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@@ -1,38 +1,4 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Old Time Wall Papers, by Katherine Abbott Sanborn - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Old Time Wall Papers - An Account of the Pictorial Papers on Our Forefathers' - Walls with a Study of the Historical Development of Wall - Paper Making and Decoration - -Author: Katherine Abbott Sanborn - -Release Date: December 19, 2012 [EBook #41664] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD TIME WALL PAPERS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Jane Robins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41664 *** +-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Transcriber's Note: | @@ -495,7 +461,7 @@ Water-mark paper originated in the early fourteenth century, when paper-making became an European industry; and a considerable international trade can be traced by means of the water marks. -The French Encyclopaedia corroborates Blanchet's statement that the +The French Encyclopædia corroborates Blanchet's statement that the common notion that the Arabic and early European papers were made of cotton is a mistake; the microscope shows rag and flax fibres in the earliest. @@ -518,7 +484,7 @@ preserved by the dry sand, and remain almost as fresh as they were on the day they left the hand of the artist, whose bones have long since been resolved into their native dust." -From the Encyclopaedia Britannica I condense the long article on "Mural +From the Encyclopædia Britannica I condense the long article on "Mural Decoration": There is scarcely one of the numerous branches of decorative art which @@ -554,13 +520,13 @@ in England. VII. Painted cloth. In _King Henry IV._, Falstaff says his soldiers are "slaves, as ragged as Lazarus in the painted cloth." Canvas, painted to imitate tapestry, was used both for ecclesiastical and domestic -hangings. English mediaeval inventories contain such items as "stayned +hangings. English mediæval inventories contain such items as "stayned cloth for hangings"; "paynted cloth with stories and batailes"; and "paynted cloths of beyond-sea-work." The most important existing example is the series of paintings of the Triumph of Julius Caesar, now in Hampton Court. These designs were not meant to be executed in tapestry, but were complete as wall-hangings. Godon, in _Peinture sur Toile_, -says: "The painted canvasses kept at the Hotel Dieu at Rheims were done +says: "The painted canvasses kept at the Hôtel Dieu at Rheims were done in the fifteenth century, probably as models for woven tapestries. They have great artistic merit. The subjects are religious." Painted cloths were sometimes dyed in a manner similar to those Indian stuffs which @@ -616,7 +582,7 @@ It is amusing to note how Miss Strickland, in her _Lives of the Queens of England_, takes up the cudgels in a very vigorous manner on behalf of Matilda's claim: -"The archaeologists and antiquaries would do well to direct their +"The archæologists and antiquaries would do well to direct their intellectual powers to more masculine objects of enquiry, and leave the question of the Bayeux Tapestry (with all other matters allied to needle-craft) to the decision of the ladies, to whose province it @@ -648,7 +614,7 @@ until recent times it has hung. The tapestry has undergone so many vicissitudes that it is a matter for wonder that it has been preserved in such good condition for eight -hundred years. At one time it was exhibited at the Hotel de Ville, at +hundred years. At one time it was exhibited at the Hôtel de Ville, at Bayeux, fixed panorama-fashion on two rollers, so that it was at the disposal of the fingers as well as the eyes of the curious. When Napoleon was thinking of invading this country, he had the tapestry @@ -747,17 +713,17 @@ along the bank, and one, at least, diving to the bottom, with tail and feet in the air." The best authority on tapestries in many lands is the exhaustive work by -Muntz, published in Paris, 1878-1884, by the Societe anonyme de -Publication Periodique--three luxuriously bound and generously -illustrated volumes, entitled _Histoire Generale de la Tapisserie en +Muntz, published in Paris, 1878-1884, by the Société anonyme de +Publication Périodique--three luxuriously bound and generously +illustrated volumes, entitled _Histoire Générale de la Tapisserie en Italie, en Allemagne, en Angleterre, en Espagne_. -We learn here that in 1630 Le Francois, of Rouen, incited by the +We learn here that in 1630 Le François, of Rouen, incited by the Chinese colored papers imported by the missionaries, tried to imitate the silk tapestries of the wealthy in a cheaper substance. He spread powdered wool of different colors on a drawing covered with a sticky -substance on the proper parts. This _papier veloute_, called _tontisse_ -by Le Francois, was exported to England, where it became known as "flock +substance on the proper parts. This _papier velouté_, called _tontisse_ +by Le François, was exported to England, where it became known as "flock paper." The English claim a previous invention by Jeremy Lanyer, who, in 1634, had used Chinese and Japanese processes. At any rate, the manufacture of flock papers spread in England and was given up in @@ -803,7 +769,7 @@ work, of Japanese origin, may be seen in the "Queen's palace at the Hague," called the _Huis-ten-Bosch_--the House-in-the-Wood. This is a magnificent composition of foliage and flowers, birds and butterflies, perfect in form and beauty of tint, worked in silks on a ground of -_ecru_ satin. It is composed of many breadths forming one picture, +_écru_ satin. It is composed of many breadths forming one picture, starting from the ground with rock-work, and finishing at the top of the wall with light sprays of flowers, birds, butterflies and sky; the colouring of the whole so judiciously harmonized as to be an object @@ -1095,7 +1061,7 @@ partly from Oriental sources and coming to perfection at the end of the fifteenth century, copied and reproduced in textiles, printed stuffs, and wall-papers, with but little change, down to the nineteenth century. -From the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. XVII, I quote again: +From the Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. XVII, I quote again: "Wall-papers did not come into common use in Europe until the eighteenth century, though they appear to have been used much earlier by the Chinese. A few rare examples exist in England, which may be as early as @@ -1175,7 +1141,7 @@ coating resembling cloth upon the adhesive surface of the figures." The manufacture of this paper was practised, both in England and France, early in the seventeenth century. I find in the Oxford Dictionary the following examples of the early mention of flock cloth, which was the -thing that suggested to Le Francois his invention of flock paper: +thing that suggested to Le François his invention of flock paper: Act I of Richard III., C. 8, preamble: "The Sellers of such course Clothes, being bare of Threde, usen for to powder the cast Flokkys of @@ -1372,7 +1338,7 @@ by mixing with water the yellow-gray clay from the nearest claybank. In Philadelphia, walls were whitewashed until about 1745, when we find one Charles Hargrave advertising wall-paper, and a little later Peter -Fleeson manufacturing paper-hangings and papir-mache mouldings at the +Fleeson manufacturing paper-hangings and papir-maché mouldings at the corner of Fourth and Chestnut Streets. Those who could not afford to import papers painted their walls, either @@ -1601,7 +1567,7 @@ mandolin and tambourine round the tomb of Virgil on my natal morn. Some men were fishing, others bringing in the catch; farther on was a picnic party, sentimental youths and maidens eating comfits and dainties to the tender notes of a flute. And old Vesuvius was smoking violently. All -this because the room in which I made my debut was adorned with a +this because the room in which I made my début was adorned with a landscape or scenic paper. Fortunately, this still remains on the walls, little altered or defaced @@ -2011,7 +1977,7 @@ the paper, and so looks too dark. I would have you finish it as soon as you can, thus: paint the wainscot a dead white; paper the walls blue, and tack the gilt border round the cornice. If the paper is not equally coloured when pasted on, let it be brushed over again with the same -colour, and let the _papier mache_ musical figures be tacked to the +colour, and let the _papier maché_ musical figures be tacked to the middle of the ceiling. When this is done, I think it will look very well." @@ -2138,7 +2104,7 @@ charming nymph seated on a rock and playing on a lyre. Below all these scenes there was a dado of black and grey, with scrolls and names of the beings depicted--such names as Atlas, Atlantis, Ariadne, Arethusa, Adonis, Apollo, Andromache, Bacchus, Cassandra, Cadmus, Diana, Endymion, -Juno, Jupiter, Iris, Laocooen, Medusa, Minerva, Neptune, Pandora, +Juno, Jupiter, Iris, Laocoön, Medusa, Minerva, Neptune, Pandora, Penelope, Romulus, Sirius, Thalia, Theseus, Venus, Vulcan, and many others were "among those present." Below these names came a dado of grassy green, with marine views at intervals. @@ -2567,10 +2533,10 @@ A SPECIAL PLEADER Another mythologic story is grandly depicted in a paper in the residence of Dr. John Lovett Morse, at Taunton, Mass. (Plates LXV to LXX.) This paper was described to me as illustrating the fifth book of -Virgil's _AEneid_. When the handsome photographs came, we tried to verify -them. But a reading of the entire _AEneid_ failed to identify any of +Virgil's _Æneid_. When the handsome photographs came, we tried to verify +them. But a reading of the entire _Æneid_ failed to identify any of them, except that the one shown in Plate LXIX might be intended to -represent the Trojan women burning the ships of AEneas. Who were the two +represent the Trojan women burning the ships of Æneas. Who were the two personages leaping from the cliff? Virgil did not mention them. A paper in _Country Life in America_ for April, 1905, describing the @@ -2626,7 +2592,7 @@ popular, as "The Bay of Naples," "The Alhambra," "Gallipoli," "On the Bosporus." A striking paper represents the River Seine at Paris. This paper has a brilliant coloring and the scenes are carried entirely round the room; nearly all the principal buildings in Paris are seen. On one -side of the room you will notice the Column Vendome, which shows that +side of the room you will notice the Column Vendôme, which shows that the paper was made after 1806. The horses in the arch of the Carousel are still in place. As these were sent back to Venice in 1814, the paper must have been made between these dates. @@ -4173,7 +4139,7 @@ Scenes from Paris. Weston house at Duxbury, Massachusetts, built in 1808; the Walker house at Rockville, Massachusetts, and several other New England towns. The principal buildings of Paris are represented as lining - the shore of the Seine. The inclusion of the Colonne Vendome shows + the shore of the Seine. The inclusion of the Colonne Vendôme shows it to have been designed since 1806; and as the horses on the Carousel arch were returned to Venice in 1814, the paper probably dates between those years. (p. 88) @@ -4243,7 +4209,7 @@ Bay of Naples. Detail. The monument has a Greek inscription which Professor Kittredge of Harvard University translates literally: "Emperor - Caesar, me divine Hadrian. Column of the Emperor Antoninus + Cæsar, me divine Hadrian. Column of the Emperor Antoninus Pius"--who was the son of Hadrian. The pillar of Antonine still stands at Rome. The statue of Antoninus which formerly surmounted it was removed by Pope Sextus, who substituted a figure of Paul. @@ -4730,366 +4696,4 @@ Transcriber's note: End of Project Gutenberg's Old Time Wall Papers, by Katherine Abbott Sanborn -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD TIME WALL PAPERS *** - -***** This file should be named 41664.txt or 41664.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/6/6/41664/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Jane Robins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Old Time Wall Papers - An Account of the Pictorial Papers on Our Forefathers' - Walls with a Study of the Historical Development of Wall - Paper Making and Decoration - -Author: Katherine Abbott Sanborn - -Release Date: December 19, 2012 [EBook #41664] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD TIME WALL PAPERS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Jane Robins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------+ - | Transcriber's Note: | - | | - | Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original | - | document have been adjusted. | - | | - | Italics is displayed as _PLATE XXIV_. | - | Small caps have been replaced with all caps. | - | | - | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. For | - | a complete list, please see the end of this file. | - | | - +-----------------------------------------------------------+ - - - - -OLD TIME WALL PAPERS - -WE HAVE PRINTED 75 SIGNED AND NUMBERED COPIES OF THIS BOOK ON FRENCH -JAPAN PAPER, AND 975 NUMBERED COPIES ON AMERICAN PLATE PAPER. THE TYPE -HAS BEEN DISTRIBUTED. NUMBER. - -[Illustration] - - - - - OLD TIME WALL PAPERS - - AN ACCOUNT OF THE PICTORIAL PAPERS - ON OUR FOREFATHERS' WALLS - - WITH A STUDY OF THE - - HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WALL - PAPER MAKING AND DECORATION - - BY - - KATE SANBORN - - [Illustration] - - GREENWICH CONNECTICUT - THE LITERARY COLLECTOR PRESS - NEW YORK - 1905 - - CLIFFORD & LAWTON - 19 UNION SQUARE WEST, NEW YORK CITY - _SOLE AGENTS_ - - - - - Copyright, 1905 - BY KATE SANBORN - - - - -TO - -A. S. C. - -THE CHATELAINE OF ELM BANK - -[Illustration] - - - - -INTRODUCTORY NOTE - - -If a book has ever been written on this subject it has been impossible -to discover; and to get reliable facts for a history of the origin and -development of the art of making wall-papers has been a serious task, -although the result seems scanty and superficial. Some friends may -wonder at the lack of fascinating bits of gossip, stories of rosy -romance and somber tragedy in connection with these papers. But those -who chatted, danced, flirted, wept or plotted in the old rooms are long -since dust, and although the "very walls have ears" they have not the -gift of speech. But my collection of photographs is something entirely -unique and will increase in value every year. The numerous -photographers, to whom I have never appealed in vain, are regarded by me -as not only a skillful but a saintly class of men. - -I am greatly indebted to Miss Mary M. Brooks of Salem and Miss Mary H. -Buckingham of Boston for professional assistance. Many others have most -kindly helped me by offers of photographs and interesting facts -concerning the papers and their histories. But I am especially indebted -to Mrs. Frederick C. Bursch, who has given much of her time to patient -research, to the verification or correction of doubtful statements, and -has accomplished a difficult task in arranging and describing the -photographs. Without her enthusiastic and skillful assistance, my -collection and text would have lacked method and finish. - -To the many, both acquaintances and strangers, who have volunteered -assistance and have encouraged when discouragement was imminent, sending -bracing letters and new-old pictures, I can only quote with heartfelt -thanks the closing lines of the verse written by Foote, the English -actor, to be posted conspicuously to attract an audience to his -benefit-- - - Like a grate full of coals I'll glow - A great full house to see; - And if I am not grateful, too, - A great fool I shall be. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - - - -CONTENTS - - - I Page - - FROM MUD WALLS AND CANVAS TENTS TO DECORATIVE PAPERS 1 - - II - - PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT IN THE ART 23 - - III - - EARLIEST WALL PAPERS IN AMERICA 41 - - IV - - WALL PAPERS IN HISTORIC HOMES 61 - - V - - NOTES FROM HERE AND THERE 85 - - VI - - REVIVAL AND RESTORATION OF OLD WALL PAPERS 103 - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration] - - - - - LIST OF PLATES AND ILLUSTRATIONS - - - PLATES - - Old English Figure paper--in Colors. Plate I - - Rural Scenes--Detail in Colors. II - - French paper, Watteau Style--Detail in Colors. III - - Adventures of a Gallant--Reduction. IV - - Adventures of a Gallant--Detail in Colors. V - - Racing paper--Timothy Dexter House. VI - - The Bayeux Tapestry--Burial of Edward. VII - - The Bayeux Tapestry--Harold hearing News. VIII - - Oldest English paper--Borden Hall, "A." IX - - Borden Hall paper, Design "B." X - - Early English Pictorial paper--Chester, Eng. XI - - Old Chinese paper, Cultivation of Tea--Dedham, Mass. XII-XIV - - Early American fresco--Westwood, Mass. XV-XVIII - - Early Stencilled paper--Nantucket, Mass. XIX - - A Peep at the Moon--Nantucket, Mass. XX - - Hand-colored Figures, repeated--Claremont, N. H. XXI - - Nature Scenes, repeated--Salem, Mass. XXII - - The Alhambra, repeated--Leicester, Mass. XXIII - - Cathedral Views, repeated--Ware, Mass. XXIV - - Cathedral Views, repeated on architectural background--Waltham, - Mass. XXV - - Pictured Ruins, Hall and Stairway--Salem, Mass. XXVI - - Birds of Paradise and Peacocks--Waltham, Mass. XXVII - - Sacred to Washington--Mourning paper. XXVIII - - Dorothy Quincy Wedding paper--Quincy, Mass. XXIX - - The Pantheon--King's Tavern, Vernon, Conn. XXX - - Canterbury Bells--Wayside Inn, Sudbury, Mass. XXXI - - The First Railway Locomotive--Salem, Mass. XXXII - - Rural Scene from same room. XXXIII - - Pizarro in Peru--Duxbury, Mass. XXXIV-V - - Tropical Scenes--Peabody, Mass. XXXVI-VII - - On the Bosporus--Montpelier, Vt. XXXVIII-IX - - Oriental Scenes--Stockport, N. Y. XL-XLIII - - Early Nineteenth Century Scenic paper--Deerfield, Mass. XLIV-V - - Same Scenic paper, other examples--Warner, N. H., and Windsor, Vt. - XLVI-VII - - Harbor Scene--Waterford, Vt., Gilmanton, N. H., and Rockville, - Mass. XLVIII - - The Spanish Fandango--same paper. XLIX - - Strolling Players--same paper. L - - Rural Scenes--Ashland, Mass., and Marblehead. LI, LII - - French Boulevard Scenes--Salem, Mass., and Nantucket, Mass. - LIII, LIV - - Gateway and Fountain, with Promenaders. LV - - Scenes from Paris--Salem, Mass., etc. LVI, LVII - - Bay of Naples--Hanover, N. H., etc. LVIII-LXII - - Cupid and Psyche--panelled paper. LXIII, LXIV - - The Adventures of Telemachus--Taunton, Mass., etc. LXV-IX - - Scottish Scenes--same paper. LXX - - The Olympic Games--Boston, Mass. LXXI - - A tribute to Homer--same paper. LXXII - - The shrine of Vesta--same paper. LXXIII - - Worship of Athene--same paper. LXXIV - - Oblation to Bacchus--same paper. LXXV - - Oblation to Bacchus and Procession before Pantheon--Keene, N. H. - LXXVI - - The Lady of the Lake--Greenbush, Mass., and Portsmouth, N. H. - LXXVII-LXXX - - The Seasons--Hanover, N. H. LXXXI-III - - - ILLUSTRATIONS. - - Devil paper, Gore Mansion, Waltham, Mass. See end papers. - - Devil paper, details, Pages viii, 19, 61 - - Mill and Boat Landing--Fairbanks House, Dedham, Mass. vii - - Gallipoli Scenes--Knox Mansion, Thomaston, Me. ix, 23, 103 - - Adventures of Cupid--Beverly, Mass. xi, 116 - - Fisher Maidens--Draper House, N. H. x - - Peasant Scene. xi - - Hunters and Dog. xiv - - The Gypsies--Stevens House, Methuen, Mass. 1 - - Bandbox (Stage-coach) and Cover--Spencer, Mass. 20 - - The Grape Harvest. 37 - - Torches and Censers--Thomaston, Me. 38 - - Bandbox, Volunteer Fire Brigade--Norwich, Conn. 58 - - Chariot Race--Detail of Olympic Games paper. 85 - - Horse Race--Newburyport, Mass. 100 - -[Illustration] - - - - -I - -FROM MUD WALLS AND CANVAS TENTS TO DECORATIVE PAPERS - -[Illustration] - - - - -I - -FROM MUD WALLS AND CANVAS TENTS - -TO DECORATIVE PAPERS - - -"How very interesting! Most attractive and quite unique! I supposed all -such old papers had gone long ago. How did you happen to think of such -an odd subject, and how ever could you find so many fine old specimens? -Do you know where the very first wall-paper was made?" - -These are faint echoes of the questions suggested by my collection of -photographs of wall-papers of the past. The last inquiry, which I was -unable to answer, stimulated me to study, that I might learn something -definite as to the origin and development of the art of making such -papers. - -Before this, when fancying I had found a really new theme, I was -surprised to discover that every one, from Plato and Socrates to -Emerson, Ruskin and Spencer, had carefully gleaned over the same ground, -until the amount of material became immense and unmanageable. Not so -now. I appealed in vain to several public libraries; they had nothing at -all on the subject. Poole's Index--that precious store-house of -information--was consulted, but not one magazine article on my theme -could be found. I then sent to France, England and Italy, and employed -professional lookers-up of difficult topics; but little could be -secured. The few who had studied paper hangings were very seldom -confident as to positive dates and facts. - -One would seem safe in starting with China, as paper was certainly -invented there, and many of the earliest designs were of Chinese scenes; -but the honor is also claimed for Japan and Persia and Egypt. It is -difficult to decide in view of the varying testimony. - -I was assured by a Japanese expert, who consulted a friend for the -facts, that neither the Chinese nor the Japanese have ever used paper to -cover their walls. At the present day, the inner walls of their houses -are plastered white, and usually have a strip of white paper running -around the bottom, about a foot and a half high. - -On the other hand, Clarence Cook, in his book, _What Shall We Do With -Our Walls?_, published in 1880, says as to the origin of wall-paper: "It -may have been one of the many inventions borrowed from the East, and -might be traced, like the introduction of porcelain, to the Dutch trade -with China and Japan." And he finds that the Japanese made great use of -paper, their walls being lined with this material, and the divisions -between the rooms made largely, if not entirely, by means of screens -covered with paper or silk. Japanese wall-paper does not come in rolls -like ours, but in pieces, a little longer than broad, and of different -sizes. He adds: - - - - -_PLATE II._ - - One of the cruder papers popular a hundred years ago; containing - three groups of figures engaged in rural occupations. Beside the - gray ground this paper contains eleven shades of color, roughly - applied, with little attention paid to register. - -[Illustration] - -"What makes it more probable that our first European notion of -wall-papers came from Japan, is the fact that the first papers made in -Holland and then introduced into England and France, were printed in -these small sizes [about three feet long by fifteen inches wide]. Nor -was it until some time in the eighteenth century that the present mode -of making long rolls was adopted. These early wall-papers were printed -from blocks, and were only one of many modifications and adaptations of -the block printing which gave us our first books and our first -wood-cuts. - -"The printing of papers for covering walls is said to have been -introduced into Spain and Holland about the middle of the sixteenth -century. And I have read, somewhere, that this mode of printing the -patterns on small pieces of paper was an imitation of the Spanish -squares of stamped and painted leather with which the grandees of Spain -covered their walls, a fashion that spread all over Europe. - -"We are told that wall-paper was first used in Europe as a substitute -for the tapestry so commonly employed in the middle ages, partly as a -protection against the cold and damp of the stone walls of the houses, -partly, no doubt, as an ornament." - -But here is something delightfully positive from A. Blanchet's _Essai -sur L'Histoire du Papier et de sa Fabrication_, Exposition retrospective -de la Papetier, Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1900. - -Blanchet says that paper was invented in China by Tsai Loon, for -purposes of writing. He used fibres of bark, hemp, rags, etc. In 105 A. -D. he reported to the government on his process, which was highly -approved. He was given the honorary title of Marquis and other honors. -The first paper book was brought to Japan from Corea, then a part of -China, in 285. The conquest of Turkestan by the Arabs, through which -they learned the manufacture of paper, came in the battle fought on the -banks of the River Tharaz, in July, 751. Chinese captives brought the -art to Samarcand, from which place it spread rapidly to other parts of -the Arabian Empire. Damascus was one of the first places to receive it. -In Egypt, paper began to take the place of papyrus in the ninth century, -and papyrus ceased to be used in the tenth. The Arabian paper was made -of rags, chiefly linen, and sized with wheat starch. European paper of -the thirteenth century shows, under the microscope, fibres of flax and -hemp, with traces of cotton. About 1400, animal glue was first used for -sizing. The common belief that Arabian and early European paper was made -of cotton is a mistake. There has never been any paper made of raw -cotton, and cotton paper anywhere is exceptional. In 1145, when the -troops of Abd el Mounin were about to attack the capital of Fez, the -inhabitants covered the vault of the mihrab of the mosque with paper, -and put upon this a coating of plaster, in order to preserve from -destruction the fine carvings which are still the admiration of -visitors. The mihrab of an Arabic mosque is a vaulted niche or alcove, -in which the altar stands and towards which the worshippers look while -they pray. This is probably the earliest approach to the use of -wall-paper and shows the excellent quality of the paper. - -Herbert Spencer states that "Dolls, blue-books, paper-hangings are -lineally descended from the rude sculpture paintings in which the -Egyptians represented the triumphs and worship of their god-kings." No -doubt this is true, but the beginning of paper, and probably of -wall-paper, was in China. - -Paper made of cotton and other vegetable fibres by the Chinese was -obtained by the Arabs in trade, through Samarcand. When they captured -that city, in 704 A.D. they learned the process from Chinese captives -there, and soon spread it over their empire. It was known as "Charta -Damascena" in the Middle Ages, and was extensively made also in Northern -Africa. The first paper made in Europe was manufactured by the Moors in -Spain, at Valencia, Toledo, and Xativa. At the decline of Moorish power, -the Christians took it up, but their work was not so good. It was -introduced into Italy through the Arabs in Sicily; and the Laws of -Alphonso, 1263, refer to it as "cloth parchment." The earliest documents -on this thick "cotton" paper date from the twelfth and thirteenth -centuries, as a deed of King Roger of Sicily, dated 1102, shows. When -made further north, other materials, such as rags and flax, were used. -The first mention of rag paper, in a tract of Peter, Abbott of Cluny -from 1122 to 1150, probably means woolen. Linen paper was not made until -in the fourteenth century. - -The Oriental papers had no water mark,--which is really a wire mark. -Water-mark paper originated in the early fourteenth century, when -paper-making became an European industry; and a considerable -international trade can be traced by means of the water marks. - -The French Encyclopædia corroborates Blanchet's statement that the -common notion that the Arabic and early European papers were made of -cotton is a mistake; the microscope shows rag and flax fibres in the -earliest. - -Frederic Aumonier says: "From the earliest times man has longed to -conceal the baldness of mud walls, canvas tents or more substantial -dwellings, by something of a decorative character. Skins of animals, the -trophies of the chase, were probably used by our remote ancestors for -ages before wall-paintings and sculptures were thought of. The extreme -antiquity of both of these latter methods of wall decoration has -recently received abundant confirmation from the valuable work done by -the Egyptian Research Department, at Hierakonopolis, where -wall-paintings have been discovered in an ancient tomb, the date of -which has not yet been determined, but which is probably less than seven -thousand years old; and by the discovery of ancient buildings under the -scorching sand dunes of the great Sahara, far away from the present -boundary line of habitable and cultivated land. The painted decorations -on the walls of some of the rooms in these old-world dwellings have been -preserved by the dry sand, and remain almost as fresh as they were on -the day they left the hand of the artist, whose bones have long since -been resolved into their native dust." - -From the Encyclopædia Britannica I