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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 18:33:30 -0700 |
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diff --git a/41480-h/41480-h.htm b/41480-h/41480-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..921cdd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/41480-h/41480-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,14809 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII" /> +<title>Christmas Evans, by Paxton Hood</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + P { margin-top: .75em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + P.gutsumm { margin-left: 5%;} + P.poetry {margin-left: 3%; } + .GutSmall { font-size: 0.7em; } + H1, H2 { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + } + H3, H4, H5 { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + } + BODY{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + table { border-collapse: collapse; } +table {margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;} + td { vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid black;} + td p { margin: 0.2em; } + .blkquot {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 4em;} /* block indent */ + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: small; + text-align: right; + font-weight: normal; + color: gray; + } + img { border: none; } + img.dc { float: left; width: 50px; height: 50px; } + p.gutindent { margin-left: 2em; } + div.gapspace { height: 0.8em; } + div.gapline { height: 0.8em; width: 100%; border-top: 1px solid;} + div.gapmediumline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; + border-top: 1px solid; } + div.gapmediumdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; + border-top: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;} + div.gapshortdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; + margin-left: 40%; border-top: 1px solid; + border-bottom: 1px solid; } + div.gapdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 50%; + margin-left: 25%; border-top: 1px solid; + border-bottom: 1px solid;} + div.gapshortline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; margin-left:40%; + border-top: 1px solid; } + .citation {vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none;} + img.floatleft { float: left; + margin-right: 1em; + margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + img.floatright { float: right; + margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + img.clearcenter {display: block; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em} + --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Christmas Evans, by Paxton Hood + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Christmas Evans + The Preacher of Wild Wales: His country, his times, and his contemporaries + + +Author: Paxton Hood + + + +Release Date: November 25, 2012 [eBook #41480] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRISTMAS EVANS*** +</pre> +<p>Transcribed from the 1888 Hodder and Stoughton edition by +David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org</p> +<h1>CHRISTMAS EVANS:<br /> +The Preacher of Wild Wales.</h1> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>HIS COUNTRY</i>, <i>HIS +TIMES</i>, <i>AND HIS</i><br /> +<i>CONTEMPORARIES</i>.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">BY THE +REV.</span><br /> +PAXTON HOOD,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AUTHOR +OF</span><br /> +<span class="GutSmall">“THE THRONE OF ELOQUENCE,” +“WORLD OF PROVERB AND PARABLE,”</span><br /> +<span class="GutSmall">“THE WORLD OF ANECDOTE,” +“ROBERT HALL,” ETC.</span></p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>THIRD EDITION</i>.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">London:<br /> +HODDER AND STOUGHTON,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">27, PATERNOSTER ROW.</span></p> +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">MDCCCLXXXVIII.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">[<i>All rights reserved</i>.]</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<div class="gapmediumline"><a name="pageii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. ii</span> +</div> +<p style="text-align: center">Hazell Watson and Viney, Printers, +London and Aylesbury</p> +<h2><a name="pageiii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. iii</span>TO +THE REV. JOHN DAVIES, OF BRIGHTON.</h2> +<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Friend</span>,—I believe +there is no man living to whom I could so appropriately inscribe +an attempt to give some appreciation of the life and labours of +Christmas Evans as yourself. Your revered father and he +were taken on the same evening into Church fellowship in the old +communion of Castell Hywel, and within a week of each other they +preached their first sermons from the same desk; after this their +ways diverged, Evans uniting himself with the Baptist Communion, +your father joining the Independent; still, like two rivers +flowing, and broadening, from neighbouring, but obscure springs +in the heart of their native Plynlymmon, cheerfully they ran +their beautiful course, beneath the providential law of Him who +chooses our inheritance for us, and fixes the bounds of our +habitations. They both served their generation in their own +land well, <a name="pageiv"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +iv</span>before they fell on sleep. Your father was called +“the Silver Trumpet of Wales,” and the name of Evans +rolled like a far-resounding bell among its wild mountains. +In their early Christian life they were associates; in their +fame, while living, competent judges tell me they were equal; and +I have brought them together again. In the memories I have +sought to retain in this volume, I have attempted to give some +idea of what old Wild Wales was when these two brothers in arms +arose, and I have attempted to show what the singular institution +of preaching effected for the old insulated land. But I am +also glad to avail myself of the opportunity thus afforded me to +express my sense of mingled admiration, and affection for +yourself, and congratulation that the father, who left you an +orphan so young, must rejoice, from that cloud of witnesses he so +long since joined, to know that you followed him in a successful +and happy ministry; while I rejoice, that, unlike him, you have +been permitted to enjoy the sunset in a serene and golden old +age. May you long enjoy it.</p> +<p style="text-align: right">My Dear Friend,<br /> +I am very affectionately<br /> +<span class="smcap">Edwin Paxton Hood</span>.</p> +<h2><a name="pagev"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +v</span>CONTENTS.</h2> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">CHAPTER I.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">SOME GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WELSH +PREACHING.</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: right"><span +class="GutSmall">PAGE</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>Wales, the Country and the +People—Individuality of the Welsh Pulpit—St. +David—The Religious Sense of the People—Association +Meetings—Gryffyth of Caernarvon—Bardic Character of +the Sermons—A Repetition of Sermons—Peculiarities of +the Welsh Language—Its Singular Effects as spoken—Its +Vowels—Its Pictorial Character—The +<i>Hwyl</i>—Welsh Scenery—Isolated Character of the +Old Chapels—Plain Living and High Thinking—Ludicrous +Incidents of Uncertain Service—Superstitions of +Heathenism—Fondness of the People for +Allegory—Haunted Wales—The Rev. John Jones and the +Mysterious Horseman—Old Wild Wales—St. +David’s—Kilgerran—Welsh Nomenclature—John +Dyer—Old Customs.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page1">1</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">CHAPTER II.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">CHRISTMAS EVANS’S EARLY LIFE UNTIL +HIS ENTRANCE INTO THE MINISTRY.</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>Birth and Early Hardships—Early Church +Fellowship—Beginning to Learn—Loses an Eye—A +Singular Dream—Beginning to Preach—His First +Sermon—Is Baptized—A New Church Fellowship—The +Rev. Timothy Thomas—Anecdotes—A Long Season of +Spiritual Depression—Is ordained as Home Missionary <a +name="pagevi"></a><span class="pagenum">p. vi</span>to +Lleyn—Commencement of Success as a Preacher—Remarks +on Success—Marries—Great Sermon at Velinvoel—A +Personal Reminiscence of Welsh Preaching.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page40">40</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">CHAPTER III.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">THE MINISTRY IN THE ISLAND OF +ANGLESEA.</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>Journey to Anglesea—Cildwrn Chapel, and +Life in the Cildwrn Cottage—Poverty—Forcing his Way +to Knowledge—Anecdote, “I am the Book”—A +Dream—The Sandemanian Controversy—Jones of +Ramoth—“Altogether Wrong”—The Work in +Peril—Thomas Jones of Rhydwilym—Christmas’s +Restoration to Spiritual Health—Extracts from Personal +Reflections—Singular Covenant with God—Renewed +Success—The Great Sermon of the Churchyard +World—Scenery of its Probable Delivery—Outline of the +Sermon—Remarks on the Allegorical Style—Outlines of +Another Remarkable Sermon, “The Hind of the +Morning”—Great Preaching but Plain +Preaching—Hardships of the Welsh Preacher.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page63">63</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">CHAPTER IV.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">THE MINISTRY IN ANGLESEA +(CONTINUED).</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>Christmas Evans as a Bishop over many +Churches—As a Moderator in Public +Meetings—Chapel-building and all its Difficulties to +Christmas Evans—Extensive Travelling for Chapel +Debts—Especially in South Wales—The Cildwrn Cottage +again—A Mysterious Life of Poverty but of +Hospitality—Catherine’s Troubles—Story of a +Hat—Wayfaring—Insatiability for Sermons in the +Welsh—The Scenery of a Great Sermon—The Demoniac of +Gadara—A Remarkable Illustration of the Varied Method of +the Preacher—A Series of Illustrations <a +name="pagevii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. vii</span>of his +Power of Allegoric Painting—The Four Methods of +Preaching—The Seeking of the Young Child—Satan +walking in Dry Places—Christmas Evans in Another +Light—Lengthy Letter to a Young +Minister—Contributions to Magazines—To be accursed +from Christ—Dark Days of Persecution—Threatened with +Law for a Chapel Debt—Darker Days—Loss of his +Wife—Other Troubles—Determines to leave Anglesea.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page106">106</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">CHAPTER V.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">CONTEMPORARIES IN THE WELSH +PULPIT—WILLIAMS OF WERN.</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>The Great Welsh Preachers unknown in +England—The Family of the Williamses—Williams of +Pantycelyn—Peter Williams—Evan Williams—Dr. +Williams—Williams of Wern—The Immense Power of his +Graphic Language—Reading and Thinking—Instances of +his Power of Luminous Illustration—Early Piety—A +Young Preacher—A Welsh Gilboa—Admiration of, and +Likeness to, Jacob Abbot—Axiomatic +Style—Illustrations of Humour—The +Devils—Fondness for Natural Imagery—Fondness of +Solitude—Affecting Anecdotes of Dying Hours—His +Daughter—His Preaching characterised—The Power of the +Refrain in the Musician and the Preacher, “Unto us a Child +is born.”</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page166">166</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">CHAPTER VI.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">CONTEMPORARIES—JOHN +ELIAS.</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>Fire and Smoke—Elias’s Pure +Flame—Notes in the Pulpit—Carrying Fire in +Paper—Elias’s Power in Apostrophe—Anecdote of +the Flax-dresser—A Singular First Appearance in the +Pulpit—A Rough Time in Wales—The Burning of the +Ravens’ Nests—A Hideous Custom put down—The +Great Fair of Rhuddlan—The Ten Cannon of Sinai—Action +in Oratory—The Tremendous <a name="pageviii"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. viii</span>Character of his +Preaching—Lives in an Atmosphere of Prayer—Singular +Dispersion on a Racecourse—A Remarkable Sermon, Shall the +Prey be taken from the Mighty?—Anecdote of a Noble +Earl—Death and Funeral.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page185">185</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">CHAPTER VII.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">CONTEMPORARIES—DAVIES OF +SWANSEA.