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diff --git a/42474-0.txt b/42474-0.txt index 0d050df..0e1f3e2 100644 --- a/42474-0.txt +++ b/42474-0.txt @@ -1,36 +1,4 @@ -ï»żThe Project Gutenberg EBook of 1000 Mythological Characters Briefly -Described, by Edward S. Ellis - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: 1000 Mythological Characters Briefly Described - Adapted to Private Schools, High Schools and Academies - -Author: Edward S. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: 1000 Mythological Characters Briefly Described - Adapted to Private Schools, High Schools and Academies - -Author: Edward S. Ellis - -Release Date: April 7, 2013 [EBook #42474] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1000 MYTHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS *** - - - - -Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sam W. and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - -Transcriber's Note - -Bold text is marked with equals signs, =like this=. - -A few characters in this book had a macron (straight line) above. As -these characters are not available in this file encoding, instead -they have been rendered with a circumflex above. - -For ease of searching, names with a syllabic accent mark have been -included initially without that accent, and all ligatures have been -expanded (e.g. æ has become ae). Further, proper nouns in the main -body of the text (but not in the quoted material) have been made -consistent where there was either a definite typographic error or -there was a clear prevalence of one form over another. A list of -these changes may be found at the end of the text. - -There were some instances of valid variable spellings which have been -preserved as printed in each case. These include: Adrastaea, -Adrasteia; Dionysus, Dionysius; Galatea, Galataea; Nemean, Nemaean; -Perithous, Pirithous. The book also uses some archaic spelling, and -this is also preserved as printed. - - - - - 1000 - Mythological Characters - - _Briefly Described_ - - ADAPTED TO - PRIVATE SCHOOLS, HIGH SCHOOLS - AND ACADEMIES - - - EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION BY - EDWARD S. ELLIS, M.A. - - _Author of "The Young People's Standard - History of the United States" and - "Common Errors in Writing and - Speaking."_ - - - COPYRIGHT, 1895, BY THE WOOLFALL COMPANY - COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY HINDS & NOBLE - - HINDS, HAYDEN & ELDREDGE, INC. - NEW YORK PHILADELPHIA CHICAGO - - - - - [Illustration: Diana - _See page 46_] - - - - -INTRODUCTION. - - -There are many expressions which, though simple in themselves, must -forever remain beyond the grasp of human comprehension. Eternity, that -which has neither end nor beginning, baffles the most profound human -thought. It is impossible to think of a point beyond which there is -absolutely nothing, or to imagine the passing of a million years -without bringing us one day or one minute nearer to their close. -Suppose that one could fix upon the terminal point, we would still -fancy something beyond that, and then some period still more remote -would present itself, and so on _ad infinitum_. - -The same insurmountable difficulty confronts us when we seek to -imagine a First Cause. God was the beginning, and yet it seems to our -finite minds, that something must have brought Him into existence, -and we conclude that back again of that creating Power must have been -another originating cause, and perhaps still another, and so on -without limitation. - -And yet we know that there must have been a period when everything was -void, or, in other words, when there was nothing. In the awful -grandeur of that loneliness, desolation, and chaos, God we know, -however, existed and called the universe into being. All that we, in -our present finite condition, can ever comprehend of that stupendous -birth is contained in the opening of the first chapter of Genesis. - -That is the story of the creation as told by God Himself to His chosen -people, the Hebrews, they alone being selected from the nations then -existing upon the earth to receive the wonderful revelation. - -Every people, no matter how degraded and sunken in barbarism, has some -perception, some explanation of, and a more or less well-grounded -belief in, a First Cause. Far back among the mists of antiquity, at -the remotest beginnings of the shadowy centuries, sits enthroned a -Being, who in His infinite might and power brought mankind, the -universe, and all animate and inanimate things into existence, and who -rewards those of His children who do His will, and punishes those who -disobey His commands. That will, as interpreted by believers, is as -various in its application to the conduct of man as are the standards -of right and wrong among the civilized and even among the barbarous -nations of to-day. What is virtue with one is vice with the other, as -beauty and ugliness of form or feature, being relative terms, are -opposites with many different peoples. - -Since the Greeks and Romans were not among those who received the -divine story of creation, they were forced to devise a theory to -explain their own existence and account for the origin of all things. -The foundation of this theory lay in the marvelous phenomena of nature -around them. The growth of the mighty tree from the tiny seed, the -bursting bud and blossom, the changing hues and the fragrance of -flowers, the alternation of day and night, the flash of the -rock-rending lightning, the rage of the tempest, the flow of the -rivers; the towering mountains, the lovely valleys; dew, rain, the -clouds, and the ever-shifting panorama on every hand; the majestic -sweep of the blazing worlds through space--all these pointed -unerringly to a First Cause, which originally launched them into -being, and maintains the constant order of things and the miraculous -procession of the planets and the orderly succession of the seasons in -obedience to laws that know no change. - -To the Greeks and Romans, there was a time more remote than history -gives us any account of, when there was neither land nor water, and -when the earth and all things within and upon it were "without form -and void." Over that misty, nebulous mixing and mingling brooded the -god Chaos, who shared his throne with Nox, the goddess of night. From -this union the innumerable myths gradually sprang up and developed, -which in their own imaginative though often grotesque way explained -the various phases of creation. These finally became crystallized into -a literature, or mythology, which has since been the inspiration alike -of romancers and poets. - -The most learned of mythologists differ in their analysis of the -multitude of myths that have descended to us. Their varying analyses, -however, may be separated into two distinct classes or divisions, each -of which has its own adherents and supporters. - -The first school is that of the philologists, and the second that of -the anthropologists, or comparative mythologists. - -Philology relates to the study of language, especially when treated in -a philosophical manner. This school maintains that the myths had their -origin in a "disease of the language, as the pearl is a result of a -disease of the oyster." The key, therefore, to all mythologies, they -say, is found in language. The names originally applied to the gods -generally referred to the phenomena of the clouds, winds, rain, -sunshine, etc. Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, the great languages of -antiquity, they demonstrate, had their foundation in a single source -which is still older. As further proof of their position, they point -to the similarity in the most ordinary words in the various languages -of the same family, and show that they have undergone few or very -trifling changes. - -The greatest authority among the philologists claims that during the -"first period" there was a tribe in Central Asia, whose language -consisted of one-syllable words, which contained the germs of the -Turanian, Aryan, and Semitic tongues. This age is termed the Rhematic -period, and was succeeded by the Nomadic or Agglutinative age, during -which the language gradually "received, once for all, that peculiar -impress of their formative system which we still find in all the -dialects and national idioms comprised under the name of Aryan or -Semitic," which includes over three thousand dialects. - -The same authority follows the Agglutinative period with one -"represented everywhere by the same characteristic features, called -the Mythological, or Mythopoeic age." - -As the name implies, this last-mentioned period saw the evolution and -development of mythic lore. As do the American Indians of to-day, so -primitive man, in his crude way, explained the operation of physical -laws by giving to inanimate objects like passions and sentiments with -himself. When the tempest rages, and the crashing lightning splinters -the mountain oak, the Indian says that the Great Spirit is angry. When -nature becomes serene and calm, the Great Spirit is pleased. The -malign forces around him, which work ill to the warrior, are, they -say, the direct doings of an evil spirit. Even the heavenly bodies are -personified, and "poetry has so far kept alive in our minds the old -animative theory of nature, that it is no great effort in us to fancy -the waterspout a huge giant or sea-monster, and to depict, in what we -call appropriate metaphor, its march across the field of ocean." - -Since the names of the Greek heroes and gods show a general -correspondence with the Sanskrit appellations of physical things, it -is comparatively easy to understand many of the first fancies and -reflections of the earliest men who ever lived. It is the argument of -the philologists that these fancies and reflections settled into -definite shape in that far-away period when most of the nations, now -spread to the remotest corners of the earth, dwelt together and used a -common language. Following the gradual scattering of this single, -unified people, the language became sensitive to the change, many -words not only losing their original meaning, but, in some instances, -acquiring an opposite significance. Other words, again, in the course -of time were utterly lost. "As long as such personified beings as the -Heaven or the Sun are consciously talked of in mythic language, the -meaning of their legends is open to no question, and the action -ascribed to them will, as a rule, be natural and appropriate." The -time came, however, when these names were considered simply as -applying to heroes or deities, and amid the jumble and confusion of -the succeeding ages it became well-nigh impossible to trace the myths -back to their original source and meaning. Such is a brief outline of -the myth interpretations, as made by the philologists. - -Anthropology may be defined as the study of man, considered in his -entire nature. In explaining mythology, the anthropologists say that -"it is man, it is human thought and human language combined, which -naturally and necessarily produced the strange conglomerate of ancient -fable." Instead, therefore, of seeking the source of myths in -language, the second class find it in the "condition of thought -through which all races have passed." - -The argument of the anthropologists is that while all nations have -come from one parent-stock, as is claimed also by the philologists, -yet the various peoples, in their primitive or savage state, have -passed through a like low intellectual condition and growth. The -folk-lore of all countries shows that the savages consider themselves -of the same nature as beasts, and regard "even plants, inanimate -objects, and the most abstract phenomena as persons with human parts -and passions." Every religion antedating Christianity has inculcated -the worship of idols, which usually take the form of beasts, and it -will be noted in the study of myths that the gods often assume the -forms of birds and animals. If it were in our power mentally to become -savages for a time, so as to look upon nature and our surroundings as -do the Blackfeet Indians, or the Patagonians, or the South Africans, -it would be a long step toward making clear this particular phase of -the question. - -From what has been stated, however, the young student will gain an -idea of the meaning of the word "myth," which may be termed a story -whose origin can never be known with certainty. To most people it has -the same significance as a fable, legendary tale, or fanciful -falsehood. A collection of myths belonging to a particular age or -people is "a mythology," and the branch of inquiry which classifies -and interprets them bears the same name. - - E. S. E. - November 1st, 1895. - - - - -THE YOUTH'S DICTIONARY OF MYTHOLOGY. - - -=Abas= (AŽbas), a son of Meganira, was turned into a newt, or -water-lizard, for deriding the ceremonies of the Sacrifice. - -=Absyrtus= (AbsyŽrtus). After Jason had slain the dragon which guarded -the golden fleece, he fled with Medea, the beautiful young sorceress, -and daughter of Aeetes, who pursued with great energy, for Medea had -taken with her the most precious treasure of the king, his only son -and heir, Absyrtus. To delay the pursuit, Medea slew her little -brother, cut the body in pieces, and dropped them over the side of the -vessel. Thus the cruel daughter effected her escape. - -=Achelous= (AcheloŽus) was a river god, and the rival of Hercules in -his love for Deianira. To decide who should have the bride, Hercules -and Achelous had recourse to a wrestling bout, the fame of which -extends through all the intervening centuries. In this fierce -struggle, Achelous changed himself into the form of a bull and rushed -upon his antagonist with lowered horns, intending to hurl him aside. -Hercules eluded the onset, and seizing one of the huge horns, held it -so firmly that it was broken off by the furious efforts of Achelous to -free himself. He was defeated, and finally turned himself into a -river, which has since been known by his name. - -=Acheron= (AchŽeron) (see "The Youth's Classical Dictionary"). The -current of the river Acheron, across which all souls had to pass to -hear their decree from Pluto, was so swift that the boldest swimmer -dare not attempt to breast it; and, since there was no bridge, the -spirits were obliged to rely upon the aid of Charon, an aged boatman, -who plied the only boat that was available. He would allow no soul to -enter this leaky craft until he had received the obolus, or fare, -which the ancients carefully placed under the tongue of the dead, that -they might not be delayed in their passage to Pluto. Those who had not -their fare were forced to wait one hundred years, when Charon -reluctantly ferried them over without charge. - - "Infernal rivers that disgorge - Into the burning lake their baleful streams - ... Sad Acheron, of sorrow black and deep." - Milton. - -=Achilles= (AchilŽles) was the most valiant of the Greek heroes in the -Trojan War. He was the son of Peleus, King of Thessaly. His mother, -Thetis, plunged him, when an infant, into the Stygian pool, which -made him invulnerable wherever the waters had washed him; but the heel -by which he was held was not wetted, and that part remained -vulnerable. He was shot with an arrow in the heel by Paris, at the -siege of Troy, and died of his wound. - -=Acidalia= (AcidaŽlia), a name given to Venus, from a fountain in -Boeotia. - -=Acis= (AŽcis). A Sicilian shepherd, loved by the nymph Galatea. One -of the Cyclops who was jealous of him crushed him by hurling a rock on -him. Galatea turned his blood into a river--the Acis at the foot of -Mount Etna. - -=Actaeon= (ActaeŽon) was the son of Aristaeus, a famous huntsman. He -intruded himself on Diana while she was bathing, and was changed by -her into a deer, in which form he was hunted by his own dogs and torn -in pieces. - -=Ades= (AŽdes), see Hades. - -=Adonis= (AdoŽnis), the beautiful attendant of Venus, who held her -train. He was killed by a boar, and turned by Venus into an anemone. - - "Even as the sun with purple-colored face - Had ta'en his last leave of the weeping morn. - Rose-cheeked Adonis hied him to the chase; - Hunting he loved, but love he laughed to scorn." - Shakespeare. - -=Adrastaea= (AdrastaeŽa), another name of Nemesis, one of the -goddesses of justice. - -=Adscriptitii Dii= (AdscriptiŽtii Dii) were the gods of the second -grade. - -=Adversity=, see Echidna. - -=Aeacus= (AeŽacus), one of the judges of hell, with Minos and -Rhadamanthus. See Eacus. - -=Aecastor= (AecasŽtor), an oath used only by women, referring to the -Temple of Castor. - -=Aedepol= (AedŽepol), an oath used by both men and women, referring to -the Temple of Pollux. - -=Aeetes= (AeeŽtes), a king of Colchis, and father of Medea. - -=Aegeon= (AegeŽon), a giant with fifty heads and one hundred hands, -who was imprisoned by Jupiter under Mount Etna. See Briareus. - -=Aegis= (AeŽgis), the shield of Jupiter, so called because it was made -of goat-skin. - - "Where was thine Aegis Pallas that appall'd?" - Byron. - - "Tremendous, Gorgon frowned upon its field, - And circling terrors filled the expressive shield." - - "Full on the crest the Gorgon's head they place, - With eyes that roll in death, and with distorted face." - Pope. - -=Aegle= (AeŽgle). The fairest of the Naiads. - -=Aello= (AelŽlo), the name of one of the Harpies. - -=Aeneas= (AeneŽas) was the son of Anchises and Venus. He was one of -the few great captains who escaped the destruction of Troy. He behaved -with great valor during the siege, encountering Diomed, and even -Achilles himself. When the Grecians had set the city on fire Aeneas -took his aged father, Anchises, on his shoulders, while his son, -Ascanius, and his wife Creusa, clung to his garments. He saved them -all from the flames. After wandering about during several years, -encountering numerous difficulties, he at length arrived in Italy, -where he was hospitably received by Latinus, king of the Latins. After -the death of Latinus Aeneas became king. - - "His back, or rather burthen, showed - As if it stooped with its load; - For as Aeneas bore his sire - Upon his shoulders through the fire, - Our knight did bear no less a pack - Of his own buttocks on his back." - Butler. - -=Aeolus= (AeoŽlus) was the god of the winds. Jupiter was his reputed -father, and his mother is said to have been a daughter of Hippotus. -Aeolus is represented as having the power of holding the winds -confined in a cavern, and occasionally giving them liberty to blow -over the world. So much command was he supposed to have over them that -when Ulysses visited him on his return from Troy he gave him, tied up -in a bag, all the winds that could prevent his voyage from being -prosperous. The companions of Ulysses, fancying that the bag contained -treasure, cut it open just as they came in sight of Ithaca, the port -they were making for, and the contrary winds rushing out drove back -the ship many leagues. The residence of Aeolus was at Strongyle, now -called Strombolo. - - "Aeolus from his airy throne - With power imperial curbs the struggling winds, - And sounding tempests in dark prisons binds." - Dryden. - -=Aesculapius= (AesculaŽpius), the god of physic, was a son of Apollo. -He was physician to the Argonauts in their famous expedition to -Colchis. He became so noted for his cures that Pluto became jealous of -him, and he requested Jupiter to kill him with a thunderbolt. To -revenge his son's death Apollo slew the Cyclops who had forged the -thunderbolt. By his marriage with Epione he had two sons, Machaon and -Podalirius, both famous physicians, and four daughters, of whom -Hygeia, the goddess of health, is the most renowned. Many temples were -erected in honor of Aesculapius, and votive tablets were hung therein -by people who had been healed by him; but his most famous shrine was -at Epidaurus, where, every five years, games were held in his honor. -This god is variously represented, but the most famous statue shows -him seated on a throne of gold and ivory. His head is crowned with -rays, and he wears a long beard. A knotty stick is in one hand, and a -staff entwined with a serpent is in the other, while a dog lies at his -feet. - - "Thou that dost Aesculapius deride, - And o'er his gallipots in triumph ride." - Fenton. - -=Aeson= (AeŽson) was father of Jason, and was restored to youth by -Medea. - -=Agamemnon= (AgamemŽnon) was the son of Plisthenes and brother of -Menelaus. He was king of the Argives. His brother's wife was the -famous Helen, daughter of Tyndarus, king of Sparta; and when she -eloped with Paris, Agamemnon was appointed leader of the Greeks in -their expedition against Troy. - -=Aganippides= (AganipŽpides), a name of the Muses, derived from the -fountain of Aganippe. - -=Agineus= (AgineŽus), see Apollo. - -=Aglaia= (AglaŽia) was one of the Three Graces. - -=Agni= (AgŽni). The Hindoo god of lightning. - -=Ajax= (AŽjax) was one of the bravest of the Greek warriors in the -Trojan War. His father was Telamon, and his mother Eriboea. Some -writers say that he was killed by Ulysses; others aver that he was -slain by Paris; while others again assert that he went mad after being -defeated by Ulysses, and killed himself. Another Ajax, son of Oileus, -also took a prominent part in the Trojan War. - -=Alcestis= (AlcesŽtis), wife of Admetus, who, to save her husband's -life, died in his stead, and was restored to life by Hercules. - -=Alcides= (AlciŽdes), one of the names of Hercules. - -=Alcmena= (AlcmeŽna), the mother of Hercules, was daughter of -Electryon, a king of Argos. - -=Alecto= (AlecŽto) was one of the Furies. She is depicted as having -serpents instead of hair on her head, and was supposed to breed -pestilence wherever she went. - -=Alectryon= (AlecŽtryon), a servant of Mars, who was changed by him -into a cock because he did not warn his master of the rising of the -sun. - -=Alfadur= (AlŽfadur), in Scandinavian Mythology the Supreme -Being--Father of all. - -=Alma Mammosa= (AlŽma MammoŽsa), a name of Ceres. - -=Alpheus= (AlpheŽus), a river god. See Arethusa. - -=Altar.= A structure on which a sacrifice was offered. The earliest -altars were merely heaps of earth or turf or rough unhewn stone; but -as the mode of sacrificing became more ceremonious grander altars were -built. Some were of marble and brass, ornamented with carvings and -bas-reliefs, and the corners with models of the heads of animals. They -varied in height from two feet to twenty, and some were built solid; -others were made hollow to retain the blood of the victims. Some were -provided with a kind of dish, into which frankincense was thrown to -overpower the smell of burning fat. This probably was the origin of -the custom of burning incense at the altar. - -=Amalthaea= (AmalŽthaeŽa), the goat which nourished Jupiter. - -=Amazons= (AmŽazons) were a nation of women-soldiers who lived in -Scythia. Hercules totally defeated them, and gave Hippolyte, their -queen, to Theseus for a wife. The race seems to have been exterminated -after this battle. - - [Illustration: Amazon - _See page 20_] - -=Ambarvalia= (AmbarvaŽlia) were festivals in honor of Ceres, -instituted by Roman husbandmen to purge their fields. At the spring -festival the head of each family led an animal, usually a pig or ram, -decked with oak boughs, round his grounds, and offered milk and new -wine. After harvest there was another festival, at which Ceres was -presented with the first-fruits of the season. See Ceres. - -=Amber=, see Heliades. - -=Ambrosia= (AmbroŽsia) were Bacchanalian festivals. - -=Amica= (AmiŽca), a name of Venus. - -=Amphion= (AmphiŽon) was the son of Jupiter and Antiope. He was -greatly skilled in music; and it is said that, at the sound of his -lute, the stones arranged themselves so regularly as to make the walls -of the city of Thebes. - - "Amphion, too, as story goes, could call - Obedient stones to make the Theban wall." - Horace. - - "New walls to Thebes, Amphion thus began." - William King. - - "Such strains I sing as once Amphion played, - When list'ning flocks the powerful call obeyed." - Elphinston. - -=Amphitrite= (AmphitriŽte) (or =Salatia=), the wife of Neptune, was a -daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She was the mother of Triton, a sea -god. - - "His weary chariot sought the bowers - Of Amphitrite and her tending nymphs." - Thomson. - -=Amycus= (AmyŽcus) was king of Bebrycia. He was a son of Neptune, and -was killed by Pollux. - -=Ancaeus= (AncaeŽus). A son of Neptune, who left a cup of wine to hunt -a wild boar which killed him, and the wine was untasted. This was the -origin of the proverb--"There's many a slip 'twixt cup and lip." - -=Ancilia= (AncilŽia), the twelve sacred shields. The first Ancile was -supposed to have fallen from heaven in answer to the prayer of Numa -Pompilius. It was kept with the greatest care, as it was prophesied -that the fate of the Roman people would depend upon its preservation. -An order of priesthood was established to take care of the Ancilia, -and on 1st March each year the shields were carried in procession, and -in the evening there was a great feast, called Coena Saliaris. - -=Andromeda= (AndromŽeda), the daughter of Cepheus, king of the -Ethiopians, was wife of Perseus, by whom she was rescued when she was -chained to a rock and was about to be devoured by a sea-monster. - -=Anemone= (AnemŽone). Venus changed Adonis into this flower. - -=Angeronia= (AngeroŽnia), otherwise Volupia, was the goddess who had -the power of dispelling anguish of mind. - -=Anna Perenna= (Anna PerenŽna), one of the rural divinities. - -=Antaeus= (AntaeŽus), a giant who was vanquished by Hercules. Each -time that Hercules threw him the giant gained fresh strength from -touching the earth, so Hercules lifted him off the ground and squeezed -him to death. - -=Anteros= (AnŽteros), one of the two Cupids, sons of Venus. - -=Anticlea= (AnticŽlea), the mother of Ulysses. - -=Antiope= (AntiŽope) was the wife of Lycus, King of Thebes. Jupiter, -disguised as a satyr, led her astray and corrupted her. - -=Anubis= (AnuŽbis) (or Hermanubis (HermanŽubis)). "A god half a dog, a -dog half a man." Called _Barker_ by Virgil and other poets. - -=Aonides= (AonŽides), a name of the Muses, from the country Aonia. - -=Apaturia= (ApaturŽia), an Athenian festival, which received its name -from a Greek word signifying deceit. - -=Aphrodite= (AphŽrodiŽte), a Greek name of Venus. - -=Apis=, a name given to Jupiter by the inhabitants of the Lower Nile. -Also the miraculous ox, worshiped in Egypt. - -=Apis= (AŽpis), King of Argivia. Afterward called Serapis, the -greatest god of the Egyptians. - -=Apollo= (ApolŽlo). This famous god, some time King of Arcadia, was -the son of Jupiter and Latona. He was known by several names, but -principally by the following:--Sol (the sun); Cynthius, from the -mountain called Cynthus in the Isle of Delos, and this same island -being his native place obtained for him the name of Delius; -Delphinius, from his occasionally assuming the shape of a dolphin. His -name of Delphicus was derived from his connection with the splendid -Temple at Delphi, where he uttered the famous oracles. Some writers -record that this oracle became dumb when Jesus Christ was born. Other -common names of Apollo were Didymaeus, Nomius, Paean, and Phoebus. The -Greeks called him Agineus, because the streets were under his -guardianship, and he was called Pythius from having killed the serpent -Python. Apollo is usually represented as a handsome young man without -beard, crowned with laurel, and having in one hand a bow, and in the -other a lyre. The favorite residence of Apollo was on Mount Parnassus, -a mountain of Phocis, in Greece, where he presided over the Muses. -Apollo was the accredited father of several children, but the two most -renowned were Aesculapius and Phaeton. - - "Wilt thou have music? Hark! Apollo plays. - And twenty cagëd nightingales do sing." - Shakespeare. - -=Apotheosis= (ApotheŽosis). The consecration of a god. The ceremony of -deification. - -=Arachne= (ArachŽne), a Lydian princess, who challenged Minerva to a -spinning contest, but Minerva struck her on the head with a spindle, -and turned her into a spider. - - "... So her disemboweled web, - Arachne, in a hall or kitchen spreads. - Obvious to vagrant flies." - John Phillips. - -=Arcadia= (ArcaŽdia), a delightful country in the center of -Peloponnessus, a favorite place of the gods. Apollo was reputed to -have been King of Arcadia. - -=Arcas= (ArŽcas), a son of Calisto, was turned into a he-bear; and -afterward into the constellation called Ursa Minor. - -=Archer=, see Chiron. - -=Areopagitae= (AreopŽagiŽtae), the judges who sat at the Areopagus. - -=Areopagus= (AreopŽagus), the hill at Athens where Mars was tried for -murder before twelve of the gods. - -=Ares= (AŽres). The same as Mars, the god of war. - -=Arethusa= (ArethuŽsa) was one of the nymphs of Diana. She fled from -Alpheus, a river god, and was enabled to escape by being turned by -Diana into a rivulet which ran underground. She was as virtuous as she -was beautiful. - -=Argonauts= (ArŽgonauts). This name was given to the fifty heroes who -sailed to Colchis in the ship Argo, under the command of Jason, to -fetch the Golden Fleece. - -=Argus= (ArŽgus) was a god who had a hundred eyes which slept and -watched by turns. He was charged by Juno to watch Io, but, being slain -by Mercury, was changed by Juno into a peacock. - -=Ariadne= (AriadŽne), daughter of Minos, King of Crete. After enabling -Theseus to get out of the Labyrinth by means of a clew of thread, she -fled with him to Naxos, where he ungratefully deserted her; but -Bacchus wooed her and married her, and the crown of seven stars which -he gave her was turned into a constellation. - -=Arion= (AriŽon) was a famous lyric poet of Methymna, in the Island of -Lesbos, where he gained great riches by his art. There is a pretty -fable which has made the name of Arion famous. Once when traveling -from Lesbos his companions robbed him, and proposed to throw him into -the sea. He entreated the seamen to let him play upon his harp before -they threw him overboard, and he played so sweetly that the dolphins -flocked round the vessel. He then threw himself into the sea, and one -of the dolphins took him up and carried him to Taenarus, near Corinth. -For this act the dolphin was raised to heaven as a constellation. - -=Aristaeus= (AristaeŽus), son of Apollo and Cyrene, was the god of -trees; he also taught mankind the use of honey, and how to get oil -from olives. He was a celebrated hunter. His most famous son was -Actaeon. - -=Armata= (ArmaŽta), one of the names of Venus, given to her by -Spartan women. - -=Artemis= (ArŽtemis). This was the Grecian name of Diana, and the -festivals at Delphi were called Artemisia. - -=Arts and Sciences=, see Muses. - -=Aruspices= (ArusŽpices), sacrificial priests. - -=Ascalaphus= (AscalŽaphus) was changed into an owl, the harbinger of -misfortune, by Ceres, because he informed Pluto that Proserpine had -partaken of food in the infernal regions, and thus prevented her -return to earth. - -=Ascanius= (AscaŽnius), the son of Aeneas and Creusa. - -=Ascolia= (AscolŽia), Bacchanalian feasts, from a Greek word meaning a -leather bottle. The bottles were used in the games to jump on. - -=Asopus= (AsoŽpus). A son of Jupiter, who was killed by one of his -father's thunderbolts. - -=Assabinus= (AssabiŽnus), the Ethiopian name of Jupiter. - -=Ass's ears=, see Midas. - -=Astarte= (AstarŽte), one of the Eastern names of Venus. - -=Asteria= (AsteŽria), daughter of Caeus, was carried away by Jupiter, -who assumed the shape of an eagle. - -=Astrea= (AstreŽa), mother of Nemesis, was the goddess of justice; she -returned to heaven when the earth became corrupt. - - "... Chaste Astrea fled, - And sought protection in her native sky." - John Hughes. - -=Atalanta= (AtalanŽta) was daughter of Caeneus. The oracle told her -that marriage would be fatal to her, but, being very beautiful, she -had many suitors. She was a very swift runner, and, to get rid of her -admirers, she promised to marry any one of them who should outstrip -her in a race, but that all who were defeated should be slain. -Hippomenes, however, with the aid of Venus, was successful. That -goddess gave him three golden apples, one of which he dropped whenever -Atalanta caught up to him in the race. She stopped to pick them up, -and he was victorious and married her. They were both afterward turned -into lions by Cybele, for profaning her temple. - -=Ate= (AŽte). The goddess of revenge, also called the goddess of -discord and all evil. She was banished from heaven by her father -Jupiter. - - "With Ate by his side come hot from hell." - Shakespeare. - -=Athena= (AtheŽna), a name obtained by Minerva as the tutelary goddess -of Athens. - -=Atlas=, was King of Mauritania, now Morocco, in Africa. He -was also a great astronomer. He is depicted with the globe on his -back, his name signifying great toil or labor. For his inhospitality -to Perseus that king changed him into the mountain which bears his -name of Atlas. A chain of mountains in Africa is called after him, and -so is the Atlantic Ocean. He had seven daughters by his wife Pleione, -they were called by one common name, Pleiades; and by his wife Aethra -he had seven more, who were, in the same manner, called Hyades. Both -the Pleiades and the Hyades are celestial constellations. - -=Atreus= (AtŽreus), the type of fraternal hatred. His dislike of his -brother Thyestes went to the extent of killing and roasting his -nephews, and inviting their father to a feast, which Thyestes thought -was a sign of reconciliation, but he was the victim of his brother's -detestable cruelty. - - "Media must not draw her murdering knife, - Nor Atreus there his horrid feast prepare." - Lord Roscommon. - -=Atropos= (AtŽropos), one of the three sisters called The Fates, who -held the shears ready to cut the thread of life. - -=Atys= (AŽtys), son of Croesus, was born dumb, but when in a fight he -saw a soldier about to kill the king he gained speech, and cried out, -"Save the king!" and the string that held his tongue was broken. - -=Atys= (AŽtys) was a youth beloved by Aurora, and was slain by her -father, but, according to Ovid, was afterward turned into a pine-tree. - -=Augaeas= (AugŽaeas), a king of Elis, the owner of the stable which -Hercules cleansed after three thousand oxen had been kept in it for -thirty years. It was cleansed by turning the river Alpheus through it. -Augaeas promised to give Hercules a tenth part of his cattle for his -trouble but, for neglecting to keep his promise, Hercules slew him. - -=Augury= (AuŽgury). This was a means adopted by the Romans of forming -a judgment of futurity by the flight of birds, and the officiating -priest was called an augur. - -=Aurora= (AuroŽra), the goddess of the morning, - - "Whose rosy fingers ope the gates of day." - -She was daughter of Sol, the sun, and was the mother of the stars and -winds. She is represented as riding in a splendid golden chariot drawn -by white horses. The goddess loved Tithonus, and begged the gods to -grant him immortality, but forgot to ask at the same time that he -should not get old and decrepit. See Tithonus. - - "... So soon as the all-cheering sun - Should, in the farthest east, begin to draw - The shady curtains of Aurora's bed." - Shakespeare. - -=Auster= (AusŽter), the south wind, a son of Jupiter. - -=Avernus= (AverŽnus), a poisonous lake, referred to by poets as being -at the entrance of the infernal regions, but it was really a lake in -Campania, in Italy. - -=Averruncus Deus= (AverrunŽcus Deus), a Roman god, who could divert -people from evil-doing. - -=Axe=, see Daedalus. - - -=Baal= (BaŽal), a god of the Phoenicians. - -=Baal-Peor= (BaŽal-PeŽor), a Moabitish god, associated with -licentiousness and obscenity. The modern name is Belphegor. - -=Babes=, see Rumia Dea. - -=Bacchantes= (BacŽchantes). The priestesses of Bacchus. - -=Bacchus= (BacŽchus), the god of wine, was the son of Jupiter and -Semele. He is said to have married Ariadne, daughter of Minos, King of -Crete, after she was deserted by Theseus. The most distinguished of -his children is Hymen, the god of marriage. Bacchus is sometimes -referred to under the names of Dionysius, Biformis, Brisaeus, Iacchus, -Lenaeus, Lyceus, Liber, and Liber Pater, the symbol of liberty. The -god of wine is usually represented as crowned with vine and ivy -leaves. In his left hand is a thyrsus, a kind of javelin, having a fir -cone for the head, and being encircled with ivy or vine. His chariot -is drawn by lions, tigers, or panthers. - - "Jolly Bacchus, god of pleasure, - Charmed the world with drink and dances." - T. Parnell, 1700. - -=Balios= (BaŽlios). A famous horse given by Neptune to Peleus as a -wedding present, and was afterward given to Achilles. - -=Barker=, see Anubis. - -=Bassarides= (BassarŽides). The priestesses of Bacchus were sometimes -so called. - -=Battle=, see Valhalla. - -=Bear=, see Calisto. - -=Beauty=, see Venus. - -=Bees=, see Mellona. - -=Belisama= (BelisaŽma), a goddess of the Gauls. The name means the -Queen of Heaven. - -=Bellerophon= (BellerŽophon), a hero who destroyed a monster called -the Chimaera. - -=Bellona= (BelloŽna), the goddess of war, and wife of Mars. The 24th -March was called Bellona's Day, when her votaries cut themselves with -knives and drank the blood of the sacrifice. - - "In Dirae's and in Discord's steps Bellona treads, - And shakes her iron rod above their heads." - -=Belphegor= (BelpheŽgor), see Baal-Peor. - -=Belus= (BeŽlus). The Chaldean name of the sun. - -=Berecynthia= (BerecynŽthia), a name of Cybele, from a mountain where -she was worshiped. - -=Biformis= (BiŽformis), a name of Bacchus, because he was accounted -both bearded and beardless. - -=Birds=, see Augury. - -=Births=, see Lucina and Levana. - -=Blacksmith=, see Brontes and Vulcan. - -=Blind=, see Thamyris. - -=Blue eyes=, see Glaukopis. - -=Bona Dea= (BoŽna DeŽa). "The bountiful goddess," whose festival was -celebrated by the Romans with much magnificence. See Ceres. - -=Bonus Eventus= (BoŽnus EvenŽtus). The god of good success, a rural -divinity. - -=Boreas= (BoŽreas), the north wind, son of Astraeus and Aurora. - - "... I snatched her from the rigid north, - Her native bed, on which bleak Boreas blew, - And bore her nearer to the sun...." - Young, 1710. - -=Boundaries=, see Terminus. - -=Boxing=, see Pollux. - -=Brahma= (BrahŽma). The great Indian deity, represented with four -heads looking to the four quarters of the globe. - -=Briareus= (BriŽareus), a famous giant. See Aegeon. - -=Brisaeus= (BrisŽaeus). A name of Bacchus, referring to the use of -grapes and honey. - -=Brontes= (BrontŽes), one of the Cyclops. He is the personification of -a blacksmith. - -=Bubona= (BuboŽna), goddess of herdsmen, one of the rural divinities. - -=Buddha= (BudŽdha). Primitively, a pagan deity, the Vishnu of the -Hindoos. - -=Byblis= (BybŽlis). A niece of Sol, mentioned by Ovid. She shed so -many tears for unrequited love that she was turned into a fountain. - - "Thus the Phoebeian Byblis, spent in tears, - Becomes a living fountain, which yet bears - Her name." - Ovid. - - -=Cabiri= (CabŽiri). The mysterious rites connected with the worship of -these deities were so obscene that most writers refer to them as -secrets which it was unlawful to reveal. - -=Cacodaemon= (CacŽodaeŽmon). The Greek name of an evil spirit. - -=Cacus= (CaŽcus), a three-headed monster and robber. - -=Cadmus= (CadŽmus), one of the earliest of the Greek demi-gods. He was -the reputed inventor of letters, and his alphabet consisted of sixteen -letters. It was Cadmus who slew the Boeotian dragon, and sowed its -teeth in the ground, from each of which sprang up an armed man. - -=Caduceus= (CaduŽceus). The rod carried by Mercury. It has two winged -serpents entwined round the top end. It was supposed to possess the -power of producing sleep, and Milton refers to it in _Paradise Lost_ -as the "opiate rod." - -=Calisto= (CalisŽto), an Arcadian nymph, who was turned into a -she-bear by Jupiter. In that form she was hunted by her son Arcas, who -would have killed her had not Jupiter turned him into a he-bear. The -nymph and her son form the constellations known as the Great Bear and -Little Bear. - -=Calliope= (CalliŽope). The Muse who presided over epic poetry and -rhetoric. She is generally depicted using a stylus and wax tablets, -the ancient writing materials. - -=Calpe= (CalŽpe). One of the pillars of Hercules. - -=Calypso= (CalypŽso) was queen of the island of Ogygia, on which -Ulysses was wrecked, and where he was persuaded to remain seven years. - -=Cama= (CaŽma). The Indian god of love and marriage. - -=Camillus= (CamilŽlus), a name of Mercury, from his office of minister -to the gods. - -=Canache= (CanŽache). The name of one of Actaeon's hounds. - -=Canopus= (CanoŽpus). The Egyptian god of water, the conqueror of -fire. - -=Capis= (CapŽis) or =Capula= (CapŽula). A peculiar cup with ears, used -in drinking the health of the deities. - -=Capitolinus= (CapitoliŽnus). A name of Jupiter, from the Capitoline -hill, on the top of which a temple was built and dedicated to him. - -=Capripedes= (CapŽriŽpedes). Pan, the Egipans, the Satyrs, and Fauns, -were so called from having goat's feet. - -=Caprotina= (CaprotiŽna). A name of Juno. - -=Cassandra= (CassanŽdra), a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, who was -granted by Apollo the power of seeing into futurity, but having -offended that god he prevented people from believing her predictions. - -=Cassiopeia= (CassiopeŽia). The Ethiopian queen who set her beauty in -comparison with that of the Nereides, who thereupon chained her to a -rock and left her to be devoured by a sea-monster, but she was -delivered by Perseus. See Andromeda. - -=Castalia= (CastaŽlia). One of the fountains in Mount Parnassus, -sacred to the Muses. - -=Castalides= (CastaŽliŽdes), a name of the Muses, from the fountain -Castalia or Castalius. - -=Castor= (CasŽtor), son of Jupiter and Leda, twin brother of Pollux, -noted for his skill in horsemanship. He went with Jason in quest of -the Golden Fleece. - -=Cauther= (CauŽther), in Mohammedan mythology, is the lake of -paradise, whose waters are as sweet as honey, as cold as snow, and as -clear as crystal; and any believer who tastes thereof is said to -thirst no more. - -=Celeno= (CelŽeno) was one of the Harpies, progenitor of Zephyrus, the -west wind. - -=Centaur= (CenŽtaur). A huntsman who had the forepart like a man, and -the remainder of the body like a horse. The Centauri lived in -Thessaly. - -=Cephalus= (CepŽhalus) was married to Procris, whom he accidentally -slew by shooting her while she was secretly watching him, he thinking -she was a wild beast. Cephalus was the type of constancy. - -=Ceraunius= (CerauŽnius). A Greek name of Jupiter, meaning The -Fulminator, from his thunderbolts. - -=Cerberus= (CerŽberus). Pluto's famous three-headed dog, which guarded -the gate of the infernal regions, preventing the living from entering, -and the inhabitants from going out. - - "Three-headed Cerberus, by fate - Posted at Pluto's iron gate; - Low crouching rolls his haggard eyes, - Ecstatic, and foregoes his prize." - -=Ceremonies=, see Themis. - - [Illustration: Apollo Belvedere - _See page 23_] - -=Ceres= (CeŽres), daughter of Saturn, the goddess of agriculture, and -of the fruits of the earth. She taught Triptolemus how to grow corn, -and sent him to teach the inhabitants of the earth. She was known by -the names of Magna Dea, Bona Dea, Alma Mammosa, and Thesmorphonis. -Ceres was the mother of Proserpine. See Ambarvalia. - - "To Ceres bland, her annual rites be paid - On the green turf beneath the fragrant shade.-- - ... Let all the hinds bend low at Ceres' shrine, - Mix honey sweet for her with milk and mellow wine, - Thrice lead the victim the new fruits around, - On Ceres call, and choral hymns resound." - - "Ceres was she who first our furrows plowed, - Who gave sweet fruits and every good allowed." - Pope. - -=Cestus= (CesŽtus), the girdle of Venus, which excited irresistible -affection. - -=Chaos= (ChaŽos) allegorically represented the confused mass of matter -supposed to have existed before the creation of the world, and out of -which the world was formed. - - "... Behold the throne - Of Chaos, and his dark pavilion spread - Wide on the wasteful deep; with him enthroned - Sat sable-vested Night, eldest of all things, - The consort of his reign." - Milton. - -=Charon= (CharŽon) was the son of Nox and Erebus. He was the ferryman -who conveyed the spirits of the dead, in a boat, over the rivers -Acheron and Styx to the Elysian Fields. "Charon's toll" was a coin -put into the hands of the dead with which to pay the grim ferryman. - - "From the dark mansions of the dead, - Where Charon with his lazy boat - Ferries o'er Lethe's sedgy moat." - -=Charybdis= (CharybŽdis). A dangerous whirlpool on the coast of -Sicily. Personified, it was supposed to have been a woman who -plundered travelers, but was at last killed by Hercules. Scylla and -Charybdis are generally spoken of together to represent alternative -dangers. - - "Charybdis barks, and Polyphemus roars." - Francis. - -=Chemos= (CheŽmos). The Moabitish god of war. - -=Children=, see Nundina. - -=Chimaera= (ChimaeŽra). A wild illusion, personified in the monster -slain by Bellerophon. It had the head and breast of a lion, the body -of a goat, and the tail of a serpent. It used to vomit fire. - - "... And on the craggy top - Chimera dwells, with lion's face and mane, - A goat's rough body and a serpent's train." - Pope. - - "First, dire Chimera's conquest was enjoined, - A mingled monster of no mortal kind. - Behind, a dragon's fiery tail was spread, - A goat's rough body bore a lion's head, - Her pitchy nostrils flaky flames expire, - Her gaping throat emits infernal fire." - Milton. - -=Chiron= (ChiŽron), the centaur who taught Achilles hunting, music, -and the use of medicinal herbs. Jupiter placed him among the stars, -where he appears as Sagittarius, the Archer. - -=Chloris= (ChloŽris). The Greek name of Flora, the goddess of flowers. - -=Chou.= An Egyptian god corresponding to the Roman Hercules. - -=Chronos= (ChroŽnos). Time, the Grecian name of Saturn. - -=Cillaros= (CilŽlaros), see Cyllaros. - -=Circe= (CirŽce), daughter of the Sun. The knowledge of poisonous -herbs enabled her to destroy her husband, the King of the Sarmatians, -for which act she was banished. When Ulysses landed at Aeaea, where -she lived, she turned all his followers into swine. - -=Cisseta= (CisseŽta). The name of one of Actaeon's hounds. - -=Citherides= (CitherŽides). A name of the Muses, from Mount Citheron. - -=Clio= (CliŽo). One of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. -She presided over history. - -=Cloacina= (CloaciŽna). The Roman goddess of sewers. - -=Clotho= (CloŽtho) was one of the Fates. She was present at births, -and held the distaff from which was spun the thread of life. See -Atropos and Lachesis. - -=Clowns of Lycia, The= (LyŽcia), were changed into frogs by Latona, -because they refused to allow her to drink at one of their streamlets. - -=Cluacina= (CluŽaciŽna). A name of Venus, given to her at the time of -the reconciliation of the Romans and the Sabines, which was ratified -near a statue of the goddess. - -=Clytemnestra= (ClyŽtemnesŽtra), wife of Agamemnon, slew her husband -and married Aegisthus. She attempted to kill her son Orestes, but he -was delivered by his sister Electra, who sent him away to Strophius. -He afterward returned and slew both Clytemnestra and Aegisthus. - -=Clytie= (ClytŽie). A nymph who got herself changed into a sunflower -because her love of Apollo was unrequited. In the form of this flower -she is still supposed to be turning toward Sol, a name of Apollo. - -=Cneph.