will be brought forward to uphold -and substantiate this Tyrian Æra—they having all +and substantiate this Tyrian Æra—they having all obtained in the Western hemisphere previous to the time of Columbus,—which period (anterior to the Genoese, 1492, <small>A. D.</small>) is contemplated by the new historic @@ -2351,7 +2309,7 @@ characteristics of the edifices, we find no difficulty in arranging the order of their being built, which, with all due respect for the opinion of others, we submit to be as follows: viz.—first, the city of Copan, then Cholula, -followed by Quirigua, Tecpan-Guatimala, Quiché, +followed by Quirigua, Tecpan-Guatimala, Quiché, Gueguetinango, Ocosingo, Mitla, Palenque, and lastly, Uxmal: and about the same period of building, the cities of Chi-Chen, Zayi, Kabah, Espita, and Ticol,—these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> @@ -2430,7 +2388,7 @@ superfluous now, for these discoveries have destroyed the opposite phrase,—<em>new</em> world;—that expression will belong hereafter to England and parts of Europe, not America; for the former date from the first -Cæsar,—the latter, if we err not, from an older and a +Cæsar,—the latter, if we err not, from an older and a greater conqueror! If, we say, these Ruins can be identified with a country of Asia, and of "the olden time," we shall have no regret for having turned @@ -2557,7 +2515,7 @@ great Pyramidal Edifices in Egypt and Copan of <em>eighteen feet</em>! but from diversity in measurement they may be viewed as the fac-similes of each other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> in regard to the base. This cannot be accidental. -Taking Greaves's numbers, each side 693 × 4 = 2772 +Taking Greaves's numbers, each side 693 × 4 = 2772 feet. Stephens's sum total of Copan is 2866, leaving an increase in size over that of the Egyptian of ninety-four feet! Mr. Stephens may, perhaps, have @@ -3047,11 +3005,11 @@ events;—and by thus rendering a sacristy of character to the hero, or the glory, to give them both (in their belief) an earthly, or rather a celestial immortality!</p> -<p>Herodotus states (ii. § 36) that the hieratic (priests) +<p>Herodotus states (ii. § 36) that the hieratic (priests) and the demotic (common) were the two written languages of Egypt,—these two were apart from the hieroglyphical or <em>symbolical</em> language. Diodorus Siculus -(iii., § 3) supports his predecessor, and says that +(iii., § 3) supports his predecessor, and says that the former (hieratic) was used <em>only by the priests</em>,—while the latter (<em>i. e.</em> the Enchorial or demotic) was used in common by all the Egyptians,—<em>i. e.</em>, that it @@ -3624,7 +3582,7 @@ the whole exterior is filled with the same rich, elaborate, and incomprehensible sculptured ornaments. The principal entrance is by a large doorway into a beautiful <em>patio</em> or courtyard, grass-grown but clear of trees, -and the whole of the <em>inner façade is ornamented more +and the whole of the <em>inner façade is ornamented more richly and elaborately than the outside</em>, and in a more perfect state of preservation."</p> @@ -3654,7 +3612,7 @@ was in the form of diamonds, simple, chaste, and tasteful: and at the head of the courtyard <em>two gigantic serpents</em> (with their heads broken and fallen) were winding from opposite directions along the whole -façade"—[<em>i. e.</em> one thousand feet].</p> +façade"—[<em>i. e.</em> one thousand feet].</p> <p>It will be remembered that the Chief Altar at Copan has sculptured on it <em>two serpents</em>: in the Analogies @@ -3766,7 +3724,7 @@ most commanding position. The erection of these terraces alone was an immense work. <em>On the third terrace</em>, with its principal doorway facing the range of steps, stands the noble structure. [Temple] The -façade measures <em>three hundred and twenty feet</em>. Away +façade measures <em>three hundred and twenty feet</em>. Away from the regions of dreadful rains, and the rank growth which smothers the Ruins of Palenque,—it stands with all its walls erect, and almost as perfect as when @@ -3832,7 +3790,7 @@ the machete."</p> <p>From a further description, it appears that this peculiar wood was brought from a distance of three hundred miles. Waldeck says, that it is more durable -than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lignum vitæ</i>, and is called by the natives <em>jovillo</em>. +than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lignum vitæ</i>, and is called by the natives <em>jovillo</em>. The strength of this wood is thus shewn by Mr. Stephens:</p> <p>"The position of these lintels was most trying, as @@ -4101,7 +4059,7 @@ evidence against his conclusion on the second proposition.</p> <p>The engravings in Waldeck's folio work of the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> Ruins, substantiate every description by Stephens, as -being correct: the whole façades have, to the eye, an +being correct: the whole façades have, to the eye, an appearance in regard to the character of the ornaments, which compels the looker-on to exclaim, "<em>Grecian knowledge has been there!</em>"</p> @@ -5230,13 +5188,13 @@ will be shewn in the third Volume. This discovery by us, suggested the apparent truth, that the Temple of Palenque was originally of stone, and dedicated to the Sun (the elliptical <em>stone</em> tablet will prove that), and -that its <em>second æra</em> was the stuccoing of the walls,—this +that its <em>second æra</em> was the stuccoing of the walls,—this fact we think can be established, to have taken place about 350 years after the Temple was first erected. As this subject involves that portion of our History, which embraces the introduction of Christianity into the Western Hemisphere, all argument to prove -the second æra in the Temple of Palenque, is reserved +the second æra in the Temple of Palenque, is reserved for that Volume, devoted to the interesting and important investigation.</p> @@ -5303,7 +5261,7 @@ attributes,—but the chief was that of being regarded as the Symbol of the Sun, and as such, was worshipped by the Tyrians, and had been from remote antiquity, and even down to so late a period as the third century -of our own æra: for in 218, <small>A. D.</small>, <em>a Priest of the Sun</em>, +of our own æra: for in 218, <small>A. D.</small>, <em>a Priest of the Sun</em>, officiating at Emessa, in <em>Phœnicia</em>, though a youth, was elevated to the Imperial dignity at Rome, in the person of Elagabalus,—and who, upon his arrival the @@ -5532,7 +5490,7 @@ a Virgin of the Sun, both in Tyrus and Mexico,—this was also imitated by the Romans.</p> <p>We have no history tracing the (to us) obscene -worship of <span class="smcap">Priäpus</span> (<em>i. e.</em> Baal-peor) to the Tyrians,—<em>nor +worship of <span class="smcap">Priäpus</span> (<em>i. e.</em> Baal-peor) to the Tyrians,—<em>nor was it found among the Mexicans</em>,—though it was practised by the Egyptians,—and even by the all-accomplished Greeks,—this was over 2000 years ago.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> @@ -5656,7 +5614,7 @@ first reviewed, in order to establish even analogy in the the same are around the walls of Uxmal).</p> <p>The Serpent with the Tyrians (who copied it from -their neighbours of Egypt) was their Agatho-dæmon,—or +their neighbours of Egypt) was their Agatho-dæmon,—or <em>good demon</em> of the country,—and would naturally be used to illustrate any strong act of faith, or friendship; and as a mutual act of amity had taken place @@ -5802,7 +5760,7 @@ defence against any approach from the Sea,—while any attempt to reach the Citadel by water from the Source of the River, was frustrated by the erection of a high perpendicular wall ("nearly 100 feet"), forming a river -façade of "six hundred and twenty-four feet,"—(nearly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> +façade of "six hundred and twenty-four feet,"—(nearly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> the eighth of a mile)—this is based upon an elevated embankment of about "thirty feet,"—<em>and</em> was formerly protected from any flooding of the river, by a @@ -5836,7 +5794,7 @@ Romans had no galleys on the Atlantic waters, or even the Indian Ocean, until the time of Alexander,—but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> the Tyrians had,—and, as will be proved (in the next Book of this Volume), nearly <em>one thousand years before -the Christian Æra</em>, and <em>again, six centuries</em> before the +the Christian Æra</em>, and <em>again, six centuries</em> before the period of The Advent.