</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>Traditions of his Extraordinary +Eloquence—Childhood—Unites in Church Fellowship with +Christmas Evans, and with him preaches his First Sermon—The +Church of Castell Hywel—Settles in the Ministry at +Trefach—The Anonymous Preacher—Settles in +Swansea—Swansea a Hundred Years Since—Mr. Davies +reforms the Neighbourhood—Anecdotes of the Power of his +Personal Character—How he Dealt with some Young +Offenders—Anecdote of a Captain—The Gentle Character +of his Eloquence—The Human Voice a Great Organ—The +Power of the “Vox Humana Stop”—A Great Hymn +Writer—His Last Sermon.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page202">202</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">CHAPTER VIII.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">THE PREACHERS OF WILD WALES.</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>Rees Pritchard, and “The +Welshman’s Candle”—A Singular +Conversion—The Intoxicated Goat—The Vicar’s +Memory—“God’s better than +All”—Howell Harris—Daniel Rowlands at +Llangeitho—Philip Pugh—The Obscure +Nonconformist—Llangeitho—Charles of Bala—His +Various Works of Christian Usefulness—The Ancient Preachers +of Wild Wales characterised—Thomas Rhys +Davies—Impressive Paragraphs from his Sermons—Evan +Jones, an Intimate Friend of Christmas Evans—Shenkin of +Penhydd—A Singular Mode of Illustrating a Subject—Is +the Light in the Eye?—Ebenezer Morris—High +Integrity—Homage of <a name="pageix"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. ix</span>Magistrates paid to his +Worth—“Beneath”—Ebenezer Morris at +Wotton-under-Edge—His Father, David +Morris—Rough-and-ready Preachers—Thomas +Hughes—Catechised by a Vicar—Catching the +Congregation by Guile—Sammy Breeze—A Singular Sermon +in Bristol in the Old Time—A Cloud of Forgotten +Worthies—Dr. William Richards—His Definition of +Doctrine—Davies of Castell Hywel, the Pastor of Christmas +Evans, and of Davies of Swansea—Some Account of Welsh +Preaching in Wild Wales, in Relation to the Welsh Proverbs, +Ancient Triads, Metaphysics, and Poetry—Remarks on the +Welsh Language and the Welsh Mind—Its Secluded and Clannish +Character.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page217">217</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">CHAPTER IX.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">CHRISTMAS EVANS CONTINUED—HIS +MINISTRY AT CAERPHILLY.</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>Caerphilly and its +Associations—“Christmas Evans is come!”—A +Housekeeper—His Characteristic Second Marriage—A +Great Sermon, The Trial of the Witnesses—The Tall +Soldier—Extracts from Sermons—The Bible a Stone with +Seven Eyes—“Their Works do Follow them”—A +Second Covenant with God—Friends at Cardiff—J. P. +Davies—Reads Pye Smith’s “Scripture Testimony +to the Messiah”—Beattie on Truth—The Edwards +Family—Requested to Publish a Volume of Sermons, and his +Serious Thoughts upon the Subject.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page261">261</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">CHAPTER X.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">CAERNARVON AND LAST DAYS.</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>Leading a Forlorn Hope again—More Chapel +Debts—A Present of a Gig—Jack, <i>bach</i>!—The +One-eyed Man of Anglesea once more—The Old Man’s +Reflections in his Journal—Characteristic Letters on Church +Discipline—Threescore Years and Twelve—Starts on his +<a name="pagex"></a><span class="pagenum">p. x</span>Last Journey +to liquidate a Chapel Debt—An Affecting Appeal to the +Churches—Laid up at Tredegar—Conversations—In +Swansea—This is my Last Sermon—Dying—Last +Words—“Good-bye! Drive on!”</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page287">287</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">CHAPTER XI.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">SUMMARY OF GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF +CHRISTMAS EVANS, AS A MAN AND A PREACHER.</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>A Central Figure in the Religious Life of +Wales—In a Singular Degree a Self-made Man—His Words +on the Value of Industry—His Honest Simplicity—Power +of Sarcasm Repressed—Affectionate +Forgiveableness—Great Faith, and Power in Prayer—A +Passage in Dean Milman’s “Samor”—His +Sermons a Kind of <i>Silex Scintillaus</i>—Massive +Preaching, but lightened by Beautiful Flowers—As an +Orator—A Preacher in the Age of Faith—Seeing Great +Truths—His Remarks on what was called “Welsh +Jumping” in Religious Services.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page304">304</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">CHAPTER XII.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">SUMMARY OF GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF +CHRISTMAS EVANS AS A PREACHER.</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>Remarks renewed in Vindication of his Use of +Parable in the Pulpit—His Sermons appear to be Born of +Solitude—His Imitators—His Probable Acquaintance with +“The Sleeping Bard” of Elis Wynn—A +Dream—Illustrations—The Gospel Mould—Saul of +Tarsus and his Seven Ships—The Misplaced Bone—The Man +in the House of Steel—The Parable of the Church as an Ark +among the Bulrushes of the Nile—The Handwriting—Death +as an Inoculator—Time—The Timepiece—Parable of +the Birds—Parable of the Vine-tree, the Thorn, the Bramble, +and the Cedar—Illustrations of his more Sustained +Style—The Resurrection of Christ—They <a +name="pagexi"></a><span class="pagenum">p. xi</span>drank of that +Rock which followed them—The Impossibility of Adequate +Translation—Closing Remarks on his Place and Claim to +Affectionate Regard.</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page322">322</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">APPENDATORY +CHAPTER.<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE +SERMONS.</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center">Sermon</p> +</td> +<td><p>I.—The Time of Reformation</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page358">358</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center">„</p> +</td> +<td><p>II.—The Purification of the Conscience</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page368">368</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center">„</p> +</td> +<td><p>III.—Finished Redemption</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page378">378</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center">„</p> +</td> +<td><p>IV.—The Father and Son Glorified</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page386">386</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: center">„</p> +</td> +<td><p>V.—The Cedar of God</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page396">396</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>A Sermon on the Welsh Hills</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page407">407</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h2><a name="page1"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 1</span>CHAPTER +I.<br /> +<i>SOME GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WELSH PREACHING</i>.</h2> +<p class="gutsumm">Wales, the Country and the +People—Individuality of the Welsh Pulpit—St. +David—The Religious Sense of the People—Association +Meetings—Gryffyth of Caernarvon—Bardic Character of +the Sermons—A Repetition of Sermons—Peculiarities of +the Welsh Language—Its Singular Effects as Spoken—Its +Vowels—Its Pictorial Character—The +<i>Hwyl</i>—Welsh Scenery—Isolated Character of the +Old Chapels—Plain Living and High Thinking—Ludicrous +Incidents of Uncertain Service—Superstitions of +Heathenism—Fondness of the People for +Allegory—Haunted Wales—The Rev. John Jones and the +Mysterious Horseman—Old Wild Wales—St. +David’s—Kilgerran—Welsh Nomenclature—John +Dyer—Old Customs.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">We</span> propose, in the following pages, +to give some account of Christmas Evans, the great Welsh +preacher; believing that he had a style and manner of preaching +which, to English minds and readers, will seem altogether his +own, perhaps more admirable than imitable. But before we +enter upon the delineation of his life, or attempt to unfold his +style, or to represent his method as displayed in his sermons, it +may be well to present some concise view of Welsh preaching and +Welsh preachers in general, especially those of the last age; for +as an <a name="page2"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 2</span>order +of preaching it has possessed its own very distinctive +peculiarities. Some readers may at first indeed inquire, Is +not preaching very much the same everywhere, in all counties and +in all countries? And Wales, which seems itself in its +nearness now only like a district of England, and that district +for the most part wild and but scantily peopled,—can there +be anything so remarkable about its pulpit work as to make it +either capable or worthy of any separate account of its +singularities and idiosyncrasies? To most English people +Welsh preaching is a phase of religious life entirely unknown: +thousands of tourists visit the more conspicuous highways of +Wales from year to year, its few places of public resort or more +manifest beauty; but Wales is still, for the most part, unknown; +its isolation is indeed somewhat disturbed now, its villages are +no longer so insulated as of old, and the sounds of advancing +life are breaking in upon its solitudes, yet, perhaps, its +fairest scenes are still uninvaded. But if the country be +unknown, still more unknown are the people, and of its singular +preaching phenomena scarcely anything is known, or ever can be +known by English people; yet it is not too much to say that, in +that little land, during the last hundred years, amidst its wild +glens and sombre mountain shadows, its villages retreating into +desolate moorlands and winding vales, where seldom a traveller +passes by, there have appeared such a succession and race of +remarkable preachers as could be rivalled—in their own +peculiar popular power over the hearts and minds of many +thousands, for their eminence and variety—in no other +country. Among <a name="page3"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +3</span>these, Christmas Evans seems to us singularly +representative; eminently Welsh, his attributes of power seem to +be especially indicative of the characteristics of the Welsh +mind, an order of mind as remarkably singular and individual, and +worthy of study, as any national character in the great human +family. But even before we mention these, it may be well to +notice what were some of the reasons for the eminent influence +and usefulness of Christmas Evans, and some of his extraordinary +preaching comrades and contemporaries to whom we shall have +occasion to refer.</p> +<p>Preaching is, in Wales, the great national characteristic; the +Derby Day is not more truly a characteristic of England than the +great gatherings and meetings of the Associations all grouped +around some popular favourites. The dwellers among those +mountains and upon those hill-sides have no concerts, no +theatres, no means of stimulating or satisfying their +curiosity. For we, who care little for preaching, to whom +the whole sermon system is perhaps becoming more tedious, can +form but little idea, and have but little sympathy with that form +of religious society where the pulpit is the orchestra, the +stage, and the platform, and where the charms of music, painting, +and acting are looked for, and found in the preacher. We +very likely would be disposed even to look with complacent pity +upon such a state of society,—it has not yet +expired,—where the Bulwers, the Dickenses, the Thackerays, +and Scotts are altogether unknown,—but where the peculiar +forms of their genius—certainly without their peculiar +education—display themselves <a name="page4"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 4</span>in the pulpit. If our readers +suppose, therefore, a large amount of ignorance,—well, upon +such a subject, certainly, it is possible to enter easily upon +the illimitable. Yet it is such an ignorance as that which +developed itself in Job, and in his companions, and in his +age—an ignorance like that which we may conceive in +Æschylus. In fact, in Wales, the gates of every +man’s being have been opened. It is possible to know +much of the grammar, and the history, and the lexicography of +things, and yet to be so utterly ignorant of <i>things</i> as +never to have felt the sentiment of strangeness and of terror; +and without having been informed about the names of things, it is +possible to have been brought into the presence and power of +<i>things</i> themselves. Thus, the ignorance of one man +may be higher than the intelligence of another. There may +be a large memory and a very narrow consciousness. On the +contrary, there may be a large consciousness, while the forms it +embraces may be uncertain and undefined in the misty twilight of +the soul. This is much the state of many minds in +Wales. It is the state of feeling, and of poetry, of subtle +questionings, high religious musings, and raptures. This +state has been aided by the secludedness of the country, and the +exclusiveness of the language,—not less than by the rugged +force and masculine majesty and strength of the language;—a +language full of angles and sharp goads, admirably fitted for the +masters of assemblies, admirably fitted to move like a wind over +the soul, rousing and soothing, stirring into storm, and lulling +into rest. Something in it makes an orator almost ludicrous +when he attempts <a name="page5"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +5</span>to convey himself in another language, but very powerful +and impressive in that. It is a speaking and living +language, a language without any shallows, a language which seems +to compel the necessity of thought before using it. Our +language is fast becoming serviceable for all that large part of +the human family who speak without thinking. To this state +the Welsh can never come. That unaccommodating tongue only +moves with a soul behind it.