= In Egyptian mythology the creator of the universe. - -=Cocytus= (CocyŽtus), the river of Lamentation. One of the five rivers -of the infernal regions. - - "Infernal rivers that disgorge - Into the burning lake their baleful streams. - ... Cocytus, named of lamentation loud. - Heard on the rueful stream." - Milton. - -=Coeculus= (CoeŽculus), a violent robber, was a son of Vulcan. - -=Coelus= (CoeŽlus), also called Uranus (or Heaven), was the most -ancient of the gods. - -=Coena Saliaris= (CoeŽna SaliaŽris), see Ancilia. - -=Collina= (ColliŽna) was one of the rural deities, the goddess of -hills. - -=Comedy=, see Thalia. - -=Comus= (CoŽmus) was the god of revelry. He presided over -entertainments and feasts. - -=Concord= (ConŽcord). The symbol of Concord was two right hands -joined, and a pomegranate. - -=Concordia= (ConcorŽdia). The goddess of peace. One of the oldest -Roman goddesses. She is represented as holding a horn of plenty in one -hand, and in the other a scepter, from which fruit is sprouting forth. - -=Constancy=, see Cephalus. - -=Consualia= (ConsuŽalia). Games sacred to Neptune. - -=Consus= (ConŽsus). A name given to Neptune as being the god of -counsel. - -=Cophetua= (CopheŽtua). A legendary king of Africa, who disliked -women, but ultimately fell in love with a "beggar-maid," as mentioned -in _Romeo and Juliet_. - - "... Cupid, he that shot so trim - When King Cophetua loved the beggar-maid." - Shakespeare. - -=Copia= (CoŽpia), the goddess of plenty. - -=Coran= (CoŽran). One of Actaeon's hounds was so named. - -=Corn=, see Ceres. - -=Coronis= (CorŽonis), was a consort of Apollo and mother of -Aesculapius. Another Coronis was daughter of a king of Phocis, and was -changed by Athena into a crow. - -=Corybantes= (CorybanŽtes) were priests of Cybele. They obtained the -name because they were in the habit of striking themselves in their -dances. - -=Corydon= (CoryŽdon). A silly love-sick swain mentioned by Virgil. - -=Corythaix= (CoryŽthaix). A name given to Mars, meaning Shaker of the -Helmet. - -=Cotytto= (CotytŽto). The Athenian goddess of immodesty. - - "Hail! goddess of nocturnal sport, - Dark-veiled Cotytto, to whom the secret flame - Of midnight torches burns; mysterious dame." - Milton. - -=Counsel=, see Consus. - -=Creditors=, see Jani. - -=Crow=, see Coronis. - -=Cultivated Land=, see Sylvester. - -=Cup-bearer=, see Ganymede. - -=Cupid= (CuŽpid), the god of love, was the son of Jupiter and Venus. -He is represented as a naked, winged boy, with a bow and arrows, and a -torch. When he grew up to be a man he married Psyche. - - "For Venus did but boast one only son, - And rosy Cupid was that boasted one; - He, uncontroll'd, thro' heaven extends his sway, - And gods and goddesses by turns obey." - Eusden, 1713. - -=Cuvera= (CuveŽra). The Indian god of wealth corresponding to the -Greek Plutus. - -=Cybele= (CyŽbele). The mother of the gods, and hence called Magna -Mater. She was wife of Saturn. She is sometimes referred to under the -names of Ceres, Rhea, Ops, and Vesta. She is represented as riding in -a chariot drawn by lions. In one hand she holds a scepter, and in the -other a key. On her head is a castelated crown, to denote that she -was the first to protect castles and walls with towers. - - "Nor Cybele with half so kind an eye - Surveyed her sons and daughters of the sky." - Dryden. - - "Might she the wise Latona be, - Or the towered Cybele, - Mother of a hundred gods, - Juno dares not give her odds." - Milton. - -=Cyclops= (CyŽclops) or =Cyclopes= (CyŽclopes) were the gigantic, -one-eyed workmen of Vulcan, who made Jove's thunderbolts. Hesiod gives -their names as Arges, Brontes, and Steropes. - - "Meantime, the Cyclop raging with his wound, - Spreads his wide arms, and searches round and round." - Pope. - -=Cygnus= (CygŽnus), the bosom friend of Phaeton. He died of grief on -the death of his friend, and was turned into a swan. - -=Cyllaros= (CyllŽaros), one of Castor's horses. The color is mentioned -as being coal-black, with white legs and tail. See Cillaros. - -=Cyllo= (CylŽlo). The name of one of Actaeon's hounds, which was lame. - -=Cyllopotes= (CyllopŽotes). A name given to one of Actaeon's hounds -which limped. - -=Cynosure= (CynŽosure). One of the nurses of Jupiter, turned by the -god into a conspicuous constellation. - - "Towers and battlements it sees - Bosomed high in tufted trees, - Where perhaps some beauty lies, - The Cynosure of neighboring eyes." - Milton. - -=Cyparissus= (CyparisŽsus). A boy of whom Apollo was very fond; and -when he died he was changed, at Apollo's intercession, into a cypress -tree, the branches of which typify mourning. - -=Cypress= (CyŽpress), see Cyparissus. - -=Cypria= (CyŽpria). A name of Venus, because she was worshiped in the -island of Cyprus. - -=Cythera= (CythŽera). A name of Venus, from the island to which she -was wafted in the shell. - - -=Dactyli= (DactyŽli) were priests of Cybele. They were given the name, -because, like the fingers, they were ten in number. - -=Daedalus= (DaedŽalus) was a great architect and sculptor. He invented -the wedge, the axe, the level, and the gimlet, and was the first to -use sails. Daedalus also constructed the famous labyrinth for Minos, -King of Crete. See Icarus. - - "Now Daedalus, behold, by fate assigned, - A task proportioned to thy mighty mind." - Pope. - -=Dagon= (DaŽgon). A god of the Philistines, half man half fish, like -the mermaid. Milton describes him as "Upward man and downward fish." - -=Dahak= (DaŽhak). The Persian devil. - -=Daityas= (DaiŽtyas). In Hindoo mythology the devils or evil gods. - -=Danae= (DanŽae) was a daughter of Acrisius and Eurydice. She had a -son by Jupiter, who was drifted out to sea in a boat, but was saved by -Polydectes and educated. - - [Illustration: Fountain of Cybele (Rhea) - _See page 42_] - -=Danaides= (DanaŽides), see Danaus. - -=Danaus= (DanaŽus), King of Argos, was the father of fifty daughters, -who, all but one, at the command of their father, slew their husbands -directly after marriage. For this crime they were condemned to the -task of forever trying to draw water with vessels without any bottoms. -See Hypermnestra. - -=Dancing=, see Terpsichore. - -=Dangers=, see Charybdis, also Scylla. - -=Daphne= (DaphŽne). The goddess of the earth. Apollo courted her, but -she fled from him, and was, at her own request, turned into a laurel -tree. - - "... As Daphne was - Root-bound, that fled Apollo." - Milton. - -=Dardanus= (DarŽdanus), a son of Jupiter, who built the city of -Dardania, and by some writers was accounted the founder of Troy. - -=Dead-toll=, see Charon. - -=Death=, see Nox. - -=Deceiver, The=, see Apaturia. - -=Deianira= (DeianiŽra), daughter of Oeneus, was wife of Hercules. See -Hercules. - -=Delius= (DeŽlius), a name of Apollo, from the island in which he was -born. - -=Delphi= (DelŽphi). A town on Mount Parnassus, famous for its oracle, -and for a temple of Apollo. See Delphos. - -=Delphicus= (DelŽphicus). A name of Apollo, from Delphi. - -=Delphos= (DelŽphos), the place where the temple was built, from -which the oracle of Apollo was given. - -=Demarus= (DeŽmarus). The Phoenician name of Jupiter. - -=Demogorgon= (DeŽmogorŽgon) was the tyrant genius of the soil or -earth, the life and support of plants. He was depicted as an old man -covered with moss, and was said to live underground. He is sometimes -called the king of the elves and fays. - - "Which wast begot in Demogorgon's hall - And saw'st the secrets of the world unmade." - Spenser. - -=Deucalion= (DeucaŽlion), one of the demi-gods, son of Prometheus and -Pyrra. He and his wife, by making a ship, survived the deluge which -Jupiter sent on the earth, circa 1503 B.C. - -=Devil=, see Dahak, Daityas, and Obambou. - -=Diana= (DiŽana), goddess of hunting and of chastity. She was the -sister of Apollo, and daughter of Jupiter and Latona. She was known -among the Greeks as Diana or Phoebe, and was honored as a triform -goddess. As a celestial divinity she was called Luna; as a terrestrial -Diana or Dictynna; and in the infernal regions Hecate. - -=Dictynna= (DictynŽna), a Greek name of Diana as a terrestrial -goddess. - -=Dido= (DiŽdo). A daughter of Belus, King of Tyre. It was this -princess who bought a piece of land in Africa as large as could be -encompassed by a bullock's hide, and when the purchase was completed, -cut the hide into strips, and so secured a large tract of land. Here -she built Carthage; and Virgil tells that when Aeneas was shipwrecked -on the neighboring coast she received him with every kindness, and at -last fell in love with him. But Aeneas did not reciprocate her -affections, and this so grieved her that she stabbed herself. A tale -is told in _Facetiae Cantabrigienses_ of Professor Porson, who being -one of a set party, the conversation turned on the subject of punning, -when Porson observing that he could pun on any subject, a person -present defied him to do so on the Latin gerunds, _di_, _do_, _dum_, -which, however, he immediately did in the following admirable couplet: - - "When Dido found Aeneas would not come, - She mourned in silence, and was _Dido dumb_." - -=Dies Pater= (DiŽes PaŽter), or Father of the Day, a name of Jupiter. - -=Dii Selecti= (Dii SelecŽti) composed the second class of gods. They -were Coelus, Saturn, Genius, Oreus, Sol, Bacchus, Terra, and Luna. - -=Dindymene= (DinŽdymeŽne). A name of Cybele, from a mountain where she -was worshiped. - - "Nor Dindymene, nor her priest possest, - Can with their sounding cymbals shake the breast - Like furious anger." - Francis. - -=Diomedes= (DiomeŽdes), the cruel tyrant of Thrace, who fed his mares -on the flesh of his guests. He was overcome by Hercules, and himself -given to the same horses as food. - -=Dione= (DioŽne). A poetic name of Venus. - -=Dionysia= (DionyŽsia) were festivals in honor of Bacchus. - -=Dionysius= (DionyŽsius). A name of Bacchus, either from his father -Jupiter (Dios), or from his nurses, the nymphs called Nysae. - -=Dioscuri= (DiosŽcuri). Castor and Pollux, the sons of Jupiter. - -=Dirae= (DiŽrae). A name of the Furies. - -=Dis.= A name of Pluto, god of hell, signifying riches. - - "... That fair field - Of Enna, where Proserpine gathering flowers, - Herself a fairer flower, by gloomy Dis - Was gathered." - Milton. - -=Discord=, see Ate. - -=Discordia= (DiscorŽdia), sister of Nemesis, the Furies, and Death, -was driven from heaven for having sown discord among the gods. - -=Diseases=, see Pandora. - -=Distaff=, see Pallas. - -=Dithyrambus.= A surname of Bacchus. - -=Dodona= (DodoŽna) was a celebrated oracle of Jupiter. - - "O where, Dodona, is thine aged grove, - Prophetic fount, and oracle divine?" - Byron. - -=Dodonaeus= (DodonaeŽus). A name of Jupiter, from the city of Dodona. - -=Dog=, see Lares. - -=Dolabra= (DolaŽbra). The knife used by the priests to cut up the -sacrifices. - -=Dolphin=, see Arion. - -=Doorga= (DoorŽga). A Hindoo goddess. - -=Doris= (DoŽris) was daughter of Oceanus, and sister of Nereus, two of -the marine deities. From these two sisters sprang the several tribes -of water nymphs. - -=Doto= (DoŽto). One of the Nereids or sea nymphs. - -=Draco= (DraŽco). One of Actaeon's hounds. - -=Dragon=, seven-headed, see Geryon. - -=Dreams=, see Morpheus. - -=Dryads= (DryŽads) were rural deities, the nymphs of the forests, to -whom their votaries offered oil, milk, and honey. - - "Flushed with resistless charms he fired to love - Each nymph and little Dryad of the grove." - Ticknell. - -=Dumbness= (DumbŽness), see Atys. - -=Dweurgar= (DweurŽgar). Scandinavian god of the Echo--a pigmy. - - -=Eacus= (EŽacus), son of Jupiter and Egina, one of the judges of the -infernal regions, who was appointed to judge the Europeans. See -Aeacus. - -=Earth=, see Antaeus. - -=Eblis= (EbŽlis), the Mohammedan evil genius. - -=Echidna= (EchidŽna). A woman having a serpent's tail. She was the -reputed mother of Chimaera, and also of the many-headed dog Orthos, of -the three-hundred-headed dragon of the Hesperides, of the Colchian -dragon, of the Sphinx, of Cerberus, of Scylla, of the Gorgons, of the -Lernaean Hydra, of the vulture that gnawed away the liver of -Prometheus, and also of the Nemean lion; in fact, the mother of all -adversity and tribulation. - -=Echnobas= (EchnoŽbas), one of Actaeon's hounds. - -=Echo= (EchŽo) was a nymph who fell in love with Narcissus. But when -he languished and died she pined away from grief and died also, -preserving nothing but her voice, which repeats every sound that -reaches her. Another fable makes Echo a daughter of Air and Tellus. -She was partly deprived of speech by Juno, being allowed only to reply -to questions. - - "Sweet Echo, sweetest nymph, that liv'st unseen - Within thy airy shell. - . . . . - Sweet queen of parley, daughter of the sphere, - So may'st thou be translated to the skies, - And give resounding grace to all heaven's harmonies." - Milton. - - "Oft by Echo's tedious tales misled." - Ovid. - -=Egeon.= A giant sea-god, who assisted the Titans against Jupiter. - -=Egeria= (EgeŽria). A nymph who is said to have suggested to Numa all -his wise laws. She became his wife, and at his death was so -disconsolate, and shed so many tears, that Diana changed her into a -fountain. - -=Egil= (EŽgil). The Vulcan of northern mythology. - -=Egipans= (EgipŽans) were rural deities who inhabited the forests and -mountains, the upper half of the body being like that of a man, and -the lower half like a goat. - -=Egis= (EŽgis) was the shield of Minerva. It obtained its name because -it was covered with the skin of the goat Amalthaea, which nourished -Jupiter. See Aegis. - -=Eleusinian Mysteries= (EleusinŽian). Religious rites in honor of -Ceres, performed at Eleusis, in Attica. - -=Elysium= (ElysŽium), or the =Elysian Fields=. The temporary abode of -the just in the infernal regions. - -=Empyrean, The= (EmpyreŽan). The fifth heaven, the seat of the heathen -deity. - -=Endymion= (EndymŽion). A shepherd, who acquired from Jupiter the -faculty of being always young. One of the lovers of Diana. - -=Entertainments=, see Comus. - -=Envy=, see Furies. - -=Enyo= was the Grecian name of Bellona, the goddess of war and -cruelty. - -=Eolus= (EŽolus), see Aeolus. - -=Eos= (EŽos). The Grecian name of Aurora. - -=Eous= (EŽous). One of the four horses which drew the chariot of Sol, -the sun. The word is Greek, and means red. - -=Ephialtes= (EphŽialŽtes). A giant who lost his right eye in an -encounter with Hercules, and the left eye was destroyed by Apollo. - -=Erato= (ErŽato). One of the Muses, the patroness of light poetry; -she presided over the triumphs and complaints of lovers, and is -generally represented as crowned with roses and myrtle, and holding a -lyre in her hand. - -=Erebus= (ErŽebus), son of Chaos, one of the gods of Hades, sometimes -alluded to as representing the infernal regions. - -=Ergatis= (ErgaŽtis). A name given to Minerva. It means the -work-woman, and was given to the goddess because she was credited with -having invented spinning and weaving. - -=Erictheus= (EricŽtheus), fourth King of Athens, was the son of -Vulcan. - -=Erinnys= (ErinŽnys). A Greek name of the Furies. It means Disturber -of the Mind. - -=Erisichthon= (ErisichŽthon) was punished with perpetual hunger -because he defiled the groves of Ceres, and cut down one of the sacred -oaks. - -=Eros= (ErŽos). The Greek god of love. - -=Erostratus= (ErosŽtratus). The rascal who burnt the temple of Diana -at Ephesus, thereby hoping to make his name immortal. - -=Erycina= (ErycŽina). A name of Venus, from Mount Eryx in Sicily. - -=Erythreos= (ErythreŽos). The Grecian name of one of the horses of -Sol's chariot. - -=Esculapius= (EsculaŽpius), see Aesculapius. - -=Eta= (EŽta), see Aeetes. - -=Ethon= (EŽthon), one of the horses who drew the chariot of Sol--the -sun. The word is Greek, and signifies hot. - -=Etna= (EtŽna). A volcanic mountain, beneath which, according to -Virgil, there is buried the giant Typhon, who breathes forth devouring -flames. - -=Eudromos= (EuŽdromos). The name of one of Actaeon's hounds. - -=Eulalon= (EuŽlalon), one of the names of Apollo. - -=Eumenides= (EumeŽnides), a name of the Furies, meaning mild, and -referring to the time when they were approved by Minerva. - -=Euphrosyne= (EuphroŽsyne), one of the three Graces, see Graces. - - "Come, thou goddess fair and free, - In heaven ycleped Euphrosyne." - Milton. - -=Eurus= (EuŽrus). The east wind. A son of Aeolus. - -=Euryale= (EuryŽale) was one of the Gorgons, daughter of Phorcus and -Ceto. - -=Eurydice= (EurydŽice), wife of Orpheus, who was killed by a serpent -on her wedding night. - - "Nor yet the golden verge of day begun. - When Orpheus (her unhappy lord), - Eurydice to life restored, - At once beheld, and lost, and was undone." - F. Lewis. - -=Eurythion= (EurythŽion). A seven-headed dragon. See Geryon. - -=Euterpe= (EuŽterpe), one of the Muses, the patroness of instrumental -music. The word means agreeable. - -=Euvyhe= (EuŽvyhe), an expression meaning "Well done, son." Jupiter -so frequently addressed his son Bacchus by those words that the phrase -at last became one of his names. - -=Evening Star=, see Hesperus. - -=Evil=, see Cacodaemon. - -=Evils=, see Pandora. - -=Eye=, of one, see Cyclops and Glaukopis. - - -=Fame= was a poetical deity, represented as having wings and blowing a -trumpet. A temple was dedicated to her by the Romans. - -=Fate=, see Nereus. - -=Fates=, or =Parcae=, were the three daughters of Necessity. Their -names were Clotho, who held the distaff; Lachesis, who turned the -spindle; and Atropos, who cut the thread with the fatal shears. - -=Faun.= A rural divinity, half man and half goat. They were very -similar to the Satyrs. The Fauns attended the god Pan, and the Satyrs -attended Bacchus. - -=Favonius= (FavoŽnius). The wind favorable to vegetation, that is, -Zephyr--the west wind. - - "... Time will run - On smoother, till Favonius reinspire - The frozen earth, and clothe in fresh attire - The lily and the rose, that neither sowed nor spun." - Milton. - -=Fays.= - - "The yellow-skirted Fays - Fly after the night-steeds, - Leaving their moon-loved maze." - Milton. - -=Feasts=, see Comus. - -=Febris= (FeŽbris) (fever), one of the evil deities, was worshiped -that she might not do harm. - -=Februus= (FebŽruus). A name of Pluto, from the part of the funeral -rites which consisted of purifications. - -=Feronia= (FeroŽnia), the Roman goddess of orchards, was patroness of -enfranchised slaves. Some authors think Feronia is the same as Juno. - -=Fertility=, see Lupercus. - -=Festivals=, see Thalia. - -=Fidelity=, see Iolaus. - -=Fides= (FiŽdes), the goddess of faith and honesty, and a temple in -the Capitol of Rome. - -=Fine Arts=, see Minerva. - -=Fire=, see Salamander, Vesta, and Vulcan. - -=Fire Insurance=, see Canopus. - -=Fisherman=, see Glaucus. - -=Flath-innis= (FlathŽ-inŽnis), in Celtic mythology, is Paradise. - -=Fleece, Golden=, see Golden Fleece, Argonauts, and Jason. - -=Flies=, see Muscarius. - -=Flocks=, see Pales (goddess of pastures). - -=Flora= (FloŽra), goddess of flowers and gardens, was wife of -Zephyrus. She enjoyed perpetual youth. Her Grecian name was Chloris. - -=Floralia= (FloraŽlia) were licentious games instituted in honor of -the goddess Flora. - -=Flowers=, see Flora, Chloris, Hortensis, and Zephyrus. - -=Flute=, see Marsyas. - -=Fortuna= (FortuŽna), the goddess of fortune, had a temple erected to -her by Servius Tullius. She was supposed to be able to bestow riches -or poverty on mankind, and was esteemed one of the most potent of the -ancient goddesses. She is usually represented as standing on a wheel, -with a bandage over her eyes, and holding a cornucopia. - -=Fraud=, one of the evil deities, was represented as a goddess with a -human face and a serpent's body, and at the end of her tail was a -scorpion's sting. She lived in the river Cocytus, and nothing but her -head was ever seen. - -=Freyr= (FreyŽr). The Scandinavian god of fertility and peace. The -patron god of Sweden and Iceland. - -=Freyja= (FreyŽja). The Scandinavian Venus. The goddess of love. - -=Friga= (FriŽga). The Saxon goddess of earthly enjoyments. The name -Friday is derived from her. In Scandinavian mythology she is the -goddess of marriage. - -=Fro.= The Scandinavian god of tempests and winds. - -=Frogs=, see Clowns of Lycia. - - [Illustration: The Fates - _See page 54_] - -=Fruits=, see Ceres, and Pomona. - -=Funerals=, see Libitina, and Manes. - -=Furies, The=, were the three daughters of Acheron and Nox. They were -the punishers of evil-doers. Their names were Tisiphone, Megaera, and -Alecto, and were supposed to personify rage, slaughter, and envy. - -=Futurity=, see Cassandra. - - -=Gabriel= (GaŽbriel), in Jewish mythology is the prince of fire and -thunder, and the angel of death to the favored people of God. - -=Galataea= (GalataeŽa). A sea nymph. Polyphemus, one of the Cyclops, -loved her, but she disdained his attentions and became the lover of -Acis, a Sicilian shepherd. - -=Gallantes= (GallanŽtes), madmen, from Galli (which see). - -=Galli= (GalŽli) were priests of Cybele who used to cut their arms -with knives when they sacrificed, and acted so like madmen that -demented people got the name of Gallantes. - -=Ganesa= (GanŽesa). The Indian Mercury. The god of wisdom and -prudence. - -=Ganga.= One of the three Indian river goddesses. - -=Ganymede=, a beautiful Phrygian youth, son of Tros, King of Troy. He -succeeded Hebe in the office of cup-bearer to Jupiter. He is generally -represented sitting on the back of a flying eagle. - -=Gardens=, see Pomona (goddess of fruit-trees). - -=Gates=, see Janus. - -=Gautama= (GauŽtama) (Buddha). The chief deity of Burmah. - -=Genii= were domestic divinities. Every man was supposed to have two -of these genii accompanying him; one brought him happiness, the other -misery. - -=Genitor= (GenŽitor). A Lycian name of Jupiter. - -=Geometry=, see Mercury. - -=Geryon= (GeŽryon) was a triple-bodied monster who lived at Gades, -where his numerous flocks were guarded by Orthos, a two-headed dog, -and by Eurythion, a seven-headed dragon. These guardians were -destroyed by Hercules, and the cattle taken away. - -=Gimlet=, see Daedalus. - -=Girdle=, see Cestus (Venus's). - -=Glaucus= (GlauŽcus) was a fisherman who became a sea-god through -eating a sea-weed, which he thought invigorated the fishes and might -strengthen him. - -=Glaukopis= (GlaukoŽpis). A name given to Minerva, because she had -blue eyes. - -=Gnomes= (GnoŽmes), a name given by Plato to the invisible deities who -were supposed to inhabit the earth. - -=Gnossis= (GnosŽsis), a name given to Ariadne, from the city of -Gnossus, in Crete. - -=Goat=, see Iphigenia, Mendes, and Venus. - -=Goat's Feet=, see Capripedes. - -=Golden Apple=, see Atalanta. - -=Golden Fleece, The=, was a ram's hide, sometimes described as white, -and at other times as purple and golden. It was given to Phryxus, who -carried it to Colchis, where King Aeetes entertained Phryxus, and the -hide was hung up in the grove of Mars. Jason and forty-nine companions -fetched back the golden fleece. See Argonauts. - -=Gopya= (GopyŽa). Indian mythological nymphs. - -=Gorgons, The= (GorŽgons), were three sisters, named Stheno, Euryale, -and Medusa. They petrified every one they looked at. Instead of hair -their heads were covered with vipers. Perseus conquered them, and cut -off the head of Medusa, which was placed on the shield of Minerva, and -all who fixed their eyes thereon were turned into stone. - -=Graces, The=, were the attendants of Venus. Their names were, Aglaia, -so called from her beauty and goodness; Thalia, from her perpetual -freshness; and Euphrosyne, from her cheerfulness. They are generally -depicted as three cheerful maidens with hands joined, and either nude -or only wearing transparent robes--the idea being that kindnesses, as -personified by the Graces, should be done with sincerity and candor, -and without disguise. They were supposed to teach the duties of -gratitude and friendship, and they promoted love and harmony among -mankind. - -=Graces= (fourth), see Pasithea. - -=Gradivus= (GradŽivus). A name given to Mars by the Romans. It meant -the warrior who defended the city against all external enemies. - -=Gragus= (GraŽgus). The name by which Jupiter was worshiped in Lycia. - -=Granaries=, see Tutelina. - -=Grapsios= (GrapŽsios). A Lycian name of Jupiter. - -=Grasshopper=, see Tithonus. - -=Grief=, see Niobe. - - -=Hada= (HaŽda). The Babylonian Juno. - -=Hades= (HaŽdes). The Greek name of Pluto, the god of hell, the word -signifying hidden, dark, and gloomy; the underworld, or infernal -regions; sometimes written _Ades_. - -=Hailstorms=, see Nuriel. - -=Halcyone= (HalcyŽone) (or =Alcyone=), one of the Pleiades, was a -daughter of Aeolus. - -=Halcyons= (HalcyŽons) were sea birds, supposed to be the Greek -kingfishers. They made their nests on the waves, and during the period -of incubation the sea was always calm. Hence the modern term Halcyon -Days. - -=Hamadryades= (HamadryŽades) were wood-nymphs, who presided over -trees. - -=Happiness=, see Genii. - -=Haroeris= (HaroeŽris). The Egyptian god, whose eyes are the sun and -moon. - -=Harpies, The= (HarŽpies), (literally, snatchers, demons of -destruction, or, in the modern sense, extortioners). They were -monsters, half-birds, half-maidens, having the heads and breasts of -women, the bodies of birds, and the claws of lions. Their names were -Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno. They were loathsome creatures, living in -filth, and poisoning everything they came in contact with. - - "Such fiends to scourge mankind, so fierce, so fell, - Heaven never summoned from the depth of hell. - A virgin face, with wings and hookèd claws, - Death in their eyes, and famine in their jaws, - While proof to steel their hides and plumes remain - We strike the impenetrable fiends in vain." - -=Harpikruti= (HarpiŽkruti). The Egyptian name of the god Harpocrates. - -=Harpocrates= (HarpocŽrates), or Horus, an Egyptian god, son of Osiris -and Isis. He was the god of silence and secrecy. He is usually -represented as a young man, holding a finger of one hand to his lips -(expressive of a command to preserve silence), while in the other hand -he holds a cornucopia, signifying early vegetation. - -=Harvest=, see Segetia. A Roman divinity, invoked by the husbandman -that the harvest might be plentiful. - -=Hawk=, see Nysus. - -=Hazis= (HaŽzis). The Syrian war-god. - -=Health=, see Hygeia and Salus. - -=Heaven=, =Queen of=, (HeaŽven) see Belisama. =God of=, see Coelus. - -=Hebe= (HeŽbe), daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) and Hera (Juno), was the -goddess of youth. She was cup-bearer to Jupiter and the gods, until -she had an awkward fall at a festival, causing her to alight in an -indecent posture, which so displeased Jupiter that she was deprived of -her office, and Ganymede was appointed in her stead. - - "Wreathed smiles, - Such as hung on Hebe's cheek, - And love to live in dimples sleek." - Milton. - - "Bright Hebe waits; by Hebe ever young - The whirling wheels are to the chariot hung." - Pope. - -=Hecate= (HecŽate). There were two goddesses known by this name, but -the one generally referred to in modern literature is Hecate, or -Proserpine, the name by which Diana was known in the infernal regions. -In heaven her name was Luna, and her terrestrial name was Diana. She -was a moon-goddess, and is generally represented in art with three -bodies, standing back to back, a torch, a sword, and a lance in each -right hand. - -=Hecuba= (HecŽuba). The wife of Priam, king of Troy, and mother of -Paris. Taken captive in the Trojan war, she fell to the lot of Ulysses -after the destruction of Troy, and was afterwards changed into a -hound. - - "What's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba?" - Shakespeare. - -=Heifer=, see Ino. - -=Helena= (HelŽena) when a child was so beautiful that Theseus and -Perithous stole her, but she was restored by Castor and Pollux. She -became the wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta, but eloped with Paris, -and thus caused the Trojan War. After the death of Paris she married -Deiphobus, his brother, and then betrayed him to Menelaus. She was -afterward tied to a tree and strangled by order of Polyxo, king of -Rhodes. - -=Heliades, The= (HeŽliades), were the daughters of Sol, and the -sisters of Phaeton, at whose death they were so sad that they stood -mourning till they became metamorphosed into poplar trees, and their -tears were turned into amber. - -=Helicon= (HelŽicon). A mountain in Boeotia sacred to the Muses, from -which place the fountain Hippocrene flowed. - - "Yet still the doting rhymer dreams, - And sings of Helicon's bright streams; - But Helicon for all his clatter - Yields only uninspiring water." - Broom, 1720. - -=Heliconiades= (HelicoŽniades). A name given to the Muses, from Mount -Helicon. - -=Heliopolis= (HeliopŽolis), in Egypt, was the city of the sun. - -=Helios= (HeŽlios). The Grecian sun-god, or charioteer of the sun, who -went home every evening in a golden boat which had wings. - -=Heliotrope= (HelŽiotrope). Clytie was turned into this flower by -Apollo. See Clytie. - -=Helle= (HelŽle) was drowned in the sea, into which she fell from off -the back of the golden ram, on which she and Phryxus were escaping -from the oppression of their stepmother Ino. The episode gave the name -of the Hellespont to the part of the sea where Helle was drowned, and -it is now called the Dardanelles. She was the daughter of Athamas and -Nephele. - -=Hellespontiacus= (HellespontiaŽcus). A title of Priapus. - -=Hemphta= (HemphŽta). The Egyptian god Jupiter. - -=Hephaestus= (HephaesŽtus). The Greek Vulcan, the smith of the gods. - -=Hera= (HeŽra). The Greek name of Juno. - -=Heracles= (HerŽacles) is the same as Hercules. - -=Hercules= (HerŽcules) was the son of Jupiter and Alcmena. The goddess -Juno hated him from his birth, and sent two serpents to kill him, but -though only eight months old he strangled them. As he got older he was -set by his master Eurystheus what were thought to be twelve impossible -tasks which have long been known as the "Twelve Labors of Hercules." -They were: - -_First_, To slay the Nemean Lion. - -_Second_, To destroy the Hydra which infested the marshes of Lerna. - -_Third_, To bring to Eurystheus the Arcadian Stag with the golden -horns and brazen hoofs. - -_Fourth_, To bring to his master the Boar of Erymanthus. - -_Fifth_, To cleanse the stable of King Augeas, in which 3,000 oxen -had been kept for thirty years, but had never been cleaned out. - -_Sixth_, To destroy the Stymphalides, terrible carnivorous birds. - -_Seventh_, To capture the Bull which was desolating Crete. - -_Eighth_, To capture the mares of Diomedes, which breathed fire from -their nostrils, and ate human flesh. - -_Ninth_, To procure the girdle of Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons. - -_Tenth_, To bring to Eurystheus the flesh-eating oxen of Geryon, the -monster king of Gades. - -_Eleventh_, To bring away some of the golden apples from the garden of -the Hesperides. - -_Twelfth_, To bring up from Hades the three-headed dog, Cerberus. - -All these tasks he successfully accomplished, and, besides, he -assisted the gods in their wars with the giants. Several other -wonderful feats are mentioned under other headings, as Antaeus, Cacus, -etc. His death was brought about through his endeavors to preserve -Deianira from the attacks of Nessus, the centaur, whom he killed. The -centaur, before he expired, gave his mystic tunic to Deianira, who in -turn gave it to Hercules, and he put it on, but his doing so brought -on an illness of which he could not be cured. In a fit of desperation -he cast himself into a funeral pile on Mount Oeta; but Jupiter had -him taken to heaven in a four-horse chariot, and only the mortal part -of Hercules was consumed. - - "Let Hercules himself do what he may, - The cat will mew, and dog will have his day." - Shakespeare. - -=Herdsmen=, see Bubona. - -=Hermae= (HerŽmae) were statues of Hermes (Mercury), which were set up -in Athens for boundaries, and as direction marks for travelers. - -=Hermanubis= (HerŽmanuŽbis), see Anubis. - -=Hermathenae= (HermatheŽnae) were statues of Mercury and Minerva -placed together. - -=Hermes= (HerŽmes). A Greek name of the god Mercury. - - "Hermes obeys. With golden pinions binds - His flying feet and mounts the western winds." - Virgil. - -=Hermione= (HermiŽone), daughter of Mars and Venus, who was turned -into a serpent, and allowed to live in the Elysian Fields. There was -another Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen; she was betrothed to -Orestes, but was carried away by Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles. - -=Hero= (HeŽro). A priestess of Venus, with whom Leander was so -enamored that he swam across the Hellespont every night to visit her, -but at last was drowned; when Hero saw the fate of her lover she threw -herself into the sea and was also drowned. - -=Heroes=, see Valhalla. - -=Hesperides= (HesperŽides). Three daughters of Hesperus, King of -Italy. They were appointed to guard the golden apples which Juno gave -Jupiter on their wedding day. See Hercules. - -=Hesperus= (HesŽperus), brother of Atlas, was changed into the evening -star. - - "To the ocean now I fly, - And those happy climes that lie - Where day never shuts his eye, - Upon the broad fields of the sky: - There I suck the liquid air, - All amidst the gardens fair - Of Hesperus and his daughters three, - That sing about the golden tree." - Milton. - -=Hestia= (HesŽtia). The Greek name of Vesta, the goddess of the -hearth. - -=Hieroglyphics= (HieroglyŽphics), see Mercury. - -=Highways=, see Janus. - -=Hildur= (HilŽdur). The Scandinavian Mars. - -=Hippia= (HipŽpia). A surname of Minerva. - -=Hippius= (HipŽpius). A surname of Neptune. - -=Hippocampus= (HippocamŽpus). The name of Neptune's favorite horse, a -fabulous marine animal, half horse and half fish. - -=Hippocrenides= (HippocreŽnides), a name of the Muses, from the -fountain of Hippocrene (the horse fountain), which was formed by a -kick of the winged horse Pegasus. - -=Hippolyte= (HippolŽyte), queen of the Amazons, daughter of Mars. Her -father gave her a famous girdle, which Hercules was required to -procure (see Hercules). She was conquered by Hercules, and given by -him in marriage to Theseus. - -=Hippolytus= (HippolŽytus) was the son of Theseus and Hippolyte; he -was killed by a fall from a chariot, but was raised to life again by -Diana, or, as some say, by Aesculapius. - -=Hippona= (HippoŽna) was a rural divinity, the goddess of horses. - -=History=, see Clio and Saga. - -=Honey=, see Aristaeus and Dryads. - -=Hope=, see Pandora. - -=Horae= (HoŽrae) were the daughters of Sol and Chronis, the goddesses -of the seasons. - -=Horse=, see Cyllaros. - -=Horse Races=, see Neptune. - -=Horses=, see Hippona. - -=Hortensis= (HortenŽsis), a name of Venus, because she looked after -plants and flowers in gardens. - -=Horus= (HoŽrus). The name of two deities, one Sol, the Egyptian day -god; the other, the son of Osiris and Isis. See Harpocrates. - -=Hostilina= (HostilŽina). A rural divinity; goddess of growing corn. - -=Hunger=, see Erisichthon. - -=Hunting=, see Diana. - -=Huntsmen=, see Pan. - - [Illustration: Hebe - _See page 62_] - -=Hyacinthus= (HyacinŽthus) was a boy greatly loved by Apollo; but he -was accidentally slain by him with a quoit. Apollo caused to spring -from his blood the flower Hyacinth. - -=Hyades= (HyŽades) were seven daughters of Atlas and Aethra, and they -formed a constellation which, when it rises with the sun, threatens -rain. - -=Hydra= (HyŽdra). A monster serpent, which had a hundred heads. It was -slain by Hercules. See Hercules. - -=Hygeia= (HygeŽia), the goddess of health, was a daughter of -Aesculapius and Epione. She was represented as a young woman giving a -serpent drink out of a saucer, the serpent being twined round her arm. - -=Hylas= (HyŽlas). A beautiful boy beloved by Hercules. The nymphs were -jealous of him, and spirited him away while he was drawing water for -Hercules. See Wm. Morris's tragedy, "The Life and Death of Jason." - -=Hymen= (HyŽmen), the Grecian god of marriage, was either the son of -Bacchus and Venus, or, as some say, of Apollo and one of the Muses. He -was represented as a handsome youth, holding in his hand a burning -torch. - - "Some few there are of sordid mould - Who barter youth and bloom for gold: - But Hymen, gen'rous, just, and kind, - Abhors the mercenary mind; - Such rebels groan beneath his rod, - For Hymen's a vindictive god." - Dr. Cotton, 1736. - -=Hymn=, see Paean. - -=Hyperion= (HypeŽrion). Son of Coelus and Terra. The model of manly -beauty, synonymous with Apollo. The personification of the sun. - - "So excellent a king; that was to this - Hyperion to a satyr." - Shakespeare. - -=Hypermnestra= (HypermnesŽtra). One of the fifty daughters of Danaus, -who were collectively called the Danaides. She was the one who refused -to kill her husband on the wedding night. See Danaus. - - -=Iacchus= (IacŽchus). Another name for Bacchus. - -=Iapetos= (IapŽetos). The father of Atlas. See Japetus. - -=Iblees= (IbŽlees). The Arabian Satan. - -=Icarus= (IcŽarus), son of Daedalus, who with his father made -themselves wings with which to fly from Crete to escape the resentment -of Minos. The wings were fixed to the shoulders by wax. Icarus flew -too near the sun, and the heat melting the wax, caused the wings to -drop off, and he fell into the Aegean or Icarian sea and was drowned. - -=Ichnobate= (IchnobaŽte). One of Actaeon's hounds; the word means -tracker. - -=Idaea= (IdaeŽa). A name of Cybele, from Mount Ida, where she was -worshiped. - -=Idaean Mother= (IdaeŽan Mother). Cybele was sometimes so called, in -Cyprus, in which there is a grove sacred to Venus. - -=Idalia= (IdaŽlia). A name of Venus, from Mount Idalus, in Cyprus, in -which there is a grove sacred to Venus. - -=Imperator= (ImperaŽtor) was a name of Jupiter, given to him at -Praeneste. - -=Inachus= (IŽnachus) was one of the earliest of the demi-gods or -heroes, King of Argos. - -=Incendiary=, see Erostratus. - -=Incense=, see Venus. - -=Incubus= (InŽcubus). A Roman name of Pan, meaning The Nightmare. See -Innus. - -=Indigetes= (IndigŽetes) were deified mortals, gods of the fourth -order. They were peculiar to some district. - -=Indra= (InŽdra). The Hindoo Jupiter; his wife was Indrant, who -presides over the winds and thunder. - -=Infants=, see Natio. - -=Innus= (InŽnus). A name of Pan, the same as Incubus. - -=Ino= (InŽo), second wife of Athamas, King of Thebes, father of -Phryxus and Helle. Ino had two children, who could not ascend the -throne while Phryxus and Helle were alive. Ino therefore persecuted -them to such a degree that they determined to escape. They did so on a -ram, whose hide became the Golden Fleece (see Phryxus and Helle). Ino -destroyed herself, and was changed by Neptune into a sea-goddess. - -=Inoa= (InoŽa) were festivals in memory of Ino. - -=Instrumental Music=, see Euterpe. - -=Io= (IŽo) was a daughter of Inachus, and a priestess of Juno at -Argos. Jupiter courted her, and was detected by Juno, when the god -turned Io into a beautiful heifer. Juno demanded the beast of Jupiter, -and set the hundred-eyed Argus to watch her. Jupiter persuaded Mercury -to destroy Argus, and Io was set at liberty, and restored to human -shape. Juno continued her persecutions, and Io had to wander from -place to place till she came to Egypt, where she became wife of King -Osiris, and won such good opinions from the Egyptians that after her -death she was worshiped as the goddess Isis. - -=Iolaus= (IolaŽus), son of Iphicles, assisted Hercules in conquering -the Hydra, by burning with hot irons the place where the heads were -cut off; and for his assistance he was restored to youth by Hebe. -Lovers used to go to his monument at Phocis and ratify their vows of -fidelity. - -=Iothun= (IoŽthun). Celtic mythological monsters, or giants. - -=Iphicles= (IphŽicles) was twin brother of Hercules, and father of -Iolaus. - -=Iphigenia= (IphigeniŽa) was a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. -Agamemnon made a vow to Diana, which involved the sacrifice of -Iphigenia, but just at the critical moment she was carried to heaven, -and a beautiful goat was found on the altar in her place. - -=Iris= (IŽris), daughter of Thaumas and Electra, was the attendant of -Juno, and one of the messengers of the gods. Her duty was to cut the -thread which detained expiring souls. She is the personification of -the rainbow. - -=Iron=, see Vulcan. - -=Isis= (IŽsis), wife of Osiris, and a much worshiped divinity of the -Egyptians. See Io. - -=Itys= (IŽtys) was killed by his mother Procne when six years old, and -given to his father Tereus, a Thracian of Daulis, as food. The gods -were so enraged at this that they turned Itys into a pheasant, Procne -into a swallow, and Tereus into a hawk. - -=Ixion= (IxiŽon), the son of Phlegyas, King of the Lapithae. For -attempting to produce thunder, Jupiter cast him into hell, and had him -bound to a wheel, surrounded with serpents, which is forever turning -over a river of fire. - - "The powers of vengeance, while they hear, - Touched with compassion, drop a tear; - Ixion's rapid wheel is bound, - Fixed in attention to the sound." - F. Lewis. - - "Or, as Ixion fix'd, the wretch shall feel - The giddy motion of the whirling wheel." - Pope. - - -=Jani= (JaŽni) was a place in Rome where there were three statues of -Janus, and it was a meeting-place for usurers and creditors. - -=Janitor= (JaŽnitor). A title of Janus, from the gates before the -doors of private houses being called Januae. - -=Janus= (JaŽnus). A king of Italy, said to have been the son of -Coelus, others say of Apollo; he sheltered Saturn when he was driven -from heaven by Jupiter. Janus presided over highways, gates, and -locks, and is usually represented with two faces, because he was -acquainted with the past and the future; or, according to others, -because he was taken for the sun, who opens the day at his rising, and -shuts it at his setting. A brazen temple was erected to him in Rome, -which was always open in time of war, and closed during peace. - - "Old Janus, if you please, - Grave two-faced father." - - "In two-faced Janus we this moral find,-- - While we look forward, we should glance behind." - Colman. - -=Japetus= (JapŽetus), son of Coelus and Terra, husband of Clymene. He -was looked upon by the Greeks as the father of all mankind. See -Iapetos. - -=Jason= (JaŽson), the son of Aeson, king of Iolcos; he was brought up -by the centaur Chiron. His uncle Aeeta sent him to fetch the Golden -Fleece from Colchis (see Argonauts). He went in the ship Argo with -forty-nine companions, the flower of Greek youth. With the help of -Juno they got safe to Colchis, but the King Aeetes promised to restore -the Golden Fleece only on condition that the Argonauts performed -certain services. Jason was to tame the wild fiery bulls, and to make -them plow the field of Mars; to sow in the ground the teeth of a -serpent, from which would spring armed men who would fight against him -who plowed the field of Mars; to kill the fiery dragon which guarded -the tree on which the Golden Fleece was hung. The fate of Jason and -the rest of the Argonauts seemed certain; but Medea, the king's -daughter, fell in love with Jason, and with the help of charms which -she gave him he overcame all the difficulties which the king had put -in his way. He took away the Golden Fleece and Medea also. The king -sent his son Absyrtus to overtake the fugitives, but Medea killed him, -and strewed his limbs in his father's path, so that he might be -delayed in collecting them, and this enabled Jason and Medea to -escape. After a time Jason got tired of Medea, and married Glauce, -which cruelty Medea revenged by killing her children before their -father's eyes. Jason was accidentally killed by a beam of the ship -Argo falling on him. - -=Jocasta= (JocasŽta) (otherwise Epicasta), wife of Laius, King of -Thebes, who in after-life married her own son, Oedipus, not knowing -who he was, and, on discovering the fatal mistake, hanged herself. - -=Jove.= A very general name of Jupiter. - - "From the great father of the gods above - My muse begins, for all is full of Jove." - Virgil. - -=Judges in Hell, The=, were Rhadamanthus for Asiatics; Aeacus for -Europeans; Minos was the presiding judge in the infernal regions. See -Triptolemus. - -=Jugatinus= (JugatinŽus) was one of the nuptial deities. - -=Juno= (JuŽno) was the daughter of Saturn and Ops, _alias_ Cybele. She -was married to Jupiter, and became queen of all the gods and -goddesses, and mistress of heaven and earth. Juno was the mother of -Mars, Vulcan, Hebe, and Lucina. She prompted the gods to conspire -against Jupiter, but the attempt was frustrated, and Apollo and -Neptune were banished from heaven by Jupiter. Juno is the goddess of -marriage, and the protectress of married women; and she had special -regard for virtuous women. In the competition for the celebrated -Golden Apple, which Juno, Venus, and Minerva each claimed as the -fairest among the goddesses, Juno was much displeased when Paris gave -the apple to Venus. The goddess is generally represented riding in a -chariot drawn by peacocks, with a diadem on her head, and a scepter in -her hand. - -=Jupiter= (JuŽpiter), son of Saturn and Cybele (or Ops), was born on -Mount Ida, in Crete, and nourished by the goat Amalthaea. When quite -young Jupiter rescued his father from the Titans; and afterward, with -the help of Hercules, defeated the giants, the sons of earth, when -they made war against heaven. Jupiter was worshiped with great -solemnity under various names by most of the heathen nations. The -Africans called him Ammon; the Babylonians, Belus; and the Egyptians, -Osiris (see Jove). He is represented as a majestic personage seated on -a throne, holding in his hands a scepter and a thunderbolt; at his -feet stood a spread eagle. - -=Justice=, see Astrea, Nemesis. - - -=Kali.= A Hindoo goddess, after whom Calicut is named. - -=Kaloc= (KaŽloc). One of the chief of the Mexican gods. - -=Kama= (KamŽa). The Hindoo god of love. - -=Kebla= (KebŽla). The point of the compass which worshipers look to -during their invocations. Thus the Sol or Sun worshipers turn to the -east, where the sun rises, and the Mohammedans turn toward Mecca. - -=Kederli= (KeŽderli), in Mohammedan mythology, is a god corresponding -to the English St. George, and is still invoked by the Turks when they -go to war. - -=Kiun= (KiŽun). The Egyptian Venus. - -=Kneph.= An Egyptian god, having a ram's head and a man's body. - -=Krishna= (KrishŽna). An Indian god, the revenger of wrongs; also -called the Indian Apollo. - -=Krodo= (KroŽdo). The Saxon Saturn. - -=Kumara= (KuŽmaŽra). The war-god of the Hindoos. - -=Kuvera= (KuŽvera). The Hindoo god of riches. - - -=Labe= (LaŽbe). The Arabian Circe, who had unlimited power of -metamorphosis. - -=Labor= (LabŽor), see Atlas, Hercules. - -=Labyrinth=, see Theseus. - -=Lachesis= (LachŽesis). One of the three goddesses of Fate, the -Parcae. She spun the thread of life. - -=Lacinia= (LacinŽia). A name of Juno. - -=Lactura.= One of the goddesses of growing corn. - -=Ladon= (LaŽdon). The dragon which guarded the apples in the garden of -the Hesperides. Also the name of one of Actaeon's hounds. Also the -river in Arcadia to which Syrinx fled when pursued by Pan, where she -was changed into a reed, and where Pan made his first pipe. - -=Laelaps= (LaeŽlaps). One of Diana's hunting-dogs, which, while -pursuing a wild boar, was petrified. Also the name of one of Actaeon's -hounds. - -=Laksmi= (LaksŽmi) Hindoo goddess of wealth and pleasure. One of the -husbands of Vishnu. - -=Lamentation=, see Cocytus. - -=Lamia= (LamŽia). An evil deity among the Greeks and Romans, and the -great dread of their children, whom she had the credit of constantly -enticing away and destroying. - -=Lamp=, see Lares and Penates. - -=Lampos= (LamŽpos). One of Aurora's chariot horses, the other being -Phaeton. - -=Laocoon= (LaocŽoon). One of the priests of Apollo, who was, with his -two sons, strangled to death by serpents, because he opposed the -admission of the fatal wooden horse to Troy. - -=Laomedon= (LaomŽedon), son of Ilus, a Trojan king. He was famous for -having, with the assistance of Apollo and Neptune, built the walls of -Troy. - -=Lapis= (LapŽis). The oath stone. The Romans used to swear by Jupiter -Lapis. - -=Lapithus= (LapŽithus), son of Apollo. His numerous children were -called Lapithae, and they are notorious for their fight with the -centaurs at the nuptial feast of Perithous and Hippodamia. - -=Lares and Penates= (LaŽres and PenaŽtes) were sons of Mercury and -Lara, or, as other mythologists say, of Jupiter and Lamida. They -belonged to the lower order of Roman gods, and presided over homes and -families. Their statues were generally fixed within the doors of -houses, or near the hearths. Lamps were sacred to them, as symbols of -vigilance, and the dog was their sacrifice. - -=Lark=, see Scylla and Nysus. - -=Latona= (LatoŽna), daughter of Coelus and Phoebe, mother of Apollo -and Diana. Being admired so much by Jupiter, Juno was jealous, and -Latona was the object of the goddess' constant persecution. - -=Laughter=, see Momus and Venus. - -=Laurel= (LauŽrel), see Daphne. - -=Laverna= (LaverŽna). The Roman patroness of thieves. - -=Law=, see Menu. - -=Lawgiver=, see Nomius. - -=Laws=, see Themis. - -=Leander= (LeanŽder), see Hero. - -=Leather Bottle=, see Ascolia. - -=Leda= (LeŽda) was the mother of Castor and Pollux, their father being -Jupiter, in the shape of a swan. After her death she received the name -of Nemesis. - -=Lemnius= (LemŽnius). One of the names of Vulcan. - -=Lemures= (LemŽures). The ghosts of departed souls. Milton, in his -"Ode to the Nativity," says-- - - "Lemures moan with midnight plaint." - -They are sometimes referred to as the Manes of the dead. - -=Lenaeus= (LenaeŽus). One of the names of Bacchus. - -=Lerna= (LerŽna). The lake or swamp near Argos where Hercules -conquered the Lernaean Hydra. - -=Lethe= (LeŽthe). One of the rivers of the infernal regions, of which -the souls of the departed are obliged to drink to produce oblivion or -forgetfulness of everything they did or knew while alive on the earth. - - "A slow and silent stream, - Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls - Her watery labyrinth, whereof who drinks - Forthwith his former state and being forgets, - Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and pain." - Milton. - - [Illustration: Hera - _See page 64_] - -=Leucothea= (LeucothŽea). The name of Ino after she was transformed -into a sea nymph. - -=Levana= (LevaŽna). The deity who presided over new-born infants. - -=Level, The=, see Daedalus. - -=Liakura= (LiakŽura). Mount Parnassus. - -=Liberal Arts=, see Minerva. - -=Liber Pater= (LiŽber PaŽter). A name of Bacchus. - -=Liberty=, see Bacchus. - -=Libissa= (LibŽissa). Queen of fays and fairies. - -=Libitina= (LibitiŽna). A Roman goddess, the chief of the funeral -deities. - -=Licentiousness=, see Belphegor. - -=Ligea= (LigeŽa). A Greek syren or sea-nymph, one of the Nereides. - -=Lightning=, see Agni. - -=Lilith= (LiŽlith). A Jewish myth representing a finely dressed woman -who is a great enemy to new-born children. She was said to have been -Adam's first wife, but, refusing to submit to him, was turned from -Paradise and made a specter. - -=Lina= (LiŽna). The goddess of the art of weaving. - -=Lindor= (LinŽdor). A lover in the shape of a shepherd, like Corydon; -a love-sick swain. - -=Lion=, see Atalanta, Chimaera. - -=Liver=, see Tityus and Prometheus. - -=Locks=, see Janus. - -=Lofen= (LoŽfen). The Scandinavian god who guards friendship. - -=Lofua= (LofŽua). The Scandinavian goddess who reconciles lovers. - -=Loke.