</p> <p>Circumcision was practised in Mexican America from @@ -5953,12 +5911,12 @@ means whereby their migrations were accomplished.</p> <p>Sahagun, also, relates that from testimony of tradition, and <em>their historical Paintings</em>, that their ancestors, <em>as a Colony</em>—arrived on the American coast (first -touching at Florida) <em>before the Christian Æra</em>! It +touching at Florida) <em>before the Christian Æra</em>! It should be observed that this account by the Spaniard was written over three hundred years ago,—it was then laughed at,—but the time was computed both by the Aborigines and Sahagun,—<em>the former</em>, as well as the -latter, had a knowledge of the Christian Æra, as will be +latter, had a knowledge of the Christian Æra, as will be proved in the third volume,—That knowledge was conveyed to them <em>after</em> the arrival of the colony;—and nearly fifteen centuries before the conquest by Cortez!</p> @@ -5966,7 +5924,7 @@ nearly fifteen centuries before the conquest by Cortez!</p> <p>The Ruins in Ancient America, together with relative facts, prove that Sahagun's account in regard to <em>time</em> is correct; and that their original ancestors <em>did</em> -arrive before the Christian Æra. The same Historian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> +arrive before the Christian Æra. The same Historian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> says, that from their historical traditions, the Mexican Aborigines were originally a Colony;—which term may be received as explanatory of their small <em>number</em>, and @@ -5976,7 +5934,7 @@ would have been some Mother-land to claim her foreign Children,—but, none appears upon the Books of History.</p> -<p>They then arrived "before the Christian Æra,"—this +<p>They then arrived "before the Christian Æra,"—this then places them in a positive position,—for the Nation from whence they came, must have existed before that sacred period,—and the Nation (as a people) must @@ -5984,7 +5942,7 @@ have had knowledge of, and the means of Navigation, since it is already established that they arrived in that manner. The "mind's eye" must instantly glance at the Tyrians, as the people having those means, and -being in existence anterior to the Christian Æra. The +being in existence anterior to the Christian Æra. The Tyrians did compose that "colony,"—not sent forth from their own land by care and affection; but, driven forth (as we will prove) by terror and despair!—They @@ -6018,7 +5976,7 @@ OF JERUSALEM AND PALENQUE, &c.</p></blockquote> order to support this Epoch, must possess an undeniable existence, and founded upon data, and strong analogy, of having a character traceable centuries before the -Christian Æra. Four Sciences are required to be possessed +Christian Æra. Four Sciences are required to be possessed by the original nation,—viz., Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, and <em>Navigation</em>. If we view for these purposes Hindoostan, China, and Japan, the characteristics @@ -6079,7 +6037,7 @@ having a knowledge, also, of the Greeks, since the Sculpture at Uxmal is Grecian in design. The Tyrians possessed this intercourse;—but, it is possible that some few Greeks may have been of the Colony landing -on "the American coast" before the Christian Æra,—that +on "the American coast" before the Christian Æra,—that they may have gladly embraced the occasion, as the only means of escaping death at the fearful event which caused the Migration. From the same cause a @@ -6087,12 +6045,12 @@ few Egyptians may have escaped, and joined the colony in the same manner. The strangers on the Island of Tyrus, would probably be those who had arrived by water from a distance,—Egypt was one port of commerce, -Ægina another, and ambitious of maritime fame. -Ægina is selected for more than one reason. It was +Ægina another, and ambitious of maritime fame. +Ægina is selected for more than one reason. It was an Island in direct intercourse with Tyrus, and the -Ægineans were renowned for their general knowledge +Ægineans were renowned for their general knowledge of the art of ornamental Sculpture, but not on so grand -a scale as that of Athens. The Ægineans were called +a scale as that of Athens. The Ægineans were called <em>myrmidons</em>, or <em>emmets</em>, from their patient perseverance in the art of Agriculture and other employments,—and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span> thence the <em>Tortoise</em> became their National emblem, the @@ -6103,19 +6061,19 @@ will be remembered that the Ruins of Uxmal display four <em>Tortoises</em> in stone Sculpture,—and one was found detached, and buried in the Ruins of Copan.</p> -<p>Ægina was the first nation that coined Money, and -issued Medals,—Athens often applied to Ægina for the +<p>Ægina was the first nation that coined Money, and +issued Medals,—Athens often applied to Ægina for the execution of both. The Chief Symbol on the Coin of -Ægina was the Tortoise, for the reasons stated above:—now, +Ægina was the Tortoise, for the reasons stated above:—now, in Mexican America, an ancient coin, or medal, has been found with the Symbol of the Tortoise on it! -It may have been buried by a citizen of Ægina (one +It may have been buried by a citizen of Ægina (one of the Colony), or by a Tyrian who possessed a coin of the Island-rival,—but most probably the first proposition is correct—viz., that it was possessed by a native -of Ægina,—for at Uxmal the <em>Tortoise</em> is there in -Sculpture, and the entire façades, interior and exterior, -are filled with ornaments <em>à la Grecque antique</em>,—and +of Ægina,—for at Uxmal the <em>Tortoise</em> is there in +Sculpture, and the entire façades, interior and exterior, +are filled with ornaments <em>à la Grecque antique</em>,—and especially that of the running square, or meander border,—while the buildings themselves bear no analogy to those of Attica;—thus proving almost to demonstration, @@ -6132,8 +6090,8 @@ of the subject demands.</p> <p>The Tortoise is, also, the designation of the coins of Thebes in Greece,—and from this fact, it is brought home at once to the Tyrians, as a Symbol of their -country, as well as of Ægina,—and in all probability -(consulting data) Ægina copied it from the Theban +country, as well as of Ægina,—and in all probability +(consulting data) Ægina copied it from the Theban coin. The Phœnician Chief, Cadmus—(all ancient Tyrian Chiefs were so called) founded Thebes, and is well known to have introduced into Greece, the letters, @@ -6157,7 +6115,7 @@ alludes to his arrival, as uttered by Jocasta:</p> <div class="line">Set his ill-omen'd foot!"</div> </div></div> -<p>We have suggested that Grecians [<em>i. e.</em> of Ægina] +<p>We have suggested that Grecians [<em>i. e.</em> of Ægina] may have been the authors of the Sculpture, and Egyptians of the Architectural bases of the edifices, because their respective styles are traceable in the @@ -6269,7 +6227,7 @@ apex:—in Mexican America <em>the lowest portion of the base is retained, and that only; and upon this simple, but lasting foundation, are erected the perpendicular walls of her sacred Temples,—Sculptured stone forming -the façades of the gorgeous edifices</em>! The point +the façades of the gorgeous edifices</em>! The point of grandeur of design, is far beyond the useless masses of the Nile; for there can exist no grandeur of design without the association of utility,—physical or mental. @@ -6323,7 +6281,7 @@ Art is one of the most ancient on record. Mr. Stephens would infer from the fact of stuccoing that they had a modern origin, and actually calls it in one place—"<em>plaister of</em> <span class="smcap">Paris</span>!" The custom is mentioned by the first -Lawgiver 1451 <small>YEARS</small> before the Christian Æra!</p> +Lawgiver 1451 <small>YEARS</small> before the Christian Æra!</p> <p>"And it shall be on the day when ye shall pass over Jordan unto the land which the <span class="smcap">Lord</span> thy <span class="smcap">God</span> giveth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> @@ -6672,7 +6630,7 @@ against the more modern offspring (1620) of our country and enlightened times. <em>Though the thirst of gold was the same in both instances</em>, it does appear, and it is melancholy to reflect upon it, that something of nobler impulses belonged to the elder (or Spanish) -æra."</p> +æra."