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diff --git a/41501-8.txt b/41501-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 849ef70..0000000 --- a/41501-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3668 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's How to Read Human Nature, by William Walker Atkinson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: How to Read Human Nature - Its Inner States and Outer Forms - -Author: William Walker Atkinson - -Release Date: November 28, 2012 [EBook #41501] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO READ HUMAN NATURE *** - - - - -Produced by sp1nd and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - HOW TO READ - HUMAN NATURE: - - ITS INNER STATES AND - OUTER FORMS - - By WILLIAM WALKER ATKINSON - - - WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS - - - L. N. FOWLER & CO. - 7, Imperial Arcade, Ludgate Circus - London, E. C., England - - 1916 - THE ELIZABETH TOWNE CO. - HOLYOKE, MASS. - - - - - COPYRIGHT 1913 - BY - ELIZABETH TOWNE - - - - - HOW TO READ - HUMAN NATURE - - - - -CONTENTS - - - Chapter Page - I. Inner State and Outer Form 9 - II. The Inner Phase: Character 29 - III. The Outer Form: Personality 38 - IV. The Temperaments 47 - V. The Mental Qualities 68 - VI. The Egoistic Qualities 76 - VII. The Motive Qualities 81 - VIII. The Vitative Qualities 89 - IX. The Emotive Qualities 93 - X. The Applicative Qualities 100 - XI. The Modificative Qualities 107 - XII. The Relative Qualities 114 - XIII. The Perceptive Qualities 122 - XIV. The Reflective Qualities 139 - XV. The Religio-Moral Qualities 148 - XVI. Faces 156 - XVII. Chins and Mouths 169 - XVIII. Eyes, Ears, and Noses 177 - XIX. Miscellaneous Signs 186 - - - - -CHAPTER I - -INNER STATE AND OUTER FORM - - -"Human Nature" is a term most frequently used and yet but little -understood. The average person knows in a general way what he and others -mean when this term is employed, but very few are able to give an -off-hand definition of the term or to state what in their opinion -constitutes the real essence of the thought expressed by the familiar -phrase. We are of the opinion that the first step in the process of -correct understanding of any subject is that of acquaintance with its -principal terms, and, so, we shall begin our consideration of the -subject of Human Nature by an examination of the term used to express -the idea itself. - -"Human," of course, means "of or pertaining to man or mankind." -Therefore, Human Nature means the _nature_ of man or mankind. "Nature," -in this usage, means: "The natural disposition of mind of any person; -temper; personal character; individual constitution; the peculiar -mental characteristics and attributes which serve to distinguish one -person from another." - -Thus we see that the essence of the _nature_ of men, or of a particular -human being, is the _mind_, the mental qualities, characteristics, -properties and attributes. Human Nature is then a phase of psychology -and subject to the laws, principles and methods of study, examination -and consideration of that particular branch of science. - -But while the general subject of psychology includes the consideration -of the inner workings of the mind, the processes of thought, the nature -of feeling, and the operation of the will, the special subject of Human -Nature is concerned only with the question of character, disposition, -temperament, personal attributes, etc., of the individuals making up the -race of man. Psychology is general--Human Nature is particular. -Psychology is more or less abstract--Human Nature is concrete. -Psychology deals with laws, causes and principles--Human Nature deals -with effects, manifestations, and expressions. - -Human Nature expresses itself in two general phases, i.e., (1) the -phase of Inner States; and (2) the phase of Outer Forms. These two -phases, however, are not separate or opposed to each other, but are -complementary aspects of the same thing. There is always an action and -reaction between the Inner State and the Outer Form--between the Inner -Feeling and the Outer Expression. If we know the particular Inner State -we may infer the appropriate Outer Form; and if we know the Outer Form -we may infer the Inner State. - -That the Inner State affects the Outer Form is a fact generally -acknowledged by men, for it is in strict accordance with the general -experience of the race. We know that certain mental states will result -in imparting to the countenance certain lines and expressions -appropriate thereto; certain peculiarities of carriage and manner, voice -and demeanor. The facial characteristics, manner, walk, voice and -gestures of the miser will be recognized as entirely different from that -of the generous person; those of the coward differ materially from those -of the brave man; those of the vain are distinguished from those of the -modest. We know that certain mental attitudes will produce the -corresponding physical expressions of a smile, a frown, an open hand, a -clenched fist, an erect spine or bowed shoulders, respectively. We also -know that certain feelings will cause the eye to sparkle or grow dim, -the voice to become resonant and positive or to become husky and weak; -according to the nature of the feelings. - -Prof. Wm. James says: "What kind of emotion of fear would be left if the -feeling neither of trembling lips nor of weakened limbs, neither of -goose-flesh nor of visceral stirrings, were present, it is quite -impossible for me to think. Can one fancy the state of rage and picture -no ebullition in the chest, no flushing of the face, no dilation of the -nostrils, no clenching of the teeth, no impulse to vigorous action, but -in their stead limp muscles, calm breathing, and a placid face?" - -Prof. Halleck says: "All the emotions have well-defined muscular -expression. Darwin has written an excellent work entitled, _The -Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals_, to which students must -refer for a detailed account of such expression. A very few examples -must suffice here. In all the exhilarating emotions, the eyebrows, the -eyelids, the nostrils, and the angles of the mouth are raised. In the -depressing passions it is the reverse. This general statement conveys so -much truth, that a careful observer can read a large part of the history -of a human being written in the face. For this reason many phrenologists -have wisely turned physiognomists. Grief is expressed by raising the -inner ends of the eyebrows, drawing down the corners of the mouth, and -transversely wrinkling the middle part of the forehead. In Terra del -Fuego, a party of natives conveyed to Darwin the idea that a certain man -was low-spirited, by pulling down their cheeks in order to make their -faces long. Joy is expressed by drawing backward and upward the corners -of the mouth. The upper lip rises and draws the cheeks upward, forming -wrinkles under the eyes. The elevation of the upper lip and the nostrils -expresses contempt. A skillful observer can frequently tell if one -person admires another. In this case the eyebrows are raised, disclosing -a brightening eye and a relaxed expression; sometimes a gentle smile -plays about the mouth. Blushing is merely the physical expression of -certain emotions. We notice the expression of emotion more in the -countenance, because the effects are there more plainly visible; but the -muscles of the entire body, the vital organs, and the viscera, are also -vehicles of expression." - -These things need but a mention in order to be recognized and admitted. -This is the _action_ of the Inner upon the Outer. There is, however, a -_reaction_ of the Outer upon the Inner, which while equally true is not -so generally recognized nor admitted, and we think it well to briefly -call your attention to the same, for the reason that this correspondence -between the Inner and the Outer--this _reaction_ as well as the -_action_--must be appreciated in order that the entire meaning and -content of the subject of Human Nature may be fully grasped. - -That the _reaction_ of the Outer Form upon the Inner State may be -understood, we ask you to consider the following opinions of well-known -and accepted authorities of the New Psychology, regarding the -established fact that a _physical expression related to a mental state, -will, if voluntarily induced, tend to in turn induce the mental state -appropriate to it_. We have used these quotations in other books of this -series, but will insert them here in this place because they have a -direct bearing upon the particular subject before us, and because they -furnish direct and unquestioned authority for the statements just made -by us. We ask you to consider them carefully, for they express a most -important truth. - -Prof. Halleck says: "By inducing an expression we can often cause its -allied emotion.... Actors have frequently testified to the fact that -emotion will arise if they go through the appropriate muscular -movements. In talking to a character on the stage, if they clench the -fist and frown, they often find themselves becoming really angry; if -they start with counterfeit laughter, they find themselves growing -cheerful. A German professor says that he cannot walk with a -schoolgirl's mincing step and air without feeling frivolous." - -Prof. Wm. James says: "Whistling to keep up courage is no mere figure of -speech. On the other hand, sit all day in a moping posture, sigh, and -reply to everything with a dismal voice, and your melancholy lingers. If -we wish to conquer undesirable emotional tendencies in ourselves, we -must assiduously, and in the first instance coldbloodedly, go through -the _outward movements_ of those contrary dispositions which we wish to -cultivate. Smooth the brow, brighten the eye, contract the dorsal rather -than the ventral aspect of the frame, and speak in a major key, pass the -genial compliment, and your heart must indeed be frigid if it does not -gradually thaw." - -Dr. Wood Hutchinson, says: "To what extent muscular contractions -condition emotions, as Prof. James has suggested, may be easily tested -by a quaint and simple little experiment upon a group of the smallest -voluntary muscles of the body, those that move the eyeball. Choose some -time when you are sitting quietly in your room, free from all disturbing -influences. Then stand up, and assuming an easy position, cast the eyes -upward and hold them in that position for thirty seconds. Instantly and -involuntarily you will be conscious of a tendency toward reverential, -devotional, contemplative ideas and thoughts. Then turn the eyes -sideways, glancing directly to the right or to the left, through -half-closed lids. Within thirty seconds images of suspicion, of -uneasiness, or of dislike will rise unbidden to the mind. Turn the eyes -on one side and slightly downward, and suggestions of jealousy or -coquetry will be apt to spring unbidden. Direct your gaze downward -toward the floor, and you are likely to go off into a fit of reverie or -abstraction." - -Prof. Maudsley says: "The specific muscular action is not merely an -exponent of passion, but truly an essential part of it. If we try while -the features are fixed in the expression of one passion to call up in -the mind a different one, we shall find it impossible to do so." - -We state the fact of the _reaction_ of the Outer upon the Inner, with -its supporting quotations from the authorities, not for the purpose of -instructing our readers in the art of training the emotions by means of -the physical, for while this subject is highly important, it forms no -part of the particular subject under our present consideration--but -that the student may realize the close relationship existing between the -Inner State and the Outer Form. These two elements or phases, in their -constant action and reaction, manifest the phenomena of Human Nature, -and a knowledge of each, and both give to us the key which will open for -us the door of the understanding of Human Nature. - -Let us now call your attention to an illustration which embodies both -principles--that of the Inner and the Outer--and the action and reaction -between them, as given by that master of subtle ratiocination, Edgar -Allan Poe. Poe in his story "The Purloined Letter" tells of a boy at -school who attained great proficiency in the game of "even or odd" in -which one player strives to guess whether the marbles held in the hand -of his opponent are odd or even. The boy's plan was to gauge the -intelligence of his opponent regarding the matter of making changes, and -as Poe says: "this lay in mere observation and admeasurement of the -astuteness of his opponents." Poe describes the process as follows: "For -example, an arrant simpleton is his opponent, and, holding up his -closed hand, asks, 'are they even or odd?' Our schoolboy replies, 'odd,' -and loses; but upon the second trial he wins, for he then says to -himself, 'the simpleton had them even upon the first trial, and his -amount of cunning is just sufficient to make him have them odd upon the -second; I will therefore guess odd;'--he guesses and wins. Now, with a -simpleton a degree above the first, he would have reasoned thus: 'This -fellow finds that in the first instance I guessed odd, and, in the -second, he will propose to himself upon the first impulse, a simple -variation from even to odd, as did the first simpleton; but then a -second thought will suggest that this is too simple a variation, and -finally he will decide upon putting it even as before. I will therefore -guess even;' he guesses even and wins." - -Poe continues by stating that this "is merely an identification of the -reasoner's intellect with that of his opponent. Upon inquiring of the -boy by what means he effected the _thorough_ identification in which his -success consisted, I received answer as follows: 'When I wish to find -out how wise, or how stupid, or how good, or how wicked is any one, or -what are his thoughts at the moment, _I fashion the expression of my -face, as accurately as possible in accordance with the expression of -his, and then wait to see what thoughts or sentiments arise in my mind -or heart, as if to match or correspond with the expression_.' This -response of the school boy lies at the bottom of all the spurious -profundity which has been attributed to Rochefoucauld, to La Bougive, to -Machiavelli, and to Campanella." - -In this consideration of Human Nature we shall have much to say about -the Outer Form. But we must ask the reader to always remember that the -Outer Form is always the expression and manifestation of the Inner -State, be that Inner State latent and dormant within the depths of the -subconscious mentality, or else active and dynamic in conscious -expression. Just as Prof. James so strongly insists, we cannot imagine -an inner feeling or emotion without its corresponding outward physical -expression, so is it impossible to imagine the outward expressions -generally associated with a particular feeling or emotion without its -corresponding inner state. Whether or not one of these, the outer or -inner, is the _cause_ of the other--and if so, _which one_ is the cause -and which the effect--need not concern us here. In fact, it would seem -more reasonable to accept the theory that they are correlated and appear -simultaneously. Many careful thinkers have held that action and reaction -are practically the same thing--merely the opposite phases of the same -fact. If this be so, then indeed when we are studying the Outer Form of -Human Nature we are studying psychology just as much as when we are -studying the Inner States. Prof. Wm. James in his works upon psychology -insists upon the relevancy of the consideration of the outward -expressions of the inner feeling and emotion, as we have seen. The same -authority speaks even more emphatically upon this phase of the subject, -as follows: - -"The feeling, in the coarser emotions, results from the bodily -expression.... My theory is that the bodily changes follow directly the -perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same -changes as they occur _is_ the emotion.... Particular perceptions -certainly do produce widespread bodily effects by a sort of immediate -physical influence, antecedent to the arousal of an emotion or emotional -idea.... Every one of the bodily changes, whatsoever it may be, is -_felt_, acutely or obscurely, the moment it occurs.... If we fancy some -strong emotion, and then try to abstract from our consciousness of it -all the feelings of its bodily symptoms, we have nothing left behind.... -A disembodied human emotion is a sheer nonentity. I do not say that it -is a contradiction in the nature of things, or that pure spirits are -necessarily condemned to cold intellectual lives; but I say that for -_us_ emotion disassociated from all bodily feeling is inconceivable. The -more closely I scrutinize my states, the more persuaded I become that -whatever 'coarse' affections and passions I have are in very truth -constituted by, and made up of, those bodily changes which we ordinarily -call their expression or consequence.... But our emotions must always be -_inwardly_ what they are, whatever may be the physiological ground of -their apparition. If they are deep, pure, worthy, spiritual facts on any -conceivable theory of their physiological source, they remain no less -deep, pure, spiritual, and worthy of regard on this present sensational -theory." - -Kay says: "Does the mind or spirit of man, whatever it may be, in its -actings in and through the body, leave a material impression or trace in -its structure of every conscious action it performs, which remains -permanently fixed, and forms a material record of all that it has done -in the body, to which it can afterward refer as to a book and recall to -mind, making it again, as it were, present to it?... We find nature -everywhere around us recording its movements and marking the changes it -has undergone in material forms,--in the crust of the earth, the -composition of the rocks, the structure of the trees, the conformation -of our bodies, and those spirits of ours, so closely connected with our -material bodies, that so far as we know, they can think no thought, -perform no action, without their presence and co-operation, may have -been so joined in order to preserve a material and lasting record of -all that they think and do." - -Marsh says: "Every human movement, every organic act, every volition, -passion, or emotion, every intellectual process, is accompanied with -atomic disturbance." Picton says: "The soul never does one single action -by itself apart from some excitement of bodily tissue." Emerson says: -"The rolling rock leaves its scratches on the mountain; the river its -channel in the soil; the animal its bones in the stratum; the fern and -leaf their modest epitaph in the coal. The falling drop makes its -sculpture in the sand or stone.... The ground is all memoranda and -signatures, and every object covered over with hints which speak to the -intelligent. In nature this self-registration is incessant." Morell -says: "The mind depends for the manifestation of all its activities upon -a material organism." Bain says: "The organ of the mind is not the brain -by itself; it is the brain, nerve, muscles, organs of sense, viscera.... -It is uncertain how far even thought, reminiscence, or the emotions of -the past and absent could be sustained without the more distant -communication between the brain and the rest of the body." And, thus, as -we consider the subject carefully we see that psychology is as much -concerned with the physical manifestations of the mental impulses and -states as with the metaphysical aspect of those states--as much with the -Outer Form as with the Inner State--for it is practically impossible to -permanently separate them. - -As an illustration of the physical accompaniment or Outer Form, of the -psychical feeling or Inner State, the following quotation from Darwin's -"Origin of the Emotions," will well serve the purpose: - -"Fear is often preceded by astonishment, and is so far akin to it that -both lead to the senses of sight and hearing being instantly aroused. In -both cases the eyes and mouth are widely opened and the eyebrows raised. -The frightened man at first stands like a statue, motionless and -breathless, or crouches down as if instinctively to escape observation. -The heart beats quickly and violently, so that it palpitates or knocks -against the ribs; but it is very doubtful if it then works more -efficiently than usual, so as to send a greater supply of blood to all -parts of the body; for the skin instantly becomes pale as during -incipient faintness. This paleness of the surface, however, is probably -in large part, or is exclusively, due to the vaso-motor centre being -affected in such a manner as to cause the contraction of the small -arteries of the skin. That the skin is much affected under the sense of -great fear, we see in the marvelous manner in which perspiration -immediately exudes from it. This exudation is all the more remarkable, -as the surface is then cold, and hence the term, a cold sweat; whereas -the sudorific glands are properly excited into action when the surface -is heated. The hairs also on the skin stand erect, and the superficial -muscles shiver. In connection with the disturbed action of the heart the -breathing is hurried. The salivary glands act imperfectly; the mouth -becomes dry and is often opened and shut. I have noticed that under -slight fear there is a strong tendency to yawn. One of the best marked -symptoms is the trembling of all the muscles of the body; and this is -often seen in the lips. From this cause, and from the dryness of the -mouth, the voice becomes husky or indistinct or may altogether fail.... -As fear increases into an agony of terror, we behold, as under all -violent emotions, diversified results. The heart beats wildly or fails -to act and faintness ensues; there is a death-like pallor; the breathing -is labored; the wings of the nostrils are widely dilated; there is a -gasping and convulsive motion of the lips; a tremor of the hollow cheek, -a gulping and catching of the throat; the uncovered and protruding -eyeballs are fixed on the object of terror; or they may roll restlessly -from side to side. The pupils are said to be enormously dilated. All the -muscles of the body may become rigid or may be thrown into convulsive -movements. The hands are alternately clenched and opened, often with a -twitching movement. The arms may be protruded as if to avert some -dreadful danger, or may be thrown wildly over the head. The Rev. Mr. -Hagenauer has seen this latter action in a terrified Australian. In -other cases there is a sudden and uncontrolled tendency to headlong -flight; and so strong is this that the boldest soldiers may be seized -with a sudden panic." - -In conclusion, let us say that just as the above striking description of -the master-scientist, Darwin, shows us that the particular emotion has -its outer manifestations--the particular Inner State its Outer Form--so -has the general _character_ of the person its outer manifestation, and -Outer Form. And, just as to the eye of the experienced observer at a -distance (even in the case of a photographic representation, -particularly in the case of a moving picture) may recognize the Inner -State from the Outer Form of the feeling or emotion, so may the -experienced character reader interpret the whole character of the person -from the Outer Form thereof. The two interpretations are based on -exactly the same general principles. The inner thought and feeling -manifest in the outer physical form. He who learns the alphabet of Outer -Form may read page after page of the book of Human Nature. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -THE INNER PHASE: CHARACTER - - -Do you know what "character" is? The word itself, in its derivation and -original usage, means: "a stamp, mark or sign, engraved or stamped." As -time passed the term was applied to the personal peculiarities of -individuals, and was defined as: "the personal qualities or attributes -of a person; the distinguishing traits of a person." Later the term was -extended to mean: "the part enacted by anyone in a play." In the common -usage of the term we seek to convey an idea in which each and all of the -above stated meanings are combined. A man's character is the result of -_impressions_ made upon his own mind, or those of the race. It is also -the sum of his personal qualities and attributes. It is also, in a -sense, the part he plays in the great drama of life. - -Each man's character has its inner phase consisting of the accumulated -impressions of the past which seek to manifest in the present. And, -likewise, the character of each man manifests in an outer phase of -form, mark, and stamp of _personality_. There are no two characters -precisely alike. There is an infinite possibility of combination of the -elements that go to make up character. This is accordance with what -appears to be a universal law of nature, for there are no two blades of -grass exactly alike, nor two grains of sand bearing an exact resemblance -to each other. Nature seems to seek after and to manifest variety of -form and quality. But, still, just as we may classify all things, -animate and inanimate, into general classes and then into subordinate -ones--each genus and each species having its particular characteristics, -qualities and attributes, so we may, and do, classify human character -into general classes and then into particular subdivisions into which -each individual is found to fit. This fact makes it possible for us to -study Human Nature as a science. - -The character of each individual is held to be the result of the -impressions made upon the plastic material of the mind, either in the -form of past impressions upon his ancestors or of past impressions -received by the individual. The past impressions reach him through the -channel of heredity, while the personal impressions come to him through -environment. But by heredity we do not mean the transmission of the -personal characteristics of one's parents or even grand-parents, but -something far deeper and broader. We believe that one inherits far less -of the qualities of one's parents than is generally believed. But, we -believe that much that goes to make up our character is derived from the -associated qualities and impressions of many generations of ancestors. -Inasmuch as each individual contains within him the transmitted -qualities of nearly every individual who lived several thousand years -ago, it may be said that each individual is an heir to the accumulated -impressions of the race, which however form in an infinite variety of -combinations, the result being that although the root of the race is the -same yet each individual differs in combination from each other -individual. As Luther Burbank has said: "Heredity means much, but what -is heredity? Not some hideous ancestral specter, forever crossing the -path of a human being. Heredity is simply the sum of all the effects of -all the environments of all past generations on the responsive -ever-moving life-forces." - -The records of the past environment of the race are stored away in the -great region of the subconscious mentality, from whence they arise in -response to the call of some attractive object of thought or perception, -always, however, modified and restrained by the opposite -characteristics. As Prof. Elmer Gates has said: "At least ninety per -cent of our mental life is sub-conscious. If you will analyze your -mental operations you will find that conscious thinking is never a -continuous line of consciousness, but a series of conscious data with -great intervals of subconsciousness. We sit and try to solve a problem -and fail. We walk around, try again and fail. Suddenly an idea dawns -that leads to a solution of the problem. The sub-conscious processes -were at work. We do not volitionally create our own thinking. It takes -place in us. We are more or less passive recipients. We cannot change -the nature of a thought, or of a truth, but we can, as it were, guide -the ship by a moving of the helm." - -But character is dependent upon race inheritance only for its raw -materials, which are then worked into shape by the influence of -environment and by the will of the individual. A man's environment is, -to some extent at least, dependent upon the will. A man may change his -environment, and by the use of his will he may overcome many inherited -tendencies. As Halleck well says: "Heredity is a powerful factor, for it -supplies raw material for the will to shape. Even the will cannot make -anything without material. Will acts through choice, and some kinds of -environment afford far more opportunities for choice than others. -Shakespeare found in London the germ of true theatrical taste, already -vivified by a long line of miracle plays, moralities and interludes. In -youth he connected himself with the theatre, and his will responded -powerfully to his environment. Some surroundings are rich in suggestion, -affording opportunity for choice, while others are poor. The will is -absolutely confined to a choice between alternatives. _Character then, -is a resultant of will power, heredity and environment._ The modern -tendency is to overestimate the effects of heredity and environment in -forming character; but, on the other hand, we must not underestimate -them. The child of a Hottentot put in Shakespeare's home, and afterward -sent away to London with him, would never have made a Shakespeare; for -heredity would not have given the will sufficient raw material to -fashion over into such a noble product. We may also suppose a case to -show the great power of environment. Had a band of gypsies stolen -Shakespeare at birth, carried him to Tartary, and left him among the -nomads, his environment would never have allowed him to produce such -plays as he placed upon the English stage." - -Many persons are reluctant to admit the effect of heredity upon -character. They seem to regard heredity as the idea of a monster ruling -the individual with an iron hand, and with an emphasis upon undesirable -traits of character. Such people lose sight of the fact that at the best -heredity merely supplies us with the raw material of character rather -than the finished product, and that _there is much good in this raw -material_. We receive our inheritance of good as well as bad. Deprive a -man of the advantage of his heredity, and we place him back to the plane -of the savage, or perhaps still lower in the scale. Heredity is simply -the shoulders of the race affording us a place for our feet, in order -that we may rise higher than those who lived before. For _heredity_, -substitute _evolution_, and we may get a clearer idea of this element of -character. - -As for environment, it is folly to deny its influence. Take two young -persons of equal ability, similar tastes, and the same heredity, and -place them one in a small village, and the other in a great metropolis, -and keep them there until middle-age, and we will see the influence of -environment. The two may be equally happy and contented, and may possess -the same degree of book-education, but, nevertheless, their experiences -will have been so different that the character of the two individuals -must be different. In the same way, place the two young persons, one in -the Whitechapel district, and the other amidst the best surroundings -and example, and see the result. Remember, that in _environment_ is -included the influence of other persons. The effect of environment -arises from Suggestion, that great moulding and creative principle of -the mind. It is true that, "As a man thinketh, so is he," but a man's -thoughts depend materially upon the _associations_ of environment, -experience, and suggestion. As Ziehen says: "We cannot think as we will, -but we must think as just those associations which happen to be present -prescribe." - -But, without going further into the question of the elements which go -toward forming character, let us take our position firmly upon the fact -that each individual is stamped with the impression of a special -character--a _character_ all his own. Each has his own character or part -to play in the great drama of life. The character of some seems fixed -and unchangeable, while that of others is seen to be in the process of -change. But in either case each and every man has his own character or -manifestation of Human Nature, in its inner and outer aspects. And each -individual, while in a sense forming a special class by himself, -nevertheless belongs to a larger class, which in turn is a part of a -still larger, and so on. - -Instead of studying the philosophy or metaphysics of character, or even -its general psychology, let us in this particular volume devote our -attention to the elements which go to form the character of each and -every person, so that we may understand them when we meet them in -manifested form. And let us learn the Outer Form which accompany these -Inner States. - -Upon the stage of Life move backward and forward many characters, each -having his or her own form, manner and appearance, which like those of -the characters upon the mimic stage, may be recognized if we will but -bestow a little care upon the subject. The Othellos, Hamlets, Shylocks, -Iagos, Richards, Lears, and the rest are to be found in everyday life. -The Micawbers, Chuzzlewits, Twists, and the rest are in as full evidence -on the streets and in the offices, as in the books. The person who is -able to read and interpret Human Nature is possessed of a knowledge far -more useful to him than that contained within the covers of musty books -upon impractical subjects. - - - - -CHAPTER III - -THE OUTER PHASE: PERSONALITY - - -Just as _character_ is the inner phase of Human Nature, so is -_personality_ its outer phase. To many the two terms are synonymous, but -analysis will show the shades of difference between them. A man's -_character_ is his inner self, while his _personality_ is the outward -indication of his self. The word, in this sense, is defined as: "That -which constitutes the personal traits of a person, as his manner, -conduct, habits, appearance, and other observable personal -peculiarities." - -The word is derived from the Latin word, _persona_, meaning, "a mask -used by play-actors," which in turn was derived from the two words -_per_, meaning "through," and _sono_, meaning, "to sound," or combined, -"to sound through." And the derivation of the term really gives us an -idea of its inner meaning, for the personality is really the mask worn -by the character, and _through which it sounds_, speaks, or manifests -itself, Jeremy Taylor once said: "No man can long put on _person_ and -act a part but his evil manners will peep through the corners of his -white robe." Archbishop Trench once said that the real meaning of the -phrase, "God is no respecter of _persons_" is that the Almighty cared -nothing for what _part_ in life a person plays, but _how_ he plays it. -The old-time play-actor was wont to assume a mask of the features of the -part he played, just as the modern actor "makes up" for the part and -walks, speaks and acts in accordance therewith. Whether or not the -individual be aware of the fact, Nature furnishes to each his mask of -personality--his _persona_--by which those who understand may recognize -the part he plays, or his character. In both the inner _character_, and -the outer _personality_, each individual struts the stage of life and -plays his part. - -The mask or "make up," of personality, by which men may read each -other's character, is evolved and developed from the instinctive -physical expression accompanying thought, feeling and emotion. Just as -the frown accompanying the feeling of annoyance or anger will, if -repeated sufficiently often, become fixed upon the countenance of the -man, so will all of his general thoughts, feelings and emotions register -themselves in his manner, gait, tone of voice, carriage and facial -expression. Moreover, his inherited tendencies will show themselves in -the same way. - -Professor Wm. James says, regarding the genesis of emotional reactions: -"How come the various objects which excite emotion to produce such -special and different bodily effects? This question was not asked till -quite recently, but already some interesting suggestions toward -answering it have been made. Some movements of expression can be -accounted for as weakened repetitions of movements which formerly (when -they were stronger) were of utility to the subject. Others are similarly -weakened repetitions of movements which under other conditions were -physiologically necessary concomitants of the useful movements. Of the -latter reactions, the respiratory disturbances in anger and fear might -be taken as examples--organic reminiscences, as it were, reverberations -in imagination of the blowings of the man making a series of combative -efforts, or the pantings of one in precipitate flight. Such at least is -a suggestion made by Mr. Spencer which has found approval." - -Herbert Spencer says, on this subject: "To have in a slight degree such -psychical states as accompany the reception of wounds, and are -experienced during flight, is to be in a state of what we call fear. And -to have in a slight degree such psychical states as the processes of -catching, killing, and eating imply, is to have the desires to catch, -kill and eat. That the propensities to the acts are nothing else than -nascent excitations of the psychical state involved in the acts, is -proved by the natural language of the propensities. Fear, when strong, -expresses itself in cries, in efforts to escape in palpitations, in -tremblings; and these are just the manifestations that go along with an -actual suffering of the evil feared. The destructive passion is shown in -a general tension of the muscular system, in gnashing of teeth and -protrusion of the claws, in dilated eyes and nostrils in growls; and -these are weaker forms of the actions that accompany the killing of -prey. To such objective evidences every one can add subjective -evidences. Everyone can testify that the psychical state called fear -consists of mental representations of certain painful results; and that -the one called anger consists of mental representations of the actions -and impressions which would occur while inflicting some kind of pain." - -Professor Wm. James adds the following to the discussion: "So slight a -symptom as the snarl or sneer, the one-sided uncovering of the upper -teeth, is accounted for by Darwin as a survival from the time when our -ancestors had large canines, and unfleshed him (as dogs do now) for -attack. Similarly the raising of the eyebrows in outward attention, the -opening of the mouth in astonishment, come, according to the same -author, from the utility of these movements in extreme cases. The -raising of the eyebrows goes with the opening of the eye for better -vision, the opening of the mouth with the intensest listening, and with -the rapid catching of the breath which precedes muscular effort. The -distension of the nostrils in anger is interpreted by Spencer as an -echo of the way in which our ancestors had to breathe when, during -combat, their 'mouth was filled up by a part of an antagonist's body -that had been seized.' The trembling of fear is supposed by Mantegazza -to be for the sake of warming the blood. The reddening of the face and -neck is called by Wundt a compensatory arrangement for relieving the -brain of the blood-pressure which the simultaneous excitement of the -heart brings with it. The effusion of tears is explained both by this -author and by Darwin to be a blood-withdrawing agency of a similar sort. -The contraction of the muscles around the eyes, of which the primitive -use is to protect those organs from being too much gorged with blood -during the screaming fits of infancy, survives in adult life in the -shape of the frown, which instantly comes over the brow when anything -difficult or displeasing presents itself either to thought or action." - -Thus, it will be seen, the fact that all inward states manifest -themselves to some degree in outward physical expression, brings with it -the logical inference that particular mental states when habitually -manifested tend to fix in the physical organism the expression -associated with them. As "thoughts take form in action," so habitual -mental states tend to register traces of those actions. A piece of paper -folded in a certain way several times shows plainly the marks on the -folding. In the same manner the creases in our clothing, shoes and -gloves, show the marks of our personal physical form. A habitual mental -state of cheerfulness is accompanied by a frequent exercise of the -muscles expressing the physical signs of that feeling, and finally the -smile wrinkles are formed that all may read them. In the same way the -gloomy, pessimistic mental attitude produces the marks and wrinkles -showing the habit of frequent down-turning of the corners of our mouths. -A habitual mental attitude of suspicion will tend to impart the -appearance of the "suspicious peering" to our eyes. The mental attitude -of combativeness will likewise give us the traditional set jaw and -tightly compressed lips. The mental attitude of lack of self-respect -will show itself in our walk, and so, in the opposite manner with the -mental attitude of self-respect. People grow to walk, talk, carry -themselves, and "look like" their habitual mental attitude. - -Dr. A. T. Schofield, says: "'He is a dull scholar,' it is said, 'who -cannot read a man's character even from a back view.' Round a statue of -the prince Consort in Edinburgh stand representative groups paying -homage to him. If you get a back view of any of these you can see -unconscious mind impressed on matter, and can tell at once the sailor or -soldier, peasant or scholar or workman. Look at the body and face of a -man when the mind is gone. Look at the body of a man who has lost his -self-respect. Look at the body of a thief, of a sot, of a miser. Compare -the faces and expressions of a philanthropist, of a beggar, of a -policeman, of a scholar, of a sailor, of a lawyer, of a doctor, of a -shop-walker, of a sandwich man, of a farmer, of a successful -manufacturer, of a nurse, of a refined girl, of a servant, of a barmaid, -of a nun, of a ballet dancer, of an art student, and answer to yourself -these two questions: First, are these different expressions of body and -face due essentially to _physical_ or _psychical_ causes? And, secondly, -do these psychical causes act on the facial and other muscles in -consciousness or out of consciousness. The only possible answers to -these two questions leave us with this fact, were no other proof -possible, that we each have within us an unconscious _psychical_ power -(here called the unconscious mind) which has sufficient force to act -upon the body and display psychical conceptions through physical media." - -It is impossible for us (at least by any of the five senses) to peer -into the mental chamber of other men and there read the record of their -_character_, or to interpret the combination of Human Nature therein -moulded and formed. But nevertheless we are not balked in our desire, -for by learning to interpret the outward signs of personality we may -arrive with a wonderful degree of success at an understanding of the -character, mind, or Human Nature in others. From the seen Outer we may -deduce the unseen Inner. We may discern the shape of that which is -concealed, by observing the form of the covering which hides it from -sight. The body, like the fabled veil of the goddess, "conceals but to -reveal." - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -THE TEMPERAMENTS - - -The student of Human Nature soon discovers that among men, as among the -animals, there is to be observed a great variety of "quality," and -various classes of "temperament." Among cattle we notice great -differences of form which differences indicate certain qualities -inherent in the beast. Certain qualities are recognized by their outward -forms as being indicative of sturdiness, staying-qualities, strong -vitality, etc., which render their possessor valuable for draught oxen. -Other qualities indicate the value of another animal for meat producing. -Others, the production of large quantities of milk. Others, prolific -breeding. And, so on, each set of qualities being recognized by its -outward form and being taken into consideration by breeders. In the same -way, breeders recognize certain qualities in horses which they take -advantage of in breeding for the strength of draught horses; the speed -of thoroughbred runners and trotters; the docility and gentleness of -driving horses and saddle animals. The draught horse and the -thoroughbred runner or trotter may be easily distinguished by the eye of -the average person, while it requires the eye of the expert to -distinguish other points and signs of quality which prove the existence -of certain traits of temperament in the animal. The same is true in the -case of chickens and other fowls. Some types are adapted for laying, -others for meat purposes, others for gameness, etc. Not only the -physical qualities but also the temperamental traits of the beast or -bird are distinguished by the expert, and are taken advantage of in -breeding to develop and evolve the indicated trait or quality. - -Nearly anyone may distinguish the temperamental difference between the -savage dog and the affectionate one--between the vicious horse and the -docile one. We know at once that certain dogs may be approached and -others kept at a distance--that certain horses are safe to ride or -drive, and that others are unsafe and dangerous. A visit to a horse and -cattle show, or a poultry and pigeon exhibition, will show even the -most skeptical person that Inner States manifest in Outer Form. And a -little further study and observation will show that what is true of -these lower animals is likewise true of the human being. Men, like -animals, may be intelligently and scientifically classified according to -the general "quality" or "temperament." While each individual is -different in a