</p> +<p>Thus, it is not the first reason, but it is not unimportant to +remember, that, until very recently, the pulpit in Wales has been +the only means of popular excitement, instruction, or even of +entertainment; until very recently the Welsh, like the ancient +Hebrew lady, have dwelt among their own people, they have +possessed no popular fictions, no published poems, no published +emanations either of metaphysics or natural science; immured in +their own language, as they were, less than a century since, +among their own mountains, their language proved a barrier to the +importation of many works accessible to almost all the other +languages of Europe. It may be said that religion, as +represented through the men of the pulpit, has made Wales what +she is. When the first men of the pulpit, Howell Harris, +Daniel Rowlands, and others, arose, they found their country +lying under a night of spiritual darkness, and they effected an +amazing reformation; but then they had no competitive influences +to interfere with their progress, or none beyond that rough, rude +sensuality, that barbarism of character, which everywhere sets +itself in an attitude of hostility to spiritual <a +name="page6"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 6</span>truth and to +elevated holiness; there were no theatres or race courses, there +was no possibility that the minds of the multitudes should be +occupied by the intellectual casuistries of a later day; Wales +possessed no Universities or Colleges, and very few Schools; on +the other hand, there were some characteristics of the national +mind very favourable to the impulse these men gave, and the +impressions they produced. So it has happened that the +Welsh preacher has been elevated into an importance, reminding us +of the Welsh tradition concerning St. David, the patron saint of +Wales, regarding whom it is said, that, while preaching in the +year 520, in Cardigan, against the Pelagian heresy, such was the +force of his argument, and the eloquence of his oratory, that the +very ground on which he stood rose beneath his feet and elevated +itself into a hillock; and there, in after ages, a church was +erected upon the spot to which awful tradition pointed as the +marvellous pulpit of the patron saint.</p> +<p>Three-fourths of any amount of power which either or any of +these first preachers, or their successors, have obtained over +their countrymen, and countrywomen, arises from the fact that the +Welsh possess, in an eminent degree, what we call a Religious +Nature; they are very open to Wonder; they have a most keen and +curious propensity to inquire into the hidden causes of things, +not mere material causes, but Spiritual causes, what we call +Metaphysics; the Unseen Universe is to them as to all of us a +mystery, but it is a mystery over which they cannot but brood; +when education is lacking, this realizing of the unseen is apt to +give rise to <a name="page7"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +7</span>superstitious feelings, and superstitions still loiter +and linger among the glens, the churchyards, and old castles and +ruins of Wales, although the spread of Christian truth has +divested them of much of their ancient extravagance; when, +therefore, the earnest voice of their native speech became the +vehicle for unfolding the higher doctrines of the Christian life, +the sufferings of the Redeemer and their relation to eternal laws +and human conditions, probably a people was never found whose +ears were more open, or whose hearts were more ready to receive, +and to be stirred to their utmost depths. Thus +Religion—Evangelical Religion—became the very life of +the land of Wales.</p> +<p>“There is not a heathen man, woman, or child in all the +Principality,” said a very eminent Welshman to us once, +probably with some measure of exaggeration; “there are +wicked men, and women,” he continued, “unconverted +men, and women, but there is not a man, woman, or child +throughout Wales who does not know all about Jesus Christ, and +why He came into the world, and what He came to do.” +Thus, within the memory of the writer of this volume, Religion +was the one topic upon which you might talk intelligently +anywhere in Wales: with the pitman in the coalmine, with the +iron-smelter at the forge, with the farmer by his ingleside, with +the labourer in his mountain shieling; and not merely on the +first more elementary lessons of the catechism, but on the great +bearings and infinite relations of religious things. +Jonathan Edwards, and Williams of Rotherham, and Owen, and +Bunyan, and Flavel,—these men and their works, and a few <a +name="page8"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 8</span>others like +them, were well known; and, especially, the new aspects which the +modified opinions of Andrew Fuller had introduced into religious +thought; thus, you might often feel surprised when, sitting down +in some lowly cottage, you found yourself suddenly caught, and +carried along by its owner in a coil of metaphysical +argument. This was the soil on which the Welsh preachers +had to work, and cast abroad their seed.</p> +<p>No person can have heard anything of the Welsh religious life +without having heard also of the immense annual gatherings, the +Association meetings, a sort of great movable festival, annually +held in Wales, to which everything had to give place, and to +which all the various tribes of the various Houses of the Lord +came up. Their ordinary Sunday services were crowded, but, +upon these great occasions, twenty or twenty-five thousand people +would come together; and, to such congregations, their great men, +their great preachers, such as those we are about to mention, +addressed themselves—addressed themselves not to a mass +ignorant and unintelligent, but all thoroughly informed in +religious matters, and prepared to follow their preacher +whithersoever his imagination or thought might lead him. +The reader must not smile when we remind him that Wales +was,—had been for ages,—the land of Bards; a love of +poetry, poetry chanted or recited, had always been the +Welshman’s passion, and those great writers of our +literature who best know what poetry is, have taught us that we +are not to look upon those productions with contempt. For +ages there had been held in Wales what has been called, and <a +name="page9"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 9</span>is still called +the <i>Eisteddfod</i>, or <i>Cymreigyddion</i>, or the meeting of +the Bards and Minstrels; they were, as Pennant has called them, +British Olympics, where none but Bards of merit were suffered to +rehearse their pieces, or Minstrels of skill to perform. +These Association meetings were a kind of religious Eisteddfodd, +where the great Welsh preacher was a kind of sacred Bard; he knew +nothing of written sermons; he carried no notes nor writings with +him to his pulpit or platform, but he made the law and doctrine +of religious metaphysics march to the minstrelsy and music of +speech; on the other hand, he did not indulge himself in casting +about wildfire, all had been thoroughly prepared and rooted in +his understanding; and then he went with his sermon, which was a +kind of high song, to chant it over the hearts of the +multitude. We shall have occasion to show, by many +instances, from the lives of their greatest men, how their own +hearts had been marvellously prepared.</p> +<p>There is a pleasant anecdote told of one of them, Gryffyth of +Caernarvon, how he had to preach one night. Before +preaching, staying at a farmhouse on the spot, he desired +permission to retire before the service began; he remained in his +room a considerable time; the congregation had assembled, still +he did not come; there was no sign of his making his +appearance. The good man of the house sent the servant to +request him to come, as the people had been for some time +assembled and waiting. Approaching the room she heard, what +seemed to her to be a conversation, going on between two persons, +in a subdued tone of voice, and she caught from Mr. <a +name="page10"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 10</span>Gryffyth the +expression, “<i>I</i> will not go unless <i>you</i> come +with me.” She went back to her master, and said, +“I do not think Mr. Gryffyth will come to-night; there is +some one with him, and he is telling him that he will not come +unless the other will come too; but I did not hear the other +reply, so I think Mr. Gryffyth will not come to-night.”</p> +<p>“Yes, yes,” said the farmer, “<i>he</i> will +come, and I warrant the <i>other</i> will come too, if matters +are as you say between them; but we had better begin singing and +reading until the <i>two</i> do come.” And the story +goes on to say that Mr. Gryffyth did come, and the other One with +him, for they had a very extraordinary meeting that night, and +the whole neighbourhood was stirred by it and numbers were +changed and converted. It was Williams of Wern who used to +tell this pleasing anecdote; it is an anecdote of one man, but, +so far as we have been able to see, it illustrates the way in +which they all prepared themselves before they began to +speak.</p> +<p>It must not be supposed from this that they imagined that +prayer was to dispense with preparation; their great preachers +studied hard and deeply, and Williams of Wern, one of the +greatest of them all, says, “In order to be a good +preacher, usefulness must be the grand aim, usefulness must +choose the text and divide it, usefulness must compose the sermon +and sit at the helm during the delivery; if the introduction be +not clear and pertinent it is evident the preacher does not know +whither he is going, and if the inferences are of the same +character, it is obvious he does not know where he has +been. Unstudied sermons are not worth hearing or having; <a +name="page11"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 11</span>who would +trust his life in the hands of a physician who had never thought +of his profession?” But these men never permitted the +understanding to supersede emotion, and, when they met the people +face to face, the greatest of them went prepared, warmed and +kindled, and ready to warm and kindle.</p> +<p>Thus their sermons became a sort of inspired song, full of +imagination—imagination very often, and usually, deriving +its imagery from no far-off and recondite allusions, never losing +itself in a flowery wilderness of expressions, but homely +illustrations, ministered to by the things and affairs of +ordinary life, and, therefore, instantly preacher and people in +emotion were one.</p> +<p>It is indeed true that many of their great preachers repeated +the same sermon many times. Why not? So did +Whitfield, so did Wesley, so have most eminent preachers done; +but this need in no way interfere with—it did not interfere +with—the felt necessity for unction on the part of the +minister; and as to the people they liked to hear an old +favourite again, or a sermon, which they had never heard although +they had heard much about it. We believe it was to +Christmas Evans a pert young preacher said, “Well, you have +given us an old sermon again to-day.”