</p> <p>We have quoted the entire paragraph to which attention is desired, and shall now review the several parts,—and trust in a few remarks @@ -6756,7 +6714,7 @@ their <em>motive</em> in landing in Mexico and in New-England: but the Editor has written "<em>Though the thirst of</em> <span class="smcap">Gold</span> <em>was the same in</em> <small>BOTH</small> <em>instances</em>, it does appear, and it is melancholy to reflect upon it, <em>that something of nobler impulses belonged to the elder</em> (or Spanish) -<em>æra</em>!" Cortez and Pizarro, and their bands of pirates, were alone +<em>æra</em>!" Cortez and Pizarro, and their bands of pirates, were alone possessed with an unquenchable "thirst of gold,"—it was "the god of their idolatry,"—even the humane Columbus could only hold his power with the Spanish Government by sending home the precious @@ -6841,7 +6799,7 @@ of the pyro-ceremony.</p> <p>Pompey's decapitated body, though thrown upon the shore of Egypt, was consumed to "ashes" by the humble -but honest follower of Cæsar's Master, that the sepulchral +but honest follower of Cæsar's Master, that the sepulchral custom of ancient <em>Italy</em> should be accomplished upon, and by, a Son of Rome. The self-immolation of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> the widow upon the funeral pyre of her departed husband, @@ -6963,11 +6921,11 @@ of those Islands.</p> recorded the celebrated Egypto-Tyrian expedition around the Continent of Africa, and which occurred 609—606 years before Christ. It is apparent that the -<em>Fortunatæ Insulæ</em>,—as the Canary Islands were called +<em>Fortunatæ Insulæ</em>,—as the Canary Islands were called by the Ancients,—were discovered during the three years voyage related by the Greek historian, for they were known to the Tyrians centuries before the Christian -Æra. This celebrated expedition, and the proofs +Æra. This celebrated expedition, and the proofs of its being accomplished, will be investigated and established in the pages devoted to the History of Tyrus.</p> @@ -7136,7 +7094,7 @@ the Tortoise and Serpent in Sculpture; the dye-shell, or purple murex;—Navigation with its attendant Maps and Charts;—the Aborigines coming from "the East," and by Navigation;—their landing,—or "touching -at Florida," and "before the Christian Æra,"—then +at Florida," and "before the Christian Æra,"—then the discovery of the wreck of a Tyrian galley. The knowledge of Painting, and the general application of Colours; and Gem engraving. As the Sculpture contains @@ -7283,7 +7241,7 @@ EPOCH THE FIRST.</p> <p class="center oldenglish">Book the Second.</p> <p class="center">———<br /> -<big>THE TYRIAN ÆRA</big>; +<big>THE TYRIAN ÆRA</big>; <br /> <small>OR,</small><br /> @@ -7654,7 +7612,7 @@ OF THE MONARCHY—THE FIRST KING OF TYRUS, &c.</p></blockquote> <p>The Nation of Sidon having increased in power and population, sent one of the Cadmii with a Colony to -found <em>Pæle Tyr</em>: this was on the <em>Continent</em>, or main +found <em>Pæle Tyr</em>: this was on the <em>Continent</em>, or main land of the Phœnician coast,—23 miles from Sidon, and 80 from ancient Jebus (<em>i. e.</em> Jerusalem). The Mother-land at another period sent a second Colony to aid the @@ -7857,7 +7815,7 @@ then "the <em>strong City</em>!" consequently having its walls and means of defence; and by <span class="smcap">Joshua's</span> not attacking either Sidon or Tyrus, it is evident that they were not regarded as Nations of Canaan,—but as a separate and -independent people. It is, also, an important æra +independent people. It is, also, an important æra from the fact, that one of the Tribes of Israel (Asher) was portioned to possess the land of Canaan that approached "<em>to</em> the strong City Tyre,"—thus were the @@ -8580,7 +8538,7 @@ doubt, or question, in that Volume which will endure until the world itself shall become a clouded scroll,—a glance may be necessary to review the causes that led to the exalted, and unrivalled character of Tyrus: -for that Nation at the completion of the Judæan Temples +for that Nation at the completion of the Judæan Temples and Palaces [992 <small>B. C.</small>] was without a rival in station or power,—and beyond those worldly points, it stood unapproached (save by Israel) in the highest attributes @@ -8929,7 +8887,7 @@ genius of Virgil, have rendered immortal!</p> <p>That the Poet did not follow History, must be apparent to every classic scholar,—though the general reader's knowledge of Dido arises from her association -with Æneas; yet this hero, who, at the destruction of +with Æneas; yet this hero, who, at the destruction of Troy, rescued the "old Anchises," lived three hundred and twenty-five years before the Tyrian Princess, who subsequently became the foundress of Carthage. Virgil, @@ -8944,7 +8902,7 @@ poetical licence," yet in this instance, it is at the greatest sacrifice of truth to be found in the records of History.</p> <p>868 <small>B. C.</small>] Pygmalion ascended the throne of -Tyrus 868 years before the Christian Æra, and from +Tyrus 868 years before the Christian Æra, and from an after action against the life of a near relation, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span> that relative even closer allied by marriage,—his character must have been cruel, bloody, and treacherous.</p> @@ -9247,7 +9205,7 @@ Cato ceased to live, because he would not survive the downfall of his country; but by his death did he save his native land, or even wrench a link asunder from the enslaving chain of Tyranny? No! but had he -lived and returned to Rome upon Cæsar's invitation, +lived and returned to Rome upon Cæsar's invitation, he might—he must—have rendered service to his groaning country, and by his high character and talents have saved her from suffering,—but by his falsely conceived @@ -9554,7 +9512,7 @@ xvii. 4—6.]</p> <p>The comparison of the remnant of a nation, to the few remaining grapes upon the vine, or in the baskets, after a general gathering of the harvest, is used also -by <span class="smcap">Jeremiah</span> in prophesying the destruction of Judæa,—the +by <span class="smcap">Jeremiah</span> in prophesying the destruction of Judæa,—the word "remnant" is distinctly used.</p> <p>"Be thou instructed, O Jerusalem, lest my Soul @@ -9683,7 +9641,7 @@ consequently the voyage belongs to their history conjointly with that of Egypt. Let us review the circumstance which led to the Expedition, and the means of defraying the expense:—the latter will be found to -emanate from the coffers of Judæa, and not from those +emanate from the coffers of Judæa, and not from those of Egypt. Pharaoh-Necho possessed a mind of no ordinary character, not only in regard to government, but for scientific pursuits. Six years after his ascension to @@ -9695,22 +9653,22 @@ of making warfare upon him and his army, and thus prevent his approach upon the Babylonians. Pharaoh used every entreaty to Josiah to entice him to return to his own nation, as he had no wish to make battle -with Judæa, but rather desired the amity of that country. +with Judæa, but rather desired the amity of that country. Josiah, however, still followed on the rear of the Egyptian army,—when Pharaoh suddenly turned upon -the Judæan force, before the approach of the army of +the Judæan force, before the approach of the army of Babylon. The two enemies met in the plain of Megiddo.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span> Josiah was mortally wounded, carried from the field in his chariot, and shortly after died at Jerusalem. His son Jehoahaz succeeded him, but reigned only three months, when he was dethroned by the indignant Pharaoh, and Josiah's eldest son crowned by -orders of the Egyptian, and Judæa placed under an +orders of the Egyptian, and Judæa placed under an annual tribute "of an hundred talents of silver, and a talent of gold." [<em>i. e.</em> 41,425<em>l.</em>] This event occurred 610 <small>B. C.</small>; and returning victorious to Egypt, Pharaoh probably contemplated how he might best employ the -Judæan tribute, and make it available in the paths of +Judæan tribute, and make it available in the paths of peace. From relative circumstances we are led to reason that such were his thoughts,—for we now find that he resolved to attempt the joining of the Red Sea @@ -9800,7 +9758,7 @@ consequent success.