= The Scandinavian Satan, the god of strife, the spirit of evil. -Written also Lok, and Loki. - -=Lotis= (LoŽtis). A daughter of Neptune, who fled from Priapus, and -only escaped from him by being transformed into a lotus-plant. - -=Lotus-Plant= (LoŽtus-Plant), see Lotis. - -=Love=, see Cupid, Eros, Venus. - -=Lucian= (LuŽcian). The impersonation of folly, changed into an ass. - -=Lucifer= (LuŽcifer). The morning star. - -=Lucina= (LuciŽna). The goddess who presides at the birth of children. -She was a daughter of Jupiter and Juno, or, according to others, of -Latona. - - "Lucina, hail! So named from thine own grove, - Or from the light thou giv'st us from above." - Ovid. - -=Lud.= In ancient British mythology the king of the Britons. He is -said to have given his name to London. - -=Luna= (LuŽna). The name of Diana as a celestial divinity. See Diana -and Hecate. Also, the Italian goddess of the moon. - -=Lupercus= (LuŽpercus), or Pan. The Roman god of fertility; his -festival day was 15th February, and the festivals were called -Lupercalia. - -=Lycaonian Food= (LycaonŽian). Execrable viands, such as were -supplied to Jupiter by Lycaon. To test the divine knowledge of the god -he served up human flesh, which Jove discovered, and punished Lycaon -by turning him into a wolf. - -=Lycian Clowns= were turned into frogs by Latona or Ceres. - -=Lymniades= (LymniŽades). Nymphs who resided in marshes. - -=Lynceus= (LynŽceus). One of the Argonauts. The personification of -sharpsightedness. - -=Lyre.= This musical instrument is constantly associated with the -doings of the ancient deities. Amphion built the walls of Thebes by -the music of his lyre. Arion charmed the dolphins in a similar way. -Hercules broke the head of Linus, his music-master, with the lyre he -was learning to use; and Orpheus charmed the most savage beasts, and -even the Harpies and gods of the infernal regions, with the enchanting -music of the stringed lyre. See Mercury. - - -=Maenades= (MaenŽades). Priestesses of Bacchus. - -=Magicians=, see Telchines. - -=Magna Dea= (MagŽna DeŽa), a name of Ceres. - -=Magpies=, see Pierides. - -=Mahasoor= (MaŽhaŽsoor). The Hindoo god of evil. - -=Maia= (MaŽia). The mother of the Grecian Mercury. - -=Mammon= (MamŽmon). The money god. - -=Manes= (MaŽnes). The souls of the departed. The Roman god of -funerals and tombs. - - "All have their Manes, and their Manes bear. - The few who're cleansed to those abodes repair, - And breathe in ample fields the soft Elysian air." - -=Manuring Land=, see Picumnus. - -=March 24=, Bellona's Day. See Bellona. - -=Marina= (MariŽna). A name of Venus, meaning sea-foam, from her having -been formed from the froth of the sea. See Aphrodite. - -=Marriage=, see Cama, Hymen, Juno, Jugatinus. - -=Mars=, the god of war, was the son of Jupiter and Juno. Venus was his -favorite goddess, and among their children were Cupid, Anteros, and -Harmonia. In the Trojan War Mars took the part of the Trojans, but was -defeated by Diomedes. The first month of the old Roman year (our -March) was sacred to Mars. - -=Marshes=, see Lymniades. - -=Marsyas= (MarŽsyas). The name of the piper who challenged Apollo to a -musical contest, and, being defeated, was flayed to death by the god. -He was the supposed inventor of the flute. - -=Marut= (MaŽrut). The Hindoo god of tempestuous winds. - -=Matura= (MatuŽra). One of the rural deities who protected the growing -corn at time of ripening. - -=Maximus= (MaxŽimus). One of the appellations of Jupiter, being the -greatest of the gods. - -=Measures and Weights=, see Mercury. - -=Medea= (MedeŽa). Wife of Jason, chief of the Argonauts. To punish -her husband for infidelity, Medea killed two of her children in their -father's presence. She was a great sorceress. See Jason. - - "Now to Medaea's dragons fix my reins." - F. Lewis. - - "Let not Medea draw her murdering knife, - And spill her children's blood upon the stage." - Lord Roscommon. - -=Medicine=, see Apollo. - -=Meditation=, see Harpocrates. - -=Medusa= (MeduŽsa). One of the Gorgons. Minerva changed her beautiful -hair into serpents. She was conquered by Perseus, who cut off her -head, and placed it on Minerva's shield. Every one who looked at the -head was turned into stone. - -Ulysses, in the Odyssey, relates that he wished to see more of the -inhabitants of Hades, but was afraid, as he says-- - - "Lest Gorgon, rising from the infernal lakes, - With horrors armed, and curls of hissing snakes, - Should fix me, stiffened at the monstrous sight, - A stony image in eternal night." - Pope. - - "Medusa with Gorgonian terror guards - The ford." - Milton. - - "Remove that horrid monster, and take hence - Medusa's petrifying countenance." - Addison. - -=Megaera= (MegŽaera). One of the three Furies--Greek goddesses of -vengeance. - -=Megale= (MegŽale). A Greek name of Juno, meaning great. - -=Melicerta= (MelicerŽta), see Palaemon. - -=Mellona= (MelloŽna). One of the rural divinities, the goddess of -bees. - -=Melpomene= (MelpomŽene). One of the nine Muses, the goddess of -tragedy. - -=Memnon= (MemŽnon), son of Tithonus and of Eos, who after the death of -Hector brought the Aethiopians to the assistance of Priam in the war -against Troy. - -=Memory=, see Mnemosyne. - -=Mendes= (MenŽdes). An Egyptian god like Pan. He was worshiped in the -form of a goat. - -=Menelaus= (MenelaŽus). A Spartan king, brother of Agamemnon. The -elopement of his wife Helen with Paris was the cause of the siege of -Troy. See Helena. - -=Menu= (MeŽnu), or =Manu= (MaŽnu). The Hindoo law-giver. See -Satyavrata. - -=Merchants=, see Mercury. - -=Mercury= (MerŽcury), the son of Jupiter and Maia, was the messenger -of the gods, and the conductor of the souls of the dead to Hades. He -was the supposed inventor of weights and measures, and presided over -orators and merchants. Mercury was accounted a most cunning thief, for -he stole the bow and quiver of Apollo, the girdle of Venus, the -trident of Neptune, the tools of Vulcan, and the sword of Mars, and he -was therefore called the god of thieves. He is the supposed inventor -of the lyre, which he exchanged with Apollo for the Caduceus. There -was also an Egyptian Mercury under the name of Thoth, or Thaut, who is -credited with having taught the Egyptians geometry and hieroglyphics. -Hermes is the Greek name of Mercury. In art he is usually represented -as having on a winged cap, and with wings on his heels. - - "And there, without the power to fly, - Stands fix'd a tip-toe Mercury." - Lloyd, 1750. - - "Then fiery expedition be my wing, - Jove's Mercury, and herald for a king." - - "Be Mercury, set feathers to thy heels - And fly, like thought, from them to me again." - Shakespeare. - -=Meru= (MeŽru). The abode of the Hindoo god Vishnu. It is at the top -of a mountain 8,000 leagues high. The Olympus of the East Indians. - -=Midas= (MiŽdas). A king of Phrygia, who begged of Bacchus the special -gift that everything that he touched might be turned into gold. The -request was granted, and as soon as he touched his food it also was -turned to gold, and for fear of being starved he was compelled to ask -the god to withdraw the power he had bestowed upon him. He was told to -bathe in the river Pactolus. He did so, and the sands which he stood -on were golden forever after. It was this same king who, being -appointed to be judge in a musical contest between Apollo and Pan, -gave the satyr the palm; whereupon Apollo, to show his contempt, -bestowed on him a pair of asses' ears. This gave rise to the term -"Midas-eared" as a synonym for ill-judged, or indiscriminate. - - "He dug a hole, and in it whispering said, - What monstrous ears sprout from King Midas' head." - Ovid. - -=Milo= (MiŽlo), a celebrated Croton athlete, who is said to have -felled an ox with his fist, and to have eaten the beast in one day. -His statue is often seen with one hand in the rift of a tree trunk, -out of which he is vainly trying to withdraw it. The fable is, that -when he got to be an old man he attempted to split an oak tree, but -having lost his youthful vigor, the tree closed on his hand and he was -held a prisoner till the wolves came and devoured him. - -=Mimallones= (MimalloŽnes). The "wild women" who accompanied Bacchus, -so called because they mimicked his actions, putting horns on their -heads when they took part in his orgies. - -=Mimir= (MiŽmir). In Scandinavian mythology the god of wisdom. - -=Mind=, see Erinnys. - -=Minerva= (MinerŽva), the goddess of wisdom, war, and the liberal -arts, is said to have sprung from the head of Jupiter fully armed for -battle. She was a great benefactress of mankind, and patroness of the -fine arts. She was the tutelar deity of the city of Athens. She is -also known by the names of Pallas, Parthenos, Tritonia, and Glaukopis. -She was very generally worshiped by the ancients, and her temple at -Athens, the Parthenon, still remains. She is represented in statues -and pictures as wearing a golden helmet encircled with an olive -branch, and a breastplate. In her right hand she carries a lance, and -by her side is the famous aegis or shield, covered with the skin of -Amalthaea, the goat which nourished Jupiter; and for the boss of the -shield is the head of Medusa. An owl, the emblem of meditation, is on -the left; and a cock, the emblem of courage, on the right. The Elgin -Marbles in the British Museum, London, were brought from the -Parthenon, her temple at Athens. - -=Minos= (MiŽnos). The supreme of the three judges of hell, before whom -the spirits of the departed appeared and heard their doom. - -=Minotaur= (MinŽotaur). The monster, half man, half bull, which -Theseus slew. - -=Mirth=, see Momus. - -=Misery=, see Genii. - -=Mithras= (MithŽras). A Persian divinity, the ruler of the universe, -corresponding with the Roman Sol. - -=Mnemosyne= (MnemosŽyne). Mother of the Muses and goddess of memory. -Jupiter courted the goddess in the guise of a shepherd. - -=Moakibat= (MoakŽibat). The recording angel of the Mohammedans. - -=Moloch= (MoŽloch). A god of the Phoenicians to whom human victims, -principally children, were sacrificed. Moloch is figurative of the -influence which impels us to sacrifice that which we ought to cherish -most dearly. - - "First Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with blood - Of human sacrifice, and parents' tears, - Though for the noise of drums and timbrels loud, - Their children's cries unheard, that poured through fire - To this grim idol." - Milton. - -=Momus= (MoŽmus). The god of mockery and blame. The god who blamed -Jove for not having made a window in man's breast, so that his -thoughts could be seen. His bitter jests occasioned his being driven -from heaven in disgrace. He is represented as holding an image of -Folly in one hand, and raising a mask from his face with the other. He -is also described as the god of mirth or laughter. - -=Moneta= (MoneŽta). A name given to Juno by those writers who -considered her the goddess of money. - -=Money=, see Moneta. - -=Money-God=, see Mammon. - -=Moon.= The moon was, by the ancients, called _Hecate_ before and -after setting; _Astarte_ when in crescent form; _Diana_ when in full. -See Luna. - - "Soon as the evening shades prevail - The moon takes up her wondrous tale, - And nightly to the list'ning earth - Repeats the story of her birth." - Addison. - -=Morpheus= (MorŽpheus). The Greek god of sleep and dreams, the son and -minister of Somnus. - - "Morpheus, the humble god that dwells - In cottages and smoky cells; - Hates gilded roofs and beds of down, - And though he fears no prince's frown, - Flies from the circle of a crown." - Sir John Denman. - -=Mors.= Death, a daughter of Nox (Night). - -=Mountain=, see Atlas, Nymph. - -=Mulciber= (MulŽciber). A name of Vulcan, sometimes spelled Mulcifer, -the smelter of metals. See Vulcan. - -=Munin= (MunŽin). The Scandinavian god of memory, represented by the -raven that was perched on Odin's shoulder. - -=Muscarius= (MuscaŽrius). A name given to Jupiter because he kept off -the flies from the sacrifices. - -=Muses, The= (MuŽses), were nine daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. -They presided over the arts and sciences, music and poetry. Their -names were, Calliope, Clio, Erato, Thalia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, -Euterpe, Polyhymnia, and Urania. They principally resided in Mount -Parnassus, at Helicon. - - "Be thou the tenth Muse, ten times more in worth, - Than those old nine which rhymers advocate." - Shakespeare. - -=Music=, see Apollo, Muses. - -=Mythras= (MyŽthras). The Egyptian name of Apollo. - - -=Naiads, The= (NaiŽads), were beautiful nymphs of human form who -presided over springs, fountains, and wells. They resided in the -meadows by the sides of rivers. Virgil mentions Aegle as being the -fairest of the Naiades. - -=Nandi= (NanŽdi). The Hindoo goddess of joy. - -=Narrae= (NarŽrae). The name of the infernal regions amongst the -Hindoos. - -=Narayan= (NaŽraŽyan). The mover of the waters. The Hindoo god of -tides. - -=Narcissus= (NarcisŽsus), son of Cephisus and the Naiad Liriope, was a -beautiful youth, who was so pleased with the reflection of himself -which he saw in the placid water of a fountain that he could not help -loving it, imagining that it must be some beautiful nymph. His -fruitless endeavors to possess himself of the supposed nymph drove him -to despair, and he killed himself. There sprang from his blood a -flower, which was named after him, Narcissus. - - "Narcissus so himself forsook, - And died to kiss his shadow in the brook." - - "Hadst thou Narcissus in thy face, to me - Thou wouldst appear most ugly." - Shakespeare. - -=Nastrond= (NasŽtrond). The Scandinavian place of eternal punishment, -corresponding with Hades. - - [Illustration: Hero and Leander - _See page 66_] - -=Natio= (NaŽtio). A Roman goddess who took care of young infants. - -=Nemaean Lion= (NemaeŽan), see Hercules. - -=Nemesis= (NemŽesis), the goddess of vengeance or justice, was one of -the infernal deities. Her mother was Nox. She was supposed to be -constantly traveling about the earth in search of wickedness, which -she punished with the greatest severity. She is referred to by some -writers under the name of Adrasteia. The Romans always sacrificed to -this goddess before they went to war, because they wished to signify -that they never took up arms but in the cause of justice. - - "Forbear, said Nemesis, my loss to moan, - The fainting, trembling hand was mine alone." - Dr. J. Wharton. - -=Nephalia= (NephaŽlia). Grecian festivals in honor of Mnemosyne, the -mother of the Muses. - -=Neptune= (NepŽtune), god of the sea, was a son of Saturn and Cybele, -and brother to Jupiter and Pluto. He quarreled with Jupiter because he -did not consider that the dominion of the sea was equal to Jupiter's -empire of heaven and earth; and he was banished from the celestial -regions, after having conspired with Pluto to dethrone Jupiter. -Neptune was married to Amphitrite, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, by -whom he had a son named Triton. He was also father of Polyphemus (one -of the Cyclopes), Phoreus, and Proteus. Neptune is represented as -being seated in a shell chariot, drawn by dolphins or sea-horses, and -surrounded by Tritons and sea-nymphs. He holds in his hand a trident, -with which he rules the waves. Though a marine deity, he was reputed -to have presided over horse-training and horse-races; but he is -principally known as the god of the ocean; and the two functions of -the god are portrayed in the sea horses with which his chariot is -drawn, the fore-half of the animal being a horse, and the hind-half a -dolphin. Ships were also under his protection, and whenever he -appeared on the ocean there was a dead calm. - -=Nereides, The= (NereŽides), were aquatic nymphs. They were daughters -of Nereus and Doris, and were fifty in number. They are generally -represented as beautiful girls riding on dolphins, and carrying -tridents in the right hand or garlands of flowers. - -=Nereus= (NereŽus). A sea deity, husband of Doris. He had the gift of -prophecy, and foretold fates; but he had also the power of assuming -various shapes, which enabled him to escape from the importunities of -those who were anxious to consult him. - -=Nessus= (NesŽsus). The name of the Centaur that was destroyed by -Hercules for insulting his wife Deianira. Nessus's blood-smeared robe -proved fatal to Hercules. - -=Nestor= (NesŽtor). A grandson of Neptune, his father being Neleus, -and his mother Chloris. Homer makes him one of the greatest of the -Greek heroes. He was present at the famous battle between the Lapithae -and the Centaurs, and took a leading part in the Trojan war. - - "... Here's Nestor - Instructed by the antiquary times, - He must, he is, he cannot but be wise." - Shakespeare. - -=Nicephorus= (NicephŽorus). A name of Jupiter, meaning the bearer of -victory. - -=Nidhogg= (NidŽhogg). In Scandinavian mythology the dragon who dwells -in Nastrond. - -=Niflheim= (NiflŽheim). The Scandinavian hell. It was supposed to -consist of nine vast regions of ice beneath the North Pole, where -darkness reigns eternally. See Nastrond. - -=Night=, see Nox. - -=Nightingale=, see Philomela. - -=Nightmare=, see Incubus. - -=Nilus= (NiŽlus), a king of Thebes, who gave his name to the Nile, the -great Egyptian river. - -=Nine, The=, see Muses. - -=Niobe= (NiŽobe) was a daughter of Tantalus, and is the -personification of grief. By her husband Amphion she had seven sons -and seven daughters. By the orders of Latona the father and sons were -killed by Apollo, and the daughters (except Chloris) by Diana. Niobe, -being overwhelmed with grief, escaped further trouble by being turned -into a stone. - -=Nomius= (NoŽmius). A law-giver; one of the names of Apollo. This -title was also given to Mercury for the part he took in inventing -beneficent laws. - -=Norns.= Three Scandinavian goddesses, who wove the woof of human -destiny. The three witches in Shakespeare's "Macbeth" have their -origin in the Scandinavian Norns. - -=Notus= (NoŽtus). Another name for Auster, the south wind. - -=Nox= was the daughter of Chaos, and sister of Erebus and Mors. She -personified night, and was the mother of Nemesis and the Fates. - -=Nundina= (NundiŽna). The goddess who took charge of children when -they were nine days old--the day (_Nona dies_) on which the Romans -named their children. - -=Nuptialis= (NuptiaŽlis). A title of Juno. When the goddess was -invoked under this name the gall of the victim was taken out and -thrown behind the altar, signifying that there should be no gall -(bitterness) or anger between married people. - -=Nuriel= (NuŽriel). In Hebrew mythology the god of hailstorms. - -=Nyctelius= (NycteŽlius). A name given to Bacchus, because his -festivals were celebrated by torchlight. - -=Nymphs.= This was a general name for a class of inferior female -deities who were attendants of the gods. Some of them presided over -springs, fountains, wells, woods, and the sea. They are spoken of as -land-nymphs or Naiads, and sea-nymphs or Nereids, though the former -are associated also with fountains and rivers. The Dryads were -forest-nymphs, and the Hamadryads were nymphs who lived among the -oak-trees--the oak being always specially venerated by the ancients. -The mountain-nymphs were called Oreads. - - "With flower-inwoven tresses torn, - The nymphs in twilight shade - Of tangled thickets mourn." - Milton. - -=Nysae= (NyŽsae). The names of the nymphs by whom Bacchus was nursed. -See Dionysius. - -=Nysaeus= (NyŽsaeus). A name of Bacchus, because he was worshiped at -Nysa, a town of Aethiopia. - -=Nysus= (NyŽsus). A king of Megara who was invisible by virtue of a -particular lock of hair. This lock his daughter Scylla cut off, and so -betrayed her father to his enemies. She was changed into a lark, and -the king into a hawk, and he still pursues his daughter, intending to -punish her for her treachery. - - -=Oannes= (OanŽnes). An Eastern (Babylonian) god, represented as a -monster, half-man, half-fish. He was said to have taught men the use -of letters in the day-time, and at night to have retired to the depth -of the ocean. - -=Oath=, see Lapis. - -=Obambou= (ObamŽbou). A devil of African mythology. - -=Ocean=, see Neptune. - -=Oceanides= (OceanŽides). Sea-nymphs, daughters of Oceanus and Tethys. -Their numbers are variously estimated by different poets; some saying -there were as many as 3,000, while others say they were as few as -sixteen. The principal of them are mentioned under their respective -names, as Amphitrite, Doris, Metis, etc. - -=Oceanus= (OceŽanus), son of Coelus and Terra, and husband of Tethys. -Several mythological rivers were called his sons, as Alpheus, Peneus, -etc., and his daughters were called the Oceanides. Some of the -ancients worshiped him as the god of the seas, and invariably invoked -his aid when they were about to start on a voyage. He was also thought -to personify the immense stream which it was supposed surrounded the -earth, and into which the sun and moon and other heavenly bodies sank -every day. - -=Ocridion= (OcridŽion). A king of Rhodes, who was deified after his -death. - -=Ocypete= (OcyŽpete). One of the Harpies, who infected everything she -touched. The word means swift of flight. - -=Ocyroe= (OcyŽroe). A daughter of Chiron, who had the gift of -prophecy. She was metamorphosed into a mare. - -=Odin= (OŽdin). In Scandinavian mythology the god of the universe, -and reputed father of all the Scandinavian kings. His wife's name was -Friga, and his two sons were Thor and Balder. The _Wodin_ of the early -German tribes. - -=Oeagrus= (OeŽagrus). King of Thrace, and father of Orpheus. - -=Oedipus= (OedŽipus). A son of Laius, King of Thebes, best known as -the solver of the famous enigma propounded by the Sphinx. In solving -the riddle Oedipus unwittingly killed his father, and, discovering the -fact, he destroyed his own eyesight, and wandered away from Thebes, -attended by his daughter Antigone. Oedipus is the subject of two -famous tragedies by Sophocles. - -=Oenone= (OenoŽne). Wife of Paris, a nymph of Mount Ida, who had the -gift of prophecy. - -=Ogygia= (OgygŽia). An island, the abode of Calypso, in the -Mediterranean Sea, on which Ulysses was shipwrecked. It was so -beautiful in sylvan scenery that even Mercury (who dwelt on Olympus) -was charmed with the spot. - -=Ointment=, see Phaon. - -=Olenus= (OleŽnus). A son of Vulcan, who married Lathaea, a woman who -thought herself more beautiful than the goddesses, and as a punishment -she and her husband were turned into stone statues. - -=Olives=, see Aristaeus. - -=Olympius= (OlymŽpius). A name of Jupiter, from Olympia, where the god -had a splendid temple, which was considered to be one of the seven -wonders of the world. - -=Olympus= (OlymŽpus) was the magnificent mountain on the coast of -Thessaly, 9,000 feet high, where the gods were supposed to reside. -There were several other smaller mountains of the same name. - - "High heaven with trembling the dread signal took, - And all Olympus to the center shook." - Pope. - -=Olyras= (OlyŽras). A river near Thermopylae, which, it is said, -attempted to extinguish the funeral pile on which Hercules was -consumed. - -=Omophagia= (OmophaŽgia). A Bacchanalian festival at which some -uncooked meats were served. - -=Omphale= (OmŽphale). The Queen of Lydia, to whom Hercules was sold as -a bondsman for three years for the murder of Iphitus. Hercules fell in -love with her, and led an effeminate life in her society, wearing -female apparel, while Omphale wore the lion's skin. - -=Onarus= (OnaŽrus). A priest of Bacchus, said to have married Ariadne -after she had been abandoned by Theseus. - -=Onuva= (OnuŽva). The Venus of the ancient Gauls. - -=Opalia= (OpaŽlia). Roman festivals in honor of Ops, held on 14th of -the calends of January. - -=Opiate-rod=, see Caduceus. - - "Eyes ... more wakeful than to drowse, - Charmed with Arcadian pipe--the pastoral reed - Of Hermes or his opiate-rod." - Milton. - -=Ops.= Mother of the gods, a daughter of Coelus and Terra. She was -known by the several names of Bona Dea, Rhea, Cybele, Magna Mater, -Proserpine, Tellus, and Thya; and occasionally she is spoken of as -Juno and Minerva. She personified labor, and is represented as a -comely matron, distributing gifts with her right hand, and holding in -her left hand a loaf of bread. Her festival was the 14th day of the -January calends. - -=Oracles=, see Themis. - -=Oraea= (OraeŽa). Certain sacrifices offered to the goddesses of the -seasons to invoke fair weather for the ripening of the fruits of the -earth. - -=Orbona= (OrboŽna). Roman goddess of children, invoked by mothers when -they lost or were in danger of losing their offspring. - -=Orchards=, see Feronia. - -=Oreades= (OŽreades) were mountain nymphs, attendants on Diana. - -=Orgies.= Drunken revels. The riotous feasts of Bacchus were so -designated. - -=Orion= (OriŽon). A handsome hunter, of great stature, who was blinded -by Oenopion for a grievous wrong done to Merope, and was therefore -expelled from Chios. The sound of the Cyclops' hammers led him to the -abode of Vulcan, who gave him a guide. He then consulted an oracle, -and had his sight restored, as Longfellow says, by fixing - - "His blank eyes upon the sun." - -He was afterward slain by Diana and placed amongst the stars, where -his constellation is one of the most splendid. - -=Orithyia= (OriŽthyŽia). A daughter of Erechtheus, whose lover, -Boreas, carried her off while she was wandering by the river Ilissus. -Her children were Zetus and Calais, two winged warriors who -accompanied the Argonauts. - -=Ormuzd= (OrŽmuzd). In Persian mythology the creator of all things. - -=Oros= (OŽros). The Egyptian Apollo. - -=Orphans=, see Orbona. - -=Orpheus= (OrŽpheus) was son of Apollo and the Muse Calliope. He was -married to Eurydice; but she was stung by a serpent, and died. Orpheus -went down to Hades to claim her, and played so sweetly with his lute -that Pluto allowed Eurydice to return to the earth with Orpheus, but -on condition that he did not look behind him until he had reached the -terrestrial regions. Orpheus, however, in his anxiety to see if she -were following him, looked round, and Eurydice disappeared from his -sight, instantly and forever. - - "Orpheus' lute was strung with poets' sinews." - Shakespeare. - -=Osiris= (OsiŽris). The Egyptian god of the sun, the source of warmth, -life, and fruitfulness; he was worshiped under the form of a sacred -bull, named Apis. - - "... After these appeared - A crew who, under names of old renown, - Osiris, Isis, Orus, and their train, - With monstrous shapes and sorceries abused - Fanatic Egypt and her priests to seek - Their wandering gods, disguised in brutish forms - Rather than human." - Milton. - -=Ossa= (OsŽsa). One of the mountains of Thessaly (once the residence -of the centaurs) which the giants piled on the top of Mount Pelion to -enable them to ascend to heaven and attack the gods. - -=Ox=, see Apis. - -=Owl=, see Aesculapius and Itys. - - -=Pactolus= (PactoŽlus). The river in Lydia where Midas washed himself -by order of Bacchus, and the sands were turned to gold. - -=Paean= (PaeŽan). A name given Apollo, from _paean_, the hymn which -was sung in his honor after he had killed the serpent Python. Paeans -were solemn songs, praying either for the averting of evil and for -rescue, or giving thanks for help vouchsafed. - - "With hymns divine the joyous banquet ends, - The Paeans lengthened till the sun descends." - Pope. - -=Palaemon= (PalaeŽmon), or Melicerta, a sea-god, son of Athamas and -Ino. - -=Pales= (PaŽles). The goddess of shepherds and sheepfolds and -protectress of flocks; her festivals were called by the Romans -Palilia. - - "Pomona loves the orchard, - And Liber loves the wine, - And Pales loves the straw-built shed, - Warm with the breath of kine." - Macaulay. - - "Great Pales help, the pastoral rites I sing, - With humble duty mentioning each thing." - Pope. - -=Palladium= (PallaŽdium). A famous statue of the goddess Pallas -(Minerva). She is sitting with a spear in her right hand, and in her -left a distaff and spindle. Various accounts are given of the origin -of the statue. Some writers say that it fell from the skies. It was -supposed that the preservation of the statue would be the preservation -of Troy; and during the Trojan War the Greeks were greatly encouraged -when they became the possessors of it. - -=Pallas= (PalŽlas), or Minerva. The name was given to Minerva when she -destroyed a famous giant named Pallas. The Greeks called their goddess -of wisdom Pallas Athene. See Minerva. - - "Apollo, Pallas, Jove, or Mercury, - Inspire me that I may this treason find." - Shakespeare. - - [Illustration: Iris - _See page 73_] - -=Pan.= The Arcadian god of shepherds, huntsmen, and country folk, and -chief of the inferior deities, is usually considered to have been the -son of Mercury and Penelope. After his birth he was metamorphosed -into the mythical form in which we find him depicted, namely, a -horned, long-eared man, with the lower half of the body like a goat. -He is generally seen playing a pipe made of reeds of various lengths, -which he invented himself, and from which he could produce music which -charmed even the gods. These are the Pan-pipes, or _Syrinx_. Pan's -terrific appearance once so frightened the Gauls when they invaded -Greece that they ran away though no one pursued them; and the word -_panic_ is said to have been derived from this episode. The Fauns, who -greatly resembled Pan, were his attendants. - - "Piping on their reeds the shepherds go, - Nor fear an ambush, nor suspect a foe." - Pope. - -=Pandora= (PandoŽra), according to Hesiod, was the first mortal -female. Vulcan made her of clay, and gave her life. Venus gave her -beauty; and the art of captivating was bestowed upon her by the -Graces. She was taught singing by Apollo, and Mercury taught her -oratory. Jupiter gave her a box, the famous "Pandora's Box," which she -was told to give to her husband, Epimetheus, brother of Prometheus. As -soon as he opened it there issued from it numberless diseases and -evils which were soon spread all over the world, and from that moment -they have afflicted the human race. It is said that Hope alone -remained in the box. Pandora means "the all-gifted." - - "More lovely than Pandora, whom the gods - Endowed with all their gifts." - Milton. - -=Pantheon= (PantheŽon) (lit. "the all-divine place"). The temple of -all the gods, built by Agrippa at Rome, in the reign of Augustus (B.C. -27). It was 144 feet in diameter, and 144 feet high; and was built in -the Corinthian style of architecture, mostly of marble; while its -walls were covered with engraved brass and silver. Its magnificence -induced Pliny to give it rank among the wonders of the world. - -=Paphia= (PaŽphia), a name of Venus. - -=Papremis= (PapŽremis). The Egyptian Mars. - -=Parcae, The= (ParŽcae), were goddesses who presided over the destiny -of human beings. They were also called the Fates, and were three in -number, Atropos, Clotho, and Lachesis. See Fates. - -=Paris= (ParŽis), the son of Priam, king of Troy, and of his mother -Hecuba. It had been predicted that he would be the cause of the -destruction of Troy, and his father therefore ordered him to be -strangled as soon as he was born; but the slave who had been entrusted -with this mission took the child to Mount Ida, and left it there. Some -shepherds, however, found the infant and took care of him. He lived -among them till he had grown to man's estate, and he then married -Oenone, a nymph of Ida. At the famous nuptial feast of Peleus and -Thetis, Discordia, who had not been invited, attended secretly; and -when all were assembled, she threw among the goddesses a golden apple, -on which was inscribed "Let the fairest take it." This occasioned a -great contention, for each thought herself the fairest. Ultimately, -the contestants were reduced to three, Juno, Pallas (Minerva), and -Venus; but Jove himself could not make these three agree, and it was -decided that Paris should be the umpire. He was sent for, and each of -the goddesses courted his favor by offering all sorts of bribes. Juno -offered him power, Pallas wisdom, and Venus promised him the most -beautiful woman in the world. Paris gave the golden apple to Venus. -Soon after this episode Priam owned Paris as his son, and sent him to -Greece to fetch Helen, who was renowned as being the most beautiful -woman in the world. She was the wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta; but -during his absence Paris carried Helen away to Troy, and this gave -rise to the celebrated war between the Greeks and the Trojans, which -ended in the destruction of Troy. Paris was among the 676,000 Trojans -who fell during or after the siege. - -=Parnassides= (ParnasŽsides), a name common to the Muses, from Mount -Parnassus. - -=Parnassus= (ParnasŽsus). The mountain of the Muses in Phocis, and -sacred to Apollo and Bacchus. Any one who slept on this mountain -became a poet. It was named after one of the sons of Bacchus. - -=Parthenon= (ParŽthenon). The temple of Minerva (or Pallas) on the -Acropolis at Athens. It was destroyed by the Persians, and rebuilt by -Pericles. - -=Parthenos= (ParŽthenos) was a name of Juno, and also of Minerva. See -Pallas. - -=Pasiphae= (PasiphŽae) was the reputed mother of the Minotaur killed -by Theseus. She was said to be the daughter of Sol and Perseis, and -her husband was Minos, king of Crete. - -=Pasithea= (PasithŽea). Sometimes there are _four_ Graces spoken of; -when this is so, the name of the fourth is Pasithea. Also called -Aglaia. - -=Pavan= (PavŽan), the Hindoo god of the winds. - -=Peace=, see Concordia. - -=Peacock=, see Argus. - -=Pegasus= (PegŽasus). The famous winged horse which was said to have -sprung from the blood of Medusa when her head was cut off by Perseus. -His abode was on Mount Helicon, where, by striking the ground with his -hoof, he caused water to spring forth, which formed the fountain -afterward called Hippocrene. - - "Each spurs his faded - Pegasus apace." - Byron. - - "Thy stumbling founder'd jade can trot as high - As any other Pegasus can fly." - Earl of Dorset. - - "To turn and wind a fiery Pegasus, - And witch the world with noble horsemanship." - Shakespeare. - -=Peleus= (PeŽleus). A king of Thessaly, who married Thetis, one of the -Nereides. It is said that he was the only mortal who married an -immortal. - -=Pelias= (PeŽlias). A son of Neptune and Tyro. He usurped the throne -of Cretheus, which Jason was persuaded to relinquish and take the -command of the Argonautic expedition. On the return of Jason, Medea, -the sorceress, undertook to restore Pelias to youth, but required that -the body should first be cut up and put in a caldron of boiling water. -When this had been done, Medea refused to fulfil her promise. Pelias -had four daughters, who were called the Peliades. - -=Pelias= (PeŽlias) was the name of the spear of Achilles, which was so -large that none could wield it but the hero himself. - -=Pelion= (PeŽlion). A well-wooded mountain, famous for the wars -between the giants and the gods, and as the abode of the Centaurs, who -were expelled by the Lapithae. See Ossa, a mount, which the giants -piled upon Pelion, to enable them to scale the heavens. - - "The gods they challenge, and affect the skies, - Heaved on Olympus tottering Ossa stood; - On Ossa, Pelion nods with all his wood." - Pope. - -=Pelops= (PeŽlops), son of Tantalus, king of Phrygia. His father -killed him, and served him up to be eaten at a feast given to the -gods, who, when they found out what the father of Pelops had done, -restored the son to life, and he afterward became the husband of -Hippodamia. - -=Penates= (PenaŽtes). Roman domestic gods. The hearth of the house was -their altar. See Lares. - -=Perpetual Punishment=, see Sisyphus. - -=Persephone= (PersephŽone). The Greek name of Proserpine. - -=Perseus= (PerŽseus) was a son of Jupiter and Danae, the daughter of -Acrisius. His first famous exploit was against the Gorgon, Medusa. He -was assisted in this enterprise by Pluto, who lent him a helmet which -would make him invisible. Pallas lent him her shield, and Mercury -supplied him with wings. He made a speedy conquest of the Gorgons, and -cut off Medusa's head, with which he flew through the air, and from -the blood sprang the winged horse Pegasus. As he flew along he saw -Andromeda chained to the rock, and a sea-monster ready to devour her. -He killed the monster, and married Andromeda. When he got back, he -showed the Gorgon's head to King Polydectes, and the monarch was -immediately turned into stone. - - "Now on Daedalian waxen pinions stray, - Or those which wafted Perseus on his way." - F. Lewis. - -=Persuasion=, goddess of, see Pitho. - -=Phaeton= (PhaŽeton). A son of Sol, or, according to many -mythologists, of Phoebus and Clymene. Anxious to display his skill in -horsemanship, he was allowed to drive the chariot of the sun for one -day. The horses soon found out the incapacity of the charioteer, -became unmanageable, and overturned the chariot. There was such great -fear of injury to heaven and earth, that Jove, to stop the -destruction, killed Phaeton with a thunderbolt. - - "Now Phaeton, by lofty hopes possessed, - The burning seat with youthful vigor pressed." - - "The breathless Phaeton, with flaming hair, - Shot from the chariot like a falling star - That in a summer's evening from the top - Of heaven drops down, or seems at least to drop." - Addison. - -=Phaon= (PhaŽon). A boatman of Mitylene, in Lesbos, who received from -Venus a box of ointment, with which, when he anointed himself, he grew -so beautiful that Sappho became enamored of him; but when the ointment -had all been used Phaon returned to his former condition, and Sappho, -in despair, drowned herself. - -=Pheasant=, see Itys. - -=Philoctetes= (PhiloctŽetes) was son of Poeas, and one of the -companions of Jason on his Argonautic expedition. He was present at -the death of Hercules, and received from him the poisoned arrows which -had been dipped in the blood of Hydra. These arrows, an oracle -declared, were necessary to be used in the destruction of Troy, and -Philoctetes was persuaded by Ulysses to go and assist at the siege. -He appears to have used the weapons with great dexterity and with -wonderful effect, for Paris was among the heroes whom he killed. The -story of Philoctetes was dramatized by the Greek tragedians Aeschylus, -Euripides, and Sophocles. - -=Philomela= (PhilomeŽla) was a daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, -who was transformed into a nightingale. She was sister to Procne, who -married Tereus, King of Thrace. The latter having offered violence to -Philomela, her sister, Procne, came to her rescue, and to punish her -husband slew her son Itylus, and at a feast Philomela threw Itylus's -head on the banquet table. - - "Forth like a fury Philomela flew, - And at his face the head of Itys threw." - Pope. - - "And thou, melodious Philomel, - Again thy plaintive story tell." - Sir Thomas Lyttleton. - -=Phlegethon= (PhlegŽethon). A river of fire in the infernal regions. -It was the picture of desolation, for nothing could grow on its -parched and withered banks. Also called Pyriphlegethon. - - "... Infernal rivers ... - ... Fierce Phlegethon, - Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage." - Milton. - -=Phlegon= (PhleŽgon) (burning), one of the four chariot horses of Sol. - -=Phlegyas= (PhleŽgyas). Son of Mars and father of Ixion and Coronis. -For his impiety in desecrating and plundering the temple of Apollo at -Delphi, he was sent to Hades, and there was made to sit with a huge -stone suspended over his head, ready to be dropped on him at any -moment. - -=Phoebus= (PhoeŽbus). A name of Apollo, signifying light and life. - - "Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds, - Toward Phoebus' lodging." - Shakespeare. - -=Phorcus= (PhorŽcus), or =Porcys=. A son of Neptune, father of the -Gorgons. The same as Oceanus. - -=Phryxus= (PhryxŽus), see Golden Fleece. - -=Picumnus= (PicumŽnus). A rural divinity, who presided over the -manuring of lands, also called Sterentius. - -=Picus= (PiŽcus). A son of Saturn, father of Faunus, was turned into a -woodpecker by Circe, whose love he had not requited. - -=Pierides= (PierŽides). A name of the Muses, derived from Pieria, a -fountain in Thessaly, near Mount Olympus, where they were supposed to -have been born. Also, the daughters of Pierus, a king of Macedonia, -who settled in Boeotia. They challenged the Muses to sing, and were -changed into magpies. - -=Pietas= (PieŽtas). The Roman goddess of domestic affection. - -=Pillar=, see Calpe. - -=Pilumnus= (PilumŽnus). A rural divinity that presided over the corn -while it was being ground. At Rome he was hence called the god of -bakers. - -=Pine-Tree=, see Atys. - -=Pirithous= (PirithŽous). A son of Ixion and great friend of Theseus, -king of Athens. The marriage of Pirithous and Hippodamia became famous -for the quarrel between the drunken Centaurs and the Lapithae, who, -with the help of Theseus, Pirithous, and Hercules, attacked and -overcame the Centaurs, many of whom were killed, and the remainder -took to flight. - -=Pitho= (PiŽtho), the goddess of Persuasion, daughter of Mercury and -Venus. She is sometimes referred to under the name of Suada. - -=Plants=, see Demogorgon. - -=Pleasure=, see Rembha. - -=Pleiades, The= (PleiŽades). Seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione. -Their names were Electra, Alcyone, Celaeno, Maia, Sterope, Taygete, -and Merope. They were made a constellation, but as there are only six -stars to be seen, the ancients believed that one of the sisters, -Merope, married a mortal, and was ashamed to show herself among her -sisters, who had all been married to gods. - - "... The gray - Dawn and the Pleiades before him danced. - Shedding sweet influence." - Milton. - -=Pluto= (PluŽto). King of the infernal regions. He was a son of Saturn -and Ops, and husband of Proserpine, daughter of Ceres. He is -sometimes referred to under the name Dis, and he personifies hell. His -principal attendant was the three-headed dog Cerberus, and about his -throne were the Eumenides, the Harpies, and the Furies. - - "With equal foot, rich friend, impartial fate - Knocks at the cottage and the palace gate. - . . . . . - Night soon will seize, and you must go below, - To story'd ghosts and Pluto's house below." - Creech. - -=Plutus= (PluŽtus), the god of riches, was son of Jasion or Iasius and -Ceres (Demeter), the goddess of corn. He is described as being blind -and lame; blind because he so often injudiciously bestows his riches, -and lame because fortunes come so slowly. - -=Pluvius= (PluŽvius). A name of Jupiter, because he had the rain in -his control. - -=Podalirius= (PodalirŽius). A famous surgeon, a son of Aesculapius and -Epione. His skill in medicine made him very serviceable among the -soldiers in the Trojan war. - -=Poet=, see Parnassus. - -=Poetry=, see Apollo, Calliope, The Muses. - -=Poisonous Herbs=, see Circe. - -=Poisonous Lake=, see Avernus. - -=Pollear= (PollŽear). Son of Siva, the Hindoo god of wisdom. - -=Pollux= (PolŽlux). Twin brother of Castor. Their father was Jupiter -and their mother Leda. He and his brother form the constellation -Gemini. His Greek name was Polydeuces. Castor and Pollux are also -known under the name of Dioscuri, the presiding deities of public -games in Rome, Castor being the god of equestrian exercise, and Pollux -the god of boxing. See Aedepol. - -=Polybotes= (PolyboŽtes). One of the giants who made war against -Jupiter. He was killed by Neptune. - -=Polydectes= (PolydecŽtes) was turned into stone when Perseus showed -him Medusa's head. See Perseus. - -=Polydeuces= (PolydeuŽces). The Greek name of Pollux. - -=Polyhymnia= (PolyhymŽnia). Daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. One of -the Muses who presided over singing and rhetoric. - -=Polyphemus= (PolypheŽmus), one of the most celebrated of the Cyclops, -a son of the nymph Thoosa and Neptune, or Poseidon, as the Greeks -called the god of the sea. He captured Ulysses and twelve of his -companions, and it is said that six of them were eaten. The remainder -escaped by the ingenuity of Ulysses, who destroyed Polyphemus's one -eye with a fire-brand. - - "Charybdis barks and Polyphemus roars." - Francis. - -=Polyxena= (PolyxŽena). Daughter of Hecuba and Priam, king of Troy. It -was by her treachery that Achilles was shot in the heel. - - [Illustration: Laocoon - _See page 79_] - -=Pomona= (PomoŽna). The Roman goddess of fruit-trees and gardens. - - "So to the sylvan lodge - They came, that like Pomona's arbor smiled - With flowerets decked and fragrant smells." - Milton. - -=Poplar-Tree=, see Heliades. - -=Portunus= (PortuŽnus) (Palaemon), son of Ino, was the Roman god of -harbors. - -=Poseidon= (PoseiŽdon). The Greek name of Neptune, god of the sea. - -=Pracriti= (PracŽriti). The Hindoo goddess of nature. - -=Predictions=, see Cassandra. - -=Priam= (PriŽam). The last king of Troy. See Paris. - -=Priapus= (PriaŽpus), the guardian of gardens and god of natural -reproduction, was the son of Venus and Bacchus. - - "Priapus could not half describe the grace - (Though god of gardens) of this charming place." - Pope. - -=Prisca= (PrisŽca). Another name of Vesta. - -=Procris= (ProŽcris). Daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens. See -Cephalus, her husband. - -=Progne= (ProgŽne), wife of Tereus. Commonly called Procne, whose -sister was Philomela. See Itys and Tereus. - - "Complaining oft gives respite to our grief, - From hence the wretched Progne sought relief." - F. Lewis. - -=Prometheus= (PromeŽtheus), the son of Japetus and father of -Deucalion. He presumed to make clay men, and animate them with fire -which he had stolen from heaven. This so displeased Jupiter that he -sent him a box full of evils, which Prometheus refused; but his -brother Epimetheus, not so cautious, opened it, and the evils spread -over all the earth. Jupiter then punished Prometheus by commanding -Mercury to bind him to Mount Caucasus, where a vulture daily preyed -upon his liver, which grew in the night as much as it had been reduced -in the day, so that the punishment was a prolonged torture. Hercules -at last killed the vulture and set Prometheus free. - -=Prophecy=, see Nereus. - -=Proserpine= (ProserŽpine). A daughter of Jupiter and Ceres. Pluto -carried her off to the infernal regions and made her his wife. She was -known by the names of "the Queen of Hell," Hecate, Juno Inferna, and -Libitina. She was called by the Greeks Persephone. - - "He sung, and hell consented - To hear the poet's prayer, - Stern Proserpine relented, - And gave him back the fair." - F. Lewis. - -=Proteus= (ProŽteus). A marine deity, who could foretell events and -convert himself at will into all sorts of shapes. According to later -legends, Proteus was a son of Poseidon. - - "The changeful Proteus, whose prophetic mind, - The secret cause of Bacchus' rage divined." - The Lusiad. - - "What chain can hold this varying Proteus fast?" - Budgell. - -=Psyche= (PsyŽche). The wife of Cupid. The name is Greek, signifying -the soul or spirit. - -=Pygmalion= (PygmaŽlion). A famous sculptor who had resolved to remain -unmarried, but he made such a beautiful statue of a goddess that he -begged Venus to give it life. His request being granted, Pygmalion -married the animated statue. - - "Few, like Pygmalion, doat on lifeless charms, - Or care to clasp a statue in their arms." - -=Pylades= (PyŽlades). The