</p> +<p>“What then, my boy?” said the Master of +Assemblies; “had you a new one?”</p> +<p>“Certainly,” was the answer.</p> +<p>“Well, but look you,” said the unblushing old +culprit, “I would not take a dozen new sermons like yours +for this one old sermon of mine.”</p> +<p><a name="page12"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +12</span>“No, nor I,” chimed in a gruff old +deacon. “Oh yes, and look you, I should like to hear +it again; but as for <i>yours</i>, I never heard it before, and I +do not want to hear it again.”</p> +<p>But then the <i>Language</i>! Of course the language had +a great deal to do with this preaching power, we do not mean +generally, but particularly; on all hands the Welsh is +acknowledged to be a wonderful language. A Welshman will +tell you that there is no language like it on the face of the +earth, but that is a testimony borne by many scholars who are not +Welshmen; perhaps there is no other language which so instantly +conveys a meaning and at the same time touches emotion to the +quick. True, like the Welshman himself, it is bony, and +strangers to its power laugh somewhat ignorantly at its +never-ending succession of consonants. Somebody has said +that the whole language is as if it were made up of such words as +our word “<i>strength</i>,” and if the reader will +compare in his mind the effect of the word <i>power</i> as +contrasted with the word <i>strength</i>, he will feel something +of the force of the language, and its fitness for the purposes of +impression; but still this conveys but a poor idea of its great +attributes.</p> +<p>It is so <i>literal</i> that the competent hearer, or reader, +instantly realizes, from its words, things. Well do we +remember sitting in Wales with a group of Welsh ministers and +Welshmen round a pleasant tea-table; we were talking of the Welsh +language, and one of our company, who had perhaps done more than +any one of his own country for popular Welsh literature, and was +one of the order of eminent Welsh preachers of whom we are +speaking, broke forth: “Oh!” he <a +name="page13"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 13</span>said, +“you English people cannot see all the things in your Bible +that a Welshman can see; now your word +‘<i>blessed</i>,’ it seems a very dear sweet thing to +an Englishman and to a Welshman, but a Welshman sees the +<i>thing</i> in the word, ‘<i>Gwyn ei fyd</i>,’ that +is, ‘<i>a white world</i>—white,’ literally, +white their world; so a Welshman would see there is a +‘<i>white world</i>’ for the pure in heart, a +‘<i>white world</i>’ for the poor in spirit, a +‘<i>white world</i>’ for them who are reviled and +persecuted for righteousness’ sake; and when you read, +‘<i>Blessed</i> is the man unto whom the Lord imputeth not +iniquity,’ the Welshman reads his Bible and sees there is a +‘<i>white world</i>’ for such a one, that is, all sin +wiped out, the place quite clean, to begin again.”</p> +<p>This is not all. We are not intending to devote any +considerable space to a vindication of the Welsh language, but, +when we speak of it with reference to the effects it produces as +the vehicle of Oratory, it is necessary to remark that, so far +from being,—as many have supposed who have only looked at +it in its strange combination of letters on a page, perhaps +unable to read it, and never having heard it spoken,—so far +from being harsh and rugged, coarse or guttural, it probably +yields to no language in delicious softness, in melting +sweetness; in this it has been likened to the Italian language by +those who have been best able to judge. Lord Lyttleton, in +his “Letters from Wales,” says, that when he first +passed some of the Welsh hills, and heard the harp and the +beautiful female peasants accompanying it with their melodious +voices, he could not help indulging in the idea that he had +descended the Alps, and was <a name="page14"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 14</span>enjoying the harmonious pleasures of +the Italian Paradise. And as we have already said, there +has long prevailed an idea that the Welsh language is a multitude +of consonants; but indeed the reverse is the case; the learned +Eliezer Williams says, in his “Historical Anecdotes of the +Welsh Language,” “The alphabet itself demonstrates +that the charge of a multiplicity of consonants is fallacious, +since, whether the number of letters be reckoned twenty-two or +twenty-four, seven are vowels; there remain therefore a more +inconsiderable number than most of the European languages are +obliged to admit . . . . <i>Y</i> and <i>w</i> are +considered as vowels, and sounded as such; <i>w</i> is pronounced +like <i>o u</i> in French in the word <i>oui</i>.” To +persons ignorant of the language, how strange is the appearance, +and how erroneous the idea of the sound to be conveyed by +<i>dd</i>, <i>ll</i>, <i>ch</i>, but indeed all these are +indications of the softening of the letter; in a word, the +impressions entertained of the harshness of the language are +altogether erroneous.</p> +<p>The supposition that the Welsh language is made up of +consonants is more especially singular from the fact that it +possesses, says a writer in the <i>Quarterly Review</i>, what +perhaps no other nation has,—a poem of eight lines in which +there is not a single consonant. These verses are very old, +dating from the seventeenth century;—of course the reader +will remember that the Welsh language has seven vowels, both +<i>w</i> and <i>y</i> being considered and sounded as such. +This epigram or poem is on the Spider, and originally stood +thus,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“O’i wiw ŵy i weu e +â;—o’i iau Ei wyau a wea,<br /> +E wywa ei wê aua, A’i weau yw ieuau ia.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="page15"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 15</span>To +this, the great Gronwy Owen added a kind of counter change of +vowels, and the translation has been given as follows:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“From out its womb it weaves with care<br /> + Its web beneath the roof;<br /> +Its wintry web it spreadeth there—<br /> + Wires of ice its woof.</p> +<p>“And doth it weave against the wall<br /> + Thin ropes of ice on high?<br /> +And must its little liver all<br /> + The wondrous stuff supply?”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>A singular illustration of the vowel power in a language +ignorantly supposed to possess no vowels.</p> +<p>And these remarks are not at all unnecessary, for they +illustrate to the reader, unacquainted with the language, the way +in which it becomes such a means of immediate emotion; its words +start before the eye like pictures, but are conveyed to the mind +like music; and yet the bony character of the language, to which +we have referred before, adds to the picture dramatic action and +living strength. What a language, then, is this for a +competent orator to play upon,—a man with an imaginative +mind, and a fervid and fiery soul! Then is brought into +play that element of Welsh preaching, without knowing and +apprehending which there would be no possibility of understanding +the secret of its great power; it is the +“<i>hwyl</i>.” When the Welsh preacher speaks +in his best mood, and with great unction, the highest compliment +that can be paid him, the loftiest commendation that can be +given, is, that he had the “<i>hwyl</i>.” +“<i>Hwyl</i>” is the Welsh word for the canvas of a +ship; and probably the derivation of the meaning <a +name="page16"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 16</span>is, from the +canvas or sails of a ship filled with a breeze: the word for +breeze, <i>awel</i>, is like it, and is used to denote a similar +effect. Some years since, when the most eminent Welsh +preacher we have recently seen in England, at an ordination +service, was addressing his nephew in a crowded church in the +neighbourhood of London, he said, “And, my dear boy, +remember you are a Welshman; don’t try to speak English, +and don’t try to speak like the English.” A +great many of his hearers wondered what the good man could mean; +but both he and his nephew, and several others of the initiated, +very well knew. He meant, speak your words with an +<i>accent</i>, and an accent formed from a soul giving life and +meaning to an expression. This, we know, is what the singer +does,—this is what the musician tries to do. All +words are not the same words in their meaning; the Welsh preacher +seeks to play upon them as keys; the words themselves help him to +do so. Literally, they are full of meaning; verbally, he +attempts to pronounce that meaning; hence, as he rises in feeling +he rises in variety of intonation, and his words sway to and fro, +up and down,—bass, minor, and soprano all play their part, +a series of intonings. In English, this very frequently +sounds monotonous, sometimes even affected; in Welsh, the soul of +the man is said to have caught the <i>hwyl</i>,—that is, he +is in full sail, he has feeling and fire: the people catch it +too. A Welsh writer, describing this, quotes the words of +Jean Paul Richter: “Pictures during music are seen into +more deeply and warmly by spectators; nay, many masters have in +creating them acknowledged help from music.” Great +Welsh <a name="page17"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +17</span>preaching, is very often a kind of wild, irregular +chant, a jubilant refrain, recurring again and again. The +people catch the power of it; shouts rise—prayers! +“<i>Bendigedig</i>” (“blessed,” or +synonymous with our “Bless the Lord!”) Amen! +“<i>Diolch byth</i>!” and other expressions, rise, +and roll over the multitude; they, too, have caught the +<i>hwyl</i>. It is singular that, with us, the only +circumstances and scenes in which such manifestations can take +place, are purely secular, or on the occasions of great public +meetings. The Welshman very much estimates the greatness of +a preacher by his power to move men; but it does not follow, that +this power shall be associated with great apparent bodily +action. The words of John Elias and Williams of Wern +consumed like flames, and divided like swords; but they were men +of immense self-possession, and apparently very quiet. It +has always been the aim of the greater Welsh preachers to find +out such “acceptable”—that is, fitting and +piercing—words, so that the words alone shall have the +effect of action.</p> +<p>But, in any account of Welsh preaching, the place ought never +to be forgotten—the scenery. We have said, the +country is losing, now, many of its old characteristics of +solitude and isolation; the railways are running along at the +foot of the tall mountains, and spots, which we knew thirty years +since as hamlets and villages, have now grown into large +towns. It has often been the case, that populations born +and reared amidst remote mountain solitudes, have possessed +strong religious susceptibilities. The Welshman’s +chapel was very frequently reared in the midst of an unpeopled +district, likely to provoke wonder in <a name="page18"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 18</span>the mind of the passing stranger, as +to whence it could derive its congregation. The building +was erected there because it was favourable to a confluence of +neighbourhoods. Take a region near to the spot where +Christmas Evans was born,—a wild, mountainous tract of +country, lying between the counties Brecon and Cardigan; for long +miles, in every direction, there are no human +habitations,—only, perhaps, here and there, in a deep +dingle, some lone house, the residence of a sheep farmer, with +three or four cultivated fields in its immediate neighbourhood; +and at some distance, on the slopes of the mountain, an +occasional shepherd’s hut. It is a scene of the +wildest magnificence. The traveller, as he passes along, +discerns nothing but a sea of mountains,—rugged and +precipitous bluffs, and precipices innumerable; here the grand +and sportive streams, the Irvon, the Towy, and the Dothia, spring +from their rocky channels, and tumble along, rushing and gurgling +with deafening roar; here, as you pass along, you encounter more +than one or two “wolves’ leaps;”—dark +caverns are there, from whence these brotherly rivers rush into +each other’s embrace. These regions, when we were in +the habit of crossing them, many years since,—and we often +crossed them,—we very naturally regarded as the Highlands, +the sequestered mountain retreats, of Wales; this was Twm Shon +Catty’s, the Welsh Rob Roy’s, country; for let +Scotland boast as she will—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Wales has had a thief as good,<br /> +She has her own Rob Roy.