</p> will now be established. The negatives will be first reviewed. These rest entirely upon the <em>silence</em> of several authors upon the subject during the time of the -early Cæsars: and because they were silent, subsequent +early Cæsars: and because they were silent, subsequent writers have taken upon themselves the responsibility of contradicting it entirely: but that very silence of the Roman writers (who desired only to advance themselves) @@ -9919,7 +9877,7 @@ it could only have been removed in the manner described by Herodotus! When, therefore, the pages of an Historian are established by scrutinizing Time itself, to have been traced by the pen of Truth, and in such -minutiæ,—he may well be believed when recording so +minutiæ,—he may well be believed when recording so important an event as the first circumnavigation of the African Continent.</p> @@ -10058,7 +10016,7 @@ Equator; for directly over that line is the Sun nearest to the Globe,—varying (of course) according to the seasonal changes.</p> -<p>This constant current of air,—this Boræan Mercury, +<p>This constant current of air,—this Boræan Mercury, capped and heeled with wings of Light,—passes from Africa over the broad Atlantic,—crossing the Continent of America and the great Pacific, he pursues his faithful @@ -10599,7 +10557,7 @@ Phœnicians did land and dwell there, and so account for the ancient Mummies found at this day in the rocky caverns of Teneriffe;—and of which, allusion and comparisons have been made, in investigating the Tyrian -and Mexican analogies. [Vol. i., Book i., ch. vii., § 4.] +and Mexican analogies. [Vol. i., Book i., ch. vii., § 4.] We considered it established, therefore, that no settled residence would take place at any period of this Expedition: and apart from all other reasons, there is one @@ -10688,7 +10646,7 @@ Pharaoh-Necho and Egypt, only <em>seven years</em> after this voyage, for compelling him to raise the first Siege of Jerusalem. Pharaoh was receiving his annual tribute from the Jews: Nebuchadnezzar, therefore, instantly -left Judæa and turned his warfare upon the Egyptians, +left Judæa and turned his warfare upon the Egyptians, [599 <small>B. C.</small>] captured all the treasure of the Nile, and returned triumphant to the Euphrates.</p> @@ -10726,7 +10684,7 @@ is the principal.</p> <p>The first of these is <span class="smcap">Jeremiah</span>, who prophesied the destruction of several offending Nations, in the first year of the reign of the King of Babylon, and the fourth -of Jehoiakim, Monarch of Judæa,—this was in the +of Jehoiakim, Monarch of Judæa,—this was in the beginning of the year 606 <small>B. C.</small> Now supposing that the Voyagers left Suez in the commencement of the year 609 <small>B. C.</small> and occupying three years in the enterprise,—would @@ -10734,7 +10692,7 @@ bring the defined period to the end of 607 <small>B. C.</small>—consequently <span class="smcap">Jeremiah</span> wrote his words <em>only a few Months</em> after the triumphant issue, and discovery of "the Isles beyond the Sea,"—the account of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span> -which would speed through Judæa and the surrounding +which would speed through Judæa and the surrounding nations, as it had through Egypt and Tyrus. It is a remarkable circumstance, that in tracing back the history of this Voyage nearly 2500 years, that it should @@ -10745,7 +10703,7 @@ that writers upon this subject of record by Herodotus, should have passed it unheeded; as, also, the allusion by <span class="smcap">Ezekiel</span>.</p> -<p>The Prophecy by <span class="smcap">Jeremiah</span> concerning Judæa, as +<p>The Prophecy by <span class="smcap">Jeremiah</span> concerning Judæa, as well as of Tyrus, will be quoted in order to shew the character of the approaching destruction. The last lines contain the allusion mentioned, having reference @@ -10756,7 +10714,7 @@ the wine cup of this fury at my hand, and cause all the nations, to whom I send thee, to drink it: and they shall drink, and be moved, and be mad, because of the sword that I will send among them. To wit,—Jerusalem -and the Cities of Judæa and the Kings +and the Cities of Judæa and the Kings thereof, and the princes thereof, to make them a desolation, an astonishment, an hissing, and a curse: as it is at this day. <em>And all the Kings of Tyrus</em>, and all @@ -10813,7 +10771,7 @@ Israel, in the Isles <em>of the Sea</em>." [xxiv. 15.]</p> <p>The Prophet here refers to Cyprus, Crete, Sicily, and Sardinia, for these are "Isles <small>OF</small>" or "<small>IN</small>" the Mediterranean,—while -the Fortunatæ Insulæ are those denominated +the Fortunatæ Insulæ are those denominated "<em>beyond</em>" the same Sea,—Britain and Hibernia were not yet discovered by the Tyrians;—and the only Islands at this time known to them "<em>beyond</em>" the @@ -10827,7 +10785,7 @@ the enlarging Kingdom referred to by <span class="smcap">Jeremiah</span>,— the apparent fact, that the terrible prediction in alluding to a recent geographical discovery, would attract the instant attention, and arouse the fears of -the Judæans as well as the Tyrians.</p> +the Judæans as well as the Tyrians.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Ezekiel</span> uttered his celebrated Prophecy concerning Tyrus 588 <small>B. C.</small>, consequently only <em>eighteen</em> years after @@ -10866,7 +10824,7 @@ evidently means larger, and collective bodies of "great waters,"—<em>i. e.</em> <em>Seas</em>,—(plural).—Again,—In the same chapter he writes:</p> -<p>"And thou wast replenished [at the Insulæ?] and +<p>"And thou wast replenished [at the Insulæ?] and made very glorious in the midst of the <em>Seas</em>."</p> <p>He even seems to define the boundary of Tyrus in @@ -10994,7 +10952,7 @@ that the decision is in the affirmative;—and that consequently admitted to have been discovered, and claimed, by the Tyrians during this first great Voyage around the Continent of Africa, and between the years 609-606 -before the Christian Æra; and that from the <em>natural</em> +before the Christian Æra; and that from the <em>natural</em> reason stated,—viz., the absence of Woman—the Founding of Ancient America could not have taken place at that time.</p> @@ -11024,7 +10982,7 @@ FIRST AND SECOND PROPHECY BY ISAIAH.</p></blockquote> around Africa,) it is probable that the King of Tyrus would assist Pharaoh-Necho against the invasion of the Nile by Nebuchadnezzar. The attack by Pharaoh, at -the solicitation of Judæa [Ezekiel xvii. 15], (which nation +the solicitation of Judæa [Ezekiel xvii. 15], (which nation was still paying the annual tribute to Egypt,) had compelled the Babylonian to raise the siege of Jerusalem:—in this movement, also, the Tyrians may have @@ -11032,16 +10990,16 @@ aided by countenance or wealth. In these apparent probabilities, we find the <em>political</em> cause why Nebuchadnezzar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span> turned his fury upon Tyrus, after his conquest of Egypt, and his second and successful invasion -of Judæa, and the captivity of the Jews,—which latter +of Judæa, and the captivity of the Jews,—which latter event took place 588 <small>B. C.</small></p> -<p>The fall of Judæa gave the monopolizing and pride-stricken +<p>The fall of Judæa gave the monopolizing and pride-stricken Tyrians great cause for rejoicing,—not from malice against the afflicted People,—but because their own <em>Trading</em> propensities would be increased,—as it would (in their minds) by the downfall of any aspiring Nation. A few years before they had witnessed the -conquest of Egypt,—and now of Judæa,—both of which +conquest of Egypt,—and now of Judæa,—both of which were causes of peculiar joy to the Tyrians; for those Nations had latent sparks within them, from which the fire of Science might be created, and so illumine their @@ -11123,13 +11081,13 @@ have been partly inhabited, for they distinctly allude to the "Isle." The metropolis proper, with its Temples and splendour, was on the mainland,—and this was the <em>City</em> besieged by the Conqueror of Egypt and -Judæa. The Island he could not reach from the want of +Judæa. The Island he could not reach from the want of Galleys; his force consisting of Chariots, Cavalry, and Infantry. It was impossible, therefore, to take Tyrus (one side being on the Sea) as he had captured Jerusalem, through the terrific means of Famine,—the horrors of which are so powerfully depicted in the Lamentations -of <span class="smcap">Jeremiah</span>; and in reference to Judæa,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span> +of <span class="smcap">Jeremiah</span>; and in reference to Judæa,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span> foretold by the first Lawgiver nearly nine centuries before!</p> <p>The Tyrians, through the means of their shipping, @@ -11214,7 +11172,7 @@ to The One and Only <span class="smcap">God</span>!