way from every other individual, nevertheless, each -individual belongs to a certain class and may be labelled accordingly. A -few outward signs will indicate his class, and we may confidently expect -that he will manifest the leading qualities of that particular class. - - -QUALITY - -The first classification of the individuals of the human race is that of -_Quality_. Independent of the various temperaments, although in a way -related to them, we find the various degrees of Quality manifested by -different individuals. "Quality" may be defined as the "degree of -_fineness_." It is that which we call "class" in race-horses; "breed" in -other animals and often "blood" in men and women. Perhaps one may -understand the classification better if he will recall the differences -apparent between the mongrel cur and the highbred dog; the "scrub" horse -and the thoroughbred; the common cow and the carefully bred Alderney or -other choice variety; the ordinary barnyard fowl and the prize-winner at -the poultry show. It is an intangible but real and readily recognized -difference, which however is almost impossible to convey by words. - -Men and women of the highest _Quality_ are essentially fine-grained, -possessed of fine feelings, refined natures, high tastes, and manifest -the signs of _true natural_ refinement and culture, which cannot be -successfully imitated by those who have acquired merely the artificial -manner and the outward polish. One may possess Quality in a high degree -and still be ignorant of the forms and little manners of so-called -"polite society," and yet will be recognized as one of "Nature's -noblemen," and as a "natural gentleman." - -Descending the scale we find lessening degrees of the manifestation of -Quality, until, finally we reach the lowest degree of the scale, that -of _low_ Quality. In this lowest degree we find individuals showing all -the outward signs of being coarse-grained, vulgar, of low tastes, brutal -instincts, and manifesting the signs of lack of refinement and culture. -Persons of low Quality are found in all walks of life. Some of those -possessing wealth and education belong to this class, and are never able -to counterfeit the reality. Quality is a matter of "soul," and not of -wealth, education or material advantages. A greyhound and a hyena give -us animal symbols of Quality, high and low. - -We meet many instances in which the individual is of too high Quality -for his environment, occupation or place in life. Such individuals -suffer keenly and are to be pitied. They incline toward high ideals and -are wounded and discouraged by the grossness which they see on all -sides. Those individuals of an average degree of Quality of course fit -into the usual environment far better than those above or below them in -the scale. We also meet individuals of low Quality in surroundings in -which they are out of place--we see many instances of "pigs in the -parlor." These individuals, however, find it much easier to descend to -their own level, than it is for the high Quality individuals to ascend -to theirs. The coarse man finds but little trouble in meeting with boon -companions whose tastes are harmonious to his. The person of extremely -high Quality may be said to have been born before his time, while those -of the lowest Quality are atavistic and born after their time. Remember, -always, that Quality is an attribute of "soul," and not of birth, -wealth, or even of education. We may find many "gentlemen" of humble -birth, small means and limited education; and also many "educated pigs" -of high lineage and full coffers. - -The Outer Form of Quality is shown by the relative _fineness_ of general -structure, and by the general form, appearance, manner, motion, voice, -laughter, and more than all by that indescribable impression of -"fineness" and "distinction" which they produce upon observing persons -with whom they come in contact. - -It must be remembered that Quality is a very different thing from -intellectuality or morality. A high Quality person may be immoral and -not specially intellectual, although there is almost always a _keenness_ -of perception, and almost intuitive recognition, in these cases--the -immorality is generally lacking in coarseness, and is usually connected -with perversion of the æsthetic faculties. In the same way, the person -of low Quality often may be moral according to the code, but will be -coarse in the manifestation of that virtue, and may possess a certain -low cunning which with many persons passes for intellect and "brains." -In speaking of Quality, the words "fineness" and "coarseness" come -easily to the mind and tongue and are perhaps the terms most suggestive -of the two extremes of this attribute of the Man. - - -TEMPERAMENT - -Next in the order of consideration we find what is called _Temperament_. -Temperament is defined as: "That individual peculiarity of organization -by which the manner of acting, feeling and thinking of each person is -permanently affected; disposition or constitution of the mind, -especially as regards the passions and affections." - -Hippocrates, the ancient Greek philosopher-physician (B. C. 468-367) -held to the existence of four temperaments, which he attributed to -certain qualities of the blood and the several secretions of the body -such as the bile, etc. While his theory was rejected by later -investigators, his classification continued until very recently under -the name of (1) the Sanguine; (2) the Lymphatic or Phlegmatic; (3) the -Choleric or Bilious; and (4) the Melancholic temperaments, respectively. -As a matter of general information on the subject we herewith give the -old classification with the attributes of each class: - -The _Sanguine_ temperament was held to be characterized by red or -light-brown hair, blue eyes, a fair or ruddy complexion, large arteries -and veins, a full and rapid pulse, slight perspiration, impatience of -heat, febrile tendency, and lively and cheerful temper, excitable -passions, a warm, ardent, impulsive disposition, and a liking for active -pursuits; - -The _Lymphatic_, or _Phlegmatic_ temperament was held to be -characterized by light, sandy, or whitish hair, light grey eyes, pallid -complexion, skin almost devoid of hair, flabby tissues, much -perspiration, small blood-vessels, a feeble and slow pulse, want of -energy, lack of activity, deficient spirit and vividness; - -The _Choleric_ or _Bilious_ temperament was held to be characterized by -black hair often curling, black or hazel eyes, and dark but ruddy -complexion, hairy skin, strong full pulse, firm muscles, great activity -and positiveness, strength of character, and an active brain. - -The _Melancholic_ temperament was held to be characterized by black -hair, black or hazel eyes, a dark leaden complexion, pulse slow and -feeble, and a disposition toward study, poetry, literature, and -sentiment. - -Some later authorities added a fifth temperament, called the _Nervous_ -temperament, which was held to be characterized by a medium complexion, -large brain, small physical frame, fineness of organization, thin hair, -finely cut features, quick lively disposition, intellectual tastes and -tendencies, sensitive nature, high capacity for enjoyment and -suffering. - -The latest authorities, however, discarded the old classification and -adopted one more simple although fully as comprehensive. The new -classification recognizes _three_ classes of temperament, viz: (1) the -Vital; (2) the Motive; and (3) the Mental, the characteristics of which -are held to be as follows: - -The _Vital_ temperament has its basis in the predominance of the -nutritive system, including the blood-vessels, lymphatics and the -glands. Its organs are the heart, lungs, stomach, liver, bowels, and the -entire internal vital system. It is characterized by a large, broad -frame; broad shoulders; deep chest; full round abdomen; round plump -limbs; short thick neck; comparatively small hands and feet; full face; -flushed and florid cheeks; and general "well fed" appearance. Those in -whom it is predominant are fond of out-of-door exercise, although not of -hard work; crave the "good things of life;" fond of sport, games and -play; love variety of entertainment and amusement; are affectionate; -love praise and flattery; prefer concrete rather than abstract subjects -of thought; look out for themselves; are selfish, but yet "good -fellows" when it does not cost too much physical discomfort to -themselves; usually enjoy good health, yet when ill are apt to be very -weak; tend to feverishness and apoplexy, etc. - -Persons of the Vital temperament may have either fair or dark -complexion, but in either case the cheeks and face are apt to be ruddy -and flushed. Those of the dark type are apt to have greater power of -endurance, while those of the light type are apt to be more sprightly -and active. This temperament is particularly noticeable in women, a -large proportion of whom belong to its class. This temperament furnishes -the majority of the good companions, sociable friends and acquaintances, -and theatre goers. A leading phrenologist says of them that they -"incline to become agents, overseers, captains, hotel-keepers, butchers, -traders, speculators, politicians, public officers, aldermen, -contractors, etc., rather than anything requiring steady or hard work." -We have noticed that a large number of railroad engineers and policemen -are of this temperament. - -The _Motive_ temperament has as its basis the predominance of the motive -or mechanical system, including the muscles, bones and ligaments--the -general system of active work and motion. Its organs are those of the -entire framework of the body, together with those muscles and ligaments, -large and small, general and special, which enable man to walk, move, -and work. It is characterized by strong constitution, physical power, -strong character, active feeling, and tendency toward work; large bones -and joints; hard muscles; angular and rugged figure; usually broad -shoulders and deep chest; comparatively small and flat abdomen; oblong -face; large jaw; high cheek-bones; strong large teeth; bushy coarse -hair; rugged features and prominent nose, ears, mouth, etc. Those in -whom it is predominant are fond of physical and mental work; are -tenacious and try to carry through what they undertake; resist fatigue; -are "good stayers;" are full of dogged persistence and resistance; and -are apt to manifest creative effort and work. - -Persons of the Motive temperament may have either dark or light -complexion. The Scotch or Scandanavian people show this temperament -strongly, as also do a certain type of Americans. The world's active -workers come chiefly from this class. This temperament is far more -common among men than among women. The fighting nations who have in -different times swept over other countries display this temperament -strongly. This temperament, predominant, although associated with the -other temperaments has distinguished the "men who do things" in the -world's history. It's "raw-bone" and gawkiness has swept things before -it, and has built up great things in all times. Its individuals have a -burning desire to "take hold and pull," or to "get together and start -something." As the name implies, this temperament is the "moving force" -in mankind. - -The _Mental_ temperament has its basis in the predominance of the -nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. Its organs are the -brain, or brains; the spinal cord with its connecting nerves--in fact -the entire nervous system, including the "sympathetic" nervous system, -the various _plexi_, and the nervous substance found in various parts of -the body. It is characterized by a light build; slight frame; -comparatively large head; quick movements; sharp features; thin sharp -nose; thin lips; sharp and not very strong teeth; keen, penetrating eye; -high forehead and upper head; fondness for brain work; disinclination -for physical drudgery; sensitive nature; quick perception; rapid mental -action; developed intuition; fine and shapely features; expressive -countenance, expressive and striking voice, generally rather -"high-strung," vividness and intensity of emotion and feeling, etc. - -Persons of this temperament are apt to be more or less "intense;" enjoy -and suffer keenly; are sensitive to reproach or criticism; are inclined -to be sedentary; take a pleasure in "thinking," and often burn their -candle of life at both ends, because of this tendency; and incline to -occupations in which their brains rather than their body is exercised. -They may be either of dark or of light complexion, and in either case -are apt to have bright, expressive eyes. The impression created by an -examination of their physical characteristics is that of _sharpness_. -The fox, weasel, greyhound, and similar animals illustrate this type. -Persons of this temperament are apt to be either _very_ good or _very_ -bad. They run to extremes, and sometimes execute a quick "right about -face." When properly balanced, this temperament produces the world's -greatest thinkers along all lines of thought. When not properly balanced -it produces the abnormally gifted "genius," between whom and the -unbalanced person there is but a slender line of division; or the -eccentric person with his so-called "artistic temperament," the "crank" -with his hobbies and vagaries, and the brilliant degenerate who dazzles -yet horrifies the world. - - -BALANCED TEMPERAMENTS - -The best authorities agree in the belief that the Balanced Temperament -is the most desirable. That is, the condition in which the three -temperaments balance each other perfectly, so that the weak points of -each are remedied by the strong points of the others, and the extremes -of each are neutralized and held in check by the influence of the -others. Prof. O. S. Fowler, the veteran phrenologist says upon this -point: "A well balanced organism, with all the temperaments large and in -about equal proportion, is by far the best and most favorable for both -enjoyment and efficiency; to general genius and real greatness; to -strength along with perfection of character; to consistency and power -throughout. The Motive large, with the Mental deficient, gives power -with sluggishness, so that the powers lie dormant; adding large Vital -gives great physical power and enjoyment, with too little of the Mental -and the moral, along with coarseness; while the Mental in excess creates -too much mind for body, too much exquisiteness and sentimentality for -the stamina, along with a green-house precocity most destructive of -life's powers and pleasures; whereas their equal balance gives abundance -of vital force, physical stamina, and mental power and susceptibility. -They may be compared to the several parts of a steamboat and its -appurtenances. The Vital is the steam-power; the Motive, the hulk or -framework; the Mental, the freight or passengers. Predominant Vital -generates more vital energy than can well be worked off, which causes -restlessness, excessive passion, and a pressure which endangers -outbursts and overt actions; predominant Motive gives too much frame or -hulk, moves slowly, and with weak Mental, is too light-freighted to -secure the great ends of life, predominant Mental overloads, and -endangers sinking; but all equally balanced and powerful, carry great -loads rapidly and well, and accomplish wonders. Such persons unite cool -judgments with intense and well-governed feelings; great force of -character and intellect with perfect consistency; scholarship with sound -common sense; far seeing sagacity with brilliancy; and have the highest -order of both physiology and mentality." - -Professor Nelson Sizer, another high authority said: "In nature the -temperaments exist in combination, one being, however, the most -conspicuous. So rarely do we find examples of an even mixture or -balance, that it may be said that they who possess it are marvellous -exceptions in the current of human society. Such an even mixture would -indicate a most extraordinary heritage; it would be constitutional -perfection. But, once in a while, a person is met in whom there is a -close approach to this balance, and we are accustomed to speak of it as -a _balanced_ temperament, it being difficult to determine which element -is in predominance." - - -MIXED TEMPERAMENTS - -The experience of the older phrenologists, which is verified by the -investigations of the later authorities, was that in the majority of -persons _two_ of the temperaments are well developed, the third -remaining comparatively undeveloped. Of the two active temperaments, -_one_ is usually found to be predominant, although in many the two are -found to be almost equally developed. But even in the last mentioned -instance one of the two seems to have been more actively called forth by -the environment of the person, and may therefore be regarded as the -ruling temperament. Arising from this fact we find the several classes -of Mixed Temperament, known, respectively, as: the Vital-Motive; the -Motive-Vital; the Motive-Mental; the Mental-Motive; the Vital-Mental; -and the Mental-Vital. In these classes the name of the predominant, or -most active temperament appears first, the second name indicating the -temperament relatively undeveloped or inactive. - -The _Vital-Motive_ and the _Motive-Vital_ temperaments give the -combination in which is manifested physical activity and strong -vitality. Those of these temperaments are adapted to out-of-door work, -such as farming, out-of-door trades, mechanics, soldiers and sailors, -and other occupations requiring strong vital power and muscular strength -and activity. The physical characteristics are the prominent bones and -strong muscles of the Motive, and well-rounded limbs and "stout" forms -of the Vital. When the Vital predominates, there is apt to be more -flesh; when the Motive predominates there is apt to be more ruggedness -and muscular development. - -The _Motive-Mental_ and _Mental-Motive_ temperaments give the -combination in which is manifested the physical activity of the Motive -and the mental activity of the Motive and the mental activity of the -Mental--the physical and mental characteristics of the Vital being -absent. The Mental element relieves the Motive of some of its crudeness -and roughness, while the Motive relieves the Mental of its tendency to -get away from the practical side of things. The strong frame and muscles -are balanced by the brain-development. Those of this temperament make -good practical business men, physicians, lawyers, scientists, explorers, -and others who have to work and think at the same time. These people -often manifest great executive ability. When the Motive predominates, -the tendency is toward out-of-door occupations in which the brain is -used in connection with bodily activity. When the Mental predominates -there is a tendency toward in-door occupations in which active brain -work is required. These people have well-developed heads, together with -wiry, strong bodies. Some of the most successful men have come from this -class. - -The _Vital-Mental_ and _Mental-Vital_ temperaments give the combination -in which is manifested many attractive traits which render their -possessor agreeable, companionable, and at the same time bright and -intelligent. The Vital element gives a plumpness to the form, while the -Mental imparts a brightness to the mind. This is the temperament of many -attractive women. The Mental activity tends to counterbalance the Vital -tendency toward physical ease and comfort. These people make good -orators, after dinner speakers, and agreeable society men and women, -actors, artists, poets, and popular literary men. The respective -predominance of the Mental or the Vital, in this combination, gives to -this class somewhat of a variety, but a little observation will soon -enable one to recognize the individuals belonging to it. A certain -combination in this class produces the trait of "emotionality," or -superficial feeling and sympathy. - -The student of Human Nature should pay much attention to Temperament and -the outward indications of each class and sub-class, for Temperament -gives us much of our best information regarding character and -disposition, in fact Character Reading depends materially upon the -interpretation of Temperament. - - - - -CHAPTER V - -THE MENTAL QUALITIES - - -We now approach the subject of the several particular mental qualities, -and the groups thereof, both in the phase of their inner states and that -of their outer form. In the consideration of both of these phases we -must avail ourselves of the investigations and researches of the old -phrenologists who cleared a path for all who follow. Although many of -the phrenological theories are rejected by modern psychologists and -biologists, nevertheless their work established a firm foundation for -the science of the study of the brain and its functions. And to Gall and -his followers we are indebted for the discovery and teaching that the -activity and development of the several mental qualities or faculties -manifest in outer form in the shape of the skull. - -[Illustration: FIG. 1 THE MENTAL QUALITIES] - -The general principles of phrenology may be briefly stated as follows: - -I. The Brain is the organ of the mind. - -II. The mind is not a single entity or power, but has several faculties, -stronger or weaker, which determine the character of the individual. - -III. That each faculty or propensity has a special organ in the brain. - -IV. The size of the brain (the quality being equal) is the true measure -of power. - -V. There are several groups of faculties, and each group is represented -by organs located in the same region of the brain. - -VI. The relative size of each organ results from the activity of its -appropriate faculty. - -VII. The size of the organ is indicated by the appearance and size of -the skull immediately over the region of the organ. - -VIII. The Quality and Temperament of the organization determine the -degree of vigor, activity, and endurance of the mental powers. - -Modern psychology and biology claim to have disproven many of the -phrenological contentions, while other lines of investigation have given -us other theories to account for the phenomena first noted by the -phrenologists. Some investigators of brain development and action hold -that while certain mental states manifest in outer form on portions of -the skull, the phenomenon is due to the action of the _cranial muscles_ -rather than to the fact of the localization of special faculties--that -each mental state is associated with certain actions on the part of -certain cranial muscles which in turn exert a modifying effect upon the -shape and size of the skull. - -As Erbes states it "the effect the scheme of cranial muscles have had -and still have upon the conformation of the skull, and, consequently, -had in determining the location of those areas and in giving brain and -mind a character approximately identical from end to end of the scale of -living things possessing the cerebro-spinal nervous system. In so far as -the neural matter is dependent upon the