son of Strophius, King of Phanote, and -husband of Electra; famous on account of his faithful friendship with -Orestes. - - "His wine - Was better, Pylades, than thine. - ... If you please - To choose me for your Pylades." - F. Lewis. - -=Pylotis= (PyloŽtis). A Greek name of Minerva. - -=Pyracmon= (PyrŽacmon), one of the chiefs of the Cyclopes. - -=Pyramus and Thisbe= (PyrŽamus and ThisŽbe). Two Babylonian lovers, -the children of hostile neighbors. See Shakespeare's burlesque of the -story of their loves, in "Midsummer Night's Dream." - -=Pyrois= (PyŽrois) (luminous). One of the four chariot horses of Sol, -the Sun. - -=Pythia= (PyŽthia). The priestess of Apollo at Delphi, who delivered -the answers of the oracle. Also the name of the Pythian games -celebrated in honor of Apollo's victory over the dragon Python. - -=Python= (PyŽthon). A famous serpent killed by Apollo, which haunted -the caves of Parnassus. See Septerion. - - -=Quadratus= (QuadraŽtus). A surname given to Mercury, because some of -his statues were four-sided. - -=Quadrifrons= (QuadŽrifrons). Janus was sometimes depicted with four -faces instead of the usual two, and he was then called Janus -Quadrifrons. - -=Quies= (QuiŽes). The Roman goddess of rest; she had a temple just -outside the Colline gate of Rome. - -=Quietus= (QuieŽtus). One of the names of Pluto. - -=Quirinus= (QuiriŽnus). A name given to Mars during wartime; Virgil -refers to Jupiter under the same name. - -=Quoit=, see Hyacinthus. - - -=Race=, see Atalanta. - -=Radamanthus= (RadamanŽthus), see Rhadamanthus. - -=Rage=, see Furies. - -=Rainbow=, see Iris. - -=Rama= (RaŽma). A Hindoo god, who was the terrestrial representative -of Vishnu. - -=Ram's Hide=, see Golden Fleece. - -=Reeds=, see Pan, also Syrinx. - -=Rembha= (RemŽbha). The Hindoo goddess of pleasure. - -=Reproduction=, see Priapus. - -=Rest=, see Quies. - -=Revenge=, see Ate. - -=Rhadamanthus= (RhadamanŽthus), a son of Jupiter and Europa, was the -ruler of the Greeks in the Asiatic islands, and judge of the dead in -the infernal regions. - - "These are the realms of unrelenting fate: - And awful Rhadamanthus rules the state. - He hears and judges each committed crime, - Inquires into the manner, place, and time; - The conscious wretch must all his acts reveal, - Loth to confess, unable to conceal; - From the first moment of his vital breath, - To the last hour of unrepenting death." - Dryden. - -=Rhamnusia= (RhamnuŽsia). A name of Nemesis, from Rhamnus, a town in -Attica, where she had a temple in which was her statue, made of one -stone ten cubits high. - -=Rhea= (RheŽa). The Greek name of Cybele. She was a daughter of Uranus -and Gaea, and was called Mother of the gods. - -=Rhetoric=, see Calliope, also Polyhymnia. - -=Riches=, see Plutus. - -=Riddle=, see Sphinx. - -=Rimmon= (RimŽmon). A Phrygian god of whom Milton says-- - - "... Rimmon, whose delightful seat - Was fair Damascus, on the fertile banks - Of Abana and Pharpar, lucid streams." - -=Riot=, see Saturnalia. - -=River of Fire=, see Phlegethon. - -=Roads=, see Vialis. - -=Robber=, see Cacus, Coeculus. - -=Romulus= (RomŽulus). The traditional founder of Rome. He was a son -of Mars and Ilia, and twin brother of Remus. The infants were thrown -into the Tiber, but were miraculously saved and suckled by a she-wolf, -till they were found by Faustulus, a shepherd, who brought them up. -Remus was killed in a quarrel with his brother, and Romulus became the -first King of Rome. - -=Rumia Dea= (RumiŽa Dea). The Roman goddess of babes in arms. - -=Rumina= (RuŽmina). Roman pastoral deities, who protected suckling -cattle. - -=Runcina= (RunciŽna). The goddess of weeding or cleansing the ground. - - -=Sacrifices= were ceremonious offerings made to the gods. To every -deity a distinct victim was allotted, and the greatest care was always -taken in the selection of them. Anything in any way blemished was -considered as an insult to the god. At the time of the sacrifice the -people were called together by heralds led by a procession of -musicians. The priest, clothed in white, was crowned with a wreath -made of the leaves of the tree which was sacred to the particular god -to whom the sacrifice was offered. The victim had its horns gilt, and -was adorned with a chaplet similar to that of the priest, and was -decorated with bright-colored ribbons. The priest then said, "Who is -here?" to which the spectators replied, "Many good people." "Begone -all ye who are profane," said the priest; and he then began a prayer -addressed to all the gods. The sacrifice was begun by putting corn, -frankincense, flour, salt, cakes, and fruit on the head of the victim. -This was called the Immolation. The priest then took a cup of wine, -tasted it, and handed it to the bystanders to taste also; some of it -was then poured between the horns of the victim, and a few of the -saturated hairs were pulled off and put in the fire which was burning -on the altar. Then, turning to the east, the priest drew with his -knife a crooked line along the back of the beast from the head to the -tail, and told the assistants to kill the animal. This was done -directly, and the entrails of the victim taken out and carefully -examined by the Haruspices to find out what was prognosticated. The -carcase was then divided, and the thighs, covered with fat, were put -in the fire, and the rest of the animal was cut up, cooked, and eaten. -This feast was celebrated with dancing, music, and hymns, in praise of -the god in whose honor the sacrifice was made. On great occasions as -many as a hundred bullocks were offered at one time; and it is said -that Pythagoras made this offering when he found out the demonstration -of the forty-seventh proposition of the book of Euclid. - -=Saga= (SaŽga). The Scandinavian goddess of history. The word means a -_saw_ or saying; hence Sagas, which embody Scandinavian legends, and -heroic or mythical traditions. - -=Sagittarius= (SagittaŽrius), see Chiron. - -=Sails=, see Daedalus. - -=Salamanders= (SalŽamanŽders). The genii who, according to Plato, -lived in fire. - - "The spirits of fiery termagants in flame, - Mount up and take a Salamander's name." - Pope. - -=Salatia= (SalaŽtia), or Salacia, a Roman goddess of the salt water. -See Amphitrite. - -=Salii= (SalŽii). The priests of Mars who had charge of the sacred -shields. - -=Salmoneus= (SalmoŽneus). A king of Elis who, for trying to imitate -Jupiter's thunders, was sent by the god straight to the infernal -regions. - -=Salus= (SaŽlus). The Roman goddess of health. - -=Sappho= (SapŽpho), a celebrated poetess, a native of Lesbos, who -flourished in the seventh century B.C. Her only connection with the -goddesses of the time is that the Greeks called her "The tenth Muse." - -=Sarcasm=, see Momus. - -=Saron= (SaŽron), a sea-god. - -=Sarpedon= (SarpeŽdon), son of Jupiter by Europa. He accompanied -Glaucus, when the latter set out to assist Priam against the Greeks in -the Trojan War. He was slain by Patroclus. - -=Saturn= (SatŽurn), king of the Universe, was father of Jupiter, -Neptune, and Pluto. These gods quarreled amongst themselves as to the -division of their father's kingdom, which ended in Jupiter having -heaven and earth, Neptune the sea, and Pluto the infernal regions. - -=Saturnalia= (SaturnaŽlia). Festivals held in honor of Saturn about -the 16th or 18th of December. Principally famous for the riotous -disorder which generally attended them. - -=Saturnius= (SaturŽnius). A name given to Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, -as sons of Saturn. - -=Satyavrata= (SatyaŽvraŽta). The Hindoo god of law. The same as Menu. - -=Satyrs= (SatŽyrs). Spirits of the woodland, half men, half goats, and -fond of wine and women. They were the attendants of Dionysus, and were -similar in most respects to the fauns who attended Pan. See Silenus. - - "Five satyrs of the woodland sort. - . . . . . . - With asses' hoofs, great goggle eyes, - And double chins of monstrous size." - Yalden. - -=Scylla= (ScylŽla). A beautiful nymph who excited the jealousy of -Neptune's wife, Amphitrite, and was changed by the goddess into a -frightful sea-monster, which had six fearfully ugly heads and necks, -and which, rising unexpectedly from the deep, used to take off as many -as six sailors from a vessel, and carry them to the bottom of the -sea. An alternative danger with the whirlpool, Charybdis, which -threatened destruction to all mariners. - - "There on the right her dogs foul Scylla hides, - Charybdis roaring on the left presides." - Virgil. - -=Scylla= (ScylŽla). A daughter of Nysus, who was changed into a lark -for cutting off a charmed lock of her father's hair. See Nysus. - -=Sea=, see Neptune. - -=Seasons=, see Vertumnus. - -=Sea-Weed=, see Glaucus. - -=Segetia= (SegeŽtia). A rural divinity who protected corn during -harvest-time. - -=Sem.= The Egyptian Hercules. - -=Semele= (SemŽele), daughter of Cadmus and the mother of Bacchus -(Dionysus), who was born in a miraculous manner after Jupiter had -visited her, at her special request, in all his terrible splendor. She -was deified after her death, and named Thyone. - -=Semi-Dei= were the demi-gods. - -=Semones= (SemoŽnes). Roman gods of a class between the "immortal" and -the "mortal," such as the Satyrs and Fauns. - -=Septerion= (SepteŽrion). A festival held every nine years at Delphi -in honor of Apollo, at which the victory of that god over the Python -was grandly represented. - -=Serapis= (SeraŽpis). The Egyptian Jupiter, and generally considered -to be the same as Osiris. See Apis. - -=Serpent.= The Greeks and Romans considered the serpent as symbolical -of guardian spirits, and as such were often engraved on their altars. -See Aesculapius, Apollo, Chimaera, Eurydice, and Medusa. - - "Pleasing was his shape, - And lovely; never since of serpent kind, - Lovelier; not those that in Illyria changed - Hermione and Cadmus, or the god - In Epidaurus, nor to which transformed - Ammonian Jove, or Capitoline, was seen." - Milton. - -=Seshanaga= (SeshŽanagŽa). The Egyptian Pluto. - -=Sewers=, see Cloacina. - -=Sharp-sightedness=, see Lynceus. - -=Shepherds=, see Pan. - -=Shields=, see Ancilia. - -=Ships=, see Neptune. - -=Silence=, see Harpocrates and Tacita. - -=Silenus= (SileŽnus). A Bacchanalian demi-god, the chief of the -Satyrs. He is generally represented as a fat, drunken old man, riding -on an ass, and crowned with flowers. - - "And there two Satyrs on the ground, - Stretched at his ease, their sire Silenus found." - -=Singing=, see Polyhymnia, Thamyris. - -=Sirens, The= (SiŽrens). Sea nymphs, who by their music allured -mariners to destruction. To avoid the snare when nearing their abode, -Ulysses had the ears of his companions stopped with wax, and had -himself tied to the mast of his ship. They thus sailed past in safety; -but the Sirens, thinking that their charms had lost their powers, -drowned themselves. - -=Sisyphus= (SisŽyphus), son of Aeolus and Enaretta. He was condemned -to roll a stone to the top of a hill in the infernal regions, and as -it rolled down again when he reached the summit, his punishment was -perpetual. - - "I turned my eye, and as I turned, surveyed - A mournful vision! The Sisyphian shade. - With many a weary step and many a groan, - Up the high hill he leaves a huge round stone, - The huge round stone, resulting with a bound - Thunders impetuous down, and smokes along the ground." - Pope. - - "Thy stone, O Sisyphus, stands still - Ixion rests upon his wheel, - And the pale specters dance." - F. Lewis. - -=Siva= (SiŽva). In Hindoo mythology the "changer of form." He is -usually spoken of as the "Destroyer and Regenerator." - -=Slaughter=, see Furies. - -=Slaves=, see Feronia. - -=Sleep=, see Caduceus, Morpheus, and Somnus. - -=Sleipner= (SleipŽner). The eight-legged horse of Odin, the chief of -the Scandinavian gods. - - [Illustration: Winged Mercury - _See page 86_] - -=Sol.= The sun. The worship of the god Sol is the oldest on record, -and though he is sometimes referred to as being the same as the god -Apollo, there is no doubt he was worshiped by the Egyptians, Persians, -and other nations long before the Apollo of the Greeks was heard of. -See Surya. - - "Sol through white curtains shot a timorous ray, - And oped those eyes that must eclipse the day." - Pope. - -=Somnus= (SomŽnus). The Roman god of sleep, son of Erebus and Nox -(Night). He was one of the infernal deities, and resided in a gloomy -cave, void of light and air. - -=Sospita= (SosŽpita). A name of Juno, as the safeguard of women. She -is called the "saving goddess." - -=Soter= (SoŽter). A Greek name of Jupiter, meaning Savior or -deliverer. - -=Soul=, see Psyche. - -=South Wind=, see Auster. - -=Spear=, see Pelias. - -=Sphinx, The.= A monster having the head and breast of a woman, the -body of a dog, the tail of a serpent, the wings of a bird, the paws of -a lion, and a human voice. She lived in the country near Thebes, and -proposed to every passer-by the following enigma: "What animal is that -which walks on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and three in the -evening." Oedipus solved the riddle thus: Man is the animal; for, when -an infant he crawls on his hands and feet, in the noontide of life he -walks erect, and as the evening of his existence sets in, he supports -himself with a stick. When the Sphinx found her riddle solved she -destroyed herself. - -=Spider=, see Arachne. - -=Spindle=, see Pallas. - -=Spinning=, see Arachne, Ergatis. - -=Spring=, see Vertumnus. - -=Stable=, see Augaeas. - -=Stars=, see Aurora. - -=Sterentius= (SterenŽtius). The Roman god who invented the art of -manuring lands. See also Picumnus. - -=Steropes= (SterŽopes). One of the Cyclopes. - -=Stone=, see Medusa and Phlegyas. - -=Stone= (rolling), see Sisyphus. - -=Streets=, see Apollo. - -=Stymphalides= (StymŽphaliŽdes). The carnivorous birds destroyed in -the sixth labor of Hercules. - -=Styx.= A noted river of hell, which was held in such high esteem by -the gods that they always swore "By the Styx," and such an oath was -never violated. The river has to be crossed in passing to the regions -of the dead. See Achilles and Thetis. - - "To seal his sacred vow by Styx he swore:-- - The lake with liquid pitch,--the dreary shore." - Dryden. - - "... Infernal rivers that disgorge - Into the burning lake their baleful streams, - Abhorrèd Styx, the flood of deadly hate." - -=Suada= (SuaŽda), the goddess of Persuasion. See Pitho. - -=Success=, see Bonus Eventus. - -=Sun=, see Aurora, Belus, Sol, and Surya. - -=Sunflower=, see Clytie. - -=Suradevi= (SuraŽdeŽvi). The Hindoo goddess of wine. - -=Surgeon= (SurŽgeon), see Podalirius. - -=Surya= (SuŽryŽa). The Hindoo god corresponding to the Roman Sol, the -sun. - -=Swallow=, see Itys. - -=Swan=, see Cygnus and Leda. - -=Swiftness=, see Atalanta. - -=Swine=, see Circe. - -=Sylphs.= Genii who, according to Plato, lived in the air. - - "The light coquettes as Sylphs aloft repair, - And sport and flutter in the fields of air." - Pope. - -=Sylvester= (SylvesŽter). The name of Mars when he was invoked to -protect cultivated land from the ravages of war. - -=Syrinx.= The name of the nymph who, to escape from the importunities -of Pan, was by Diana changed into reeds, out of which he made his -celebrated pipes, and named them "The Syrinx." - - -=Tacita= (TacŽita). The goddess of Silence. See Harpocrates, also -Horus. - -=Tantalus= (TanŽtalus). Father of Niobe and Pelops, who, as a -punishment for serving up his son Pelops as meat at a feast given to -the gods, was placed in a pool of water in the infernal regions; but -the waters receded from him whenever he attempted to quench his -burning thirst. Hence the word "tantalizing". - -Speaking of this god, Homer's Ulysses says: "I saw the severe -punishment of Tantalus. In a lake, whose waters approached to his -lips, he stood burning with thirst, without the power to drink. -Whenever he inclined his head to the stream, some deity commanded it -to be dry, and the dark earth appeared at his feet. Around him lofty -trees spread their fruits to view; the pear, the pomegranate, and the -apple, the green olive, and the luscious fig quivered before him, -which, whenever he extended his hand to seize them, were snatched by -the winds into clouds and obscurity." - - "There, Tantalus, along the Stygian bound, - Pours out deep groans,--his groans through hell resound. - E'en in the circling flood refreshment craves - And pines with thirst amidst a sea of waves." - - "... And of itself the water flies - All taste of living wight, as once it fled - The lip of Tantalus." - Milton. - -=Tartarus= (TarŽtarus). An inner region of hell, to which the gods -sent the exceptionally depraved. - -=Telchines= (TelchiŽnes). People of Rhodes, who were envious sorcerers -and magicians. - -=Tellus= (TelŽlus). A name of Cybele, wife of Saturn, and the Roman -deity of mother-earth. - -=Tempests=, see Fro. - -=Temple.= An edifice erected to the honor of a god or goddess in which -the sacrifices were offered. - -=Tenth Muse.= Sappho was so called. - -=Tereus= (TerŽeus) was a son of Mars. He married Procne, daughter of -the king of Athens, but became enamored of her sister Philomela, who, -however, resented his attentions, which so enraged him that he cut out -her tongue. When Procne heard of her husband's unfaithfulness she took -a terrible revenge (see Itys). Procne was turned into a swallow, -Philomela into a nightingale, Itys into a pheasant, and Tereus into a -hoopoe, a kind of vulture, some say an owl. - -=Tergemina= (TergemiŽna). A name of Diana, alluding to her triform -divinity as goddess of heaven, earth, and hell. - -=Terminus= (TerŽminus). The Roman god of boundaries. - -=Terpsichore= (TerpsichŽore). One of the nine Muses; she presided over -dancing. - -=Terra.= The Earth; one of the most ancient of the Grecian goddesses. - -=Thalestris= (ThalesŽtris). A queen of the Amazons. - -=Thalia= (ThaliŽa). One of the nine Muses; she presided over -festivals, pastoral poetry and comedy. - -=Thalia= (ThaliŽa). One of the Graces. (See Charities). - -=Thamyris= (ThamŽyris). A skilful singer, who presumed to challenge -the Muses to sing, upon condition that if he did not sing best they -might inflict any penalty they pleased. He was, of course, defeated, -and the Muses made him blind. - -=Theia= (TheŽia) or =Thea=. A daughter of Uranus and Terra, wife of -Hyperion. - -=Themis= (TheŽmis), a daughter of Coelus and Terra, and wife of -Jupiter, was the Roman goddess of laws, ceremonies, and oracles. - -=Theseus= (TheŽseus). One of the most famous of the Greek heroes. He -was a son of Aegeus, king of Athens. He rid Attica of Procrustes and -other evil-doers, slew the Minotaur, conquered the Amazons and married -their Queen. - - "Breasts that with sympathizing ardor glowed, - And holy friendship such as Theseus vowed." - Budgell. - -=Thesmorphonis= (ThesmorphoŽnis). A name of Ceres. - -=Thetis= (TheŽtis). A sea-goddess, daughter of Nereus and Doris. Her -husband was Peleus, king of Thessaly, and she was the mother of the -famous Achilles, whom she rendered all but invulnerable by dipping him -into the River Styx. See Achilles. - -=Thief=, see Laverna, Mercury. - -=Thor.= The Scandinavian war-god (son of Odin), who had rule over the -aerial regions, and, like Jupiter, hurled thunder against his foes. - -=Thor's Belt= is a girdle which doubles his strength whenever the -war-god puts it on. - -=Thoth.= The Mercury of the Egyptians. - -=Thread of Life=, see Fates. - -=Thunderbolts=, see Cyclops. - -=Thunderer, The=, Jupiter. See Tonitrualis. - - "O king of gods and men, whose awful hand - Disperses thunder on the seas and land, - Disposing all with absolute command." - Virgil. - - "The eternal Thunderer sat enthroned in gold." - Homer. - - "So when thick clouds enwrap the mountain's head, - O'er heaven's expanse like one black ceiling spread; - Sudden the Thunderer, with flashing ray, - Bursts through the darkness and lets down the day." - Pope. - -=Thya= (ThyŽa), a name of Ops. - -=Thyades= (ThyaŽdes). Priestesses of Bacchus, who ran wild in the -hills, wearing tiger-skins and carrying torches. - -=Thyrsus= (ThyrŽsus), a kind of javelin or staff carried by Dionysus -and his attendants. It was usually wreathed with ivy and topped by a -pine-cone. See Bacchus. - -=Tides=, see Narayan. - -=Time= (or Saturn). The husband of Virtue and father of Truth. - -=Tisiphone= (Tis-iphŽone). One of the Furies, daughter of Nox and -Acheron, who was the minister of divine vengeance upon mankind. - -=Titan= (TiŽtan). Elder brother of Saturn, who made war against him, -and was ultimately vanquished by Jupiter. - -=Titans= (TiŽtans) were the supporters of Titan in his war against -Saturn and Jupiter. They were the sons of Uranus and Gaea, men of -gigantic stature and of great strength. Hence our English word -_Titanic_. - -=Tithonus= (Ti-thoŽnus). The husband of Aurora. At the request of his -wife the gods granted him immortality, but she forgot at the same time -to ask that he should be granted perpetual youth. The consequence was -that Tithonus grew old and decrepit, while Aurora remained as fresh as -the morning. The gods, however, changed him into a grasshopper, which -is supposed to moult as it gets old, and grows young again. - -=Tityus= (TitŽyus). A son of Jupiter. A giant who was thrown into the -innermost hell for insulting Diana. He, like Prometheus, has a vulture -constantly feeding on his ever-growing liver, the liver being supposed -to be the seat of the passions. - -=Toil=, see Atlas. - -=Tombs=, see Manes. - -=Tongue=, see Tereus. - -=Tonitrualis= (TonitruaŽlis), or Tonans. The Thunderer; a name of -Jupiter. - -=Towers=, see Cybele. - -=Tragedy=, see Melpomene. - -=Trees=, see Aristaeus. - -=Tribulation=, see Echidna. - -=Triformis= (TriforŽmis), see Tergemina. - -=Triptolemus= (TriptolŽemus). A son of Oceanus and Terra. He was a -great favorite of the goddess Ceres, who cured him of a dangerous -illness when he was young, and afterwards taught him agriculture. She -gave him her chariot, which was drawn by dragons, in which he carried -seed-corn to all the inhabitants of the earth, and communicated the -knowledge given to him by Ceres. Cicero mentions a Triptolemus as the -fourth judge of the dead. - - "Triptolemus, whose useful cares intend - The common good." - Pope. - -=Triterica= (TriteriŽca). Bacchanalian festivals. - -=Tritons= (TriŽtons) were sons of Triton, a son of Neptune and -Amphitrite. They were the trumpeters of the sea-gods, and were -depicted as a sort of mermen--the upper half of the body being like a -man, and the lower half like dolphins. - -=Trivia= (TriŽvia). A surname given to Diana, because she presided -over all places where three roads meet. - -=Trophonius= (TrophoŽnius). A legendary hero of architecture, and one -of Jupiter's most famous oracles. - -=Troy.= The classic poets say that the walls of this famous city were -built by the magic sound of Apollo's lyre. See Dardanus, Helen, -Hercules, Paris. - -=Trumpeters=, see Tritons. - -=Truth.= A daughter of Time, because Truth is discovered in the -course of Time. Democritus says that Truth lies hidden at the bottom -of a well. - -=Tutelina= (TutelŽina). A rural divinity--the goddess of granaries. - -=Two Faces=, see Janus. - -=Typhoeus= (TyphoeŽus), see Typhon. - -=Typhon= (TyŽphon). A monster with a hundred heads who made war -against the gods, but was crushed by Jove's thunderbolts, and -imprisoned under Mount Etna. - - "... Typhon huge, ending in snaky twine." - Milton. - -=Typhon= (TyŽphon). In Egyptian mythology the god who tried to undo -all the good work effected by Osiris. According to the Greek writer, -Hesiod, Typhon or Typhoeus was a monster giant, son of Terra and -Tartarus. - - -=Uller= (UlŽler). The Scandinavian god who presided over archery and -duels. - -=Ulysses= (UlysŽses). A noted king of Ithaca, whose exploits in -connection with the Trojan war, and his adventures on his return -therefrom, are the subject of Homer's Odyssey. His wife's name was -Penelope, and he was so much endeared to her that he feigned madness -to get himself excused from going to the Trojan war; but this artifice -was discovered, and he was compelled to go. He was of great help to -the Grecians, and forced Achilles from his retreat, and obtained the -charmed arrows of Hercules from Philoctetes, and used them against the -Trojans. He enabled Paris to shoot one of them at the heel of -Achilles, and so kill that charmed warrior. During his wanderings on -his homeward voyage he was taken prisoner by the Cyclopes and escaped, -after blinding Polyphemus, their chief. At Aeolia he obtained all the -winds of heaven, and put them in a bag; but his companions, thinking -that the bags contained treasure which they could rob him of when they -got to Ithaca, cut the bags, and let out the winds, and the ships were -immediately blown back to Aeolia. After Circe had turned his -companions into swine on an island where he and they were shipwrecked, -he compelled the goddess to restore them to their human shape again. -As he passed the islands of the Sirens he escaped their allurements by -stopping the ears of his companions with wax, and fastening himself to -the mast of his ship. His wife Penelope was a pattern of constancy; -for, though Ulysses was reported to be dead, she would not marry any -one else, and had the satisfaction of finding her husband return after -an absence of about twenty years. The Greek name of Ulysses is -Odysseus. - - "To show what pious wisdom's power can do, - The poet sets Ulysses in our view." - -=Undine= (UnŽdine). A water-nymph, or sylph, who, according to fable, -might receive a human soul by marrying a mortal. - -=Unknown God, An.= With reference to this God, nothing can be more -appropriate than St. Paul's address to the Athenians, as recorded in -the 17th chapter of the Acts of the Apostles: - - "_Ye_ men of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye are too - superstitious. For as I passed by, and beheld your devotions, - I found an altar with this inscription, TO THE UNKNOWN GOD. - Whom therefore ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you. - God that made the world and all things therein, seeing that - he is Lord of heaven and earth, dwelleth not in temples made - with hands; neither is worshiped with men's hands, as though - he needed anything, seeing he giveth to all life, and breath, - and all things; and hath made of one blood all nations of men - for to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath - determined the times before appointed, and the bounds of - their habitation; that they should seek the Lord, if haply - they might feel after him, and find him, though he be not far - from every one of us: for in him we live, and move, and have - our being; as certain also of your own poets have said, For - we are also his offspring. Forasmuch then as we are the - offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is - like unto gold, or silver, or stone, graven by art and man's - device. And the times of this ignorance God winked at; but - now commandeth all men everywhere to repent: because he hath - appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world in - righteousness by _that_ man whom he hath ordained; _whereof_ - he hath given assurance unto all _men_, in that he hath - raised him from the dead." - -=Unxia= (UnxŽia). A name of Juno, relating to her protection of newly -married people. - -=Urania= (UraŽnia). A daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne--one of the -Muses who presided over astronomy. - - [Illustration: Venus de Milo - _See page 142_] - -=Uranus= (UraŽnus), literally, heaven. Son and husband of Gaea, the -Earth, and father of Chronos (Time) and the Titans. The Greek name of -Coelus; his descendants are sometimes called Uranides. - -=Urgus= (UrŽgus). A name of Pluto, signifying the Impeller. - -=Ursa Major= (UrŽsa MaŽjor), see Calisto. - -=Ursa Minor= (UrŽsa MiŽnor), see Arcas. - -=Usurers=, see Jani. - -=Utgard Loki= (UtŽgard LoŽki). In Scandinavian mythology the king of -the giants. - - -=Valhalla= (ValhalŽla). The Scandinavian temple of immortality, -inhabited by the souls of heroes slain in battle. - -=Vali= (VaŽli). The Scandinavian god of archery. - -=Valleys=, see Vallonia. - -=Vallonia= (ValloŽnia). The goddess of valleys. - -=Varuna= (VaruŽna). The Hindoo Neptune--generally represented as a -white man riding on a sea-horse, carrying a club in one hand and a -rope or noose to bind offenders in the other. - -=Vedius= (VeŽdius). The same as Vejovis. - -=Vejovis= (VejoŽvis). "Little Jupiter"--a name given to Jupiter when -he appeared without his thunder. - -=Vejupiter= (VejuŽpiter), see Vejovis. - -=Vengeance=, see Nemesis. - -=Venus= (VeŽnus). The goddess of beauty, and mother of love. She is -said to have sprung from the foam of the sea, and was immediately -carried to the abode of the gods on Olympus, where they were all -charmed with her extreme beauty. Vulcan married her, but she permitted -the attentions of others of the gods, and notably of Mars, their -offspring being Hermione, Cupid, and Anteros. After this she left -Olympus and fell in love with Adonis, a beautiful youth, who was -killed when hunting a wild boar. Venus indirectly caused the Trojan -War, for, when the goddess of discord had thrown among the goddesses -the golden apple inscribed "To the fairest," Paris adjudged the apple -to Venus, and she inspired him with love for Helen, wife of Menelaus, -king of Sparta. Paris carried off Helen to Troy, and the Greeks -pursued and besieged the city (see Helen, Paris, and Troy). Venus is -mentioned by the classic poets under the names of Aphrodite, Cypria, -Urania, Astarte, Paphia, Cythera, and the laughter-loving goddess. Her -favorite residence was at Cyprus. Incense alone was usually offered on -her altars, but if there was a victim it was a white goat. Her -attendants were Cupids and the Graces. - -=Verticordia= (VertiŽcorŽdia). A Roman name of Venus, signifying the -power of love to change the hard-hearted. The corresponding Greek -name was Epistrophia. - -=Vertumnus= (VertumŽnus) ("the Turner," "Changer"). God of spring, or, -as some mythologists say, of the seasons; the husband of Pomona, the -goddess of fruits and orchards. - -=Vesta= (VesŽta), daughter of Saturn and Cybele, was the goddess of -the hearth and its fire. She had under her special care and protection -a famous statue of Minerva, before which the Vestal Virgins kept a -fire or lamp constantly burning. - -=Vestal Virgins= (VesŽtal VirŽgins) were the priestesses of Vesta, -whose chief duty was to see that the sacred fire in the temple of -Vesta was not extinguished. They were always selected from the best -families, and were under a solemn vow of chastity, and compelled to -live perfectly pure lives. - -=Vialis= (ViaŽlis). A name of Mercury, because he presided over the -making of roads. - -=Victory= (VicŽtory). A goddess, the daughter of Styx and Acheron, -generally represented as flying in the air holding out a wreath of -laurel. Her Greek name is Nike (_Nicê_). See Nicephorus. - -=Vidor.= A Scandinavian god, who could walk on the water and in the -air. The god of silence (corresponding with the classic Harpocrates). - -=Virtue.= A goddess worshiped by most of the ancients under various -names. The way to the temple of honor was through the temple of -virtue. - -=Virtuous Women=, see Juno. - -=Vishnu= (VishŽnu). The Preserver, the principal Hindoo goddess. - -=Volupia= (VoluŽpia), see Angeronia. - -=Vulcan= (VulŽcan), the god of fire, was the son of Jupiter and Juno. -He offended Jupiter, and was by him thrown out of heaven; he was nine -days falling, and at last dropped into Lemnos with such violence that -he broke his leg, and was lame forever after. Vulcan was married to -Venus. He is supposed to have formed Pandora out of clay. His servants -were the Cyclopes. He was the patron deity of blacksmiths, and as the -smelter or softener of metal bears also the name of Mulciber. - - "Men call him Mulciber; and how he fell - From heaven, they fabled, thrown by angry Jove, - Sheer o'er the crystal battlements." - Milton. - -=Vulcanalia= (Vulcân-alŽia) were Roman festivals in honor of -Vulcan, at which the victims (certain fish and animals) were thrown -into the fire and burned to death. - - -=War=, see Bellona, Chemos, Mars. - -=Water=, see Canopus. - -=Water-Nymphs=, see Doris. - -=Wax Tablets=, see Calliope. - -=Wealth=, see Cuvera. - -=Weaving=, see Ergatis. - -=Weeding=, see Runcina. - -=Weights and Measures=, see Mercury. - -=Well=, see Truth. - -=West Wind=, see Favonius. - -=Winds=, see Aurora, Auster, Boreas, Zephyr. - -=Wine=, see Bacchus, Suradevi. - -=Wisdom=, see Pollear, Minerva. - -=Woden= (WoŽden), the Anglo-Saxon form of the Scandinavian god Odin; -Wednesday is called after him. - -=Women's Safeguard=, see Sospita. - -=Woodpecker=, see Picus. - -=Woods=, see Dryads. - -=World=, see Chaos. - - -=Xanthus= (XanŽthus), the name of the wonderful horse of Achilles. - - -=Yama= (YaŽma). The Hindoo devil, generally represented as a terrible -monster of a green color, with flaming eyes. - -=Ygdrasil= (YgŽdraŽsil). The famous ash-tree of Scandinavian -mythology, under which the gods held daily council. - -=Ymir= (YŽmir). The Scandinavian god, corresponding to Chaos of the -classics. - -=Youth= (perpetual), see Tithonus. - - -=Zephyr= (ZephŽyr) or =Zephyrus= (ZephŽyrus). The west wind and god -of flowers, a son of Astraeus and Aurora (Eos). See Favonius. - - "Wanton Zephyr, come away. - . . . . . - The sun, and Mira's charming eyes, - At thy return more charming grow. - With double glory they appear, - To warm and grace the infant year." - John Hughes, 1700. - -=Zetes= (ZeŽtes), with his brother Calais, drove the Harpies from -Thrace. - -=Zethus= (ZeŽthus), twin brother of Amphion. He was the son of Antiope -and Zeus. See Amphion. - -=Zeus= (Zûs). The Greek name of Jupiter, the greatest god in -Grecian mythology. He was the god of the sky and its phenomena, and as -such was worshiped on the highest mountains, on which he was -enthroned. From Zeus come all changes in the sky or the winds; he is -the gatherer of the clouds which dispense fertilizing rain; and is -also the thunderer and hurler of lightning. - - -THE END. - - - - -=Entertainments for Every Occasion.= Ideas, games, charades, tricks, -plans--for keeping those present entertained, on whatever occasion, -whether a party, a festival, a bazaar, an entertainment, or merely -"our own folks" or an "_entre nous_." - -=The Humorous Speaker.= The choicest, most recent _humor_ that lends -itself to _recitation_. Easily the best collection that has been made. -The selections are chosen because they are _good literature_, and -because they are _good recitations_. Unhackneyed material--most of it -from recently copyrighted books, for which _special permission_ has -been secured. A _hundred and twenty five_ selections, about 500 pages. - -=Commencement Parts.= "Efforts" for all occasions. _Models_ for every -possible occasion in high-school and college career, every one of the -"efforts" being what some fellow has _stood on his feet_ and actually -delivered on a similar occasion--not what the compiler _would_ say if -_he_ should happen to be called on for an ivy song or a response to a -toast, or what not; but what the fellow himself, when his turn came, -_did say_! Invaluable, indispensable to those preparing any kind of -"effort." _Unique._ - -Contains _models_ of the salutatory, the valedictory, orations, class -poems, class songs, class mottoes, class will, ivy poem and song, -Dux's speech; essays and addresses for flag day, the seasons, national -and other holidays; after-dinner speeches and responses to toasts. -Also _models_ for occasional addresses--social, educational, -political, religious. Also models for _superintendents'_ and -_principals'_ addresses to graduating class, debating team, -educational conference; on dedication of school building, public -building, library; for holidays, festival days, and scores of social -and other occasions. Also themes for essays, and lists of _subjects_ -for orations, essays, toasts. - -=College Men's 3-Minute Declamations.= Material with vitality in it -for prize speaking. _14th edit._ - -=College Maids' 3-Minute Readings.= Up-to-date recitations from living -men and women. On the plan of the popular College Men's 3-Minute -Declamations, and on the same high plane. _Twelfth edition._ - -=Pieces for Prize Speaking Contests.= _Volume I._ Over one hundred -pieces that have _actually taken prizes_ in prize speaking contests. -_Successful._ - -=Pieces for Prize Speaking Contests.= _Vol. II._ - -=Pieces for Every Occasion.= "Special days." - -=Famous Poems Explained.= (Barbe). - -=How to Attract and Hold an Audience.= Every student in college or -school, every lawyer, every teacher, every clergyman, every man or -woman occupying an official position, every citizen and every youth -who is likely ever to have occasion in committee, or in public, to -enlist the interest, to attract and hold the attention of one or more -hearers, and _convince_ them--every person who ever has to, or is -likely to have to "speak" to one or more listeners will find in our -new book a clear, concise, _complete_ handbook which will enable him -to _succeed_! - -Thorough, concise, methodical, replete with common sense, complete. In -his logical method, in the crystal-like lucidity of his style, in his -forceful, incisive, penetrating mastery of his subject, the author has -at one bound placed himself on a plane with the very ablest -teacher-authors of his day. - -=Fenno's Science and Art of Elocution.= _Standard._ Probably the most -successful of its kind. - -=The Power of Speech, How to Acquire It.= A comprehensive system of -vocal expression. Thorough and practical instruction in the use of the -speaking voice, embracing deep breathing, articulation, modulation, -emphasis and delivery; vocal coloring, interpretation of the written -word, the conveying of thought by means of vocal expression, and the -principles of oratory and dramatic art. - -=The Psychology of Public Speaking.= A scientific treatment of the -practical needs of the public speaker. A worth-while book. - -=How to Use the Voice= in Reading and Speaking. By Ed. Amherst Ott, -head of the School of Oratory, Drake University. Suitable for class -work. - -=How to Gesture.= E. A. Ott. New _illus._ edit. - -=Constitution of U. S.= In English, German and French. - -=Constitution of U. S., with Index.= (Thorpe's _Pocket Edition_). - -=Brief History of Civilization.= (Blackmar). - -=The Changing Values of English Speech.= - -=The Worth of Words.= (Bell). - -=The Religion of Beauty.= (Bell). - -=Dictionaries: The Classic Series.= _Half morocco._ Especially -planned for students and teachers in colleges and high schools. Up to -the times in point of contents, authoritative while modern as regards -scholarship, instantly accessible in respect to arrangement, in a -binding elegant and durable. 8Ś5œ in. - - _French-English and Eng.-French_, - _German-English and Eng.-German_, - _Latin-English and Eng.-Latin_, - _Greek-English and Eng.-Greek_, - _English-Greek Dictionary_. - -=Dictionaries: The Handy Series.= _Pocket Edition._ Scholarship modern -and accurate; beautiful print. - - _Spanish-English and Eng.-Spanish_, - _Italian-English and Eng.-Italian_, - _New-Testament Lexicon_. With a fine presentation - of the _Synonyms_ of the Greek Testament. - -=Liddell and Scott's Abridged Greek Lexicon.= With new _Appendix of -Proper and Geog'l names_. - -=White's Latin-English Dictionary.= - -=White's English-Latin Dictionary.= - -=White's Lat.-Eng. and Eng.-Lat. Diction.= - -=International Pronouncing French-English and Eng.-French Dictionary.= -_Half morocco._ The _pronunciation_ is indicated by a full re-spelling -of each title-word in the system of the _International Phonetic -Associ'n_, a widely used means of indicating, simply and accurately, -the _pronunciation_ of _all_ languages in a _single_ (amplified) -_Roman alphabet_. - -=Who's Who in Mythology?= A dictionary of mythological characters. -Identifies and locates _instanter_ every god and goddess, hero and -myth that are likely to be broached either in conversation, sermon, -song, drama, painting or statuary. - -=Who's Who in History?= A dictionary of classical characters and -allusions. Locates the places, identifies the persons, describes the -things, which are constantly alluded to in literature, in sermons, in -paintings, in sculpture and in conversation. - - - - -=BOOKS BY RALCY HUSTED BELL= - - -=The Worth of Words= - -_Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged._ - -The SOULS of words live after their forms change. This spiritual -element of words survives as literature. The _living_ book contains -the EGO of the author--the spiritual personality of his mind. This -book treats of the _right_ usage of words on this vital basis. It is a -_living_ guide. Simple and clear, it aids correct speech and shows how -to vitalize words with SOUL. - - -=The Changing Values of English Speech= - -A mate to THE WORTH OF WORDS. Touches lightly the philosophical side -in a _practical_ way: illumines _Style_, _Soul of Words_, _Early -English_, _Language Change_, _Poetry_, _Syntax_, _Variations in -Word-Meanings_, _Distinctions_, _Origin of Language_, _Old Celtic -Friends_, _English Orthography_, _Words Changed Since Shakespeare_, -_Commonplace Poetry_, _Aborigines_. Reads with the _fascination of -romance_. - - -=The Religion of Beauty= - -_Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged._ - -This is the autobiography of a Soul glad of life--one who finds riches -in the possessions of others and, above all, a golden wealth in man's -_Impersonal Estate_--in SKY and STAR, SUN and CITY, the SEA and the -OPEN WORLD--one who finds the _Religion_ of _Beauty_ in all things, -and reveals the secret whereby all who will may dig up "real wealth" -while having a good time. - - -=Taormina= - -_Illustrated. New Historic Matter._ - -History is told here with Maeterlinck's charm of style; scenes are -painted with the power and beauty of Hearn; philosophy is -unconsciously brought forth from events. Greek legend weaves a -necklace of imagery which holds ETNA in its clasp. Martial echoes -mingle with the voices of ancient poets, the murmur of the Ionian Sea -and of olive leaves in sunny Sicily. - - - - -=English and American Literature= - -=A One Year Course= - -=FROM CHAUCER TO MARK TWAIN= - -By B. A. HEYDRICK, A. B. - -DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, HIGH SCHOOL OF COMMERCE NEW YORK CITY - -Interestingly written, illustrated with portraits and enlivened by -pictures of scenes described, facsimiles of manuscripts, etc. - -In the space of three hundred pages the author has managed to give a -clear account of English literature from Chaucer to Mark Twain and -James Whitcomb Riley. It is _not_ a mere outline, but a continuous -narrative, and really the most engaging book on the subject that has -appeared. It is written on a different plan from most brief -text-books. The author has wisely not attempted to treat every author -in English literature. By omitting the names which have no meaning for -us to-day the author has gained space to treat the really significant -writers quite fully enough for the needs of young students. An -excellent feature of the book is the profusion of _illustrations_. -Throughout the work emphasis is placed upon books that _still live_. -The nineteenth century in particular is treated fully; the writers may -be no greater than those of the eighteenth, but they have more to say -to us. - -Each chapter is followed by a list of recommended reading in the chief -authors, with references to volumes where these may be found. By means -of this recommended reading _the course covered by this book may -readily be extended to cover two years' work_, or more. Under each -chief author is mentioned a standard library edition of his works and -inexpensive editions of single volumes. - - - - -=The Speaker Series= - -The Speaker Series (32 vols) paper. - - No. 1 Popular Short Stories - No. 2 Selections Chosen for Declamation Contest - No. 3 Selections for Children to Recite - No. 4 Cuttings from Stories - No. 5 Cuttings from Stories - No. 6 Ten Short Plays - No. 7 Readings, and Four Plays - No. 8 Briefs of Debates, and Readings - No. 9 Cuttings of Popular Stories - No. 10 Modern American Oratory - No. 11 Dramatic and Humorous Readings - No. 12 Centennial Number - No. 13 New Platform Selections - No. 14 Selections for Religious Occasions - No. 15 Encores: Nearly 200 Fresh, Bright Hits - No. 16 Popular Platform Readings - No. 17 Humorous and Dramatic Readings - No. 18 Monologues - No. 19 On Temperance - No. 20 For Declamation Contests - No. 21 After-dinner Speaking - No. 22 School and College Readings - No. 23 Selections for Entertainments - No. 24 Dramatic Selections - No. 25 Popular Prose and Poetry - No. 26 Readings from Great Authors - No. 27 Readings and Debates Not Found Elsewhere - No. 28 Classic Masterpieces - No. 29 Best Fiction for the Platform - No. 30 Humorous and Pathetic Readings - No. 31 Patriotic Selections - No. 32 Scenes from Plays for Platform Readings - -THE ABOVE NUMBERS IN EIGHT BOUND VOLUMES, indexed by authors and -titles: - - Vol. I. Including Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4, - Vol. II. Including Nos. 5, 6, 7 and 8, - Vol. III. Including Nos. 9, 10, 11 and 12, - Vol. IV. Including Nos. 13, 14, 15 and 16, - Vol. V. Including Nos. 17, 18, 19, 20, - Vol. VI. Including Nos. 21, 22, 23, 24, - Vol. VII. Including Nos. 25, 26, 27, 28, - Vol. VIII. Including Nos. 29, 30, 31, 32. - - - - -Transcriber's Note - -As referred to in the Transcriber's note at the beginning of this -ebook, proper nouns have been amended for ease of searching as -follows: - - Page 13--Deianeira amended to Deianira--... in his love for - Deianira. - - Page 18--Podalirus amended to Podalirius--... Machaon and - Podalirius, both famous physicians, ... - - Page 31--Rumina amended to Rumia--=Babes=, see Rumia Dea. - - Page 32--Thanyris amended to Thamyris--=Blind=, see Thamyris. - - Page 49--Antaeas amended to Antaeus--=Earth=, see Antaeus. - - Page 55--Plato amended to Pluto--=Februus= (FebŽruus). A name - of Pluto, ... - - Page 56--Chimera amended to Chimaera--She was the reputed - mother of Chimaera, ... - - Page 61--Segestia amended to Segetia--=Harvest=, see Segetia. - - Page 70--Venns amended to Venus--... in which there is a - grove sacred to Venus. - - Page 72--Argus amended to Argos--... and a priestess of Juno - at Argos. - - Page 79--Romas amended to Romans--The Romans used to swear by - Jupiter Lapis. - - Page 84--Diomede amended to Diomedes--... but was defeated by - Diomedes. - - Page 87--Thot amended to Thoth--There was also an Egyptian - Mercury under the name of Thoth, ... - - Page 89--Glaucopis amended to Glaukopis--... Pallas, - Parthenos, Tritonia, and Glaukopis. - - Page 117--Japetes amended to Japetus--... the son of Japetus - ... - - Page 122--Runcia amended to Runcina--=Runcina= (Runcina). The - goddess of weeding ... - - Page 127--Chimera amended to Chimaera--See Aesculapius, - Apollo, Chimaera, ... - - Page 127--Thanyris amended to Thamyris--=Singing=, see - Polyhymnia, Thamyris. - - Page 130--Ergotis amended to Ergatis--=Spinning=, see - Arachne, Ergatis. - - Page 134--Thesmorphonius amended to - Thesmorphonis--=Thesmorphonis= (Thesmorphonis). A name of - Ceres. - - Page 135--Naryanan amended to Narayan--=Tides=, see Narayan. - - Page 141--Calistro amended to Calisto--=Ursa Major= (UrŽsa - MaŽjor), see Calisto. - - Page 145--Ergatos amended to Ergatis--=Weaving=, see Ergatis. - -The book notes Vishnu as a goddess, and Laksmi as one of Vishnu's -husbands. This is preserved as printed. - -Minor punctuation errors have been repaired. Hyphenation has been made -consistent. - -The following printer errors have been repaired: - - Page 102--anxiiety amended to anxiety--Orpheus, however, in - his anxiety ... - - Page 124--spirites amended to sprites--The sprites of fiery - termagants in flame, ... - - Page 140--preceive amended to perceive--... I perceive that - in all things ye are too superstitious. - -With regard to quoted material, all attributions (or lack thereof) -are preserved as in the original. - -The transcriber notes that, on page 16, two couplets are attributed -to Pope, although the second is actually from Dryden. However, this -is preserved as printed. - -The frontispiece illustration has been moved to follow the title page. -Other illustrations have been moved where necessary so that they are -not in the middle of a paragraph. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of 1000 Mythological Characters Briefly -Described, by Edward S. 