</p> <p>As an instance of Divine Justice, it may be observed, that the freedom of Tyrus did not take place -<em>before</em> the restoration of Judæa,—and that the former +<em>before</em> the restoration of Judæa,—and that the former nation had to endure the remorse of knowing that the latter from her new throne of liberty, could behold the manacles of thraldom upon that country, which @@ -11279,7 +11237,7 @@ a navy, but her spirit of monopoly had again risen, and begun to stalk abroad,—for Greece had already aroused the jealousy of the Tyrians, and any means to crush or destroy the harbour of the -Peiræus, would advance their wishes. From the Persian +Peiræus, would advance their wishes. From the Persian they could entertain no fears of commercial rivalry, for he had no river or port upon the Mediterranean.</p> @@ -11347,7 +11305,7 @@ to live within her walls, especially of the lower ranks of life, lest they should obtain the secret of ship-building, and so convey intelligence to other nations bordering upon the Mediterranean. But ancient -writers have generally viewed the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">tiers état</i>,—or +writers have generally viewed the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">tiers état</i>,—or the third class of despotic Empires and Kingdoms as <em>Slaves</em>, and so have written of them. Even to so late<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[332]</a></span> a period as half a century ago, the same was done in @@ -11363,7 +11321,7 @@ Patriot,—Jeroboam, and the Ten Tribes,—from the <p>The Rebellion of Jeroboam was but 500 years before this period, [475 <small>B. C.</small>] and from the great intercourse -between the Judæans and Tyrians, the event must +between the Judæans and Tyrians, the event must have been familiar to the latter, and may have had its natural influence, therefore, in forwarding a similar action of their own.</p> @@ -11620,7 +11578,7 @@ were Tyrians only. To all the Nations enumerated by for merchandise, are now [335 <small>B. C.</small>] to be added the Islands in, and the capitals bordering upon, the Mediterranean,—viz., Rhodes, Sardinia, Sicily, Melita, Corsica, -and the Baleares; Ægina, Crete, Candia, Cyprus, +and the Baleares; Ægina, Crete, Candia, Cyprus, Corcyra, and all the Grecian and Ionian Isles; the newly-discovered lands of Britain and Hibernia, the former being named by the Tyrians;—every Port @@ -11699,9 +11657,9 @@ place a new King upon the throne. This was agreed to, and Byblos and Aradnus joined in the humiliating surrender.</p> -<p>In compliment to his favourite,—Hephæstion,—the +<p>In compliment to his favourite,—Hephæstion,—the Conqueror allowed him to appoint whom he pleased -for King of Sidon. Hephæstion, thereupon, selected a +for King of Sidon. Hephæstion, thereupon, selected a poor man of the Capital by the name of Strato, and instantly raised him to the dignity of Sidonian Sovereign. The mendicant was a remote branch of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[343]</a></span> @@ -11717,7 +11675,7 @@ point of the remark, and secured him in his new possession.</p> <p>As no great gift can be without a referential motive, either to the past, or for the future,—the donation by -Hephæstion, where no past service had deserved it +Hephæstion, where no past service had deserved it (and there were nearer branches of the Royal House than Strato), must have had, therefore, some deep meaning. It is only long after historic events are passed @@ -11744,7 +11702,7 @@ Tyrus; and consequently, remotely related to Azelmic, whom Alexander endeavoured (by this act of apparent generosity) to circumvent and overthrow by <em>policy</em>, not warfare. Historians have applauded the -justice of Hephæstion,—they should have analyzed +justice of Hephæstion,—they should have analyzed the deep-laid scheming of his Master,—who merely employed his favourite, to mask his own deep intent upon the great Commercial emporium of the World. @@ -11873,7 +11831,7 @@ the vain Macedonian, that he instantly cast a friendly eye upon Carthage:—thus, that Country was saved from invasion by the cheapest, yet most valued tribute in the mind of the hero of the Granicus,—viz., Flattery. -Jaddus, the High-Priest of Judæa, subsequently saved +Jaddus, the High-Priest of Judæa, subsequently saved Jerusalem in the same manner, by producing the Prophecy of <span class="smcap">Daniel</span>, and identifying Alexander as "<em>the</em> King of Grecia,"—the "rough goat" of the prediction.</p> @@ -11921,7 +11879,7 @@ upon the mainland; the inhabitants of which had previously entered the Island-Metropolis. Thus was the Last Siege of Tyrus commenced in the eleventh Hebrew month,—Shebat,—(January-February) in the year 332 -before the Christian Æra.</p> +before the Christian Æra.</p> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -11948,7 +11906,7 @@ THE HEROIC DEFENCE BY AZELMIC AND THE NATION.<br /> <p>This great National event in the History of an Ancient People, was commenced by Alexander in person, attended and assisted by the renowned Generals -and favourites—Hephæstion, Antigonus, Seleucus, Lysimachus, +and favourites—Hephæstion, Antigonus, Seleucus, Lysimachus, Cassander, Ptolemeus, "Old Clytus," and Parmenio,—all of whom, except the first and two last named, subsequently became the successors to, and @@ -11965,8 +11923,8 @@ was for the purpose of intimidating the besieged,—but it failed in its intended object. Orders were then given to commence an attack, not so much upon the walls, as upon the People, by throwing into the City darts and -missiles: but, high Towers for the bowmen,—Balistæ -for discharging heavy stones,—Catapultæ for casting +missiles: but, high Towers for the bowmen,—Balistæ +for discharging heavy stones,—Catapultæ for casting forth the deadly javelin,—were erected with no effect; for the clouds of lightning-arrows, and the heavy thunderbolts of war burst forth in vain; and the distant @@ -12070,7 +12028,7 @@ any predecessor.</p> council of war,—the towers and engines standing tenant-less and unmanned, from their inutility,—Alexander, upon his snowy steed, pacing the wave-washed shore, -and ruminating upon his new conception,—Hephæstion +and ruminating upon his new conception,—Hephæstion and Parmenio upon their war-chargers, and as the attendants for the night, gazing upon the movements of their chief with that military anxiety which the @@ -12087,7 +12045,7 @@ laughter of the foe, who had now discerned him, instantly dashed with his proud Bucephalus into the moonlit waters of the Mediterranean, and so toward the walls,—as if to commence in person the first -assault upon the domain of Neptune! Hephæstion +assault upon the domain of Neptune! Hephæstion and Parmenio—as at the passage of the Granicus—instantly followed their Prince to cover his safe return to the shore; for a clouded shadow passed swift as a @@ -12285,7 +12243,7 @@ enormous magnitude and power, and swung from high triangles and towers, in order to batter the upper, and consequently the weakest part of the mural defence. Behind these engines, at a short distance, were placed -the powerful Balistæ and Catapultæ for throwing stones +the powerful Balistæ and Catapultæ for throwing stones and timber, darts and javelins into the city. In the third position from the walls, were stationed several high wooden-towers, from four to six stories in altitude, @@ -12467,7 +12425,7 @@ was but the active portion of his visioned victory, for—</p> </div></div></div> <p>Alexander awoke, and beheld before him, waiting his -time of slumber, Hephæstion, and the War-Council. +time of slumber, Hephæstion, and the War-Council. They informed him that the preparations were ready for another attack; they also announced the growing discontent of the entire camp; that the spirits of the soldiery @@ -12598,7 +12556,7 @@ wall, against which the impious attack was so furiously rendered. It was too late,—an upper breach had been made, and the soft stone wall was fast falling beneath the repeated and ponderous blows of the battering -engines;—the balistæ and catapultæ were now +engines;—the balistæ and catapultæ were now unmanned and overthrown as being useless, while the giant towers were wheeled and levered toward the breach, which now momentarily increased in width; @@ -12683,7 +12641,7 @@ Hero of the World! He might have remained so,—but the moment passed and for ever!