cranial muscles--aside from the -sensory stimuli--so far, likewise are the psychic manifestations, -through tongue or limb, modified by variations in those muscles that, -after their creative task is done, assume a vasomotor control over their -respective areas." The same writer also says: "The cerebral mass owes -its location and subsequent expansion, moreover, in a measure that mind -owes its character, primarily to the action of the muscles attached to -and lying upon its peripheral covering, the skull; these same muscles -thereafter, through exercising a cerebral vasomotor control, act in the -nature of keys for calling the evolved dependent brain areas into play, -singly and en masse." - -Others have held that the development of certain areas of the surface of -the skull is due to peculiar neural or nervous, activities having their -seat in certain parts of the brain adjacent to their appropriate area of -the skull, but these theories fail to explain the nature of the relation -between the mind, brain and the "nerve centres" aforesaid. - -These several authorities, and others, however, agree upon the fact that -certain areas of the brain are associated in some way with certain -mental states; and that these brain areas register their relative -activity upon the areas of the skull adjacent thereto; and that the -_activity_ and _power_ of each brain area, or faculty, is denoted by the -_size_ of the associated skull-area. Thus, the outward facts claimed by -phrenology are admitted, while their theories of cause are disputed. - -In this book we shall rest content with these "outward facts" of -phrenology, and shall not concern ourselves with the various theories -which seek to explain them, preferring to leave that task for others. In -considering the subject of the Outer Form associated with the Inner -State of Human Nature, we shall merely claim that _mental states -manifest in outer form in the shape and size of the head; and that -certain areas of the skull are thus associated with certain mental -states, the size and shape of the former denoting the degree of activity -of the latter_. - -The general scheme of classification of the various mental "faculties" -of the phrenologists, and the names given thereto by the old -phrenologists, have in the main been adhered to in this book. In a -number of cases, however, we have seen fit to re-arrange the groups in -accordance with the later ideas of the New Psychology, and have given to -some of the "faculties" names considered more appropriate to the later -classification, and understanding of the mental state. Moreover, in -order to avoid the phrenological theories attaching thereto, we have -decided not to use the terms, "faculties," "propensities," and -"sentiments," in referring to the several mental states; and shall -therefore use the term "_Qualities_" in the place thereof. The term -"quality," while denoting "the condition of being such or such; nature -relatively considered," does not carry with it the theory attached to -the phrenological term "faculty." But the _locality_ of the several -qualities of "faculties" has not been disturbed or changed--the _place_ -where each quality _manifests in outer form_, as assigned in this book, -agrees with that assigned by the old phrenologists, time having served -to establish the truth of the same, rather than to disprove it. - -The following is the classification and terminology adopted by us in -this book in the consideration of the Mental Qualities. (See Fig. 1.) - -I. THE EGOISTIC QUALITIES: Self-Esteem; and Approbativeness. - -II. THE MOTIVE QUALITIES: Combativeness; Destructiveness; Cunning; -Cautiousness; Acquisitiveness; and Constructiveness. - -III. THE VITATIVE QUALITIES: Vitativeness; Alimentativeness; and -Bibativeness. - -IV. THE EMOTIVE QUALITIES: Amativeness; Conjugality; Parental Love; -Sociability and Home-Love. - -V. THE APPLICATIVE QUALITIES: Firmness; and Continuity. - -VI. THE MODIFICATIVE QUALITIES: Ideality; Infinity; and Humor. - -VII. THE RELATIVE QUALITIES: Human Nature; Suavity; Sympathy; and -Imitation. - -VIII. THE PERCEPTIVE QUALITIES: Observation; Form; Size; Weight; Color; -Order; Calculation; Tune; Time; Locality; Eventuality; and Words. - -IX. THE REFLECTIVE QUALITIES: Analysis; and Logic. - -X. THE RELIGIO-MORAL QUALITIES: Reverence; Mysticism; Optimism; and -Conscientiousness. - -In the following several chapters we shall consider each group, in turn, -together with the particular Qualities of each group. _It must be -remembered that the power of each Quality is modified by the influence -of the other Qualities. Therefore in judging the character of an -individual, each and every Quality must be taken into consideration._ - - - - -CHAPTER VI - -THE EGOISTIC QUALITIES - - -The first group of Qualities is that known as the Egoistic Qualities, -which is composed of two particular Qualities, known, respectively, as -_Self-Esteem_; and _Approbativeness_. This group manifests outer form -immediately at the "crown" of the head, and on the sides directly -beneath or "side of" the crown. (See Fig. 2.) It is the seat of the -consciousness of Individuality and Personality, and the tendencies -arising directly therefrom. - -[Illustration: FIG. 2 THE EGOISTIC QUALITIES] - -SELF-ESTEEM. This Quality manifests in a strong sense of individual -power, self-respect, self-help, self-reliance, dignity, complacency, -pride of individuality, and independence. In excess it tends to produce -egotism, abnormal conceit, imperiousness, etc. Deficiency of it is apt -to produce lack of confidence in self, humility, self-depreciation, etc. -It gives to one the ambitious spirit, and the desire for executive -positions and places of authority. It resents assumption of authority -on the part of others, and chafes under restraint. It renders its -possessors dignified and desirous of the respectful recognition of -others. It manifests outer form on the middle line of the head, at the -"crown" (see group figure) just above Approbativeness, where it may be -perceived by reason of the enlargement of the "crown." When fully -developed, it tends to draw back the head, so that the latter is held -erect; whereas, when deficient it allows the head to droop forward in an -attitude lacking the appearance of pride. - -APPROBATIVENESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire for praise, -approval, flattery, recommendation, fame, notoriety, good name, personal -display, show and outward appearance. It is a form of pride different -from that of Self-Esteem, for it is a vanity arising from personal -things and outward appearances, whereas Self-Esteem gives a pride to the -inner self or ego. Those in whom it is well-developed pay great -attention to outward form, ceremony, etiquette, fashion, and social -recognition, and are always to be found on the popular side and "with -the crowd." They thrive upon praise, approval and notoriety, and shrink -under censure, disapproval or lack of notice. One with Self-Esteem can -be happy when alone, and in fact often defies public opinion and fashion -from very pride of self; while one with Approbativeness largely -developed lacks the pride to rise above approval and the opinion of -others, while possessing a strong sense of vanity when public favor is -bestowed. It manifests outer form at the upper-back part of the head, -just above Cautiousness and below Self-Esteem, (see group figure). When -largely developed it rises like two mounts on either side of -Self-Esteem, but when Self-Esteem is large and Approbativeness is small, -the latter appears as two sunken places on either side of Self-Esteem. - -Self-Esteem values the _real self_ while Approbativeness values the -_appearances_ of personality. The one pursues the substance, the other -the shadows. Self-Esteem and Approbativeness are often confused in the -minds of the public. The true keynote of the first is Pride; of the -second, Vanity. The student should learn to carefully distinguish -between these two Qualities. Approbativeness may cause one to make a -monkey of himself in order to win notice, praise or laughter, while -Self-Esteem will never sacrifice self-respect and pride in order to win -applause. - - - - -CHAPTER VII - -THE MOTIVE QUALITIES - - -The second group is known as the Selfish Qualities, and is composed of -the following particular Qualities: _Combativeness_; _Destructiveness_; -_Cunning_; _Cautiousness_; _Acquisitiveness_ and _Constructiveness_. -This group manifests in outer form extending along the sides of the -lower head from the back toward the temples. (See Fig. 3.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 3 THE MOTIVE QUALITIES] - -COMBATIVENESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to oppose, -resist, combat, defy, defend. Those in whom it is developed enjoy a -"scrap," and, in the words of the familiar saying, would "rather fight -than eat." When combined with Vitativeness it manifests in the tendency -to fight hard for life. When combined with Acquisitiveness it manifests -in the tendency to fight for money or property. When combined with -Amativeness it manifests in the tendency to fight for mates. When -combined with the family-loving Qualities it manifests in a tendency to -fight for the family. In fact, its particular direction is indicated -by the development and combination of the other Qualities. It manifests -in outer form at the sides of the lower-back part of the head, a little -back of the top part of the ear (see group figure), giving, when -developed, enlargement of that part of the head--a "broad back-head." -The "broad-headed" animals, birds, and fish have this propensity well -developed, while the "narrow-heads" have it in but a small degree. It is -also indicated by the strong jaw, and by the mouth indicating a "strong -bite." - -DESTRUCTIVENESS. This Quality, manifests in a strong desire to break -precedents, doing things in new ways, asserting authority, -extermination, severity, sternness, breaking down, crushing, "walking -over," etc. Its direction is largely governed by the other Qualities, as -for instance in combination with Acquisitiveness, it manifests in -breaking down opposition and precedents in business; while with large -conscientiousness it manifests in tearing down evil conditions, etc., -and in doing the work of "reform." It generally is accompanied with -large Combativeness, as the two go hand-in-hand. It manifests outer -form directly above, and back of the top-part of the ear (see group -figure). - -CUNNING. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to be cunning, sly, -close-mouthed, diplomatic, deceitful, and generally "foxy." It is best -illustrated by the example of the fox, which animal combines in itself -many of its qualities. The coyote also shows signs of having this -Quality well developed, as do birds of the crow and blackbird family, -and certain fishes. With strong Caution it renders one very secretive -and "close-mouthed." With strong Acquisitiveness it renders one sly and -tricky in business. With strong Approbativeness it renders one apt to -tell lying stories which magnify his importance and gratify his vanity. -With a vivid Imagination it inclines one to draw on that quality and lie -for the very love of romancing. It manifests outer form a little -distance above the top of the ear, immediately above Destructiveness, -and back of Acquisitiveness (see group figure). - -CAUTIOUSNESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to avoid danger -or trouble; carefulness, prudence, watchfulness, anxiety, -self-protection, etc. In excess it is apt to render one fearful, -over-anxious, and even cowardly, but in combination with other Qualities -it tends to give to one a balance and to restrain him from rashness and -unnecessary risk. Its direction is also largely influenced by the -development of other Qualities. Thus with large Acquisitiveness it makes -one very cautious about money matters; with large family qualities it -renders one very careful about the family; with large Approbativeness it -renders one bashful, self conscious, and fearful of adverse criticism. -It manifests outer form toward the upper-back part of the head, directly -over Secretiveness (see group figure), and when developed is apparent by -the enlargement of the comparatively large area covered by it. An old -phrenological authority says of it: "This is the easiest found of all -the organs.... Starting at the middle of the back part of the ears, draw -a perpendicular line, when the head is erect, straight up to where the -head begins to slope back in forming the top, and Caution is located -just at the first turn." - -ACQUISITIVENESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire either to -acquire, or else to hold property, money, or general objects of -possession. In some cases it contents itself with merely "getting," -while in others it also "holds on" to what is secured, the difference -arising from the combinations of the other Qualities. In itself, it may -be said to be merely the tendency toward "hoarding up," but the -combination with large Combativeness and Destructiveness enlarges its -scope and tends to make its possessor rapacious and grasping. It is the -instinct of the squirrel and the bee, and even the dog manifests it when -he buries a bone for future gnawing purposes. Those in whom it is -developed in connection with large Caution, manifest a strict economy -and even miserliness, while in others it expends itself in merely the -getting for the sake of the getting, the possessions often being -scattered prodigally afterward, the element of Approbativeness entering -largely into the latter action. It manifests outer form in the -lowest-middle section of the head, directly over Alimentiveness (see -group figure). - -CONSTRUCTIVENESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to invent, -construct, build, create, put together, improve upon, add to, readjust, -etc. It manifests along three general lines, namely (1) Invention; (2) -Construction; and (3) Materialization, by which is meant the "making -real" of _ideals_ previously entertained--the "making come true" of the -dreams previously experienced--the _materialization_ of the ideas, -plans, and projects previously _visualized_. This Quality causes the -person to improve, alter, tinker with, build up, invent, and create -along the lines of his vocation or avocation. These people find it -difficult to refrain from tinkering with, altering, or "improving" -anything and everything with which they have to do. With large Logic, -Analysis, and Perceptives they manifest inventive ability; with large -Imitation they are fond of copying and constructing after models; with -large Ideality they work toward making their dreams come true. This -Quality is not confined to mechanical construction, as the old -phrenologists taught, but manifests itself in business literature, art, -and in fact in every vocation or occupation. With large Destructiveness, -it builds up new structures upon the ruins created by that Quality. In -persons of the Motive temperament it inclines toward mechanical -invention, creation and construction; while in persons of the Mental -temperament it manifests in creating and constructing ideas, thoughts, -theories, scientific classification, literary productions, etc., and in -persons of the Vital temperament it manifests in creating and improving -upon things calculated to appeal to persons of that class. It manifests -outer form in the lower and frontal part of the temples, backward and -upward from the outer corner of the eye-brow (see group figure). Prof. -O. S. Fowler says. "In broad-built and stocky persons it causes this -part of the temples to widen and bulge out, but in tall, long-headed -persons it _spreads_ out upon them, and hence shows to be less than it -really is." It is directly below Ideality and in front of -Acquisitiveness. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -THE VITATIVE QUALITIES - - -The third group is known as the Vitative Qualities, which is composed of -the three respective particular Qualities: _Vitativeness_; -_Alimentativeness_; and _Bibativeness_. This group manifests in outer -form directly back of, and in front of, the middle part of the ear. (See -Fig. 4.) - -VITATIVENESS. This quality manifests in a strong desire to live; -resistance to disease and death; an intense clinging to life for the -mere fact of living, rather than for the sake of anything to be -accomplished by continued existence. It goes along with Combativeness, -and is especially noticeable in the "broad-headed" people and animals. -The cat tribe, hawks, turtles, sharks, venomous snakes, and others have -this propensity well developed, while it is deficient in the -"narrow-headed" animals, such as the rabbit, certain birds, certain -fish, and many harmless snakes. Those in whom it is developed "die -hard," while those in whom it is deficient die easily. This capacity -manifests in outer form in the area situated just back of the middle -part of the ear (see group figure). - -[Illustration: FIG. 4 THE VITATIVE QUALITIES] - -ALIMENTIVENESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to gratify the -tastes for food, when large it inclines one toward gluttony, and tends -to make one "live to eat," instead of to "eat to live." Those in whom it -is largely developed eat heartily and like to see others doing the same; -while those in whom it is deficient care very little for the quality or -amount of their food and often actually resent the, to them, -"disgusting" sight of persons partaking of a hearty meal. It manifests -in outer form immediately in front of the upper part of the ear (see -group figure). - -BIBATIVENESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to gratify the -appetite for drinks of various kinds. In its normal well-developed state -it manifests in a desire for water, milk and fluid foods, such as soups, -broths, etc., and other juicy things. Perverted it manifests in the -appetite for intoxicating liquors, tea and coffee, "soft drinks," and -the various decoctions of the modern soda-fountain. By some this -Quality is regarded as merely a phase of Alimentiveness, while others -consider it to be a separate Quality. It manifests in outer form -immediately in front of the locality of Alimentiveness, toward the eye. - - - - -CHAPTER IX - -THE EMOTIVE QUALITIES - - -The fourth group is that known as the Social Qualities, which group is -composed of the following particular Qualities: _Amativeness_; -_Conjugality_; _Parental Love_; _Sociability_ and _Home Love_. This -group manifests outer form at the lower-back portion of the head (see -Fig. 5), and shows itself by an enlargement of that region, causing the -head to "bulge" back of the ears. It may best be understood by an -examination of its several particular Qualities. - -[Illustration: FIG. 5 THE EMOTIVE QUALITIES] - -AMATIVENESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire for sexual -indulgence and association with the opposite sex. Its purpose is, of -course, the reproduction of the race, but its abuse and perversion has -led man to many excesses and unnatural practices. It is a dynamic -propensity and its normal development is seemingly necessary in order to -produce the "life spirit," and vital activity mental and physical. Those -in whom it is deficient lack "spirit" and energy, while those in whom -it is developed to excess tend to lean toward excesses. When developed -normally it seems to add an attractiveness or "magnetism" to its -possessors; when deficient it renders the person "cold" non-magnetic and -unattractive; when over-developed and unrestrained it causes the person -to become disgusting and repulsive to the normal person; vulgar, -licentious and depraved. Its seat is in the cerebellum or "little -brain," and it manifests outer form by an enlarged "fullness" at the -nape of the neck, at the base of the skull (see group figure). It tends -to cause the head to lean backward and downward at the nape of the neck. -It also manifests by fullness of the lips, particularly in their -middles. The lips and position of the head of persons in whom this -quality is largely developed is indicative of the attitude and position -of kissing. Spurzheim says of it: "It is situated at the top of the -neck, and its size is proportionate to the space between the mastoid -process, immediately behind the ears, and the occipital spine, in the -middle of the hind head." It is noticeable that those in whom this -quality is fully or largely developed seem to have the power of -attracting or "charming" those of the opposite sex, while those who are -deficient in it lack this quality. - -CONJUGALITY. This quality manifests in a strong desire for a "mate"--and -_one_ mate only. While Amativeness may cause one to seek the society of -many of the opposite sex, Conjugality will act only to cause one to seek -the _one_ life partner. Conjugality causes the desire to "mate for -life." It is something quite different from Amativeness, although of -course related to it. The location of its outer form, between -Amativeness and Friendship, gives the key to its quality--_love with -companionship_. Those in whom it is well developed are very close to -their mates and tend toward jealousy; they suffer intensely when the -relation is inharmonious or disturbed in any way, and are often -brokenhearted at disappointment in love or the death of the mate. Those -in whom it is deficient feel very little true companionship for their -mates, and with Amativeness large are apt to be promiscuous in their -manifestation of love or passion; if one love is interrupted or -interfered with they find little difficulty in shifting their -affections. Those in whom it is strong are "true unto death," while -those in whom it is weak are fickle, inconstant and lack loyalty. The -Quality manifests outer form on each side of the lower-back of the head, -just above Amativeness and just below Friendship, and on either side of -Parental Love--the location being especially indicative of its nature -(see group figure). - -PARENTAL LOVE. This Quality manifests in a strong desire for and love of -children, particularly one's own. Those in whom it is very strong often -adopt children in addition to their own and love to caress children -wherever and whenever they may see them. It manifests outer form at the -lower-back part of the head on the middle-line of the head, above -Amativeness, and below Inhabitiveness (see group figure). - -SOCIABILITY. This Quality manifests in a strong desire for -companionship, fellowship, friends, sympathy, society, associates, etc. -It is the "social sense." Those in whom it is strong feel happy only -when surrounded by associates, friends or boon companions. They incline -toward lodges, clubs and social gatherings. To be alone is to suffer, to -such people. Those in whom it is weak prefer to be alone, or at the best -with a few carefully chosen companions, and avoid promiscuous -friendships and social gatherings. It manifests outer form just above -Conjugality, and at the sides of Parental love and Inhabitiveness, and -directly back of Cautiousness and the upper-part