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And wonderfully romantic is the story of this same <a +name="page19"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 19</span>Welsh +gentleman, and predatory chieftain. Here you find, to this +day, his cave, from whence the bold and humorous outlaw was wont +to spring forth, to spread terror and rapine over the whole +region. It is thirty years since we passed through these +desolations; they are probably much the same now as they were +then; let the traveller shout as he will as he passes along, it +is not from any human being, it is only from the wild rock, or +screaming bird, he will have a reply.</p> +<p>Now, what do our readers think of a large and commodious +chapel in the midst of a wild region like this? But one +there is, in the very heart of the wilderness. Up to this +place the worshippers come, on Sabbath mornings, from distances +varying from two to eight miles. It is a +Calvinistic-Methodist chapel; and the Rev. William Williams, in +his interesting little historical sketch of Welsh +Calvinistic-Methodism, tells how he preached in this building, +several years since, when the chapel was crowded with +worshippers; and in the yard adjoining, between fifty and sixty +ponies, which had borne the worshippers to the place, with or +without vehicles, were waiting the time for the return +journey. This building had its birth from a congregation +gathered first in one of the farm houses in these inaccessible +wilds, in 1847. It seems strange to think how far people +will travel to Divine Service when they have no such service near +their own doors. We were struck with this, a short time +since, in Norway; we found our way to a little village church, +and there, on a spot where was next to no population, we found +the Lutheran church crowded; and outside, a large square space +thronged <a name="page20"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +20</span>with carioles, ancient old shandydan landaus, carts, and +every kind of conveyance,—horses and ponies stabled in the +sheds all round; and we learned that many of the congregation had +travelled in this way, beside the numbers who had walked, twelve, +sixteen, eighteen miles to the service.</p> +<p>And thus, also, in Wales, many were the long and weary miles +usually traversed, and through every variety of weather; and it +seemed to be usually thought that the service, or services, +repaid all the toil. And there was very little, externally, +to aid the imagination, or to charm the taste, either in the +building itself, or in the ritual adopted;—all was of the +plainest and most severe order. The building, no doubt, was +little more than a shelter from the weather; generally, perhaps, +huge and capacious,—that was necessary,—but it was +quite unadorned; the minister had nothing in the way of robes or +attire to aid the impressions of reverence; there was no +organ,—usually no instrument of any +description,—although if an entire stranger to the language +had entered, and heard the long, low, plaintive wail of almost +any of their hymns,—most of them seeming to express a kind +of dirge-like feeling of an exiled, conquered, and trampled +people, a tone with its often-renewed refrain, its long-drawn +minor, now sobbing into grief, occasionally swelling into +triumph,—he might have found the notes of an organ were not +needed to compel the unexpected tear. An exiled, conquered, +and trampled people,—that expresses a great deal of +truth. Wales has wrongs quite as bitter as any which +Ireland ever knew;—the very cause of the existence of most +of her chapels arose from the fact <a name="page21"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 21</span>that, in many of her parish churches, +not a word of Welsh was spoken; and perhaps frequently their +ministers could not speak the native language;—the very +judges who dispensed justice from the Bench were usually English, +and needed an interpreter, that they might be able to understand +the case upon which they were to give a judgment. Wales has +had very little for which to thank England, but her people have +never been seditious. Pious, industrious people, with their +simple amusements and weird superstitions, and blossoming out +into their great religious revivals and reformations, they have +had to thank themselves, chiefly, for all the good which has +unfolded itself upon their soil. These circumstances, +however, have no doubt aided their peculiar and isolated +religious life.</p> +<p>But, in those great assemblies, the Association meetings to +which we have referred, many of the great preachers stood, with +their vast congregations round them, in Nature’s open +Cathedral. Christmas Evans preached many of his noblest +sermons amidst the imposing ruins of Caerphilly, Pembroke, and +Manobear Castles; or the preacher found himself with his audience +on the slope of some sweet, gorse-covered hill, in the +neighbourhood of tumbling torrents, which did not sing so loudly +in their melody as to interfere with the sweet restfulness of the +surrounding scene. Preachers and hearers were accustomed to +plain living,—one of the most essential conditions of high +thinking; neither of them knew anything of luxury; and when most +of them spoke, the age of luxury, even with us, had not yet set +in. Bread and milk, or oatmeal and milk, were the favourite +diet of all, in those days; even tea was all <a +name="page22"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 22</span>but unknown, +and the potato almost their nearest approach to a dainty +dish. They lived on good terms with Nature, with whom we +have been quarrelling now for some years past; and thus they were +prepared to receive such lessons as Nature might give, to aid and +illustrate the deeper lessons of Divine Grace.</p> +<p>Of course, there was considerable uncertainty about the +services,—excepting those more imposing and important +occasions; and this gave, very frequently, a tone of the +ludicrous to their announcement of the services. Thus, if a +stranger asked what time the service would commence, it would +often have been quite impossible to get any information; and +failures, says Mr. D. M. Evans, were so frequent, that the +announcement was often made with perfect gravity, “— +will be here next Sunday, if he comes.” Mr. Evans +continues, that he well knew a deacon who claimed the prerogative +to make announcements to the congregation, but who every week was +guilty of such blunders, that he was implored to resign the +honour to some other brother; to which he indignantly replied, +that it was his crown, and was he not told in Scripture, +“Hold fast that which thou hast, that no man take thy +crown”? Often, when the preacher appeared, he showed +himself in the pulpit almost out of breath, sometimes in sad +disarray, sometimes apparently as if smothered with wrappers and +top-coats; and by his panting and puffing, as someone said, +“seeming to show that God Almighty had asked him to preach +the Gospel, but had given him no time for it.”</p> +<p>In a word, it is impossible, knowing Wales as we <a +name="page23"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 23</span>know it in +our own day, to form any very distinct idea of the country as it +was when these great preachers arose; and, when the tides of a +new spiritual life rolled over the Principality, the singular +relics of even heathenish superstition were loitering still among +the secluded valleys and mountains of the land. No doubt, +the proclamation of the Gospel, and the elevated faith which its +great truths bring in its train, broke the fascination, the +charm, and power of many of these; but they lingered even until +within the last forty or fifty years,—indeed, the +superstition of the Sin-Eater is said to <a +name="citation23"></a><a href="#footnote23" +class="citation">[23]</a> linger even now in the secluded vale of +Cwm-Aman, in Caermarthenshire. The meaning of this most +singular institution of superstition was, that when a person +died, the friends sent for the Sin-Eater of the district, who, on +his arrival, placed a plate of salt and bread on the breast of +the deceased person; he then uttered an incantation over the +bread, after which, he proceeded to eat it,—thereby eating +the sins of the dead person; this done, he received a fee of +two-and-sixpence,—which, we suppose, was much more than +many a preacher received for a long and painful service. +Having received this, he vanished as swiftly as possible, all the +friends and relatives of the departed aiding his exit with blows +and kicks, and other indications of their faith in the service he +had rendered. A hundred years since, and through the ages +beyond that time, we suppose this curious superstition was +everywhere prevalent.</p> +<p>Another odd custom was the manner in which public opinion +expressed itself on account of any domestic or social +delinquency. A large crowd assembled <a +name="page24"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 24</span>before the +house of the delinquent, one of whom was dressed up in what +seemed to be a horse’s head; the crowd then burst forth +into strong vituperative abuse, accompanying the execrations with +the rough music of old kettles, marrow-bones, and cleavers; +finally, the effigy of the sinner was burnt before the house, and +the sacred wrath of the multitude appeased. The majesty of +outraged opinion being vindicated, they dispersed.</p> +<p>Some superstitions were of a more gentle character; the +fairies, or “little men in green,” as they were +popularly called, continued to hold their tenantry of Wales long +after they had departed from England; and even Glamorganshire, +one of the counties nearest to England,—its roads forming +the most considerable highway through Wales,—was, perhaps, +the county where they lingered last; certainly not many years +have passed by since, in the Vale of Neath, in the same county, +there would have been a fear in taking some secluded pathway in +the night, lest the “little people” should be +offended by the intrusion upon their haunts.</p> +<p>With all these singular observances and superstitions, there +was yet a kind of Christian faith prevalent among the people, but +buried beneath dark ignorance and social folly. At +Christmas time, at night, it was usual to illuminate all the +churches in the villages. And upon the New Year’s +morning, children came waking the dawning, knocking at the +doors,—usually obtaining admittance,—when they +proceeded to sprinkle the furniture with water, singing as they +did so the following words, which we quote on account of their +quaint, sweet, old-world simplicity:—</p> +<blockquote><p><a name="page25"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +25</span>“Here we bring new water from the well so +clear,<br /> +For to worship God with this happy new year.<br /> +Sing levy dew, sing levy dew, the water and the wine,<br /> +With seven bright gold wires and bugles that do shine.<br /> +Sing reign of fair maid, with gold upon her toe,<br /> +Open you the west door, and turn the old year go.<br /> +Sing reign of fair maid, with gold upon her chin,<br /> +Open you the east door, and let the new year in.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>It is admitted on all hands that the dissolution of the mists +of darkness and superstition is owing to the people usually +called Dissenters; the Church of the Establishment—and this +is said in no spirit of unkindness—did very little to +humanise or soften the rugged character, or to put to flight the +debasing habits of the people. Of course, there are high +and honourable exceptions; but while many clergymen devoted +themselves, with great enthusiasm, to the perpetuation of the +singular lore, the wild bardic songs, the triads, or the strange +fables and mythic histories of the country, we can call to mind +the names of but very few who attempted to improve, or to +ameliorate, the social condition. So that the preachers, +and the vast gatherings of the people by whom the preachers were +surrounded, when the rays of knowledge were shed abroad, and +devotion fired, were not so much the result of any antagonism to +the Established Church,—<i>that</i> came afterwards; they +were a necessity created by the painful exigencies of the +country.