—he descended, as it were, from his moral elevation, like an avalanche of crime upon the already blood-stained vale beneath! -His example was followed by Hephæstion, old Clytus, +His example was followed by Hephæstion, old Clytus, Parmenio and the troop of future kings,—horsemen,—the triple-guarded Phalanx,—cohorts of archers,—"the whole camp, pioneers and all;"—fire, spear, and @@ -12709,7 +12667,7 @@ heroism the area to the Temple of the kingdom—it was passed, but over the dead bodies of hundreds of the defenders,—every step to the platform of the edifice was dyed with human gore;—ascending the steps over -his crimson pathway, Alexander, followed by Hephæstion +his crimson pathway, Alexander, followed by Hephæstion and his favourites, reached the chief entrance, through which Azelmic had rushed into the interior of the Temple,—the Conqueror instantly dismounted @@ -12828,7 +12786,7 @@ of Elul—the sixth month of the Hebrews and Phœnicians;—which, by the present computation of time, would place the Destruction of the Tyrian Nation upon the twentieth day of August, 332 years before -the Christian Æra.</p> +the Christian Æra.</p> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -12914,7 +12872,7 @@ should be forgotten as a Nation for 70 years,—they were so; that they should then recover their strength, and have commerce with every Country, and even Jerusalem should be benefited by their merchandise. -This latter part is proved by the Judæan Prophet, +This latter part is proved by the Judæan Prophet, <span class="smcap">Nehemiah</span> [xxiii.], to have been fulfilled, while the former portion is firmly established by authenticated history.</p> @@ -12966,14 +12924,14 @@ him in his Conquest, by making the walls defenceless upon the day of festival! After kneeling to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[383]</a></span> Statue of the Tyrian Deity, he styled himself the <em>Founder of Tyrus</em>! From thence he continued his -march towards Judæa, to punish the Jews for a supposed +march towards Judæa, to punish the Jews for a supposed assistance to the Tyrians; but, being flattered by his reception as he approached the Capital, he at once spared the city. He then received the celebrated Prophecy of <span class="smcap">Daniel</span> concerning the "King of Grecia," from Jaddus, the High Priest of Jerusalem, upon whose suggestion he offered a sacrifice in The Temple -to the <span class="smcap">Living God</span>! From the Holy-House of Judæa +to the <span class="smcap">Living God</span>! From the Holy-House of Judæa he entered Egypt, and worshipped Jupiter-Ammon both as Father and Deity! Such were the Religious inconsistencies of the "Macedonian Madman," and @@ -13018,7 +12976,7 @@ future.</p> in the estimation of posterity, be even compared in true value with the practical disciples of Peace; who, like an Ashburton and Daniel Webster, have created -a new æra in policy and civilization, and that too +a new æra in policy and civilization, and that too without tarnishing their radiant National honour,—but rather increasing its already dazzling splendour, and with it—elevating the Religious and moral dignity of @@ -13355,7 +13313,7 @@ safety. The peculiar circumstances causing these lands to be revisited by the Tyrians, would (as before hinted) seem to point directly to the reason of their original and ancient appellation,—viz., The <em>Fortunate</em> Isles -(Fortunatæ Insulæ). The name, from its very definition, +(Fortunatæ Insulæ). The name, from its very definition, indicates a place of refuge from foe or wreck, and is, therefore, directly applicable to the Fugitives. Upon the <em>chief</em> of the Islands, known in modern times as @@ -13367,7 +13325,7 @@ stated in the Analogies, and the same species being found in Peru. They form a distinct and absolute chain across the Atlantic, uniting the Fortunate Isles with the Western Hemisphere! [Vol. i., Book i., -ch. vii., § 4.] The other Islands of the group were +ch. vii., § 4.] The other Islands of the group were inhabited at a later day, and without doubt by the Sido-Tyrian descendants, who became a People known as the Guanches, <em>i. e.</em> Freemen; the name itself (as @@ -13639,7 +13597,7 @@ PROPHECY, BY ISAIAH. by the title of this chapter, it will be necessary to bring to the memory of the reader some of the material points having reference to the Voyage around the continent -of Africa. [Vol. i., Book ii., ch. vi., § 2.] Other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[404]</a></span> +of Africa. [Vol. i., Book ii., ch. vi., § 2.] Other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[404]</a></span> points of proof will be given, and for convenience in numerical order.</p> @@ -13675,7 +13633,7 @@ Easterly Wind.</p> <p>3d. <em>The East-Wind, and its proof of the truth of History.</em> The reader will remember the detailed account given of this constant current of air, in the sixth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[405]</a></span> -chapter of this book. [Vol. i., Book ii., ch. vi., § 2.] +chapter of this book. [Vol. i., Book ii., ch. vi., § 2.] We may, however, be permitted to repeat, that it blows perpetually from East <em>to</em> West, consequently over and from the Fortunate Isles <em>directly towards @@ -13713,7 +13671,7 @@ which empties itself into the Bay of Honduras!</p> <p>The reader will not be more startled at the above historic facts than was the present author at their discovery; for he had already formed in his mind (sanctioned -by Prophecy) the Tyrian Æra of this History <em>before</em> +by Prophecy) the Tyrian Æra of this History <em>before</em> his research brought to light this direct evidence from Sahagan,—whose accuracy of relation is, in this instance, on a level with Herodotus,—for both accounts @@ -13798,7 +13756,7 @@ accomplished during an entire month, and that, consequently the first landing of a branch of the human family in Ancient America would be in the last month of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[409]</a></span> Autumn, three hundred and thirty-two years before -the Christian Æra.</p> +the Christian Æra.</p> <p>And 6th. <em>The Fugitive Founders of</em> (what we think may now be justly termed) <em>Tyrian-America</em>, @@ -13859,12 +13817,12 @@ has indeed an empire of his own!</p> <p>The metaphysical, or anti-Biblical reader will find in the above results, a high theme for speculative reasoning:—but in tracing back to the Parents of Eden, -or to the Diluvian Æra, in order to <em>sustain</em>, and not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[411]</a></span> +or to the Diluvian Æra, in order to <em>sustain</em>, and not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[411]</a></span> deny, the truth of the Bible, he must remember that,—but, no,—we will not anticipate our own secret for unravelling the above sphinx-like conclusions.</p> -<p>In the next Volume, devoted to the Israel Æra, the +<p>In the next Volume, devoted to the Israel Æra, the subject will be investigated with that due consideration, which every proposition demands; having an apparent tendency to question the truth and authority @@ -14130,7 +14088,7 @@ Prophet!</p> <h2>CHAPTER XIV.</h2> -<p class="center">REVIEW OF THE TYRIAN ÆRA; OR, THE FIRST EPOCH<br /> +<p class="center">REVIEW OF THE TYRIAN ÆRA; OR, THE FIRST EPOCH<br /> IN THE PRESENT<br /> ORIGINAL HISTORY OF ANCIENT AMERICA,<br /> AND<br /> @@ -14263,7 +14221,7 @@ added the historical traditions of the Aborigines as to where they came from,—viz., "the East:"—the place where they first landed,—viz., "first touched at Florida," &c.; and the period of their arrival,—viz., "before -the Christian Æra." Mr. Stephens's <em>second</em> visit +the Christian Æra." Mr. Stephens's <em>second</em> visit to Yucatan was alluded to, and it was shewn that the additional discoveries did not only not oppose this History, but on the contrary actually supported it. In @@ -14352,7 +14310,7 @@ could not be advanced, and therefore an useless hypothesis in regard to the present history. Since then the Tyrians did not reach the Western Continent during the period of their national prosperity,—that -fact pointed at once to an æra when decay or desolation +fact pointed at once to an æra when decay or desolation had the ascendancy, and this did not exist until their last doom and fall, when fire and sword felled the nation—as an Island-Tree—to the earth,—a few leaves @@ -14624,20 +14582,20 @@ The millions of Christians now living, and the thousands of millions covered by the mantle of death, within the dark mansions of the grave, do, and have believed, that that inspired writer truly foretold to Ahaz, King -of Judæa, that "God's sign" should be the <em>Miraculous +of Judæa, that "God's sign" should be the <em>Miraculous Birth</em> from a <em>Virgin</em>-Mother of a <span class="smcap">Redeemer</span>—of <span class="smcap">Christ Immanuel</span>. [<em>i. e.