of Combativeness (see -group figure). - -HOME-LOVE. This Quality manifests in a strong love of familiar places, -particularly of one's home and near-by country, and from this springs -love of country and patriotism. Those in whom it is strong dislike to -travel, and are subject to home-sickness. Those in whom it is weak are -fond of travel, readily change their places of abode, and are apt to -become "roamers" if they indulge the Quality. When over large, it -inclines one toward narrowness, sectionalism and provincialism; when -small, it inclines one toward frequent moves, and changes of residence -and location. It manifests outer form at the back part of the head, on -the middle-line, directly above Parental Love and below Continuity (see -group figure). When it is large it tends to produce a ridge, -flat-iron-shape and pointing upward; when small, it presents a -depression sufficient to contain the ball of the finger. Its close -connection to Continuity, on the one hand, and Parental Love on the -other, is very suggestive. - - - - -CHAPTER X - -THE APPLICATIVE QUALITIES - - -The fifth group, known as the Applicative Qualities, is composed of two -particular Qualities, known, respectively, as _Firmness_ and -_Continuity_. This group manifests in outer form on the centre-line of -the head, just above and just below the "crown," at which latter point -Self-Esteem is situated (see Fig. 6). - -[Illustration: FIG. 6 THE APPLICATIVE QUALITIES] - -FIRMNESS. This Quality manifests in a strong tendency toward stability, -tenacity, fixedness of purpose, and decision. When very highly developed -with the reasoning powers weak it often manifests as stubborness, -mulishness, obstinacy, etc. Those in whom it is largely developed -display firmness in decision, are "set in their ways," cannot be driven -by force or converted by argument when they have once formed an opinion -and taken a stand. The "indomitable will" arises from this Quality, in -fact this Quality might well be termed the "Will Quality," although it -manifests by that aspect of Will which shows itself as _fixedness_, -while its companion Quality, that of Continuity, manifests the phase of -Will known as "stick-to-it-iveness." Persons in whom Firmness is largely -developed make certain decisions and then abide by them. They may be -coaxed but never driven. Prof. O. S. Fowler, speaking of this Quality, -said: "No man ever succeeded without great will-power to hold on and -hold out in the teeth of opposing difficulties. I never knew a man -distinguished for anything, not even crimes, to lack it. It is an -indispensable prerequisite of greatness and goodness. Without it great -talents are of little avail, for they accomplish little; but with it -large, fair to middling capacities accomplish commendable results. -Success in life depends more on this than on any other single -attribute." - -This Quality manifests outer form on the centre-line of the back part of -the top head, just above Self-Esteem. The location may be ascertained by -holding the head erect, drawing an imaginary line upward from the -opening of the ears straight to the top of the head to the middle-line -or centre of the top of the head--the location is at this last-point. -It is usually quite prominent, and in many men unusually large. When -fully developed it gives a "tallness" to the head from the opening of -the ears to top of head. When it is weak, there is apt to be a flatness -or even a depression at the point of its location. It also manifests in -a "stiff upper lip," that is a firm upper lip, the latter often being -longer than ordinarily. A certain stiffness of the upper-lip is often -noticed when Firmness is habitually asserted, or in cases when the -Quality is temporarily called into play. The term "stiff upper lip" is -more than a mere figurative expression. Combe says of this Quality: -"When this organ predominates it gives a peculiar hardness to the -manner, a stiffness and uprightness to the gait, with a forcible and -emphatic tone to the voice." - -CONTINUITY. This propensity manifests in a strong tendency to "stick-to" -a thing once begun, until it is finished; a disinclination for change; a -habit of patient work and thought; a desire to do but one thing at a -time; etc. It is difficult to interest these people in _new_ -things--they hold fast to the _old_. They are naturally conservative and -are averse to "new-fangled" things. They are plodders and steady -workers, and run on like a clock when once wound up. They are apt to -possess the power of long and continued concentration upon anything -which attracts their attention, although it is difficult to attract -their attention to an entirely new thing. Prof. Sizer says: "Firmness -gives a stiff, determined fortitude, decision of character; it serves to -brace up the other faculties to the work in hand.... Firmness gives -determination and obstinacy of purpose, while _Continuity_ gives a -patient, perfecting, plodding application. Of two stone-cutters with -equal Firmness, they will be alike thorough and persevering, but if one -has large Continuity he prefers to use the drill in one place for hours, -while the other with small Continuity craves variety, and prefers to use -the chisel in cutting and dressing the entire surface of the stone." - -Continuity in excess often manifests in "long-windedness," prosiness, -boredom, prolixity and tiresomeness. When it is weak there is -manifested a "flightiness," tendency to change, lack of concentration, -attraction of the new, a shifting of base, change of mind, and general -instability and lack of "stick-to-itiveness." This Quality manifests -outer form on the centre line of the top back of the head, just below -the crown (Self-Esteem) and just above Inhabitiveness (see group -figure). Reference to the group figure will show that it is peculiar in -shape, and forms a semi-circular arch over a part of the top-back head. -When fully developed that part of the head is simply evenly rounded with -swelling; when deficient it leaves a hollow, crescent shape, horns -downward. In America we find the majority of people are weak in -Continuity, while in certain other countries it is found largely -developed in the majority of cases. This fact gives to Americans a -benefit in certain directions and a weakness in others. - -Both Firmness and Continuity are manifested almost entirely in -connection with the other Qualities, and are known almost altogether in -that way. In themselves they have almost abstract nature. In determining -character, they must be taken largely into consideration, because their -influence on the other Qualities is very great. In fact they may be said -to _determine_ the degree of _application_ of the other Qualities. - - - - -CHAPTER XI - -THE MODIFICATIVE QUALITIES - - -The sixth group is known as the Modificative Qualities (called by the -phrenologists "The Self-Perfecting Group"), which is composed of the -following particular Qualities. _Ideality_, _Infinity_ and _Humor_, -respectively. This group manifests outer form in the region of the -temples, and when large gives width to the sides of the fore part of the -head (See Figure 7). - -IDEALITY. This Quality could well be called the "Artistic" quality of -the mind. It manifests in a strong desire for the beautiful, the ideal, -the elegant, the polished, the graceful, the refined. It is also closely -connected with the phase of mental activity called "Imagination." Those -in whom it is largely developed manifest the artistic taste and -temperament, the love of art, beauty and the ideal, the poetic spirit, -the love of the refined and choice--and a corresponding dislike for all -opposed to these tastes and qualities. - -[Illustration: FIG. 7 THE MODIFICATIVE QUALITIES] - -Spurzheim says of it: "A poetic turn of mind results from a peculiar -mode of feeling. Vividness, glow, exaltation, imagination, inspiration, -rapture, exaggeration, and warmth of expression are requisite for -poetry. Poets depict a fictitious and imaginary world. This faculty -gives glow to the other faculties; impresses the poetical and ideal; -aspires to imaginary perfection in every thing; creates enthusiasm in -friendship, virtue, painting, music, etc.; produces sentimentality, and -leads to delicacy and susceptibility. It often acts with Spirituality -(Mysticism), located adjoining it, in embellishing poetry with the -mysterious and supernatural. Practical exaltation varies with this -organ." - -Combe says: "This faculty loves exquisiteness, perfection, and the -beau-ideal; gives inspiration to the poet; stimulates those faculties -which form ideas to create perfect scenes; inspires man with a ceaseless -love of improvement, and prompts him to form and realize splendid -conceptions; imparts an elevated strain to language, and shows a -splendor of eloquence and poetic feeling; and gives to conversation a -fascinating sprightliness and buoyancy--the opposite of dryness and -dullness." - -In addition to the above characteristics, which are largely due to the -co-operation of Mysticism, Infinity, and Reverence, there is another set -of manifestations which were largely overlooked by the older -phrenologists--the activity of the Imagination in connection with -Constructiveness. This combination of Constructiveness and Ideality is -found in the great scientists, inventors, great financiers, and others -whose plans for "building up" show that Ideality has been also very -active in the direction of picturing "what may be"--the _ideal_ which -Construction makes _real_. In much mental constructive work, there is -found the artistic element, which arises from Ideality. This Quality -manifests outer form in the upper and frontal portion of the temples, -just where the head begins to curve upward, and just in front of, or -under, the edges of the hair (see group figure). It is just above -Constructiveness, and just below Mysticism and Imitation, a position -which throws light on its several phases of manifestation above noted. - -INFINITY. This Quality manifests in a strong realization of the grand, -the majestic, the vast, the illimitable, the infinite, the eternal, the -absolute, the omnipotent, the omnipresent, the omniscient. It is the -realizing sense of The Great. Those in whom it is large are impressed by -the sublime, the majestic, the grand, in nature or in thought and -conception. Niagara; the great work of the architect; the thunder-storm; -the giant redwood of California; the ocean; or the thoughts of Infinity, -alike appeal to the one in whom this Quality is large. If Reverence be -large, the trend of Infinity will be toward religious ideas--the -greatness of God. If the intellectual faculties be in the ascendency, -Infinity will lead to high conceptions of Space, Nature, the Infinite. -If Ideality be large, Infinity will incline toward the grand and great -in art. If Constructiveness be well developed, Infinity will impel to -the creation of great works, enterprises, buildings, schemes, or what -not. Infinity influences everything in the direction of largeness and -greatness. This Quality manifests in outer form on the side of the head, -about midway between forehead and back-head, and about midway between -"top and bottom" of that part of the head which contains the brain (see -group figure). It is back of Ideality, and in front of Cautiousness; -below Optimism and above Acquisitiveness, on the side of the head where -the upward curve begins. - -HUMOR. This Quality manifests in a strong appreciation of the ludicrous, -humorous, ironical, facetious, and raillery. Spurzheim says: "Those who -write like Voltaire, Rabelais, Piron, Sterne, Rabener, Wieland, and all -who are fond of jest, raillery, ridicule, irony, and comical -conceptions, have the upper and outer parts of the forehead immediately -before Beauty (Ideality) of considerable size." Combe says: "I have -found in the manifestations of those whose Wit (Mirthfulness) -predominates over Causality (Logic) a striking love of the purely -ludicrous; their great delight being to heap absurd and incongruous -ideas together; extract laughter out of every object; and enjoy the -mirth their sallies created; and therefore agree with Spurzheim that the -sentiment of the ludicrous is its primitive function." Those in whom it -is very large are apt to be regarded as trifling and undignified, and -people often lack respect for them. Those in whom it is weak are apt to -be over-serious and dreary. A sense of humor is valuable in many ways, -among which is its influence in letting us see the silly side of much -pretentious nonsense which might otherwise deceive our reason and -judgment. Many a solemn and dignified fallacy or error can best be -attacked through a laugh and a realization of its absurdity. This -Quality manifests outer form on the upper and lateral part of the -forehead (see group figure). It is just before Ideality and just below -Imitation. When large it gives a square and prominent shape to this part -of the forehead. - - - - -CHAPTER XII - -THE RELATIVE QUALITIES - - -The seventh group is known as the Relative Qualities, and is composed of -the following four particular Qualities: _Human Nature_; _Suavity_; -_Sympathy_; and _Imitation_; respectively. The designation "Relative" is -applied to this group, by reason of the fact that its activities are -concerned with the _relations_ between the individual and others of his -kind. The group manifests outer form in the front-upper part of the -head, beginning just above the line of the hair, from which it extends -backward toward the top-head. (See Fig. 8.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 8 THE RELATIVE QUALITIES] - -HUMAN NATURE. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to read -character, discern human motives, interpret feelings and thoughts, and -to _know_ men and women thoroughly. Those in whom it is large seem to -read the mind, motives and character of those whom they meet, in an -almost intuitive manner--the ideas, feelings, thoughts, motives and -designs of others seem like an open book to them. They are natural -physiognomists, and understand Human Nature in both its inner states -and outer forms. This quality is largely developed in successful -salesmen, detectives, credit-men, politicians, and others whose success -depends largely upon the ability to read the character of those with -whom they come in contact. This Quality concerns itself with the entire -subject matter of this book, and is of the utmost importance to every -individual. It should be developed and trained. - -Prof. O. S. Fowler explains its manifestations, and at the same time -directs one along the lines of its cultivation, as follows: "Scan -closely all the actions of men, in order to ascertain their motives and -mainsprings of action; look with a sharp eye at man, woman and child, -all you meet, as if you would read them through; note particularly the -expression of the eye, as if you would imbibe what it signifies; say to -yourself, what faculty prompted this expression and that action? drink -in the general looks, attitude, natural language and manifestations of -men, and yield yourself to the impressions naturally made on you; that -is, study human nature both as a philosophy and a sentiment." - -This Quality manifests in outer form on the middle-line of the summit of -the forehead, just where the hair usually begins to appear, and from -thence slightly upward around the curve (see group figure). It is -directly above Analysis and is often mistaken for a continuation -thereof. Its nearness to that Quality indicates its relationship -thereto, the connection being very close; in fact, some authorities have -treated it as a particular phase of Analysis. It is directly in front of -and below Sympathy, which position is also suggestive, for we must first -_understand_ the feelings of others before we can sympathize with them. -It is between the two lobes of Suavity, which position is also -suggestive, for Suavity depends upon an understanding of the character -and feelings of others, in order that we may "fall in" with the same. In -the same way Imitation, which closely adjoins it, depends upon Human -Nature for its copying material. When largely developed this Quality -gives a peculiar fullness and height to the upper forehead. - -SUAVITY. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to be _agreeable_, -_suave_, _pleasant_, _polite_ and _attractive_ to other people. Those -in whom it is large possess a charming personality; a "winning way;" are -interesting and agreeable; polite, and often fascinating. They always -say the right thing to the right person at the right time and right -place. They sugar-coat unpleasant truths, and are natural diplomats. -This is the Quality of Tact. These people are "all things to all men," -and show every evidence of having "kissed the Blarney Stone," and of -understanding the manufacture and use of "soft soap." - -With Human Nature large, they, as Prof. O. S. Fowler says "know just how -and when to take and hoodwink men; with Secretiveness (Cunning) large -and Conscientiousness small, are oily and palavering, and flatter -victims, and serpent-like salivate before swallowing." When the -adjoining Quality of Humor is large, they add humor and wit to their -other attractive qualities. This Quality, in normal development, is the -lubricant which makes the wheels of social and business intercourse run -smoothly. In excess it renders one "too smooth" and "oily;" while its -deficiency renders one boorish, unattractive and disagreeable. It -manifests in outer form in the upper-fore part of the head, about the -hair-line, and _on each side of Human Nature_. It is just below -Imitation, just above Logic, and touches the upper side of Mirthfulness -(see group figure). Together with Human Nature, when both are large, it -tends to give a squareness and fullness to the upper part of the -forehead, and a somewhat angular turn to the forehead at that point. - -SYMPATHY. This Quality manifests in a strong feeling of kindness, -compassion, benevolence, sympathy, and desire to make and see others -happy. Its manifestation is always altruistic. When largely developed it -causes one to feel the pains of others, and to be unhappy at the sight, -thought or hearing of their pains and woes. When deficient or weak it -allows the person to be callous to the misfortunes of others. When -normally developed it causes one to radiate Kindness, Sympathy and -Compassion, but in excess it renders one miserable because of the -consciousness of the "world-pain," and often causes one to be the victim -of misplaced sympathy and confidence. It is unnecessary to state that -those in whom this propensity is strong are to be found serving their -fellow-men in charitable, philanthropic, and educational work. Some have -it in such excess that they will impoverish themselves and their -families in order to help perfect strangers or the race at large. It -manifests outer form on the fore part of the top head, on the -middle-line, commencing just about where the hair begins and running -back almost to the middle of the top-head. It is immediately in front of -Reverence. When large it tends to give the head a little forward tilt or -inclination, as if toward the person for whom sympathy is felt. In -listening to a story awakening sympathy, one naturally inclines the head -a little forward. - -IMITATION. This Quality manifests itself in the strong tendency to -reproduce, copy, take pattern of, or mimic. It plays an important part -in the work of the artist and the actor. It enables one in whom it is -largely developed to enter into the ideas, plans and works of others; to -"catch their spirit;" and to reproduce their work or ideas. In -connection with Ideality it forms a large part of the artistic talent -in all lines of creative work. With large Constructiveness and Ideality, -it makes the inventor and the designer who build upon that which has -gone before that which is new and original. With Self-Esteem small and -Approbativeness large, this Quality will cause the person to "follow my -leader" and imitate others, rather than to assert his own originality -and creative power. This Quality is noticeable principally as a modifier -of the other faculties and propensities. It manifests outer form on the -upper sides of the forehead, toward the top of the head (see group -figure). It lies just below Sympathy, and above Ideality; before -Mysticism, and back of Suavity. - - - - -CHAPTER XIII - -THE PERCEPTIVE QUALITIES - - -The eighth group is known as the Perceptive Qualities, composed of the -following particular Qualities, respectively: _Observation_; _Form_ -_Size_; _Weight_; _Color_; _Order_; _Calculation_; _Tune_; _Time_; -_Locality_; _Eventuality_, and _Words_. This group manifests outer form -in the lower part of the forehead, in the region of the eye. (See Fig. -9.) When large this group often gives to the upper forehead the -appearance of "retreating" or sloping backward. Prof. O. S. Fowler says -of the appearance of those Qualities which manifest outer form _under_ -the eyebrows: "The following rule for observing their size obviates the -objection sometimes urged that the eyebrows and their arches prevent the -correct diagnosis of these smaller organs crowded so thickly together. -The rule is: _The shape of the eyebrows_ reveals the size, absolute and -relative, of each, thus: When _all_ are large, the eyebrow is long and -arching; when all are deficient, it is short and straight; when some -are large and others small, it arches over the large ones, but passes -horizontally over those which are small. This rule is infallible." The -other Qualities of the group, according to Prof. Sizer, "is located -above the eyes, and ... constitute about one-third of the depth of the -forehead, beginning at the arch of the eye." - -[Illustration: FIG. 9 THE PERCEPTIVE QUALITIES] - -OBSERVATION. This Quality was given the name of "Individuality" by the -early phrenologists, but this term is considered misleading, owing to -the later usage of that term. It manifests in a strong desire to -observe, see, examine, inspect, and "know" the things of the objective -life. Those in whom it is largely developed feel the insatiable urge of -the inquisitive spirit; they desire to investigate everything coming -under their notice. Many little details in the objects or subjects in -which they are interested are noticed by them, while overlooked by the -majority of people. - -Prof. Sizer says of it that it "gives a recognition of things and the -special points and facts of subjects; quickness of observation is an -important element in the acquisition of knowledge.... Those in whom it -is large are eager to see all that may be seen, and nothing escapes -their attention. It opens the door for the action of all the other -perceptive organs.... They are quick to notice everything that is -presented to the eye; and it goes farther, and enables us to recognize -that which we touch, or sounds we hear. The rattling strokes of a drum -are distinct noises, and each is an individuality." - -Prof. O. S. Fowler, says: "It is adapted, and adapts men to the -divisibility of matter, or that natural attribute which allows it to be -subdivided indefinitely. Yet each division maintains a personal -existence. It thus puts man in relation and contact with a world full of -things for his inspection, as well as excites in him an insatiable -desire to examine everything. It is therefore the _looking_ faculty. Its -distinctive office is to observe things. It asks: 'What is this?' and -says, 'Show me that!'