condense the long article on "Mural -Decoration": - -There is scarcely one of the numerous branches of decorative art which -has not at some time or other been applied to the ornamentation of -wall-surfaces. - -I. Reliefs sculptured in marble or stone; the oldest method of wall -decoration. - -II. Marble veneer; the application of thin marble linings to wall -surfaces, these linings often being highly variegated. - -III. Wall linings of glazed bricks or tiles. In the eleventh and -twelfth centuries, the Moslems of Persia brought their art to great -perfection and used it on a large scale, chiefly for interiors. In the -most beautiful specimens, the natural growth of trees and flowers is -imitated. About 1600 A. D., this art was brought to highest perfection. - -IV. Wall coverings of hard stucco, frequently enriched with relief and -further decorated with delicate paintings in gold and colors, as at the -Alhambra at Granada and the Alcazar at Seville. - -V. Sgraffito; a variety of stucco work used chiefly in Italy, from the -sixteenth century down. A coat of stucco is made black by admixture of -charcoal. Over this a second very thin coat of white stucco is laid. The -drawing is made to appear in black on a white ground, by cutting away -the white skin enough to show the black undercoat. - -VI. Stamped leather; magnificent and expensive, used during the -sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in Italy, Spain, France, and later -in England. - -VII. Painted cloth. In _King Henry IV._, Falstaff says his soldiers are -"slaves, as ragged as Lazarus in the painted cloth." Canvas, painted to -imitate tapestry, was used both for ecclesiastical and domestic -hangings. English mediæval inventories contain such items as "stayned -cloth for hangings"; "paynted cloth with stories and batailes"; and -"paynted cloths of beyond-sea-work." The most important existing example -is the series of paintings of the Triumph of Julius Caesar, now in -Hampton Court. These designs were not meant to be executed in tapestry, -but were complete as wall-hangings. Godon, in _Peinture sur Toile_, -says: "The painted canvasses kept at the Hôtel Dieu at Rheims were done -in the fifteenth century, probably as models for woven tapestries. They -have great artistic merit. The subjects are religious." Painted cloths -were sometimes dyed in a manner similar to those Indian stuffs which -were afterwards printed and are now called chintzes. It is recorded -somewhere, that the weaving industry was established at Mulhouse -(Rixheim) by workers who left Rheims at a time when laws were passed -there to restrict the manufacture of painted cloths, because there was -such a rage for it that agriculture and other necessary arts were -neglected. - -VIII. Printed hangings and wall-papers. The printing of various textiles -with dye-colors and mordaunts is probably one of the most ancient of the -arts. Pliny describes a dyeing process employed by the ancient -Egyptians, in which the pattern was probably formed by printing from -blocks. The use of printed stuffs is of great antiquity among the Hindus -and Chinese, and was practised in Western Europe in the thirteenth -century, and perhaps earlier. The South Kensington Museum has -thirteenth-century specimens of block-printed linen made in Sicily, with -beautiful designs. Later, toward the end of the fourteenth century, a -great deal of block-printed linen was made in Flanders and was imported -largely into England. - -Tapestries as wall-hangings were used in the earliest times, and, as -tiles and papers were copied from them, they must be spoken of here. One -remarkable example of tapestry from a tomb in the Crimea is supposed by -Stephani to date from the fourth century before Christ. Homer frequently -describes tapestry hangings, as when he alludes to the cloth of purple -wool with a hunting scene in gold thread, woven by Penelope for Ulysses. -Plutarch, in his Life of Themistocles, says, "Speech is like cloth of -Arras, opened and put abroad, whereby the imagery doth appear in figure; -whereas in thoughts they lie but as in packs." - -The oldest tapestry now in existence is the set of pieces known as the -Bayeux Tapestry, preserved in the library at Bayeux, near Caen, in -France, and said to be the work of Matilda, Queen of William the -Conqueror. These pieces measure two hundred and thirty-one feet long and -twenty inches wide. - -It is generally believed, and stated as a fact in the various -guide-books, that the Bayeux Tapestry was the work of Queen Matilda, the -consort of the Conqueror, assisted by her ladies. At that time, English -ladies were renowned for their taste and skill in embroidery. Their work -was known throughout Europe as English work. The Conquest having brought -the people of Normandy and England into close intercourse, it is pointed -out that on William's return to France, he must have taken with him many -Saxons, with their wives and daughters, in honorable attendance upon -him; and that these ladies might have helped Matilda and her companions -in making this historical piece of needlework. Many historians, however, -incline to the opinion that Matilda and her ladies had nothing to do -with the tapestry, although it was done during her lifetime. - -It is amusing to note how Miss Strickland, in her _Lives of the Queens -of England_, takes up the cudgels in a very vigorous manner on behalf of -Matilda's claim: - -"The archæologists and antiquaries would do well to direct their -intellectual powers to more masculine objects of enquiry, and leave the -question of the Bayeux Tapestry (with all other matters allied to -needle-craft) to the decision of the ladies, to whose province it -belongs. It is a matter of doubt whether one out of the many gentlemen -who have disputed Matilda's claim to that work, if called upon to -execute a copy of either of the figures on canvas, would know how to put -in the first stitch." - -But Dr. Daniel Rock, in his exhaustive work on Tapestries, casts the -gravest doubts upon the tradition that this needlework owed its origin -to Matilda and her ladies: "Had such a piece anywise or ever belonged to -William's wife, we must think that, instead of being let stray away to -Bayeux, toward which place she bore no particular affection, she would -have bequeathed it, like other things, to her beloved church at Caen." - -The author points out that there is no mention of the tapestry in the -Queen's will, while two specimens of English needlework, a chasuble and -a vestment, are left to the Church of the Trinity at Caen, the beautiful -edifice founded by her at the time when her husband founded the -companion church of St. Etienne in the same city. In fact, Dr. Rock -thinks the tapestry was made in London, to the order of three men quite -unknown to fame, whose names appear more than once on the tapestry -itself. Coming over with the Conqueror, they obtained wide possessions -in England, as appears from the Doomsday Book, and would naturally have -wished to make a joint offering to the cathedral of their native city. -In support of this view, it is shown that the long strip of needlework -exactly fits both sides of the nave of the cathedral at Bayeux, where -until recent times it has hung. - -The tapestry has undergone so many vicissitudes that it is a matter for -wonder that it has been preserved in such good condition for eight -hundred years. At one time it was exhibited at the Hôtel de Ville, at -Bayeux, fixed panorama-fashion on two rollers, so that it was at the -disposal of the fingers as well as the eyes of the curious. When -Napoleon was thinking of invading this country, he had the tapestry -carried to the various towns of France and publicly exhibited, so as to -arouse popular enthusiasm on behalf of his designs. - -In 1871, when the Prussians were thought to be in dangerous proximity to -Bayeux, the tapestry was taken down, enclosed in a metal cylinder, and -buried in a secret place until the close of the war. Now it is kept in -the Public Library in an upright glass case, which forms the sides of a -hollow parallelogram, the tapestry being carried first round the outside -and then round the inside space, so that every part of it is open to -inspection, while it cannot be touched or mutilated. This valuable -information is given by Mr. T. C. Hepworth. - -In the Old Testament we find records of "hangings of fine twined linen" -and "hangings of white cloth, of green, of blue, fastened with cords of -fine linen and purple." Shakespeare has several allusions to tapestry: -as, "fly-bitten tapestry"; "worm-eaten tapestry"; "covered o'er with -Turkish tapestry"; "the tapestry of my dining chambers"; "it was hanged -with tapestry of silk"; "in cypress chests my arras"; "hangings all of -Tyrian tapestry." - -Cardinal Wolsey's private accounts and inventories, still preserved, -state that in 1552 he bought one hundred and thirty-two large pieces of -Brussels tapestry, woven with Scriptural subjects and mostly made to -order, so as to fit exactly the various wall spaces. Among the -wall-pieces, "in addition to the numerous sacred subjects are mentioned -mythological scenes, romances, historical pieces and hangings of -verdure," the last being decorative work, in which trees and foliage -formed the main design, with accessory figures engaged in hunting, -hawking and the like. - -We read in Gibbon's Rome that Charles the Sixth despatched, by way of -Hungary, Arras tapestry representing the battles of the great Alexander. -And Macaulay inquires, "Where were now the brave old hangings of Arras -which had adorned the walls of lordly mansions in the days of -Elizabeth?" - -According to Shakespeare, the arras was found convenient to conceal -eaves-droppers, those planning a frolic or plotting mischief; or for a -hasty lunch, as in _The Woman Hater_, by Beaumont and Fletcher: - - I have of yore made many a scrambling meal, - In corners, behind arrases, on stairs. - -Arras was used precisely the same as a curtain; it hung on tenters or -lines from the rafters or from some temporary stay, and was opened, held -up, or drawn aside, as occasion required. The writers of the day -frequently mentioned these wall-hangings. Evelyn, in his diary, 1641, -says, "We were conducted to the lodgings, tapestry'd with incomparable -arras." - -Scott, in _The Lady of the Lake_, has this couplet: - - In vain on gilded roof they fall, - And lighten up a tapestried wall. - -And in _Waverley_ he speaks of "remnants of tapestried hangings, window -curtains and shreds of pictures with which he had bedizened his -tatters." - -After the seventeenth century, these tapestries were used for covering -furniture, as the seats and backs of sofas and arm chairs, desks and -screens; and fire-screens covered with tapestry as beautiful as a -painting were in vogue. In the _Comedy of Errors_ we recall this -passage: - - In the desk - That's covered o'er with Turkish tapestry - There is a purse of ducats. - -Clarence Cook says: "There was a kind of tapestry made in Europe in the -fifteenth century--in Flanders, probably--in which there were -represented gentlemen and ladies, the chatelaine and her suite walking -in the park of the chateau. The figures, the size of life, seem to be -following the course of a slender stream. The park in which these noble -folk are stiffly disporting is represented by a wide expanse of meadow, -guiltless of perspective, stretching up to the top of the piece of stuff -itself, a meadow composed of leaves and flowers--bluebells, daisies, and -flowers without a name--giving the effect of a close mosaic of green, -mottled with colored spots. On the meadow are scattered various figures -of animals and birds--the lion, the unicorn, the stag, and the rabbit. -Here, too, are hawks and parrots; in the upper part is a heron, which -has been brought down by a hawk and is struggling with the victor, some -highly ornamental drops of blood on the heron's breast showing that he -is done for. And to return to the brook which winds along the bottom of -the tapestry, it is curious to note that this part of the work is more -real and directly natural in its treatment than the rest. The water is -blue, and is varied by shading and by lines that show the movement of -the stream; the plants and bushes growing along its borders are drawn -with at least a conventional look of life, some violets and fleur-de-lis -being particularly well done; and in the stream itself are sailing -several ducks, some pushing straight ahead, others nibbling the grass -along the bank, and one, at least, diving to the bottom, with tail and -feet in the air." - -The best authority on tapestries in many lands is the exhaustive work by -Muntz, published in Paris, 1878-1884, by the Société anonyme de -Publication Périodique--three luxuriously bound and generously -illustrated volumes, entitled _Histoire Générale de la Tapisserie en -Italie, en Allemagne, en Angleterre, en Espagne_. - -We learn here that in 1630 Le François, of Rouen, incited by the -Chinese colored papers imported by the missionaries, tried to imitate -the silk tapestries of the wealthy in a cheaper substance. He spread -powdered wool of different colors on a drawing covered with a sticky -substance on the proper parts. This _papier velouté_, called _tontisse_ -by Le François, was exported to England, where it became known as "flock -paper." The English claim a previous invention by Jeremy Lanyer, who, in -1634, had used Chinese and Japanese processes. At any rate, the -manufacture of flock papers spread in England and was given up in -France. Only toward the middle of the eighteenth century was the making -of real colored papers (_papier peints_) begun in France and England. -The first factory was set up in 1746, but the work was not extended -further until 1780, when it was taken up by the brothers George and -Frederic Echardt. - -Chinese picture papers were imported into France by Dutch traders and -used to decorate screens, desks, chimney-pieces, etc., as early as the -end of the seventeenth century. By the middle of the eighteenth, they -were an important ornament of elegant interiors. In the list of the -furniture given to Mlle. Desmares by Mlle. Damours, September 25, 1746, -is a fire-screen of China paper, mounted on wood, very simple. On July -25, 1755, Lazare Duvaux delivered to Mme. de Brancas, to be sent to the -Dauphiness, a sheet of China paper with very beautiful vases and -flowers, for making which he charged thirty livres. April 6, 1756, he -sold to the Countess of Valentinois, for one hundred and forty-four -livres, six sheets of China paper, painted on gauze with landscapes and -figures. - -May 8, 1770, M. Marin advertised for sale in a Paris newspaper -twenty-four sheets of China paper, with figures and gilt ornaments, ten -feet high and three and one-half feet wide, at twenty-four livres a -sheet; to be sold all together, or in lots of eight sheets each. By this -time whole rooms were papered. July 15, 1779, an apartment in Paris was -advertised to let, having a pretty boudoir with China paper in small -figures representing arts and crafts, thirteen sheets, with a length of -thirty-seven feet (horizontally) and height of eight feet ten inches, -with gilt beaded moulding. Dec. 31, 1781, "For sale, at M. Nicholas's, -China wall-paper, glazed, blue ground, made for a room eighteen feet -square, with gilt moulding." - -Mr. Aumonier says: "Notwithstanding the Chinese reputation for printing -from wooden blocks from time immemorial, no specimens of their work -produced by that process have ever come under the notice of the author, -in public museums or elsewhere, and it is far more probable that early -Chinese works imported into Europe were painted by hand, in imitation of -the wondrous needlework, for which, through unknown ages, the Eastern -peoples have been famous. A most perfect and beautiful example of this -work, of Japanese origin, may be seen in the "Queen's palace at the -Hague," called the _Huis-ten-Bosch_--the House-in-the-Wood. This is a -magnificent composition of foliage and flowers, birds and butterflies, -perfect in form and beauty of tint, worked in silks on a ground of -_écru_ satin. It is composed of many breadths forming one picture, -starting from the ground with rock-work, and finishing at the top of the -wall with light sprays of flowers, birds, butterflies and sky; the -colouring of the whole so judiciously harmonized as to be an object -lesson of great value to any decorator, and worth traveling many miles -to study." - -I think that we may now safely say that China holds the honors in this -matter. And as most of us grow a bit weary of continuous citations from -cyclopedias, which are quoted because there is nothing less didactic to -quote, and there must be a historical basis to stand on and start from, -let us wander a little from heavy tomes and see some of the difficulties -encountered in looking up old wall-papers to be photographed. - -An American artist, who has made his home in Paris for years, looked -over the photographs already collected, grew enthusiastic on the -subject, and was certain he could assist me, for, at the Retrospective -Exhibition held in that city in 1900, he remembered having seen a -complete exhibition of wall-papers and designs from the beginning. Of -course the dailies and magazines of that season would have full reports. -"Just send over to Jack Cauldwell--you know him. He is now occupying my -studio, and he will gladly look it up." - -I wrote, and waited, but never received any response; heard later that -he was painting in Algiers and apparently all the hoped-for reports had -vanished with him. My famously successful searcher after the elusive and -recondite gave up this fruitless hunt in despair. Other friends in Paris -were appealed to, but could find nothing. - -Then many told me, with confidence, that there must be still some -handsome old papers in the mansions of the South. And I did my best to -secure at least some bits of paper, to show what had been, but I believe -nearly all are gone "down the back entry of time." - -One lady, belonging to one of the best old families of Virginia, writes -me, "My brother has asked me to write to you about wall-papers. I can -only recall one instance of very old or peculiar papering in the South, -and my young cousin, who is a senior in the Columbia School of -Architecture and very keen on 'Colonial' details, tells me that he only -knows of one. He has just been through tide-water Virginia, or rather, -up the James and Rappahannock rivers, and he says those houses are all -without paper at all, as far as he knows. - -"At Charlestown, West Virginia, there is a room done in tapestry paper -in classic style, the same pattern being repeated, but this is not old, -being subsequent to 1840. The room that I have seen is wainscoted, as is -the one at Charlestown, and has above the wainscoting a tapestry paper -also in shades of brown on a white ground. - -"The principal wall has a large classical design, with columns, ships -and figures, not unlike the Turner picture of Carthage, as I remember -it. This picture is not repeated, but runs into others. Whether each is -a panel, or they are merged into one another by foliage, I am unable to -recall. I know that there is a stag hunt and some sylvan scenes. It -seemed as if the paper must have been made with just such a room in -mind, as the patterns seemed to fit the spaces. As the room was the -usual corner parlor common to Southern mansions, it was probably made -for the type. I was told by a boarder in this house that the paper was -old and there were similar papers in Augusta County. I do not know -whether these are choice and rare instances, or whether they are -numerous and plentiful in other sections." - -All my responses from the South have been cordial and gracious and -interesting, but depressing. - -I hear, in a vague way, of papers that I really should have--in Albany -and Baltimore. We all know of the papers in the Livingston and Jumel -mansions; the former are copied for fashionable residences. - -I heard of some most interesting and unusual papers in an old house in -Massachusetts, and after struggling along with what seemed almost -insurmountable hindrances, was at last permitted to secure copies. The -owner of the house died; the place was to be closed for six months; then -it was to be turned over to the church, for a parsonage, and I agonised -lest one paper might be removed at once as a scandalous presentment of -an unholy theme. I was assured that in it the Devil himself was caught -at last, by three revengeful women, who, in a genuine tug-of-war -scrimmage, had torn away all of his tail but a stub end. Finally I -gained a rather grudging permit for my photographer to copy the -papers--"if you will give positive assurance that neither house nor -walls shall be injured in the slightest degree." - - -_PLATE III._ - - In abrupt contrast with the preceding specimen, this old French - paper is printed with great care and shows high artistic taste. The - eight well-composed groups of figures that form the complete design - are after the manner of Watteau; the coloring is rich but quiet. - Seventeen shades and colors were imposed on a brown ground, and the - black mesh-work added over all. - -[Illustration] - -As the artist is a quiet gentleman--also an absolute abstainer--so that -I could not anticipate any damage from a rough riot or a Bacchanalian -revel, I allowed him to cross the impressive threshold of the former -home of a Massachusetts governor, and the result was a brilliant -achievement, as may be seen in the end papers of this book. - -Sometimes when elated by a promise that a certain paper, eagerly -desired, could be copied, I sent my man only to have the door held just -a bit open, while he heard the depressing statement that madam had -"changed her mind and didn't want the paper to be taken." - -All this is just a reminder that it is not entirely easy to get at what -is sure so soon to disappear. And I mourn that I did not think years ago -of securing photographs of quaint and antique papers. - -Man has been defined as "an animal who collects." There is no hobby more -delightful, and in this hunt I feel that I am doing a real service to -many who have not time to devote to the rather difficult pursuit of what -will soon be only a remembrance of primitive days. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - - - -II - -PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT IN THE ART - -[Illustration] - - - - -II - -PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT IN THE ART - - -If we go far enough back in trying to decide the origin of almost any -important discovery, we are sure to find many claimants for the honor. -It is said, on good authority, that "paper-hangings for the walls of -rooms were originally introduced in China." This may safely be accepted -as correct. The Chinese certainly discovered how to make paper, then a -better sort for wall hangings, and by Chinese prisoners it was carried -to Arabia. Travellers taking the news of the art to their homes in -various countries, it soon became a subject of general interest, and -variations and inventions in paper manufacture were numerous. - -We are apt to forget how much we owe to the Chinese nation--the -mariners' compass, gun-powder, paper, printing by moveable types (a -daily paper has been published in Pekin for twelve hundred years, -printed, too, on silk). They had what we call The Golden Rule five -hundred years before Christ was born. With six times the population of -the United States, they are the only people in the world who have -maintained a government for three thousand years. - -The earliest papers we hear of anywhere were imported from China, and -had Chinese or Indian patterns; coming first in small sheets, then in -rolls. Some of the more elaborate kinds were printed by hand; others -were printed from blocks. These papers, used for walls, for hangings, -and for screens, were called "pagoda papers," and were decorated with -flowers, symbolic animals and human figures. - -The Dutch were among the most enterprising, importing painted hangings -from China and the East about the middle of the sixteenth century. -Perhaps these originated in Persia; the word "chintz" is of Persian -origin, and the French name for its imitations was "perses." - -From the Dutch, these imported hangings were soon carried to England, -France, Germany and other Continental nations. Each nation was deadly -jealous in regard to paper-making, even resorting, in Germany in 1390, -to solemn vows of secrecy from the workman and threats of imprisonment -for betrayal of methods. Two or three centuries later, the Dutch -prohibited the exportation of moulds under no less a penalty than death. - -The oldest allusion to printed wall-papers that I have found is in an -account of the trial, in 1568, of a Dutch printer, Herman Schinkel of -Delft, on the charge of printing books inimical to the Catholic faith. -The examination showed that Schinkel took ballad paper and printed roses -and stripes on the back of it, to be used as a covering for attic walls. - -In the Library of the British Museum may be seen a book, printed in Low -Dutch, made of sixty specimens of paper, each of a different material. -The animal and vegetable products of which the workmen of various -countries tried to manufacture paper would make a surprising list. In -England, a paper-mill was set up probably a century before Shakespeare's -time. In the second part of _Henry the Sixth_ is a reference to a -paper-mill. - -About 1745, the Campagnie des Indes began to import these papers -directly. They were then also called "Indian" papers. August 21, 1784, -we find an advertisement: "For sale--20 sheets of India paper, -representing the cultivation of tea." - -Such a paper, with this same theme, was brought to America one hundred -and fifty years ago--a hand-painted Chinese wall-paper, which has been -on a house in Dedham ever since, and is to-day in a very good state of -preservation. Of this paper I give three reproductions from different -walls of the room. - -In _Le Mercure_, June, 1753, M. Prudomme advertised an assortment of -China paper of different sizes; and again, in May, 1758, that he had -received many very beautiful India papers, painted, in various sizes and -grounds, suitable for many uses, and including every kind that could be -desired. This was the same thing that was called "China" paper five -years before. - -The great development of the home manufacture of wall-papers, at the -beginning of the nineteenth century, put an end to the importation from -China. The English were probably the first importers of these highly -decorative Chinese papers, and quickly imitated them by printing the -papers. These "_papiers Anglais_" soon became known on the Continent, -and the French were also at work as rivals in their manufacture and use. -Of a book published in 1847, called _The Laws of Harmonious Colouring_, -the author, one David R. Hay, was house painter and decorator to the -Queen. I find that he was employed as a decorator and paper-hanger by -Sir Walter Scott, and he says that Sir Walter directed everything -personally. Mr. Hay speaks of a certain Indian paper, of crimson color, -with a small gilded pattern upon it. "This paper Sir Walter did not -quite approve of for a dining-room, but as he got it as a present, -expressly for that purpose, and as he believed it to be rare, he would -have it put up in that room rather than hurt the feelings of the donor. -I observed to Sir Walter that there would be scarcely enough to cover -the wall; he replied in that case I might paint the recess for the -side-board in imitation of oak." Mr. Hay found afterwards that there was -quite enough paper, but Sir Walter, when he saw the paper on the recess, -heartily wished that the paper had fallen short, as he liked the recess -much better unpapered. So in the night Mr. Hay took off the paper and -painted the recess to look like paneled oak. This was in 1822. - -Sir Walter, in a letter to a friend, speaks of "the most splendid -Chinese paper, twelve feet high by four wide; enough to finish the -drawing-room and two bed-rooms, the color being green, with rich Chinese -figures." Scott's own poem, _The Lady of the Lake_, has been a favorite -theme for wall-paper. - -Professor W. E. D. Scott, the Curator of Ornithology at Princeton -College, in his recent book, _The Story of a Bird Lover_, alludes, in a -chapter about his childhood, to the papers on the walls of his -grandfather's home: "As a boy, the halls interested me enormously; they -have been papered with such wall-paper as I have never seen elsewhere. -The entrance hall portrayed a vista of Paris, apparently arranged along -the Seine, with ladies and gentlemen promenading the banks, and all the -notable buildings, the Pantheon, Notre Dame, and many more distributed -in the scene, the river running in front. - -"But it was when I reached the second story that my childish