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Ellis. </title> @@ -110,46 +110,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of 1000 Mythological Characters Briefly -Described, by Edward S. Ellis - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: 1000 Mythological Characters Briefly Described - Adapted to Private Schools, High Schools and Academies - -Author: Edward S. Ellis - -Release Date: April 7, 2013 [EBook #42474] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1000 MYTHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS *** - - - - -Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sam W. and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42474 ***</div> <div class="bbox"> <p><b>Transcriber's Note</b></p> @@ -7517,382 +7478,6 @@ Other illustrations have been moved where necessary so that they are not in the middle of a paragraph.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of 1000 Mythological Characters Briefly -Described, by Edward S. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: 1000 Mythological Characters Briefly Described - Adapted to Private Schools, High Schools and Academies - -Author: Edward S. Ellis - -Release Date: April 7, 2013 [EBook #42474] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1000 MYTHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS *** - - - - -Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sam W. and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - -Transcriber's Note - -Bold text is marked with equals signs, =like this=. - -A few characters in this book had a macron (straight line) above. As -these characters are not available in this file encoding, instead -they have been rendered with a circumflex above. - -For ease of searching, names with a syllabic accent mark have been -included initially without that accent, and all ligatures have been -expanded (e.g. ae has become ae). Further, proper nouns in the main -body of the text (but not in the quoted material) have been made -consistent where there was either a definite typographic error or -there was a clear prevalence of one form over another. A list of -these changes may be found at the end of the text. - -There were some instances of valid variable spellings which have been -preserved as printed in each case. These include: Adrastaea, -Adrasteia; Dionysus, Dionysius; Galatea, Galataea; Nemean, Nemaean; -Perithous, Pirithous. The book also uses some archaic spelling, and -this is also preserved as printed. - - - - - 1000 - Mythological Characters - - _Briefly Described_ - - ADAPTED TO - PRIVATE SCHOOLS, HIGH SCHOOLS - AND ACADEMIES - - - EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION BY - EDWARD S. ELLIS, M.A. - - _Author of "The Young People's Standard - History of the United States" and - "Common Errors in Writing and - Speaking."_ - - - COPYRIGHT, 1895, BY THE WOOLFALL COMPANY - COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY HINDS & NOBLE - - HINDS, HAYDEN & ELDREDGE, INC. - NEW YORK PHILADELPHIA CHICAGO - - - - - [Illustration: Diana - _See page 46_] - - - - -INTRODUCTION. - - -There are many expressions which, though simple in themselves, must -forever remain beyond the grasp of human comprehension. Eternity, that -which has neither end nor beginning, baffles the most profound human -thought. It is impossible to think of a point beyond which there is -absolutely nothing, or to imagine the passing of a million years -without bringing us one day or one minute nearer to their close. -Suppose that one could fix upon the terminal point, we would still -fancy something beyond that, and then some period still more remote -would present itself, and so on _ad infinitum_. - -The same insurmountable difficulty confronts us when we seek to -imagine a First Cause. God was the beginning, and yet it seems to our -finite minds, that something must have brought Him into existence, -and we conclude that back again of that creating Power must have been -another originating cause, and perhaps still another, and so on -without limitation. - -And yet we know that there must have been a period when everything was -void, or, in other words, when there was nothing. In the awful -grandeur of that loneliness, desolation, and chaos, God we know, -however, existed and called the universe into being. All that we, in -our present finite condition, can ever comprehend of that stupendous -birth is contained in the opening of the first chapter of Genesis. - -That is the story of the creation as told by God Himself to His chosen -people, the Hebrews, they alone being selected from the nations then -existing upon the earth to receive the wonderful revelation. - -Every people, no matter how degraded and sunken in barbarism, has some -perception, some explanation of, and a more or less well-grounded -belief in, a First Cause. Far back among the mists of antiquity, at -the remotest beginnings of the shadowy centuries, sits enthroned a -Being, who in His infinite might and power brought mankind, the -universe, and all animate and inanimate things into existence, and who -rewards those of His children who do His will, and punishes those who -disobey His commands. That will, as interpreted by believers, is as -various in its application to the conduct of man as are the standards -of right and wrong among the civilized and even among the barbarous -nations of to-day. What is virtue with one is vice with the other, as -beauty and ugliness of form or feature, being relative terms, are -opposites with many different peoples. - -Since the Greeks and Romans were not among those who received the -divine story of creation, they were forced to devise a theory to -explain their own existence and account for the origin of all things. -The foundation of this theory lay in the marvelous phenomena of nature -around them. The growth of the mighty tree from the tiny seed, the -bursting bud and blossom, the changing hues and the fragrance of -flowers, the alternation of day and night, the flash of the -rock-rending lightning, the rage of the tempest, the flow of the -rivers; the towering mountains, the lovely valleys; dew, rain, the -clouds, and the ever-shifting panorama on every hand; the majestic -sweep of the blazing worlds through space--all these pointed -unerringly to a First Cause, which originally launched them into -being, and maintains the constant order of things and the miraculous -procession of the planets and the orderly succession of the seasons in -obedience to laws that know no change. - -To the Greeks and Romans, there was a time more remote than history -gives us any account of, when there was neither land nor water, and -when the earth and all things within and upon it were "without form -and void." Over that misty, nebulous mixing and mingling brooded the -god Chaos, who shared his throne with Nox, the goddess of night. From -this union the innumerable myths gradually sprang up and developed, -which in their own imaginative though often grotesque way explained -the various phases of creation. These finally became crystallized into -a literature, or mythology, which has since been the inspiration alike -of romancers and poets. - -The most learned of mythologists differ in their analysis of the -multitude of myths that have descended to us. Their varying analyses, -however, may be separated into two distinct classes or divisions, each -of which has its own adherents and supporters. - -The first school is that of the philologists, and the second that of -the anthropologists, or comparative mythologists. - -Philology relates to the study of language, especially when treated in -a philosophical manner. This school maintains that the myths had their -origin in a "disease of the language, as the pearl is a result of a -disease of the oyster." The key, therefore, to all mythologies, they -say, is found in language. The names originally applied to the gods -generally referred to the phenomena of the clouds, winds, rain, -sunshine, etc. Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, the great languages of -antiquity, they demonstrate, had their foundation in a single source -which is still older. As further proof of their position, they point -to the similarity in the most ordinary words in the various languages -of the same family, and show that they have undergone few or very -trifling changes. - -The greatest authority among the philologists claims that during the -"first period" there was a tribe in Central Asia, whose language -consisted of one-syllable words, which contained the germs of the -Turanian, Aryan, and Semitic tongues. This age is termed the Rhematic -period, and was succeeded by the Nomadic or Agglutinative age, during -which the language gradually "received, once for all, that peculiar -impress of their formative system which we still find in all the -dialects and national idioms comprised under the name of Aryan or -Semitic," which includes over three thousand dialects. - -The same authority follows the Agglutinative period with one -"represented everywhere by the same characteristic features, called -the Mythological, or Mythopoeic age." - -As the name implies, this last-mentioned period saw the evolution and -development of mythic lore. As do the American Indians of to-day, so -primitive man, in his crude way, explained the operation of physical -laws by giving to inanimate objects like passions and sentiments with -himself. When the tempest rages, and the crashing lightning splinters -the mountain oak, the Indian says that the Great Spirit is angry. When -nature becomes serene and calm, the Great Spirit is pleased. The -malign forces around him, which work ill to the warrior, are, they -say, the direct doings of an evil spirit. Even the heavenly bodies are -personified, and "poetry has so far kept alive in our minds the old -animative theory of nature, that it is no great effort in us to fancy -the waterspout a huge giant or sea-monster, and to depict, in what we -call appropriate metaphor, its march across the field of ocean." - -Since the names of the Greek heroes and gods show a general -correspondence with the Sanskrit appellations of physical things, it -is comparatively easy to understand many of the first fancies and -reflections of the earliest men who ever lived. It is the argument of -the philologists that these fancies and reflections settled into -definite shape in that far-away period when most of the nations, now -spread to the remotest corners of the earth, dwelt together and used a -common language. Following the gradual scattering of this single, -unified people, the language became sensitive to the change, many -words not only losing their original meaning, but, in some instances, -acquiring an opposite significance. Other words, again, in the course -of time were utterly lost. "As long as such personified beings as the -Heaven or the Sun are consciously talked of in mythic language, the -meaning of their legends is open to no question, and the action -ascribed to them will, as a rule, be natural and appropriate." The -time came, however, when these names were considered simply as -applying to heroes or deities, and amid the jumble and confusion of -the succeeding ages it became well-nigh impossible to trace the myths -back to their original source and meaning. Such is a brief outline of -the myth interpretations, as made by the philologists. - -Anthropology may be defined as the study of man, considered in his -entire nature. In explaining mythology, the anthropologists say that -"it is man, it is human thought and human language combined, which -naturally and necessarily produced the strange conglomerate of ancient -fable." Instead, therefore, of seeking the source of myths in -language, the second class find it in the "condition of thought -through which all races have passed." - -The argument of the anthropologists is that while all nations have -come from one parent-stock, as is claimed also by the philologists, -yet the various peoples, in their primitive or savage state, have -passed through a like low intellectual condition and growth. The -folk-lore of all countries shows that the savages consider themselves -of the same nature as beasts, and regard "even plants, inanimate -objects, and the most abstract phenomena as persons with human parts -and passions." Every religion antedating Christianity has inculcated -the worship of idols, which usually take the form of beasts, and it -will be noted in the study of myths that the gods often assume the -forms of birds and animals. If it were in our power mentally to become -savages for a time, so as to look upon nature and our surroundings as -do the Blackfeet Indians, or the Patagonians, or the South Africans, -it would be a long step toward making clear this particular phase of -the question. - -From what has been stated, however, the young student will gain an -idea of the meaning of the word "myth," which may be termed a story -whose origin can never be known with certainty. To most people it has -the same significance as a fable, legendary tale, or fanciful -falsehood. A collection of myths belonging to a particular age or -people is "a mythology," and the branch of inquiry which classifies -and interprets them bears the same name. - - E. S. E. - November 1st, 1895. - - - - -THE YOUTH'S DICTIONARY OF MYTHOLOGY. - - -=Abas= (A'bas), a son of Meganira, was turned into a newt, or -water-lizard, for deriding the ceremonies of the Sacrifice. - -=Absyrtus= (Absy'rtus). After Jason had slain the dragon which guarded -the golden fleece, he fled with Medea, the beautiful young sorceress, -and daughter of Aeetes, who pursued with great energy, for Medea had -taken with her the most precious treasure of the king, his only son -and heir, Absyrtus. To delay the pursuit, Medea slew her little -brother, cut the body in pieces, and dropped them over the side of the -vessel. Thus the cruel daughter effected her escape. - -=Achelous= (Achelo'us) was a river god, and the rival of Hercules in -his love for Deianira. To decide who should have the bride, Hercules -and Achelous had recourse to a wrestling bout, the fame of which -extends through all the intervening centuries. In this fierce -struggle, Achelous changed himself into the form of a bull and rushed -upon his antagonist with lowered horns, intending to hurl him aside. -Hercules eluded the onset, and seizing one of the huge horns, held it -so firmly that it was broken off by the furious efforts of Achelous to -free himself. He was defeated, and finally turned himself into a -river, which has since been known by his name. - -=Acheron= (Ach'eron) (see "The Youth's Classical Dictionary"). The -current of the river Acheron, across which all souls had to pass to -hear their decree from Pluto, was so swift that the boldest swimmer -dare not attempt to breast it; and, since there was no bridge, the -spirits were obliged to rely upon the aid of Charon, an aged boatman, -who plied the only boat that was available. He would allow no soul to -enter this leaky craft until he had received the obolus, or fare, -which the ancients carefully placed under the tongue of the dead, that -they might not be delayed in their passage to Pluto. Those who had not -their fare were forced to wait one hundred years, when Charon -reluctantly ferried them over without charge. - - "Infernal rivers that disgorge - Into the burning lake their baleful streams - ... Sad Acheron, of sorrow black and deep." - Milton. - -=Achilles= (Achil'les) was the most valiant of the Greek heroes in the -Trojan War. He was the son of Peleus, King of Thessaly. His mother, -Thetis, plunged him, when an infant, into the Stygian pool, which -made him invulnerable wherever the waters had washed him; but the heel -by which he was held was not wetted, and that part remained -vulnerable. He was shot with an arrow in the heel by Paris, at the -siege of Troy, and died of his wound. - -=Acidalia= (Acida'lia), a name given to Venus, from a fountain in -Boeotia. - -=Acis= (A'cis). A Sicilian shepherd, loved by the nymph Galatea. One -of the Cyclops who was jealous of him crushed him by hurling a rock on -him. Galatea turned his blood into a river--the Acis at the foot of -Mount Etna. - -=Actaeon= (Actae'on) was the son of Aristaeus, a famous huntsman. He -intruded himself on Diana while she was bathing, and was changed by -her into a deer, in which form he was hunted by his own dogs and torn -in pieces. - -=Ades= (A'des), see Hades. - -=Adonis= (Ado'nis), the beautiful attendant of Venus, who held her -train. He was killed by a boar, and turned by Venus into an anemone. - - "Even as the sun with purple-colored face - Had ta'en his last leave of the weeping morn. - Rose-cheeked Adonis hied him to the chase; - Hunting he loved, but love he laughed to scorn." - Shakespeare. - -=Adrastaea= (Adrastae'a), another name of Nemesis, one of the -goddesses of justice. - -=Adscriptitii Dii= (Adscripti'tii Dii) were the gods of the second -grade. - -=Adversity=, see Echidna. - -=Aeacus= (Ae'acus), one of the judges of hell, with Minos and -Rhadamanthus. See Eacus. - -=Aecastor= (Aecas'tor), an oath used only by women, referring to the -Temple of Castor. - -=Aedepol= (Aed'epol), an oath used by both men and women, referring to -the Temple of Pollux. - -=Aeetes= (Aee'tes), a king of Colchis, and father of Medea. - -=Aegeon= (Aege'on), a giant with fifty heads and one hundred hands, -who was imprisoned by Jupiter under Mount Etna. See Briareus. - -=Aegis= (Ae'gis), the shield of Jupiter, so called because it was made -of goat-skin. - - "Where was thine Aegis Pallas that appall'd?" - Byron. - - "Tremendous, Gorgon frowned upon its field, - And circling terrors filled the expressive shield." - - "Full on the crest the Gorgon's head they place, - With eyes that roll in death, and with distorted face." - Pope. - -=Aegle= (Ae'gle). The fairest of the Naiads. - -=Aello= (Ael'lo), the name of one of the Harpies. - -=Aeneas= (Aene'as) was the son of Anchises and Venus. He was one of -the few great captains who escaped the destruction of Troy. He behaved -with great valor during the siege, encountering Diomed, and even -Achilles himself. When the Grecians had set the city on fire Aeneas -took his aged father, Anchises, on his shoulders, while his son, -Ascanius, and his wife Creusa, clung to his garments. He saved them -all from the flames. After wandering about during several years, -encountering numerous difficulties, he at length arrived in Italy, -where he was hospitably received by Latinus, king of the Latins. After -the death of Latinus Aeneas became king. - - "His back, or rather burthen, showed - As if it stooped with its load; - For as Aeneas bore his sire - Upon his shoulders through the fire, - Our knight did bear no less a pack - Of his own buttocks on his back." - Butler. - -=Aeolus= (Aeo'lus) was the god of the winds. Jupiter was his reputed -father, and his mother is said to have been a daughter of Hippotus. -Aeolus is represented as having the power of holding the winds -confined in a cavern, and occasionally giving them liberty to blow -over the world. So much command was he supposed to have over them that -when Ulysses visited him on his return from Troy he gave him, tied up -in a bag, all the winds that could prevent his voyage from being -prosperous. The companions of Ulysses, fancying that the bag contained -treasure, cut it open just as they came in sight of Ithaca, the port -they were making for, and the contrary winds rushing out drove back -the ship many leagues. The residence of Aeolus was at Strongyle, now -called Strombolo. - - "Aeolus from his airy throne - With power imperial curbs the struggling winds, - And sounding tempests in dark prisons binds." - Dryden. - -=Aesculapius= (Aescula'pius), the god of physic, was a son of Apollo. -He was physician to the Argonauts in their famous expedition to -Colchis. He became so noted for his cures that Pluto became jealous of -him, and he requested Jupiter to kill him with a thunderbolt. To -revenge his son's death Apollo slew the Cyclops who had forged the -thunderbolt. By his marriage with Epione he had two sons, Machaon and -Podalirius, both famous physicians, and four daughters, of whom -Hygeia, the goddess of health, is the most renowned. Many temples were -erected in honor of Aesculapius, and votive tablets were hung therein -by people who had been healed by him; but his most famous shrine was -at Epidaurus, where, every five years, games were held in his honor. -This god is variously represented, but the most famous statue shows -him seated on a throne of gold and ivory. His head is crowned with -rays, and he wears a long beard. A knotty stick is in one hand, and a -staff entwined with a serpent is in the other, while a dog lies at his -feet. - - "Thou that dost Aesculapius deride, - And o'er his gallipots in triumph ride." - Fenton. - -=Aeson= (Ae'son) was father of Jason, and was restored to youth by -Medea. - -=Agamemnon= (Agamem'non) was the son of Plisthenes and brother of -Menelaus. He was king of the Argives. His brother's wife was the -famous Helen, daughter of Tyndarus, king of Sparta; and when she -eloped with Paris, Agamemnon was appointed leader of the Greeks in -their expedition against Troy. - -=Aganippides= (Aganip'pides), a name of the Muses, derived from the -fountain of Aganippe. - -=Agineus= (Agine'us), see Apollo. - -=Aglaia= (Agla'ia) was one of the Three Graces. - -=Agni= (Ag'ni). The Hindoo god of lightning. - -=Ajax= (A'jax) was one of the bravest of the Greek warriors in the -Trojan War. His father was Telamon, and his mother Eriboea. Some -writers say that he was killed by Ulysses; others aver that he was -slain by Paris; while others again assert that he went mad after being -defeated by Ulysses, and killed himself. Another Ajax, son of Oileus, -also took a prominent part in the Trojan War. - -=Alcestis= (Alces'tis), wife of Admetus, who, to save her husband's -life, died in his stead, and was restored to life by Hercules. - -=Alcides= (Alci'des), one of the names of Hercules. - -=Alcmena= (Alcme'na), the mother of Hercules, was daughter of -Electryon, a king of Argos. - -=Alecto= (Alec'to) was one of the Furies. She is depicted as having -serpents instead of hair on her head, and was supposed to breed -pestilence wherever she went. - -=Alectryon= (Alec'tryon), a servant of Mars, who was changed by him -into a cock because he did not warn his master of the rising of the -sun. - -=Alfadur= (Al'fadur), in Scandinavian Mythology the Supreme -Being--Father of all. - -=Alma Mammosa= (Al'ma Mammo'sa), a name of Ceres. - -=Alpheus= (Alphe'us), a river god. See Arethusa. - -=Altar.= A structure on which a sacrifice was offered. The earliest -altars were merely heaps of earth or turf or rough unhewn stone; but -as the mode of sacrificing became more ceremonious grander altars were -built. Some were of marble and brass, ornamented with carvings and -bas-reliefs, and the corners with models of the heads of animals. They -varied in height from two feet to twenty, and some were built solid; -others were made hollow to retain the blood of the victims. Some were -provided with a kind of dish, into which frankincense was thrown to -overpower the smell of burning fat. This probably was the origin of -the custom of burning incense at the altar. - -=Amalthaea= (Amal'thae'a), the goat which nourished Jupiter. - -=Amazons= (Am'azons) were a nation of women-soldiers who lived in -Scythia. Hercules totally defeated them, and gave Hippolyte, their -queen, to Theseus for a wife. The race seems to have been exterminated -after this battle. - - [Illustration: Amazon - _See page 20_] - -=Ambarvalia= (Ambarva'lia) were festivals in honor of Ceres, -instituted by Roman husbandmen to purge their fields. At the spring -festival the head of each family led an animal, usually a pig or ram, -decked with oak boughs, round his grounds, and offered milk and new -wine. After harvest there was another festival, at which Ceres was -presented with the first-fruits of the season. See Ceres. - -=Amber=, see Heliades. - -=Ambrosia= (Ambro'sia) were Bacchanalian festivals. - -=Amica= (Ami'ca), a name of Venus. - -=Amphion= (Amphi'on) was the son of Jupiter and Antiope. He was -greatly skilled in music; and it is said that, at the sound of his -lute, the stones arranged themselves so regularly as to make the walls -of the city of Thebes. - - "Amphion, too, as story goes, could call - Obedient stones to make the Theban wall." - Horace. - - "New walls to Thebes, Amphion thus began." - William King. - - "Such strains I sing as once Amphion played, - When list'ning flocks the powerful call obeyed." - Elphinston. - -=Amphitrite= (Amphitri'te) (or =Salatia=), the wife of Neptune, was a -daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She was the mother of Triton, a sea -god. - - "His weary chariot sought the bowers - Of Amphitrite and her tending nymphs." - Thomson. - -=Amycus= (Amy'cus) was king of Bebrycia. He was a son of Neptune, and -was killed by Pollux. - -=Ancaeus= (Ancae'us). A son of Neptune, who left a cup of wine to hunt -a wild boar which killed him, and the wine was untasted. This was the -origin of the proverb--"There's many a slip 'twixt cup and lip." - -=Ancilia= (Ancil'ia), the twelve sacred shields. The first Ancile was -supposed to have fallen from heaven in answer to the prayer of Numa -Pompilius. It was kept with the greatest care, as it was prophesied -that the fate of the Roman people would depend upon its preservation. -An order of priesthood was established to take care of the Ancilia, -and on 1st March each year the shields were carried in procession, and -in the evening there was a great feast, called Coena Saliaris. - -=Andromeda= (Androm'eda), the daughter of Cepheus, king of the -Ethiopians, was wife of Perseus, by whom she was rescued when she was -chained to a rock and was about to be devoured by a sea-monster. - -=Anemone= (Anem'one). Venus changed Adonis into this flower. - -=Angeronia= (Angero'nia), otherwise Volupia, was the goddess who had -the power of dispelling anguish of mind. - -=Anna Perenna= (Anna Peren'na), one of the rural divinities. - -=Antaeus= (Antae'us), a giant who was vanquished by Hercules. Each -time that Hercules threw him the giant gained fresh strength from -touching the earth, so Hercules lifted him off the ground and squeezed -him to death. - -=Anteros= (An'teros), one of the two Cupids, sons of Venus. - -=Anticlea= (Antic'lea), the mother of Ulysses. - -=Antiope= (Anti'ope) was the wife of Lycus, King of Thebes. Jupiter, -disguised as a satyr, led her astray and corrupted her. - -=Anubis= (Anu'bis) (or Hermanubis (Herman'ubis)). "A god half a dog, a -dog half a man." Called _Barker_ by Virgil and other poets. - -=Aonides= (Aon'ides), a name of the Muses, from the country Aonia. - -=Apaturia= (Apatur'ia), an Athenian festival, which received its name -from a Greek word signifying deceit. - -=Aphrodite= (Aph'rodi'te), a Greek name of Venus. - -=Apis=, a name given to Jupiter by the inhabitants of the Lower Nile. -Also the miraculous ox, worshiped in Egypt. - -=Apis= (A'pis), King of Argivia. Afterward called Serapis, the -greatest god of the Egyptians. - -=Apollo= (Apol'lo). This famous god, some time King of Arcadia, was -the son of Jupiter and Latona. He was known by several names, but -principally by the following:--Sol (the sun); Cynthius, from the -mountain called Cynthus in the Isle of Delos, and this same island -being his native place obtained for him the name of Delius; -Delphinius, from his occasionally assuming the shape of a dolphin. His -name of Delphicus was derived from his connection with the splendid -Temple at Delphi, where he uttered the famous oracles. Some writers -record that this oracle became dumb when Jesus Christ was born. Other -common names of Apollo were Didymaeus, Nomius, Paean, and Phoebus. The -Greeks called him Agineus, because the streets were under his -guardianship, and he was called Pythius from having killed the serpent -Python. Apollo is usually represented as a handsome young man without -beard, crowned with laurel, and having in one hand a bow, and in the -other a lyre. The favorite residence of Apollo was on Mount Parnassus, -a mountain of Phocis, in Greece, where he presided over the Muses. -Apollo was the accredited father of several children, but the two most -renowned were Aesculapius and Phaeton. - - "Wilt thou have music? Hark! Apollo plays. - And twenty caged nightingales do sing." - Shakespeare. - -=Apotheosis= (Apothe'osis). The consecration of a god. The ceremony of -deification. - -=Arachne= (Arach'ne), a Lydian princess, who challenged Minerva to a -spinning contest, but Minerva struck her on the head with a spindle, -and turned her into a spider. - - "... So her disemboweled web, - Arachne, in a hall or kitchen spreads. - Obvious to vagrant flies." - John Phillips. - -=Arcadia= (Arca'dia), a delightful country in the center of -Peloponnessus, a favorite place of the gods. Apollo was reputed to -have been King of Arcadia. - -=Arcas= (Ar'cas), a son of Calisto, was turned into a he-bear; and -afterward into the constellation called Ursa Minor. - -=Archer=, see Chiron. - -=Areopagitae= (Areop'agi'tae), the judges who sat at the Areopagus. - -=Areopagus= (Areop'agus), the hill at Athens where Mars was tried for -murder before twelve of the gods. - -=Ares= (A'res). The same as Mars, the god of war. - -=Arethusa= (Arethu'sa) was one of the nymphs of Diana. She fled from -Alpheus, a river god, and was enabled to escape by being turned by -Diana into a rivulet which ran underground. She was as virtuous as she -was beautiful. - -=Argonauts= (Ar'gonauts). This name was given to the fifty heroes who -sailed to Colchis in the ship Argo, under the command of Jason, to -fetch the Golden Fleece. - -=Argus= (Ar'gus) was a god who had a hundred eyes which slept and -watched by turns. He was charged by Juno to watch Io, but, being slain -by Mercury, was changed by Juno into a peacock. - -=Ariadne= (Ariad'ne), daughter of Minos, King of Crete. After enabling -Theseus to get out of the Labyrinth by means of a clew of thread, she -fled with him to Naxos, where he ungratefully deserted her; but -Bacchus wooed her and married her, and the crown of seven stars which -he gave her was turned into a constellation. - -=Arion= (Ari'on) was a famous lyric poet of Methymna, in the Island of -Lesbos, where he gained great riches by his art. There is a pretty -fable which has made the name of Arion famous. Once when traveling -from Lesbos his companions robbed him, and proposed to throw him into -the sea. He entreated the seamen to let him play upon his harp before -they threw him overboard, and he played so sweetly that the dolphins -flocked round the vessel. He then threw himself into the sea, and one -of the dolphins took him up and carried him to Taenarus, near Corinth. -For this act the dolphin was raised to heaven as a constellation. - -=Aristaeus= (Aristae'us), son of Apollo and Cyrene, was the god of -trees; he also taught mankind the use of honey, and how to get oil -from olives. He was a celebrated hunter. His most famous son was -Actaeon. - -=Armata= (Arma'ta), one of the names of Venus, given to her by -Spartan women. - -=Artemis= (Ar'temis). This was the Grecian name of Diana, and the -festivals at Delphi were called Artemisia. - -=Arts and Sciences=, see Muses. - -=Aruspices= (Arus'pices), sacrificial priests. - -=Ascalaphus= (Ascal'aphus) was changed into an owl, the harbinger of -misfortune, by Ceres, because he informed Pluto that Proserpine had -partaken of food in the infernal regions, and thus prevented her -return to earth. - -=Ascanius= (Asca'nius), the son of Aeneas and Creusa. - -=Ascolia= (Ascol'ia), Bacchanalian feasts, from a Greek word meaning a -leather bottle. The bottles were used in the games to jump on. - -=Asopus= (Aso'pus). A son of Jupiter, who was killed by one of his -father's thunderbolts. - -=Assabinus= (Assabi'nus), the Ethiopian name of Jupiter. - -=Ass's ears=, see Midas. - -=Astarte= (Astar'te), one of the Eastern names of Venus. - -=Asteria= (Aste'ria), daughter of Caeus, was carried away by Jupiter, -who assumed the shape of an eagle. - -=Astrea= (Astre'a), mother of Nemesis, was the goddess of justice; she -returned to heaven when the earth became corrupt. - - "... Chaste Astrea fled, - And sought protection in her native sky." - John Hughes. - -=Atalanta= (Atalan'ta) was daughter of Caeneus. The oracle told her -that marriage would be fatal to her, but, being very beautiful, she -had many suitors. She was a very swift runner, and, to get rid of her -admirers, she promised to marry any one of them who should outstrip -her in a race, but that all who were defeated should be slain. -Hippomenes, however, with the aid of Venus, was successful. That -goddess gave him three golden apples, one of which he dropped whenever -Atalanta caught up to him in the race. She stopped to pick them up, -and he was victorious and married her. They were both afterward turned -into lions by Cybele, for profaning her temple. - -=Ate= (A'te). The goddess of revenge, also called the goddess of -discord and all evil. She was banished from heaven by her father -Jupiter. - - "With Ate by his side come hot from hell." - Shakespeare. - -=Athena= (Athe'na), a name obtained by Minerva as the tutelary goddess -of Athens. - -=Atlas=, was King of Mauritania, now Morocco, in Africa. He -was also a great astronomer. He is depicted with the globe on his -back, his name signifying great toil or labor. For his inhospitality -to Perseus that king changed him into the mountain which bears his -name of Atlas. A chain of mountains in Africa is called after him, and -so is the Atlantic Ocean. He had seven daughters by his wife Pleione, -they were called by one common name, Pleiades; and by his wife Aethra -he had seven more, who were, in the same manner, called Hyades. Both -the Pleiades and the Hyades are celestial constellations. - -=Atreus= (At'reus), the type of fraternal hatred. His dislike of his -brother Thyestes went to the extent of killing and roasting his -nephews, and inviting their father to a feast, which Thyestes thought -was a sign of reconciliation, but he was the victim of his brother's -detestable cruelty. - - "Media must not draw her murdering knife, - Nor Atreus there his horrid feast prepare." - Lord Roscommon. - -=Atropos= (At'ropos), one of the three sisters called The Fates, who -held the shears ready to cut the thread of life. - -=Atys= (A'tys), son of Croesus, was born dumb, but when in a fight he -saw a soldier about to kill the king he gained speech, and cried out, -"Save the king!" and the string that held his tongue was broken. - -=Atys= (A'tys) was a youth beloved by Aurora, and was slain by her -father, but, according to Ovid, was afterward turned into a pine-tree. - -=Augaeas= (Aug'aeas), a king of Elis, the owner of the stable which -Hercules cleansed after three thousand oxen had been kept in it for -thirty years. It was cleansed by turning the river Alpheus through it. -Augaeas promised to give Hercules a tenth part of his cattle for his -trouble but, for neglecting to keep his promise, Hercules slew him. - -=Augury= (Au'gury). This was a means adopted by the Romans of forming -a judgment of futurity by the flight of birds, and the officiating -priest was called an augur. - -=Aurora= (Auro'ra), the goddess of the morning, - - "Whose rosy fingers ope the gates of day." - -She was daughter of Sol, the sun, and was the mother of the stars and -winds. She is represented as riding in a splendid golden chariot drawn -by white horses. The goddess loved Tithonus, and begged the gods to -grant him immortality, but forgot to ask at the same time that he -should not get old and decrepit. See Tithonus. - - "... So soon as the all-cheering sun - Should, in the farthest east, begin to draw - The shady curtains of Aurora's bed." - Shakespeare. - -=Auster= (Aus'ter), the south wind, a son of Jupiter. - -=Avernus= (Aver'nus), a poisonous lake, referred to by poets as being -at the entrance of the infernal regions, but it was really a lake in -Campania, in Italy. - -=Averruncus Deus= (Averrun'cus Deus), a Roman god, who could divert -people from evil-doing. - -=Axe=, see Daedalus. - - -=Baal= (Ba'al), a god of the Phoenicians. - -=Baal-Peor= (Ba'al-Pe'or), a Moabitish god, associated with -licentiousness and obscenity. The modern name is Belphegor. - -=Babes=, see Rumia Dea. - -=Bacchantes= (Bac'chantes). The priestesses of Bacchus. - -=Bacchus= (Bac'chus), the god of wine, was the son of Jupiter and -Semele. He is said to have married Ariadne, daughter of Minos, King of -Crete, after she was deserted by Theseus. The most distinguished of -his children is Hymen, the god of marriage. Bacchus is sometimes -referred to under the names of Dionysius, Biformis, Brisaeus, Iacchus, -Lenaeus, Lyceus, Liber, and Liber Pater, the symbol of liberty. The -god of wine is usually represented as crowned with vine and ivy -leaves. In his left hand is a thyrsus, a kind of javelin, having a fir -cone for the head, and being encircled with ivy or vine. His chariot -is drawn by lions, tigers, or panthers. - - "Jolly Bacchus, god of pleasure, - Charmed the world with drink and dances." - T. Parnell, 1700. - -=Balios= (Ba'lios). A famous horse given by Neptune to Peleus as a -wedding present, and was afterward given to Achilles. - -=Barker=, see Anubis. - -=Bassarides= (Bassar'ides). The priestesses of Bacchus were sometimes -so called. - -=Battle=, see Valhalla. - -=Bear=, see Calisto. - -=Beauty=, see Venus. - -=Bees=, see Mellona. - -=Belisama= (Belisa'ma), a goddess of the Gauls. The name means the -Queen of Heaven. - -=Bellerophon= (Beller'ophon), a hero who destroyed a monster called -the Chimaera. - -=Bellona= (Bello'na), the goddess of war, and wife of Mars. The 24th -March was called Bellona's Day, when her votaries cut themselves with -knives and drank the blood of the sacrifice. - - "In Dirae's and in Discord's steps Bellona treads, - And shakes her iron rod above their heads." - -=Belphegor= (Belphe'gor), see Baal-Peor. - -=Belus= (Be'lus). The Chaldean name of the sun. - -=Berecynthia= (Berecyn'thia), a name of Cybele, from a mountain where -she was worshiped. - -=Biformis= (Bi'formis), a name of Bacchus, because he was accounted -both bearded and beardless. - -=Birds=, see Augury. - -=Births=, see Lucina and Levana. - -=Blacksmith=, see Brontes and Vulcan. - -=Blind=, see Thamyris. - -=Blue eyes=, see Glaukopis. - -=Bona Dea= (Bo'na De'a). "The bountiful goddess," whose festival was -celebrated by the Romans with much magnificence. See Ceres. - -=Bonus Eventus= (Bo'nus Even'tus). The god of good success, a rural -divinity. - -=Boreas= (Bo'reas), the north wind, son of Astraeus and Aurora. - - "... I snatched her from the rigid north, - Her native bed, on which bleak Boreas blew, - And bore her nearer to the sun...." - Young, 1710. - -=Boundaries=, see Terminus. - -=Boxing=, see Pollux. - -=Brahma= (Brah'ma). The great Indian deity, represented with four -heads looking to the four quarters of the globe. - -=Briareus= (Bri'areus), a famous giant. See Aegeon. - -=Brisaeus= (Bris'aeus). A name of Bacchus, referring to the use of -grapes and honey. - -=Brontes= (Bront'es), one of the Cyclops. He is the personification of -a blacksmith. - -=Bubona= (Bubo'na), goddess of herdsmen, one of the rural divinities. - -=Buddha= (Bud'dha). Primitively, a pagan deity, the Vishnu of the -Hindoos. - -=Byblis= (Byb'lis). A niece of Sol, mentioned by Ovid. She shed so -many tears for unrequited love that she was turned into a fountain. - - "Thus the Phoebeian Byblis, spent in tears, - Becomes a living fountain, which yet bears - Her name." - Ovid. - - -=Cabiri= (Cab'iri). The mysterious rites connected with the worship of -these deities were so obscene that most writers refer to them as -secrets which it was unlawful to reveal. - -=Cacodaemon= (Cac'odae'mon). The Greek name of an evil spirit. - -=Cacus= (Ca'cus), a three-headed monster and robber. - -=Cadmus= (Cad'mus), one of the earliest of the Greek demi-gods. He was -the reputed inventor of letters, and his alphabet consisted of sixteen -letters. It was Cadmus who slew the Boeotian dragon, and sowed its -teeth in the ground, from each of which sprang up an armed man. - -=Caduceus= (Cadu'ceus). The rod carried by Mercury. It has two winged -serpents entwined round the top end. It was supposed to possess the -power of producing sleep, and Milton refers to it in _Paradise Lost_ -as the "opiate rod." - -=Calisto= (Calis'to), an Arcadian nymph, who was turned into a -she-bear by Jupiter. In that form she was hunted by her son Arcas, who -would have killed her had not Jupiter turned him into a he-bear. The -nymph and her son form the constellations known as the Great Bear and -Little Bear. - -=Calliope= (Calli'ope). The Muse who presided over epic poetry and -rhetoric. She is generally depicted using a stylus and wax tablets, -the ancient writing materials. - -=Calpe= (Cal'pe). One of the pillars of Hercules. - -=Calypso= (Calyp'so) was queen of the island of Ogygia, on which -Ulysses was wrecked, and where he was persuaded to remain seven years. - -=Cama= (Ca'ma). The Indian god of love and marriage. - -=Camillus= (Camil'lus), a name of Mercury, from his office of minister -to the gods. - -=Canache= (Can'ache). The name of one of Actaeon's hounds. - -=Canopus= (Cano'pus). The Egyptian god of water, the conqueror of -fire. - -=Capis= (Cap'is) or =Capula= (Cap'ula). A peculiar cup with ears, used -in drinking the health of the deities. - -=Capitolinus= (Capitoli'nus). A name of Jupiter, from the Capitoline -hill, on the top of which a temple was built and dedicated to him. - -=Capripedes= (Cap'ri'pedes). Pan, the Egipans, the Satyrs, and Fauns, -were so called from having goat's feet. - -=Caprotina= (Caproti'na). A name of Juno. - -=Cassandra= (Cassan'dra), a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, who was -granted by Apollo the power of seeing into futurity, but having -offended that god he prevented people from believing her predictions. - -=Cassiopeia= (Cassiope'ia). The Ethiopian queen who set her beauty in -comparison with that of the Nereides, who thereupon chained her to a -rock and left her to be devoured by a sea-monster, but she was -delivered by Perseus. See Andromeda. - -=Castalia= (Casta'lia). One of the fountains in Mount Parnassus, -sacred to the Muses. - -=Castalides= (Casta'li'des), a name of the Muses, from the fountain -Castalia or Castalius. - -=Castor= (Cas'tor), son of Jupiter and Leda, twin brother of Pollux, -noted for his skill in horsemanship. He went with Jason in quest of -the Golden Fleece. - -=Cauther= (Cau'ther), in Mohammedan mythology, is the lake of -paradise, whose waters are as sweet as honey, as cold as snow, and as -clear as crystal; and any believer who tastes thereof is said to -thirst no more. - -=Celeno= (Cel'eno) was one of the Harpies, progenitor of Zephyrus, the -west wind. - -=Centaur= (Cen'taur). A huntsman who had the forepart like a man, and -the remainder of the body like a horse. The Centauri lived in -Thessaly. - -=Cephalus= (Cep'halus) was married to Procris, whom he accidentally -slew by shooting her while she was secretly watching him, he thinking -she was a wild beast. Cephalus was the type of constancy. - -=Ceraunius= (Cerau'nius). A Greek name of Jupiter, meaning The -Fulminator, from his thunderbolts. - -=Cerberus= (Cer'berus). Pluto's famous three-headed dog, which guarded -the gate of the infernal regions, preventing the living from entering, -and the inhabitants from going out. - - "Three-headed Cerberus, by fate - Posted at Pluto's iron gate; - Low crouching rolls his haggard eyes, - Ecstatic, and foregoes his prize." - -=Ceremonies=, see Themis. - - [Illustration: Apollo Belvedere - _See page 23_] - -=Ceres= (Ce'res), daughter of Saturn, the goddess of agriculture, and -of the fruits of the earth. She taught Triptolemus how to grow corn, -and sent him to teach the inhabitants of the earth. She was known by -the names of Magna Dea, Bona Dea, Alma Mammosa, and Thesmorphonis. -Ceres was the mother of Proserpine. See Ambarvalia. - - "To Ceres bland, her annual rites be paid - On the green turf beneath the fragrant shade.-- - ... Let all the hinds bend low at Ceres' shrine, - Mix honey sweet for her with milk and mellow wine, - Thrice lead the victim the new fruits around, - On Ceres call, and choral hymns resound." - - "Ceres was she who first our furrows plowed, - Who gave sweet fruits and every good allowed." - Pope. - -=Cestus= (Ces'tus), the girdle of Venus, which excited irresistible -affection. - -=Chaos= (Cha'os) allegorically represented the confused mass of matter -supposed to have existed before the creation of the world, and out of -which the world was formed. - - "... Behold the throne - Of Chaos, and his dark pavilion spread - Wide on the wasteful deep; with him enthroned - Sat sable-vested Night, eldest of all things, - The consort of his reign." - Milton. - -=Charon= (Char'on) was the son of Nox and Erebus. He was the ferryman -who conveyed the spirits of the dead, in a boat, over the rivers -Acheron and Styx to the Elysian Fields. "Charon's toll" was a coin -put into the hands of the dead with which to pay the grim ferryman. - - "From the dark mansions of the dead, - Where Charon with his lazy boat - Ferries o'er Lethe's sedgy moat." - -=Charybdis= (Charyb'dis). A dangerous whirlpool on the coast of -Sicily. Personified, it was supposed to have been a woman who -plundered travelers, but was at last killed by Hercules. Scylla and -Charybdis are generally spoken of together to represent alternative -dangers. - - "Charybdis barks, and Polyphemus roars." - Francis. - -=Chemos= (Che'mos). The Moabitish god of war. - -=Children=, see Nundina. - -=Chimaera= (Chimae'ra). A wild illusion, personified in the monster -slain by Bellerophon. It had the head and breast of a lion, the body -of a goat, and the tail of a serpent. It used to vomit fire. - - "... And on the craggy top - Chimera dwells, with lion's face and mane, - A goat's rough body and a serpent's train." - Pope. - - "First, dire Chimera's conquest was enjoined, - A mingled monster of no mortal kind. - Behind, a dragon's fiery tail was spread, - A goat's rough body bore a lion's head, - Her pitchy nostrils flaky flames expire, - Her gaping throat emits infernal fire." - Milton. - -=Chiron= (Chi'ron), the centaur who taught Achilles hunting, music, -and the use of medicinal herbs. Jupiter placed him among the stars, -where he appears as Sagittarius, the Archer. - -=Chloris= (Chlo'ris). The Greek name of Flora, the goddess of flowers. - -=Chou.= An Egyptian god corresponding to the Roman Hercules. - -=Chronos= (Chro'nos). Time, the Grecian name of Saturn. - -=Cillaros= (Cil'laros), see Cyllaros. - -=Circe= (Cir'ce), daughter of the Sun. The knowledge of poisonous -herbs enabled her to destroy her husband, the King of the Sarmatians, -for which act she was banished. When Ulysses landed at Aeaea, where -she lived, she turned all his followers into swine. - -=Cisseta= (Cisse'ta). The name of one of Actaeon's hounds. - -=Citherides= (Cither'ides). A name of the Muses, from Mount Citheron. - -=Clio= (Cli'o). One of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. -She presided over history. - -=Cloacina= (Cloaci'na). The Roman goddess of sewers. - -=Clotho= (Clo'tho) was one of the Fates. She was present at births, -and held the distaff from which was spun the thread of life. See -Atropos and Lachesis. - -=Clowns of Lycia, The= (Ly'cia), were changed into frogs by Latona, -because they refused to allow her to drink at one of their streamlets. - -=Cluacina= (Clu'aci'na). A name of Venus, given to her at the time of -the reconciliation of the Romans and the Sabines, which was ratified -near a statue of the goddess. - -=Clytemnestra= (Cly'temnes'tra), wife of Agamemnon, slew her husband -and married Aegisthus. She attempted to kill her son Orestes, but he -was delivered by his sister Electra, who sent him away to Strophius. -He afterward returned and slew both Clytemnestra and Aegisthus. - -=Clytie= (Clyt'ie). A nymph who got herself changed into a sunflower -because her love of Apollo was unrequited. In the form of this flower -she is still supposed to be turning toward Sol, a name of Apollo. - -=Cneph.