</em> God with us.]</p> <p>That same Prophet foretold the Fall of Tyrus. <span class="smcap">Jeremiah</span> and <span class="smcap">Ezekiel</span> did the same. Their writings concerning that event respectively bear date 712-606-588 -years <small>B. C.</small> They also foretold that Judæa should +years <small>B. C.</small> They also foretold that Judæa should be captive to the Babylonian 70 years; which time, computed from the capture of Jerusalem and destruction of the first Temple, 588 <small>B. C.</small>, to the period of building the <em>Second</em> Temple, 518 <small>B. C.</small>, would exactly complete the fulfilment of the Prophecy: or if the time is -computed from the captivity of the <em>King</em> of Judæa, +computed from the captivity of the <em>King</em> of Judæa, 606 <small>B. C.</small>, to the return of the Jewish people from Babylon,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[435]</a></span> 536 <small>B. C.</small>, then the 70 years are, also, exactly accomplished.</p> @@ -14648,7 +14606,7 @@ the period to 515 <small>B. C.</small>, the year in which the Second Temple was <em>dedicated</em>; and at which the Tyrians assisting, they obtained again their National position: therefore, that Prophecy, and that concerning -Judæa, were strictly fulfilled.</p> +Judæa, were strictly fulfilled.</p> <p>Now atheistical writers endeavour to maintain that <span class="smcap">Moses</span>, <span class="smcap">Isaiah</span>, <span class="smcap">Daniel</span>, <span class="smcap">Jeremiah</span>, <span class="smcap">Ezekiel</span>, and the @@ -14699,7 +14657,7 @@ Jews were not a Nation),—viz., "As all these men (Ezra and his followers) had been captives in Babylon, and could no where else be taught to write, how could these Books (<em>i. e.</em> of the Bible) be <small>COMPOSED</small> in any other -than the Chaldæan characters?" <em>i. e.</em> letters.</p> +than the Chaldæan characters?" <em>i. e.</em> letters.</p> <p>We grant that the Bible was <small>TRANSLATED</small> by Ezra, and his Scribes, into the Chaldee, which was the language @@ -14749,7 +14707,7 @@ day)—the second translation was from the Chaldee into the Greek letters, in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, 277 <small>B. C.</small>, when 72 learned Jews (Chaldee and Greek Scholars) were employed upon the subject; consequently -the Bible remained in the Chaldæan language +the Bible remained in the Chaldæan language untranslated for 259 years. In the period of <span class="smcap">The Saviour</span> the Bible was read, not only in the Chaldee-Hebrew, but in the Greek language; and that being the @@ -14986,7 +14944,7 @@ of our Laws, and is addressed to an Anglo-Saxon.</p> <div class="line">There is not one such wretch, fool, or madman!</div> <div class="line">Deny a <span class="smcap">God</span>!—<span class="smcap">Manitou</span>!—in mercy</div> <div class="line">Place Thou th' unbeliever where he may gaze</div> -<div class="line">In awe-struck wonder at <em>Niagära!</em>—</div> +<div class="line">In awe-struck wonder at <em>Niagära!</em>—</div> <div class="line">The living principle of th' Universe!</div> <div class="line">Ope Thou his deaf ears to that mighty voice,</div> <div class="line">Which doth silence e'en the loud thunder-storm,—</div> @@ -15082,13 +15040,13 @@ occupied by the descendants of Noah's eldest Son!</p> <p>4th. <em>Japheth shall dwell in the tents of Shem</em>:—proofs of fulfilment,—viz., the great family of Israel -descended from Shem. When the Judæan branch was +descended from Shem. When the Judæan branch was made captive by the Babylonian, the Jews <em>returned</em> to Jerusalem after 70 years, according to <span class="smcap">Isaiah's</span> prophecy; therefore, they may be regarded as only being <em>absent</em> from their Country. When again stationary, and in their "tents" they were subdued by the Romans -in Judæa, who actually "dwelt in their tents" or habitations; +in Judæa, who actually "dwelt in their tents" or habitations; and even upon the site of the Jewish Temple, in the following century, Hadrian built one to Jupiter. The Romans were descended from Japheth.</p> @@ -15149,7 +15107,7 @@ beatific blessing hereafter!</p> <div class="line">Thence bounding,—from our earthly sin redeem'd,—</div> <div class="line">And sanctified through each celestial sphere,—</div> <div class="line">And gloried by the Creator's diadem,—</div> -<div class="line">'Twill be enthronëd in the breast of <span class="smcap">God</span>!—</div> +<div class="line">'Twill be enthronëd in the breast of <span class="smcap">God</span>!—</div> <div class="line">There to remain, pure, brilliant, and immortal!<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></div> </div></div> @@ -15202,7 +15160,7 @@ of Holy-Writ—was The Son of God,—The Messiah—</p> OR<br /> -THE TYRIAN ÆRA. +THE TYRIAN ÆRA. </p> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -15216,7 +15174,7 @@ THE TYRIAN ÆRA. TO<br /> -<big>THE TYRIAN ÆRA</big><br /> +<big>THE TYRIAN ÆRA</big><br /> OF<br /> @@ -15268,7 +15226,7 @@ Arab, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>. <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br /> <br /> Angelo (Michael), <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br /> <br /> -Antinöus, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br /> +Antinöus, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br /> <br /> Athenian Phocian, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -15310,7 +15268,7 @@ Anecdote of the Author, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br /> <br /> Avgvstvs, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br /> <br /> -Augustus Cæsar, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br /> +Augustus Cæsar, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br /> <br /> Anthony, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -15374,9 +15332,9 @@ Aztecas, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.<br /> <br /> Agatha-Demon, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br /> <br /> -Ægina, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>. <a href="#Page_171">171</a>. <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.<br /> +Ægina, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>. <a href="#Page_171">171</a>. <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.<br /> <br /> -Æginians, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<br /> +Æginians, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<br /> <br /> Agriculture, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -15394,7 +15352,7 @@ Anecdote of Tyrian Policy and Courage, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br /> <br /> Acerbas, High Priest of Tyrus, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br /> <br /> -Æneas, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.<br /> +Æneas, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.<br /> <br /> Anchises, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -15591,7 +15549,7 @@ Baleares, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.<br /> <br /> Battle of Marathon, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br /> <br /> -Baliatæ, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>. <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br /> +Baliatæ, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>. <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br /> <br /> Bucephalus, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>. <a href="#Page_355">355</a>. <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -15652,7 +15610,7 @@ Continental Congress, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br /> <br /> Crucifix, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br /> <br /> -Cæsar's Master, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.<br /> +Cæsar's Master, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.<br /> <br /> Capuchin Friars of Palermo, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -15726,7 +15684,7 @@ Clytus, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br /> <br /> Cavalry (Macedonian), <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.