... Before we can know the uses, properties, -causes, etc., of things, we must first know that such things _exist_, -and of this Observation informs us." - -This Quality is largely involved in the process of Attention. It usually -manifests in the form of _involuntary attention_, that is, attention to -interesting things. But, under the influence of the will, with Firmness -large, it manifests _voluntary attention_, or attention or study of -objects not interesting in themselves, but which it is important to -study and know. It is largely developed in children and undeveloped -adults in the phase of curiosity or desire to observe _new_ things. In -adults, of developed minds, it manifests as attention to things of -_material interest_ and important subjects or objects of study. This -Quality is the master of its associated Qualities in this group, and is -involved in all of their activities. - -It manifests outer form in the middle of the lower part of the forehead, -between the inner ends of the eyebrows, and above the top of the -nose--"just above the root of the nose," in fact. Prof. O. S. Fowler -says: "When it is large, the eyebrows flex downward at their nasal ends, -and the lower part of the forehead projects. When it is deficient, the -eyebrows are straight at their inner ends, and come close together" (See -group figure). - -FORM. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and -recollection of the _form and shape_ of objects observed. Those in whom -it is large most readily perceive, recognize and remember details of -form and shape, faces, etc. It manifests outer form between, and -slightly above, the eyes, on each side of Observation (see group -figure). When large it tends to push the eyes apart and outward. Sizer -says: "The width between the eyes is the indication of its -development.... When small the eyes are nearer together, which gives a -pinched expression to that part of the face; when the organ is large, -the eyes appear to be separated, pushing away from the root of the nose. -Distinguished artists have the eyes widely separated." Audobon said of -Bewick, an eminent English wood-engraver, "His eyes were placed farther -apart than those of any man I have ever seen." - -SIZE. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and -recollection of the size and _magnitude_ of objects observed. Those in -whom it is large most readily perceive, recognize and remember the size, -dimensions, proportion, distance, height and depth, quantity, bulk of -things. It manifests outer form on each side of Observation, but a -little lower down (see group figure), in the angle formed by the root of -the nose and arch of the eyebrows. Prof. O. S. Fowler says: "In -proportion as it is large it causes the inner portion of the eyebrows to -project over the inner portions of the eyes, quite like the eaves of a -house, forming a shed over the inner portion of each eye." - -WEIGHT. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and -recollection of _weight_, _balance and gravity_ of things. Those in -whom it is large most readily perceive, recognize, and remember the -weight of things; and also things out of balance or plumb. These people -seem to have the faculty of balancing themselves nicely, and keeping -their feet on a slippery surface, on a tight-rope, etc., and often walk -with a swinging, free motion, indicating a sense of balance and -security. This Quality manifests under the eyebrows, next to Size, about -a half inch from the upper part of the nose, rising somewhat above the -inner part of the eyeball and the bridge of the nose. Prof. O. S. Fowler -says: "Draw a perpendicular line from the centre of each eye up to the -eyebrow; Weight is _internally_, and Color _externally_ of this line -under the eyebrows." - -COLOR. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and -recollection of the color, hue, shade, and tint of things. Those in whom -it is large most readily perceive, recognize and remember the colors, -shadings, blendings and combination of tints, and to compare, match and -harmonize colors instinctively. It manifests outer form under the -eyebrows, just back of Weight (see rule for finding, in last paragraph), -and occupies the space directly under the centre of the arch of the -eyebrows (see group figure). When largely developed it gives an upward -and forward arch to the eyebrows. - -ORDER. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and -recollection of _order_, _method and arrangement_. Those in whom it is -large most readily perceive, recognize, and remember the order and -sequence in which objects appear or are arranged. They are very -methodical, precise, and pay attention to details of arrangement and -system. They "have a place for everything," and like to "keep -everything in its place." In business they are "strong on system," -sometimes overdoing it. They are also fond of rules, laws, customs, and -codes, and adhere strictly thereto. They like everything pigeon-holed, -labelled, or else fenced in and off from every other thing. Are also -great disciplinarians. This Quality manifests outer form next to Color, -and beneath the junction of the bony ridges (on the sides of the head) -and the eyebrows, (see group figure). Prof. O. S. Fowler says: "When -very large it forms an arch, almost an angle, in the eyebrows at this -point, accompanied by its projection or hanging over.... When small, the -eyebrows at this point retire, and are straight and flat, wanting that -arched projection given by large Order." Combe says: "Its large -development produces a square appearance at the external angle of the -lower part of the forehead." - -CALCULATION. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and -recollection of _number_, _figures_, _calculations_, _etc._ Those in -whom it is largely developed most readily perceive, recognize, and -remember anything concerned with the _number_ of things, or -calculations based thereon. They are natural arithmeticians and -mathematicians. Calculation comes easy to them, and in cases of high -development they may be said to "think mathematically." This Quality -manifests outer form next to Order, and under the outer ends of the -eyebrows (see group figure). - -Prof. O. S. Fowler, says: "It elongates the ends of the eyebrows -laterally, and flexes them horizontally in proportion as it is -developed, yet when deficient the eyebrow is left short externally, does -not project beyond the eye, and terminates running _downwards_." Gall -says: "Its convolution is a continuation of the lowest convolution of -Tune, and is placed on the most external part of the orbital plate, in a -furrow running from before backwards. When it is very large it depresses -the external part of the plate, so that the superorbital arch is -irregular, except in its internal part; its external line representing a -straight line, which descends obliquely. Hence the external part of the -eyelid is depressed, and conceals the corresponding part of the eye." - -TUNE. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and -recollection of _tune_, _music_, _harmony_, _melody_, etc. Those in whom -it is large most readily perceive, recognize, and remember all connected -with the subject of Music. It is the musical sense, taste and faculty. -Its characteristics are too well-known to require elaboration. It -manifests outer form in the lateral and lower part of the forehead, -above Order and Calculation, in front of Constructiveness, and back of -Time (see group figure). Prof. O. S. Fowler says: "When large it fills -out the lower, frontal portions of the temples.... Still, being located -in a kind of corner ... and the temporal muscle passing over it, its -position varies somewhat, which renders observation more difficult, -except in the heads of children, in whom it is generally larger than in -adults." - -TIME. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and -recollection of _time_, _duration_, _rhythm_, _etc._ Those in whom it is -large most readily perceive, recognize, and remember all connected with -the flight of time, dates, duration, periodicity, chronology, etc. -Spurzheim says of it that it, "perceives the duration, simultaneousness, -and succession of phenomena." It may be called "the time sense" which is -so apparent in some persons, and so noticeable by reason of its absence -in others. It manifests outer form above Color and Weight, in front of -Tune, and back of Locality (see group figure). - -LOCALITY. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and -recollection of _places_, _positions_, _locations_, _directions_, etc. -Those in whom it is large most readily perceive, recognize, and remember -places, directions, positions, land-marks, points-of-the compass, roads, -paths, streets, and other things having to do with _space_. Such persons -are never "lost" nor confused as to direction or locality; they have an -almost instinctive "sense of direction." It is the geographical or -traveller's sense. It is found large in the majority of travellers, -sailors, civil engineers, etc. Persons in whom it is large can find -themselves about a strange city without trouble, and will remember old -scenes, places, locations for years. Those in whom it is weak -frequently "get lost," or mixed up regarding place, position and -direction. - -It manifests outer form over Size and Weight, or about three-quarters of -an inch above the inner half of the eyebrows, and runs upwards and -outwards (see group figure). It is said to have been immensely developed -and apparent in Capt. Cook, the eminent explorer, and the portraits of -Columbus and other great explorers and travellers show a distinct -enlargement of this locality. Gall, who discovered the location of this -Quality, took casts of the heads of noted explorers and travellers, and -others manifesting the "sense of place and direction," and upon -comparing them, "found in them all, in the region directly over the -eyes, two large prominences, which began just inside the root of the -nose, and ascended obliquely upwards and outwards as far as the middle -of the forehead." Dr. Caldwell states that, "Daniel Boone who was -perpetually going from one place to another, was the most celebrated -hunter and woodsman of his age, and possessed this organ in a degree of -development so bold and prominent that it deformed his face." - -EVENTUALITY. This Quality manifests in a cognizance appreciation and -recollection of _facts_, _events_, _happenings_, _occurrences_, _news_, -_etc._ Those in whom it is large most readily perceive, recognize and -remember striking events, facts, doings, occurrences--in short, _news_. -Such persons have the "nose for news" which is so important to the -newspaper man, scientific investigator, researcher in any line, and -general investigator. It is the "historical faculty," and the -"journalistic sense," as well as an important part of the "scientific -instinct." These people make good witnesses, story tellers, and -entertainers. They know "what is going on," and are the people to go to -when one wishes to "hear the news," or to learn the past history of -anything or anybody. - -This Quality manifests outer form in the centre of the forehead, -immediately above Observation, and in front of Locality (see group -figure). When large it tends to "fill out" the middle of the forehead. -Prof. O. S. Fowler says: "It sometimes seems deficient, because the -surrounding organs are large, whereas close inspection shows it to be -large. Steady the head with the left hand, and place the second finger -of the right in the very centre of the forehead, firmly on the head, and -then work the skin horizontally. If your finger caresses an up-and-down -ridge about the size of a pipe-stem, this faculty is vigorous, and has -been much used and strengthened by culture of late years. Where it is -not noticeably full, but has been taxed by business or literary -pursuits, or had a great many little things to do for years, it appears -deficient to the eye, but the rule just given for this perpendicular -pipe-stem ridge signifies great activity and vigor in it." (See group -figure.) - -WORDS. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation and -recollection of _words_, _terms_, _phrases_, _etc._, and their meanings. -Those in whom it is large most readily perceive, recognize and remember -the words, expressions, gestures and other modes of communication -between the minds of men, and are proficient not only in perceiving and -understanding them, but also in employing and using them. It is the -taste, power, and ability to receive verbal Impressions and to manifest -verbal Expression. It produces the orator, and the adept in the use of -words in writing. To those persons in whom it is largely developed, -words take on life and reality, and become living thought. In excess, it -produces verbosity, talkativeness, and "windiness" of expression. When -deficient, it renders one unable to properly express himself. It -manifests outer form above and partly behind the superorbital plates, -which form the roof of the sockets of the eyes, and when large tends to -press the eyes forward and downward. Its location was discovered by -Gall, who observed that those fluent in the use of words almost always -had _full and prominent eyes, and_ _prominent under eye-lids_. The -fullness of the eyes and lower eyelids, therefore, is its distinguishing -mark. - -Professor O. S. Fowler says: "See how the eyes stand out beyond the -cheekbone--the best standard points from which to estimate its size, -because, though it may be large, yet the Perceptives may be still -larger, in which case the latter will project forward still farther even -beyond large Expression. (Words). Hence the fullness of the eyes should -not be compared with the eyebrows as much as _with the bone below them_, -which not being subject to kindred mutations, forms a correct measuring -point of observation." The pressure outward of the under eyelids, is a -good sign of the development of this Quality. It may be objected to that -Quality of Words is not, strictly speaking, a _Perceptive_, but when it -is realized that before words may be fluently used, they must be -_perceived_, _recognized_, _and remembered_, the reason for our -inclusion of this Quality in the Perceptive class may be understood. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV - -THE REFLECTIVE QUALITIES - - -The ninth group is known as the Reflective Qualities, which is composed -of the two following particular Qualities: _Analysis_ and _Logic, -respectively_. This group is accorded the highest place among the mental -Qualities, for Reason is ranked higher than Emotion, Feeling or -Sentiment. Its purpose is to philosophize, penetrate, investigate, -originate, pursue the processes of inductive and deductive reasoning, -analyze, synthesize, take apart, put together, combine, harmonize, -search for, discover, and to manifest all the processes of Rational -Thought, using the report of the Perceptives as "raw material." This -group manifests outer form in the upper part of the forehead, -immediately above the Reflective Qualities. (See Fig. 10.) When large it -gives to the upper part of the forehead that appearance of -_intellectuality_, which is so commonly recognized, and which has given -rise to the semi-slang phrase "high-brow" as applied to persons -manifesting intellect. - -[Illustration: FIG. 10 THE REFLECTIVE QUALITIES] - -ANALYSIS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to _analyze_, -_compare_, _classify_, _infer_, _discriminate_, _illustrate_, _etc._ It -gathers together the "raw material" of perception, and proceeds to -analyze and compare its particular parts, and then to group the parts -together in a new classification and synthesis. Those in whom it is -largely developed manifest the power of _comparison_ to a high degree, -discovering points of resemblance and difference almost intuitively. -They will plunge to the heart of a subject in a short time, and will be -able to extract the _essence_ of an object or subject with comparatively -little effort. - -Spurzheim says of it: "The great law of this faculty seems to be to form -abstract ideas, generalizations, and harmony among the operations of the -other faculties.... It pre-supposes, however, the activity of the other -faculties, and cannot act upon them if they are inactive." - -Professor Nelson Sizer says that it, "frequently discovers unexpected -resemblances among other things, and people who have it in a very active -condition are constantly surprising those in whom it is dull by their -novel illustrations. It is the source of the ability some writers -possess of using frequently metaphors and analogies.... While it -contributes to reason, it is not strictly so, _per se_.... It endeavors -to prove that one thing is of such and such a nature, because it -resembles another that is so and so; and because the majority of people -have it fairly developed, they are prone to convert an illustration into -an argument. It exercises a most important influence upon the mind in -the way of analytical capability; and one who has it largely developed -is quick in discovering and understanding differences, enigmatical -assertions and improper or inaccurate allusions; hence it is essential -to critical acumen." - -Gall says, regarding its discovery: "I often conversed with a -philosopher endowed with great vivacity, who, when unable to prove his -point by logic, had recourse to a comparison, by which he often threw -his opponents off the track, which he could not do by arguments." It -tends to reason by analogy, and to make rapid and clever -generalizations. The majority of scientists have it largely developed, -as also do discoverers in all lines of investigation and research, and -as Gall says: "Its possessors seize and judge well of the relations of -things, etc., and are well fitted for business." It is attracted by -investigation and thought regarding concrete things, rather than by -abstract subjects. It is scientific, rather than philosophical. - -As Prof. O. S. Fowler says, it: "illustrates with great cleverness and -facility from the known to the unknown, and discovers the deeper -analogies which pervade nature, and has an extraordinary power of -discovering new truths. It reasons clearly and correctly from -conclusions and scientific facts up to the laws which govern them; -discerns the known from the unknown; detects error by its incongruity -with facts; has an excellent talent for comparing, explaining, -expounding, criticising, exposing, etc.; employs similes and metaphors -well; puts this and that together, and draws correct inferences from -them." - -This Quality manifests in outer form in the middle of the upper part of -the forehead, along the middle-line, just below the hair, directly above -Eventuality, and between the two lobes of Logic (see group figure). -Prof. O. S. Fowler says of it: "It commences at the centre of the -forehead and runs upward nearly to the hair. When it projects beyond -surrounding organs it resembles a cone, its apex forming a ridge which -widens as it rises. Its ample development elevates the middle of the -upper portion of the forehead, and gives it an ascending form." - -LOGIC. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to inquire into the -"Why?" of things--into Causes--into the "Wherefore?"; and to reason -therefrom to _effects_ and application of laws. Those in whom it is -large manifest the power of _logical reasoning_ to a high degree, and -abhor fallacies. This is the _philosophical_ faculty of mind. It -searches back of facts and phenomena for _causes_, _motives_ _and laws_, -and then reasons deductively from these. Combe says: "This faculty -prompts us on all occasions to ask, "Why is this so, and what is its -object?" It _demands reasons and proofs_ in the reasoning of its owner, -as well as from others." - -Prof. Nelson Sizer says: "It gives ability to look deeply into subjects, -and to appreciate the logical sequences of arguments, hence it is large -in persons who indicate genius in metaphysics, political economy, and -all sciences of a profound character.... When prominent, and the -perceptive faculties are moderate, and Comparison (Analysis) is not -equally influential, it tends to speculative thinking. Men so -constituted are given to spinning improbable theories; their notions are -too abstract for ordinary minds, and they are looked upon as dull and -heavy weights in society. On the other hand when it (Logic) is -deficient, the individual is superficial and incapable of taking -comprehensive views of subjects; or forming judgments that will apply to -the affairs of life successfully." - -Professor O. S. Fowler says that this Quality gives "the desire to know -the _why and wherefore_ of things, and to investigate their laws; -ability to reason from causes down to effects, and from effects up to -causes; the therefore and wherefore; ability to adapt ways and means to -ends, to plan, contrive, invent, create resources, apply power -advantageously, make heads save hands, kill two birds with one stone, -predict the results of given measures, etc." - -This Quality manifests outer form in the sides of the upper part of the -forehead, one either side of Analysis and over Locality (see group -figure). When large it gives to the forehead a "high, bold, square" -form. With large Perceptives this Quality does not present so prominent -an appearance and so marked a comparison, but with the Perceptives small -it gives to the brow an "overhanging" appearance. With Analysis equally, -or nearly as strong, the fullness of course extends well across the -forehead; but with Analysis much smaller, Logic presents a bulging on -each side of the forehead; while with Analysis large and Logic small, -the latter gives the appearance of two depressions on each side of the -forehead. - -Spurzheim well says of the combination of Analysis and Logic (which he -terms "Comparison" and "Causality," respectively): "Causality and -Comparison combined constitute Reason. Without Causality (Logic) there -can be no argumentative reasoning; without Comparison (Analysis), no -comprehensive views, and no nice distinctions. Observation teaches -objects, and Eventuality facts, while Comparison (Analysis) points out -their identity, analogy, difference or harmony, whereas Causality -(Logic) seeks their causes, and all together discern general principles -and laws; draw conclusions, inductions and creations, and constitute a -truly philosophical understanding." - - - - -CHAPTER XV - -THE RELIGIO-MORAL QUALITIES - - -The tenth group is known as the Religio-Moral Qualities, and is composed -of the following particular Qualities: _Reverence_, _Mysticism_, -_Optimism_, and _Conscientiousness_, respectively. This group manifests -outer form at the front-top of the head, and on either side thereof (see -Fig. 11). - -[Illustration: FIG. 11 THE RELIGIO-MORAL QUALITIES] - -REVERENCE. This Quality manifests in a strong reverence, respect and awe -for and of higher beings, persons in authority, sacred things, religious -ideas, constituted authority, leaders, teachers, and heroes. It may be -symbolically expressed by the word, "Worship." Like that of Mysticism, -this Quality contains within its field the highest and the lowest. It -manifests the reverence and veneration for the highest conceptions of -Deity and Being; and also the fear and base servile worship of idols, -demoniac deities, devil-gods, etc. Likewise, it manifests in respect and -submission for the lawfully constituted authorities; and also for false -leaders and prophets, charlatans and imposters. In the same way it -causes a hero-worship for those who have performed meritorious tasks and -have wrought good for the race; but also for the unworthy persons whose -sensational deeds have brought them into the "limelight" of notoriety. -It manifests in all forms of the highest religion; and in the lowest -forms of devil-worship and low superstitious awe and fear, in the -richest religious experiences, and in the wildest fanaticism and -hallucinations. The direction of the manifestation is decided by the -relative development of the other propensities, particularly those of -the reasoning faculties. - -This Quality manifests outer form on the middle-top of the head, along -the middle-line directly in front of Firmness, back of Sympathy, and -just above Mysticism and Optimism (see group figure). When largely -developed, it causes the middle of the top of the head to "bulge," -particularly if Mysticism be also largely developed, the combination -usually being thus. - -MYSTICISM. This Quality manifests in a strong attraction for the -supernatural, the marvellous, the unknown, the mysterious. When -perverted it leads to superstition, gross credulity, belief in -witchcraft; faith in signs, omens, and warnings, etc. When balanced by -certain other Qualities it leads one to the higher flights of religious -experience, faith, and consciousness of the "light within;" but when not -so balanced it leads one to credulity, superstition and religious, -occult, and mystical imposture. - -"Psychic" phenomena are familiar to those in whom it is largely -developed in connection with certain other mental qualities; -clairvoyance, second-sight, spirit-vision and other peculiar experiences -being common to these people. The prophets, seers, and wonder-workers -belong to this class of "psychics." Poets possess this Quality in many -cases. The manifestations of this Quality include some of the very -highest and the very lowest of "spiritual" experiences and feelings. -This paradox is explained when we consider the influence of the other -Qualities, high and low, operating in connection with that of Mysticism. -In the garden of Mysticism grow the choicest flowers and the rankest and -most noxious weeds. - -This Quality is located immediately in front of Optimism, and below on -either side of Reverence, on the front-upper part of the head (see group -figure). When developed it renders the front top-head broad and -prominent. - -OPTIMISM. This Quality manifests in a strong tendency to look on the -bright side of things, to expect the best, to anticipate the best. -Spurzheim says of it: "Hope is necessary to the happiness of man in -almost all situations and often gives more satisfaction than even -success. Those who are everlastingly scheming or building castles in the -air have it large. It believes possible whatever the other faculties -desire. It is not confined to this life, but inspires hopes of a future -state, and belief in the immortality of the soul. When too strong it -expects the unreasonable and impossible; but when too weak, with Caution -large, it produces low spirits, melancholy and despair." - -This Quality when full produces optimists; when weak, pessimists; when -medium, the average person who swings between the two extremes partaking -of the nature of each. Those in whom it is developed to excess are apt -to see success in everything, and with a lively imagination translate -dreams into realities; of these persons it has been said: "show them an -egg, and the next minute the air is full of feathers." When this Quality -is weak the person is disposed to look for the worm in the apple, decay -at the heart of the rose, and for the skeleton beneath the form of -beauty. It has been said that "the optimist sees nothing but the body of -the doughnut; the pessimist, nothing but the hole." - -This Propensity manifests outer form at the middle sides of the upper -head, in front of Conscientiousness, back of Spirituality (see group -figure). - -CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. This Quality manifests in a strong tendency to act -according to truth, principle, duty, the accepted code of ethics, -conception of right, accepted religious teachings--in short to regulate -conduct according to the particular standard of "right and wrong" -accepted by the person. Those in whom it is large feel keenly their -personal responsibility, duty, and moral obligation. With Reverence -large, they model their standard of duty upon religious standards, -while with Reverence small, and Sociability large, they model their -standard upon social ethics, the Brotherhood of Man, and the "social -conscience." In fact the Quality itself gives rise to what is generally -called the "social conscience." - -Combe says of this Propensity: "After more than thirty years experience -of the world in actual life, and in various countries, I cannot remember -an instance in which I have been permanently treated unjustly by one in -whom this organ and intellect were large. Momentary injustice, through -irritation or misrepresentation, may have been done; but after correct -information and time to become cool, I have found such persons ever -disposed to act on the dictates of Conscience; as well satisfied with -justice.... It leads to punctuality in keeping appointments so as not to -waste their time; to the ready payment of debts; will not send -collectors away unsatisfied except from inability to pay; are reserved -in making promises, but punctual in keeping them; and when favorably -combined, are consistent in conduct.... Its predominance makes a strict -disciplinarian and a rigid but just master; invests all actions with a -sense of duty; thereby sometimes rendering estimable persons -disagreeable." - -In normal manifestation this Quality renders its possessor a most worthy -and estimable individual; but when abnormally developed and not balanced -by judgment and the reasoning faculties, it produces persecutors and -religious and ethical tyrants, adhering to the letter of the law rather -than to its spirit. Conscience is generally esteemed, but careful -observers deplore the "ingrown conscience" and "blue-law spirit" of -those of large Conscientiousness, large Destructiveness, and small -Sympathy. Many so-called "reformers" belong to this last class. This -Quality manifests outer form on the side of the top part of the head, -just below and on either side of Firmness. It lies between Firmness and -Cautiousness, with Optimism just in front of it and Approbativeness just -back of it (see group figure). - - - - -CHAPTER XVI - -FACES - - -Next to the shape of the head, the facial expression furnishes us with -the most marked indication of the outer form accompanying the inner -mental state. In fact, many authorities hold that the facial expression -affords the most easily read and most comprehensive index of character, -and that, therefore, Physiognomy possesses many points of superiority -over Phrenology. The truth seems to be that Physiognomy and Phrenology -are twin-sciences, and that the true student of Human Nature should -acquaint himself thoroughly with both. - -Physiognomy is "the science and art of discovering or reading the temper -and other characteristic qualities of the mind by the features of the -face." The philosophy underlying the science of Physiognomy has been -stated at length in the first several chapters of this book, the essence -of which is that _mental states manifest in outward form_. The majority -of persons apply the principles of Physiognomy more or less -unconsciously in judging the characters of those with whom they come in -contact. Nearly every one scans closely the features of those whom they -meet for the first time, and form a general impression therefrom. -Children and domestic animals possess an instinctive knowledge of facial -expression and can often tell very accurately the general disposition -toward them possessed by various persons. Certain persons are generally -considered to "look stupid," while others have "a bright, intelligent -expression"; some look "tricky," while others "look honest" and -trustworthy. - -Professor Nelson Sizer says: "Though all human beings have the general -human form and features--though all have eyes, nose, mouth, chin, etc., -yet each one has a different face and look from every other. And, more, -yet, the same person has a very different facial look at different -times, according as he is angry or friendly, etc. And always the same -look when in the same mood. Of course, then, something causes this -expression--especially, since all who are angry, friendly, etc., have -one general or similar expression; that is, one look expresses anger, -another affection, another devotion, another kindness, etc. And since -nature always works by means, she must needs have her physiognomical -tools. Nor are they under the control of the will, for they act -spontaneously. We cannot help, whether we will or no, laughing when -merry, even though in church, pouting when provoked, and expressing all -our mental operations, down even to the very innermost recesses of our -souls, in and by our countenances. And with more minuteness and -completeness than by words, especially when the expressions are intense -or peculiar." - -Professor Drayton says, "Everything, from head to feet, of form, size, -and action, indicates in some degree, the character of the individual, -or state of mind, and feeling in exercise for the time being. The -arching or depressing of the eyebrows, the full opening or partial -closing of the eye, the pursing or pouting of the lips, the firm set -jaw, the elevated head, the lofty shoulders, the stiff attitude, the -dignified and stately step, or the reverse of this, will impress each -observer in respect to the changing moods which may exist in a given -individual.... Each of the mental organs has its natural language, as -shown in pantomine, which is exhibited by the gestures and motions of -the head, hands and body. Children and animals read the feelings of -their parents or masters by their motions and attitudes, which are often -more influential than words. The brain is the central source of motive -and mental power; every action has its root or seat of impulse in the -brain and its connections, and as the mind forms purposes, the will is -sent out to the extremities, and the external motions express the inward -thought and feeling. Habitual states of mind tend to produce habitual -forms and expressions of face and body; a person who suffers pain for -years, will have in the face an expression of the internal state; one -who has been nurtured in gladness, though the face may not be beautiful, -will wear the sunshine of joy; one who has had care and responsibility, -will come to show it in the face, in the walk, and in the voice, as one -who has been subjugated and kept subordinate will have the word -humiliation written in his features not only, but in all his movements -and attitudes." - - -SHAPES OF FACES - -The authorities in Physiognomy divide the faces of persons into three -general classes, viz: (1) The Round Face; (2) The Oblong Face; and (3) -The Pear-shaped Face. - -[Illustration: FIG. 12 ROUND FACE] - -In Fig. 12, we see the Round Face. This face is indicative of the Vital -Temperament. It is usually associated with broad shoulders, short neck, -full chest, and plumpness, with enlarged abdomen in middle life. These -people love ease and physical comforts, good eating and drinking, and -not too much hard mental or physical work. They are solicitous of the -comfort of their bodies, and generally "look out for No. 1" in this -respect. They are generally good-natured and sociable, and often jolly. - -[Illustration: FIG. 13 OBLONG FACE] - -In Fig. 13, we see the Oblong Face. This face is indicative of the -Motive Temperament. It is usually associated with a compact firm body, -which while well filled out can scarcely be called plump, certainly not -fleshy. These people are generally strong and active, persevering and -sparing neither themselves or others in the direction of work. They are -apt to have a very fair share of common sense; are _practical_; and are -generally _reliable_. - -[Illustration: FIG. 14 PEAR-SHAPED FACE] - -In Fig. 14, we see the Pear-shaped Face. This face is indicative of the -Mental Temperament. It is usually associated with a delicately formed -body, and finely proportioned physical shape; the shoulders often being -narrow, and the neck long. These people manifest the characteristics of -mental and nervous force, rather than of vital or motive energy. They -often have bright, expressive eyes, and show other signs of the artistic -or literary character. They are inclined to be sensitive and -impressionable, and to suffer and enjoy keenly. - -In addition to the aforementioned general types, there are several -others which are modifications thereof, and which we shall now consider. - -In Fig. 15, we see the Square Face. This face indicates a combination of -the Motive and Vital Temperaments, with the Religio-Moral Qualities -deficient and the Selfish-Qualities predominant. These people usually -have square, stocky bodies, strong and wiry, and are tenacious of life. -They are Materialistic to a degree, and cannot understand others who -differ temperamentally from them. Usually, they have Combativeness and -Destructiveness large; strong Perceptive Qualities; and but moderate -Conscientiousness. They look out for themselves, pushing others aside, -and not being disturbed by "the higher feelings." They are generally -stubborn; and their weak point is apt to be Amativeness. - -[Illustration: FIG. 15 SQUARE FACE] - -In Fig. 16, we see the Egg-shaped Face. This face indicates the Mental -Temperament with the Psychic Qualities largely in the ascendent. The -Selfish Qualities are weak, while the Qualities of Mysticism, Reverence -and Ideality are large. These people are generally known as "spiritual," -and are often very "psychic." They are generally impractical and dwell -in an ideal world apart from the things of earth. - -[Illustration: FIG. 16 EGG-SHAPED FACE] - -In Fig. 17, we see the Inverted-Egg-shaped Face. This face indicates the -extreme form of the Vital Temperament, associated with an absence of the -active qualities which should accompany it. The Mental and Motive -Qualities are quite deficient, while the purely _Animal_ Qualities are -strong. The result is a _pig-like_ nature, content with wallowing in the -mud of the animal propensities and having a full swill-barrel. These -people are essentially lazy, gross, worthless, and animal-like. Note the -large lower-face (without the strong jaw), and the small upper head. -Note the broad nose, and general lazy expression. - -[Illustration: FIG. 17 INVERTED EGG-SHAPED FACE] - -In Figs. 18 and 19, respectively, we see the contrast between Broad and -Narrow Faces. The rule is that Broad Faces indicate fight, -destructiveness, and acquisitiveness--the Selfish Faculties, in fact; -while Narrow Faces indicate a lack of these qualities. The broad-headed -animals are the fighters, while the narrow-heads are the timid and -peaceful, as a rule. The same principle applies in the case of men. Look -over the charts of the Qualities, and see why this is. - -[Illustration: FIG. 18 BROAD FACE] - -The above mentioned several types or classes of faces have, of course, -innumerable variations and combinations, but a careful study of these -several types will give one the general key to all faces. It is well to -obtain a side view, as well as a full-face view, of the face one wishes -to study. - -[Illustration: FIG. 19 NARROW FACE] - -In studying faces, not only the general shape of the face must be -observed, but also the various features thereof, as for instance: the -chin; the mouth; the nose; the eyes; the ears; etc. These features form -the subject of the following chapters. - - - - -CHAPTER XVII - -CHINS AND MOUTHS - - -Physiognomists regard the chin as an important feature to be considered -in the study of faces as the outer form of character. The following are -the principal points of the "reading" of chins. - -In Fig. 20 we see the first point to be observed in the study of chins. -The rule is to draw an imaginary perpendicular line from the point at -the root of the nose, between the two eyebrows. In the normal and -average type, the line touches the upper lip and chin. But we find the -normal condition in but comparatively few cases, the majority -manifesting a variation backward or forward. When the chin is found to -recede from the line, it is interpreted as an indication of weakness, -lack of stability and firmness, and a general vacillating and unstable -character. When the chin projects beyond the line, it is interpreted as -indicating firmness, stubborness, and a generally selfish nature, which -is considered "strong" by contrast with the "weak" receding chin. When -the projecting chin is _pointed_, it indicates that the strength is -manifested as grasping, miserliness, etc.; while if it is _square_, it -indicates Combativeness and Destructiveness as well as Acquisitiveness; -and if it is _very broad and square_, it indicates the domineering, -"bossy," tyrannical, self-willed character. - -[Illustration: FIG. 20 CHIN STUDY] - -The above points regarding the chin must always be taken into -consideration. The following points are based on the shape of the chin -when in _normal position_, that is when the perpendicular line descends -in a straight line from the root of the nose to the chin: - -The _narrow-round chin_ indicates _idealistic feeling_ not manifesting -in decided action. These people have high desires, longings, and -aspiration, but lack the will to act upon the same. - -The _narrow-square chin_ indicates the idealistic nature, _accompanied -by the will to act_ upon the same. - -The _broad-round chin_ indicates _substantial feeling_, without the will -to manifest it in decided action. These people desire ordinary, plain, -practical things, but lack the initiative, will and nerve to overcome -obstacles to acquire them. - -The _broad-square chin_ indicates that the feelings are plain, practical -and substantial, _with the will to back them up_. - -From the above, it will be seen that _roundness_ indicates _feeling_; -and that _squareness_ denotes _will_; that narrowness denotes -_ideality_; while _broadness_ denotes _practical, substantial, plain_ -desires and tastes. - -The _dimpled or indented chin_ indicates the warm artistic temperament -with its accompanying desire for love of the opposite sex, desire for -affection, and alas! too often a fickleness and lack of loyalty and -fidelity in love affairs. - - -JAWS - -A _broad, firm jaw_ indicates strong Combativeness, Destructiveness and -Firmness. - -A _narrow, loose jaw_ indicates the reverse of the qualities above -noted. - -A _loose, drooping jaw and open mouth_ indicates timidity, weakness, -shyness, or despondency. - -The _fighters_ in all walks of life manifest the strong, firm jaw. It is -the survival of the primitive "bite" in the animal or cave-man. - - -MOUTHS - -The Orientals have a proverb which runs as follows: "By a man's eyes, -know what he might have been, or may be; by his mouth, knew what he has -been, and is." The study of the mouth is one of the greatest interest, -and one which will richly repay one for his time and thought. It will be -noticed that there is a great difference between the mouth and lips of -an individual in childhood, in youth, and in middle-age, which fact -shows the truth of the Oriental proverb just quoted. The mouth indeed -shows what a man has been and is. - -_Small mouths_ generally denote undeveloped, childish, or babyish -character, neither good nor bad. - -_Large mouths_ denote matured character, good or bad. When firm, they -denote force and energy. When half-open, they denote dullness and -heaviness. When showing full protruding lips, they denote sensuality and -selfish passions and tastes. When very large and flexible, they denote -the "windy" person who is fond of talking and hearing the sound of his -own voice--when one says that another is "big-mouthed" he states a truth -which physiognomy bears out. - -An _upward curve_ of the corners of the mouth, denotes a cheerful, -optimistic disposition and mental attitude. Likewise, a _downward curve_ -denotes a despondent, pessimistic disposition and mental attitude. A -graceful bow-like curve, shows a well-balanced and "all around" -disposition. - -_Tightly closed lips_ indicate a firmness, and often a "closeness" of -disposition. _Loosely closed lips_ indicate a lack of firmness, and -often a spendthrift tendency. _Lips that touch lightly and protrude -slightly_ in a "kiss-like" shape, indicate vanity, love of praise and -flattery, and often a desire to be petted. - -_Puffed-out lips_ indicate sloth, dullness, lack of energy and ambition, -general heaviness. _Coarse lips_ indicate lack of refinement, and often -grossness. _Particularly full lips_ indicate Amativeness and sometimes -Sensuality. - -_Slanting mouths_ indicate trickiness, "foxiness" and general -unreliability. _Crooked mouths_, or mouths greatly out of symmetry, are -held by many authorities to indicate lack of Conscientiousness, and -often criminal tendencies. - -_Full, red, middle-lips_ indicate love of the opposite sex. _Thin, pale -middle-lips_ denote the opposite traits. - -_A long upper-lip_ indicates Self-Esteem. _A short upper-lip_ denotes -deficient Self-Esteem, but often also a strong Approbativeness. (John D. -Rockefeller has an almost abnormally long upper lip.) - -The affectionate faculties are believed to manifest in outer form in the -center of the lips, because of certain nerve centers at that place. A -fullness and enlargement there denotes strong affection, while -deficiency in the affectionate qualities manifest in the opposite -direction. - -Will and self-control is shown by the relative firmness and "set" of the -lips and mouth. - -Besides the above mentioned characteristics, the student will soon -perceive that there are certain "expressions" of the lips and mouth -which, although impossible of expression in words, nevertheless may be -almost instinctively recognized by the careful observer. Lips, like -eyes, tell their story plainly to the careful and