= In Egyptian mythology the creator of the universe. - -=Cocytus= (Cocy'tus), the river of Lamentation. One of the five rivers -of the infernal regions. - - "Infernal rivers that disgorge - Into the burning lake their baleful streams. - ... Cocytus, named of lamentation loud. - Heard on the rueful stream." - Milton. - -=Coeculus= (Coe'culus), a violent robber, was a son of Vulcan. - -=Coelus= (Coe'lus), also called Uranus (or Heaven), was the most -ancient of the gods. - -=Coena Saliaris= (Coe'na Salia'ris), see Ancilia. - -=Collina= (Colli'na) was one of the rural deities, the goddess of -hills. - -=Comedy=, see Thalia. - -=Comus= (Co'mus) was the god of revelry. He presided over -entertainments and feasts. - -=Concord= (Con'cord). The symbol of Concord was two right hands -joined, and a pomegranate. - -=Concordia= (Concor'dia). The goddess of peace. One of the oldest -Roman goddesses. She is represented as holding a horn of plenty in one -hand, and in the other a scepter, from which fruit is sprouting forth. - -=Constancy=, see Cephalus. - -=Consualia= (Consu'alia). Games sacred to Neptune. - -=Consus= (Con'sus). A name given to Neptune as being the god of -counsel. - -=Cophetua= (Cophe'tua). A legendary king of Africa, who disliked -women, but ultimately fell in love with a "beggar-maid," as mentioned -in _Romeo and Juliet_. - - "... Cupid, he that shot so trim - When King Cophetua loved the beggar-maid." - Shakespeare. - -=Copia= (Co'pia), the goddess of plenty. - -=Coran= (Co'ran). One of Actaeon's hounds was so named. - -=Corn=, see Ceres. - -=Coronis= (Cor'onis), was a consort of Apollo and mother of -Aesculapius. Another Coronis was daughter of a king of Phocis, and was -changed by Athena into a crow. - -=Corybantes= (Coryban'tes) were priests of Cybele. They obtained the -name because they were in the habit of striking themselves in their -dances. - -=Corydon= (Cory'don). A silly love-sick swain mentioned by Virgil. - -=Corythaix= (Cory'thaix). A name given to Mars, meaning Shaker of the -Helmet. - -=Cotytto= (Cotyt'to). The Athenian goddess of immodesty. - - "Hail! goddess of nocturnal sport, - Dark-veiled Cotytto, to whom the secret flame - Of midnight torches burns; mysterious dame." - Milton. - -=Counsel=, see Consus. - -=Creditors=, see Jani. - -=Crow=, see Coronis. - -=Cultivated Land=, see Sylvester. - -=Cup-bearer=, see Ganymede. - -=Cupid= (Cu'pid), the god of love, was the son of Jupiter and Venus. -He is represented as a naked, winged boy, with a bow and arrows, and a -torch. When he grew up to be a man he married Psyche. - - "For Venus did but boast one only son, - And rosy Cupid was that boasted one; - He, uncontroll'd, thro' heaven extends his sway, - And gods and goddesses by turns obey." - Eusden, 1713. - -=Cuvera= (Cuve'ra). The Indian god of wealth corresponding to the -Greek Plutus. - -=Cybele= (Cy'bele). The mother of the gods, and hence called Magna -Mater. She was wife of Saturn. She is sometimes referred to under the -names of Ceres, Rhea, Ops, and Vesta. She is represented as riding in -a chariot drawn by lions. In one hand she holds a scepter, and in the -other a key. On her head is a castelated crown, to denote that she -was the first to protect castles and walls with towers. - - "Nor Cybele with half so kind an eye - Surveyed her sons and daughters of the sky." - Dryden. - - "Might she the wise Latona be, - Or the towered Cybele, - Mother of a hundred gods, - Juno dares not give her odds." - Milton. - -=Cyclops= (Cy'clops) or =Cyclopes= (Cy'clopes) were the gigantic, -one-eyed workmen of Vulcan, who made Jove's thunderbolts. Hesiod gives -their names as Arges, Brontes, and Steropes. - - "Meantime, the Cyclop raging with his wound, - Spreads his wide arms, and searches round and round." - Pope. - -=Cygnus= (Cyg'nus), the bosom friend of Phaeton. He died of grief on -the death of his friend, and was turned into a swan. - -=Cyllaros= (Cyll'aros), one of Castor's horses. The color is mentioned -as being coal-black, with white legs and tail. See Cillaros. - -=Cyllo= (Cyl'lo). The name of one of Actaeon's hounds, which was lame. - -=Cyllopotes= (Cyllop'otes). A name given to one of Actaeon's hounds -which limped. - -=Cynosure= (Cyn'osure). One of the nurses of Jupiter, turned by the -god into a conspicuous constellation. - - "Towers and battlements it sees - Bosomed high in tufted trees, - Where perhaps some beauty lies, - The Cynosure of neighboring eyes." - Milton. - -=Cyparissus= (Cyparis'sus). A boy of whom Apollo was very fond; and -when he died he was changed, at Apollo's intercession, into a cypress -tree, the branches of which typify mourning. - -=Cypress= (Cy'press), see Cyparissus. - -=Cypria= (Cy'pria). A name of Venus, because she was worshiped in the -island of Cyprus. - -=Cythera= (Cyth'era). A name of Venus, from the island to which she -was wafted in the shell. - - -=Dactyli= (Dacty'li) were priests of Cybele. They were given the name, -because, like the fingers, they were ten in number. - -=Daedalus= (Daed'alus) was a great architect and sculptor. He invented -the wedge, the axe, the level, and the gimlet, and was the first to -use sails. Daedalus also constructed the famous labyrinth for Minos, -King of Crete. See Icarus. - - "Now Daedalus, behold, by fate assigned, - A task proportioned to thy mighty mind." - Pope. - -=Dagon= (Da'gon). A god of the Philistines, half man half fish, like -the mermaid. Milton describes him as "Upward man and downward fish." - -=Dahak= (Da'hak). The Persian devil. - -=Daityas= (Dai'tyas). In Hindoo mythology the devils or evil gods. - -=Danae= (Dan'ae) was a daughter of Acrisius and Eurydice. She had a -son by Jupiter, who was drifted out to sea in a boat, but was saved by -Polydectes and educated. - - [Illustration: Fountain of Cybele (Rhea) - _See page 42_] - -=Danaides= (Dana'ides), see Danaus. - -=Danaus= (Dana'us), King of Argos, was the father of fifty daughters, -who, all but one, at the command of their father, slew their husbands -directly after marriage. For this crime they were condemned to the -task of forever trying to draw water with vessels without any bottoms. -See Hypermnestra. - -=Dancing=, see Terpsichore. - -=Dangers=, see Charybdis, also Scylla. - -=Daphne= (Daph'ne). The goddess of the earth. Apollo courted her, but -she fled from him, and was, at her own request, turned into a laurel -tree. - - "... As Daphne was - Root-bound, that fled Apollo." - Milton. - -=Dardanus= (Dar'danus), a son of Jupiter, who built the city of -Dardania, and by some writers was accounted the founder of Troy. - -=Dead-toll=, see Charon. - -=Death=, see Nox. - -=Deceiver, The=, see Apaturia. - -=Deianira= (Deiani'ra), daughter of Oeneus, was wife of Hercules. See -Hercules. - -=Delius= (De'lius), a name of Apollo, from the island in which he was -born. - -=Delphi= (Del'phi). A town on Mount Parnassus, famous for its oracle, -and for a temple of Apollo. See Delphos. - -=Delphicus= (Del'phicus). A name of Apollo, from Delphi. - -=Delphos= (Del'phos), the place where the temple was built, from -which the oracle of Apollo was given. - -=Demarus= (De'marus). The Phoenician name of Jupiter. - -=Demogorgon= (De'mogor'gon) was the tyrant genius of the soil or -earth, the life and support of plants. He was depicted as an old man -covered with moss, and was said to live underground. He is sometimes -called the king of the elves and fays. - - "Which wast begot in Demogorgon's hall - And saw'st the secrets of the world unmade." - Spenser. - -=Deucalion= (Deuca'lion), one of the demi-gods, son of Prometheus and -Pyrra. He and his wife, by making a ship, survived the deluge which -Jupiter sent on the earth, circa 1503 B.C. - -=Devil=, see Dahak, Daityas, and Obambou. - -=Diana= (Di'ana), goddess of hunting and of chastity. She was the -sister of Apollo, and daughter of Jupiter and Latona. She was known -among the Greeks as Diana or Phoebe, and was honored as a triform -goddess. As a celestial divinity she was called Luna; as a terrestrial -Diana or Dictynna; and in the infernal regions Hecate. - -=Dictynna= (Dictyn'na), a Greek name of Diana as a terrestrial -goddess. - -=Dido= (Di'do). A daughter of Belus, King of Tyre. It was this -princess who bought a piece of land in Africa as large as could be -encompassed by a bullock's hide, and when the purchase was completed, -cut the hide into strips, and so secured a large tract of land. Here -she built Carthage; and Virgil tells that when Aeneas was shipwrecked -on the neighboring coast she received him with every kindness, and at -last fell in love with him. But Aeneas did not reciprocate her -affections, and this so grieved her that she stabbed herself. A tale -is told in _Facetiae Cantabrigienses_ of Professor Porson, who being -one of a set party, the conversation turned on the subject of punning, -when Porson observing that he could pun on any subject, a person -present defied him to do so on the Latin gerunds, _di_, _do_, _dum_, -which, however, he immediately did in the following admirable couplet: - - "When Dido found Aeneas would not come, - She mourned in silence, and was _Dido dumb_." - -=Dies Pater= (Di'es Pa'ter), or Father of the Day, a name of Jupiter. - -=Dii Selecti= (Dii Selec'ti) composed the second class of gods. They -were Coelus, Saturn, Genius, Oreus, Sol, Bacchus, Terra, and Luna. - -=Dindymene= (Din'dyme'ne). A name of Cybele, from a mountain where she -was worshiped. - - "Nor Dindymene, nor her priest possest, - Can with their sounding cymbals shake the breast - Like furious anger." - Francis. - -=Diomedes= (Diome'des), the cruel tyrant of Thrace, who fed his mares -on the flesh of his guests. He was overcome by Hercules, and himself -given to the same horses as food. - -=Dione= (Dio'ne). A poetic name of Venus. - -=Dionysia= (Diony'sia) were festivals in honor of Bacchus. - -=Dionysius= (Diony'sius). A name of Bacchus, either from his father -Jupiter (Dios), or from his nurses, the nymphs called Nysae. - -=Dioscuri= (Dios'curi). Castor and Pollux, the sons of Jupiter. - -=Dirae= (Di'rae). A name of the Furies. - -=Dis.= A name of Pluto, god of hell, signifying riches. - - "... That fair field - Of Enna, where Proserpine gathering flowers, - Herself a fairer flower, by gloomy Dis - Was gathered." - Milton. - -=Discord=, see Ate. - -=Discordia= (Discor'dia), sister of Nemesis, the Furies, and Death, -was driven from heaven for having sown discord among the gods. - -=Diseases=, see Pandora. - -=Distaff=, see Pallas. - -=Dithyrambus.= A surname of Bacchus. - -=Dodona= (Dodo'na) was a celebrated oracle of Jupiter. - - "O where, Dodona, is thine aged grove, - Prophetic fount, and oracle divine?" - Byron. - -=Dodonaeus= (Dodonae'us). A name of Jupiter, from the city of Dodona. - -=Dog=, see Lares. - -=Dolabra= (Dola'bra). The knife used by the priests to cut up the -sacrifices. - -=Dolphin=, see Arion. - -=Doorga= (Door'ga). A Hindoo goddess. - -=Doris= (Do'ris) was daughter of Oceanus, and sister of Nereus, two of -the marine deities. From these two sisters sprang the several tribes -of water nymphs. - -=Doto= (Do'to). One of the Nereids or sea nymphs. - -=Draco= (Dra'co). One of Actaeon's hounds. - -=Dragon=, seven-headed, see Geryon. - -=Dreams=, see Morpheus. - -=Dryads= (Dry'ads) were rural deities, the nymphs of the forests, to -whom their votaries offered oil, milk, and honey. - - "Flushed with resistless charms he fired to love - Each nymph and little Dryad of the grove." - Ticknell. - -=Dumbness= (Dumb'ness), see Atys. - -=Dweurgar= (Dweur'gar). Scandinavian god of the Echo--a pigmy. - - -=Eacus= (E'acus), son of Jupiter and Egina, one of the judges of the -infernal regions, who was appointed to judge the Europeans. See -Aeacus. - -=Earth=, see Antaeus. - -=Eblis= (Eb'lis), the Mohammedan evil genius. - -=Echidna= (Echid'na). A woman having a serpent's tail. She was the -reputed mother of Chimaera, and also of the many-headed dog Orthos, of -the three-hundred-headed dragon of the Hesperides, of the Colchian -dragon, of the Sphinx, of Cerberus, of Scylla, of the Gorgons, of the -Lernaean Hydra, of the vulture that gnawed away the liver of -Prometheus, and also of the Nemean lion; in fact, the mother of all -adversity and tribulation. - -=Echnobas= (Echno'bas), one of Actaeon's hounds. - -=Echo= (Ech'o) was a nymph who fell in love with Narcissus. But when -he languished and died she pined away from grief and died also, -preserving nothing but her voice, which repeats every sound that -reaches her. Another fable makes Echo a daughter of Air and Tellus. -She was partly deprived of speech by Juno, being allowed only to reply -to questions. - - "Sweet Echo, sweetest nymph, that liv'st unseen - Within thy airy shell. - . . . . - Sweet queen of parley, daughter of the sphere, - So may'st thou be translated to the skies, - And give resounding grace to all heaven's harmonies." - Milton. - - "Oft by Echo's tedious tales misled." - Ovid. - -=Egeon.= A giant sea-god, who assisted the Titans against Jupiter. - -=Egeria= (Ege'ria). A nymph who is said to have suggested to Numa all -his wise laws. She became his wife, and at his death was so -disconsolate, and shed so many tears, that Diana changed her into a -fountain. - -=Egil= (E'gil). The Vulcan of northern mythology. - -=Egipans= (Egip'ans) were rural deities who inhabited the forests and -mountains, the upper half of the body being like that of a man, and -the lower half like a goat. - -=Egis= (E'gis) was the shield of Minerva. It obtained its name because -it was covered with the skin of the goat Amalthaea, which nourished -Jupiter. See Aegis. - -=Eleusinian Mysteries= (Eleusin'ian). Religious rites in honor of -Ceres, performed at Eleusis, in Attica. - -=Elysium= (Elys'ium), or the =Elysian Fields=. The temporary abode of -the just in the infernal regions. - -=Empyrean, The= (Empyre'an). The fifth heaven, the seat of the heathen -deity. - -=Endymion= (Endym'ion). A shepherd, who acquired from Jupiter the -faculty of being always young. One of the lovers of Diana. - -=Entertainments=, see Comus. - -=Envy=, see Furies. - -=Enyo= was the Grecian name of Bellona, the goddess of war and -cruelty. - -=Eolus= (E'olus), see Aeolus. - -=Eos= (E'os). The Grecian name of Aurora. - -=Eous= (E'ous). One of the four horses which drew the chariot of Sol, -the sun. The word is Greek, and means red. - -=Ephialtes= (Eph'ial'tes). A giant who lost his right eye in an -encounter with Hercules, and the left eye was destroyed by Apollo. - -=Erato= (Er'ato). One of the Muses, the patroness of light poetry; -she presided over the triumphs and complaints of lovers, and is -generally represented as crowned with roses and myrtle, and holding a -lyre in her hand. - -=Erebus= (Er'ebus), son of Chaos, one of the gods of Hades, sometimes -alluded to as representing the infernal regions. - -=Ergatis= (Erga'tis). A name given to Minerva. It means the -work-woman, and was given to the goddess because she was credited with -having invented spinning and weaving. - -=Erictheus= (Eric'theus), fourth King of Athens, was the son of -Vulcan. - -=Erinnys= (Erin'nys). A Greek name of the Furies. It means Disturber -of the Mind. - -=Erisichthon= (Erisich'thon) was punished with perpetual hunger -because he defiled the groves of Ceres, and cut down one of the sacred -oaks. - -=Eros= (Er'os). The Greek god of love. - -=Erostratus= (Eros'tratus). The rascal who burnt the temple of Diana -at Ephesus, thereby hoping to make his name immortal. - -=Erycina= (Eryc'ina). A name of Venus, from Mount Eryx in Sicily. - -=Erythreos= (Erythre'os). The Grecian name of one of the horses of -Sol's chariot. - -=Esculapius= (Escula'pius), see Aesculapius. - -=Eta= (E'ta), see Aeetes. - -=Ethon= (E'thon), one of the horses who drew the chariot of Sol--the -sun. The word is Greek, and signifies hot. - -=Etna= (Et'na). A volcanic mountain, beneath which, according to -Virgil, there is buried the giant Typhon, who breathes forth devouring -flames. - -=Eudromos= (Eu'dromos). The name of one of Actaeon's hounds. - -=Eulalon= (Eu'lalon), one of the names of Apollo. - -=Eumenides= (Eume'nides), a name of the Furies, meaning mild, and -referring to the time when they were approved by Minerva. - -=Euphrosyne= (Euphro'syne), one of the three Graces, see Graces. - - "Come, thou goddess fair and free, - In heaven ycleped Euphrosyne." - Milton. - -=Eurus= (Eu'rus). The east wind. A son of Aeolus. - -=Euryale= (Eury'ale) was one of the Gorgons, daughter of Phorcus and -Ceto. - -=Eurydice= (Euryd'ice), wife of Orpheus, who was killed by a serpent -on her wedding night. - - "Nor yet the golden verge of day begun. - When Orpheus (her unhappy lord), - Eurydice to life restored, - At once beheld, and lost, and was undone." - F. Lewis. - -=Eurythion= (Euryth'ion). A seven-headed dragon. See Geryon. - -=Euterpe= (Eu'terpe), one of the Muses, the patroness of instrumental -music. The word means agreeable. - -=Euvyhe= (Eu'vyhe), an expression meaning "Well done, son." Jupiter -so frequently addressed his son Bacchus by those words that the phrase -at last became one of his names. - -=Evening Star=, see Hesperus. - -=Evil=, see Cacodaemon. - -=Evils=, see Pandora. - -=Eye=, of one, see Cyclops and Glaukopis. - - -=Fame= was a poetical deity, represented as having wings and blowing a -trumpet. A temple was dedicated to her by the Romans. - -=Fate=, see Nereus. - -=Fates=, or =Parcae=, were the three daughters of Necessity. Their -names were Clotho, who held the distaff; Lachesis, who turned the -spindle; and Atropos, who cut the thread with the fatal shears. - -=Faun.= A rural divinity, half man and half goat. They were very -similar to the Satyrs. The Fauns attended the god Pan, and the Satyrs -attended Bacchus. - -=Favonius= (Favo'nius). The wind favorable to vegetation, that is, -Zephyr--the west wind. - - "... Time will run - On smoother, till Favonius reinspire - The frozen earth, and clothe in fresh attire - The lily and the rose, that neither sowed nor spun." - Milton. - -=Fays.= - - "The yellow-skirted Fays - Fly after the night-steeds, - Leaving their moon-loved maze." - Milton. - -=Feasts=, see Comus. - -=Febris= (Fe'bris) (fever), one of the evil deities, was worshiped -that she might not do harm. - -=Februus= (Feb'ruus). A name of Pluto, from the part of the funeral -rites which consisted of purifications. - -=Feronia= (Fero'nia), the Roman goddess of orchards, was patroness of -enfranchised slaves. Some authors think Feronia is the same as Juno. - -=Fertility=, see Lupercus. - -=Festivals=, see Thalia. - -=Fidelity=, see Iolaus. - -=Fides= (Fi'des), the goddess of faith and honesty, and a temple in -the Capitol of Rome. - -=Fine Arts=, see Minerva. - -=Fire=, see Salamander, Vesta, and Vulcan. - -=Fire Insurance=, see Canopus. - -=Fisherman=, see Glaucus. - -=Flath-innis= (Flath'-in'nis), in Celtic mythology, is Paradise. - -=Fleece, Golden=, see Golden Fleece, Argonauts, and Jason. - -=Flies=, see Muscarius. - -=Flocks=, see Pales (goddess of pastures). - -=Flora= (Flo'ra), goddess of flowers and gardens, was wife of -Zephyrus. She enjoyed perpetual youth. Her Grecian name was Chloris. - -=Floralia= (Flora'lia) were licentious games instituted in honor of -the goddess Flora. - -=Flowers=, see Flora, Chloris, Hortensis, and Zephyrus. - -=Flute=, see Marsyas. - -=Fortuna= (Fortu'na), the goddess of fortune, had a temple erected to -her by Servius Tullius. She was supposed to be able to bestow riches -or poverty on mankind, and was esteemed one of the most potent of the -ancient goddesses. She is usually represented as standing on a wheel, -with a bandage over her eyes, and holding a cornucopia. - -=Fraud=, one of the evil deities, was represented as a goddess with a -human face and a serpent's body, and at the end of her tail was a -scorpion's sting. She lived in the river Cocytus, and nothing but her -head was ever seen. - -=Freyr= (Frey'r). The Scandinavian god of fertility and peace. The -patron god of Sweden and Iceland. - -=Freyja= (Frey'ja). The Scandinavian Venus. The goddess of love. - -=Friga= (Fri'ga). The Saxon goddess of earthly enjoyments. The name -Friday is derived from her. In Scandinavian mythology she is the -goddess of marriage. - -=Fro.= The Scandinavian god of tempests and winds. - -=Frogs=, see Clowns of Lycia. - - [Illustration: The Fates - _See page 54_] - -=Fruits=, see Ceres, and Pomona. - -=Funerals=, see Libitina, and Manes. - -=Furies, The=, were the three daughters of Acheron and Nox. They were -the punishers of evil-doers. Their names were Tisiphone, Megaera, and -Alecto, and were supposed to personify rage, slaughter, and envy. - -=Futurity=, see Cassandra. - - -=Gabriel= (Ga'briel), in Jewish mythology is the prince of fire and -thunder, and the angel of death to the favored people of God. - -=Galataea= (Galatae'a). A sea nymph. Polyphemus, one of the Cyclops, -loved her, but she disdained his attentions and became the lover of -Acis, a Sicilian shepherd. - -=Gallantes= (Gallan'tes), madmen, from Galli (which see). - -=Galli= (Gal'li) were priests of Cybele who used to cut their arms -with knives when they sacrificed, and acted so like madmen that -demented people got the name of Gallantes. - -=Ganesa= (Gan'esa). The Indian Mercury. The god of wisdom and -prudence. - -=Ganga.= One of the three Indian river goddesses. - -=Ganymede=, a beautiful Phrygian youth, son of Tros, King of Troy. He -succeeded Hebe in the office of cup-bearer to Jupiter. He is generally -represented sitting on the back of a flying eagle. - -=Gardens=, see Pomona (goddess of fruit-trees). - -=Gates=, see Janus. - -=Gautama= (Gau'tama) (Buddha). The chief deity of Burmah. - -=Genii= were domestic divinities. Every man was supposed to have two -of these genii accompanying him; one brought him happiness, the other -misery. - -=Genitor= (Gen'itor). A Lycian name of Jupiter. - -=Geometry=, see Mercury. - -=Geryon= (Ge'ryon) was a triple-bodied monster who lived at Gades, -where his numerous flocks were guarded by Orthos, a two-headed dog, -and by Eurythion, a seven-headed dragon. These guardians were -destroyed by Hercules, and the cattle taken away. - -=Gimlet=, see Daedalus. - -=Girdle=, see Cestus (Venus's). - -=Glaucus= (Glau'cus) was a fisherman who became a sea-god through -eating a sea-weed, which he thought invigorated the fishes and might -strengthen him. - -=Glaukopis= (Glauko'pis). A name given to Minerva, because she had -blue eyes. - -=Gnomes= (Gno'mes), a name given by Plato to the invisible deities who -were supposed to inhabit the earth. - -=Gnossis= (Gnos'sis), a name given to Ariadne, from the city of -Gnossus, in Crete. - -=Goat=, see Iphigenia, Mendes, and Venus. - -=Goat's Feet=, see Capripedes. - -=Golden Apple=, see Atalanta. - -=Golden Fleece, The=, was a ram's hide, sometimes described as white, -and at other times as purple and golden. It was given to Phryxus, who -carried it to Colchis, where King Aeetes entertained Phryxus, and the -hide was hung up in the grove of Mars. Jason and forty-nine companions -fetched back the golden fleece. See Argonauts. - -=Gopya= (Gopy'a). Indian mythological nymphs. - -=Gorgons, The= (Gor'gons), were three sisters, named Stheno, Euryale, -and Medusa. They petrified every one they looked at. Instead of hair -their heads were covered with vipers. Perseus conquered them, and cut -off the head of Medusa, which was placed on the shield of Minerva, and -all who fixed their eyes thereon were turned into stone. - -=Graces, The=, were the attendants of Venus. Their names were, Aglaia, -so called from her beauty and goodness; Thalia, from her perpetual -freshness; and Euphrosyne, from her cheerfulness. They are generally -depicted as three cheerful maidens with hands joined, and either nude -or only wearing transparent robes--the idea being that kindnesses, as -personified by the Graces, should be done with sincerity and candor, -and without disguise. They were supposed to teach the duties of -gratitude and friendship, and they promoted love and harmony among -mankind. - -=Graces= (fourth), see Pasithea. - -=Gradivus= (Grad'ivus). A name given to Mars by the Romans. It meant -the warrior who defended the city against all external enemies. - -=Gragus= (Gra'gus). The name by which Jupiter was worshiped in Lycia. - -=Granaries=, see Tutelina. - -=Grapsios= (Grap'sios). A Lycian name of Jupiter. - -=Grasshopper=, see Tithonus. - -=Grief=, see Niobe. - - -=Hada= (Ha'da). The Babylonian Juno. - -=Hades= (Ha'des). The Greek name of Pluto, the god of hell, the word -signifying hidden, dark, and gloomy; the underworld, or infernal -regions; sometimes written _Ades_. - -=Hailstorms=, see Nuriel. - -=Halcyone= (Halcy'one) (or =Alcyone=), one of the Pleiades, was a -daughter of Aeolus. - -=Halcyons= (Halcy'ons) were sea birds, supposed to be the Greek -kingfishers. They made their nests on the waves, and during the period -of incubation the sea was always calm. Hence the modern term Halcyon -Days. - -=Hamadryades= (Hamadry'ades) were wood-nymphs, who presided over -trees. - -=Happiness=, see Genii. - -=Haroeris= (Haroe'ris). The Egyptian god, whose eyes are the sun and -moon. - -=Harpies, The= (Har'pies), (literally, snatchers, demons of -destruction, or, in the modern sense, extortioners). They were -monsters, half-birds, half-maidens, having the heads and breasts of -women, the bodies of birds, and the claws of lions. Their names were -Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno. They were loathsome creatures, living in -filth, and poisoning everything they came in contact with. - - "Such fiends to scourge mankind, so fierce, so fell, - Heaven never summoned from the depth of hell. - A virgin face, with wings and hooked claws, - Death in their eyes, and famine in their jaws, - While proof to steel their hides and plumes remain - We strike the impenetrable fiends in vain." - -=Harpikruti= (Harpi'kruti). The Egyptian name of the god Harpocrates. - -=Harpocrates= (Harpoc'rates), or Horus, an Egyptian god, son of Osiris -and Isis. He was the god of silence and secrecy. He is usually -represented as a young man, holding a finger of one hand to his lips -(expressive of a command to preserve silence), while in the other hand -he holds a cornucopia, signifying early vegetation. - -=Harvest=, see Segetia. A Roman divinity, invoked by the husbandman -that the harvest might be plentiful. - -=Hawk=, see Nysus. - -=Hazis= (Ha'zis). The Syrian war-god. - -=Health=, see Hygeia and Salus. - -=Heaven=, =Queen of=, (Hea'ven) see Belisama. =God of=, see Coelus. - -=Hebe= (He'be), daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) and Hera (Juno), was the -goddess of youth. She was cup-bearer to Jupiter and the gods, until -she had an awkward fall at a festival, causing her to alight in an -indecent posture, which so displeased Jupiter that she was deprived of -her office, and Ganymede was appointed in her stead. - - "Wreathed smiles, - Such as hung on Hebe's cheek, - And love to live in dimples sleek." - Milton. - - "Bright Hebe waits; by Hebe ever young - The whirling wheels are to the chariot hung." - Pope. - -=Hecate= (Hec'ate). There were two goddesses known by this name, but -the one generally referred to in modern literature is Hecate, or -Proserpine, the name by which Diana was known in the infernal regions. -In heaven her name was Luna, and her terrestrial name was Diana. She -was a moon-goddess, and is generally represented in art with three -bodies, standing back to back, a torch, a sword, and a lance in each -right hand. - -=Hecuba= (Hec'uba). The wife of Priam, king of Troy, and mother of -Paris. Taken captive in the Trojan war, she fell to the lot of Ulysses -after the destruction of Troy, and was afterwards changed into a -hound. - - "What's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba?" - Shakespeare. - -=Heifer=, see Ino. - -=Helena= (Hel'ena) when a child was so beautiful that Theseus and -Perithous stole her, but she was restored by Castor and Pollux. She -became the wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta, but eloped with Paris, -and thus caused the Trojan War. After the death of Paris she married -Deiphobus, his brother, and then betrayed him to Menelaus. She was -afterward tied to a tree and strangled by order of Polyxo, king of -Rhodes. - -=Heliades, The= (He'liades), were the daughters of Sol, and the -sisters of Phaeton, at whose death they were so sad that they stood -mourning till they became metamorphosed into poplar trees, and their -tears were turned into amber. - -=Helicon= (Hel'icon). A mountain in Boeotia sacred to the Muses, from -which place the fountain Hippocrene flowed. - - "Yet still the doting rhymer dreams, - And sings of Helicon's bright streams; - But Helicon for all his clatter - Yields only uninspiring water." - Broom, 1720. - -=Heliconiades= (Helico'niades). A name given to the Muses, from Mount -Helicon. - -=Heliopolis= (Heliop'olis), in Egypt, was the city of the sun. - -=Helios= (He'lios). The Grecian sun-god, or charioteer of the sun, who -went home every evening in a golden boat which had wings. - -=Heliotrope= (Hel'iotrope). Clytie was turned into this flower by -Apollo. See Clytie. - -=Helle= (Hel'le) was drowned in the sea, into which she fell from off -the back of the golden ram, on which she and Phryxus were escaping -from the oppression of their stepmother Ino. The episode gave the name -of the Hellespont to the part of the sea where Helle was drowned, and -it is now called the Dardanelles. She was the daughter of Athamas and -Nephele. - -=Hellespontiacus= (Hellespontia'cus). A title of Priapus. - -=Hemphta= (Hemph'ta). The Egyptian god Jupiter. - -=Hephaestus= (Hephaes'tus). The Greek Vulcan, the smith of the gods. - -=Hera= (He'ra). The Greek name of Juno. - -=Heracles= (Her'acles) is the same as Hercules. - -=Hercules= (Her'cules) was the son of Jupiter and Alcmena. The goddess -Juno hated him from his birth, and sent two serpents to kill him, but -though only eight months old he strangled them. As he got older he was -set by his master Eurystheus what were thought to be twelve impossible -tasks which have long been known as the "Twelve Labors of Hercules." -They were: - -_First_, To slay the Nemean Lion. - -_Second_, To destroy the Hydra which infested the marshes of Lerna. - -_Third_, To bring to Eurystheus the Arcadian Stag with the golden -horns and brazen hoofs. - -_Fourth_, To bring to his master the Boar of Erymanthus. - -_Fifth_, To cleanse the stable of King Augeas, in which 3,000 oxen -had been kept for thirty years, but had never been cleaned out. - -_Sixth_, To destroy the Stymphalides, terrible carnivorous birds. - -_Seventh_, To capture the Bull which was desolating Crete. - -_Eighth_, To capture the mares of Diomedes, which breathed fire from -their nostrils, and ate human flesh. - -_Ninth_, To procure the girdle of Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons. - -_Tenth_, To bring to Eurystheus the flesh-eating oxen of Geryon, the -monster king of Gades. - -_Eleventh_, To bring away some of the golden apples from the garden of -the Hesperides. - -_Twelfth_, To bring up from Hades the three-headed dog, Cerberus. - -All these tasks he successfully accomplished, and, besides, he -assisted the gods in their wars with the giants. Several other -wonderful feats are mentioned under other headings, as Antaeus, Cacus, -etc. His death was brought about through his endeavors to preserve -Deianira from the attacks of Nessus, the centaur, whom he killed. The -centaur, before he expired, gave his mystic tunic to Deianira, who in -turn gave it to Hercules, and he put it on, but his doing so brought -on an illness of which he could not be cured. In a fit of desperation -he cast himself into a funeral pile on Mount Oeta; but Jupiter had -him taken to heaven in a four-horse chariot, and only the mortal part -of Hercules was consumed. - - "Let Hercules himself do what he may, - The cat will mew, and dog will have his day." - Shakespeare. - -=Herdsmen=, see Bubona. - -=Hermae= (Her'mae) were statues of Hermes (Mercury), which were set up -in Athens for boundaries, and as direction marks for travelers. - -=Hermanubis= (Her'manu'bis), see Anubis. - -=Hermathenae= (Hermathe'nae) were statues of Mercury and Minerva -placed together. - -=Hermes= (Her'mes). A Greek name of the god Mercury. - - "Hermes obeys. With golden pinions binds - His flying feet and mounts the western winds." - Virgil. - -=Hermione= (Hermi'one), daughter of Mars and Venus, who was turned -into a serpent, and allowed to live in the Elysian Fields. There was -another Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen; she was betrothed to -Orestes, but was carried away by Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles. - -=Hero= (He'ro). A priestess of Venus, with whom Leander was so -enamored that he swam across the Hellespont every night to visit her, -but at last was drowned; when Hero saw the fate of her lover she threw -herself into the sea and was also drowned. - -=Heroes=, see Valhalla. - -=Hesperides= (Hesper'ides). Three daughters of Hesperus, King of -Italy. They were appointed to guard the golden apples which Juno gave -Jupiter on their wedding day. See Hercules. - -=Hesperus= (Hes'perus), brother of Atlas, was changed into the evening -star. - - "To the ocean now I fly, - And those happy climes that lie - Where day never shuts his eye, - Upon the broad fields of the sky: - There I suck the liquid air, - All amidst the gardens fair - Of Hesperus and his daughters three, - That sing about the golden tree." - Milton. - -=Hestia= (Hes'tia). The Greek name of Vesta, the goddess of the -hearth. - -=Hieroglyphics= (Hierogly'phics), see Mercury. - -=Highways=, see Janus. - -=Hildur= (Hil'dur). The Scandinavian Mars. - -=Hippia= (Hip'pia). A surname of Minerva. - -=Hippius= (Hip'pius). A surname of Neptune. - -=Hippocampus= (Hippocam'pus). The name of Neptune's favorite horse, a -fabulous marine animal, half horse and half fish. - -=Hippocrenides= (Hippocre'nides), a name of the Muses, from the -fountain of Hippocrene (the horse fountain), which was formed by a -kick of the winged horse Pegasus. - -=Hippolyte= (Hippol'yte), queen of the Amazons, daughter of Mars. Her -father gave her a famous girdle, which Hercules was required to -procure (see Hercules). She was conquered by Hercules, and given by -him in marriage to Theseus. - -=Hippolytus= (Hippol'ytus) was the son of Theseus and Hippolyte; he -was killed by a fall from a chariot, but was raised to life again by -Diana, or, as some say, by Aesculapius. - -=Hippona= (Hippo'na) was a rural divinity, the goddess of horses. - -=History=, see Clio and Saga. - -=Honey=, see Aristaeus and Dryads. - -=Hope=, see Pandora. - -=Horae= (Ho'rae) were the daughters of Sol and Chronis, the goddesses -of the seasons. - -=Horse=, see Cyllaros. - -=Horse Races=, see Neptune. - -=Horses=, see Hippona. - -=Hortensis= (Horten'sis), a name of Venus, because she looked after -plants and flowers in gardens. - -=Horus= (Ho'rus). The name of two deities, one Sol, the Egyptian day -god; the other, the son of Osiris and Isis. See Harpocrates. - -=Hostilina= (Hostil'ina). A rural divinity; goddess of growing corn. - -=Hunger=, see Erisichthon. - -=Hunting=, see Diana. - -=Huntsmen=, see Pan. - - [Illustration: Hebe - _See page 62_] - -=Hyacinthus= (Hyacin'thus) was a boy greatly loved by Apollo; but he -was accidentally slain by him with a quoit. Apollo caused to spring -from his blood the flower Hyacinth. - -=Hyades= (Hy'ades) were seven daughters of Atlas and Aethra, and they -formed a constellation which, when it rises with the sun, threatens -rain. - -=Hydra= (Hy'dra). A monster serpent, which had a hundred heads. It was -slain by Hercules. See Hercules. - -=Hygeia= (Hyge'ia), the goddess of health, was a daughter of -Aesculapius and Epione. She was represented as a young woman giving a -serpent drink out of a saucer, the serpent being twined round her arm. - -=Hylas= (Hy'las). A beautiful boy beloved by Hercules. The nymphs were -jealous of him, and spirited him away while he was drawing water for -Hercules. See Wm. Morris's tragedy, "The Life and Death of Jason." - -=Hymen= (Hy'men), the Grecian god of marriage, was either the son of -Bacchus and Venus, or, as some say, of Apollo and one of the Muses. He -was represented as a handsome youth, holding in his hand a burning -torch. - - "Some few there are of sordid mould - Who barter youth and bloom for gold: - But Hymen, gen'rous, just, and kind, - Abhors the mercenary mind; - Such rebels groan beneath his rod, - For Hymen's a vindictive god." - Dr. Cotton, 1736. - -=Hymn=, see Paean. - -=Hyperion= (Hype'rion). Son of Coelus and Terra. The model of manly -beauty, synonymous with Apollo. The personification of the sun. - - "So excellent a king; that was to this - Hyperion to a satyr." - Shakespeare. - -=Hypermnestra= (Hypermnes'tra). One of the fifty daughters of Danaus, -who were collectively called the Danaides. She was the one who refused -to kill her husband on the wedding night. See Danaus. - - -=Iacchus= (Iac'chus). Another name for Bacchus. - -=Iapetos= (Iap'etos). The father of Atlas. See Japetus. - -=Iblees= (Ib'lees). The Arabian Satan. - -=Icarus= (Ic'arus), son of Daedalus, who with his father made -themselves wings with which to fly from Crete to escape the resentment -of Minos. The wings were fixed to the shoulders by wax. Icarus flew -too near the sun, and the heat melting the wax, caused the wings to -drop off, and he fell into the Aegean or Icarian sea and was drowned. - -=Ichnobate= (Ichnoba'te). One of Actaeon's hounds; the word means -tracker. - -=Idaea= (Idae'a). A name of Cybele, from Mount Ida, where she was -worshiped. - -=Idaean Mother= (Idae'an Mother). Cybele was sometimes so called, in -Cyprus, in which there is a grove sacred to Venus. - -=Idalia= (Ida'lia). A name of Venus, from Mount Idalus, in Cyprus, in -which there is a grove sacred to Venus. - -=Imperator= (Impera'tor) was a name of Jupiter, given to him at -Praeneste. - -=Inachus= (I'nachus) was one of the earliest of the demi-gods or -heroes, King of Argos. - -=Incendiary=, see Erostratus. - -=Incense=, see Venus. - -=Incubus= (In'cubus). A Roman name of Pan, meaning The Nightmare. See -Innus. - -=Indigetes= (Indig'etes) were deified mortals, gods of the fourth -order. They were peculiar to some district. - -=Indra= (In'dra). The Hindoo Jupiter; his wife was Indrant, who -presides over the winds and thunder. - -=Infants=, see Natio. - -=Innus= (In'nus). A name of Pan, the same as Incubus. - -=Ino= (In'o), second wife of Athamas, King of Thebes, father of -Phryxus and Helle. Ino had two children, who could not ascend the -throne while Phryxus and Helle were alive. Ino therefore persecuted -them to such a degree that they determined to escape. They did so on a -ram, whose hide became the Golden Fleece (see Phryxus and Helle). Ino -destroyed herself, and was changed by Neptune into a sea-goddess. - -=Inoa= (Ino'a) were festivals in memory of Ino. - -=Instrumental Music=, see Euterpe. - -=Io= (I'o) was a daughter of Inachus, and a priestess of Juno at -Argos. Jupiter courted her, and was detected by Juno, when the god -turned Io into a beautiful heifer. Juno demanded the beast of Jupiter, -and set the hundred-eyed Argus to watch her. Jupiter persuaded Mercury -to destroy Argus, and Io was set at liberty, and restored to human -shape. Juno continued her persecutions, and Io had to wander from -place to place till she came to Egypt, where she became wife of King -Osiris, and won such good opinions from the Egyptians that after her -death she was worshiped as the goddess Isis. - -=Iolaus= (Iola'us), son of Iphicles, assisted Hercules in conquering -the Hydra, by burning with hot irons the place where the heads were -cut off; and for his assistance he was restored to youth by Hebe. -Lovers used to go to his monument at Phocis and ratify their vows of -fidelity. - -=Iothun= (Io'thun). Celtic mythological monsters, or giants. - -=Iphicles= (Iph'icles) was twin brother of Hercules, and father of -Iolaus. - -=Iphigenia= (Iphigeni'a) was a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. -Agamemnon made a vow to Diana, which involved the sacrifice of -Iphigenia, but just at the critical moment she was carried to heaven, -and a beautiful goat was found on the altar in her place. - -=Iris= (I'ris), daughter of Thaumas and Electra, was the attendant of -Juno, and one of the messengers of the gods. Her duty was to cut the -thread which detained expiring souls. She is the personification of -the rainbow. - -=Iron=, see Vulcan. - -=Isis= (I'sis), wife of Osiris, and a much worshiped divinity of the -Egyptians. See Io. - -=Itys= (I'tys) was killed by his mother Procne when six years old, and -given to his father Tereus, a Thracian of Daulis, as food. The gods -were so enraged at this that they turned Itys into a pheasant, Procne -into a swallow, and Tereus into a hawk. - -=Ixion= (Ixi'on), the son of Phlegyas, King of the Lapithae. For -attempting to produce thunder, Jupiter cast him into hell, and had him -bound to a wheel, surrounded with serpents, which is forever turning -over a river of fire. - - "The powers of vengeance, while they hear, - Touched with compassion, drop a tear; - Ixion's rapid wheel is bound, - Fixed in attention to the sound." - F. Lewis. - - "Or, as Ixion fix'd, the wretch shall feel - The giddy motion of the whirling wheel." - Pope. - - -=Jani= (Ja'ni) was a place in Rome where there were three statues of -Janus, and it was a meeting-place for usurers and creditors. - -=Janitor= (Ja'nitor). A title of Janus, from the gates before the -doors of private houses being called Januae. - -=Janus= (Ja'nus). A king of Italy, said to have been the son of -Coelus, others say of Apollo; he sheltered Saturn when he was driven -from heaven by Jupiter. Janus presided over highways, gates, and -locks, and is usually represented with two faces, because he was -acquainted with the past and the future; or, according to others, -because he was taken for the sun, who opens the day at his rising, and -shuts it at his setting. A brazen temple was erected to him in Rome, -which was always open in time of war, and closed during peace. - - "Old Janus, if you please, - Grave two-faced father." - - "In two-faced Janus we this moral find,-- - While we look forward, we should glance behind." - Colman. - -=Japetus= (Jap'etus), son of Coelus and Terra, husband of Clymene. He -was looked upon by the Greeks as the father of all mankind. See -Iapetos. - -=Jason= (Ja'son), the son of Aeson, king of Iolcos; he was brought up -by the centaur Chiron. His uncle Aeeta sent him to fetch the Golden -Fleece from Colchis (see Argonauts). He went in the ship Argo with -forty-nine companions, the flower of Greek youth. With the help of -Juno they got safe to Colchis, but the King Aeetes promised to restore -the Golden Fleece only on condition that the Argonauts performed -certain services. Jason was to tame the wild fiery bulls, and to make -them plow the field of Mars; to sow in the ground the teeth of a -serpent, from which would spring armed men who would fight against him -who plowed the field of Mars; to kill the fiery dragon which guarded -the tree on which the Golden Fleece was hung. The fate of Jason and -the rest of the Argonauts seemed certain; but Medea, the king's -daughter, fell in love with Jason, and with the help of charms which -she gave him he overcame all the difficulties which the king had put -in his way. He took away the Golden Fleece and Medea also. The king -sent his son Absyrtus to overtake the fugitives, but Medea killed him, -and strewed his limbs in his father's path, so that he might be -delayed in collecting them, and this enabled Jason and Medea to -escape. After a time Jason got tired of Medea, and married Glauce, -which cruelty Medea revenged by killing her children before their -father's eyes. Jason was accidentally killed by a beam of the ship -Argo falling on him. - -=Jocasta= (Jocas'ta) (otherwise Epicasta), wife of Laius, King of -Thebes, who in after-life married her own son, Oedipus, not knowing -who he was, and, on discovering the fatal mistake, hanged herself. - -=Jove.= A very general name of Jupiter. - - "From the great father of the gods above - My muse begins, for all is full of Jove." - Virgil. - -=Judges in Hell, The=, were Rhadamanthus for Asiatics; Aeacus for -Europeans; Minos was the presiding judge in the infernal regions. See -Triptolemus. - -=Jugatinus= (Jugatin'us) was one of the nuptial deities. - -=Juno= (Ju'no) was the daughter of Saturn and Ops, _alias_ Cybele. She -was married to Jupiter, and became queen of all the gods and -goddesses, and mistress of heaven and earth. Juno was the mother of -Mars, Vulcan, Hebe, and Lucina. She prompted the gods to conspire -against Jupiter, but the attempt was frustrated, and Apollo and -Neptune were banished from heaven by Jupiter. Juno is the goddess of -marriage, and the protectress of married women; and she had special -regard for virtuous women. In the competition for the celebrated -Golden Apple, which Juno, Venus, and Minerva each claimed as the -fairest among the goddesses, Juno was much displeased when Paris gave -the apple to Venus. The goddess is generally represented riding in a -chariot drawn by peacocks, with a diadem on her head, and a scepter in -her hand. - -=Jupiter= (Ju'piter), son of Saturn and Cybele (or Ops), was born on -Mount Ida, in Crete, and nourished by the goat Amalthaea. When quite -young Jupiter rescued his father from the Titans; and afterward, with -the help of Hercules, defeated the giants, the sons of earth, when -they made war against heaven. Jupiter was worshiped with great -solemnity under various names by most of the heathen nations. The -Africans called him Ammon; the Babylonians, Belus; and the Egyptians, -Osiris (see Jove). He is represented as a majestic personage seated on -a throne, holding in his hands a scepter and a thunderbolt; at his -feet stood a spread eagle. - -=Justice=, see Astrea, Nemesis. - - -=Kali.= A Hindoo goddess, after whom Calicut is named. - -=Kaloc= (Ka'loc). One of the chief of the Mexican gods. - -=Kama= (Kam'a). The Hindoo god of love. - -=Kebla= (Keb'la). The point of the compass which worshipers look to -during their invocations. Thus the Sol or Sun worshipers turn to the -east, where the sun rises, and the Mohammedans turn toward Mecca. - -=Kederli= (Ke'derli), in Mohammedan mythology, is a god corresponding -to the English St. George, and is still invoked by the Turks when they -go to war. - -=Kiun= (Ki'un). The Egyptian Venus. - -=Kneph.= An Egyptian god, having a ram's head and a man's body. - -=Krishna= (Krish'na). An Indian god, the revenger of wrongs; also -called the Indian Apollo. - -=Krodo= (Kro'do). The Saxon Saturn. - -=Kumara= (Ku'ma'ra). The war-god of the Hindoos. - -=Kuvera= (Ku'vera). The Hindoo god of riches. - - -=Labe= (La'be). The Arabian Circe, who had unlimited power of -metamorphosis. - -=Labor= (Lab'or), see Atlas, Hercules. - -=Labyrinth=, see Theseus. - -=Lachesis= (Lach'esis). One of the three goddesses of Fate, the -Parcae. She spun the thread of life. - -=Lacinia= (Lacin'ia). A name of Juno. - -=Lactura.= One of the goddesses of growing corn. - -=Ladon= (La'don). The dragon which guarded the apples in the garden of -the Hesperides. Also the name of one of Actaeon's hounds. Also the -river in Arcadia to which Syrinx fled when pursued by Pan, where she -was changed into a reed, and where Pan made his first pipe. - -=Laelaps= (Lae'laps). One of Diana's hunting-dogs, which, while -pursuing a wild boar, was petrified. Also the name of one of Actaeon's -hounds. - -=Laksmi= (Laks'mi) Hindoo goddess of wealth and pleasure. One of the -husbands of Vishnu. - -=Lamentation=, see Cocytus. - -=Lamia= (Lam'ia). An evil deity among the Greeks and Romans, and the -great dread of their children, whom she had the credit of constantly -enticing away and destroying. - -=Lamp=, see Lares and Penates. - -=Lampos= (Lam'pos). One of Aurora's chariot horses, the other being -Phaeton. - -=Laocoon= (Laoc'oon). One of the priests of Apollo, who was, with his -two sons, strangled to death by serpents, because he opposed the -admission of the fatal wooden horse to Troy. - -=Laomedon= (Laom'edon), son of Ilus, a Trojan king. He was famous for -having, with the assistance of Apollo and Neptune, built the walls of -Troy. - -=Lapis= (Lap'is). The oath stone. The Romans used to swear by Jupiter -Lapis. - -=Lapithus= (Lap'ithus), son of Apollo. His numerous children were -called Lapithae, and they are notorious for their fight with the -centaurs at the nuptial feast of Perithous and Hippodamia. - -=Lares and Penates= (La'res and Pena'tes) were sons of Mercury and -Lara, or, as other mythologists say, of Jupiter and Lamida. They -belonged to the lower order of Roman gods, and presided over homes and -families. Their statues were generally fixed within the doors of -houses, or near the hearths. Lamps were sacred to them, as symbols of -vigilance, and the dog was their sacrifice. - -=Lark=, see Scylla and Nysus. - -=Latona= (Lato'na), daughter of Coelus and Phoebe, mother of Apollo -and Diana. Being admired so much by Jupiter, Juno was jealous, and -Latona was the object of the goddess' constant persecution. - -=Laughter=, see Momus and Venus. - -=Laurel= (Lau'rel), see Daphne. - -=Laverna= (Laver'na). The Roman patroness of thieves. - -=Law=, see Menu. - -=Lawgiver=, see Nomius. - -=Laws=, see Themis. - -=Leander= (Lean'der), see Hero. - -=Leather Bottle=, see Ascolia. - -=Leda= (Le'da) was the mother of Castor and Pollux, their father being -Jupiter, in the shape of a swan. After her death she received the name -of Nemesis. - -=Lemnius= (Lem'nius). One of the names of Vulcan. - -=Lemures= (Lem'ures). The ghosts of departed souls. Milton, in his -"Ode to the Nativity," says-- - - "Lemures moan with midnight plaint." - -They are sometimes referred to as the Manes of the dead. - -=Lenaeus= (Lenae'us). One of the names of Bacchus. - -=Lerna= (Ler'na). The lake or swamp near Argos where Hercules -conquered the Lernaean Hydra. - -=Lethe= (Le'the). One of the rivers of the infernal regions, of which -the souls of the departed are obliged to drink to produce oblivion or -forgetfulness of everything they did or knew while alive on the earth. - - "A slow and silent stream, - Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls - Her watery labyrinth, whereof who drinks - Forthwith his former state and being forgets, - Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and pain." - Milton. - - [Illustration: Hera - _See page 64_] - -=Leucothea= (Leucoth'ea). The name of Ino after she was transformed -into a sea nymph. - -=Levana= (Leva'na). The deity who presided over new-born infants. - -=Level, The=, see Daedalus. - -=Liakura= (Liak'ura). Mount Parnassus. - -=Liberal Arts=, see Minerva. - -=Liber Pater= (Li'ber Pa'ter). A name of Bacchus. - -=Liberty=, see Bacchus. - -=Libissa= (Lib'issa). Queen of fays and fairies. - -=Libitina= (Libiti'na). A Roman goddess, the chief of the funeral -deities. - -=Licentiousness=, see Belphegor. - -=Ligea= (Lige'a). A Greek syren or sea-nymph, one of the Nereides. - -=Lightning=, see Agni. - -=Lilith= (Li'lith). A Jewish myth representing a finely dressed woman -who is a great enemy to new-born children. She was said to have been -Adam's first wife, but, refusing to submit to him, was turned from -Paradise and made a specter. - -=Lina= (Li'na). The goddess of the art of weaving. - -=Lindor= (Lin'dor). A lover in the shape of a shepherd, like Corydon; -a love-sick swain. - -=Lion=, see Atalanta, Chimaera. - -=Liver=, see Tityus and Prometheus. - -=Locks=, see Janus. - -=Lofen= (Lo'fen). The Scandinavian god who guards friendship. - -=Lofua= (Lof'ua). The Scandinavian goddess who reconciles lovers. - -=Loke.