imagination -was exercised. Here the panorama was of a different kind; it represented -scenes in India--the pursuit of deer and various kinds of smaller game, -the hunting of the lion and the tiger by the the natives, perched on -great elephants with magnificent trappings. These views are not -duplicated in the wall-paper; the scene is continuous, passing from one -end of the hall to the other, a panorama rich in color and incident. I -had thus in my mind a picture of India, I knew what kind of trees grew -there, I knew the clothes people wore and the arms they used while -hunting. To-day the same paper hangs in the halls of the old house." - -There are several papers of this sort, distinctly Chinese, still on -walls in this country. A house near Portsmouth, which once belonged to -Governor Wentworth, has one room of such paper, put on about 1750. In -Boston, in a Beacon Street house, there is a room adorned with a paper -made to order in China, with a pattern of birds and flowers, in which -there is no repetition; and this is not an uncommon find. A brilliant -example of this style may be seen in Salem, Mass. - -Chinese papers, which were made for lining screens and covering boxes, -were used in England and this country for wall-papers, and imitated both -there and here. One expert tells me that the early English papers were -often designed after India cottons, in large bold patterns. - -The first use in France of wall-papers of French manufacture was in the -sixth century. Vachon tells about Jehan Boudichon and his fifty rolls of -paper for the King's bed-chamber in 1481, lettered and painted blue; but -it is evident from the context that they were not fastened on the walls, -but held as scrolls by figures of angels. - -Colored papers were used for temporary decorations at this time, as at -the entrance of Louis XIII. into Lyons, on July 17, 1507. There is -nothing to show that the "_deux grans pans de papier paincts_," -containing the history of the Passion, and of the destruction of -Jerusalem from the effects of the cannon of St. Peter, were permanently -applied to a wall. So with another painted paper, containing the -genealogy of the Kings of France, among the effects of Jean Nagerel, -archdeacon at Rouen in 1750. These pictured papers, hung up on the walls -as a movable decoration, form one step in the development of applied -wall-papers. - -In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the commonest patterns for -unpictorial wall decoration were taken from the damasks and cut-velvets -of Sicily, Florence, Genoa, and other places in Italy. Some form of the -pine-apple or artichoke pattern was the favorite, a design developed -partly from Oriental sources and coming to perfection at the end of the -fifteenth century, copied and reproduced in textiles, printed stuffs, -and wall-papers, with but little change, down to the nineteenth century. - -From the Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. XVII, I quote again: -"Wall-papers did not come into common use in Europe until the eighteenth -century, though they appear to have been used much earlier by the -Chinese. A few rare examples exist in England, which may be as early as -the eighteenth century; these are imitations, generally in flock, of the -fine old Florentine and Genoese cut-velvets, and hence the style of the -design in no way shows the date of the paper, the same traditional -patterns being reproduced for many years, with little or no change. -Machinery enabling paper to be made in long strips was not invented till -the end of the eighteenth century, and up to that time wall-paper was -painted on small squares of hand-made paper, difficult to hang, -disfigured by joints, and consequently costly; on this account -wall-papers were slow in superseding the older modes of mural -decoration, such as wood panelling, painting, tapestry, stamped leather, -and printed cloth. A little work by Jackson, of Battersea, printed in -London in 1744, gives some light on papers used at that time. He gives -reduced copies of his designs, mostly taken from Italian pictures or -antique sculpture during his residence in Venice. Instead of flowering -patterns covering the walls, his designs are all pictures--landscapes, -architectural scenes, or statues--treated as panels, with plain paper or -painting between. They are all printed in oil, with wooden blocks worked -with a rolling press, apparently an invention of his own. They are all -in the worst possible taste, and yet are offered as an improvement on -the Chinese papers then in vogue." - -In 1586 there was in Paris a corporation called _dominotiers_, domino -makers, which had the exclusive right to manufacture colored papers; and -they were evidently not a new body. "Domino" was an Italian word, used -in Italy as early as the fifteenth century for marbled paper. French -gentlemen, returning from Milan and Naples, brought back boxes or -caskets lined with these papers, which were imitated in France and soon -became an important article of trade. The foreign name was kept because -of the prejudice in favor of foreign articles. But French taste -introduced a change in the character of the ornament, preferring -symmetrical designs to the hap-hazard effect of the marbling. They began -then to print with blocks various arabesques, and to fill in the -outlines with the brush. - -In Furetiere's Dictionary, of the last quarter of the seventeenth -century, _dominotier_ is defined, "workman who makes marbled paper and -other papers of all colors and printed with various figures, which the -people used to call 'dominos'." - -On March 15, 1787, a decree of the French King's Council of State -declared that the art of painting and printing paper to be used in -furnishings was a dependence of the governing board of the -"_Marchands-Papetiers-Dominotiere-Feuilletinere_." - -This domino-work was for a long time principally used by country folk -and the humbler citizens of Paris to cover parts of their rooms and -shops; but near the end of the seventeenth century there was hardly a -house in Paris, however magnificent, that did not have some place -adorned with some of this domino-work, with flowers, fruits, animals and -small human figures. These pictures were often arranged in compartments. -The dominotiers made paper tapestries also, and had the right to -represent portraits, mythological scenes and Old and New Testament -stories. At first they introduced written explanations, but the letter -printers thought this an infringement of their rights; therefore it was -omitted. - -We are told by Aumonier that little precise information is to be found -concerning the domino papers. "Some were made from blocks of pear-tree -wood, with the parts to be printed left in relief, like type. The -designs were small pictures and in separate sheets, each subject -complete to itself. They were executed in printing-ink by means of the -ordinary printing-press. Some were afterwards finished by hand in -distemper colors; others were printed in oil, gold-sized and dusted over -with powdered colors, which gave them some resemblance to flock papers." - -Much is said about flock paper, and many were the methods of preparing -it. Here is one: "Flock paper, commonly called cloth paper, is made by -printing the figures with an adhesive liquid, commonly linseed oil, -boiled, or litharge. The surface is then covered with the flock, or -woolen dust, which is produced in manufactories by the shearing of -woolen cloths, and which is dyed of the requisite colors. After being -agitated in contact with the paper, the flocks are shaken off, leaving a -coating resembling cloth upon the adhesive surface of the figures." The -manufacture of this paper was practised, both in England and France, -early in the seventeenth century. I find in the Oxford Dictionary the -following examples of the early mention of flock cloth, which was the -thing that suggested to Le François his invention of flock paper: - -Act I of Richard III., C. 8, preamble: "The Sellers of such course -Clothes, being bare of Threde, usen for to powder the cast Flokkys of -fynner Cloth upon the same." Again in 1541, Act of Henry VIII., C. 18: -"Thei--shall (not) make or stoppe any maner Kerseies with flocks." - -"Flock, which is one of the most valuable materials used in paper -staining, not only from its cost, but from its great usefulness in -producing rich and velvety effects, is wool cut to a fine powder. The -wool can be used in natural color or dyed to any tint. The waste from -cloth manufactures furnished the chief supply, the white uniforms of the -Austrian soldiery supplying a considerable portion." - -Other substances have been tried, as ground cork, flock made from kids' -and goats' hair, the cuttings of furs and feathers, wood, sawdust, and, -lately, a very beautiful flock made of silk, which gives a magnificent -effect, but is so expensive that it can only be used for "_Tentures de -luxe_." - -Mr. Aumonier says: "Until quite recently there were on the walls of -some of the public rooms in Hampton Court Palace several old flock -papers, which had been hung so long ago that there is now no official -record of when they were supplied. They were of fine, bold design, -giving dignity to the apartments, and it is greatly to be regretted that -some of them have been lately replaced by a comparatively insignificant -design in bronze, which already shows signs of tarnishing, and which -will eventually become of an unsightly, dirty black. All decorators who -love their art will regret the loss of these fine old papers, and will -join with the writer in the hope that the responsible authorities will -not disturb those that still remain, so long as they can be kept on the -walls; and when that is no longer possible, that they will have the -designs reproduced in fac-simile, which could be done at a comparatively -small cost. - -"Mr. Crace, in his _History of Paperhangings_, says that by the -combination of flock and metal, 'very splendid hangings' are produced; -an opinion to which he gave practical expression some years afterwards -when he was engaged in decorating the new House of Parliament, using for -many of the rooms rich and sumptuous hangings of this character, -especially designed by the elder Pugin, and manufactured for Mr. Crace -from his own blocks." - -In England, in the time of Queen Anne, paper staining had become an -industry of some importance, since it was taxed with others for raising -supplies "to carry on the present war"--Marlborough's campaign in the -low countries against France. Clarence Cook, whom I am so frequently -quoting because he wrote so much worth quoting, says: - -"One of the pleasant features of the Queen Anne style is its freedom -from pedantry, its willingness to admit into its scheme of ornamentation -almost anything that is intrinsically pretty or graceful. We can, if we -choose, paint the papers and stuffs with which we cover our walls with -wreaths of flowers and festoons of fruits; with groups of figures from -poetry or history; with grotesques and arabesques, from Rome and -Pompeii, passed through the brains of Louis XIV's Frenchmen or of Anne's -Englishmen; with landscapes, even, pretty pastorals set in framework of -wreaths or ribbon, or more simply arranged like regular spots in rows of -alternate subjects." - -It may be interesting to remember that the pretty wall-papers of the -days of Queen Anne and early Georges were designed by nobody in -particular, at a time when there were no art schools anywhere; and one -can easily see that the wall-papers, the stuff-patterns and the -furniture of that time are in harmony, showing that they came out -of the same creative mould, and were the product of a sort of -spirit-of-the-age. - -Mica, powdered glass, glittering metallic dust or sand, silver dross, -and even gold foil, were later used, and a silver-colored glimmer called -cat-silver, all to produce a brilliant effect. This art was known long -ago in China, and I am told of a Chinese paper, seen in St. Petersburg, -which had all over it a silver-colored lustre. - -Block printing and stencilling naturally belong to this subject, but, as -my theme is "Old Time Wall Papers," and my book is not intended to be -technical, or a book of reference as regards their manufacture, I shall -not dwell on them. - -Nor would it be wise to detail all the rival claimants for the honor of -inventing a way of making wall-paper in rolls instead of small sheets; -nor to give the names even of all the famous paper-makers. One, -immortalized by Carlyle in his _French Revolution_, must be -mentioned--Revillon, whose papers in water colors and in flock were so -perfect and so extremely beautiful that Madame de Genlis said they cost -as much as fine Gobelin tapestry. Revillon had a large factory in the -Rue du Faubourg St. Antoine, Paris, and in 1788 was employing three -hundred hands. He was urged to incite his workmen to head the Faubourg -in open rebellion, but refused to listen; and angry at his inability to -coerce this honorable man the envoy caused a false report to be spread -about, that he intended to cut his wages one-half. - - -_PLATE IV._ - - Scenes from the life of an eighteenth century gallant form this - unusual old French paper--a gaming quarrel, a duel, an elopement - and other edifying episodes, framed in rococo scrolls. - -[Illustration] - -This roused a furious mob, and everything was ruined, and he never -recovered from the undeserved disaster. - -Carlyle closes his description of the fatal riot with these words: "What -a sight! A street choked up with lumber, tumult and endless press of -men. A Paper-Warehouse eviscerated by axe and fire; mad din of revolt; -musket volleys responded to by yells, by miscellaneous missiles, by -tiles raining from roof and window, tiles, execrations and slain -men!--There is an encumbered street, four or five hundred dead men; -unfortunate Revillon has found shelter in the Bastille." - -England advanced in the art of paper-making during the time the French -were planning the Revolution, and English velvet papers became the -fashion. In 1754 Mme. de Pompadour had her wardrobe and the passage that -led to her apartments hung with English paper. In 1758 she had the -bath-room of the Chateau de Champs papered with it, and others followed -her example. - -But in 1765 the importation of English papers--engraved, figured, -printed, painted to imitate damasks, chintzes, tapestries, and so -on--was checked by a heavy tax. So at this time papers were a precious -and costly possession. They were sold when the owner was leaving a room, -as the following advertisements will show: - -Dec. 17, 1782. "To-let; large room, with mirror over the fire-place and -paper which the owner is willing to sell." - -Feb. 5, 1784. "To-let; Main body of a house, on the front, with two -apartments, one having mirrors, woodwork and papers, which will be -sold." - -When the owner of the paper did not succeed in selling it, he took it -away, as it was stretched on cloth or mounted on frames. These papers -were then often offered for sale in the Parisian papers; we find -advertised in 1764, "The paperhangers for a room, painted green and -white"; November 26, 1766, "A hanging of paper lined with muslin, valued -at 12 Livres"; February 13, 1777, "For sale; by M. Hubert, a hanging of -crimson velvet paper, pasted on cloth, with gilt mouldings"; April 17, -1783, "38 yards of apple-green paper imitating damask, 24 livres, cost -38." - -By 1782, the use of wall-papers became so general that, from that time -on, the phrase "decorated with wall-paper" frequently occurs in -advertisements of luxurious apartments to let. Before this time, mention -had commonly been made, in the same manner, of the woodwork and mirrors. - -October 12, 1782, the _Journal general de France_ advertised: "To let; -two houses, decorated with mirrors and papers, one with stable for five -horses, 2 carriage-houses, large garden and well, the other with three -master's apartments, stable for 12 horses, 4 carriage-houses, etc." Oct. -28, 1782, "To let; pretty apartment of five rooms, second floor front, -with mirrors, papers, etc." Feb. 24, 1783, "To let; rue Montmartre, -first floor apartment, with antechamber; drawing-room, papered in -crimson, with mouldings; and two bed-rooms, one papered to match, with -two cellars." - -Mme. du Bocage, in her _Letters on England, Holland, and Italy_, (1750) -gives an account of Mrs. Montague's breakfast parties: "In the morning, -breakfasts agreeably bring together the people of the country and -strangers, in a closet lined with painted paper of Pekin, and furnished -with the choicest movables of China. - -"Mrs. Montague added, to her already large house, 'the room of the -Cupidons', which was painted with roses and jasmine, intertwined with -Cupids, and the 'feather room,' which was enriched with hangings made -from the plumage of almost every bird." - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - - - -III - -EARLIEST WALL PAPERS IN AMERICA - -[Illustration] - - - - -III - -EARLIEST WALL PAPERS IN AMERICA - - -Wall-papers of expensive styles and artistic variety were brought to -America as early as 1735. Before that time, and after, clay paint was -used by thrifty housewives to freshen and clean the sooty walls and -ceilings, soon blackened by the big open fires. This was prepared simply -by mixing with water the yellow-gray clay from the nearest claybank. - -In Philadelphia, walls were whitewashed until about 1745, when we find -one Charles Hargrave advertising wall-paper, and a little later Peter -Fleeson manufacturing paper-hangings and papir-maché mouldings at the -corner of Fourth and Chestnut Streets. - -Those who could not afford to import papers painted their walls, either -in one color or stencilled in a simple pattern, or panelled, in -imitation of French papers; each panel with its own picture, large or -small. These attempts at decoration ranged with the taste and skill of -the artist, from fruit and floral designs and patterns copied from India -prints and imported china, to more elaborate and often horrible -presentments of landscapes and "waterscapes." The chimney breast, or -projecting wall forming the chimney, received especial attention. - -In my own farm-house, which was built in Colonial style in 1801 (with, -as tradition says, forty pumpkin pies and two barrels of hard cider to -cheer on the assisting neighbors), one of my first tasks was to have -five or six layers of cheap papers dampened and scraped off. And, to my -surprise, we found hand-painted flowers, true to nature and still -extremely pretty, though of course scratched and faded after such heroic -treatment--fuchsias in one room, carnation pinks in another, and in the -front hall honeysuckle blossoms, so defaced that they suggested some of -the animal tracks that Mr. Thompson-Seton copies in his books. What an -amount of painstaking and skilled work all that implied! That was a -general fashion at the time the house was built, and many such -hand-paintings have been reported to me. - -Mrs. Alice Morse Earle mentions one tavern parlor which she has seen -where the walls were painted with scenes from a tropical forest. On -either side of the fire-place sprang a tall palm tree. Coiled serpents, -crouching tigers, monkeys, a white elephant, and every form of -vivid-colored bird and insect crowded each other on the walls. And she -speaks of a wall-paper on the parlor of the Washington Tavern at -Westfield, Massachusetts, which gives the lively scenes of a fox chase. - -Near Conway, New Hampshire, there is a cottage where a room can still -be seen that has been most elaborately adorned by a local artist. The -mountains are evenly scalloped and uniformly green, the sky evenly blue -all the way round. The trees resemble those to be found in a Noah's Ark, -and the birds on them are certainly one-fourth as large as the trees. - -The painted landscapes are almost impossible to find, but I hear of one -room, the walls of which are painted with small landscapes, water -scenes, various animals, and trees. A sympathetic explorer has -discovered another in similar style at Westwood, Massachusetts, near -Dedham. - -In the old "Johnson House," Charlestown, New Hampshire, the door remains -on the premises, with hatchet marks still visible, through which the -Indians, "horribly fixed for war," dashed in pursuit of their trembling -victims. The hinges of hoop iron and latch with stringhole beneath are -intact. A portion of its surface is still covered with the paint of the -early settlers, made of red earth mixed with skimmed milk. - -A friend wrote me that her grandmother said that "before wall-paper -became generally used, many well-to-do persons had the walls of the -parlor--or keeping room as it was sometimes called--and spare room -tinted a soft Colonial yellow, with triangles, wheels or stars in dull -green and black for a frieze; and above the chair-rail a narrower -frieze, same pattern or similar, done in stencilling, often by home -talent. - -"My great aunt used to tell me that when company was expected, the edge -of the floor in the 'keeping room' was first sanded, then the most -artistic one of the family spread it evenly with a birch broom, and with -sticks made these same wheels and scallops around the edge of the room, -and the never-missing pitcher of asparagus completed the adornment." - -On the panels of a mantel, she remembers, an artist came from New -Boston and painted a landscape, while in the sitting-room, across the -hall, a huge vase of gayly tinted flowers was painted over the mantel. -On the mantel of another house was painted the Boston massacre. This was -in existence only a few years ago. - -Later came the black and white imitation of marble for the halls and -stairs, and yellow floors with the stencil border in black. This was an -imitation of the French. In Balzac's _Pierrette_ is described a -pretentious provincial house, of which the stairway was "painted -throughout in imitation of yellow-veined black marble." - -Madeleine Gale Wynne, in _The House Beautiful_, wrote most delightfully -about "Clay, Paint and other Wall Furnishings," and I quote her vivid -descriptions of the wall paintings she saw in Deerfield and Bernardston, -Massachusetts. - -"These wall paintings, like the embroideries, were derived from the -India prints or the Chinese and other crockery. Whether the dweller in -this far-off New England atmosphere was conscious of it or not, he was -indebted to many ancient peoples for the way in which he intertwined his -spray, or translated his flower and bud into a decorative whole. - -"Odd and amusing are many of the efforts, and they have often taken on a -certain individuality that makes a curious combination with the Eastern -strain. - -"An old house in Deerfield has the remains of an interesting wall, and a -partition of another done in blue, with an oval picture painted over the -mantel-tree. The picture was of a blue ship in full sail on a blue -ocean. - -"The other wall was in a small entry-way, and had an abundance of -semi-conventionalized flowers done in red, black, and browns. The design -was evidently painted by hand, and evolved as the painter worked. A -border ran round each doorway, while the wall spaces were treated -separately and with individual care; the effect was pleasing, though -crude. Tulips and roses were the theme. - -"This house had at one time been used as a tavern, and there is a -tradition that this was one of several public houses that were decorated -by a man who wandered through the Connecticut Valley during -Revolutionary times, paying his way by these flights of genius done in -oil. Tradition also has it that this man had a past; whether he was a -spy or a deserter from the British lines, or some other fly-from-justice -body, was a matter of speculation never determined. He disappeared as he -came, but behind him he left many walls decorated with fruit and -flowers, less perishable than himself. - -"We find his handiwork not only in Deerfield, but in Bernardston. There -are rumors that there was also a wall of his painting in a tavern which -stood on the border line between Massachusetts and Vermont. In -Connecticut, too, there are houses that have traces of his work. In -Bernardston, Massachusetts, there is still to be seen a room containing -a very perfect specimen of wall painting which is attributed to him. -This work may be of later date, but no one knows its origin. - -"This design is very pleasing, not only because of its antiquity and -associations, but because in its own way it is a beautiful and fitting -decoration. The color tones are full, the figures quaintly systematic -and showing much invention. - -"The body of the wall is of a deep cream, divided into diamond spaces -by a stencilled design, consisting of four members in diamond shape; the -next diamond is made up of a different set of diamonds, there being four -sets in all; these are repeated symmetrically, so that a larger diamond -is produced. Strawberries, tulips, and two other flowers of less -pronounced individuality are used, and the colors are deliciously -harmonized in spite of their being in natural tints, and bright at that. -Now, this might have been very ugly--most unpleasing; on the contrary, -it is really beautiful. - -"There is both dado and frieze, the latter being an elaborate festoon, -the former less good, made up of straggling palms and other ill -considered and constructed growths. One suspects the dado to be an -out-and-out steal from some chintz, while the tulips and strawberries -bear the stamp of personal intimacy. - -"The culminating act of imagination and art was arrived at on the -chimney-breast decoration; there indeed do we strike the high-water mark -of the decorator; he was not hampered either by perspective or -probability. - -"We surmise that Boston and its harbor is the subject; here are ships, -horses and coaches, trees and road-ways, running like garlands which -subdivide the spaces, many houses in a row, and finally a row of docile -sheep that for a century have fed in unfading serenity at their cribs in -inexplicable proximity to the base of the dwellings. All is fair in -love, war, and decoration. - -"The trees are green, the houses red, the sheep white, and the water -blue; all is in good tone, and I wish that it had been on my mantel -space that this renegade painter had put his spirited effort." - -A friend told me of her vivid recollection of some frescoed portraits -on the walls of the former home of a prominent Quaker in Minneapolis. -Her letter to a cousin who attends the Friends' Meeting there brought -this answer: "I had quite a talk with Uncle Junius at Meeting about his -old house. Unfortunately, the walls were ruined in a fire a few years -ago and no photograph had ever been taken of them. The portraits thee -asked about were in a bed-room. William Penn, with a roll in his hand -(the treaty, I suppose) was on one side of a window and Elizabeth Fry on -the other. These two were life size. - -"Then, (tell it not in Gath!) there was a billiard room. Here Mercury, -Terpsichore and other gay creatures tripped around the frieze, and there -was also a picture of the temple in Pompeii and Minerva with her owl. In -the sitting room on one side of the bay window was a fisher-woman -mending her net, with a lot of fish about her. On the other side of the -window another woman was feeding a deer. - -"On the dining-room walls a number of rabbits were playing under a big -fern and there was a whole family of prairie chickens, and ducks were -flying about the ceiling. Uncle Junius said, 'It cost me a thousand -dollars to have those things frescoed on, and they looked nice, too!' I -suppose when the Quaker preachers came to visit he locked up the -billiard room and put them in the room with William Penn and Elizabeth -Fry. He seemed rather mortified about the other and said it would not do -to go into a Quaker book, at all!" - -This house was built about the middle of the nineteenth century, when -Minneapolis was a new town; but it undoubtedly shows the influence of -the old New England which was the genial Friend's boyhood home. The -scores of Quaker preachers and other visiting Friends who accepted the -overflowing hospitality of this cheerfully frescoed house seem to have -had none of the scruples of Massachusetts Friends of an earlier date. A -lady sent me a strip of hideously ugly paper in squares, the colors dark -brown and old gold. She wrote me that this paper was on the walls of the -parlor of their house in Hampton, Massachusetts. The family were -Friends; and once, when the Quarterly Meeting was held there, some of -the Friends refused to enter their house, as the paper was too gay and -worldly. And it actually had to be taken off! - -After the clay paint and the hand painting came the small sheets or -squares of paper, and again I was fortunate in finding in my adopted -farm-house, in the "best room" upstairs, a snuff-brown paper of the -"wine-glass" pattern that was made before paper was imported in rolls, -and was pasted on the walls in small squares. The border looks as much -like a row of brown cats sitting down as anything else. You know the -family used to be called together to help cut out a border when a room -was to be papered; but very few of these home-made borders are now to be -found. - -I was told of a lady in Philadelphia who grew weary of an old and -sentimental pattern in her chamber, put on in small pieces and in poor -condition, and begged her husband to let her take it off. But he was -attached to the room, paper and all, and begged on his part that it -might remain. She next visited queer old stores where papers were kept, -and in one of them, in a loft, found enough of this very pattern, with -Cupids and doves and roses, to re-paper almost the entire room. And it -was decidedly difficult so to match the two sides of the face of the -little God of Love as to preserve his natural expression of roguishness -and merry consciousness of his power. - -It may interest some to learn just what drew my attention to the subject -of old-time wall-papers. One, and an especially fine specimen, is -associated with my earliest memories, and will be remembered to my -latest day. For, although a native of New Hampshire, I was born at the -foot of Mount Vesuvius, and there was a merry dance to the music of -mandolin and tambourine round the tomb of Virgil on my natal morn. Some -men were fishing, others bringing in the catch; farther on was a picnic -party, sentimental youths and maidens eating comfits and dainties to the -tender notes of a flute. And old Vesuvius was smoking violently. All -this because the room in which I made my début was adorned with a -landscape or scenic paper. - -Fortunately, this still remains on the walls, little altered or defaced -by the wear of years. When admiring it lately, the suggestion came to me -to have this paper photographed at once, and also that of the Seasons in -the next house; these were certainly too rare and interesting to be -lost. It is singular that the only papers of this sort I had ever seen -were in neighboring homes of two professors at Dartmouth College, and -remarkable that neither has been removed: now I find many duplicates of -these papers. - -What a keen delight it was to me as a child to be allowed to go to -Professor Young's, to admire his white hair, which I called "pitty white -fedders," and to gaze at the imposing sleighing party just above the -mantel, and at the hunters or the haymakers in the fields! A good -collection is always interesting, from choice old copies of first -editions to lanterns, cow-bells, scissors, cup-plates, fans or buttons; -and I mourn that I did not think of securing photographs of quaint and -antique papers years ago, for most of them have now disappeared. - -Showing the beginnings of my collection to an amateur photographer, he -was intensely interested, and said: "Why, I can get you a set as good as -these! The house has been owned by one family for eighty-five years, and -the paper was put on as long ago as that." And certainly his addition is -most interesting. The scenes in one are French. You see a little play -going on, such as we have been told in a recent magazine article they -still have in France--a street show in which a whole family often take -part. They appear as accompaniment to a fair or festival. The hole for -the stove-pipe, penetrating the foliage, has a ludicrous effect, -contrasting in abrupt fashion--the old and the new, the imposing and the -practical. - -This enthusiastic friend next visited Medfield, Massachusetts, where he -heard there were several such papers, only to be told that they had just -been scraped off and the rooms modernized. - -Hearing of a fine example of scenic paper in the old Perry House at -Keene, New Hampshire, I wrote immediately, lest that, too, should be -removed, and through the kindness of absolute strangers can show an -excellent representation of the Olympic games, dances, Greeks placing -wreaths upon altars, and other scenes from Grecian life, well executed. -These are grand conceptions; I hope they may never be vandalized by -chisel and paste, but be allowed to remain as long as that historic -house stands. They are beautifully preserved. - - -_PLATE V._ - - A detail of the preceding paper. Though well designed, this is not - a beautifully colored or very well printed paper; the color scheme - is carried out in fourteen printings. - -[Illustration] - -A brief magazine article on my new enthusiasm, illustrated with -photographs of papers I knew about, was received with surprising -interest. My mail-bag came crowded, and I was well-nigh "snowed in," as -De Quincy put it, by fascinating letters from men and women who rejoiced -in owning papers like those of my illustrations, or had heard of others -equally fine and equally venerable, and with cordial invitations to -journey here and there to visit unknown friends and study their -wall-papers, the coloring good as new after a hundred years or more. It -was in this unexpected and most agreeable way that I heard of treasures -at Windsor, Vermont; Claremont, New Hampshire; Taunton, Massachusetts, -and quaint old Nantucket, and was informed that my special paper, with -the scenes from the Bay of Naples (represented so faithfully that one -familiar with the Italian reality could easily recognize every one) was -a most popular subject with the early purchaser and was still on the -walls of a dozen or more sitting-rooms. - -The Reverend Wallace Nutting, of Providence, whose fame as an artistic -photographer is widespread, sent me a picture of a parlor in St. -Johnsbury, Vermont, where he found this paper. Three women dressed in -old-fashioned style, even to the arrangement of their hair, are seated -at table, enjoying a cup of tea. An old tabby is napping cosily in a -soft-cushioned chair. And above, on the right, Vesuvius is pouring forth -the usual volumes of smoke. A fine old mahogany side-board, at the foot -of the volcano, decorated with decanters and glasses large and small, -presents an inviting picture. - -The house at Hillsboro Bridge, New Hampshire, where Ex-Governor -Benjamin Pierce lived for years, and where his son, Franklin Pierce, -passed a happy boyhood, has this paper, and several similar letters show -how generally it was admired. Mrs. Lawrence, of Boston, wrote: - -"I send by this mail a package of pictures, taken by my daughter, of the -Italian wall-paper on her grandfather's old home in Exeter, N. H. The -house is now owned by the Academy and used as a dormitory. The views -which I enclose have never been published. We have two or three -remarkable specimens of wall-paper made in India a hundred and fifty -years ago; the strips are hanging on the wall, nailed up." - -The Italian paper proved to be my old friend Vesuvius and his bay. An -Exeter professor also wrote describing the same paper and adding -translations of the Greek inscriptions on the monuments. - -Friends would often write of such a wonderful specimen at some town or -village. I would write to the address given and be told of this Bay of -Naples paper again. They were all brought over and put on at about the -same time. - -One of the oldest houses in Windsor, Vermont, still has a charming -parlor paper, with landscape and water, boats, castles, ruins and -picturesque figures, which was imported and hung about 1810. This house -was built by the Honorable Edward R. Campbell, a prominent Vermonter in -his day, and here were entertained President Monroe and other notable -visitors. Later the Campbell house was occupied for some years by Salmon -P. Chase. It is now the home of the Sabin family. - -A Boston antique dealer wrote me: "In an article of yours in _The House -Beautiful_, you have a photograph of the paper of the old Perry House, -Keene, N. H. We want to say that we have in our possession here at this -store, strung up temporarily, a paper with the same subject. It forms a -complete scene, there being thirty pieces in attractive old shades of -brown. We bought this from a family in Boston some little time ago, and -it is said to have been made in France for a planter in New Orleans in -or before 1800. We feel we would be excused in saying that this is the -most interesting lot of any such thing in existence. It has been handed -down from family to family, and they, apparently, have shown it, because -the bottom ends of some of the sheets are considerably worn from -handling. You understand this paper was never hung on the wall and it is -just as it was originally made." He fairly raves over the beautiful rich -browns and cream and "O! such trees!" - -To my inquiry whether his price for this paper was really two thousand -dollars, as I had heard, he replied, "We would be very sorry to sell the -paper for two thousand dollars, for it is worth five thousand." - -An artist who called to examine the paper is equally enthusiastic. He -writes: "I was greatly impressed by the remarkably fine execution of the -entire work. Doubtless it was printed by hand with engraved blocks. A -large per cent of the shading, especially the faces of the charming -figures, was surely done by hand, and all is the production of a -superior artist. There are several sections, each perhaps three feet -square, of such fine design, grouping, finish and execution of light and -shade, as to make them easily samples of such exquisite nicety and -comprehensive artistic work as to warrant their being framed. - -"The facial expression of each of the many figures is so true that it -indicates the feelings and almost the thoughts of the person -represented; there is remarkable individuality and surprising animation. -I was forcibly struck with the inimitable perspective of the buildings -and the entire landscape with which they are associated. Practically -speaking, the buildings are of very perfect Roman architecture; there -is, however, a pleasing venture manifested, where the artist has -presented a little of the Greek work with here and there a trace of -Egyptian, and perhaps of the Byzantine. These make a pleasing -anachronism, such as Shakespeare at times introduced into his plays: a -venture defended by Dr. Samuel Johnson, as well as other distinguished -critics. The trees are done with an almost photographic truth and -exactness. After a somewhat extended and critical examination of things -of this kind in various parts of Europe, I do not hesitate to say that I -have seen nothing of the kind that excels the work you have. What is -quite remarkable about it, and more than all exhibits its truth to -nature, it seems to challenge decision whether it shows to best -advantage in strong daylight or twilight, by artificial light or that of -the sun; an effect always present in nature, but not often well produced -on paper or canvas. The successful venture to use so light a groundwork -was much like that of Rubens, where he used a white sheet in his great -painting, 'The Descent from the Cross.'" - -Since the above description was written, this incomparable paper has -passed into the hands of Mrs. Franklin R. Webber, 2nd, of Boston, who -will either frame it, or in some other way preserve it as perfectly as -possible. - -The remarkable paper shown in Plate XLI and the three following plates -were sent me by Miss Janet A. Lathrop of Stockport-on-Hudson, New York. -It is certainly one of the finest of the scenic papers still in -existence. The scene is oriental, the costumes seeming both Turkish and -Chinese. Temples and pagodas, a procession, a barge on the river and a -gathering in a tea-house follow in succession about the room. All are -printed by hand on rice paper, in gray tones. The paper is browned with -age, but was cleaned and restored about a year ago and is exceedingly -well preserved. - -The house in which this paper is hung was built by Captain Seth Macy, a -retired sea-captain, in 1815. The paper was put on in 1820. Captain Seth -seems to have used up all his fortune in building his house, and in a -few years he was forced to sell it. The name of "Seth's Folly" still -clings to the place. In 1853 Miss Lathrop's father bought the house, and -it has ever since been occupied by his family. By a singular -coincidence, Mrs. Lathrop recognized the paper as the same as some on -the old house at Albany in which she was born. Repeated inquiries have -failed to locate any other example in America, and photographs have been -submitted without avail to both domestic and foreign experts for -identification. In the early seventies Miss Lathrop chanced to visit a -hunting-lodge belonging to the King of Saxony at Moritzburg, near -Dresden, and in the "Chinese room" she found a tapestry or paper exactly -similar, from which the paper on her own walls may have been copied. - -The two papers just described would seem to be the finest examples of -continuous scenic papers still extant. I learn as this book goes to -press that Mrs. Jack Gardner, of Boston, has a remarkable old -geographical paper, in which the three old-world continents are -represented. I have been fortunate enough to secure, through the -courtesy of Mrs. Russell Jarvis, a picture of the paper in her parlor at -Claremont, New Hampshire. The Jarvis family have occupied the house -since 1797. This is not a landscape, but consists of small pastoral -scenes, placed at intervals and repeated regularly. The design is brown -on a cream ground. It has a dado and a frieze in dark blue. It is hand -made and all printed by hand, in squares of about eighteen inches, -matched carefully. Mrs. Jarvis writes: "I had no idea that the -photographer would take in so much each side of the corner, or I should -have arranged the furniture differently. The picture I did not suppose -was to appear is one of great interest and value. It is supposed to be a -Rubens, and has hung there for over a hundred years. It was bought in -1791 in Boston, of a French gentleman from San Domingo, who, on the -night of the insurrection there, escaped, saving but little else of his -vast possessions. It had evidently been hastily cut from the frame. It -represents the presentation of the head of the younger Cyrus to Tomyris, -Queen of the Scythians. The coloring is fine, the figures very -beautiful, and the satin and ermine of the Queen's dress extremely rich. -If you look closely, you will see a sword lying on the piano. This is -the one Sir William Pepperell was knighted with by King George the -Second, in 1745, because of the Battle of Louisburg, and was given my -husband's father by Sir William's grand-daughter, I believe." - -You see how one photograph brings to you many valuable bits of -information apart from the paper sought. - -This letter, for example, with its accompanying photograph (see Plate -XXII) leads one to the study of history, art, and literature. The -subject of the picture, aside from its supposed origin, is of interest. - -The Scythians were Aryans much mixed with Mongol blood; they disappear -from history about 100 B. C. Cyrus the younger, after subduing the -eastern parts of Asia, was defeated by Tomyris, Queen of the Massagetae -in Scythia. Tomyris cut off his head and threw it into a vessel filled -with human blood, saying, as she did so, "There, drink thy fill." - -Dante refers to this incident in his _Purgatory_, xii; and Sackville, in -his _Mirrour for Magistrates_, 1587, says: - - Consyder Cyrus-- - He whose huge power no man might overthrowe, - Tomyris Queen, with great despite hath slowe, - His head dismembered from his mangled corpse - Herself she cast into a vessel fraught - With clotted blood of them that felt her force, - And with these words a just reward she taught: - "Drynke now thy fyll of thy desired draught." - -Here seems to be the place to speak more fully of the small scenes -placed regularly at intervals. There is a great variety of pretty -medallion pictures of this sort, as, alternating figures of a -shepherdess with her crook reclining on a bank near a flock of sheep, -and a boy studying at a desk, with a teacher standing near by. - -Mr. Frank B. Sanborn writes: "The oldest paper I ever saw was in the -parlor of President Weare, of Hampton Falls--a simple hunting scene, -with three compartments; a deer above, a dog below, and a hunter with -his horn below that. It was put on in 1737, when the house was built, -and, I think, is there still. Colonel Whiting's house had a more -elaborate and extensive scene--what the French called 'Montagnes -Russe'--artificial hills in a park, for sliding down, toboggan fashion, -and a score of people enjoying them or looking on." - -A good authority asserts that rolls of paper did not appear in this -country until 1790, so that all these now mentioned must have been -imported in square sheets. Notice the step forward--from white walls, -through a clay wash, to hand painting, stencilling, small imported -sheets, and, at last, to rolls of paper. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE VI._ - - Fragment of the famous old racing paper from the Timothy Dexter - house. This is too broken and stained to admit of the reproduction - of its original colors--blue sky, gray clouds, green turf, brown - horses and black, and jockeys in various colors. The scene here - given fills the width of the paper, about eighteen inches. - -[Illustration] - - - - -IV - -WALL PAPERS IN HISTORIC HOMES [Illustration] - - - - -IV - -WALL PAPERS IN HISTORIC HOMES - - -Esther Singleton, in her valuable and charming book on _French and -English Furniture_, tells us that in the early Georgian period, from -1714 to 1754, the art of the Regency was on the decline, and "the -fashionable taste of the day was for Gothic, Chinese and French -decorations; and the expensive French wall-painting and silken hangings -were imitated in wall-paper and the taste even spread to America." In -1737, the famous Hancock House was being built and, until it was -demolished a few years ago (1863), it was the last of the great mansions -standing that could show what the stately homes of old Boston were like. -This house was built by Thomas Hancock, son of the Rev. John Hancock, -the kitchen of whose house is now owned by the Lexington Historical -Society. - -On January 23, 1737-8, we find him writing from Boston to Mr. John -Rowe, Stationer, London, as follows: "Sir, Inclosed you have the -Dimensions of a Room for a Shaded Hanging to be done after the Same -Pattern I have sent per Captain Tanner, who will deliver it to you. It's -for my own House and Intreat the favour of you to Get it Done for me to -Come Early in the Spring, or as Soon as the nature of the Thing will -admitt. - -"The pattern is all was Left of a Room Lately Come over here, and it -takes much in ye Town and will be the only paper-hanging for Sale here -wh. am of opinion may Answer well. Therefore desire you by all means to -get mine well Done and as Cheap as Possible and if they can make it more -beautifull by adding more Birds flying here and there, with Some -Landskips at the Bottom, Should like it well. Let the Ground be the Same -Colour of the Pattern. At the Top and Bottom was a narrow Border of -about 2 Inches wide wh. would have to mine. About three or four years -ago my friend Francis Wilks, Esq., had a hanging Done in the Same manner -but much handsomer Sent over here from Mr. Sam Waldon of this place, -made by one Dunbar in Aldermanbury, where no doubt he, or some of his -successors may be found. In the other part of these Hangings are Great -Variety of Different Sorts of Birds, Peacocks, Macoys, Squirril, Monkys, -Fruit and Flowers etc. - -"But a greater Variety in the above mentioned of Mr. Waldon's and Should -be fond of having mine done by the Same hand if to be mett with. I -design if this pleases me to have two Rooms more done for myself. I -Think they are handsomer and Better than Painted hangings Done in Oyle, -so I Beg your particular Care in procuring this for me and that the -patterns may be Taken Care of and Return'd with my goods." - -John Adams writes in his Diary (1772): "Spent this evening with Mr. -Samuel Adams at his house. Adams was more cool, genteel, and agreeable -than common; concealed and retained his passions, etc. He affects to -despise riches, and not to dread poverty; but no man is more ambitious -of entertaining his friends handsomely, or of making a decent, an -elegant appearance than he. - -"He has newly covered and glazed his house, and painted it very neatly, -and has new papered, painted and furnished his rooms; so that you visit -at a very genteel house and are very politely received and entertained." - -Paper is the only material with which a man of but little means can -surround himself with a decorative motive and can enjoy good copies of -the expensive tapestries and various hangings which, until recently, -have been within the reach of the wealthy only. The paper-hanger was not -so much a necessity in the old days as now. The family often joined in -the task of making the paste, cutting the paper and placing it on the -walls. This was not beneath the dignity of George Washington, who, with -the assistance of Lafayette, hung on the walls at Mount Vernon paper -which he had purchased abroad. - -The story goes that the good Martha lamented in the presence of -Lafayette that she should be unable to get the new paper hung in the -banquet room in time for the morrow's ball in honor of the young -Marquis. There were no men to be found for such work. Lafayette at once -pointed out to Mistress Washington that she had three able-bodied men at -her service--General Washington, Lafayette himself and his aide-de-camp. -Whereupon the company fell merrily to work, and the paper was hung in -time for the ball. Not only did the Father of our Country fight our -battles for us, but there is evidence that he gracefully descended to a -more peaceful level and gave us hints as to that valuable combination -known to the world as flour paste. - -There is in existence a memorandum in Washington's hand, which reads as -follows: - -"Upholsterer's directions: - -"If the walls have been whitewashed over with glew water. If not--Simple -and common paste is sufficient without any other mixture but, in either -case, the Paste must be made of the finest and best flour, and free from -lumps. The Paste is to be made thick and may be thinned by putting water -to it. - -"The Paste is to be put upon the paper and suffered to remain about five -minutes to soak in before it is put up, then with a cloth press it -against the wall, until all parts stick. If there be rinkles anywhere, -put a large piece of paper thereon and then rub them out with cloth as -before mentioned." - -During the period when Mount Vernon was in private hands, the papers of -Washington's day were removed. There is now on the upper hall a -medallion paper which is reproduced from that which hung there at the -time of the Revolution. - -Benjamin Franklin was another of our great men who interested -themselves in domestic details. In 1765 he was in London, when he -received from his wife a letter describing the way in which she had -re-decorated and furnished their home. Furniture, carpets and pictures -were mentioned, and wall coverings as well. "The little south room I -have papered, as the walls were much soiled. In this room is a carpet I -bought cheap for its goodness, and nearly new.... The Blue room has the -harmonica and the harpsichord, the gilt sconce, a card table, a set of -tea china, the worked chairs and screen--a very handsome stand for the -tea kettle to stand on, and the ornamental china. The paper of the room -has lost much of its bloom by pasting up." This blue room must have been -the subject of further correspondence. Nearly two years later Franklin -wrote to his wife: - -"I suppose the room is too blue, the wood being of the same colour with -the paper, and so looks too dark. I would have you finish it as soon as -you can, thus: paint the wainscot a dead white; paper the walls blue, -and tack the gilt border round the cornice. If the paper is not equally -coloured when pasted on, let it be brushed over again with the same -colour, and let the _papier maché_ musical figures be tacked to the -middle of the ceiling. When this is done, I think it will look very -well." - -There are many old houses in New England and the Middle States which are -of historic interest, and in some of these the original paper is still -on the walls and in good preservation, as in the Dorothy Quincy house at -Quincy, Massachusetts. The Dorothy Quincy house is now owned by the -Colonial Dames of Massachusetts, who have filled it with beautiful -colonial furniture and other relics of Dorothy Q's day. The papers on -all the walls are old, but none so early as that on the large north -parlor (Plate XXIX), which was imported from Paris to adorn the room in -which Dorothy Quincy and John Hancock were to have been married in 1775. -Figures of Venus and Cupid made the paper appropriate to the occasion. - -"But the fortunes of war," says Katharine M. Abbott in her _Old Paths -and Legends of New England_, "upset the best of plans, and her wedding -came about very quietly at the Thaddeus Burr house in Fairfield. Owing -to the prescription on Hancock's head, they were forced to spend their -honeymoon in hiding, as the red-coats had marked for capture this -elegant, cocked-hat 'rebel' diplomatist of the blue and bluff. Dorothy -Quincy Hancock, the niece of Holmes's 'Dorothy Q.,' is a fascinating -figure in history. Lafayette paid her a visit of ceremony and pleasure -at the Hancock house on his triumphal tour, and no doubt the once -youthful chevalier and reigning belle flung many a quip and sally over -the teacups of their eventful past." - -The Hancock-Clarke house, in Lexington, Massachusetts, is a treasure -house of important relics, besides files of pamphlets, manuscripts and -printed documents, portraits, photographs, furniture, lanterns, -canteens, pine-tree paper currency, autographs, fancy-work--in fact -almost everything that could be dug up. There is also a piece of the -original paper on the room occupied by Hancock and Adams on April 18, -1775. But the bit of paper and the reproduction are copyrighted, and -there is no more left of it. It is a design of pomegranate leaves, buds, -flowers and fruits--nothing remarkable or attractive about it. I have a -small photograph of it, which must be studied through a glass. - -In the sitting-room the paper is a series of arches, evidently Roman, a -foot wide and three feet high. The pillars supporting the arches are -decorated with trophies--shields, with javelins, battle-axes and -trumpets massed behind. The design is a mechanical arrangement of urn -and pedestal; there are two figures leaning against the marble, and two -reclining on the slab above the urn. One of these holds a trumpet, and -all the persons are wearing togas. The groundwork of color in each panel -is Roman red; all the rest is a study in black and white lines. Garlands -droop at regular intervals across the panels. - -The paper in the Lafayette room at the Wayside Inn, South Sudbury, -Massachusetts, is precious only from association. The inn was built -about 1683, and was first opened by David Howe, who kept it until 1746. -It was then kept by his three sons in succession, one son, Lyman Howe, -being the landlord when Longfellow visited there and told the tale of -Paul Revere's ride. It was renovated under the management of Colonel -Ezekiel Howe, 1746-1796, and during that time the paper was put on the -Lafayette room. - -Several important personages are known to have occupied this room, among -them General Lafayette, Judge Sewall, Luigi Monti, Doctor Parsons, -General Artemus Ward. The house was first known as Howe's in Sudbury, or -Horse Tavern, then as the Red Horse Tavern; and in 1860 was immortalized -by Longfellow as The Wayside Inn. - -"The landlord of Longfellow's famous Tales was the dignified Squire -Lyman Howe, a justice of the peace and school committee-man, who lived a -bachelor, and died at the inn in 1860--the last of his line to keep the -famous hostelry. Besides Squire Howe, the only other real characters in -the Tales who were ever actually at the inn were Thomas W. Parsons, the -poet; Luigi Monti, the Sicilian, and Professor Daniel Treadwell, of -Harvard, the theologian, all three of whom were in the habit of spending -the summer months there. Of the other characters, the musician was Ole -Bull, the student was Henry Ware Wales, and the Spanish Jew was Israel -Edrehi. Near the room in which Longfellow stayed is the ball-room with -the dais at one end for the fiddlers. But the polished floor no longer -feels the pressure of dainty feet in high-heeled slippers gliding over -it to the strains of contra-dance, cotillion, or minuet, although the -merry voices of summer visitors and jingling bells of winter sleighing -parties at times still break the quiet of the ancient inn." - -Judge Sewall, in his famous diary, notes that he spent the night at -Howe's in Sudbury--there being also a Howe's Tavern in Marlboro. -Lafayette, in 1824, spent the night there and, as Washington passed over -this road when he took command of the army at Cambridge, it is more than -likely that he also stopped there, as Colonel Howe's importance in this -neighborhood would almost demand it. Washington passed over this road -again when on his tour of New England, and then Colonel Howe was the -landlord and squire, as well as colonel of a regiment. - -Burgoyne stopped there, a captive, on his way from Ticonderoga to -Boston; and, as this was the most popular stage route to New York city, -Springfield and Albany, those famous men of New England--Otis, Adams, -Hancock, and many others--were frequent guests. A company of horse -patrolled the road, and tripped into the old bar for their rum and -home-brewed ale. It is worth recording that Agassiz, in his visits to -the house, examined the ancient oaks near the inn, and pronounced one of -them over a thousand years old. Edna Dean Proctor refers to them in her -poem: - - Oaks that the Indian's bow and wigwam knew, - And by whose branches still the sky is barred. - -I have a photograph of the famous King's Tavern, where Lafayette was -entertained, and a small piece of the paper of the dining-room. This -tavern was at Vernon, Connecticut, (now known as Rockville,) on the -great Mail Stage route from New York to Boston. It was noted for its -waffles, served night and morning, and the travellers sometimes called -it "Waffle Tavern." It was erected by Lemuel King, in 1820. Now it is -used as the Rockville town farm. The noted French wall-paper on the -dining-room, where Lafayette was entertained, represented mythological -scenes. There was Atlas, King of the remote West and master of the trees -that bore the golden apples; and Prometheus, chained to the rock, with -the water about him. The paper was imported in small squares, which had -to be most carefully pasted together. - -This treasured paper, with its rather solemn colors of grey and black, -and its amazing number of mythological characters, was stripped from the -walls and consumed in a bonfire by an unappreciative and ignorant person -who had control of the place. A lady rescued a few pieces and pasted -them on a board. She has generously sent me a photograph of one of the -panels. She writes me pathetically of the woodsy scenes, water views, -mountains, cascades, and castles, with classic figures artistically -arranged among them. There seems to have been a greater variety than is -usual, from a spirited horse, standing on his hind legs on a cliff, to a -charming nymph seated on a rock and playing on a lyre. Below all these -scenes there was a dado of black and grey, with scrolls and names of the -beings depicted--such names as Atlas, Atlantis, Ariadne, Arethusa, -Adonis, Apollo, Andromache, Bacchus, Cassandra, Cadmus, Diana, Endymion, -Juno, Jupiter, Iris, Laocoön, Medusa, Minerva, Neptune, Pandora, -Penelope, Romulus, Sirius, Thalia, Theseus, Venus, Vulcan, and many -others were "among those present." Below these names came a dado of -grassy green, with marine views at intervals. - -Whether Lafayette noticed and appreciated all this, history telleth not. -After his sumptuous repast a new coach was provided to convey him from -King's Tavern to Hartford, and it was drawn by four white horses. - -On a boulder in Lafayette Park, near by, is this inscription: - -"In grateful memory of General Lafayette, whose love of liberty brought -him to our shores, to dedicate his life and fortune to the cause of the -Colonies. - -"The Sabra Trumbull Chapter, D. A. R., erected this monument near the -Old King's Tavern, where he was entertained in 1824." - -The General Knox mansion, called "Montpelier," at Thomaston, Maine, is -full of interest to all who care for old-time luxury as seen in the -homes of the wealthy. General Knox was Washington's first Secretary of -War. Samples of paper have been sent me from there. One had a background -of sky-blue, on which were wreaths, with torches, censers with flames -above, and two loving birds, one on the nest and the mate proudly -guarding her--all in light brown and gray, with some sparkling mineral -or tiniest particles of glass apparently sprinkled over, which produced -a fascinating glitter, and a raised, applique effect I have never -observed before. This was on the dining-room of the mansion. In the -"gold room" was a yellow paper--as yellow as buttercups. - -Still another, more unusual, was a representation of a sea-port town, -Gallipoli, of European Turkey; armed men are marching; you see the water -and picturesque harbor, and Turkish soldiers in boats. The red of the -uniforms brightens the pictures; the background is gray, and the views -are enclosed in harmonious browns, suggesting trees and rocks. This -paper came in small pieces, before rolls were made. Think of the labor -of matching all those figures! "Gallipoli" is printed at the bottom. - -I am assured by a truthful woman from Maine that the halls of this house -were adorned with yellow paper with hunting scenes "life-size," and I -don't dare doubt or even discuss this, for what a woman from that state -_knows_ is not to be questioned. It can't be childish imagination. -Moreover, I have corroborative evidence from another veracious woman in -the South, who, in her childhood, saw human figures of "life size" on a -paper long since removed. - -I freely confess that I had never heard of this distinguished General -Knox and his palatial residence; but a composition from a little girl -was shown me, which gives a good idea of the house: - - -THE KNOX MANSION. - -"In the year 1793, General Knox sent a party of workmen from Boston to -build a summer residence on the bank of the Georges River. The mansion -was much like a French chateau, and was often so called by visitors. - -"The front entrance faced the river. The first story was of brick, and -contained the servants' hall, etc. The second floor had nine rooms, the -principal of which was the oval room, into which the main entrance -opened. There were two large windows on either side of the door, and on -opposite sides were two immense fire-places. This room was used as a -picture gallery, and contained many ancient portraits. It had also a -remarkable clock. It was high, and the case was of solid mahogany. The -top rose in three points and each point had a brass ball on the top. The -face, instead of the usual Roman numbers, had the Arabic 1, 2, 3, etc. -There were two small dials. On each side of the case were little -windows, showing the machinery. Between the two windows on one side of -the room was a magnificent mahogany book-case, elaborately trimmed with -solid silver, which had belonged to Louis XIV. and was twelve feet long. - -"The mansion measured ninety feet across, and had on either side of the -oval room two large drawing-rooms, each thirty feet long. There were -twenty-eight fire-places in the house. Back of the western drawing-room -was a library. This was furnished with beautiful books of every -description, a large number being French. On the other side was a large -china closet. One set of china was presented to General Knox by the -Cincinnati Society. The ceiling was so high that it was necessary to use -a step-ladder to reach the china from the higher shelves. Back of the -oval room was a passage with a flight of stairs on each side, which met -at the top. Above, the oval room was divided into two dressing-rooms. -The bedsteads were all solid mahogany, with silk and damask hangings. -One room was called the 'gold room,' and everything in it, even the -counterpane, was of gold color. The doors were mahogany, and had large -brass knobs and brass pieces extending nearly to the centre. The carpets -were all woven whole. - -"The house outside was painted white, with green blinds, though every -room was furnished with shutters inside. A little in the rear of the -mansion extended a number of out-buildings, in the form of a crescent, -beginning with the stable on one side, and ending with the cook house on -the other. General Knox kept twenty saddle horses and a number of pairs -of carriage horses. Once there was a gateway, surmounted by the American -Eagle, leading into what is now Knox Street. 'Montpelier,' as it was -called, had many distinguished visitors every summer." - -I noticed in a recent paper the report of an old-time game supper, -participated in by ninety prominent sportsmen at Thomaston, Maine, -following the custom inaugurated by General Knox for the entertainment -of French guests. - -It was through hearing of the Knox house that I learned of a "death -room." There was one over the eastern dining-room. These depressing -rooms had but one window, and the paper was dark and gloomy--white, with -black figures, and a deep mourning frieze. Benches were ranged stiffly -around the sides, and there were drawers filled with the necessities for -preparing a body for burial. Linen and a bottle of "camphire" were never -forgotten. There the dead lay till the funeral. I can shiver over the -intense gruesomeness of it. How Poe or Hawthorne could have let his -inspired imagination work up the possibilities of such a room! A -skeleton at the feast is a slight deterrent from undue gaiety, compared -with this ever-ready, sunless apartment. - -This reminds me that I read the other day of a "deadly-lively" old -lady, who, having taken a flat in the suburban depths of Hammersmith, -England, stipulated before signing her lease that the landlord should -put black wall-paper on the walls of every room except the kitchen. -Possibly she had a secret sorrow which she wished to express in this -melodramatic fashion. But why except the culinary department? We have -been hearing a good deal lately about the effect of color on the nerves -and temperament generally. A grim, undertaker-like tone of this kind -would no doubt induce a desired melancholy, and if extended to the -region of the kitchen range, might have furthered the general effect by -ruining the digestion. - -A writer in a recent number of the _Decorator's and Painter's Magazine_, -London, says: "An interview has just taken place with a 'a well-known -wall-paper manufacturer,' who, in the course of his remarks, informed -the representative of the _Morning Comet_ that black wall-papers were -now all the rage. 'You would be surprised,' he said, 'how little these -papers really detract from the lightness of a room, the glossiness of -their surface compensating almost for the darkness of their shade;' and -upon this score there would seem to be no reason why a good pitch paper -should not serve as an artistic decorative covering for the walls of a -drawing-room or a 'dainty' boudoir. - -"It has been generally accepted that highly-glazed surfaces render -wall-papers objectionable to the eye, and that they are therefore only -fit for hanging in sculleries, bath-rooms and the like, where sanitary -reasons outweigh decorative advantages. Very probably the gentleman who -recommends black papers for walls would also recommend their use for -ceilings, so that all might be _en suite_, and the effect would -undoubtedly be added to, were the paintwork also of a deep, lustrous -black, whilst--it may be stretching a point, but there is nothing like -being consistent and thorough--the windows might at the same time be -'hung' in harmony with walls and ceilings. Coffin trestles with elm -boards would make an excellent table, and what better cabinets for -bric-a-brac (miniature skeletons, petrified death's-head moths, model -tombstones and railed vaults, and so on) than shelved coffins set on -end? Plumes might adorn the mantel-shelf, and weeds and weepers -festooned around skulls and crossbones would sufficiently ornament the -walls without the aid of pictures, whilst the fragments from some -dis-used charnel-house might be deposited in heaps in the corners of the -apartment." - -The old governors often indulged in expensive and unusual wall-papers. -The Governor Gore house at Waltham, Massachusetts, had three, all of -which I had photographed. The Gore house, until recently the home of -Miss Walker, is one of the most beautiful in Massachusetts, and was an -inheritance from her uncle, who came into possession of the property in -1856. Before Miss Walker's death, she suggested that the estate be given -to the Episcopal Church in Waltham for a cathedral or a residence for -the bishop. - -The place is known as the Governor Gore estate, and is named for -Christopher Gore, who was governor of Massachusetts in 1799. It covers -nearly one hundred and fifty acres of gardens, woodlands and fields. The -present mansion was erected in 1802 and replaces the one destroyed by -fire. - -The mansion is a distinct pattern of the English country house, such as -was built by Sir Christopher Wren, the great eighteenth century -architect. It is of brick construction. In the interior many of the -original features have been retained, such as the remarkable "Bird of -Paradise" paper in the drawing-room. All the apartments are very high -ceiled, spacious and richly furnished. Some of Governor Gore's old -pieces of furniture, silver and china are still in use. - -The Badger homestead, in Old Gilmanton, was the home of Colonel William -Badger, Governor of New Hampshire in 1834 and 1835, and descended from a -long line of soldierly, patriotic and popular men. Fred Myron Colby -sketched the home of the Badgers in the _Granite Monthly_ for December, -1882: - -"Gov. Badger was a tall, stately man, strong, six feet in height, and -at some periods of his life weighed nearly three hundred pounds. He was -active and stirring his whole life. Though a man of few words, he was -remarkably genial. He had a strong will, but his large good sense -prevented him from being obstinate. He was generous and hospitable, a -friend to the poor, a kind neighbor, and a high-souled, honorable -Christian gentleman. The grand old mansion that he built and lived in -has been a goodly residence in its day. Despite its somewhat faded -majesty, there is an air of dignity about the ancestral abode that is -not without its influence upon the visitor. It is a house that accords -well with the style of its former lords; you see that it is worthy of -the Badgers. The grounds about its solitary stateliness are like those -of the 'old English gentlemen.' The mansion stands well in from the -road; an avenue fourteen rods long and excellently shaded leads to the -entrance gate. There is an extensive lawn in front of the house, and a -row of ancient elms rise to guard, as it were, the tall building with -its hospitable portal in the middle, its large windows, and old, -moss-covered roof. The house faces the southwest, is two and a half -stories high, and forty-four by thirty-six feet on the ground. - -"As the door swings open we enter the hall, which is ten by sixteen -feet. On the left is the governor's sitting-room, which occupied the -southeast corner of the house, showing that Gov. Badger did not, like -Hamlet, dread to be too much 'i' the sun.' It is not a large room, only -twenty by sixteen feet, yet it looks stately. In this room the governor -passed many hours reading and entertaining his guests. In it is the -antique rocking-chair that was used by the governor on all occasions. A -large fire-place, with brass andirons and fender, is on one side, big -enough to take in half a cord of wood at a time. Near by it stood a -frame on which were heaped sticks of wood, awaiting, I suppose, the -first chilly evening. It must be a splendid sight to see those logs -blazing, and the firelight dancing on the old pictures and the mirror -and the weapons on the walls. - -"The most noticeable thing in the room is the paper upon the walls. It -was bought by the governor purposely for this room, and cost one hundred -dollars in gold. It is very thick, almost like strawboard, and is -fancifully illustrated with all sorts of pictures--landscapes, marine -views, court scenes, and other pageants. It will afford one infinite -amusement to study the various figures. On one side is a nautical scene. -An old-fashioned galleon, such a one as Kidd the pirate would have liked -to run afoul of, is being unloaded by a group of negroes. Swarthy -mariners, clad in the Spanish costume of the seventeenth century,--long, -sausage-shaped hose, with breeches pinned up like pudding bags and -fringed at the bottom, boots with wide, voluminous tops, buff coats with -sleeves slashed in front, and broad-brimmed Flemish beaver hats, with -rich hat-bands and plumes of feathers--are watching the unlading, and an -old Turk stands near by, complaisant and serene, smoking his pipe. On -the opposite wall there is a grand old castle, with towers and spires -and battlements. In the foreground is a fountain, and a group of -gallants and ladies are promenading the lawn. One lady, lovely and -coquettish, leans on the arm of a cavalier, and is seemingly engrossed -by his conversation, and yet she slyly holds forth behind her a folded -letter in her fair white hand which is being eagerly grasped by another -gallant--like a scene from the _Decameron_. In the corner a comely -maiden in a trim bodice, succinct petticoat and plaided hose, stands -below a tall tree, and a young lad among the branches is letting fall a -nest of young birds into her extended apron. The expression on the boy's -face in the tree and the spirited protest of the mother bird are very -graphically portrayed. - -"The loveliest scene of all is that of a bay sweeping far into the land; -boats and ships are upon the tide; on the shore, rising from the very -water's edge, is a fairy-like, palatial structure, with machicolated -battlements, that reminds one of the enchanted castle of Armida. Under -the castle walls is assembled a gay company. A cavalier, after the -Vandyke style, is playing with might and main upon a guitar, and a -graceful, full-bosomed, lithe-limbed Dulcinea is dancing to the music in -company with a gaily dressed gallant. It is the Spanish fandango. -Another scene is a charming land and water view with no prominent -figures in it. - -"Upon the mantel are several curiosities, notably a fragment of the -rock on which Rev. Samuel Hidden was ordained at Tamworth, September 12, -1792, several silhouettes of the various members of the Badger family, -and the silver candlesticks, tray and snuffers used by Mrs. Governor -Badger. Suspended above, upon the wall, are a pair of horse pistols, a -dress sword and a pair of spurs. These were the Governor's, which were -used by him in the war of 1812, and also when he was sheriff of the -county. The sword has quite a romantic history. It was formerly General -Joseph Badger's, who obtained it in the following manner: When a -lieutenant in the army, near Crown Point and Lake Champlain, just after -the retreat from Canada, in 1777, Badger undertook, at the desire of -General Gates, to obtain a British prisoner. With three picked men he -started for the British camp at St. John's. Arriving in the -neighborhood, he found a large number of the officers enjoying -themselves at a ball given by the villagers. One of the Britons, in full -ball dress, they were fortunate enough to secure, and took him to their -boat. Badger then changed clothes with the officer, returned to the -ball, danced with the ladies, hobnobbed with the officers, and gained -much valuable information as to the movements of the British army. -Before morning light he returned in safety with his prisoner to Crown -Point, where he received the commendations of the commanding general for -his bravery. The officer's sword he always kept, and is the same weapon -that now hangs on the wall." - -Mrs. Joseph Badger, whose husband was the oldest son of Governor -William Badger (both, alas! now dead), wrote most kindly to me about the -wall-paper, and sent me a picture of it. And she said: "The homestead -was built in 1825 by Ex-Gov. William Badger, and the paper you inquire -about was hung that year. He was at Portsmouth, N. H., attending court, -and seeing this paper in a store, liked it very much, and ordered enough -to paper the sitting-room, costing fifty dollars. He did not have enough -money with him to pay for it, but they allowed him to take it home, and -he sent the money back by the stage driver, who laid it down on the seat -where he drove, and the wind blew it away, never to be found, so he had -to pay fifty dollars more; at least, so says tradition. The paper is -quite a dark brown, and is in a good state of preservation and looks as -though it might last one hundred years longer." - -In a valuable book, entitled _Some Colonial Mansions and Those Who Lived -in Them_, edited by Thomas Allen Glennand, and published in 1898, is a -picture of the wall-paper at the Manor House, on page 157 of Volume I, -in the chapter which relates to the Patroonship of the Van Rensselaers -and the magnificent mansion. This was built in 1765, commenced and -finished (except the modern wings) by Stephen Van Rensselaer, whose wife -was the daughter of Philip Livingston, a signer of the Declaration of -Independence. - -"Seldom has a house a more splendid history, or romantic origin, than -this relic of feudal splendor and colonial hospitality. The house is -approached from the lodge-gate through an avenue shaded by rows of -ancient trees. The entrance hall is thirty-three feet wide, and is -decorated with the identical paper brought from Holland at the time the -house was built, having the appearance of old fresco-painting." - -The picture which follows this description is too small to be -satisfactorily studied without a magnifying glass, but the paper must be -impressive as a whole. Imposing pillars on the left, perhaps all that -remains of a grand castle; in front of them large blocks of stone with -sculptured men and horses; at the right of these a pensive, elegant -creature of the sterner sex gazing at a mammoth lion couchant on a -square pedestal. Beyond the lion, a picturesque pagoda on a high rock, -and five more human figures, evidently put in to add to the interest of -the foreground. This square is surrounded with a pretty wreath, bedecked -with flowers, birds and shells. - -On either side of the hall were apartments some thirty feet wide; the -great drawing-rooms, the state bed-room and the spacious library, in -which the bookcases of highly polished wood occupied at least seventy -feet of wall-space. All of the ceilings are lofty, and fine old wood -carvings abounded on every side. Mr. William Bayard Van Rensselaer of -Albany still possesses the handsome paper taken from one of these rooms, -with four large scenes representing the seasons. The house was -demolished only a few years ago. - -I notice that almost all these mansions had walls of wood, either plain -or paneled in broad or narrow panels, and simply painted with oil-paint -of pure white or a cream yellow; and a Southern gentleman, whose -ancestors lived in one of these historic homes, tells me that the -Southern matrons were great housekeepers, and these white wood walls -were thoroughly scrubbed at least three times yearly, from top to -bottom. - -In Part II of the history of the Carters of Virginia, we read that the -duties of Robert Carter as councillor brought him to Williamsburg for a -part of the year, and in 1761 he moved, with his family, from "Nomini -Hall" to the little Virginia capital, where he lived for eleven years. -We know, from the invoices sent to London, how the Councillor's home in -the city was furnished. The first parlor was bright with crimson-colored -paper; the second had hangings ornamented by large green leaves on a -white ground; and the third, the best parlor, was decorated with a finer -grade of paper, the ground blue, with large yellow flowers. A mirror was -to be four feet by six and a half, "the glass to be in many pieces, -agreeable to the present fashion," and there were marble hearth-slabs, -wrought-brass sconces and glass globes for candles, Wilton carpets and -other luxuries. The mantels and wainscoting were especially fine. - -The paper on the hall of Martin Van Buren's home at Kinderhook, New -York, is said to have been interesting; but the present owners have -destroyed it, being much annoyed by sightseers. - -In the reception room of the Manor House of Charles Carroll, of -Carrollton, Maryland, and in the state chamber, where Washington slept -(a frequent and welcome guest at Doughoregan Manor) were papers, both -with small floral patterns. - -In New York and Albany paper-hanging was an important business by 1750 -and the walls of the better houses were papered before the middle of the -century. But in the average house the walls were not papered in 1748. A -Swedish visitor says of the New York houses at that time, "The walls -were whitewashed within, and I did not anywhere see hangings, with which -the people in this country seem in general to be little acquainted. The -walls were quite covered with all sorts of drawings and pictures in -small frames." - - - - -V - -NOTES FROM HERE AND THERE - -[Illustration] - - - - -V - -NOTES FROM HERE AND THERE - - -The wall-papers of a century ago did have distinct ideas and earnest -meaning; a decided theme, perhaps taken from mythology, as the story of -Cupid and Psyche, on one of the most artistic of the early panelled -papers, to print which we read that fifteen hundred blocks were used. -There were twelve panels, each one showing a scene from the experiences -of the "Soul Maiden." - -You remember that Venus, in a fit of jealousy, ordered Cupid to inspire -Psyche with a love for the most contemptible of all men, but Cupid was -so stricken with her beauty that he himself fell in love with her. He -accordingly conveyed her to a charming spot and gave her a beautiful -palace where, unseen and unknown, he visited her every night, leaving -her as soon as the day began to dawn. Curiosity destroyed her happiness, -for her envious sisters made her believe that in the darkness of night -she was embracing some hideous monster. So once, when Cupid was asleep, -she drew near to him with a lamp and, to her amazement, beheld the most -handsome of the gods. In her excitement of joy and fear, a drop of hot -oil fell from her lamp upon his shoulder. This awoke Cupid, who censured -her for her distrust and escaped. Then came long tribulations and abuse -from Venus, until at last she became immortal, and was united to her -lover forever. As you know, Psyche represents the human soul, purified -by passions and misfortunes and thus prepared for the enjoyment of true -and pure happiness. - -From this accident, Ella Fuller Maitland has drawn for us-- - -A SPECIAL PLEADER - - "How I hate lamps," Bethia frowning cried, - (Our poverty electric light denied.) - And when to ask her reason I went on, - Promptly she answered thus my question: - "By lamplight was it that poor Psyche gazed - Upon her lover, and with joy amazed - Dropped from the horrid thing a little oil-- - Costing herself, so, years of pain and toil: - Had she electric light within her room, - She might have seen Love, yet escaped her doom." - -Another mythologic story is grandly depicted in a paper in the -residence of Dr. John Lovett Morse, at Taunton, Mass. (Plates LXV to -LXX.) This paper was described to me as illustrating the fifth book of -Virgil's _Æneid_. When the handsome photographs came, we tried to verify -them. But a reading of the entire _Æneid_ failed to identify any of -them, except that the one shown in Plate LXIX might be intended to -represent the Trojan women burning the ships of Æneas. Who were the two -personages leaping from the cliff? Virgil did not mention them. - -A paper in _Country Life in America_ for April, 1905, describing the -"Hermitage," Andrew Jackson's home near Nashville, Tennessee, spoke of -the "unique" paper on the lower hall, depicting the adventures of -Ulysses on the Island of Calypso. The illustration showed the same -scenes that we had been hunting for in Virgil. The caption stated that -it "was imported from Paris by Jackson. It pictures the story of Ulysses -at the Island of Calypso. There are four scenes, and in the last -Calypso's maidens burn the boat of Ulysses." - -So we turned to the _Odyssey_. There again we were disappointed. Nobody -jumps off cliffs in the _Odyssey_, Ulysses' boat is not burned, neither -does Cupid, who appeared in every photograph, figure in the scenes -between Ulysses and Calypso. - -Next we took to the mythologies; and in one we found a reference to -Fenelon's _Adventures of Telemachus_, which sends Telemachus and Mentor -to Calypso's island in search of Ulysses, and describes their escape -from the goddess's isles and wiles by leaping into the sea and swimming -to a vessel anchored near. Here at last were our two cliff jumpers! And -in long-forgotten _Telemachus_ was found every scene depicted on the -walls. - -It is a strange commentary on the intellectual indolence of the average -human mind, that these two remarkable sets of paper should