</p> +<p>The remarks on the superstitions of Wales are not at all +irrelevant to the more general observations on Welsh preaching; +they are so essentially inwoven with the type of character, and +nationality. The Welsh appears to be intimately related to +the <a name="page26"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +26</span>Breton; the languages assimilate,—so also do the +folk-lores of the people; and the traditions and fanciful fables +which have been woven from the grasses of the field, the leaves +of the forest, and the clouds of the heavens, would have +furnished Christmas Evans with allegoric texts which he might +have expanded into sermons. It is not possible to doubt +that these form one branch, from the great Celtic stem, of the +human family. And not only are they alike in language and +tradition, but also in the melancholy religiousness, in the +metaphysical brooding over natural causes, and in the absence of +any genuine humour, except in some grim or gloomy and grotesque +utterance. The stories, the heroes, and the heroines, are +very much the same; historic memory in both looks back to a +fantastic fairyland, and presents those fantastic pictures of +cities and castles strangely submerged beneath the sea, and +romantic shadows and spectral forms of wonderful kings and +queens, such as we meet in the Mabinogi of Taliesin, in the Fairy +Queen of Spenser, and in the Idylls of our Laureate. Thus, +all that could stir wonder, excite the imagination and the fancy, +and describe the nearness of the supernatural to the natural, +would become very charming to a Welshman’s ears; and we +instantly have suggested to us one of the sources of the power +and popularity of Christmas Evans with his countrymen.</p> +<p>Even the spread and prevalence of Christian knowledge have +scarcely disenchanted Wales of its superstitions. Few +persons who know anything at all of the country, however slight +such knowledge may be, are unaware of this characteristic of the +<a name="page27"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +27</span>people. This remark was, no doubt, far more +applicable even twenty-five years since than now. The +writer of this volume has listened to the stories of many who +believed that they had seen the +<i>Canwyll-y-corph</i>—corpse-candles—wending their +way from houses, more or less remote, to the churchyard. +Mr. Borrow, also, in his “Wild Wales,” tells us how +he conversed with people in his travels who believed that they +had seen the corpse-candles. But a hundred years ago, this +was a universal object of faith; as was also the belief in +coffins and burial trains seen wending their way, in the dead of +night, to the churchyard. Omens and predictions abounded +everywhere, while singular legends and traditions in many +districts hung also round church bells. And yet with all +this the same writer, remarking on Welsh character, says, +“What a difference between a Welshman and an Englishman of +the lower class!” He had just been conversing with a +miller’s man,—a working labourer in the lowliest walk +of life; and found him conversant with the old poets, and the old +traditions of the country, and quite interested in them; and he +says, “What would a Suffolk miller’s man have said, +if I had repeated to him verses out of Beowulf or even Chaucer, +and had asked him about the residence of Skelton?” We +must bear this in mind as we attempt to estimate the character +with which the preacher had to deal. Haunted houses were +numerous. A lonely old place, very distinct to the +writer’s knowledge, had hung round it some wild traditions +not unlike “Blind Willie’s Story” in +“Redgauntlet.” No doubt, now, all these things +have, to a considerable extent, disappeared,—although there +are wild <a name="page28"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +28</span>nooks, far wilder than any we have in England, where the +faith in the old superstitions lingers. In the great +preaching days, those men who shook the hearts of the thousands +of their listeners, as they dealt with unseen terrors, believed +themselves to be—as it was believed of them that they +were—covered with the shadow of an Unseen Hand, and +surrounded by the guardianship of the old Hebrew +prophet—“chariots of fire, and horses of fire;” +they believed themselves to be the care of a special Providence; +and some of the stories then current would only move the contempt +of that modern intelligence which has, at any rate, laid all the +ghosts.</p> +<p>It is not within the province of this volume to recapitulate +and classify Welsh superstitions; they were, and probably, in +many neighbourhoods, are still, very various: we must satisfy our +readers with a slight illustration. Perhaps some may object +to the retailing such stories, for instance, as the +following. The apology for its insertion, then, must be, +that it is one of a number tending to illustrate that sense which +the old Welsh mind had, of its residence upon the borders of, and +relation to, the Invisible World. The Rev. John Jones, of +Holywell, in Flintshire, was one of the most renowned ministers +in the Principality; he was a man of extraordinary zeal and +fervour as a preacher, and his life and character were, in +unblemished reputation, equal to his gifts and zeal. He +used to recite, with peculiar solemnity, a story of a mysterious +horseman, by whom he believed he had been delivered from a +position of extreme danger, when he was travelling, alone, from +Bala, in Merionethshire, to Machynlleth, <a +name="page29"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 29</span>in the county +of Montgomery. He travelled on horseback through a wild, +desolate country, at that time almost uninhabited; he had +performed nearly half his journey, when, as he was emerging from +a wood, he says, “I observed coming towards me a man on +foot. By his appearance, judging from the sickle which he +carried sheathed in straw over his shoulder, he was doubtless a +reaper in search of employment. As he drew near, I +recognized a man whom I had seen at the door of the village inn +at Llanwhellyn, where I had stopped to bait my horse. On +our meeting, he touched his hat, and asked if I could tell him +the time of day. I pulled out my watch for the +purpose,—noticing, at the same time, the peculiar look +which the man cast at its heavy silver case. Nothing else, +however, occurred to excite any suspicion on my part; so, wishing +him a good afternoon, I continued my journey.” We +must condense Mr. Jones’s narration, feeling that the story +loses much of its graphic strength in so doing. He pursued +his way down a hill, and, at some distance farther on, noticed +something moving on the other side of a large hedge; he soon +discovered it to be a man, running in a stooping position. +He watched the figure with curiosity, which grew into something +like fear as he recognized the reaper with whom he had spoken a +short time before, and that, as he moved on, he was engaged in +tearing the straw band from his sickle. The man hurried on, +and Mr. Jones saw him conceal himself behind a thicker part of +the hedge, within a few yards of the road, and near where a gate +crossed the park. Mr. Jones says he did not doubt, then, +that he intended to attack and, <a name="page30"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 30</span>perhaps, murder him for the sake of +the watch, and whatever money he might have about him. He +looked round: no other person was in sight,—no house near; +he was hemmed in by rocky banks and high hedges on either +side.</p> +<p>“I could not turn back,” he says; “my +business was of the utmost importance to the cause for which I +was journeying.” He could not urge his horse with +speed, for the gate was not open through which he had to pass; he +felt that he was weak and unarmed, and had no chance against a +powerful man with a dangerous weapon in his hand. “In +despair,” he says, “rather than in a spirit of humble +trust and confidence, I bowed my head, and offered up a silent +prayer. At this juncture, my horse, growing impatient of +delay, started off. I clutched the reins, which I had let +fall on his neck,—when, happening to turn my eyes, I saw, +to my utter astonishment, that I was no longer alone: there, by +my side, I beheld a horseman, in a dark dress, mounted on a white +steed. In intense amazement, I gazed upon him. Where +could he have come from? He appeared as suddenly as if he +had sprung from the earth; he must have been riding behind, and +have overtaken me,—and yet I had not heard the slightest +sound. It was mysterious, inexplicable; but joy overcame my +feelings of wonder, and I began at once to address my +companion. I asked him if he had seen any one; and then +described to him what had taken place, and how relieved I felt by +his sudden appearance. He made no reply, and, on looking at +his face, he seemed paying but slight attention to my words, but +continued intently gazing in the direction of the <a +name="page31"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +31</span>gate,—now about a quarter of a mile ahead. I +followed his gaze, and saw the reaper emerge from his +concealment, and run across a field to our left, resheathing his +sickle as he hurried along. He had evidently seen that I +was no longer alone, and had relinquished his intended +attempt.”</p> +<p>Mr. Jones sought to enter into conversation with his +mysterious companion, but he gave him no word in reply. He +says he “was hurt at his companion’s mysterious +silence;” only once did he hear his voice. Having +watched the figure of the reaper disappear over the brow of a +neighbouring hill, he turned to the stranger, and said, +“‘Can it for a moment be doubted that my prayer was +heard, and that you were sent for my deliverance by the +Lord?’ Then it was that I thought I heard the +horseman speak, and that he uttered the single word, +‘Amen!’ Not another word did he give utterance +to, though I spoke to him both in English and Welsh. We +were now approaching the gate, which I hastened to open; and +having done so, I waited at the side of the road for him to pass +through,—but he came not. I turned my head to look; +the mysterious horseman was gone; he was not to be seen; he had +disappeared as mysteriously as he had come. What could have +become of him? He could not have gone through the gate, nor +have made his horse leap the high hedges, which on both sides +shut in the road. Where was he? had I been dreaming? was it +an apparition, a spectre, which had been riding by my side for +the last ten minutes?—was it but a creature of my +imagination? I tried hard to convince myself that this was +the case; but why had the <a name="page32"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 32</span>reaper resheathed his +murderous-looking sickle and fled? And then, a feeling of +profound awe began to creep over my soul. I remembered the +singular way of his first appearance,—his long silence, and +the single word to which he had given utterance after I had +mentioned the name of the Lord; the single occasion on which I +had done so. What could I, then, believe, but that my +prayer had been heard, and that help had been given me at a time +of great danger? I dismounted, and throwing myself on my +knees, I offered up my thankfulness to Him who had heard my +cry. I then mounted my horse, and continued my journey; but +through the long years that have elapsed since that memorable +summer’s day, I have never for a moment wavered in my +belief, that in the mysterious horseman I had a special +interference of Providence, by which I was delivered from a +position of extreme danger.”</p> +<p>Now, however our readers may account for such incidents, the +only purpose in introducing such a story here, is to say that it +gives a fair illustration of that peculiar cast of ideal +imagination which pervaded the Welsh mind, and influenced at once +the impressions both of preachers and hearers.</p> +<p>There is, perhaps, no other spot on our British soil where +“the old order” has so suddenly “changed” +as in Wales: the breaking open the mountains for mining purposes +has led to the thronging of dense populations on spots which +were, only a few years since, unbroken solitudes. Ruins, +which the sentimental idler never visited, wrecks of castles and +abbeys crumbling into dust, isolated places through which we +passed thirty years since, which seemed as <a +name="page33"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 33</span>though they +never could be invaded by the railway whistle, or scarcely +reached by the penny postman, now lie on the great highway of the +train. It is not saying too much to affirm that there is no +spot in Europe where the traveller is so constantly brought into +the neighbourhood of old magnificence, the relics of vanished +cities.