= The Scandinavian Satan, the god of strife, the spirit of evil. -Written also Lok, and Loki. - -=Lotis= (Lo'tis). A daughter of Neptune, who fled from Priapus, and -only escaped from him by being transformed into a lotus-plant. - -=Lotus-Plant= (Lo'tus-Plant), see Lotis. - -=Love=, see Cupid, Eros, Venus. - -=Lucian= (Lu'cian). The impersonation of folly, changed into an ass. - -=Lucifer= (Lu'cifer). The morning star. - -=Lucina= (Luci'na). The goddess who presides at the birth of children. -She was a daughter of Jupiter and Juno, or, according to others, of -Latona. - - "Lucina, hail! So named from thine own grove, - Or from the light thou giv'st us from above." - Ovid. - -=Lud.= In ancient British mythology the king of the Britons. He is -said to have given his name to London. - -=Luna= (Lu'na). The name of Diana as a celestial divinity. See Diana -and Hecate. Also, the Italian goddess of the moon. - -=Lupercus= (Lu'percus), or Pan. The Roman god of fertility; his -festival day was 15th February, and the festivals were called -Lupercalia. - -=Lycaonian Food= (Lycaon'ian). Execrable viands, such as were -supplied to Jupiter by Lycaon. To test the divine knowledge of the god -he served up human flesh, which Jove discovered, and punished Lycaon -by turning him into a wolf. - -=Lycian Clowns= were turned into frogs by Latona or Ceres. - -=Lymniades= (Lymni'ades). Nymphs who resided in marshes. - -=Lynceus= (Lyn'ceus). One of the Argonauts. The personification of -sharpsightedness. - -=Lyre.= This musical instrument is constantly associated with the -doings of the ancient deities. Amphion built the walls of Thebes by -the music of his lyre. Arion charmed the dolphins in a similar way. -Hercules broke the head of Linus, his music-master, with the lyre he -was learning to use; and Orpheus charmed the most savage beasts, and -even the Harpies and gods of the infernal regions, with the enchanting -music of the stringed lyre. See Mercury. - - -=Maenades= (Maen'ades). Priestesses of Bacchus. - -=Magicians=, see Telchines. - -=Magna Dea= (Mag'na De'a), a name of Ceres. - -=Magpies=, see Pierides. - -=Mahasoor= (Ma'ha'soor). The Hindoo god of evil. - -=Maia= (Ma'ia). The mother of the Grecian Mercury. - -=Mammon= (Mam'mon). The money god. - -=Manes= (Ma'nes). The souls of the departed. The Roman god of -funerals and tombs. - - "All have their Manes, and their Manes bear. - The few who're cleansed to those abodes repair, - And breathe in ample fields the soft Elysian air." - -=Manuring Land=, see Picumnus. - -=March 24=, Bellona's Day. See Bellona. - -=Marina= (Mari'na). A name of Venus, meaning sea-foam, from her having -been formed from the froth of the sea. See Aphrodite. - -=Marriage=, see Cama, Hymen, Juno, Jugatinus. - -=Mars=, the god of war, was the son of Jupiter and Juno. Venus was his -favorite goddess, and among their children were Cupid, Anteros, and -Harmonia. In the Trojan War Mars took the part of the Trojans, but was -defeated by Diomedes. The first month of the old Roman year (our -March) was sacred to Mars. - -=Marshes=, see Lymniades. - -=Marsyas= (Mar'syas). The name of the piper who challenged Apollo to a -musical contest, and, being defeated, was flayed to death by the god. -He was the supposed inventor of the flute. - -=Marut= (Ma'rut). The Hindoo god of tempestuous winds. - -=Matura= (Matu'ra). One of the rural deities who protected the growing -corn at time of ripening. - -=Maximus= (Max'imus). One of the appellations of Jupiter, being the -greatest of the gods. - -=Measures and Weights=, see Mercury. - -=Medea= (Mede'a). Wife of Jason, chief of the Argonauts. To punish -her husband for infidelity, Medea killed two of her children in their -father's presence. She was a great sorceress. See Jason. - - "Now to Medaea's dragons fix my reins." - F. Lewis. - - "Let not Medea draw her murdering knife, - And spill her children's blood upon the stage." - Lord Roscommon. - -=Medicine=, see Apollo. - -=Meditation=, see Harpocrates. - -=Medusa= (Medu'sa). One of the Gorgons. Minerva changed her beautiful -hair into serpents. She was conquered by Perseus, who cut off her -head, and placed it on Minerva's shield. Every one who looked at the -head was turned into stone. - -Ulysses, in the Odyssey, relates that he wished to see more of the -inhabitants of Hades, but was afraid, as he says-- - - "Lest Gorgon, rising from the infernal lakes, - With horrors armed, and curls of hissing snakes, - Should fix me, stiffened at the monstrous sight, - A stony image in eternal night." - Pope. - - "Medusa with Gorgonian terror guards - The ford." - Milton. - - "Remove that horrid monster, and take hence - Medusa's petrifying countenance." - Addison. - -=Megaera= (Meg'aera). One of the three Furies--Greek goddesses of -vengeance. - -=Megale= (Meg'ale). A Greek name of Juno, meaning great. - -=Melicerta= (Melicer'ta), see Palaemon. - -=Mellona= (Mello'na). One of the rural divinities, the goddess of -bees. - -=Melpomene= (Melpom'ene). One of the nine Muses, the goddess of -tragedy. - -=Memnon= (Mem'non), son of Tithonus and of Eos, who after the death of -Hector brought the Aethiopians to the assistance of Priam in the war -against Troy. - -=Memory=, see Mnemosyne. - -=Mendes= (Men'des). An Egyptian god like Pan. He was worshiped in the -form of a goat. - -=Menelaus= (Menela'us). A Spartan king, brother of Agamemnon. The -elopement of his wife Helen with Paris was the cause of the siege of -Troy. See Helena. - -=Menu= (Me'nu), or =Manu= (Ma'nu). The Hindoo law-giver. See -Satyavrata. - -=Merchants=, see Mercury. - -=Mercury= (Mer'cury), the son of Jupiter and Maia, was the messenger -of the gods, and the conductor of the souls of the dead to Hades. He -was the supposed inventor of weights and measures, and presided over -orators and merchants. Mercury was accounted a most cunning thief, for -he stole the bow and quiver of Apollo, the girdle of Venus, the -trident of Neptune, the tools of Vulcan, and the sword of Mars, and he -was therefore called the god of thieves. He is the supposed inventor -of the lyre, which he exchanged with Apollo for the Caduceus. There -was also an Egyptian Mercury under the name of Thoth, or Thaut, who is -credited with having taught the Egyptians geometry and hieroglyphics. -Hermes is the Greek name of Mercury. In art he is usually represented -as having on a winged cap, and with wings on his heels. - - "And there, without the power to fly, - Stands fix'd a tip-toe Mercury." - Lloyd, 1750. - - "Then fiery expedition be my wing, - Jove's Mercury, and herald for a king." - - "Be Mercury, set feathers to thy heels - And fly, like thought, from them to me again." - Shakespeare. - -=Meru= (Me'ru). The abode of the Hindoo god Vishnu. It is at the top -of a mountain 8,000 leagues high. The Olympus of the East Indians. - -=Midas= (Mi'das). A king of Phrygia, who begged of Bacchus the special -gift that everything that he touched might be turned into gold. The -request was granted, and as soon as he touched his food it also was -turned to gold, and for fear of being starved he was compelled to ask -the god to withdraw the power he had bestowed upon him. He was told to -bathe in the river Pactolus. He did so, and the sands which he stood -on were golden forever after. It was this same king who, being -appointed to be judge in a musical contest between Apollo and Pan, -gave the satyr the palm; whereupon Apollo, to show his contempt, -bestowed on him a pair of asses' ears. This gave rise to the term -"Midas-eared" as a synonym for ill-judged, or indiscriminate. - - "He dug a hole, and in it whispering said, - What monstrous ears sprout from King Midas' head." - Ovid. - -=Milo= (Mi'lo), a celebrated Croton athlete, who is said to have -felled an ox with his fist, and to have eaten the beast in one day. -His statue is often seen with one hand in the rift of a tree trunk, -out of which he is vainly trying to withdraw it. The fable is, that -when he got to be an old man he attempted to split an oak tree, but -having lost his youthful vigor, the tree closed on his hand and he was -held a prisoner till the wolves came and devoured him. - -=Mimallones= (Mimallo'nes). The "wild women" who accompanied Bacchus, -so called because they mimicked his actions, putting horns on their -heads when they took part in his orgies. - -=Mimir= (Mi'mir). In Scandinavian mythology the god of wisdom. - -=Mind=, see Erinnys. - -=Minerva= (Miner'va), the goddess of wisdom, war, and the liberal -arts, is said to have sprung from the head of Jupiter fully armed for -battle. She was a great benefactress of mankind, and patroness of the -fine arts. She was the tutelar deity of the city of Athens. She is -also known by the names of Pallas, Parthenos, Tritonia, and Glaukopis. -She was very generally worshiped by the ancients, and her temple at -Athens, the Parthenon, still remains. She is represented in statues -and pictures as wearing a golden helmet encircled with an olive -branch, and a breastplate. In her right hand she carries a lance, and -by her side is the famous aegis or shield, covered with the skin of -Amalthaea, the goat which nourished Jupiter; and for the boss of the -shield is the head of Medusa. An owl, the emblem of meditation, is on -the left; and a cock, the emblem of courage, on the right. The Elgin -Marbles in the British Museum, London, were brought from the -Parthenon, her temple at Athens. - -=Minos= (Mi'nos). The supreme of the three judges of hell, before whom -the spirits of the departed appeared and heard their doom. - -=Minotaur= (Min'otaur). The monster, half man, half bull, which -Theseus slew. - -=Mirth=, see Momus. - -=Misery=, see Genii. - -=Mithras= (Mith'ras). A Persian divinity, the ruler of the universe, -corresponding with the Roman Sol. - -=Mnemosyne= (Mnemos'yne). Mother of the Muses and goddess of memory. -Jupiter courted the goddess in the guise of a shepherd. - -=Moakibat= (Moak'ibat). The recording angel of the Mohammedans. - -=Moloch= (Mo'loch). A god of the Phoenicians to whom human victims, -principally children, were sacrificed. Moloch is figurative of the -influence which impels us to sacrifice that which we ought to cherish -most dearly. - - "First Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with blood - Of human sacrifice, and parents' tears, - Though for the noise of drums and timbrels loud, - Their children's cries unheard, that poured through fire - To this grim idol." - Milton. - -=Momus= (Mo'mus). The god of mockery and blame. The god who blamed -Jove for not having made a window in man's breast, so that his -thoughts could be seen. His bitter jests occasioned his being driven -from heaven in disgrace. He is represented as holding an image of -Folly in one hand, and raising a mask from his face with the other. He -is also described as the god of mirth or laughter. - -=Moneta= (Mone'ta). A name given to Juno by those writers who -considered her the goddess of money. - -=Money=, see Moneta. - -=Money-God=, see Mammon. - -=Moon.= The moon was, by the ancients, called _Hecate_ before and -after setting; _Astarte_ when in crescent form; _Diana_ when in full. -See Luna. - - "Soon as the evening shades prevail - The moon takes up her wondrous tale, - And nightly to the list'ning earth - Repeats the story of her birth." - Addison. - -=Morpheus= (Mor'pheus). The Greek god of sleep and dreams, the son and -minister of Somnus. - - "Morpheus, the humble god that dwells - In cottages and smoky cells; - Hates gilded roofs and beds of down, - And though he fears no prince's frown, - Flies from the circle of a crown." - Sir John Denman. - -=Mors.= Death, a daughter of Nox (Night). - -=Mountain=, see Atlas, Nymph. - -=Mulciber= (Mul'ciber). A name of Vulcan, sometimes spelled Mulcifer, -the smelter of metals. See Vulcan. - -=Munin= (Mun'in). The Scandinavian god of memory, represented by the -raven that was perched on Odin's shoulder. - -=Muscarius= (Musca'rius). A name given to Jupiter because he kept off -the flies from the sacrifices. - -=Muses, The= (Mu'ses), were nine daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. -They presided over the arts and sciences, music and poetry. Their -names were, Calliope, Clio, Erato, Thalia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, -Euterpe, Polyhymnia, and Urania. They principally resided in Mount -Parnassus, at Helicon. - - "Be thou the tenth Muse, ten times more in worth, - Than those old nine which rhymers advocate." - Shakespeare. - -=Music=, see Apollo, Muses. - -=Mythras= (My'thras). The Egyptian name of Apollo. - - -=Naiads, The= (Nai'ads), were beautiful nymphs of human form who -presided over springs, fountains, and wells. They resided in the -meadows by the sides of rivers. Virgil mentions Aegle as being the -fairest of the Naiades. - -=Nandi= (Nan'di). The Hindoo goddess of joy. - -=Narrae= (Nar'rae). The name of the infernal regions amongst the -Hindoos. - -=Narayan= (Na'ra'yan). The mover of the waters. The Hindoo god of -tides. - -=Narcissus= (Narcis'sus), son of Cephisus and the Naiad Liriope, was a -beautiful youth, who was so pleased with the reflection of himself -which he saw in the placid water of a fountain that he could not help -loving it, imagining that it must be some beautiful nymph. His -fruitless endeavors to possess himself of the supposed nymph drove him -to despair, and he killed himself. There sprang from his blood a -flower, which was named after him, Narcissus. - - "Narcissus so himself forsook, - And died to kiss his shadow in the brook." - - "Hadst thou Narcissus in thy face, to me - Thou wouldst appear most ugly." - Shakespeare. - -=Nastrond= (Nas'trond). The Scandinavian place of eternal punishment, -corresponding with Hades. - - [Illustration: Hero and Leander - _See page 66_] - -=Natio= (Na'tio). A Roman goddess who took care of young infants. - -=Nemaean Lion= (Nemae'an), see Hercules. - -=Nemesis= (Nem'esis), the goddess of vengeance or justice, was one of -the infernal deities. Her mother was Nox. She was supposed to be -constantly traveling about the earth in search of wickedness, which -she punished with the greatest severity. She is referred to by some -writers under the name of Adrasteia. The Romans always sacrificed to -this goddess before they went to war, because they wished to signify -that they never took up arms but in the cause of justice. - - "Forbear, said Nemesis, my loss to moan, - The fainting, trembling hand was mine alone." - Dr. J. Wharton. - -=Nephalia= (Nepha'lia). Grecian festivals in honor of Mnemosyne, the -mother of the Muses. - -=Neptune= (Nep'tune), god of the sea, was a son of Saturn and Cybele, -and brother to Jupiter and Pluto. He quarreled with Jupiter because he -did not consider that the dominion of the sea was equal to Jupiter's -empire of heaven and earth; and he was banished from the celestial -regions, after having conspired with Pluto to dethrone Jupiter. -Neptune was married to Amphitrite, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, by -whom he had a son named Triton. He was also father of Polyphemus (one -of the Cyclopes), Phoreus, and Proteus. Neptune is represented as -being seated in a shell chariot, drawn by dolphins or sea-horses, and -surrounded by Tritons and sea-nymphs. He holds in his hand a trident, -with which he rules the waves. Though a marine deity, he was reputed -to have presided over horse-training and horse-races; but he is -principally known as the god of the ocean; and the two functions of -the god are portrayed in the sea horses with which his chariot is -drawn, the fore-half of the animal being a horse, and the hind-half a -dolphin. Ships were also under his protection, and whenever he -appeared on the ocean there was a dead calm. - -=Nereides, The= (Nere'ides), were aquatic nymphs. They were daughters -of Nereus and Doris, and were fifty in number. They are generally -represented as beautiful girls riding on dolphins, and carrying -tridents in the right hand or garlands of flowers. - -=Nereus= (Nere'us). A sea deity, husband of Doris. He had the gift of -prophecy, and foretold fates; but he had also the power of assuming -various shapes, which enabled him to escape from the importunities of -those who were anxious to consult him. - -=Nessus= (Nes'sus). The name of the Centaur that was destroyed by -Hercules for insulting his wife Deianira. Nessus's blood-smeared robe -proved fatal to Hercules. - -=Nestor= (Nes'tor). A grandson of Neptune, his father being Neleus, -and his mother Chloris. Homer makes him one of the greatest of the -Greek heroes. He was present at the famous battle between the Lapithae -and the Centaurs, and took a leading part in the Trojan war. - - "... Here's Nestor - Instructed by the antiquary times, - He must, he is, he cannot but be wise." - Shakespeare. - -=Nicephorus= (Niceph'orus). A name of Jupiter, meaning the bearer of -victory. - -=Nidhogg= (Nid'hogg). In Scandinavian mythology the dragon who dwells -in Nastrond. - -=Niflheim= (Nifl'heim). The Scandinavian hell. It was supposed to -consist of nine vast regions of ice beneath the North Pole, where -darkness reigns eternally. See Nastrond. - -=Night=, see Nox. - -=Nightingale=, see Philomela. - -=Nightmare=, see Incubus. - -=Nilus= (Ni'lus), a king of Thebes, who gave his name to the Nile, the -great Egyptian river. - -=Nine, The=, see Muses. - -=Niobe= (Ni'obe) was a daughter of Tantalus, and is the -personification of grief. By her husband Amphion she had seven sons -and seven daughters. By the orders of Latona the father and sons were -killed by Apollo, and the daughters (except Chloris) by Diana. Niobe, -being overwhelmed with grief, escaped further trouble by being turned -into a stone. - -=Nomius= (No'mius). A law-giver; one of the names of Apollo. This -title was also given to Mercury for the part he took in inventing -beneficent laws. - -=Norns.= Three Scandinavian goddesses, who wove the woof of human -destiny. The three witches in Shakespeare's "Macbeth" have their -origin in the Scandinavian Norns. - -=Notus= (No'tus). Another name for Auster, the south wind. - -=Nox= was the daughter of Chaos, and sister of Erebus and Mors. She -personified night, and was the mother of Nemesis and the Fates. - -=Nundina= (Nundi'na). The goddess who took charge of children when -they were nine days old--the day (_Nona dies_) on which the Romans -named their children. - -=Nuptialis= (Nuptia'lis). A title of Juno. When the goddess was -invoked under this name the gall of the victim was taken out and -thrown behind the altar, signifying that there should be no gall -(bitterness) or anger between married people. - -=Nuriel= (Nu'riel). In Hebrew mythology the god of hailstorms. - -=Nyctelius= (Nycte'lius). A name given to Bacchus, because his -festivals were celebrated by torchlight. - -=Nymphs.= This was a general name for a class of inferior female -deities who were attendants of the gods. Some of them presided over -springs, fountains, wells, woods, and the sea. They are spoken of as -land-nymphs or Naiads, and sea-nymphs or Nereids, though the former -are associated also with fountains and rivers. The Dryads were -forest-nymphs, and the Hamadryads were nymphs who lived among the -oak-trees--the oak being always specially venerated by the ancients. -The mountain-nymphs were called Oreads. - - "With flower-inwoven tresses torn, - The nymphs in twilight shade - Of tangled thickets mourn." - Milton. - -=Nysae= (Ny'sae). The names of the nymphs by whom Bacchus was nursed. -See Dionysius. - -=Nysaeus= (Ny'saeus). A name of Bacchus, because he was worshiped at -Nysa, a town of Aethiopia. - -=Nysus= (Ny'sus). A king of Megara who was invisible by virtue of a -particular lock of hair. This lock his daughter Scylla cut off, and so -betrayed her father to his enemies. She was changed into a lark, and -the king into a hawk, and he still pursues his daughter, intending to -punish her for her treachery. - - -=Oannes= (Oan'nes). An Eastern (Babylonian) god, represented as a -monster, half-man, half-fish. He was said to have taught men the use -of letters in the day-time, and at night to have retired to the depth -of the ocean. - -=Oath=, see Lapis. - -=Obambou= (Obam'bou). A devil of African mythology. - -=Ocean=, see Neptune. - -=Oceanides= (Ocean'ides). Sea-nymphs, daughters of Oceanus and Tethys. -Their numbers are variously estimated by different poets; some saying -there were as many as 3,000, while others say they were as few as -sixteen. The principal of them are mentioned under their respective -names, as Amphitrite, Doris, Metis, etc. - -=Oceanus= (Oce'anus), son of Coelus and Terra, and husband of Tethys. -Several mythological rivers were called his sons, as Alpheus, Peneus, -etc., and his daughters were called the Oceanides. Some of the -ancients worshiped him as the god of the seas, and invariably invoked -his aid when they were about to start on a voyage. He was also thought -to personify the immense stream which it was supposed surrounded the -earth, and into which the sun and moon and other heavenly bodies sank -every day. - -=Ocridion= (Ocrid'ion). A king of Rhodes, who was deified after his -death. - -=Ocypete= (Ocy'pete). One of the Harpies, who infected everything she -touched. The word means swift of flight. - -=Ocyroe= (Ocy'roe). A daughter of Chiron, who had the gift of -prophecy. She was metamorphosed into a mare. - -=Odin= (O'din). In Scandinavian mythology the god of the universe, -and reputed father of all the Scandinavian kings. His wife's name was -Friga, and his two sons were Thor and Balder. The _Wodin_ of the early -German tribes. - -=Oeagrus= (Oe'agrus). King of Thrace, and father of Orpheus. - -=Oedipus= (Oed'ipus). A son of Laius, King of Thebes, best known as -the solver of the famous enigma propounded by the Sphinx. In solving -the riddle Oedipus unwittingly killed his father, and, discovering the -fact, he destroyed his own eyesight, and wandered away from Thebes, -attended by his daughter Antigone. Oedipus is the subject of two -famous tragedies by Sophocles. - -=Oenone= (Oeno'ne). Wife of Paris, a nymph of Mount Ida, who had the -gift of prophecy. - -=Ogygia= (Ogyg'ia). An island, the abode of Calypso, in the -Mediterranean Sea, on which Ulysses was shipwrecked. It was so -beautiful in sylvan scenery that even Mercury (who dwelt on Olympus) -was charmed with the spot. - -=Ointment=, see Phaon. - -=Olenus= (Ole'nus). A son of Vulcan, who married Lathaea, a woman who -thought herself more beautiful than the goddesses, and as a punishment -she and her husband were turned into stone statues. - -=Olives=, see Aristaeus. - -=Olympius= (Olym'pius). A name of Jupiter, from Olympia, where the god -had a splendid temple, which was considered to be one of the seven -wonders of the world. - -=Olympus= (Olym'pus) was the magnificent mountain on the coast of -Thessaly, 9,000 feet high, where the gods were supposed to reside. -There were several other smaller mountains of the same name. - - "High heaven with trembling the dread signal took, - And all Olympus to the center shook." - Pope. - -=Olyras= (Oly'ras). A river near Thermopylae, which, it is said, -attempted to extinguish the funeral pile on which Hercules was -consumed. - -=Omophagia= (Omopha'gia). A Bacchanalian festival at which some -uncooked meats were served. - -=Omphale= (Om'phale). The Queen of Lydia, to whom Hercules was sold as -a bondsman for three years for the murder of Iphitus. Hercules fell in -love with her, and led an effeminate life in her society, wearing -female apparel, while Omphale wore the lion's skin. - -=Onarus= (Ona'rus). A priest of Bacchus, said to have married Ariadne -after she had been abandoned by Theseus. - -=Onuva= (Onu'va). The Venus of the ancient Gauls. - -=Opalia= (Opa'lia). Roman festivals in honor of Ops, held on 14th of -the calends of January. - -=Opiate-rod=, see Caduceus. - - "Eyes ... more wakeful than to drowse, - Charmed with Arcadian pipe--the pastoral reed - Of Hermes or his opiate-rod." - Milton. - -=Ops.= Mother of the gods, a daughter of Coelus and Terra. She was -known by the several names of Bona Dea, Rhea, Cybele, Magna Mater, -Proserpine, Tellus, and Thya; and occasionally she is spoken of as -Juno and Minerva. She personified labor, and is represented as a -comely matron, distributing gifts with her right hand, and holding in -her left hand a loaf of bread. Her festival was the 14th day of the -January calends. - -=Oracles=, see Themis. - -=Oraea= (Orae'a). Certain sacrifices offered to the goddesses of the -seasons to invoke fair weather for the ripening of the fruits of the -earth. - -=Orbona= (Orbo'na). Roman goddess of children, invoked by mothers when -they lost or were in danger of losing their offspring. - -=Orchards=, see Feronia. - -=Oreades= (O'reades) were mountain nymphs, attendants on Diana. - -=Orgies.= Drunken revels. The riotous feasts of Bacchus were so -designated. - -=Orion= (Ori'on). A handsome hunter, of great stature, who was blinded -by Oenopion for a grievous wrong done to Merope, and was therefore -expelled from Chios. The sound of the Cyclops' hammers led him to the -abode of Vulcan, who gave him a guide. He then consulted an oracle, -and had his sight restored, as Longfellow says, by fixing - - "His blank eyes upon the sun." - -He was afterward slain by Diana and placed amongst the stars, where -his constellation is one of the most splendid. - -=Orithyia= (Ori'thy'ia). A daughter of Erechtheus, whose lover, -Boreas, carried her off while she was wandering by the river Ilissus. -Her children were Zetus and Calais, two winged warriors who -accompanied the Argonauts. - -=Ormuzd= (Or'muzd). In Persian mythology the creator of all things. - -=Oros= (O'ros). The Egyptian Apollo. - -=Orphans=, see Orbona. - -=Orpheus= (Or'pheus) was son of Apollo and the Muse Calliope. He was -married to Eurydice; but she was stung by a serpent, and died. Orpheus -went down to Hades to claim her, and played so sweetly with his lute -that Pluto allowed Eurydice to return to the earth with Orpheus, but -on condition that he did not look behind him until he had reached the -terrestrial regions. Orpheus, however, in his anxiety to see if she -were following him, looked round, and Eurydice disappeared from his -sight, instantly and forever. - - "Orpheus' lute was strung with poets' sinews." - Shakespeare. - -=Osiris= (Osi'ris). The Egyptian god of the sun, the source of warmth, -life, and fruitfulness; he was worshiped under the form of a sacred -bull, named Apis. - - "... After these appeared - A crew who, under names of old renown, - Osiris, Isis, Orus, and their train, - With monstrous shapes and sorceries abused - Fanatic Egypt and her priests to seek - Their wandering gods, disguised in brutish forms - Rather than human." - Milton. - -=Ossa= (Os'sa). One of the mountains of Thessaly (once the residence -of the centaurs) which the giants piled on the top of Mount Pelion to -enable them to ascend to heaven and attack the gods. - -=Ox=, see Apis. - -=Owl=, see Aesculapius and Itys. - - -=Pactolus= (Pacto'lus). The river in Lydia where Midas washed himself -by order of Bacchus, and the sands were turned to gold. - -=Paean= (Pae'an). A name given Apollo, from _paean_, the hymn which -was sung in his honor after he had killed the serpent Python. Paeans -were solemn songs, praying either for the averting of evil and for -rescue, or giving thanks for help vouchsafed. - - "With hymns divine the joyous banquet ends, - The Paeans lengthened till the sun descends." - Pope. - -=Palaemon= (Palae'mon), or Melicerta, a sea-god, son of Athamas and -Ino. - -=Pales= (Pa'les). The goddess of shepherds and sheepfolds and -protectress of flocks; her festivals were called by the Romans -Palilia. - - "Pomona loves the orchard, - And Liber loves the wine, - And Pales loves the straw-built shed, - Warm with the breath of kine." - Macaulay. - - "Great Pales help, the pastoral rites I sing, - With humble duty mentioning each thing." - Pope. - -=Palladium= (Palla'dium). A famous statue of the goddess Pallas -(Minerva). She is sitting with a spear in her right hand, and in her -left a distaff and spindle. Various accounts are given of the origin -of the statue. Some writers say that it fell from the skies. It was -supposed that the preservation of the statue would be the preservation -of Troy; and during the Trojan War the Greeks were greatly encouraged -when they became the possessors of it. - -=Pallas= (Pal'las), or Minerva. The name was given to Minerva when she -destroyed a famous giant named Pallas. The Greeks called their goddess -of wisdom Pallas Athene. See Minerva. - - "Apollo, Pallas, Jove, or Mercury, - Inspire me that I may this treason find." - Shakespeare. - - [Illustration: Iris - _See page 73_] - -=Pan.= The Arcadian god of shepherds, huntsmen, and country folk, and -chief of the inferior deities, is usually considered to have been the -son of Mercury and Penelope. After his birth he was metamorphosed -into the mythical form in which we find him depicted, namely, a -horned, long-eared man, with the lower half of the body like a goat. -He is generally seen playing a pipe made of reeds of various lengths, -which he invented himself, and from which he could produce music which -charmed even the gods. These are the Pan-pipes, or _Syrinx_. Pan's -terrific appearance once so frightened the Gauls when they invaded -Greece that they ran away though no one pursued them; and the word -_panic_ is said to have been derived from this episode. The Fauns, who -greatly resembled Pan, were his attendants. - - "Piping on their reeds the shepherds go, - Nor fear an ambush, nor suspect a foe." - Pope. - -=Pandora= (Pando'ra), according to Hesiod, was the first mortal -female. Vulcan made her of clay, and gave her life. Venus gave her -beauty; and the art of captivating was bestowed upon her by the -Graces. She was taught singing by Apollo, and Mercury taught her -oratory. Jupiter gave her a box, the famous "Pandora's Box," which she -was told to give to her husband, Epimetheus, brother of Prometheus. As -soon as he opened it there issued from it numberless diseases and -evils which were soon spread all over the world, and from that moment -they have afflicted the human race. It is said that Hope alone -remained in the box. Pandora means "the all-gifted." - - "More lovely than Pandora, whom the gods - Endowed with all their gifts." - Milton. - -=Pantheon= (Panthe'on) (lit. "the all-divine place"). The temple of -all the gods, built by Agrippa at Rome, in the reign of Augustus (B.C. -27). It was 144 feet in diameter, and 144 feet high; and was built in -the Corinthian style of architecture, mostly of marble; while its -walls were covered with engraved brass and silver. Its magnificence -induced Pliny to give it rank among the wonders of the world. - -=Paphia= (Pa'phia), a name of Venus. - -=Papremis= (Pap'remis). The Egyptian Mars. - -=Parcae, The= (Par'cae), were goddesses who presided over the destiny -of human beings. They were also called the Fates, and were three in -number, Atropos, Clotho, and Lachesis. See Fates. - -=Paris= (Par'is), the son of Priam, king of Troy, and of his mother -Hecuba. It had been predicted that he would be the cause of the -destruction of Troy, and his father therefore ordered him to be -strangled as soon as he was born; but the slave who had been entrusted -with this mission took the child to Mount Ida, and left it there. Some -shepherds, however, found the infant and took care of him. He lived -among them till he had grown to man's estate, and he then married -Oenone, a nymph of Ida. At the famous nuptial feast of Peleus and -Thetis, Discordia, who had not been invited, attended secretly; and -when all were assembled, she threw among the goddesses a golden apple, -on which was inscribed "Let the fairest take it." This occasioned a -great contention, for each thought herself the fairest. Ultimately, -the contestants were reduced to three, Juno, Pallas (Minerva), and -Venus; but Jove himself could not make these three agree, and it was -decided that Paris should be the umpire. He was sent for, and each of -the goddesses courted his favor by offering all sorts of bribes. Juno -offered him power, Pallas wisdom, and Venus promised him the most -beautiful woman in the world. Paris gave the golden apple to Venus. -Soon after this episode Priam owned Paris as his son, and sent him to -Greece to fetch Helen, who was renowned as being the most beautiful -woman in the world. She was the wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta; but -during his absence Paris carried Helen away to Troy, and this gave -rise to the celebrated war between the Greeks and the Trojans, which -ended in the destruction of Troy. Paris was among the 676,000 Trojans -who fell during or after the siege. - -=Parnassides= (Parnas'sides), a name common to the Muses, from Mount -Parnassus. - -=Parnassus= (Parnas'sus). The mountain of the Muses in Phocis, and -sacred to Apollo and Bacchus. Any one who slept on this mountain -became a poet. It was named after one of the sons of Bacchus. - -=Parthenon= (Par'thenon). The temple of Minerva (or Pallas) on the -Acropolis at Athens. It was destroyed by the Persians, and rebuilt by -Pericles. - -=Parthenos= (Par'thenos) was a name of Juno, and also of Minerva. See -Pallas. - -=Pasiphae= (Pasiph'ae) was the reputed mother of the Minotaur killed -by Theseus. She was said to be the daughter of Sol and Perseis, and -her husband was Minos, king of Crete. - -=Pasithea= (Pasith'ea). Sometimes there are _four_ Graces spoken of; -when this is so, the name of the fourth is Pasithea. Also called -Aglaia. - -=Pavan= (Pav'an), the Hindoo god of the winds. - -=Peace=, see Concordia. - -=Peacock=, see Argus. - -=Pegasus= (Peg'asus). The famous winged horse which was said to have -sprung from the blood of Medusa when her head was cut off by Perseus. -His abode was on Mount Helicon, where, by striking the ground with his -hoof, he caused water to spring forth, which formed the fountain -afterward called Hippocrene. - - "Each spurs his faded - Pegasus apace." - Byron. - - "Thy stumbling founder'd jade can trot as high - As any other Pegasus can fly." - Earl of Dorset. - - "To turn and wind a fiery Pegasus, - And witch the world with noble horsemanship." - Shakespeare. - -=Peleus= (Pe'leus). A king of Thessaly, who married Thetis, one of the -Nereides. It is said that he was the only mortal who married an -immortal. - -=Pelias= (Pe'lias). A son of Neptune and Tyro. He usurped the throne -of Cretheus, which Jason was persuaded to relinquish and take the -command of the Argonautic expedition. On the return of Jason, Medea, -the sorceress, undertook to restore Pelias to youth, but required that -the body should first be cut up and put in a caldron of boiling water. -When this had been done, Medea refused to fulfil her promise. Pelias -had four daughters, who were called the Peliades. - -=Pelias= (Pe'lias) was the name of the spear of Achilles, which was so -large that none could wield it but the hero himself. - -=Pelion= (Pe'lion). A well-wooded mountain, famous for the wars -between the giants and the gods, and as the abode of the Centaurs, who -were expelled by the Lapithae. See Ossa, a mount, which the giants -piled upon Pelion, to enable them to scale the heavens. - - "The gods they challenge, and affect the skies, - Heaved on Olympus tottering Ossa stood; - On Ossa, Pelion nods with all his wood." - Pope. - -=Pelops= (Pe'lops), son of Tantalus, king of Phrygia. His father -killed him, and served him up to be eaten at a feast given to the -gods, who, when they found out what the father of Pelops had done, -restored the son to life, and he afterward became the husband of -Hippodamia. - -=Penates= (Pena'tes). Roman domestic gods. The hearth of the house was -their altar. See Lares. - -=Perpetual Punishment=, see Sisyphus. - -=Persephone= (Perseph'one). The Greek name of Proserpine. - -=Perseus= (Per'seus) was a son of Jupiter and Danae, the daughter of -Acrisius. His first famous exploit was against the Gorgon, Medusa. He -was assisted in this enterprise by Pluto, who lent him a helmet which -would make him invisible. Pallas lent him her shield, and Mercury -supplied him with wings. He made a speedy conquest of the Gorgons, and -cut off Medusa's head, with which he flew through the air, and from -the blood sprang the winged horse Pegasus. As he flew along he saw -Andromeda chained to the rock, and a sea-monster ready to devour her. -He killed the monster, and married Andromeda. When he got back, he -showed the Gorgon's head to King Polydectes, and the monarch was -immediately turned into stone. - - "Now on Daedalian waxen pinions stray, - Or those which wafted Perseus on his way." - F. Lewis. - -=Persuasion=, goddess of, see Pitho. - -=Phaeton= (Pha'eton). A son of Sol, or, according to many -mythologists, of Phoebus and Clymene. Anxious to display his skill in -horsemanship, he was allowed to drive the chariot of the sun for one -day. The horses soon found out the incapacity of the charioteer, -became unmanageable, and overturned the chariot. There was such great -fear of injury to heaven and earth, that Jove, to stop the -destruction, killed Phaeton with a thunderbolt. - - "Now Phaeton, by lofty hopes possessed, - The burning seat with youthful vigor pressed." - - "The breathless Phaeton, with flaming hair, - Shot from the chariot like a falling star - That in a summer's evening from the top - Of heaven drops down, or seems at least to drop." - Addison. - -=Phaon= (Pha'on). A boatman of Mitylene, in Lesbos, who received from -Venus a box of ointment, with which, when he anointed himself, he grew -so beautiful that Sappho became enamored of him; but when the ointment -had all been used Phaon returned to his former condition, and Sappho, -in despair, drowned herself. - -=Pheasant=, see Itys. - -=Philoctetes= (Philoct'etes) was son of Poeas, and one of the -companions of Jason on his Argonautic expedition. He was present at -the death of Hercules, and received from him the poisoned arrows which -had been dipped in the blood of Hydra. These arrows, an oracle -declared, were necessary to be used in the destruction of Troy, and -Philoctetes was persuaded by Ulysses to go and assist at the siege. -He appears to have used the weapons with great dexterity and with -wonderful effect, for Paris was among the heroes whom he killed. The -story of Philoctetes was dramatized by the Greek tragedians Aeschylus, -Euripides, and Sophocles. - -=Philomela= (Philome'la) was a daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, -who was transformed into a nightingale. She was sister to Procne, who -married Tereus, King of Thrace. The latter having offered violence to -Philomela, her sister, Procne, came to her rescue, and to punish her -husband slew her son Itylus, and at a feast Philomela threw Itylus's -head on the banquet table. - - "Forth like a fury Philomela flew, - And at his face the head of Itys threw." - Pope. - - "And thou, melodious Philomel, - Again thy plaintive story tell." - Sir Thomas Lyttleton. - -=Phlegethon= (Phleg'ethon). A river of fire in the infernal regions. -It was the picture of desolation, for nothing could grow on its -parched and withered banks. Also called Pyriphlegethon. - - "... Infernal rivers ... - ... Fierce Phlegethon, - Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage." - Milton. - -=Phlegon= (Phle'gon) (burning), one of the four chariot horses of Sol. - -=Phlegyas= (Phle'gyas). Son of Mars and father of Ixion and Coronis. -For his impiety in desecrating and plundering the temple of Apollo at -Delphi, he was sent to Hades, and there was made to sit with a huge -stone suspended over his head, ready to be dropped on him at any -moment. - -=Phoebus= (Phoe'bus). A name of Apollo, signifying light and life. - - "Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds, - Toward Phoebus' lodging." - Shakespeare. - -=Phorcus= (Phor'cus), or =Porcys=. A son of Neptune, father of the -Gorgons. The same as Oceanus. - -=Phryxus= (Phryx'us), see Golden Fleece. - -=Picumnus= (Picum'nus). A rural divinity, who presided over the -manuring of lands, also called Sterentius. - -=Picus= (Pi'cus). A son of Saturn, father of Faunus, was turned into a -woodpecker by Circe, whose love he had not requited. - -=Pierides= (Pier'ides). A name of the Muses, derived from Pieria, a -fountain in Thessaly, near Mount Olympus, where they were supposed to -have been born. Also, the daughters of Pierus, a king of Macedonia, -who settled in Boeotia. They challenged the Muses to sing, and were -changed into magpies. - -=Pietas= (Pie'tas). The Roman goddess of domestic affection. - -=Pillar=, see Calpe. - -=Pilumnus= (Pilum'nus). A rural divinity that presided over the corn -while it was being ground. At Rome he was hence called the god of -bakers. - -=Pine-Tree=, see Atys. - -=Pirithous= (Pirith'ous). A son of Ixion and great friend of Theseus, -king of Athens. The marriage of Pirithous and Hippodamia became famous -for the quarrel between the drunken Centaurs and the Lapithae, who, -with the help of Theseus, Pirithous, and Hercules, attacked and -overcame the Centaurs, many of whom were killed, and the remainder -took to flight. - -=Pitho= (Pi'tho), the goddess of Persuasion, daughter of Mercury and -Venus. She is sometimes referred to under the name of Suada. - -=Plants=, see Demogorgon. - -=Pleasure=, see Rembha. - -=Pleiades, The= (Plei'ades). Seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione. -Their names were Electra, Alcyone, Celaeno, Maia, Sterope, Taygete, -and Merope. They were made a constellation, but as there are only six -stars to be seen, the ancients believed that one of the sisters, -Merope, married a mortal, and was ashamed to show herself among her -sisters, who had all been married to gods. - - "... The gray - Dawn and the Pleiades before him danced. - Shedding sweet influence." - Milton. - -=Pluto= (Plu'to). King of the infernal regions. He was a son of Saturn -and Ops, and husband of Proserpine, daughter of Ceres. He is -sometimes referred to under the name Dis, and he personifies hell. His -principal attendant was the three-headed dog Cerberus, and about his -throne were the Eumenides, the Harpies, and the Furies. - - "With equal foot, rich friend, impartial fate - Knocks at the cottage and the palace gate. - . . . . . - Night soon will seize, and you must go below, - To story'd ghosts and Pluto's house below." - Creech. - -=Plutus= (Plu'tus), the god of riches, was son of Jasion or Iasius and -Ceres (Demeter), the goddess of corn. He is described as being blind -and lame; blind because he so often injudiciously bestows his riches, -and lame because fortunes come so slowly. - -=Pluvius= (Plu'vius). A name of Jupiter, because he had the rain in -his control. - -=Podalirius= (Podalir'ius). A famous surgeon, a son of Aesculapius and -Epione. His skill in medicine made him very serviceable among the -soldiers in the Trojan war. - -=Poet=, see Parnassus. - -=Poetry=, see Apollo, Calliope, The Muses. - -=Poisonous Herbs=, see Circe. - -=Poisonous Lake=, see Avernus. - -=Pollear= (Poll'ear). Son of Siva, the Hindoo god of wisdom. - -=Pollux= (Pol'lux). Twin brother of Castor. Their father was Jupiter -and their mother Leda. He and his brother form the constellation -Gemini. His Greek name was Polydeuces. Castor and Pollux are also -known under the name of Dioscuri, the presiding deities of public -games in Rome, Castor being the god of equestrian exercise, and Pollux -the god of boxing. See Aedepol. - -=Polybotes= (Polybo'tes). One of the giants who made war against -Jupiter. He was killed by Neptune. - -=Polydectes= (Polydec'tes) was turned into stone when Perseus showed -him Medusa's head. See Perseus. - -=Polydeuces= (Polydeu'ces). The Greek name of Pollux. - -=Polyhymnia= (Polyhym'nia). Daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. One of -the Muses who presided over singing and rhetoric. - -=Polyphemus= (Polyphe'mus), one of the most celebrated of the Cyclops, -a son of the nymph Thoosa and Neptune, or Poseidon, as the Greeks -called the god of the sea. He captured Ulysses and twelve of his -companions, and it is said that six of them were eaten. The remainder -escaped by the ingenuity of Ulysses, who destroyed Polyphemus's one -eye with a fire-brand. - - "Charybdis barks and Polyphemus roars." - Francis. - -=Polyxena= (Polyx'ena). Daughter of Hecuba and Priam, king of Troy. It -was by her treachery that Achilles was shot in the heel. - - [Illustration: Laocoon - _See page 79_] - -=Pomona= (Pomo'na). The Roman goddess of fruit-trees and gardens. - - "So to the sylvan lodge - They came, that like Pomona's arbor smiled - With flowerets decked and fragrant smells." - Milton. - -=Poplar-Tree=, see Heliades. - -=Portunus= (Portu'nus) (Palaemon), son of Ino, was the Roman god of -harbors. - -=Poseidon= (Posei'don). The Greek name of Neptune, god of the sea. - -=Pracriti= (Prac'riti). The Hindoo goddess of nature. - -=Predictions=, see Cassandra. - -=Priam= (Pri'am). The last king of Troy. See Paris. - -=Priapus= (Pria'pus), the guardian of gardens and god of natural -reproduction, was the son of Venus and Bacchus. - - "Priapus could not half describe the grace - (Though god of gardens) of this charming place." - Pope. - -=Prisca= (Pris'ca). Another name of Vesta. - -=Procris= (Pro'cris). Daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens. See -Cephalus, her husband. - -=Progne= (Prog'ne), wife of Tereus. Commonly called Procne, whose -sister was Philomela. See Itys and Tereus. - - "Complaining oft gives respite to our grief, - From hence the wretched Progne sought relief." - F. Lewis. - -=Prometheus= (Prome'theus), the son of Japetus and father of -Deucalion. He presumed to make clay men, and animate them with fire -which he had stolen from heaven. This so displeased Jupiter that he -sent him a box full of evils, which Prometheus refused; but his -brother Epimetheus, not so cautious, opened it, and the evils spread -over all the earth. Jupiter then punished Prometheus by commanding -Mercury to bind him to Mount Caucasus, where a vulture daily preyed -upon his liver, which grew in the night as much as it had been reduced -in the day, so that the punishment was a prolonged torture. Hercules -at last killed the vulture and set Prometheus free. - -=Prophecy=, see Nereus. - -=Proserpine= (Proser'pine). A daughter of Jupiter and Ceres. Pluto -carried her off to the infernal regions and made her his wife. She was -known by the names of "the Queen of Hell," Hecate, Juno Inferna, and -Libitina. She was called by the Greeks Persephone. - - "He sung, and hell consented - To hear the poet's prayer, - Stern Proserpine relented, - And gave him back the fair." - F. Lewis. - -=Proteus= (Pro'teus). A marine deity, who could foretell events and -convert himself at will into all sorts of shapes. According to later -legends, Proteus was a son of Poseidon. - - "The changeful Proteus, whose prophetic mind, - The secret cause of Bacchus' rage divined." - The Lusiad. - - "What chain can hold this varying Proteus fast?" - Budgell. - -=Psyche= (Psy'che). The wife of Cupid. The name is Greek, signifying -the soul or spirit. - -=Pygmalion= (Pygma'lion). A famous sculptor who had resolved to remain -unmarried, but he made such a beautiful