<br /> <br /> -Catapultæ, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>. <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br /> +Catapultæ, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>. <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br /> <br /> Cynthia, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -15872,7 +15830,7 @@ Copanians, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.<br /> <br /> Camera-lucida, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br /> <br /> -Cæsar (Julius), <a href="#Page_56">56</a>. <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.<br /> +Cæsar (Julius), <a href="#Page_56">56</a>. <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.<br /> <br /> Christian altars. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16121,7 +16079,7 @@ Females of Egypt, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br /> <br /> Florida, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>. <a href="#Page_201">201</a>. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>. <a href="#Page_290">290</a>. <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.<br /> <br /> -Fortunatæ Insulæ, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>. <a href="#Page_315">315</a>. <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br /> +Fortunatæ Insulæ, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>. <a href="#Page_315">315</a>. <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br /> <br /> Fortunate Isles, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>. <a href="#Page_290">290</a>. <a href="#Page_307">307</a>. <a href="#Page_320">320</a>. <a href="#Page_395">395</a>. <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16369,7 +16327,7 @@ Herculean Gates, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.<br /> <br /> Hiramic Artists, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.<br /> <br /> -Hephæstion, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>. <a href="#Page_354">354</a>. <a href="#Page_355">355</a>. <a href="#Page_366">366</a>. <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br /> +Hephæstion, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>. <a href="#Page_354">354</a>. <a href="#Page_355">355</a>. <a href="#Page_366">366</a>. <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br /> <br /> Homer's Iliad, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16493,7 +16451,7 @@ Jaddus, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.<br /> <br /> Jacob, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>. <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.<br /> <br /> -Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br /> +Judas Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br /> <br /> Joseph, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16688,7 +16646,7 @@ Mexican Territories, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br /> <br /> —— Nations, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br /> <br /> -Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +Maccabæus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> <br /> Marathonian Mounds, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16993,7 +16951,7 @@ Pharos of the Ocean, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.<br /> <br /> Pythagoras, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.<br /> <br /> -Peiræus (Athenian harbour), <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.<br /> +Peiræus (Athenian harbour), <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.<br /> <br /> Phœnice, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -17061,7 +17019,7 @@ Pyramids, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>. <a href="#Page_3 <br /> Prophetic Jews, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /> <br /> -Pæstum, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>. <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.<br /> +Pæstum, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>. <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.<br /> <br /> Parian Hills, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -17153,14 +17111,14 @@ Pyramid of the Nile, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> <br /> Pallas, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br /> <br /> -Priäpus, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> +Priäpus, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> <br /> <br /> Q.<br /> <br /> Quirigua (Ruins), <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br /> <br /> -Quiché (Ruins), <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br /> +Quiché (Ruins), <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br /> <br /> "Queen of the Sea,. <a href="#Page_227">227</a>. <a href="#Page_251">251</a>. <a href="#Page_338">338</a>. <a href="#Page_354">354</a>. <a href="#Page_391">391</a>. <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -17245,7 +17203,7 @@ Ruins of Thebes, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>. <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br /> <br /> Ruins of Labnah, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br /> <br /> -Review of the Tyrian Æra of Ancient Americ. <a href="#Page_419">419</a>-431.<br /> +Review of the Tyrian Æra of Ancient Americ. <a href="#Page_419">419</a>-431.<br /> <br /> Robertson's History of America, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -17287,7 +17245,7 @@ River Amazon, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.<br /> <br /> Rowers (Power of), <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.<br /> <br /> -Restoration of Judæa, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.<br /> +Restoration of Judæa, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.<br /> <br /> Revolution of France, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -17631,7 +17589,7 @@ Toltecas, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.<br /> <br /> Tyrian Isles, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.<br /> <br /> -Tyrian Æra, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br /> +Tyrian Æra, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br /> <br /> Tecpan-Guatimala, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -17889,7 +17847,7 @@ MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO.,<br /> ———<br /> THE SECOND VOLUME,<br /> <small>OR</small><br /> -<b>T H E I S R A E L - Æ R A</b>,<br /> +<b>T H E I S R A E L - Æ R A</b>,<br /> <small>OF THE ORIGINAL</small><br /> <big>HISTORY OF ANCIENT AMERICA,</big><br /> &c. &c.<br /> @@ -17970,7 +17928,7 @@ Terraces are cased with cut stone. </p> <p> -<em>Façade</em> of Temple, 320 feet: walls to first Cornice 25 feet high. +<em>Façade</em> of Temple, 320 feet: walls to first Cornice 25 feet high. </p> <p> @@ -18015,7 +17973,7 @@ July 4, 1840.</p></div> <p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> It will scarcely be believed that so late as 1780 <small>A. D.</small>, the votive worship was practised at Isernia, only fifty miles from Naples;—and (upon the authority of Sir Wm. Hamilton) that three days in September -were given to this worship, which the Priests called the fête of St. +were given to this worship, which the Priests called the fête of St. Cosmo; and at which, Maids, Wives, and Widows, publicly joined in devotion. The King of Naples abolished it, upon the proof by Sir William Hamilton.—G. J.</p></div> @@ -18028,7 +17986,7 @@ Upon an investigation of the engravings of the Volumes, we find nothing to change any portion of this History; but, on the contrary, as we predicted in this Volume (see note to page 120), the additional Ruins and Cities discovered, actually support our conclusions, and -confirm, consequently, this Tyrian æra. This is especially visible in +confirm, consequently, this Tyrian æra. This is especially visible in the Ruins of Labnah, which are directly in analogy with those of Uxmal. We feel some pleasure that our artistical prediction has been literally fulfilled,—otherwise it might have injured a portion of the @@ -18141,383 +18099,6 @@ are directly inverted to those believing themselves to be</em> <span class="smca </div> - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of Ancient America, -Anterior to the Time of Columbus, by George Jones - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANCIENT AMERICA *** - -***** This file should be named 42475-h.htm or 42475-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/4/7/42475/ - -Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from scans of public domain material produced by -Microsoft for their Live Search Books site.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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