so completely -have lost their identity, and that the misnomers given them by some -forgetful inhabitant should in each case have been accepted without -question by those who came after him. Other owners of this paper have -known what the scenes really were; for I have had "Telemachus paper" -reported, from Kennebunk, Maine, and from the home of Mr. Henry DeWitt -Freeland at Sutton, Massachusetts. The paper is evidently of French -origin, and is mentioned as a Parisian novelty by one of Balzac's -characters in _The Celibates_, the scene of which was laid about 1820. - -In the Freeland house at Sutton, there are also some scenes from -Napoleon's campaign in Egypt. An inscription reads, "Le 20 mars, 1800, -100,000 Francais commandu par le brave Kleber ont vancu 200,000 Turcs, -dans le plaines de l'Heliopili." - -Among the historical papers, we have "Mourning at the Tomb of -Washington," and Lord Cornwallis presenting his sword to Washington. The -former was a melancholy repetition of columns and arches, each framing a -monument labelled "Sacred to Washington," surmounted by an urn and -disconsolate eagle, and supported on either side by Liberty and Justice -mourning. Crossed arms and flags in the foreground, and a circular iron -fence about the monument completed the picture, which was repeated in -straight rows, making with its somber gray and black the most funereal -hall and stairway imaginable. - -Papers representing places with truthful details were numerous and -popular, as "The Bay of Naples," "The Alhambra," "Gallipoli," "On the -Bosporus." A striking paper represents the River Seine at Paris. This -paper has a brilliant coloring and the scenes are carried entirely round -the room; nearly all the principal buildings in Paris are seen. On one -side of the room you will notice the Column Vendôme, which shows that -the paper was made after 1806. The horses in the arch of the Carousel -are still in place. As these were sent back to Venice in 1814, the paper -must have been made between these dates. - -On the walls of a house in Federal Street, which was once occupied by H. -K. Oliver, who wrote the hymn called "Federal Street," is the River -Seine paper with important public buildings of Paris along its bank; -several other houses have this same paper, and half a dozen duplicates -have been sent me from various parts of New England. - -I have heard of a paper at Sag Harbor, Long Island, in which old New -York scenes were pictured, but of this I have not been fortunate enough -to secure photographs. - -Certain towns and their neighborhoods are particularly rich in -interesting old papers, and Salem, Massachusetts, certainly deserves -honorable mention at the head of the list. That place can show more than -a score of very old papers in perfect condition to-day, and several -houses have modern paper on the walls that was copied from the original -paper. - -One old house there was formerly owned by a retired merchant, and he had -the entire ceiling of the large cupola painted to show his wharves and -his ships that sailed from this port for foreign lands. - -Another fine house has a water color painting on the walls, done to look -like paper; this is one hundred and seventy-five years old. - -A curious paper is supposed to be an attempt to honor the first -railroad. This is in bright colors, with lower panels in common gray -tints. The friend who obtained this for me suggests that the artist did -not know how to draw a train of cars, and so filled up the space -ingeniously with a big bowlder. This is on the walls of a modest little -house, and one wonders that an expensive landscape paper should be on -the room. But the owner of the house was an expressman and was long -employed by Salemites to carry valuable bundles back and forth from -Boston. A wealthy man who resided in Chestnut Street was having his -house papered during the rage for landscape papers, and this person -carried the papers down from Boston so carefully that the gentleman -presented him with a landscape paper of his own, as a reward for his -interest. Now the mansion has long since parted with its foreign -landscapes, but such care was taken of the humble parlor that its paper -is still intact and handsome; it is more than seventy-five years old. - -A fine French paper shows a fruit garden, probably the Tuileries, in -grays and blues. The frieze at the top is of white flowers in arches -with blue sky between the arches. This room was papered for Mrs. Story, -the mother of Judge Story, in 1818. - -In the Osgood house in Essex Street there is a most beautiful paper, -imported from Antwerp in the early part of the nineteenth century, -depicting a hunting scene. The hunt is centered about the hall and the -game is run down and slain in the last sheet. A balustrade is at the -foot of the picture. The color is brown sepia shades. - -One neat little house, in an out-of-the-way corner in Marblehead, has a -French paper in gray, white and black, which was brought from France by -a Marblehead man who was captured by a French privateer and lived in -France many years. When he returned, he brought this with him. It shows -scenes in the life of the French soldiers. They are drinking at inns, -flirting with pretty girls, but never fighting. Another paper has -tropical plants, elephants, natives adorned with little else but -feathers and beads. The careful mother will not allow any of the -children to go alone into this room for fear they may injure it. - -In a Chinese paper, one piece represents a funeral, and the horse with -its trappings is being led along without a rider; women and children are -gazing at the procession from pagodas. - -On the walls of the Johnson house in North Andover is a Marie Antoinette -paper, imported from England. I have heard of only this one example of -this subject. A number of homes had painted walls, with pictures that -imitated the imported landscapes. - -At the Art Museum, Boston, one may see many specimens of old paper -brought to this country before 1820, and up to 1860. A spirited scene is -deer stalking in the Scotch Highlands; the deer is seen in the distance, -one sportsman on his knees taking aim, another holding back an excited -dog. In another hunting paper, the riders are leaping fences. A pretty -Italian paper has peasants dancing and gathering grapes; vines are -trained over a pergola, and a border of purple grapes and green leaves -surrounds each section of the paper. A curious one is "Little Inns," -with signs over the doors, as "Good Ale sold here," or "Traveler's -Rest"; all are dancing or drinking, the colors are gay. There are also -specimens of fireboards, for which special patterns were made, usually -quite ornate and striking. - -When a daughter of Sir William Pepperell married Nathaniel Sparhawk, he -had a paper specially made, with the fair lady and her happy lover as -the principal figures, and a hawk sitting on a spar. This paper is still -to be seen in the Sparhawk house at Kittery Point, Maine. - -Portsmouth is rich in treasures, but a member of one of the best -families there tells me it is very hard to get access to these mansions. -Curiosity seekers have committed so many atrocities, in the way of -stealing souvenirs, that visitors are looked upon with suspicion. - -A house built in 1812 at Sackett's Harbor, New York, has a contemporary -paper with scenes which are Chinese in character, but the buildings have -tall flag staffs which seem to be East Indian. - -Near Hoosic Falls, New York, there used to be a house whose paper showed -Captain Cook's adventures. The scenes were in oval medallions, -surrounded and connected by foliage. Different events of the Captain's -life were pictured, including the cannibals' feast, of which he was the -involuntary central figure. This paper has been destroyed, and I have -sought in vain for photographs of it. But I have seen some chintz of the -same pattern, in the possession of Miss Edith Morgan of Aurora, New -York, which was saved from her grandfather's house at Albany when it was -burned in 1790. So the paper is undoubtedly of the eighteenth century. -Think of a nervous invalid being obliged to gaze, day after day, upon -the savages gnawing human joints and gluttonizing over a fat sirloin! - -The adventures of Robinson Crusoe were depicted on several houses, and -even Mother Goose was immortalized in the same way. - -The managers of a "Retreat" for the harmlessly insane were obliged -first to veil with lace a figure paper, and finally to remove it from -the walls, it was so exciting and annoying to the occupants of the room. -This recalls the weird and distressing story by Elia W. Peattie, _The -Yellow Wall-Paper_. Its fantastic designs drove a poor wife to suicide. -Ugh! I can see her now, crawling around the room which was her prison. - -I advise any one, who is blessed or cursed with a lively imagination, to -study a paper closely several times before purchasing, lest some demon -with a malignant grin, or a black cat, or some equally exasperating face -or design escape notice until too late. I once had a new paper removed -because the innocent looking pattern, in time of sleepless anxiety, -developed a savage's face with staring eyes, a flat nose, the grossest -lips half open, the tongue protruding, and large round ear-rings in ears -that looked like horns! This, repeated all round my sick room, was -unendurable. - -But the old time papers are almost uniformly inspiring or amusing. What -I most enjoy are my two papers which used to cover the huge band-boxes -of two ancient dames, in which they kept their Leghorn pokes, calashes, -and quilted "Pumpkin" hoods. One has a ground of Colonial yellow, on -which is a stage-coach drawn by prancing steeds, driver on the top, whip -in hand, and two passengers seen at the windows. A tavern with a rude -swinging sign is in the background. The cover has a tropical scene--two -Arabs with a giraffe. The other band-box has a fire engine and members -of the "hose company," or whatever they called themselves, fighting a -fire. - -Papers with Biblical themes were quite common. In the fascinating -biography of Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, I find a detailed account of -one. She says: - -"When we reached Schenectady, the first city we children had ever seen, -we stopped to dine at the old 'Given's Hotel,' where we broke loose from -all the moorings of propriety on beholding the paper on the dining-room -wall illustrating, in brilliant colors, some of the great events in -sacred history. There were the patriarchs with flowing beards and in -gorgeous attire; Abraham, offering up Isaac; Joseph, with his coat of -many colors, thrown into a pit by his brethren; Noah's Ark on an ocean -of waters; Pharaoh and his host in the Red Sea; Rebecca at the well; and -Moses in the bulrushes. - -"All these distinguished personages were familiar to us, and to see them -here for the first time in living colors made silence and eating -impossible. We dashed around the room, calling to each other: 'O, Kate, -look here!' 'O, Madge, look there!' 'See little Moses!' 'See the angels -on Jacob's ladder!' - -"Our exclamations could not be kept within bounds. The guests were -amused beyond description, while my mother and elder sisters were -equally mortified; but Mr. Bayard, who appreciated our childish surprise -and delight, smiled and said: 'I'll take them around and show them the -pictures, and then they will be able to dine,' which we finally did." - -Inns often indulge in striking papers. A famous series of hunting -scenes, called "The Eldorado," is now seen in several large hotels; it -has recently been put on in the Parker House, Boston. It was the joint -work of two Alsatian artists, Ehrmann and Zipelius, and was printed from -about two thousand blocks. The Zuber family in Alsace has manufactured -this spirited panel paper for over fifty years; it has proved as -profitable as a gold mine and is constantly called for; I was shown a -photograph of the descendants of the owner and a large crowd of workmen -gathered to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of the firm, which was -established in 1797. - -An old inn at Groton, Massachusetts, was mentioned as having curious -papers, but they proved to be modern. The walls, I hear, were originally -painted with landscapes. This was an earlier style than scenic -papers--akin to frescoing. A friend writes me: - -"The odd papers now on the walls of Groton Inn have the appearance of -being ancient, although the oldest is but thirty years old. Two of them -are not even reproductions, as the one in the hall depicts the Paris -Exposition of 1876, and that in the office gives scenes from the life of -Buffalo Bill. - -"The Exposition has the principal buildings in the background, with a -fountain, and a long flight of steps in front leading to a street that -curves round until it meets the same scene again. Persons of many -nations, in characteristic dress, promenade the street. Pagodas and -other unique buildings are dotted here and there. The entire scene is -surrounded with a kind of frame of grasses and leaves, in somewhat of a -Louis Quinze shape. Each one of these scenes has 'Paris Exposition, -1876,' printed on it, like a quack advertisement on a rock. - -"The Wild West scenes include the log cabin, the stage coach held up, -the wild riding, and the throwing of the lasso. - -"The paper on the dining-room may be a reproduction. It looks like -Holland, although there are no windmills. But the canal is there with -boats and horses, other horses drinking, and men fishing; also a Dutchy -house with a bench outside the door. This paper looks as if it had been -put on the walls a hundred years ago, but in reality it is the most -recent of the three. The date of the beginning of the Inn itself is lost -in the dim past, but we know it is more than two hundred years old. -Tradition has it that there were originally but two rooms which were -occupied by the minister." - -When some one writes on our early inns, as has been done so charmingly -for those of England, I prophecy that the queer papers of the long ago -will receive enthusiastic attention. - -Towns near a port, or an island like Nantucket, are sure to have fine -old papers to show. A Nantucket woman, visiting the Art Museum in Boston -some dozen years since, noticed an old paper there which was highly -valued. Remembering that she had a roll of the very same style in her -attic, she went home delighted, and proudly exhibited her specimen, -which was, I believe, the motive power which started the Nantucket -Historical Society. I was presented with a piece of the paper--a -hand-painted design with two alternating pictures; an imposing castle -embowered in greenery, its towers and spires stretching far into the -sky, and below, an ornate bridge, with a score of steps at the left, and -below that the pale blue water. Engrossed lovers and flirtatious couples -are not absent. - -"A Peep at the Moon" comes from Nantucket. It reveals fully as much as -our life-long students of that dead planet have been able to show us, -and the inhabitants are as probable as any described as existing on -Mars. At Duxbury, Massachusetts, there are still two much-talked-of -papers, in what is called the "Weston House"--now occupied by the Powder -Point School. Mrs. Ezra Weston was a Bradford, and the story is that -this paper was brought from Paris by her brother, Captain Gershom -Bradford. There is a continuous scene around the room, apparently from -the environs of Paris. Upstairs, a small room is papered with the -remains of the "Pizarro" paper, which was formerly in the sitting-room -opposite the parlor. This has tropical settings and shows the same -characters in more or less distinct scenes about the wall. The paper was -so strong that it was taken off the sitting-room in complete strips and -is now on a small upper chamber. - -A stranger, who had heard of my collection, sent a beautiful photograph -with this glowing description: - -"This wall-paper looks Oriental; it is gilt. Arabs are leading camels, -while horses are prancing proudly with their masters in the saddle as -the crescent moon is fast sinking to rest in a cloudless sky. Fountains -are playing outside of the portal entrance to a building of Saracenic -architecture, a quiet, restful scene, decidedly rich and impressive." - -Thomas Bailey Aldrich, in his _Story of a Bad Boy_, describes his -grandfather's old home--the Nutter House at Rivermouth, he calls it, but -he doubtless has in mind some house at Portsmouth, his birthplace. - -"On each side of the hall are doors (whose knobs, it must be confessed, -do not turn very easily), opening into large rooms wainscoted and rich -in wood-carvings about the mantel-pieces and cornices. The walls are -covered with pictured paper, representing landscapes and sea-views. In -the parlor, for example, this enlivening group is repeated all over the -room:--A group of English peasants, wearing Italian hats, are dancing on -a lawn that abruptly resolves itself into a sea-beach, upon which stands -a flabby fisherman (nationality unknown), quietly hauling in what -appears to be a small whale, and totally regardless of the dreadful -naval combat going on just beyond the end of his fishing-rod. On the -other side of the ships is the main-land again, with the same peasants -dancing. Our ancestors were very worthy people, but their wall-papers -were abominable." - -With the paper on the little hall chamber which was the Bad Boy's own, -he was quite satisfied, as any healthy-minded boy should have been: - -"I had never had a chamber all to myself before, and this one, about -twice the size of our state-room on board the Typhoon, was a marvel of -neatness and comfort. Pretty chintz curtains hung at the window, and a -patch quilt of more colors than were in Joseph's coat covered the little -truckle-bed. The pattern of the wall-paper left nothing to be desired in -that line. On a gray background were small bunches of leaves, unlike any -that ever grew in this world; and on every other bunch perched a -yellow-bird, pitted with crimson spots, as if it had just recovered from -a severe attack of the small-pox. That no such bird ever existed did not -detract from my admiration of each one. There were two hundred and -sixty-eight of these birds in all, not counting those split in two where -the paper was badly joined. I counted them once when I was laid up with -a fine black eye, and falling asleep immediately dreamed that the whole -flock suddenly took wing and flew out of the window. From that time I -was never able to regard them as merely inanimate objects." - -One of the most spirited papers I have seen is a series of horse-racing -scenes which once adorned the walls of the eccentric Timothy Dexter. -Fragments of this paper are still preserved, framed, by Mr. T. E. -Proctor of Topsfield, Mass. The drawing makes up in spirit what it lacks -in accuracy, and the coloring leaves nothing to the imagination. The -grass and sky are as green and blue as grass and sky can be, and the -jockeys' colors could be distinguished from the most distant -grand-stand. - -This paper is a memento of the remarkable house of a remarkable -man--Timothy Dexter, an eighteenth century leather merchant of -Massachusetts, whose earnings, invested through advice conveyed to him -in dreams, brought him a fortune. With this he was able to gratify his -unique tastes in material luxuries. His house at Newburyport was filled -with preposterous French furniture and second-rate paintings. On the -roof were minarets decorated with a profusion of gold balls. In front of -the house he placed rows of columns, some fifteen feet in height, -surmounted by heroic wooden figures of famous men. As his taste in great -men changed he would have the attire and features of some statue -modified, so that General Morgan might one day find himself posing as -Bonaparte. On a Roman circle before the entrance stood his permanent -hero, Washington, supported on the left by Jefferson, on the right by -Adams, who was obliged to stand uncovered in all weathers, to suit -Timothy's ideas of the respect due to General Washington. Four roaring -wooden lions guarded this Pantheon, and the figures were still standing -when the great gale of 1815 visited Newburyport. Then the majority fell. -The rest were sold for a song, and were scattered, serving as weather -vanes and tavern signs. - -Timothy Dexter wrote one book, which is now deservedly rare. This was _A -Pickle for the Knowing Ones_, of which he published at least two -editions. In this book he spoke his mind on all subjects; his -biographer, Samuel L. Knapp, calls it "a Galamathus of all the saws, -shreds, and patches that ever entered the head of a motley fool, with -items of his own history and family difficulties." His vanity, literary -style and orthography may be seen in his assertion: "Ime the first Lord -in the Younited States of Amercary, now of Newburyport. It is the voice -of the peopel and I cant Help it." To the second edition of his _Pickle_ -he appended this paragraph: "Mister Printer the knowing ones complane of -my book the first edition had no stops I put in A Nuf here and they may -peper and solt it as they plese." A collection of quotation marks, or -"stops" followed. - -"Lord Dexter," as he called himself and was called by one Jonathan -Plummer, a parasitic versifier who chanted doggerel in his praise, was a -picturesque character enough, and we are glad to have his memory kept -green by these few remaining bits of paper from his walls. - -[Illustration] - - - - -VI - -REVIVAL AND RESTORATION OF OLD PAPERS - -[Illustration] - - - - -VI - -REVIVAL AND RESTORATION OF OLD PAPERS - - -It was in 1880 that Clarence Cook said: "One can hardly estimate the -courage it would take to own that one liked an old-fashioned paper." How -strange that sounds now, in 1905, when all the best manufacturers and -sellers of wall-papers are reproducing the very old designs, for which -they find a ready sale among the most fastidious searchers for the -beautiful. One noted importer writes me: - -"Yes, old time wall-papers are being revived, and no concern is taking -more interest in the matter than ourselves. Many old designs, which had -not been printed for thirty or forty years, have been taken up by us and -done in colors to suit the taste of the period, and we find that few of -the new drawings excel or even approach the old ones in interest. - -"The glazed chintzes of the present day are all done over old blocks -which had remained unused for half a century, and those very interesting -fabrics are in the original colorings, it having been found that any new -schemes of color do not seem to work so well." - -Sending recently to a leading Boston paper store for samples for my -dining-room, and expressing no desire for old patterns, I received a -reproduction of the paper on the hall of the old Longfellow house at -Portland, Maine, and a design of small medallions of the real antique -kind,--a shepherdess with her sheep and, at a little distance, a stiff -looking cottage, presumably her abode, set on a shiny white ground -marked with tiny tiles. - -In fact, there is a general revival of these old designs, the original -blocks often being used for re-printing. Go to any large store in any -city to-day, where wall-papers are sold, and chintzes and cretonnes for -the finest effects in upholstery. You will be shown, first, -old-fashioned landscape papers; botanically impossible, but cheerful -baskets of fruits and flowers; or panels, with a pretty rococo effect of -fairy-like garlands of roses swung back and forth across the openwork of -the frame at each side, and suspended in garlands at top and bottom -after French modes of the Louis XIV., XV. or XVI. periods. They are even -reproducing the hand woven tapestries of Gobelin of Paris, during the -latter part of the reign of Louis XIV., when French art was at its -height. - -In London _Tit-Bits_, I recently found something apropos: "'Here,' said -a wall-paper manufacturer, 'are examples of what we call tapestry -papers. They are copied exactly from the finest Smyrna and Turkish rugs, -the colors and designs being reproduced with startling fidelity. We have -men ransacking all Europe, copying paintings and mural decorations of -past centuries. Here is the pattern of a very beautiful design of the -time of Louis XVI., which we obtained in rather a curious way. One of -our customers happened to be in Paris last summer, and being fond of -inspecting old mansions, he one day entered a tumble-down chateau, which -once belonged to a now dead and long forgotten Marquise. The rooms were -absolutely in a decaying condition, but in the salon the wall-paper -still hung, though in ribbons. The pattern was so exquisite in design, -and the coloring, vivid still in many places, so harmonious, that he -collected as many portions as he could and sent them to us to reproduce -as perfectly as possible. - -"We succeeded beyond his best hopes, and the actual paper is now hanging -on the walls of a West End mansion. We only manufactured sufficient to -cover the ball-room, and it cost him two pounds a yard, but he never -grumbled, and it was not dear, considering the difficulty we had." - -An article in the _Artist_ of London, September, 1898, by Lindsay P. -Butterfield, describes a wonderful find of old paper and its -restoration: - -"Painted decoration, whether by hand or stencil, was, no doubt, the -immediate forerunner of paper hangings. The earliest reference to paper -hangings in this country is to be found in the inventory taken at 'the -monasterye of S. Syxborough in the Ile of Shepey, in the Countie of -Kent, by Syr Thomas Cheney, Syr William Hawle, Knyghts and Antony -Slewtheger, Esquyer, the XXVII day of Marche, in XXVII the yeare of our -Soveraigne Lorde, Kyng Henrye the VIII, of the goods and catall -belongyng to sayde Monastery.' - -"In this very interesting document, a minutely descriptive list of the -ornaments, furniture and fittings of the nuns' chambers is given. We -find from this that, in place of the 'paynted clothes for the hangings -of the chamber,' mentioned in most of the entries, under the heading of -Dame Margaret Somebody's chamber is set down 'the chamber hangings of -painted papers.' - -"Wall-papers of Charles II.'s reign, and later, are still in existence; -those at Ightham Mote, Kent, are well known instances. - -"But so far as the writer is aware, the accompanying reproductions -represent the oldest wall-papers now existing in England. They were -found during the restoration of a fifteenth century timber-built house, -known as 'Borden Hall' or the 'Parsonage Farm,' in the village of -Borden, near Sittingbourne, Kent. - -"The design marked 'A' was discovered in small fragments when the -Georgian battening and wainscoats were removed in the first floor -bed-room of the east front, in the oldest part of the house. These -fragments showed that the tough paper had been originally nailed with -flat-headed nails to the dried clay 'daubing' or plaster, with which the -spaces between the timber uprights of the walls were filled in; the -timbers themselves were painted a dark blue-grey, and a border of the -same framed the strips of wall-paper. Owing to the walls having been -battened out nearly two centuries ago, these fragments of a really -striking design have been preserved to us. - -"The design of 'B' was also found on the first floor, in the rear -portion of the house. It had been pasted, in the modern manner, onto a -large plaster surface. The walls on which it was found had been -re-plastered over the original plastering and paper and thus the latter -was preserved in perfect condition. The design and quality of the paper, -and the mode of its attachment, point to a date of about 1650. 'A' is -probably of an earlier date (say 1550-1600) and is very thick and tough. -The ornament is painted in black on a rich vermilion ground, and the -flower forms are picked out in a bright turquoise blue. 