statue of a goddess that he -begged Venus to give it life. His request being granted, Pygmalion -married the animated statue. - - "Few, like Pygmalion, doat on lifeless charms, - Or care to clasp a statue in their arms." - -=Pylades= (Py'lades). The son of Strophius, King of Phanote, and -husband of Electra; famous on account of his faithful friendship with -Orestes. - - "His wine - Was better, Pylades, than thine. - ... If you please - To choose me for your Pylades." - F. Lewis. - -=Pylotis= (Pylo'tis). A Greek name of Minerva. - -=Pyracmon= (Pyr'acmon), one of the chiefs of the Cyclopes. - -=Pyramus and Thisbe= (Pyr'amus and This'be). Two Babylonian lovers, -the children of hostile neighbors. See Shakespeare's burlesque of the -story of their loves, in "Midsummer Night's Dream." - -=Pyrois= (Py'rois) (luminous). One of the four chariot horses of Sol, -the Sun. - -=Pythia= (Py'thia). The priestess of Apollo at Delphi, who delivered -the answers of the oracle. Also the name of the Pythian games -celebrated in honor of Apollo's victory over the dragon Python. - -=Python= (Py'thon). A famous serpent killed by Apollo, which haunted -the caves of Parnassus. See Septerion. - - -=Quadratus= (Quadra'tus). A surname given to Mercury, because some of -his statues were four-sided. - -=Quadrifrons= (Quad'rifrons). Janus was sometimes depicted with four -faces instead of the usual two, and he was then called Janus -Quadrifrons. - -=Quies= (Qui'es). The Roman goddess of rest; she had a temple just -outside the Colline gate of Rome. - -=Quietus= (Quie'tus). One of the names of Pluto. - -=Quirinus= (Quiri'nus). A name given to Mars during wartime; Virgil -refers to Jupiter under the same name. - -=Quoit=, see Hyacinthus. - - -=Race=, see Atalanta. - -=Radamanthus= (Radaman'thus), see Rhadamanthus. - -=Rage=, see Furies. - -=Rainbow=, see Iris. - -=Rama= (Ra'ma). A Hindoo god, who was the terrestrial representative -of Vishnu. - -=Ram's Hide=, see Golden Fleece. - -=Reeds=, see Pan, also Syrinx. - -=Rembha= (Rem'bha). The Hindoo goddess of pleasure. - -=Reproduction=, see Priapus. - -=Rest=, see Quies. - -=Revenge=, see Ate. - -=Rhadamanthus= (Rhadaman'thus), a son of Jupiter and Europa, was the -ruler of the Greeks in the Asiatic islands, and judge of the dead in -the infernal regions. - - "These are the realms of unrelenting fate: - And awful Rhadamanthus rules the state. - He hears and judges each committed crime, - Inquires into the manner, place, and time; - The conscious wretch must all his acts reveal, - Loth to confess, unable to conceal; - From the first moment of his vital breath, - To the last hour of unrepenting death." - Dryden. - -=Rhamnusia= (Rhamnu'sia). A name of Nemesis, from Rhamnus, a town in -Attica, where she had a temple in which was her statue, made of one -stone ten cubits high. - -=Rhea= (Rhe'a). The Greek name of Cybele. She was a daughter of Uranus -and Gaea, and was called Mother of the gods. - -=Rhetoric=, see Calliope, also Polyhymnia. - -=Riches=, see Plutus. - -=Riddle=, see Sphinx. - -=Rimmon= (Rim'mon). A Phrygian god of whom Milton says-- - - "... Rimmon, whose delightful seat - Was fair Damascus, on the fertile banks - Of Abana and Pharpar, lucid streams." - -=Riot=, see Saturnalia. - -=River of Fire=, see Phlegethon. - -=Roads=, see Vialis. - -=Robber=, see Cacus, Coeculus. - -=Romulus= (Rom'ulus). The traditional founder of Rome. He was a son -of Mars and Ilia, and twin brother of Remus. The infants were thrown -into the Tiber, but were miraculously saved and suckled by a she-wolf, -till they were found by Faustulus, a shepherd, who brought them up. -Remus was killed in a quarrel with his brother, and Romulus became the -first King of Rome. - -=Rumia Dea= (Rumi'a Dea). The Roman goddess of babes in arms. - -=Rumina= (Ru'mina). Roman pastoral deities, who protected suckling -cattle. - -=Runcina= (Runci'na). The goddess of weeding or cleansing the ground. - - -=Sacrifices= were ceremonious offerings made to the gods. To every -deity a distinct victim was allotted, and the greatest care was always -taken in the selection of them. Anything in any way blemished was -considered as an insult to the god. At the time of the sacrifice the -people were called together by heralds led by a procession of -musicians. The priest, clothed in white, was crowned with a wreath -made of the leaves of the tree which was sacred to the particular god -to whom the sacrifice was offered. The victim had its horns gilt, and -was adorned with a chaplet similar to that of the priest, and was -decorated with bright-colored ribbons. The priest then said, "Who is -here?" to which the spectators replied, "Many good people." "Begone -all ye who are profane," said the priest; and he then began a prayer -addressed to all the gods. The sacrifice was begun by putting corn, -frankincense, flour, salt, cakes, and fruit on the head of the victim. -This was called the Immolation. The priest then took a cup of wine, -tasted it, and handed it to the bystanders to taste also; some of it -was then poured between the horns of the victim, and a few of the -saturated hairs were pulled off and put in the fire which was burning -on the altar. Then, turning to the east, the priest drew with his -knife a crooked line along the back of the beast from the head to the -tail, and told the assistants to kill the animal. This was done -directly, and the entrails of the victim taken out and carefully -examined by the Haruspices to find out what was prognosticated. The -carcase was then divided, and the thighs, covered with fat, were put -in the fire, and the rest of the animal was cut up, cooked, and eaten. -This feast was celebrated with dancing, music, and hymns, in praise of -the god in whose honor the sacrifice was made. On great occasions as -many as a hundred bullocks were offered at one time; and it is said -that Pythagoras made this offering when he found out the demonstration -of the forty-seventh proposition of the book of Euclid. - -=Saga= (Sa'ga). The Scandinavian goddess of history. The word means a -_saw_ or saying; hence Sagas, which embody Scandinavian legends, and -heroic or mythical traditions. - -=Sagittarius= (Sagitta'rius), see Chiron. - -=Sails=, see Daedalus. - -=Salamanders= (Sal'aman'ders). The genii who, according to Plato, -lived in fire. - - "The spirits of fiery termagants in flame, - Mount up and take a Salamander's name." - Pope. - -=Salatia= (Sala'tia), or Salacia, a Roman goddess of the salt water. -See Amphitrite. - -=Salii= (Sal'ii). The priests of Mars who had charge of the sacred -shields. - -=Salmoneus= (Salmo'neus). A king of Elis who, for trying to imitate -Jupiter's thunders, was sent by the god straight to the infernal -regions. - -=Salus= (Sa'lus). The Roman goddess of health. - -=Sappho= (Sap'pho), a celebrated poetess, a native of Lesbos, who -flourished in the seventh century B.C. Her only connection with the -goddesses of the time is that the Greeks called her "The tenth Muse." - -=Sarcasm=, see Momus. - -=Saron= (Sa'ron), a sea-god. - -=Sarpedon= (Sarpe'don), son of Jupiter by Europa. He accompanied -Glaucus, when the latter set out to assist Priam against the Greeks in -the Trojan War. He was slain by Patroclus. - -=Saturn= (Sat'urn), king of the Universe, was father of Jupiter, -Neptune, and Pluto. These gods quarreled amongst themselves as to the -division of their father's kingdom, which ended in Jupiter having -heaven and earth, Neptune the sea, and Pluto the infernal regions. - -=Saturnalia= (Saturna'lia). Festivals held in honor of Saturn about -the 16th or 18th of December. Principally famous for the riotous -disorder which generally attended them. - -=Saturnius= (Satur'nius). A name given to Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, -as sons of Saturn. - -=Satyavrata= (Satya'vra'ta). The Hindoo god of law. The same as Menu. - -=Satyrs= (Sat'yrs). Spirits of the woodland, half men, half goats, and -fond of wine and women. They were the attendants of Dionysus, and were -similar in most respects to the fauns who attended Pan. See Silenus. - - "Five satyrs of the woodland sort. - . . . . . . - With asses' hoofs, great goggle eyes, - And double chins of monstrous size." - Yalden. - -=Scylla= (Scyl'la). A beautiful nymph who excited the jealousy of -Neptune's wife, Amphitrite, and was changed by the goddess into a -frightful sea-monster, which had six fearfully ugly heads and necks, -and which, rising unexpectedly from the deep, used to take off as many -as six sailors from a vessel, and carry them to the bottom of the -sea. An alternative danger with the whirlpool, Charybdis, which -threatened destruction to all mariners. - - "There on the right her dogs foul Scylla hides, - Charybdis roaring on the left presides." - Virgil. - -=Scylla= (Scyl'la). A daughter of Nysus, who was changed into a lark -for cutting off a charmed lock of her father's hair. See Nysus. - -=Sea=, see Neptune. - -=Seasons=, see Vertumnus. - -=Sea-Weed=, see Glaucus. - -=Segetia= (Sege'tia). A rural divinity who protected corn during -harvest-time. - -=Sem.= The Egyptian Hercules. - -=Semele= (Sem'ele), daughter of Cadmus and the mother of Bacchus -(Dionysus), who was born in a miraculous manner after Jupiter had -visited her, at her special request, in all his terrible splendor. She -was deified after her death, and named Thyone. - -=Semi-Dei= were the demi-gods. - -=Semones= (Semo'nes). Roman gods of a class between the "immortal" and -the "mortal," such as the Satyrs and Fauns. - -=Septerion= (Septe'rion). A festival held every nine years at Delphi -in honor of Apollo, at which the victory of that god over the Python -was grandly represented. - -=Serapis= (Sera'pis). The Egyptian Jupiter, and generally considered -to be the same as Osiris. See Apis. - -=Serpent.= The Greeks and Romans considered the serpent as symbolical -of guardian spirits, and as such were often engraved on their altars. -See Aesculapius, Apollo, Chimaera, Eurydice, and Medusa. - - "Pleasing was his shape, - And lovely; never since of serpent kind, - Lovelier; not those that in Illyria changed - Hermione and Cadmus, or the god - In Epidaurus, nor to which transformed - Ammonian Jove, or Capitoline, was seen." - Milton. - -=Seshanaga= (Sesh'anag'a). The Egyptian Pluto. - -=Sewers=, see Cloacina. - -=Sharp-sightedness=, see Lynceus. - -=Shepherds=, see Pan. - -=Shields=, see Ancilia. - -=Ships=, see Neptune. - -=Silence=, see Harpocrates and Tacita. - -=Silenus= (Sile'nus). A Bacchanalian demi-god, the chief of the -Satyrs. He is generally represented as a fat, drunken old man, riding -on an ass, and crowned with flowers. - - "And there two Satyrs on the ground, - Stretched at his ease, their sire Silenus found." - -=Singing=, see Polyhymnia, Thamyris. - -=Sirens, The= (Si'rens). Sea nymphs, who by their music allured -mariners to destruction. To avoid the snare when nearing their abode, -Ulysses had the ears of his companions stopped with wax, and had -himself tied to the mast of his ship. They thus sailed past in safety; -but the Sirens, thinking that their charms had lost their powers, -drowned themselves. - -=Sisyphus= (Sis'yphus), son of Aeolus and Enaretta. He was condemned -to roll a stone to the top of a hill in the infernal regions, and as -it rolled down again when he reached the summit, his punishment was -perpetual. - - "I turned my eye, and as I turned, surveyed - A mournful vision! The Sisyphian shade. - With many a weary step and many a groan, - Up the high hill he leaves a huge round stone, - The huge round stone, resulting with a bound - Thunders impetuous down, and smokes along the ground." - Pope. - - "Thy stone, O Sisyphus, stands still - Ixion rests upon his wheel, - And the pale specters dance." - F. Lewis. - -=Siva= (Si'va). In Hindoo mythology the "changer of form." He is -usually spoken of as the "Destroyer and Regenerator." - -=Slaughter=, see Furies. - -=Slaves=, see Feronia. - -=Sleep=, see Caduceus, Morpheus, and Somnus. - -=Sleipner= (Sleip'ner). The eight-legged horse of Odin, the chief of -the Scandinavian gods. - - [Illustration: Winged Mercury - _See page 86_] - -=Sol.= The sun. The worship of the god Sol is the oldest on record, -and though he is sometimes referred to as being the same as the god -Apollo, there is no doubt he was worshiped by the Egyptians, Persians, -and other nations long before the Apollo of the Greeks was heard of. -See Surya. - - "Sol through white curtains shot a timorous ray, - And oped those eyes that must eclipse the day." - Pope. - -=Somnus= (Som'nus). The Roman god of sleep, son of Erebus and Nox -(Night). He was one of the infernal deities, and resided in a gloomy -cave, void of light and air. - -=Sospita= (Sos'pita). A name of Juno, as the safeguard of women. She -is called the "saving goddess." - -=Soter= (So'ter). A Greek name of Jupiter, meaning Savior or -deliverer. - -=Soul=, see Psyche. - -=South Wind=, see Auster. - -=Spear=, see Pelias. - -=Sphinx, The.= A monster having the head and breast of a woman, the -body of a dog, the tail of a serpent, the wings of a bird, the paws of -a lion, and a human voice. She lived in the country near Thebes, and -proposed to every passer-by the following enigma: "What animal is that -which walks on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and three in the -evening." Oedipus solved the riddle thus: Man is the animal; for, when -an infant he crawls on his hands and feet, in the noontide of life he -walks erect, and as the evening of his existence sets in, he supports -himself with a stick. When the Sphinx found her riddle solved she -destroyed herself. - -=Spider=, see Arachne. - -=Spindle=, see Pallas. - -=Spinning=, see Arachne, Ergatis. - -=Spring=, see Vertumnus. - -=Stable=, see Augaeas. - -=Stars=, see Aurora. - -=Sterentius= (Steren'tius). The Roman god who invented the art of -manuring lands. See also Picumnus. - -=Steropes= (Ster'opes). One of the Cyclopes. - -=Stone=, see Medusa and Phlegyas. - -=Stone= (rolling), see Sisyphus. - -=Streets=, see Apollo. - -=Stymphalides= (Stym'phali'des). The carnivorous birds destroyed in -the sixth labor of Hercules. - -=Styx.= A noted river of hell, which was held in such high esteem by -the gods that they always swore "By the Styx," and such an oath was -never violated. The river has to be crossed in passing to the regions -of the dead. See Achilles and Thetis. - - "To seal his sacred vow by Styx he swore:-- - The lake with liquid pitch,--the dreary shore." - Dryden. - - "... Infernal rivers that disgorge - Into the burning lake their baleful streams, - Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate." - -=Suada= (Sua'da), the goddess of Persuasion. See Pitho. - -=Success=, see Bonus Eventus. - -=Sun=, see Aurora, Belus, Sol, and Surya. - -=Sunflower=, see Clytie. - -=Suradevi= (Sura'de'vi). The Hindoo goddess of wine. - -=Surgeon= (Sur'geon), see Podalirius. - -=Surya= (Su'ry'a). The Hindoo god corresponding to the Roman Sol, the -sun. - -=Swallow=, see Itys. - -=Swan=, see Cygnus and Leda. - -=Swiftness=, see Atalanta. - -=Swine=, see Circe. - -=Sylphs.= Genii who, according to Plato, lived in the air. - - "The light coquettes as Sylphs aloft repair, - And sport and flutter in the fields of air." - Pope. - -=Sylvester= (Sylves'ter). The name of Mars when he was invoked to -protect cultivated land from the ravages of war. - -=Syrinx.= The name of the nymph who, to escape from the importunities -of Pan, was by Diana changed into reeds, out of which he made his -celebrated pipes, and named them "The Syrinx." - - -=Tacita= (Tac'ita). The goddess of Silence. See Harpocrates, also -Horus. - -=Tantalus= (Tan'talus). Father of Niobe and Pelops, who, as a -punishment for serving up his son Pelops as meat at a feast given to -the gods, was placed in a pool of water in the infernal regions; but -the waters receded from him whenever he attempted to quench his -burning thirst. Hence the word "tantalizing". - -Speaking of this god, Homer's Ulysses says: "I saw the severe -punishment of Tantalus. In a lake, whose waters approached to his -lips, he stood burning with thirst, without the power to drink. -Whenever he inclined his head to the stream, some deity commanded it -to be dry, and the dark earth appeared at his feet. Around him lofty -trees spread their fruits to view; the pear, the pomegranate, and the -apple, the green olive, and the luscious fig quivered before him, -which, whenever he extended his hand to seize them, were snatched by -the winds into clouds and obscurity." - - "There, Tantalus, along the Stygian bound, - Pours out deep groans,--his groans through hell resound. - E'en in the circling flood refreshment craves - And pines with thirst amidst a sea of waves." - - "... And of itself the water flies - All taste of living wight, as once it fled - The lip of Tantalus." - Milton. - -=Tartarus= (Tar'tarus). An inner region of hell, to which the gods -sent the exceptionally depraved. - -=Telchines= (Telchi'nes). People of Rhodes, who were envious sorcerers -and magicians. - -=Tellus= (Tel'lus). A name of Cybele, wife of Saturn, and the Roman -deity of mother-earth. - -=Tempests=, see Fro. - -=Temple.= An edifice erected to the honor of a god or goddess in which -the sacrifices were offered. - -=Tenth Muse.= Sappho was so called. - -=Tereus= (Ter'eus) was a son of Mars. He married Procne, daughter of -the king of Athens, but became enamored of her sister Philomela, who, -however, resented his attentions, which so enraged him that he cut out -her tongue. When Procne heard of her husband's unfaithfulness she took -a terrible revenge (see Itys). Procne was turned into a swallow, -Philomela into a nightingale, Itys into a pheasant, and Tereus into a -hoopoe, a kind of vulture, some say an owl. - -=Tergemina= (Tergemi'na). A name of Diana, alluding to her triform -divinity as goddess of heaven, earth, and hell. - -=Terminus= (Ter'minus). The Roman god of boundaries. - -=Terpsichore= (Terpsich'ore). One of the nine Muses; she presided over -dancing. - -=Terra.= The Earth; one of the most ancient of the Grecian goddesses. - -=Thalestris= (Thales'tris). A queen of the Amazons. - -=Thalia= (Thali'a). One of the nine Muses; she presided over -festivals, pastoral poetry and comedy. - -=Thalia= (Thali'a). One of the Graces. (See Charities). - -=Thamyris= (Tham'yris). A skilful singer, who presumed to challenge -the Muses to sing, upon condition that if he did not sing best they -might inflict any penalty they pleased. He was, of course, defeated, -and the Muses made him blind. - -=Theia= (The'ia) or =Thea=. A daughter of Uranus and Terra, wife of -Hyperion. - -=Themis= (The'mis), a daughter of Coelus and Terra, and wife of -Jupiter, was the Roman goddess of laws, ceremonies, and oracles. - -=Theseus= (The'seus). One of the most famous of the Greek heroes. He -was a son of Aegeus, king of Athens. He rid Attica of Procrustes and -other evil-doers, slew the Minotaur, conquered the Amazons and married -their Queen. - - "Breasts that with sympathizing ardor glowed, - And holy friendship such as Theseus vowed." - Budgell. - -=Thesmorphonis= (Thesmorpho'nis). A name of Ceres. - -=Thetis= (The'tis). A sea-goddess, daughter of Nereus and Doris. Her -husband was Peleus, king of Thessaly, and she was the mother of the -famous Achilles, whom she rendered all but invulnerable by dipping him -into the River Styx. See Achilles. - -=Thief=, see Laverna, Mercury. - -=Thor.= The Scandinavian war-god (son of Odin), who had rule over the -aerial regions, and, like Jupiter, hurled thunder against his foes. - -=Thor's Belt= is a girdle which doubles his strength whenever the -war-god puts it on. - -=Thoth.= The Mercury of the Egyptians. - -=Thread of Life=, see Fates. - -=Thunderbolts=, see Cyclops. - -=Thunderer, The=, Jupiter. See Tonitrualis. - - "O king of gods and men, whose awful hand - Disperses thunder on the seas and land, - Disposing all with absolute command." - Virgil. - - "The eternal Thunderer sat enthroned in gold." - Homer. - - "So when thick clouds enwrap the mountain's head, - O'er heaven's expanse like one black ceiling spread; - Sudden the Thunderer, with flashing ray, - Bursts through the darkness and lets down the day." - Pope. - -=Thya= (Thy'a), a name of Ops. - -=Thyades= (Thya'des). Priestesses of Bacchus, who ran wild in the -hills, wearing tiger-skins and carrying torches. - -=Thyrsus= (Thyr'sus), a kind of javelin or staff carried by Dionysus -and his attendants. It was usually wreathed with ivy and topped by a -pine-cone. See Bacchus. - -=Tides=, see Narayan. - -=Time= (or Saturn). The husband of Virtue and father of Truth. - -=Tisiphone= (Tis-iph'one). One of the Furies, daughter of Nox and -Acheron, who was the minister of divine vengeance upon mankind. - -=Titan= (Ti'tan). Elder brother of Saturn, who made war against him, -and was ultimately vanquished by Jupiter. - -=Titans= (Ti'tans) were the supporters of Titan in his war against -Saturn and Jupiter. They were the sons of Uranus and Gaea, men of -gigantic stature and of great strength. Hence our English word -_Titanic_. - -=Tithonus= (Ti-tho'nus). The husband of Aurora. At the request of his -wife the gods granted him immortality, but she forgot at the same time -to ask that he should be granted perpetual youth. The consequence was -that Tithonus grew old and decrepit, while Aurora remained as fresh as -the morning. The gods, however, changed him into a grasshopper, which -is supposed to moult as it gets old, and grows young again. - -=Tityus= (Tit'yus). A son of Jupiter. A giant who was thrown into the -innermost hell for insulting Diana. He, like Prometheus, has a vulture -constantly feeding on his ever-growing liver, the liver being supposed -to be the seat of the passions. - -=Toil=, see Atlas. - -=Tombs=, see Manes. - -=Tongue=, see Tereus. - -=Tonitrualis= (Tonitrua'lis), or Tonans. The Thunderer; a name of -Jupiter. - -=Towers=, see Cybele. - -=Tragedy=, see Melpomene. - -=Trees=, see Aristaeus. - -=Tribulation=, see Echidna. - -=Triformis= (Trifor'mis), see Tergemina. - -=Triptolemus= (Triptol'emus). A son of Oceanus and Terra. He was a -great favorite of the goddess Ceres, who cured him of a dangerous -illness when he was young, and afterwards taught him agriculture. She -gave him her chariot, which was drawn by dragons, in which he carried -seed-corn to all the inhabitants of the earth, and communicated the -knowledge given to him by Ceres. Cicero mentions a Triptolemus as the -fourth judge of the dead. - - "Triptolemus, whose useful cares intend - The common good." - Pope. - -=Triterica= (Triteri'ca). Bacchanalian festivals. - -=Tritons= (Tri'tons) were sons of Triton, a son of Neptune and -Amphitrite. They were the trumpeters of the sea-gods, and were -depicted as a sort of mermen--the upper half of the body being like a -man, and the lower half like dolphins. - -=Trivia= (Tri'via). A surname given to Diana, because she presided -over all places where three roads meet. - -=Trophonius= (Tropho'nius). A legendary hero of architecture, and one -of Jupiter's most famous oracles. - -=Troy.= The classic poets say that the walls of this famous city were -built by the magic sound of Apollo's lyre. See Dardanus, Helen, -Hercules, Paris. - -=Trumpeters=, see Tritons. - -=Truth.= A daughter of Time, because Truth is discovered in the -course of Time. Democritus says that Truth lies hidden at the bottom -of a well. - -=Tutelina= (Tutel'ina). A rural divinity--the goddess of granaries. - -=Two Faces=, see Janus. - -=Typhoeus= (Typhoe'us), see Typhon. - -=Typhon= (Ty'phon). A monster with a hundred heads who made war -against the gods, but was crushed by Jove's thunderbolts, and -imprisoned under Mount Etna. - - "... Typhon huge, ending in snaky twine." - Milton. - -=Typhon= (Ty'phon). In Egyptian mythology the god who tried to undo -all the good work effected by Osiris. According to the Greek writer, -Hesiod, Typhon or Typhoeus was a monster giant, son of Terra and -Tartarus. - - -=Uller= (Ul'ler). The Scandinavian god who presided over archery and -duels. - -=Ulysses= (Ulys'ses). A noted king of Ithaca, whose exploits in -connection with the Trojan war, and his adventures on his return -therefrom, are the subject of Homer's Odyssey. His wife's name was -Penelope, and he was so much endeared to her that he feigned madness -to get himself excused from going to the Trojan war; but this artifice -was discovered, and he was compelled to go. He was of great help to -the Grecians, and forced Achilles from his retreat, and obtained the -charmed arrows of Hercules from Philoctetes, and used them against the -Trojans. He enabled Paris to shoot one of them at the heel of -Achilles, and so kill that charmed warrior. During his wanderings on -his homeward voyage he was taken prisoner by the Cyclopes and escaped, -after blinding Polyphemus, their chief. At Aeolia he obtained all the -winds of heaven, and put them in a bag; but his companions, thinking -that the bags contained treasure which they could rob him of when they -got to Ithaca, cut the bags, and let out the winds, and the ships were -immediately blown back to Aeolia. After Circe had turned his -companions into swine on an island where he and they were shipwrecked, -he compelled the goddess to restore them to their human shape again. -As he passed the islands of the Sirens he escaped their allurements by -stopping the ears of his companions with wax, and fastening himself to -the mast of his ship. His wife Penelope was a pattern of constancy; -for, though Ulysses was reported to be dead, she would not marry any -one else, and had the satisfaction of finding her husband return after -an absence of about twenty years. The Greek name of Ulysses is -Odysseus. - - "To show what pious wisdom's power can do, - The poet sets Ulysses in our view." - -=Undine= (Un'dine). A water-nymph, or sylph, who, according to fable, -might receive a human soul by marrying a mortal. - -=Unknown God, An.= With reference to this God, nothing can be more -appropriate than St. Paul's address to the Athenians, as recorded in -the 17th chapter of the Acts of the Apostles: - - "_Ye_ men of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye are too - superstitious. For as I passed by, and beheld your devotions, - I found an altar with this inscription, TO THE UNKNOWN GOD. - Whom therefore ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you. - God that made the world and all things therein, seeing that - he is Lord of heaven and earth, dwelleth not in temples made - with hands; neither is worshiped with men's hands, as though - he needed anything, seeing he giveth to all life, and breath, - and all things; and hath made of one blood all nations of men - for to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath - determined the times before appointed, and the bounds of - their habitation; that they should seek the Lord, if haply - they might feel after him, and find him, though he be not far - from every one of us: for in him we live, and move, and have - our being; as certain also of your own poets have said, For - we are also his offspring. Forasmuch then as we are the - offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is - like unto gold, or silver, or stone, graven by art and man's - device. And the times of this ignorance God winked at; but - now commandeth all men everywhere to repent: because he hath - appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world in - righteousness by _that_ man whom he hath ordained; _whereof_ - he hath given assurance unto all _men_, in that he hath - raised him from the dead." - -=Unxia= (Unx'ia). A name of Juno, relating to her protection of newly -married people. - -=Urania= (Ura'nia). A daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne--one of the -Muses who presided over astronomy. - - [Illustration: Venus de Milo - _See page 142_] - -=Uranus= (Ura'nus), literally, heaven. Son and husband of Gaea, the -Earth, and father of Chronos (Time) and the Titans. The Greek name of -Coelus; his descendants are sometimes called Uranides. - -=Urgus= (Ur'gus). A name of Pluto, signifying the Impeller. - -=Ursa Major= (Ur'sa Ma'jor), see Calisto. - -=Ursa Minor= (Ur'sa Mi'nor), see Arcas. - -=Usurers=, see Jani. - -=Utgard Loki= (Ut'gard Lo'ki). In Scandinavian mythology the king of -the giants. - - -=Valhalla= (Valhal'la). The Scandinavian temple of immortality, -inhabited by the souls of heroes slain in battle. - -=Vali= (Va'li). The Scandinavian god of archery. - -=Valleys=, see Vallonia. - -=Vallonia= (Vallo'nia). The goddess of valleys. - -=Varuna= (Varu'na). The Hindoo Neptune--generally represented as a -white man riding on a sea-horse, carrying a club in one hand and a -rope or noose to bind offenders in the other. - -=Vedius= (Ve'dius). The same as Vejovis. - -=Vejovis= (Vejo'vis). "Little Jupiter"--a name given to Jupiter when -he appeared without his thunder. - -=Vejupiter= (Veju'piter), see Vejovis. - -=Vengeance=, see Nemesis. - -=Venus= (Ve'nus). The goddess of beauty, and mother of love. She is -said to have sprung from the foam of the sea, and was immediately -carried to the abode of the gods on Olympus, where they were all -charmed with her extreme beauty. Vulcan married her, but she permitted -the attentions of others of the gods, and notably of Mars, their -offspring being Hermione, Cupid, and Anteros. After this she left -Olympus and fell in love with Adonis, a beautiful youth, who was -killed when hunting a wild boar. Venus indirectly caused the Trojan -War, for, when the goddess of discord had thrown among the goddesses -the golden apple inscribed "To the fairest," Paris adjudged the apple -to Venus, and she inspired him with love for Helen, wife of Menelaus, -king of Sparta. Paris carried off Helen to Troy, and the Greeks -pursued and besieged the city (see Helen, Paris, and Troy). Venus is -mentioned by the classic poets under the names of Aphrodite, Cypria, -Urania, Astarte, Paphia, Cythera, and the laughter-loving goddess. Her -favorite residence was at Cyprus. Incense alone was usually offered on -her altars, but if there was a victim it was a white goat. Her -attendants were Cupids and the Graces. - -=Verticordia= (Verti'cor'dia). A Roman name of Venus, signifying the -power of love to change the hard-hearted. The corresponding Greek -name was Epistrophia. - -=Vertumnus= (Vertum'nus) ("the Turner," "Changer"). God of spring, or, -as some mythologists say, of the seasons; the husband of Pomona, the -goddess of fruits and orchards. - -=Vesta= (Ves'ta), daughter of Saturn and Cybele, was the goddess of -the hearth and its fire. She had under her special care and protection -a famous statue of Minerva, before which the Vestal Virgins kept a -fire or lamp constantly burning. - -=Vestal Virgins= (Ves'tal Vir'gins) were the priestesses of Vesta, -whose chief duty was to see that the sacred fire in the temple of -Vesta was not extinguished. They were always selected from the best -families, and were under a solemn vow of chastity, and compelled to -live perfectly pure lives. - -=Vialis= (Via'lis). A name of Mercury, because he presided over the -making of roads. - -=Victory= (Vic'tory). A goddess, the daughter of Styx and Acheron, -generally represented as flying in the air holding out a wreath of -laurel. Her Greek name is Nike (_Nice_). See Nicephorus. - -=Vidor.= A Scandinavian god, who could walk on the water and in the -air. The god of silence (corresponding with the classic Harpocrates). - -=Virtue.= A goddess worshiped by most of the ancients under various -names. The way to the temple of honor was through the temple of -virtue. - -=Virtuous Women=, see Juno. - -=Vishnu= (Vish'nu). The Preserver, the principal Hindoo goddess. - -=Volupia= (Volu'pia), see Angeronia. - -=Vulcan= (Vul'can), the god of fire, was the son of Jupiter and Juno. -He offended Jupiter, and was by him thrown out of heaven; he was nine -days falling, and at last dropped into Lemnos with such violence that -he broke his leg, and was lame forever after. Vulcan was married to -Venus. He is supposed to have formed Pandora out of clay. His servants -were the Cyclopes. He was the patron deity of blacksmiths, and as the -smelter or softener of metal bears also the name of Mulciber. - - "Men call him Mulciber; and how he fell - From heaven, they fabled, thrown by angry Jove, - Sheer o'er the crystal battlements." - Milton. - -=Vulcanalia= (Vulcan-al'ia) were Roman festivals in honor of -Vulcan, at which the victims (certain fish and animals) were thrown -into the fire and burned to death. - - -=War=, see Bellona, Chemos, Mars. - -=Water=, see Canopus. - -=Water-Nymphs=, see Doris. - -=Wax Tablets=, see Calliope. - -=Wealth=, see Cuvera. - -=Weaving=, see Ergatis. - -=Weeding=, see Runcina. - -=Weights and Measures=, see Mercury. - -=Well=, see Truth. - -=West Wind=, see Favonius. - -=Winds=, see Aurora, Auster, Boreas, Zephyr. - -=Wine=, see Bacchus, Suradevi. - -=Wisdom=, see Pollear, Minerva. - -=Woden= (Wo'den), the Anglo-Saxon form of the Scandinavian god Odin; -Wednesday is called after him. - -=Women's Safeguard=, see Sospita. - -=Woodpecker=, see Picus. - -=Woods=, see Dryads. - -=World=, see Chaos. - - -=Xanthus= (Xan'thus), the name of the wonderful horse of Achilles. - - -=Yama= (Ya'ma). The Hindoo devil, generally represented as a terrible -monster of a green color, with flaming eyes. - -=Ygdrasil= (Yg'dra'sil). The famous ash-tree of Scandinavian -mythology, under which the gods held daily council. - -=Ymir= (Y'mir). The Scandinavian god, corresponding to Chaos of the -classics. - -=Youth= (perpetual), see Tithonus. - - -=Zephyr= (Zeph'yr) or =Zephyrus= (Zeph'yrus). The west wind and god -of flowers, a son of Astraeus and Aurora (Eos). See Favonius. - - "Wanton Zephyr, come away. - . . . . . - The sun, and Mira's charming eyes, - At thy return more charming grow. - With double glory they appear, - To warm and grace the infant year." - John Hughes, 1700. - -=Zetes= (Ze'tes), with his brother Calais, drove the Harpies from -Thrace. - -=Zethus= (Ze'thus), twin brother of Amphion. He was the son of Antiope -and Zeus. See Amphion. - -=Zeus= (Zus). The Greek name of Jupiter, the greatest god in -Grecian mythology. He was the god of the sky and its phenomena, and as -such was worshiped on the highest mountains, on which he was -enthroned. From Zeus come all changes in the sky or the winds; he is -the gatherer of the clouds which dispense fertilizing rain; and is -also the thunderer and hurler of lightning. - - -THE END. - - - - -=Entertainments for Every Occasion.= Ideas, games, charades, tricks, -plans--for keeping those present entertained, on whatever occasion, -whether a party, a festival, a bazaar, an entertainment, or merely -"our own folks" or an "_entre nous_." - -=The Humorous Speaker.= The choicest, most recent _humor_ that lends -itself to _recitation_. Easily the best collection that has been made. -The selections are chosen because they are _good literature_, and -because they are _good recitations_. Unhackneyed material--most of it -from recently copyrighted books, for which _special permission_ has -been secured. A _hundred and twenty five_ selections, about 500 pages. - -=Commencement Parts.= "Efforts" for all occasions. _Models_ for every -possible occasion in high-school and college career, every one of the -"efforts" being what some fellow has _stood on his feet_ and actually -delivered on a similar occasion--not what the compiler _would_ say if -_he_ should happen to be called on for an ivy song or a response to a -toast, or what not; but what the fellow himself, when his turn came, -_did say_! Invaluable, indispensable to those preparing any kind of -"effort." _Unique._ - -Contains _models_ of the salutatory, the valedictory, orations, class -poems, class songs, class mottoes, class will, ivy poem and song, -Dux's speech; essays and addresses for flag day, the seasons, national -and other holidays; after-dinner speeches and responses to toasts. -Also _models_ for occasional addresses--social, educational, -political, religious. Also models for _superintendents'_ and -_principals'_ addresses to graduating class, debating team, -educational conference; on dedication of school building, public -building, library; for holidays, festival days, and scores of social -and other occasions. Also themes for essays, and lists of _subjects_ -for orations, essays, toasts. - -=College Men's 3-Minute Declamations.= Material with vitality in it -for prize speaking. _14th edit._ - -=College Maids' 3-Minute Readings.= Up-to-date recitations from living -men and women. On the plan of the popular College Men's 3-Minute -Declamations, and on the same high plane. _Twelfth edition._ - -=Pieces for Prize Speaking Contests.= _Volume I._ Over one hundred -pieces that have _actually taken prizes_ in prize speaking contests. -_Successful._ - -=Pieces for Prize Speaking Contests.= _Vol. II._ - -=Pieces for Every Occasion.= "Special days." - -=Famous Poems Explained.= (Barbe). - -=How to Attract and Hold an Audience.= Every student in college or -school, every lawyer, every teacher, every clergyman, every man or -woman occupying an official position, every citizen and every youth -who is likely ever to have occasion in committee, or in public, to -enlist the interest, to attract and hold the attention of one or more -hearers, and _convince_ them--every person who ever has to, or is -likely to have to "speak" to one or more listeners will find in our -new book a clear, concise, _complete_ handbook which will enable him -to _succeed_! - -Thorough, concise, methodical, replete with common sense, complete. In -his logical method, in the crystal-like lucidity of his style, in his -forceful, incisive, penetrating mastery of his subject, the author has -at one bound placed himself on a plane with the very ablest -teacher-authors of his day. - -=Fenno's Science and Art of Elocution.= _Standard._ Probably the most -successful of its kind. - -=The Power of Speech, How to Acquire It.= A comprehensive system of -vocal expression. Thorough and practical instruction in the use of the -speaking voice, embracing deep breathing, articulation, modulation, -emphasis and delivery; vocal coloring, interpretation of the written -word, the conveying of thought by means of vocal expression, and the -principles of oratory and dramatic art. - -=The Psychology of Public Speaking.= A scientific treatment of the -practical needs of the public speaker. A worth-while book. - -=How to Use the Voice= in Reading and Speaking. By Ed. Amherst Ott, -head of the School of Oratory, Drake University. Suitable for class -work. - -=How to Gesture.= E. A. Ott. New _illus._ edit. - -=Constitution of U. S.= In English, German and French. - -=Constitution of U. S., with Index.= (Thorpe's _Pocket Edition_). - -=Brief History of Civilization.= (Blackmar). - -=The Changing Values of English Speech.= - -=The Worth of Words.= (Bell). - -=The Religion of Beauty.= (Bell). - -=Dictionaries: The Classic Series.= _Half morocco._ Especially -planned for students and teachers in colleges and high schools. Up to -the times in point of contents, authoritative while modern as regards -scholarship, instantly accessible in respect to arrangement, in a -binding elegant and durable. 8x51/2 in. - - _French-English and Eng.-French_, - _German-English and Eng.-German_, - _Latin-English and Eng.-Latin_, - _Greek-English and Eng.-Greek_, - _English-Greek Dictionary_. - -=Dictionaries: The Handy Series.= _Pocket Edition._ Scholarship modern -and accurate; beautiful print. - - _Spanish-English and Eng.-Spanish_, - _Italian-English and Eng.-Italian_, - _New-Testament Lexicon_. With a fine presentation - of the _Synonyms_ of the Greek Testament. - -=Liddell and Scott's Abridged Greek Lexicon.= With new _Appendix of -Proper and Geog'l names_. - -=White's Latin-English Dictionary.= - -=White's English-Latin Dictionary.= - -=White's Lat.-Eng. and Eng.-Lat. Diction.= - -=International Pronouncing French-English and Eng.-French Dictionary.= -_Half morocco._ The _pronunciation_ is indicated by a full re-spelling -of each title-word in the system of the _International Phonetic -Associ'n_, a widely used means of indicating, simply and accurately, -the _pronunciation_ of _all_ languages in a _single_ (amplified) -_Roman alphabet_. - -=Who's Who in Mythology?= A dictionary of mythological characters. -Identifies and locates _instanter_ every god and goddess, hero and -myth that are likely to be broached either in conversation, sermon, -song, drama, painting or statuary. - -=Who's Who in History?= A dictionary of classical characters and -allusions. Locates the places, identifies the persons, describes the -things, which are constantly alluded to in literature, in sermons, in -paintings, in sculpture and in conversation. - - - - -=BOOKS BY RALCY HUSTED BELL= - - -=The Worth of Words= - -_Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged._ - -The SOULS of words live after their forms change. This spiritual -element of words survives as literature. The _living_ book contains -the EGO of the author--the spiritual personality of his mind. This -book treats of the _right_ usage of words on this vital basis. It is a -_living_ guide. Simple and clear, it aids correct speech and shows how -to vitalize words with SOUL. - - -=The Changing Values of English Speech= - -A mate to THE WORTH OF WORDS. Touches lightly the philosophical side -in a _practical_ way: illumines _Style_, _Soul of Words_, _Early -English_, _Language Change_, _Poetry_, _Syntax_, _Variations in -Word-Meanings_, _Distinctions_, _Origin of Language_, _Old Celtic -Friends_, _English Orthography_, _Words Changed Since Shakespeare_, -_Commonplace Poetry_, _Aborigines_. Reads with the _fascination of -romance_. - - -=The Religion of Beauty= - -_Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged._ - -This is the autobiography of a Soul glad of life--one who finds riches -in the possessions of others and, above all, a golden wealth in man's -_Impersonal Estate_--in SKY and STAR, SUN and CITY, the SEA and the -OPEN WORLD--one who finds the _Religion_ of _Beauty_ in all things, -and reveals the secret whereby all who will may dig up "real wealth" -while having a good time. - - -=Taormina= - -_Illustrated. New Historic Matter._ - -History is told here with Maeterlinck's charm of style; scenes are -painted with the power and beauty of Hearn; philosophy is -unconsciously brought forth from events. Greek legend weaves a -necklace of imagery which holds ETNA in its clasp. Martial echoes -mingle with the voices of ancient poets, the murmur of the Ionian Sea -and of olive leaves in sunny Sicily. - - - - -=English and American Literature= - -=A One Year Course= - -=FROM CHAUCER TO MARK TWAIN= - -By B. A. HEYDRICK, A. B. - -DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, HIGH SCHOOL OF COMMERCE NEW YORK CITY - -Interestingly written, illustrated with portraits and enlivened by -pictures of scenes described, facsimiles of manuscripts, etc. - -In the space of three hundred pages the author has managed to give a -clear account of English literature from Chaucer to Mark Twain and -James Whitcomb Riley. It is _not_ a mere outline, but a continuous -narrative, and really the most engaging book on the subject that has -appeared. It is written on a different plan from most brief -text-books. The author has wisely not attempted to treat every author -in English literature. By omitting the names which have no meaning for -us to-day the author has gained space to treat the really significant -writers quite fully enough for the needs of young students. An -excellent feature of the book is the profusion of _illustrations_. -Throughout the work emphasis is placed upon books that _still live_. -The nineteenth century in particular is treated fully; the writers may -be no greater than those of the eighteenth, but they have more to say -to us. - -Each chapter is followed by a list of recommended reading in the chief -authors, with references to volumes where these may be found. By means -of this recommended reading _the course covered by this book may -readily be extended to cover two years' work_, or more. Under each -chief author is mentioned a standard library edition of his works and -inexpensive editions of single volumes. - - - - -=The Speaker Series= - -The Speaker Series (32 vols) paper. - - No. 1 Popular Short Stories - No. 2 Selections Chosen for Declamation Contest - No. 3 Selections for Children to Recite - No. 4 Cuttings from Stories - No. 5 Cuttings from Stories - No. 6 Ten Short Plays - No. 7 Readings, and Four Plays - No. 8 Briefs of Debates, and Readings - No. 9 Cuttings of Popular Stories - No. 10 Modern American Oratory - No. 11 Dramatic and Humorous Readings - No. 12 Centennial Number - No. 13 New Platform Selections - No. 14 Selections for Religious Occasions - No. 15 Encores: Nearly 200 Fresh, Bright Hits - No. 16 Popular Platform Readings - No. 17 Humorous and Dramatic Readings - No. 18 Monologues - No. 19 On Temperance - No. 20 For Declamation Contests - No. 21 After-dinner Speaking - No. 22 School and College Readings - No. 23 Selections for Entertainments - No. 24 Dramatic Selections - No. 25 Popular Prose and Poetry - No. 26 Readings from Great Authors - No. 27 Readings and Debates Not Found Elsewhere - No. 28 Classic Masterpieces - No. 29 Best Fiction for the Platform - No. 30 Humorous and Pathetic Readings - No. 31 Patriotic Selections - No. 32 Scenes from Plays for Platform Readings - -THE ABOVE NUMBERS IN EIGHT BOUND VOLUMES, indexed by authors and -titles: - - Vol. I. Including Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4, - Vol. II. Including Nos. 5, 6, 7 and 8, - Vol. III. Including Nos. 9, 10, 11 and 12, - Vol. IV. Including Nos. 13, 14, 15 and 16, - Vol. V. Including Nos. 17, 18, 19, 20, - Vol. VI. Including Nos. 21, 22, 23, 24, - Vol. VII. Including Nos. 25, 26, 27, 28, - Vol. VIII. Including Nos. 29, 30, 31, 32. - - - - -Transcriber's Note - -As referred to in the Transcriber's note at the beginning of this -ebook, proper nouns have been amended for ease of searching as -follows: - - Page 13--Deianeira amended to Deianira--... in his love for - Deianira. - - Page 18--Podalirus amended to Podalirius--... Machaon and - Podalirius, both famous physicians, ... - - Page 31--Rumina amended to Rumia--=Babes=, see Rumia Dea. - - Page 32--Thanyris amended to Thamyris--=Blind=, see Thamyris. - - Page 49--Antaeas amended to Antaeus--=Earth=, see Antaeus. - - Page 55--Plato amended to Pluto--=Februus= (Feb'ruus). A name - of Pluto, ... - - Page 56--Chimera amended to Chimaera--She was the reputed - mother of Chimaera, ... - - Page 61--Segestia amended to Segetia--=Harvest=, see Segetia. - - Page 70--Venns amended to Venus--... in which there is a - grove sacred to Venus. - - Page 72--Argus amended to Argos--... and a priestess of Juno - at Argos. - - Page 79--Romas amended to Romans--The Romans used to swear by - Jupiter Lapis. - - Page 84--Diomede amended to Diomedes--... but was defeated by - Diomedes. - - Page 87--Thot amended to Thoth--There was also an Egyptian - Mercury under the name of Thoth, ... - - Page 89--Glaucopis amended to Glaukopis--... Pallas, - Parthenos, Tritonia, and Glaukopis. - - Page 117--Japetes amended to Japetus--... the son of Japetus - ... - - Page 122--Runcia amended to Runcina--=Runcina= (Runcina). The - goddess of weeding ... - - Page 127--Chimera amended to Chimaera--See Aesculapius, - Apollo, Chimaera, ... - - Page 127--Thanyris amended to Thamyris--=Singing=, see - Polyhymnia, Thamyris. - - Page 130--Ergotis amended to Ergatis--=Spinning=, see - Arachne, Ergatis. - - Page 134--Thesmorphonius amended to - Thesmorphonis--=Thesmorphonis= (Thesmorphonis). A name of - Ceres. - - Page 135--Naryanan amended to Narayan--=Tides=, see Narayan. - - Page 141--Calistro amended to Calisto--=Ursa Major= (Ur'sa - Ma'jor), see Calisto. - - Page 145--Ergatos amended to Ergatis--=Weaving=, see Ergatis. - -The book notes Vishnu as a goddess, and Laksmi as one of Vishnu's -husbands. This is preserved as printed. - -Minor punctuation errors have been repaired. Hyphenation has been made -consistent. - -The following printer errors have been repaired: - - Page 102--anxiiety amended to anxiety--Orpheus, however, in - his anxiety ... - - Page 124--spirites amended to sprites--The sprites of fiery - termagants in flame, ... - - Page 140--preceive amended to perceive--... I perceive that - in all things ye are too superstitious. - -With regard to quoted material, all attributions (or lack thereof) -are preserved as in the original. - -The transcriber notes that, on page 16, two couplets are attributed -to Pope, although the second is actually from Dryden. However, this -is preserved as printed. - -The frontispiece illustration has been moved to follow the title page. -Other illustrations have been moved where necessary so that they are -not in the middle of a paragraph. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of 1000 Mythological Characters Briefly -Described, by Edward S. 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