practiced observer. It -is a safe rule to _avoid those whose mouths arouse an instinctive -distrust in your mind_. Watch closely the mouths of people speaking to -you, and you will receive many a plain signal of danger, and many an -assurance of safety. The eyes, while full of information, often deceive -those not fully versed in their secret code--but the mouth tells its -tale in plain, simple, understandable terms, signs and symbols. - - - - -CHAPTER XVIII - -EYES, EARS AND NOSES - - -It has been said that "the eyes are the windows of the soul," and indeed -they do express a _something_ that is not possible to any other part of -the face or body. When unrestrained the eye correctly portrays the -innermost feelings and emotions affecting and influencing us, and in -many cases we are able to get a clear and unobstructed view of the soul -behind the eyes by gazing into them. But, alas! it is possible to mask -the expression of the eyes, and to counterfeit emotions and feelings -which do not exist within the mind. Men and women trained in the arts of -dissimulation and concealment, may, and do, conceal their thoughts and -feelings which ordinarily would be reflected in their eyes; and many, -especially women, are able to counterfeit feelings which have no real -existence in their minds or souls. We have seen women bestowing upon the -unsuspecting "mere man," the most artless, ingenuous "baby stare," while -at the same time their minds were filled with craft and cunning. We -have seen others whose eyes portrayed the most absolute innocence and -truth, while their hearts were filled with selfish, base feelings, and -their minds with cunning schemes. The trained diplomat and skilled -gambler successfully mask their thoughts, and their eyes reflect nothing -of their secrets; and, upon occasion, they are able to throw into their -eyes any desired expression. The best authorities on Physiognomy hold -that the mouth is a much more reliable index of thought and character -than the eye--for the eye may lie, while the mouth betrays itself even -when attempting the counterfeit. - -But, nevertheless, the eyes _do_ betray character, not by their -expression but by their shape and form. Habitual mental states reflect -in the outer form of the eyes, in spite of the care of their owners not -to let them tell the secret of the thought and feeling of the moment. -The story is told _not by the expression_ of the eye, but by the muscles -surrounding the eyes, the eye-lids, etc. In fact, the _eye-lids_ supply -the greater part of that which we call the "expression of the eye," -their contractions and relaxations producing the effect. - -_Secretiveness, cunning, and closeness_ are denoted by closely drawn -eye-lids, a furtive look often being imparted thereby. This position of -the eye-lids has been likened to an instinctive inclination to draw the -eye-lids together to hide the expression of the eye, but it probably -arises from the original trait of the animal to protect his eyes from -attack when engaging in a fight, or raid. As an instance of this, it -will be found that a feeling of cruelty, or desire to hurt another, will -manifest in a compression of the eye-lids, and a tightening of the upper -eyelid which assumes a straight form. _Frankness, truthfulness and -honesty_ are, in the same way, indicated by open, free looking eyes. -This expression may be counterfeited upon occasions, but the counterfeit -may be detected by observing the eyes when the owner is off guard. - -The _fighting, destructive, motive feelings_ are indicated by _straight -lines_ of the lids. _Affection, benevolence, sympathy, and love_, -manifest in curving, drooping, full eye-lids, the absence of straight -lines being marked. _Amativeness and Alimentiveness_ show in very thick -eye-lids, giving a sensual gross expression to the eyes. -_Destructiveness_ manifests in a tightening of the upper lid, and a -bearing down upon the eyeball. _Approbativeness_ gives a peculiar -"coquettish" relaxation of the upper eye-lid, which is suggestive of the -desire to wink in a meaning manner. _Humor_ gives a peculiar contraction -to the eye-lids, and at the same time producing the little lines -radiating from each outer corner of the eye-lids--the "laughing -wrinkles." _Ideality, Optimism, and Mysticism_ impart an open expression -to the eyes. _Cautiousness_, when large, also gives to the eyes an open, -almost startled, surprised expression. - -_Large, protruding eyes_ are held to be indicative of wordiness, -talkativeness, and lack of careful thought--the desire to talk for the -pleasure of hearing oneself talk. - -In connection with the subject of the outer form manifesting in the -eyes, we would call your attention to the quotation from Prof. O. S. -Fowler, appearing in Lesson XIII, in which he speaks of certain of the -Perceptive Qualities which indicate in outer form in the region of the -eye, as follows: "The shape of the eyebrows reveals the size, absolute -and relative, of each, thus: When _all_ are large, the eyebrow is long -and arching; when all are deficient, it is long and straight; when some -are large and others small, it arches over the large ones, but passes -horizontally over those which are small. This rule is infallible." In -connection therewith, we suggest that the student re-read carefully -Chapter XIII, which deals with the Perceptive Qualities which manifest -outer form in the region of the eye. - - -EARS - -Many physiognomists pass lightly over the subject of the ears as an -index of character, while others seem to specialize on this feature. - -The _round ear_ is held to indicate the Vital Temperament. The _oblong -ear_, the Motive Temperament; and the _pear-shaped ear_ the Mental -Temperament. - -_Quality_ is held to be indicated by the relative delicateness in the -moulding of the ear, a coarse, misshapen ear being held to indicate an -uncultivated nature; while a delicately moulded, shapely ear is held to -indicate culture and refinement. - -A _long, narrow ear_ is held to indicate an ambitious, striving nature. -An ear _pointed at the tip_ (upper part) is held to be indicative of -selfishness and general "foxiness." - - -NOSES - -All physiognomists agree upon the importance of the nose as an index of -character. The majority of people recognize the sign of a large, strong -nose, on the one hand, and a small, weak nose on the other. - -[Illustration: FIG. 21 A, ROMAN; B, GRECIAN; C, CHERUBIC] - -In Fig. 21 we see the three general forms of the nose, the Roman; -Grecian and Cherubic; respectively. The _Roman nose_ is held to be -indicative of Self-Esteem, Combativeness, Destructiveness and -Acquisitiveness. The _Grecian nose_ is held to be indicative of -Ideality, Conscientiousness, Reverence and other "higher qualities." The -_Cherubic nose_ is held to be indicative of feminine qualities, social -attractiveness, and emotional qualities. There are of course innumerable -modifications and combinations of these three general classes. - -[Illustration: FIG. 22 THREE TEMPERAMENTS] - -In Fig. 22 we see the classification adopted by some authorities, who -divide the nose into three general parts, each of which is held to -indicate one of the three Temperaments, and the Qualities which are -related to each. Thus the hard bony part, including the bridge, -indicates the Motive; the tip and end, the Mental; and the "wings" on -each side of the nostrils, the Vital. There is much truth in this -classification, and a careful study of this illustration will aid the -student in his understanding of noses as an outer sign of character. In -fact, this illustration may be used as a basis for the whole subject of -the meaning of noses as outer signs of character. - -Large nostrils indicate strong Vitativeness and physical well-being, and -often strong Emotive Qualities. Narrow, small, or tight nostrils -indicate weak Vitativeness and Vital Force. An authority says: "If the -nostrils are wide-apart, the man is merciful. If the nostrils are -wide-open, like those of a bull, resemblances to that animal prevail in -violent wrath and hard breathing." - -The tip of the nose indicates the several mental qualities. The sharp -pointed tip indicates an inquisitive, prying, investigating nature--a -general "sharpness" so to speak. A blunt tip indicates a lack of -"sharpness" and inquisitiveness. The upturned tip, or "pug," indicates a -trifling, superficial, gossiping tendency. As a general rule the sharp -tip indicates thought, while the rounded tip indicates feeling. - -The bony part of the nose, when prominent, indicates the strength of the -Motive Qualities, such as Combativeness, Destructiveness, -Acquisitiveness, Constructiveness, etc. It generally accompanies the -people who push forward and "do things" in spite of obstacles--it is the -nose of the great generals, and the majority of great financiers. - - - - -CHAPTER XIX - -MISCELLANEOUS SIGNS - - -While the subject of hands may be thought to belong to the study of -Palmistry, with which we have no concern in this book, nevertheless we -think that we should include herein a brief reference to the several -classes of the hand as indicative of the outer form of mental states. -That the shape of the hand often reveals information regarding the -character of its owner is admitted by the best authorities on the -subject. Many persons who discard the theories of Palmistry still regard -the subject of the shape and meaning of hands as apart from that study, -and believe that an understanding of the indications of the several -classes of hands is important to the students of Human Nature. - -There are seven general types of hands, viz: (1) The Spatulate; (2) the -Square; (3) the Artistic; (4) the Elementary; (5) the Mixed; (6) the -Philosophic; and (7) the Psychic. Following we give a brief recital of -the qualities held to be indicated by each. - -[Illustration: FIG. 23 SPATULATE HAND] - -In Fig. 23, we see the Spatulate Hand, the special peculiarities of -which are the straight, smooth fingers and the "splay" tips. This type -of hand is held to indicate an active, energetic nature, that is -satisfied only when it is employed and doing something useful. This hand -is eminently "practical," and its owner cares very little for art, -poetry, or literature. - -[Illustration: FIG. 24 SQUARE HAND] - -In Fig. 24, we see the Square Hand, the special peculiarities of which -are its general "squareness" of the palm, and generally of the -finger-tips. This also is a useful hand, and its owner is amenable to -authority, and makes a good employee or helper. It indicates a quiet, -peaceable disposition, and its owner is usually found to be careful, -orderly, and dependable--the sense of _order_ being especially strong. - -[Illustration: FIG. 25 ARTISTIC HAND] - -In Fig. 25, we see the Artistic Hand, the special peculiarities of which -are the suppleness and softness of the hand; its symmetrical form; and -its long, tapering fingers. Its owners are of the poetic and artistic -nature, with a taste for beautiful and refined things, artistic -environment, bright and witty speech, and "choice" things generally. The -Qualities of Ideality and Words are apt to be well developed in these -cases, and "the artistic temperament" is found in its full development -here. - -[Illustration: FIG. 26 ELEMENTARY HAND] - -In Fig. 26, we see the Elementary Hand, the special peculiarities of -which are its short, thick fingers, and its thick heavy palm. Its owners -are "of the earth, earthy," and have but very little imagination and -fine taste. - -[Illustration: FIG. 27 PHILOSOPHIC HAND] - -In Fig. 27, we have the Philosophic Hand, the special peculiarities of -which are its large thumb, rounded finger-tips, and its projecting -joints. Its owners are thinkers, investigators, and reasoners along -practical lines, and are generally skeptical and inclined to demand -proof of anything and everything. - -[Illustration: FIG. 28 PSYCHIC HAND] - -In Fig. 28, we see the Psychic Hand, the special peculiarities of which -are the extreme slenderness of the entire hand, and the long thin, -pointed fingers. Its owners have Mysticism highly developed, and incline -toward the mysterious, supernatural, occult, and imaginative, and are -generally of an extremely nervous, sensitive nature. - -Very few hands adhere strictly to any one of these several types, but -are more or less composite or "mixed." In such cases the characteristics -of each type mingle and blend, and must be interpreted accordingly. The -following peculiarities are also noted by the authorities: - -THE THUMB. The thumb is divided into three parts, each indicating a -certain quality, as follows: (1) the top part or division, which -indicates Will; (2) the second or middle part, which indicates Logic; -(3) the "ball" or fat lower portion, which indicates Passion. The -comparative size of either of these parts indicates the strength of its -particular qualities. - -THE FINGERS. Hard fingers indicate work, activity, and energy. Soft -fingers indicate love of ease, disinclination for work, laziness. Very -hard hands denote heaviness and general stupidity, also gross tastes and -undeveloped nature. Smooth fingers denote artistic tastes, etc.; while -knotted fingers denote philosophic thought and argument, orderliness -and taste for material facts and things. Short fingers denote quick -judgment and impatience of detail; while long fingers denote a love of -detail, elaboration and "fussiness." Spatulate fingers indicate -tidiness, usefulness, and a desire to be doing useful work. - - -THE PALM. Hardness of the palm, as of the fingers, denotes activity, -energy and work; while softness denotes love of ease, laziness, etc. -Wideness of the palm denotes generosity, broad-mindedness, etc.; while a -narrow palm denotes the reverse. Firm palms generally denote the Motive -Temperament; while soft, flabby palms denote the Vital temperament. - - -THE WALK - -The study of the Walk as an index of character is favored by many -authorities. There are three general types of walks, viz (1) the long -stride, in regular time; (2) the short, quick, and somewhat jerky step; -(3) the short but regular step. - -Those who walk with a long stride generally take a broad view of things, -but if their walk is also slow they are apt to lack energy and push. -The short, quick step denotes activity, but small ideas and often -pettiness. The combination of the long stride and the quick movement is -held to indicate both large ideas and activity. A draggy, shuffling walk -is held to indicate a careless, shiftless nature; and a springy movement -is indicative of mental activity. A mincing walk is held to denote -"finickiness," affectation, and general artificiality; while a careless -walk denotes a disregard for appearances and a general unconventional -nature. Those who walk in a straight line, direct to the object they -seek, are apt to move in the same way in other affairs of life; while -those who zig-zag from side to side display the same lack of directness -in business affairs and other activities of life. In the same way, one -who makes short-cuts across corners, etc., is held to have the same -tendency in active affairs. - -Approbativeness shows itself in a strutting walk; while Self-Esteem -manifests in a dignified carriage. Deficient, Self-Esteem shows itself -in a cringing walk; while strong Reverence produces a respectful, -deferential carriage. Approbativeness causes a slight swagger, with a -defiant carriage of the head, while Combativeness manifests in a "get -out of my way" pushing walk, the head being slightly lowered as if to -"butt" a way through. Cunning manifests in a foxy, sly walk; while -Cautiousness shows in a timid, hesitating step; and Acquisitiveness in a -general carefulness and watchfulness as manifested in gait. A -combination of Cunning, Cautiousness and Acquisitiveness, which is quite -common, manifests in a light, stealthy step, giving the suggestion of -"tip-toeing," and in extreme cases may show even the "snaky" gliding -motion from side to side, in noiseless progression. - -A little study and observation will convince anyone that the walk and -carriage of an individual correspond very closely to his general -character. And just as we may recognize one's mental characteristics -when reproduced in outer form in the walk; so may we deduce the -existence of mental characteristics in a stranger, from the outer form -of his walk and carriage. The study of walk and carriage is very -interesting, and will repay one for the time and trouble expended upon -it. One may practice by observing the walk of an individual whose -character is known, for the purpose of seeing the outer form of these -characteristics; and also by observing the walk of those whose -characters are unknown, and endeavoring to form an idea of their mental -states and characteristics by means of their peculiarities of gait and -carriage. One will be astonished at the proficiency attained in a short -time by a little practice along these lines. - - -VOICE - -The Voice is a great revealer of character. Prof. O. S. Fowler says: -"Whatever makes a noise, from the deafening roar of sea, cataract, and -whirlwind's mighty crash, through all forms of animal life, to the sweet -and gentle voice of woman, makes a sound which agrees perfectly with the -maker's character. Thus the terrific roar of the lion, and the soft -cooing of the dove, correspond exactly with their respective -dispositions; while the rough and powerful bellow of the bull, the -fierce yell of the tiger, the coarse, guttural moan of the hyena, the -swinish grunt, the sweet warblings of birds, in contrast with the -raven's croak and the owl's hoot, each correspond perfectly with their -respective characteristics. And this law holds equally true of man. -Hence human intonations are as superior to brutal as human character -exceeds animal. Accordingly, the peculiarities of all human beings are -expressed in their voices and mode of speaking. Coarse-grained and -powerful animal organizations have a coarse, harsh and grating voice, -while in exact proportion as persons become refined and elevated -mentally, will their tones of voice become correspondingly refined and -perfected." - -Prof. L. A. Vaught says: "Affectionate voices always come from the -backhead. Heavy, thunderous voices always come from the sidehead. -Egotistical voices come from the crown of the head. Kind, respectful and -straightforward voices come from the top-head." - -A clear, distinct utterance is held to indicate clear, logical thought, -while indistinct, confused, slurring utterance is indicative of -careless, illogical and hasty thought processes. Sharp and shrill notes -denote nervous tension and lack of restraint, as witness the voice of -the shrew or the hysterical woman, or the high-strung nervous man. -Self-restraint is shown by calm, deep, forceful utterances. Slowness in -delivery denotes slow, deliberate mental processes, while quickness, and -"snappiness" in speech, denotes quick, active habits of thought. The -cheerful voice of the optimistic person, and the rasping whine of the -chronic pessimist, are well known. The voice of self-reliance, and the -voice of fear and lack of self-esteem, are easily recognized. The -strident, overconfident note of the boaster and vain-glorious person, is -easily distinguished from that of the modest, careful, reliable person. - -All the several mental Qualities manifest in the voice, in tone, pitch -or feeling. The Emotive Qualities give the affectionate voice; -Self-Esteem gives the confident voice; Approbativeness gives the voice -of affectation and conceit; Combativeness gives the "let me alone" tone; -Destructiveness gives the "get out of my way" note; Cunning and -Acquisitiveness give the tone of deceit and flattery; and so on, through -the entire scale. In studying voices it will help you to ask "What -Quality or Qualities produce this voice?" in each case. Study the -voices of those whose characteristics you know, and then apply the -experience to others whose characteristics are unknown. - - -LAUGHS - -Laughter is full of the expression of character. One may often -accurately determine the character of a person whose face is not seen or -known. A hearty laugh is indicative of sympathy, companionship and -general sociability, as well as a well developed sense of humor. A -giggle is indicative of pettiness, trifling and general mental -light-weight. The repressed laugh shows self-control and often caution -and cunning, the tone denoting the difference. The vulgar "haw-haw" -denotes a correspondingly gross nature. The peculiar shrill, rasping, -parrot-like laugh of the courtesan is typical, and when ever heard -should act as a note of warning. It is difficult to state in words the -various qualities of the laugh, but each is distinctive and well -expresses the Quality causing it. It may be said that each and every -mental Quality has its corresponding note in the laugh, which note may -be learned and recognized by a little practice and actual observation. - - -THE HAND-SHAKE - -The manner of shaking hands is indicative of the characteristics of the -individual. Handshakes may be divided into three general classes, viz, -(1) the hearty handshake, which indicates good-feeling, earnestness, and -interest; (2) the mechanical handshake, which denotes indifference, lack -of feeling, and lack of interest; and (3) the selfish handshake, which -denotes cunning, heartlessness, and desire and disposition to take -advantage of the other party. There is a "something" in the handshake -which is almost impossible to express in words, but which is recognized -instinctively by those having Human Nature well developed. It is more of -a "feeling" of certain Qualities manifested by the other person. A -little thought and attention paid to this subject will tend to develop -this recognition on the part of one deficient in it. One may, with a -little practice, learn to distinguish between the honest and the -dishonest; the moral and the immoral; the active and the passive; the -energetic and the slothful; the grasp of good-fellowship, and that of -superciliousness; the friendly and the antagonistic; the candid and the -deceitful; and all the other various kinds of handshakes. Mental states -manifest in outer form in handshakes as in many other physical actions -and appearances. - -First study the several Qualities in their inner aspect, and then learn -to distinguish the various outer forms of each. From the inner proceed -to the outer, and having learned the way you will be able to retrace -your steps from the outer to the inner in the case of other persons. The -principle once grasped, the rest is all a matter of practice and -experience. - - -FINIS. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of How to Read Human Nature, by -William Walker Atkinson - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO READ HUMAN NATURE *** - -***** This file should be named 41501-8.txt or 41501-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/5/0/41501/ - -Produced by sp1nd and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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