'B' is much more -modern looking, both in texture and design, and in both is very inferior -to 'A.' - -"Its coloring is meagre compared with the other, the ornament being -printed in black on white paper, and the flower forms roughly dabbed -with vermilion. The character of the design in both cases seems -referable to Indian influence; possibly they were the work of an Indian -artist, and were cut as blocks for cotton printing, an impression being -taken off on paper and hung on the walls. The house is in course of -restoration under the superintendence of Mr. Philip M. Johnston, -architect, to whom I am indebted for some of the particulars above -given. To the owner of Borden Hall, Lewis Levy, Esq., I am also indebted -for permission to publish the designs which I have reproduced in -fac-simile from the original fragments. It is hoped shortly to hang the -walls in the old manner with the reproduced papers." - -I have copied from an 1859 edition of _Rambles about Portsmouth_, a -strange story of the restoration of frescoes in the old Warner house at -Portsmouth, New Hampshire: - -"At the head of the stairs, on the broad space each side of the hall -windows, there are pictures of two Indians, life size, highly decorated -and executed by a skillful artist. These pictures have always been on -view there, and are supposed to represent some Indian with whom the -original owner traded in furs, in which business he was engaged. In the -lower hall of the house are still displayed the enormous antlers of an -elk, a gift from these red men. - -"Not long since, the spacious front entry underwent repairs; there had -accumulated four coatings of paper. In one place, on removing the under -coating, the picture of a horse was discovered by a little girl. This -led to further investigation; the horse of life size was developed; a -little further work exhumed Governor Phipps on his charger. The process -of clearing the walls was now entered upon in earnest, as if delving in -the ruins of Pompeii. - -"The next discovery was that of a lady at a spinning wheel (ladies span -in those days!) who seems interrupted in her work by a hawk lighting -among the chickens. - -"Then came a Scripture scene; Abraham offering up Isaac; the angel, the -ram, and so on. There is a distant city scene, and other sketches on the -walls, covering perhaps four or five hundred square feet. The walls have -been carefully cleaned, and the whole paintings, evidently the work of -some clever artist, are now presented in their original beauty. - -"No person living had any knowledge of the hidden paintings; they were -as novel to an old lady of eighty, who had been familiar with the house -from her childhood, as to her grand-daughter who discovered the horse's -foot. The rooms are furnished with panelled walls and the old Dutch -tiles still decorate the fire-place." - -It is gratifying to note that as these old frescoes and wall-papers are -ruthlessly destroyed by those unaware of their value (which will -constantly increase), there are those who insist on their preservation -and reproduction. President Tucker of Dartmouth College, for instance, -has forbidden the removal of the Bay of Naples landscape from the walls -of what was formerly the library of Professor Sanborn at Hanover, New -Hampshire. The house is now used as a dormitory, but that paper is -treated with decided reverence. - -Reproduction of a fine paper worn, soiled and torn is an expensive -matter, but those who realize their beauty order them if the price per -roll is six or ten dollars. One of the most delightful papers of the -present season is one copied from a French paper originally on the walls -of a Salem house and known to have been there for over one hundred -years. It is charming in design, with landscapes and flowers, -twenty-eight different colors in all, and that means much when it is -understood that every color must be printed from a different block when -the paper is made. - -The paper is brilliant in effect, with many bright colored flowers, pink -hollyhocks in a warm rose shade, purple morning glories, some blue -blossoms and two different water scenes set deep into the mass of -flowers, the scenes themselves of delicate tones and wonderful -perspective. The original paper was in pieces twenty inches wide by -twenty-eight long, which shows it to be very old. This reproduction will -be seen on the walls in houses of Colonial style in Newport this summer. - -Yes, summer tourists are looking up old walls to gaze at with -admiration. Many have found a Mecca in the Cleasby Place at Waterford, -Vermont. Hardly a summer Sunday passes without a wagon load of persons -going from Littleton towards the Connecticut River on a pilgrimage to -Waterford and the Cleasby House. This house is said to be one of only -three in New England which possess a certain wonderful old paper of -strange design. The paper, a combination of brown and cream, bears -scenes that evidently found their origin in foreign countries, but there -are diverse opinions as to the nation whose characteristics are thereon -depicted so realistically. An old house at Rockville, Massachusetts, -still boasts this same paper, while the third example is on the walls of -the Badger homestead, described on page 77. Plates XLVIII to L give -scenes from these papers. - -The Cleasby house was regarded, in the olden times, as the great mansion -in this locality. There was nothing finer than the residence in any of -the surrounding towns. The structure was erected by Henry Oakes, an -old-time settler in Northern Vermont, whose relatives still reside near -by. The paper was put on at the time the house was built and cost one -hundred dollars. A paper-hanger came up from Boston to put it on -properly, and this cost the owner an extra forty dollar check. In those -days, the coming of a paper-hanger from Boston was regarded quite in the -light of an event, and a hundred dollars expended for wall-paper stamped -a man as a capitalist. - -The house is still well preserved and shows no suggestion of being a -ruin, although approaching the century mark. The present owner has been -offered a large sum for this beautiful old paper, but wisely prefers to -hold her treasure. - -Paper-hangers to-day are returning, in some cases, to the hand-printing -of fine papers, because they insist that there are some advantages in -the old method to compensate for the extra work. To go back a bit, the -earliest method of coloring paper hangings was by stencilling. A piece -of pasteboard, with the pattern cut out on it, was laid on the paper, -and water colors were freely applied with a brush to the back of the -pasteboard, so that the colors came through the openings and formed the -pattern on the paper. This process was repeated several times for the -different colors and involved a great expenditure of labor. It was -replaced by the method of calico-printing, which is now generally used -in the manufacture of wall-paper, that is, by blocks and later by -rollers. And why, you naturally ask, this return to the slow and -laborious way? - -Mr. Rottman, of the London firm of Alexander Rottman & Co., a high -authority on this theme, in an able lecture given at his studio in -London, explains the reasons in a way so clear that any one can -understand. He says: - -"In an age where needles are threaded by machinery at the rate of nearly -one per second; where embroideries are produced by a machine process -which reverses the old method in moving the cloth up to fixed needles; -where Sunlight Soap is shaped, cut, boxed, packed into cases, nailed up, -labelled, and even sent to the lighters by machinery, so that hand -labour is almost entirely superseded; it seems odd and, in fact, quite -out of date and uncommercial to print wall-papers entirely by hand -process. - -"The up-to-date wall-paper machine turns out most wonderful -productions. It is able to imitate almost any fabric; tapestries, -Gobelins, laces, and even tries to copy artistic stencilling in gradated -tints. It manages to deceive the inartistic buyer to a large extent, in -fact, there is hardly any fabric that the modern demand for 'sham' does -not expect the wall-paper machine to imitate. - -"However, in spite of all these so-called achievements, the modest -hand-printing table that existed at the time of wigs and snuff-boxes is -still surviving more or less in its old-fashioned simple construction. -And why is this so?" He then explains why a hand-printed paper is always -preferred to a machine paper by the person of taste, whose purse is not -too slender. Seven reasons are given for their artistic superiority. - -"1. Machine papers can be printed in thin colours only, which means a -thin, loose colour effect. - -"2. In machine papers the whole of the various colours are printed at -one operation, one on the top of another. In hand-printed papers, no -colours touch each other until dry, and so each colour remains pure. - -"3. Large surfaces, such as big leaves, large flat flowers, broad -stripes that have to be printed in one colour, are never successful in -machines, wanting solidity of colour. Hand-printed papers run no such -risk. - -"4. The machine limits the variety of papers to the flat kind; to flat -surfaces supplied by the paper mills in reels. - -"5. Flaws, irregularities, and so on, when occurring in machine goods, -run through many yards, owing to the necessary rapidity of printing, and -the difficulty of stopping the machine; whilst every block repeat of -pattern in the hand-printed goods is at once visible to the printer, who -rectifies any defect before printing another impression, and so controls -every yard. - -"6. The hand-printed papers, being printed from wood blocks (only dots -and thin lines subject to injury being inserted in brass) show more -softness in the printing than papers printed from machine rollers that -have to be made in brass. - -"7. The preparation of getting the machine colours in position, and -setting the machine ready for printing, necessitates the turning out of -at least a ream, or a half ream (five hundred or two hundred and fifty -rolls) at once; whilst the equivalent in hand-printing is fifty to sixty -rolls. It often happens that the design of a machine paper is approved -of, whilst the colourings it is printed in are unsuited to the scheme. -By the hand process, room quantities of even ten to fifteen pieces can -be printed specially at from 15 per cent. to 20 per cent. advance in -price, while the increase in cost for such a small quantity in machine -paper would send up the price to ridiculous proportions." - -The use of brass pins in the wood blocks is also a revival of the old -method, as you will see from this interesting paragraph from a recent -volume--Lewis F. Day's _Ornament and Its Application_: - -"Full and crowded pattern has its uses. The comparatively fussy detail, -which demeans a fine material, helps to redeem a mean one. - -"Printed wall-paper, for example, or common calico, wants detail to -give it a richness which, in itself, it has not. In printed cotton, flat -colours look dead and lifeless. The old cotton printers had what they -called a 'pruning roller,' a wooden roller (for hand-printing) into -which brass pins or wires were driven. The dots printed from this roller -relieved the flatness of the printed colours, and gave 'texture' to it. -William Morris adopted this idea of dotting in his cretonne and -wall-paper design with admirable effect. It became, in his hands, an -admirable convention, in place of natural shading. The interest of a -pattern is enhanced by the occurrence at intervals of appropriate -figures; but with every recurrence of the same figure, human or animal, -its charm is lessened until, at last, the obvious iteration becomes, in -most cases, exasperating. - -"And yet, in the face of old Byzantine, Sicilian, and other early woven -patterns with their recurring animals, and of Mr. Crane's consummately -ornamental patterns, it cannot be said that repeated animal (and even -human) forms do not make satisfactory pattern. - -"For an illustration of this, look at the wall-paper design by Crane: -'This is the House that Jack built.' It seems, at first glance, to be a -complicated ornamental design; after long searching, you at last see -plainly every one of the characters in that jingle that children so -love." - -William Morris, and his interest in wall-paper hanging, must be spoken -of, "For it was Morris who made this a truly valuable branch of domestic -ornamentation. If, in some other instances, he was rather the restorer -and infuser of fresh life into arts fallen into degeneracy, he was -nothing short of a creator in the case of wall-paper design, which, as a -serious decorative art, owes its existence to him before anyone else." - -In his lecture on _The Lesser Arts of Life_, he insisted on the -importance of paying due regard to the artistic treatment of our wall -spaces. "Whatever you have in your rooms, think first of the walls, for -they are that which makes your house and home; and, if you don't make -some sacrifice in their favor, you will find your chambers have a sort -of makeshift, lodging-house look about them, however rich and handsome -your movables may be." - -A collector is always under a spell; hypnotized, bewitched, possibly -absurdly engrossed and unduly partial to his own special hobby, and to -uninterested spectators, no doubt seems a trifle unbalanced, whether his -specialty be the fossilized skeleton of an antediluvian mammoth or a -tiny moth in a South American jungle. - -I am not laboring under the exhilarating but erroneous impression that -there is any widespread and absorbing interest in this theme. As the -distinguished jurist, Mr. Adrian H. Joline, says, "Few there are who -cling with affection to the memory of the old fashioned. Most of us -prefer to spin with the world down the ringing grooves of change, to -borrow the shadow of a phrase which has of itself become old-fashioned." -Yet, as Mr. Webster said of Dartmouth, when he was hard pressed: "It is -a little college, but there are those who love it." - -Besides, everything--Literature, Art and even fashions in dress and -decorations,--while seeming to progress really go in waves. We are now -wearing the bonnets, gowns and mantles of the 1830 style and much -earlier. Fabulous and fancy prices are gladly given for antique -furniture; high boys, low boys, hundred-legged tables, massive four-post -bedsteads, banjo clocks, and crystal chandeliers. - -Those able to do it are setting tapestries into their stately walls, -hangings of rich brocades and silk are again in vogue and the old -designs for wall-paper are being hunted up all through Europe and this -country. Some also adopt a colored wash for their bed-room walls, and -cover their halls with burlap or canvas, while the skins of wild animals -adorn city dens as well as the mountain lodge or the seaside bungalow. -So we have completed the circle. - -The unco rich of to-day give fabulous sums for crystal candelabra, or -museum specimens of drawing room furniture; and collectors, whether -experts or amateurs, and beginners just infected with the microbe are -searching for hidden treasures of china, silver and glass. - -Why should the Old Time Wall-Papers alone be left unchronicled and -forgotten? In them the educated in such matters read the progress of the -Art; some of them are more beautiful than many modern paintings; the -same patterns are being admired and brought out; the papers themselves -will soon all be removed. - -Hawthorne believed that the furniture of a room was magnetized by those -who occupied it; a modern psychologist declares that even a rag doll -dearly loved by a child becomes something more than a purely inanimate -object. We should certainly honor the wall-papers brought over the seas -from various countries at great expense to beautify the Homes of our -Ancestors. - -[Illustration] - - - - -PUBLISHER'S NOTE. - - -_The wall-papers reproduced in the following plates were in many cases -faded, water-stained and torn, when photographed. Many of the -photographs are amateur work; some are badly focused and composed, some -taken in small rooms and under unfavorable conditions of light. The -reader will bear this in mind in judging the papers themselves and the -present reproductions._ - - -_PLATE VII_ - - -_PLATE VIII_ - - -PLATE VII. - -The Bayeux Tapestry. - - - The oldest tapestry now in existence, dating from the time of - William the Conqueror, and apparently of English workmanship. The - set of pieces fits the nave of the Cathedral of Bayeux, measuring - 231 feet long and 20 inches wide. Now preserved in the Bayeux - Library. - - The subjects are drawn from English history; Plate VII represents - the burial of Edward the Confessor in the Church of St. Peter, - Westminster Abbey. - - -PLATE VIII. - -The Bayeux Tapestry. - - - King Harold listening to news of the preparations of William of - Orange for the invasion of Britain. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE IX_ - - -_PLATE X_ - - -PLATE IX. - -Borden Hall Paper. - - - The oldest wall-paper known in England; found in restoring a - fifteenth-century timber-built house known as "Borden Hall," in - Borden village, Kent, near Sittingbourne. - - Design "A" was found in the oldest part of the house, and probably - dates from the second half of the sixteenth century. The paper is - thick and tough, and was nailed to the plaster between uprights. - The walls were afterward battened over the paper, and the recovered - fragments are in perfect condition. Ground color rich vermillion, - with flowers in bright turquoise blue, the design in black. - - -PLATE X. - -Borden Hall Paper. - - - Old English paper, design "B"; found in rear part of house and - dates from about 1650. It was pasted to the plaster in the modern - manner. Printed in black on a white ground, flowers roughly colored - vermillion. Inferior to "A" in design, coloring, and quality of - paper. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XI_ - - -PLATE XI. - -Early English Pictorial Paper - - - Late eighteenth century hunting scene paper from an old Manor House - near Chester, England. Reproduced from a fragment in the collection - of Mr. Edward T. Cockcroft of New York City. The pattern is - evidently repeated at intervals. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XII_ - - -PLATE XII. - -The Cultivation of Tea. - - - Hand-painted Chinese paper, imported about 1750 and still in good - state of preservation; the property of Mr. Theodore P. Burgess of - Dedham, Mass. The subject is perhaps the oldest theme used in - wall-paper decoration in China. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XIII_ - - -_PLATE XIV_ - - -PLATE XIII. - -The Cultivation of Tea. - - - Paper on another side of room shown in Plate XII. - - -PLATE XIV. - -The Cultivation of Tea. - - - Third side of same room. The scene continues round the room without - repetition. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XV_ - - -_PLATE XVI_ - - -PLATE XV. - -Early American Fresco. - - Painted river scenes on the best chamber walls of the house of Mrs. - William Allen at Westwood, Mass. The elm and locust trees and - architectural style are plainly American, but the geographical - location is uncertain. The colors are very brilliant--red, blue, - green, etc. - - -PLATE XVI. - -Early American Fresco. - - - Another side of same room, showing conventionalized water fall and - bend in the river. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XVII_ - - -_PLATE XVIII_ - - -PLATE XVII. - -Early American Fresco. - - - Another view of the painted walls at Westwood, Mass. The object - depicted is neither a whale nor a torpedo-boat, but an island. - - -PLATE XVIII. - -Early American Fresco. - - - Painted hall and stairway in an old house in High Street, Salem, - Mass., attached to the very old bake-shop of Pease and Price. The - frescoes were executed by a Frenchman. Colors are still quite - bright, but a good photograph could not be secured in the small and - dimly-lighted hall. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XIX_ - - -_PLATE XX_ - - -PLATE XIX. - -Early Stencilled Paper. - - - Fragments of very old paper from Nantucket, R. I. - - -PLATE XX. - -A Peep at the Moon. - - - Another quaint stencilled paper found at Nantucket, R. I. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: A PEEP AT THE MOON] - - -_PLATE XXI_ - - -PLATE XXI. - -Pictured Ruins and Decorative Designs. - - - Hall of a homestead at Salem, Massachusetts, old when gas lights - were introduced in Salem. The paper was undoubtedly made to fit the - stairway and hall. The large picture in the lower hall is repeated - at the landing. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XXII_ - - -PLATE XXII. - -Hand Colored Paper with Repeated Pattern. - - - Parlor in the home of Mrs. Russell Jarvis at Claremont, New - Hampshire. The paper is hand-printed on cream ground in snuff-brown - color, and is made up of pieces eighteen inches square, showing - three alternating pastoral scenes. In the frieze and dado the - prevailing color is dark blue. (p.56) - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XXIII_ - - -_PLATE XXIV_ - - -PLATE XXIII. - -Scenes from Nature in Repeated Design. - - - Parlor of the Lindell house at Salem, Massachusetts. White - wainscoting and mantel surmounted by paper in squares, showing four - outdoor scenes. The fire-board concealing the unused fire-place is - covered with paper and border specially adapted to that purpose. - - -PLATE XXIV. - -The Alhambra. - - - Two scenes from the Alhambra Palace, repeated in somewhat - monotonous rows. Still in a good state of preservation on the upper - hall of a house at Leicester, Massachusetts,--one of the sea-port - towns rich in foreign novelties brought home by sea captains. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XXV_ - - -_PLATE XXVI_ - - -PLATE XXV. - -Cathedral Porch and Shrine in Repeated Design. - - - Effectively colored paper still on the walls at Ware, - Massachusetts, showing a shrine in the porch of a cathedral; the - repeated design being connected with columns, winding stairs and - ruins. The blue sky seen through the marble arches contrasts finely - with the green foliage. - - -PLATE XXVI. - -Cathedral Porch and Shrine, Architectural Background. - - - Paper on a chamber in the mansion of Governor Gore of - Massachusetts, at Waltham, Massachusetts, erected and decorated in - 1802. Medallion pictures in neutral colors, of a cathedral porch, - shrine and mountain view, alternating on a stone-wall ground. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XXVII_ - - -PLATE XXVII. - -Birds of Paradise and Peacocks. - - - The drawing-room of the Governor Gore Mansion at Waltham, - Massachusetts, bequeathed by its owner, Miss Walker, to the - Episcopal Church for the Bishop's residence. The paper is still in - beautiful condition, printed on brownish cream ground in the - natural colors of birds and foliage. (p. 75) - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XXVIII_ - - -PLATE XXVIII. - -Sacred to Washington. - - - Memorial paper in black and gray placed on many walls soon after - the death of Washington. The example photographed was on a hall and - stairway. (p. 88) - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XXIX_ - - -PLATE XXIX. - -Dorothy Quincy Wedding Paper. - - - On the Dorothy Quincy house on Hancock Street, at Quincy, Mass., - now the headquarters of the Colonial Dames of Massachusetts. It was - imported from Paris in honor of the marriage of Dorothy Quincy and - John Hancock in 1775, and still hangs on the walls of the large - north parlor. Venus and Cupid are printed in blue, the floral - decorations in red. The colors are still unfaded. (p. 65) - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XXX_ - - -_PLATE XXXI_ - - -PLATE XXX. - -The Pantheon. - - - Mounted fragments rescued from the destruction of the dining-room - paper which was on the walls of the King's Tavern or "Waffle - Tavern" at Vernon (now Rockville), Connecticut, when Lafayette was - entertained there in 1825. All the characters of Roman mythology - were pictured in woodland scenes printed in gray and black, on - small squares of paper carefully matched. Below these ran a band - bearing the names of the characters represented; and below this, a - grassy green dado dotted with marine pictures. (p. 69) - - -PLATE XXXI. - -Canterbury Bells. - - - Paper from Howe's Tavern, at Sudbury, Massachusetts,--the "Wayside - Inn" of Longfellow's Tales. The fragment is in poor condition but - possesses historic interest, having decorated the room in which - Lafayette passed the night on his trip through America. (p. 67) - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XXXII_ - - -_PLATE XXXIII_ - - -PLATE XXXII. - -The First Railroad Locomotive. - - - Paper on an old house in High Street, Salem, supposed to represent - the first railroad. The first trial of locomotives for any purpose - other than hauling coal from the mines, took place near Rainhill, - England, in 1829. The paper may celebrate this contest, at which of - three engines was successful. (p. 89-90) - - -PLATE XXXIII. - -High Street House Paper. - - - Scene on opposite side of same room. The subject and figures seem - English. The scenes are in colors, the dado in black and grey on - white ground. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XXXIV_ - - -_PLATE XXXV_ - - -PLATE XXXIV. - -Pizarro in Peru. - - - Remains of Pizarro paper in the Ezra Weston house now used for the - famous Powder Point School for Boys, at Duxbury, Massachusetts. - Formerly on sitting-room but now preserved in a small upper room; - stained and dim. It was brought from Paris by Captain Gershom - Bradford, and is supposed to depict scenes in Pizarro's invasion of - Peru in 1531. The same figures are shown in successive scenes, more - or less distinct though running into each other. (p. 97) - - -PLATE XXXV. - -Pizarro in Peru. - - - Another corner of same room. Both the paper and photograph are - difficult to reproduce. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XXXVI_ - - -_PLATE XXXVII_ - - -PLATE XXXVI. - -Tropical Scenes. - - - Paper from the Ham House at Peabody, Massachusetts, now occupied by - Dr. Worcester. These scenes are quite similar to those of the - Pizarro paper, and may have been the work of the same designer. - - -PLATE XXXVII. - -Tropical Scenes. - - - Ham house paper. Another side of room. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XXXVIII_ - - -_PLATE XXXIX_ - - -PLATE XXXVIII. - -On the Bosporus. - - - From a house at Montpelier, Vermont, in which it was hung in 1825, - in honor of Lafayette who was entertained there. The Mosque of - Santa Sophia and other buildings of Constantinople are seen in the - background. - - -PLATE XXXIX. - -On the Bosporus. - - - Opposite side of same room. Fishing from caiques on the Golden Horn - before Stamboul. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XL_ - - -PLATE XL. - -Oriental Scenes. - - - Paper still on the walls of the home of Miss Janet A. Lathrop, at - Stockport, New York. It was put on the walls in 1820 by the sea - captain who built the house, and in 1904 was cleaned and restored - by the present owner. No other example of this paper in America has - been heard of, except in an old house at Albany in which the mother - of Miss Lathrop was born. In the "Chinese room" of a hunting lodge - belonging to the King of Saxony, at Moritzburg, near Dresden, is a - similar paper or tapestry from which this may have been copied. It - is printed in grays which have become brown with age, from engraved - blocks, and finished by hand. This is a rare example of the use of - rice paper for a wall covering. (p. 55) - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XLI_ - - -PLATE XLI. - -Oriental Scenes. - - - Continuation of same paper; apparently a religious procession. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XLII_ - - -PLATE XLII. - -Oriental Scenes. - - - Another section of the Lathrop house paper. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XLIII_ - - -PLATE XLIII. - -Oriental Scenes. - - - End of room containing three preceding scenes. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XLIV_ - - -PLATE XLIV. - -Early Nineteenth Century Scenic Paper. - - - Side wall of parlor of Mrs. E. C. Cowles at Deerfield, - Massachusetts. The house was built in 1738 by Ebenezer Hinsdale, - and was re-modelled and re-decorated about the beginning of the - nineteenth century. Still in good state of preservation. The colors - are neutral. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XLV_ - - -PLATE XLV. - - Parlor of Mrs. Cowles' house, end of room. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XLVI_ - - -_PLATE XLVII_ - - -PLATE XLVI. - - Another example of the same paper as that on the Cowles house - (Plates XLIV and XLV). This paper was imported from England and - hung in 1805, in a modest house at Warner, New Hampshire,--such a - house as seldom indulged in such expensive papers. It is still on - the walls, though faded. - - -PLATE XLVII. - - At Windsor, Vermont, two more examples of this paper are still to - be seen. One is on the house now occupied by the Sabin family. This - was built about 1810 by the Honorable Edward R. Campbell, and the - paper was hung when the house was new. (p. 52) - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE XLVIII_ - - -_PLATE XLIX_ - - -PLATE XLVIII. - -Harbor Scene. - - - Paper found in three houses in New England--the home of Mr. Wilfred - Cleasby at Waterford, Vermont; the Governor Badger homestead at - Gilmanton, New Hampshire, built in 1825; and an old house in - Rockville, Massachusetts, built about ninety years ago. The scene - fits the four walls of the room without repetition. The design is - printed in browns on a cream ground, with a charming effect. The - geographical identity of the scenes has never been established. (p. - 109) - - -PLATE XLIX. - -The Spanish Fandango. - - - Continuation of same paper; another side of room. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE L_ - - -PLATE L. - -Strolling Players. - - - Same paper, third view. The set of paper on the Cleasby house is - said by descendants of the builder, Henry Oakes, to have cost $100, - and $40 for its hanging. The similar set on the Badger homestead - should have cost $50, had not the messenger lost the first payment - sent, so that that sum had to be duplicated. This is on a smaller - room than at the Cleasby house, requiring less paper. (p. 76-80) - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LI_ - - -_PLATE LII_ - - -PLATE LI. - -Rural Scene. - - - Paper on the parlor of Mr. Josiah Cloye at Ashland, Massachusetts, - and found also in several other places; colors neutral. - - -PLATE LII. - -Rural Scene. - - - From another example of the same set found at Marblehead, - Massachusetts. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LIII_ - - -_PLATE LIV_ - - -PLATE LIII. - -French Boulevard Scene. - - - Paper from the Forrester house at Salem, Massachusetts, now used as - a sanitarium for the insane. Since the photographs were taken the - paper has been removed as it unduly excited the patients. - - -PLATE LIV. - -French Boulevard Scene. - - Same as above. Found also in a house at the sea-port town of - Nantucket. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LV_ - - -PLATE LV. - -Gateway and Fountain. - - - French paper, imported before 1800, but never hung. A few rolls - still survive, in the possession of Mr. George M. Whipple of Salem, - Massachusetts. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LVI_ - - -PLATE LVI. - -Scenes from Paris. - - - A very popular paper found in Federal Street, Salem, on the parlor - of Mrs. Charles Sadler, daughter of Henry K. Oliver; in the Ezra - Weston house at Duxbury, Massachusetts, built in 1808; the Walker - house at Rockville, Massachusetts, and several other New England - towns. The principal buildings of Paris are represented as lining - the shore of the Seine. The inclusion of the Colonne Vendôme shows - it to have been designed since 1806; and as the horses on the - Carousel arch were returned to Venice in 1814, the paper probably - dates between those years. (p. 88) - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LVII_ - - -PLATE LVII. - -Scenes from Paris. - - - Another side of room shown in Plate LVI. The paper is in pieces 16 - by 21 inches. The colors are soft, with green, gray and brown - predominating, but with some black, yellow, red, etc. The drawing - is good. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LVIII_ - - -PLATE LVIII. - -Bay of Naples. - - - This seems to have been the most popular paper of the early - nineteenth century. It decorated the room in which the author was - born--the library of Professor E. D. Sanborn of Dartmouth College, - at Hanover, New Hampshire,--and is still in place. The house is now - used as a Dartmouth dormitory. The same scenes are found in the - Lawrence house, at Exeter, New Hampshire, now used as a - dormitory--Dunbay Hall--of the Phillips Exeter Academy; on the - house of Mrs. E. B. McGinley at Dudley, Massachusetts, and on - another at St. Johnsbury, Vermont, now owned by Mrs. Emma Taylor. - (p. 49, 108) - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LIX_ - - -PLATE LIX. - -Bay of Naples. - - - Continuation of same scene. This paper is in neutral colors, and - made in small pieces. It was imported about 1820. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LX_ - - -PLATE LX. - -Bay of Naples. - - - Detail. The monument has a Greek inscription which Professor - Kittredge of Harvard University translates literally: "Emperor - Cæsar, me divine Hadrian. Column of the Emperor Antoninus - Pius"--who was the son of Hadrian. The pillar of Antonine still - stands at Rome. The statue of Antoninus which formerly surmounted - it was removed by Pope Sextus, who substituted a figure of Paul. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXI_ - - -_PLATE LXII_ - - -PLATE LXI. - -Bay of Naples. - - - Another side of room. - - -PLATE LXII. - -Bay of Naples. - - - Detail: Galleon at anchor. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXIII_ - - -PLATE LXIII. - -Cupid and Psyche. - - - Panelled paper in colors, designed by Lafitte and executed by - Dufour in 1814. It consists of twenty-six breadths, each five feet - seven inches long by twenty inches wide. It is said that fifteen - hundred engraved blocks were used in printing. The design is - divided into twelve panels, depicting the marriage of Cupid and - Psyche, Psyche's lack of faith and its sad consequences. - - The scene reproduced shows the visit of the newly-wedded Psyche's - jealous sisters to her palace, where they persuade her that her - unseen husband is no god, but a monster whom she must kill. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXIV_ - - -PLATE LXIV. - -Cupid and Psyche. - - - While Cupid lies sleeping in the darkness, Psyche takes her dagger, - lights her lamp, and bends over the unconscious god: - - * * * There before her lay - The very Love brighter than dawn of day; - - * * * * * - - O then, indeed, her faint heart swelled for love, - And she began to sob, and tears fell fast - Upon the bed.--But as she turned at last - To quench the lamp, there happed a little thing, - That quenched her new delight, for flickering - The treacherous flame cast on his shoulder fair - A burning drop; he woke, and seeing her there, - The meaning of that sad sight knew too well, - Nor was there need the piteous tale to tell. - - WILLIAM MORRIS: _The Earthly Paradise._ - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXV_ - - -PLATE LXV. - -The Adventures of Telemachus. - - - Paper from the home of Dr. John Lovett Morse at Taunton, - Massachusetts, illustrating the sixth book of Fenelon's _Adventures - of Telemachus_. Found also in the home of Mr. Henry De Witt - Freeland at Sutton, Massachusetts; on the hall of "The Hermitage," - Andrew Jackson's home near Nashville, Tennessee; and in an ancient - house at Kennebunk, Maine. (p. 86-88) - - Telemachus, son of Ulysses, and Mentor, who is Minerva in - disguise, while searching through two worlds for the lost Ulysses, - arrive at the island of the goddess Calypso and her nymphs. - Telemachus recites the tale of their adventures, and Calypso (who - is unfortunately divided by the window into two equal parts) - becomes as deeply enamored of Telemachus as she had formerly been - of his father. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXVI_ - - -PLATE LXVI. - -The Adventures of Telemachus. - - - Venus, who is bent on detaining Telemachus on the island and - delaying his filial search for Ulysses, brings her son Cupid from - Olympus, and leaves him with Calypso, that he may inflame the young - hero's heart with love for the goddess. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXVII_ - - -PLATE LXVII. - -The Adventures of Telemachus. - - - Cupid stirs up all the inflammable hearts within his reach somewhat - indiscriminately; and Telemachus finds himself in love with the - nymph Eucharis. Calypso becomes exceedingly jealous. At a - hunting-contest in honor of Telemachus, Eucharis appears in the - costume of Diana to attract him, while the jealous Calypso rages - alone in her grotto. Venus arrives in her dove-drawn car and takes - a hand in the game of hearts. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXVIII_ - - -PLATE LXVIII. - -Adventures of Telemachus. - - - Calypso, in her rage against Eucharis and Telemachus, urges Mentor - to build a boat and take Telemachus from her island. Mentor, - himself disapproving of the youth's infatuation, builds the boat; - then finds Telemachus and persuades him to leave Eucharis and - embark with him. As they depart toward the shore, Eucharis returns - to her companions, while Telemachus looks behind him at every step - for a last glimpse of the nymph. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXIX_ - - -PLATE LXIX. - -Adventures of Telemachus. - - - Cupid meantime has dissuaded Calypso from her wrath and incited the - nymphs to burn the boat that is waiting to bear the visitors away. - Mentor, perceiving that Telemachus is secretly glad of this, and - fearing the effect of his passion for Eucharis, throws the youth - from the cliff into the water, leaps in after him, and swims with - him to a ship that lies at anchor beyond the treacherous shoals. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXX_ - - -PLATE LXX. - -Scottish Scenes. - - - The room on which the Adventures of Telemachus are pictured having - proved too large for the set of scenes, the remaining corner is - filled out with what appear to be Scottish scenes, possibly - illustrations for Scott. Harmony in coloring was apparently of more - importance than harmony in subject. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXXI_ - - -_PLATE LXXII_ - - -PLATE LXXI. - -The Olympic Games. - - - This famous paper, now owned by Mrs. Franklin R. Webber 2d of - Boston, was made in France and imported in 1800 or earlier, but - never hung. Each roll is made up of squares invisibly joined, and - the thirty pieces combine to form a continuous panorama. The - coloring is brown. The paper was probably printed by hand from - engraved blocks, and the shading of faces, etc., added by hand. The - most artistic pictorial paper known. (p. 52-54) - - -PLATE LXXII. - -The Olympic Games. - - - A tribute to Homer. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXXIII_ - - -_PLATE LXXIV_ - - -PLATE LXXIII. - -The Olympic Games. - - - The shrine of Vesta. - - -PLATE LXXIV. - -The Olympic Games. - - - Worshipping Athene in the Court of the Erechtheum. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXXV_ - - -_PLATE LXXVI_ - - -PLATE LXXV. - -The Olympic Games. - - - Oblation to Bacchus. - - -PLATE LXXVI. - -The Olympic Games. - - - Oblation to Bacchus, and procession before the Parthenon. From the - Perry house at Keene, N. H., on whose parlor walls is preserved the - only other known example of the paper just described. (p. 50) - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXXVII_ - - -PLATE LXXVII. - -The Lady of the Lake. - - - This series of scenes in neutral colors is photographed from the - parlor of the Rev. Pelham Williams, at Greenbush, Mass., whose - house is one of three on which it still hangs in good condition. - The other examples are the Hayward house at Wayland, Mass., and the - Alexander Ladd house, now owned by Mrs. Charles Wentworth, at - Portsmouth, N. H. - - CANTO I. THE CHASE. - - III. - - Yelled on the view the opening pack-- - Rock, glen, and cavern paid them back; - To many a mingled sound at once - The awakened mountain gave response. - An hundred dogs bayed deep and strong, - Clattered a hundred steeds along, - Their peal the merry horns rang out, - An hundred voices joined the shout; - With bark, and whoop, and wild halloo, - No rest Benvoirlich's echoes knew. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXXVIII_ - - -PLATE LXXVIII. - -The Lady of the Lake. - - -CANTO III. THE GATHERING. - -VIII. - - 'Twas all prepared--and from the rock, - A goat, the patriarch of the flock, - Before the kindling pile was laid, - And pierced by Roderick's ready blade. - - * * * * * - - The grisly priest with murmuring prayer, - A slender crosslet framed with care. - - * * * * * - - The cross, thus formed, he held on high, - With wasted hand and haggard eye, - And strange and mingled feelings woke, - While his anathema he spoke. - - -IX. - - * * * * * - - He paused--the word the vassals took, - With forward step and fiery look, - On high their naked brands they shook, - Their clattering targets wildly strook; - And first, in murmur low, - Then, like the billow in his course, - That far to seaward finds his source, - And flings to shore his mustered force, - Burst with loud roar, their answer hoarse, - "Woe to the traitor, woe!" - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXXIX_ - - -PLATE LXXIX. - -The Lady of the Lake. - - -CANTO IV. THE PROPHECY. - -XXI. - -[Blanche of Devan and Fitz-James] - - Now wound the path its dizzy ledge - Around a precipice's edge, - When lo! a wasted female form, - Blighted by wrath of sun and storm, - In tattered weeds and wild array, - Stood on a cliff beside the way, - And glancing round her restless eye - Upon the wood, the rock, the sky, - Seemed nought to mark, yet all to spy. - Her brow was wreathed with gaudy broom; - With gesture wild she waved a plume - Of feathers, which the eagles fling - To crag and cliff from dusky wing; - - * * * * * - - And loud she laughed when near they drew, - For then the lowland garb she knew: - And then her hands she wildly wrung, - And then she wept, and then she sung. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXXX_ - - -PLATE LXXX. - - This scene fills the fourth side of the room on which _The Lady of - the Lake_ is pictured, but does not illustrate any scene in the - poem. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXXXI_ - - -PLATE LXXXI. - -The Seasons. - - - Pastoral paper in neutral colors on the library of Prof. Ira Young - of Dartmouth, at Hanover, N. H. The four seasons are represented on - different sides of the room, blending into each other--sowing, - haying, harvesting and sleighing. Still on the walls in good state - of preservation. (p. 49) - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXXXII_ - - -PLATE LXXXII. - -The Seasons. - - - Another view of Professor Young's library. The colors in this paper - are neutral. - -[Illustration] - - -_PLATE LXXXIII_ - - -PLATE LXXXIII. - -The Seasons. - - - Third view from Professor Young's library. - -[Illustration] - --------------------------------------------------------------- - -Transcriber's note: - - P.16. 'Huis-en-ten-Bosch' corrected to 'Huis-ten-Bosch', changed. - P.17. 'asked me ot', 'ot' corrected to 'to', changed. - P.36. 'country and and', taken out the extra 'and'. - P.89. 'Carousal' is 'Carousel', changed. - The Carousel is not a drinking party. - P.92. 'treaures' typo for 'treasures', changed. - P.103. 'are in the the original', taken out the extra 'the'. - P.115. 'when she' changed 'she' to 'he'. - Plate LVI, 'Carousal' is meant 'Carousel', changed. - Plate LXVI, 'Olympos' typo for 'Olympus', changed. - - Fixed various commas and full stops. - --------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Old Time Wall Papers, by Katherine Abbott Sanborn - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD TIME WALL PAPERS *** - -***** This file should be named 41664-8.txt or 41664-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/6/6/41664/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Jane Robins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/41664-8.zip b/41664-8.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f0c728d..0000000 --- a/41664-8.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/41664-h.zip b/41664-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 625494d..0000000 --- a/41664-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/41664-h/41664-h.htm b/41664-h/41664-h.htm index f246885..85212f6 100644 --- a/41664-h/41664-h.htm +++ b/41664-h/41664-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> Old Time Wall Papers, by Kate Sanborn. @@ -243,48 +243,7 @@ ins { </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's Old Time Wall Papers, by Katherine Abbott Sanborn - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Old Time Wall Papers - An Account of the Pictorial Papers on Our Forefathers' - Walls with a Study of the Historical Development of Wall - Paper Making and Decoration - -Author: Katherine Abbott Sanborn - -Release Date: December 19, 2012 [EBook #41664] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD TIME WALL PAPERS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Jane Robins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41664 ***</div> <div class="transnote"> <h4>Transcriber's Note:</h4> @@ -704,7 +663,7 @@ Water-mark paper originated in the early fourteenth century, when paper-making became an European industry; and a considerable international trade can be traced by means of the water marks.</p> -<p>The French Encyclopædia corroborates Blanchet's statement that the +<p>The French Encyclopædia corroborates Blanchet's statement that the common notion that the Arabic and early European papers were made of cotton is a mistake; the microscope shows rag and flax fibres in the earliest.</p> @@ -729,7 +688,7 @@ preserved by the dry sand, and remain almost as fresh as they were on the day they left the hand of the artist, whose bones have long since been resolved into their native dust."</p> -<p>From the Encyclopædia Britannica I condense the long article on "Mural +<p>From the Encyclopædia Britannica I condense the long article on "Mural Decoration":</p> <p>There is scarcely one of the numerous branches of decorative art which @@ -765,13 +724,13 @@ in England.</p> <p>VII. Painted cloth. In <cite class="italic">King Henry IV.</cite>, Falstaff says his soldiers are "slaves, as ragged as Lazarus in the painted cloth." Canvas, painted to imitate tapestry, was used both for ecclesiastical and domestic -hangings. English mediæval inventories contain such items as "stayned +hangings. English mediæval inventories contain such items as "stayned cloth for hangings"; "paynted cloth with stories and batailes"; and "paynted cloths of beyond-sea-work." The most important existing example is the series of paintings of the Triumph of Julius Caesar, now in Hampton Court. These designs were not meant to be executed in tapestry, but were complete as wall-hangings. Godon, in <cite class="italic">Peinture sur Toile</cite>, -says: "The painted canvasses kept at the Hôtel Dieu at Rheims were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +says: "The painted canvasses kept at the Hôtel Dieu at Rheims were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> done in the fifteenth century, probably as models for woven tapestries. They have great artistic merit. The subjects are religious." Painted cloths were sometimes dyed in a manner similar to those Indian stuffs @@ -827,7 +786,7 @@ with the tapestry, although it was done during her lifetime.</p> of England</cite>, takes up the cudgels in a very vigorous manner on behalf of Matilda's claim:</p> -<p>"The archæologists and antiquaries would do well<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> to direct their +<p>"The archæologists and antiquaries would do well<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> to direct their intellectual powers to more masculine objects of enquiry, and leave the question of the Bayeux Tapestry (with all other matters allied to needle-craft) to the decision of the ladies, to whose province it @@ -859,7 +818,7 @@ until recent times it has hung.</p> <p>The tapestry has undergone so many vicissitudes that it is a matter for wonder that it has been preserved in such good condition for eight -hundred years. At one time it was exhibited at the Hôtel de Ville, at +hundred years. At one time it was exhibited at the Hôtel de Ville, at Bayeux, fixed panorama-fashion on two rollers, so that it was at the disposal of the fingers as well as the eyes of the curious. When Napoleon was thinking of invading this country, he had the tapestry @@ -972,17 +931,17 @@ along the bank, and one, at least, diving to the bottom, with tail and feet in the air."</p> <p>The best authority on tapestries in many lands is the exhaustive work by -Muntz, published in Paris, 1878-1884, by the Société anonyme de -Publication Périodique—three luxuriously bound and generously -illustrated volumes, entitled <i xml:lang="fr">Histoire Générale de la Tapisserie en +Muntz, published in Paris, 1878-1884, by the Société anonyme de +Publication Périodique—three luxuriously bound and generously +illustrated volumes, entitled <i xml:lang="fr">Histoire Générale de la Tapisserie en Italie, en Allemagne, en Angleterre, en Espagne</i>.</p> -<p>We learn here that in 1630 Le François, of Rouen, incited by the Chinese +<p>We learn here that in 1630 Le François, of Rouen, incited by the Chinese colored papers imported by the missionaries, tried to imitate the silk tapestries of the wealthy in a cheaper substance. He spread powdered wool of different colors on a drawing covered with a sticky substance on -the proper parts. This <i xml:lang="fr">papier velouté</i>, called <i xml:lang="fr">tontisse</i> by Le -François, was exported to England, where it became known as "flock +the proper parts. This <i xml:lang="fr">papier velouté</i>, called <i xml:lang="fr">tontisse</i> by Le +François, was exported to England, where it became known as "flock paper." The English claim a previous invention by Jeremy Lanyer, who, in 1634, had used Chinese and Japanese processes. At any rate, the manufacture of flock papers spread in England and was given up in @@ -1030,7 +989,7 @@ work, of Japanese origin, may be seen in the "Queen's palace at the Hague," called the <i xml:lang="nl"><ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Huis-en-ten-Bosch'">Huis-ten-Bosch</ins></i>—the House-in-the-Wood. This is a magnificent composition of foliage and flowers, birds and butterflies, perfect in form and beauty of tint, worked in silks on a ground of -<i xml:lang="fr">écru</i> satin. It is composed of many breadths forming one picture, +<i xml:lang="fr">écru</i> satin. It is composed of many breadths forming one picture, starting from the ground with rock-work, and finishing at the top of the wall with light sprays of flowers, birds, butterflies and sky; the colouring of the whole so judiciously harmonized as to be an object @@ -1332,7 +1291,7 @@ partly from Oriental sources and coming to perfection at the end of the fifteenth century, copied and reproduced in textiles, printed stuffs, and wall-papers, with but little change, down to the nineteenth century.</p> -<p>From the Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. XVII, I quote again: "Wall-papers +<p>From the Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. XVII, I quote again: "Wall-papers did not come into common<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> use in Europe until the eighteenth century, though they appear to have been used much earlier by the Chinese. A few rare examples exist in England, which may be as early as the eighteenth @@ -1411,7 +1370,7 @@ coating resembling cloth upon the adhesive surface of the figures." The manufacture of this paper was practised, both in England and France, early in the seventeenth century. I find in the Oxford Dictionary the following examples of the early mention of flock cloth, which was the -thing that suggested to Le François his invention of flock paper:</p> +thing that suggested to Le François his invention of flock paper:</p> <p><cite>Act I of Richard III., C. 8</cite>, preamble: "The Sellers of such course Clothes, being bare of Threde, usen for to powder the cast Flokkys of @@ -1623,7 +1582,7 @@ by mixing with water the yellow-gray clay from the nearest claybank.</p> <p>In Philadelphia, walls were whitewashed until about 1745, when we find one Charles Hargrave advertising wall-paper, and a little later Peter -Fleeson manufacturing paper-hangings and papir-maché mouldings at the +Fleeson manufacturing paper-hangings and papir-maché mouldings at the corner of Fourth and Chestnut Streets.</p> <p>Those who could not afford to import papers painted their walls, either @@ -1853,7 +1812,7 @@ mandolin and tambourine round the tomb of Virgil on my natal morn. Some men were fishing, others bringing in the catch; farther on was a picnic party, sentimental youths and maidens eating comfits and dainties to the tender notes of a flute. And old Vesuvius was smoking violently. All -this because the room in which I made my début was adorned with a +this because the room in which I made my début was adorned with a landscape or scenic paper.</p> <p>Fortunately, this still remains on the walls, little altered or defaced @@ -2277,7 +2236,7 @@ the paper, and so looks too dark. I would have you finish it as soon as you can, thus: paint the wainscot a dead white; paper the walls blue, and tack the gilt border round the cornice. If the paper is not equally coloured when pasted on, let it be brushed over again with the same -colour, and let the <em class="italic">papier maché</em> musical figures be tacked to the +colour, and let the <em class="italic">papier maché</em> musical figures be tacked to the middle of the ceiling. When this is done, I think it will look very well."</p> @@ -2408,7 +2367,7 @@ charming nymph seated on a rock and playing on a lyre. Below all these scenes there was a dado of black and grey, with scrolls and names of the beings depicted—such names as Atlas, Atlantis, Ariadne, Arethusa, Adonis, Apollo, Andromache, Bacchus, Cassandra, Cadmus, Diana, Endymion, -Juno, Jupiter, Iris, Laocoön, Medusa, Minerva, Neptune, Pandora, +Juno, Jupiter, Iris, Laocoön, Medusa, Minerva, Neptune, Pandora, Penelope, Romulus, Sirius, Thalia, Theseus, Venus,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> Vulcan, and many others were "among those present." Below these names came a dado of grassy green, with marine views at intervals.</p> @@ -2841,10 +2800,10 @@ of true and pure happiness.</p> <p>Another mythologic story is grandly depicted in a paper in the residence of Dr. John Lovett Morse, at Taunton, Mass. (<a href="#PLATE_LXV">Plates LXV</a> to <a href="#PLATE_LXX">LXX.</a>) This paper was described to me as illustrating the fifth book of Virgil's -<i>Æneid</i>. When the handsome photographs came, we tried to verify them. -But a reading of the entire <cite class="italic">Æneid</cite> failed to identify any of them, +<i>Æneid</i>. When the handsome photographs came, we tried to verify them. +But a reading of the entire <cite class="italic">Æneid</cite> failed to identify any of them, except that the one shown in <a href="#PLATE_LXIX">Plate LXIX</a> might be intended to represent -the Trojan women burning the ships of Æneas. Who were the two +the Trojan women burning the ships of Æneas. Who were the two personages leaping from the cliff? Virgil did not mention them.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p> <p>A paper in <cite class="italic">Country Life in America</cite> for April, 1905, describing the @@ -2900,7 +2859,7 @@ popular, as "The Bay of Naples," "The Alhambra," "Gallipoli," "On the Bosporus." A striking paper represents the River Seine at Paris. This paper has a brilliant coloring and the scenes are carried entirely round the room; nearly all the principal buildings in Paris are seen. On one -side of the room you will notice the Column Vendôme, which shows that +side of the room you will notice the Column Vendôme, which shows that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> paper was made after 1806. The horses in the arch of the <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Carousal'">Carousel</ins> are still in place. As these were sent back to Venice in 1814, the paper must have been made between these dates.</p> @@ -4596,7 +4555,7 @@ of Mrs. Charles Sadler, daughter of Henry K. Oliver; in the Ezra Weston house at Duxbury, Massachusetts, built in 1808; the Walker house at Rockville, Massachusetts, and several other New England towns. The principal buildings of Paris are represented as lining -the shore of the Seine. The inclusion of the Colonne Vendôme shows +the shore of the Seine. The inclusion of the Colonne Vendôme shows it to have been designed since 1806; and as the horses on the <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Carousal'">Carousel</ins> arch were returned to Venice in 1814, the paper probably dates between those years. <a href="#Page_88">(p.88)</a></p></blockquote> @@ -4685,7 +4644,7 @@ made in small pieces. It was imported about 1820.</p> <blockquote><p>Detail. The monument has a Greek inscription which Professor Kittredge of Harvard University translates literally: "Emperor -Cæsar, me divine Hadrian. Column of the Emperor Antoninus +Cæsar, me divine Hadrian. Column of the Emperor Antoninus Pius"—who was the son of Hadrian. The pillar of Antonine still stands at Rome. The statue of Antoninus which formerly surmounted it was removed by Pope Sextus, who substituted a figure of Paul.</p></blockquote> @@ -5308,387 +5267,6 @@ Plate LVI, 'Carousal' is meant 'Carousel', changed.<br /> Plate LXVI, 'Olympos' typo for 'Olympus', changed.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Old Time Wall Papers, by Katherine Abbott Sanborn - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD TIME WALL PAPERS *** - -***** This file should be named 41664-h.htm or 41664-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/6/6/41664/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Jane Robins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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