</p> +<p>The wonder grows as to what was the state of ancient society +in Wales. An eminent traveller says: “In England our +ancestors have left us, dispersed in various places, splendid +remains of their greatness; but in Wales you cannot travel ten +miles without coming upon some vestige of antiquity which in +another country you would go fifty to trace out.” It +is of such spots that a Welsh poet, Dyer, says:—</p> + +<blockquote><p> “The +pilgrim oft,<br /> +At dead of night, ’mid his orisons hears,<br /> +Aghast, the voice of Time disparting towers,<br /> +Tumbling all precipitate, all down-dashed,<br /> +Rattling around, loud thundering to the moon.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>What an illustration of this is St. David’s!—a +little miserable village, with the magnificent remains of its +great palace, and the indications of its once splendid cathedral; +itself now a kind of suffragan, it once numbered seven suffragans +within its metropolitan pale—Worcester, Hereford, Llandaff, +Bangor, St. Asaph, Llanbadarn, and Margam. The mitre now +dimly beaming at almost the lowest step of the ecclesiastical +ladder, once shone with so proud a lustre as to attract the +loftiest ecclesiastics. St. David’s numbers one +saint, three lord-treasurers, one lord privy-seal, one chancellor +of Oxford, one chancellor <a name="page34"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 34</span>of England, and, in Farrar, one +illustrious martyr.</p> +<p>Travel through the country, and similar reflections will meet +you in every direction. You step a little off the +high-road, and—as, for instance, in Kilgerran—you +come to the traditional King Arthur’s castle, the far-famed +Welsh Tintagel, of which Warton sings,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Stately the feast, and high the cheer,<br +/> +Girt with many an armèd peer,<br /> +And canopied with golden pall,<br /> +Amid Kilgerran’s castle hall;<br /> +Illumining the vaulted roof,<br /> +A thousand torches flamed aloof;<br /> +The storied tapestry was hung,<br /> +With minstrelsy the arches rung,<br /> +Of harps that with reflected light<br /> +From the proud gallery glittered bright.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Or, in the neighbourhood of the magnificent coast of +Pembrokeshire, the wondrous little chapel of St. Govan’s, +the hermitage of the hundred steps; and those splendid wrecks of +castles, Manopear, the home of Giraldus Cambrensis, and the +graceful and almost interminable recesses of Carew. A +traveller may plunge about among innumerable villages bearing the +names of saints for whom he will look in vain in the Romish +calendar,—St. Athan’s, St. Siebald’s, St. +Dubric’s, St. Dogmael’s, St. Ishmael’s, and +crowds besides. All such places are girdled round with +traditions and legends known to Welsh +archæologists—the very nomenclature of Wales +involving poetry and historical romance, and often deep +tragedy. The names of the villages have a whisper of +fabulous <a name="page35"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +35</span>and traditional times, and are like the half-effaced +hieroglyphs upon an old Egyptian tomb. There is the +<i>Fynnon Waedog</i> (Bloody Well), <i>the Pald of Gwaye</i> (the +Hollow of Woe), the <i>Maen Achwynfan</i>, (the Stone of +Lamentation and Weeping), the <i>Leysan Gwaed Gwyr</i> (the Plant +of the Blood of Man), <i>Merthyr Tydvil</i> is the Martyred +Tydvil. Villages and fields with names like these, remind +us of the Hebrew names of places, really significant of some +buried tragedy, long holding its place in the heart, and terror +of the neighbourhood.</p> +<p>In a land-locked solitude like that of Nevern, +Cardiganshire,—where, by-the-bye, we might loiter some time +to recite some anecdotes of its admirable clergyman and great +preacher, one of the Griffiths,—the wanderer, after a piece +of agreeable wildness, comes to a village, enchanting for its +beauty, lying on the brink of a charming river, with indications +of a decayed importance; the venerable yew-trees of its +churchyard shadowing over a singular—we may venture to +speak of it as a piece of inexplicable—Runic antiquity, in +a stone of a quadrangular form, about two feet broad, eighteen +inches thick, and thirteen feet high, with a cross at the +top. Few countries can boast, like Wales, the charm of +places in wildest and most delicious scenery, with all that can +stir an artist’s, poet’s, or antiquarian’s +sensibility. What a neighbourhood is Llandilo!—the +home of the really great poet, John Dyer, the author of +“Grongar Hill,” a delicious spot in this +neighbourhood. Here, too, is Golden Grove, the retreat of +our own Jeremy Taylor; and here, in his days of exile, many of +the matchless sermons of him who has <a name="page36"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 36</span>been called, by some, “the +English Chrysostom,” and, by others, the “Milton of +the English pulpit,” were preached. We made a +pilgrimage there ourselves some few years since, urged by love to +the memory of Jeremy Taylor. We found the old church gone, +and in its place a new one,—the taste of which did not +particularly impress us; and we inquired for Taylor’s +pulpit, and were told it had been chopped up for fire-wood! +Then we inquired for a path through the fields, which for a +hundred and fifty years had been called “Taylor’s +Walk,” where the great bishop was wont to +meditate,—and found it had been delivered over to the +plough. We hope we may be forgiven if we say, that we +hurried in disgust from a village which, in spite of its new +noble mansion, had lost to us its chief charm. But this +neighbourhood, with its Dynevor Castle and its charming river, +the Towey, and all the scenery described by the exquisite Welsh +poet, in whose verse beauty and sublimity equally reign, compels +us to feel that if he somewhat pardonably over-coloured, by his +own associations, the lovely shrine of his birth, he only +naturally described the country through which these preachers +wandered, when he says,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Ever charming, ever new,<br /> +When will the landscape tire the view!<br /> +The fountain’s fall, the river’s flow,<br /> +The woody valleys, warm and low:<br /> +The windy summit, wild and high,<br /> +Roughly rushing on the sky!<br /> +The pleasant seat, the ruin’d tow’r,<br /> +The naked rock, the shady bow’r;<br /> +The town and village, dome and farm,<br /> +<a name="page37"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 37</span>Each give +to each a double charm,<br /> +As pearls upon an Ethiop’s arm.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The manners of the people, a few years since, were as singular +and primeval as their country; in all the villages there were +singular usages. The “biddings” to their +weddings,—which have, perhaps, yielded to advanced good +taste,—had a sweeter relief in other customs, at weddings +and funerals, tending to civilize, and refine. Throughout +Glamorganshire, especially, and not many years since, it was the +universal custom, when young unmarried persons died, to strew the +way to the grave with sweet flowers and evergreens. Mr. +Malkin, in his interesting work on South Wales, published now +seventy years since, says: “There is in the world an +unfeeling kind of false philosophy, which will treat such customs +as I mention with ridicule; but what can be more affecting than +to see all the youth of both sexes in a village, and in every +village through which the corpse passes, dressed in their best +apparel, and strewing with sweet-scented flowers the ways along +which one of their beloved neighbours was carried to his, or her +last home?” No doubt such customs are very much +changed, but they were prevalent during that period to which most +of those preachers whose manners we have mentioned belonged.</p> +<p>Such pathetic usages, indicating a simple state of society, +are commonly associated, as we have seen, with others of a +rougher kind and character. The Welsh preachers were the +pioneers of civilization,—although advanced society might +still think much had to be done in the amelioration of the +national manners. They probably touched a few practices +which were really in themselves simple and affecting, but they <a +name="page38"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 38</span>swept away +many superstitions, quite destroyed many rude and degrading +practices, and introduced many usages, which, while they were in +conformity with the national instincts of the people (such as +preaching and singing, and assembling themselves together in +large companies), tended to refine and elevate the mind and +heart.</p> +<p>Such were the circumstances, and such the scenery, in which +the great Welsh preachers arose.</p> +<p>We have not thought of those Welsh preachers who have made +themselves especially known in England. Many have, from +time to time, settled as pastors with us, who have deserved a +large amount of our esteem and honour, blending in their minds +high reverence, the tender sensitiveness of a poetic imagination, +with the instinct of philosophic inquisitiveness—even +shading off into an order of scepticism,—but all united to +a strong and impressive eloquence. These attributes seem +all essentially to adhere in the character of the cultured Welsh +preacher. Caleb Morris finely illustrates all this; perhaps +he was no whit inferior, in the build and architecture of his +mind, to Horace Bushnell, whom he greatly resembled; but, unlike +Bushnell, he never committed any of his soliloquies of thought, +or feeling to the press. The present writer possesses +volumes of his reported sermons which have never seen the +light.</p> +<p>And what a Welshman was Rowland Williams! Who can read +his life without feeling the spirit of devotion, however languid, +inflamed and fired? And how, in spite of all the heresies +attributed to him, and, growing up in the midst of the sacred +ardours of <a name="page39"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +39</span>his character, we find illustrated the wonder of the +curious and searching eye, united to the warmth of the tender and +revering heart!—attributes, we repeat, which seemed to +mingle in very inferior types of Welsh preachers, as well as in +the more eminent, and which, as they kindle into a passion in the +man’s nature who desires to instruct his fellow-men, +combine to make preaching, if they be absent, an infamy, a +pastime, a day labour, or a handicraft, an art or a science; or, +by their presence, constitute it a virtue and a mighty power over +human souls. Eminently these men seem to hear a voice +saying, “<i>The prophet that hath a dream</i>, <i>let him +tell a dream</i>! <i>What is the chaff to the wheat</i>? +<i>saith the Lord</i>.”</p> +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Note to</i> +“Cwm-Aman,” <i>page</i> 23.</p> +<p>Dr. Thos. Rees, in a letter to the Editor of the +<i>Dysgedydd</i>, Rev. Herber Evans, says, “That although +bred and born within ten miles of Cwm-Aman, he had never heard of +this ridiculous superstition.”</p> +<h2><a name="page40"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +40</span>CHAPTER II.<br /> +<i>EARLY LIFE UNTIL HIS ENTRANCE INTO THE MINISTRY</i>.</h2> +<blockquote><p>Birth and Early Hardships—Early Church +Fellowship—Beginning to Learn—Loses an Eye—A +Singular Dream—Beginning to Preach—His First +Sermon—Is Baptized—A New Church Fellowship—The +Rev. Timothy Thomas—Anecdotes—A Long Season of +Spiritual Depression—Is ordained as Home Missionary to +Lleyn—Commencement of Success as a Preacher—Remarks +on Success—Marries—Great Sermon at Velinvole—A +Personal Reminiscence of Welsh Preaching.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Christmas Evans is not the first, in point of time, in the +remarkable procession of those men whose names we might mention, +and of whom we shall find occasion in this volume to speak, as +the great Welsh preachers. And there may be some dispute as +to whether he was the first in point of eminence; but he is +certainly the one of the four whose name is something more than a +tradition. John Elias, Williams of Wern, and Davies of +Swansea, have left behind them little beside the legendary rumour +of their immense and pathetic power. This is true, +especially, of David Davies of Swansea; and yet, Dr. Rees, his +successor, and a very competent authority, says: “In some +respects he was superior to all his distinguished +contemporaries.” <a name="page41"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 41</span>But the name of Christmas Evans is, +perhaps, the most extensively known of any,—just as the +name of Bunyan has a far more extensive intimacy than the equally +honourable names of Barrow and Butler; and there is a similar +reason for this. Christmas Evans, in the pulpit, more +nearly approached the great Dreamer than any pulpit master of +whom we have heard; many of his sermons appear to have been +long-sustained parables, and pictures alive with allegorical +delineation of human character.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Christmas Evans</span> was born at a place +called Esgairwen (Ysgarwen), in the parish of Llandysul, in +Cardiganshire; he was born on Christmas Day—and hence his +Christian name—in 1766. His parents, Samuel and +Johanna Evans, were in the poorest circumstances; his father was +a shoemaker, and although this profession has included such a +number of men remarkable for their genius and high attainments, +it has never found the masters of the craft greatly remarkable +for the possession of gold or gear. His mother, by her +maiden name Lewis, came from a respectable family of freeholders +in the parish; but the father of Christmas died when he was a +child,—and these were hard days of poverty, almost +destitution, for the poor struggling widow and her +family,—so her brother, James Lewis, of Bwlchog, in the +parish of Llanfihangel-ar-Arth, took little Christmas home to his +farm, engaging to feed and clothe him for such labour on the farm +as the poor boy might be able to perform. Here he stayed +six years,—six miserable years; his uncle was a hard, cruel +man, a selfish drunkard. Christmas used to <a +name="page42"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 42</span>say of him, +in after years, “It would be difficult to find a more +unconscionable man than James Lewis in the whole course of a +wicked world.” During these, which ought to have been +the most valuable years of his life, no care was taken of his +heart, his mind, or his morals; in fact, he had neither a friend +nor a home. At the age of seventeen he could not read a +word, he was surrounded by the worst of examples, and he became +the subject of a number of serious accidents, through which he +narrowly escaped with his life. Once he was stabbed in a +quarrel, once he was nearly drowned, and with difficulty +recovered; once he fell from a high tree with an open knife in +his hand, and once a horse ran away with him, passing at full +speed through a low and narrow passage. There is an +erroneous impression that, in those days, he was a great boxer, +and that he lost his eye in a fight; the truth is quite +different; he was not a boxer, and never fought a battle in his +life. He lost his eye after his conversion, when he and +some other young men were attempting the work of mutual help, in +making up for lost time, by evening meetings, for various works +of instruction; a number of his former companions waylaid him at +night, beat him unmercifully, and one struck him with a stick +over the eye. In after years, when some one was jesting +before Robert Hall at Welsh preachers, upon his mentioning +Christmas Evans, the jester said, “And he only has one +eye!” “Yes, sir,” he answered, “but +that’s a piercer; an eye, sir, that could light an army +through a wilderness in a dark night.” So that in his +sightless eye, Christmas Evans, like the one-eyed <a +name="page43"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 43</span>Spiridion, +the noble witness in the Nicean Council, really “bore in +his body a mark of the Lord Jesus.” But we are +anticipating.</p> +<p>At about seventeen years of age, he left his bad uncle and his +more servile employments; still continuing the occupation of a +farming lad, he went to Glanclettwr; afterwards he lived at +Penyralltfawr, at Gwenawlt, and then at Castellhywel. Thus +the days of his youth passed; he looks like a poor, neglected, +and forsaken lad. Of books he knew nothing,—he had no +men of intelligence around him with whom to converse, and his +condition in life doomed him to association with all that was low +and brutal. And yet, strange as it may seem, as his friend +and earliest biographer, Mr. Rhys Stephen, has testified, even +then, as in the instance of the rugged young Samson, “the +Spirit of the Lord began to move him at times.” It is +not credible that, however crushed down beneath the weight of +such abject circumstances, the boy could have been exactly what +the other boys and men round him were; restless feelings, and +birth-throes of emotion and thought, make themselves known in +most of us before they assume a shape in consciousness: it is +natural that it should have been so with him. With a life +of seriousness, which resulted in Church membership, and which +appears to have taken place when he was about seventeen years of +age, commenced his life of mental improvement,—the first +humble beginnings of intellectual effort. It is singular +that the Church with which he first united, at Llwynrhydowain, +originally Presbyterian, and of considerable importance in the +early history of Welsh Nonconformity, approached very nearly, +when Evans <a name="page44"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +44</span>united with it, to Unitarianism. Its pastor was +the Rev. David Davies; he was an Arian, an eminent bard, a +scholar, an admirable and excellent man, who has left behind him +a very honourable reputation. Such a man as Mr. Davies was, +he would be likely to be interested in the intelligent and +intellectual state of the youth of his Church and +congregation. The slight accounts we possess of the avidity +with which Christmas Evans and his companions commenced their +“pursuit of knowledge under difficulties,” is very +animating and pleasing; they combined together with the desire to +obtain the earliest and most necessary means of mental +acquisitiveness, such as reading and writing, a desire for the +acquisition of religious knowledge, and what may be spoken of as +some of the higher branches of study. But we will employ +Christmas Evans’s own words:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“During a revival which took place in the +Church under the care of Mr. David Davies, many young people +united themselves with that people, and I amongst them. +What became of the major part of these young converts, I have +never known; but I hope God’s grace followed them as it did +me, the meanest of the whole. One of the fruits of this +awakening was the desire for religious knowledge that fell upon +us. Scarcely one person out of ten could, at this time, and +in those neighbourhoods, read at all, even in the language of the +country. We bought Bibles and candles, and were accustomed +to meet together in the evening, in the barn of Penyralltfawr; +and thus, in about one month, I was able to read the Bible in my +mother tongue. I was vastly delighted with so much +learning. This, however, <a name="page45"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 45</span>did not satisfy me, but I borrowed +books, and learnt a little English. Mr. Davies, my pastor, +understood that I thirsted for knowledge, and took me to his +school, where I stayed for six months. Here I went through +the Latin Grammar; but so low were my circumstances that I could +stay there no longer.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>To preach, as we all know, has often been an object of +ambition with young converts, and the novices in the vestibule of +knowledge of the spiritual life; such an ambition seems very +early to have stirred in the heart of young Christmas. We +have already mentioned how it was that he so cruelly lost the use +of an eye; it illustrates the singular brutality of the time and +neighbourhood; an inoffensive lad, simply because he renounced +the society of profane drunkards, and was laudably busying +himself with the affairs of a higher life, was set upon in the +darkness of the night by six young ruffians, unmercifully beaten +with sticks, and the sight of an eye destroyed. It was the +night after this calamity that he had a dream; and the dream of +the night reveals the bent of his day dreams. He dreamt +that the Day of Judgment was come, that he saw the world in a +blaze; with great confidence he called out, “Jesus, save +me!” And he thought he saw the Lord turn towards him +and say, “It was thy intention to preach the Gospel, but it +is now too late, for the Day of Judgment is come.” +But this vision of the night clung to him when he awoke; perhaps +he feared that the loss of the eye would interfere with his +acceptance as a minister. Certainly the dream had an +influence on his future career,—so had many other +dreams. It was always his belief that he had received <a +name="page46"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 46</span>some of his +most important impressions from dreams: nothing, apparently, no +amount of reason or argument, could persuade him to the +contrary. To preach the Gospel became an ardent desire now +with this passionately imaginative and earnest youth; but there +were serious hindrances in the way. There appears to have +been a kind of law in the Church with which he was connected at +Llwynrhydowain, that no member of the Church should be permitted +to preach until he had passed through a college course. It +is very remarkable that two of the greatest preachers who have +adorned the pulpit of Wales should have been admitted into Church +fellowship together on the same evening,—David Davies, +afterwards of Swansea, whose name we have already mentioned, and +Christmas Evans. It was always the regret and complaint of +their first pastor, that the Church law to which we have +referred, deprived his Church of the two most eminent men it had +ever produced. There were, no doubt, other reasons; but it +is singular, now, to notice the parallelism of the gifted pair, +for they also preached their first sermon, within a week of each +other, in the same cottage. Cottage preaching was then of +much more importance than it now seems to our ecclesiastical and +æsthetic apprehensions; and the congregations which +assembled in those old Welsh cottages were such as to try the +mental and spiritual strength of a young preacher. How +Davies acquitted himself, and how he ran his course, we may +notice by-and-bye; our present concern is with Christmas +Evans. Perhaps our readers will not entertain a +depreciating opinion of the youth, when they hear him very +candidly confess that the substance <a name="page47"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 47</span>of his first sermon was taken from +Beveridge’s “Thesaurus Theologicus,” a book +borrowed, probably, from his pastor. But a Mr. Davies, who +must have been a reading man although a farmer, heard it, was +very much impressed by it, but went home and found it; so that +the poor boy’s reputation as a preacher seemed gone. +“Still,” said the good man, “I have some hope +of the son of Samuel the shoemaker, because the prayer was as +good as the sermon.” But perhaps he would not have +thought so hopefully of the young man had he then known, what +Christmas afterwards confessed, that the prayer, too, was very +greatly committed to memory from a collection of prayers by a +well-known clergyman, Griffith Jones of Llanddowror.</p> +<p>Such was the first public effort of this distinguished +preacher; like the first effort of his great English +contemporary, Robert Hall, we suppose it would be regarded as a +failure. Meantime, we have to notice that the spiritual +life of the youth was going on; he began to be dissatisfied with +the frame of theologic sentiment of the Church to which he +belonged. He heard preachers who introduced him to the more +grand, scriptural, and evangelical views of Christian +truth. The men of that time did not play at preaching; the +celebrated David Morris, father of the yet more celebrated +Ebenezer Morris; the great Peter Williams, Jones of Llangan, +Thomas Davies of Neath,—such men as these appear to have +kindled in his mind loftier views of the person and the work of +Christ. Also, a man named Amos, who had been a member of +the same Church with Christmas Evans, had left that communion, <a +name="page48"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 48</span>and joined +that of the Baptists. A close study of the Word of God led +Christmas also to a change of convictions as to the meaning and +importance of the rite of baptism. A similar change of +theologic opinion was passing through the mind of his young +friend and fellow-member, David Davies, who finally united +himself with the Independent communion. Christmas Evans +says, “I applied to the Baptist Church at Aberduar, where I +was in due time received; I was then about twenty years and six +months old. I was baptized by the Rev. Timothy +Thomas.”</p> +<p>As the names of successive persons and pastors pass before our +eyes, and appear in these pages, it is at once affecting, +humbling, and elevating, to think of men of whom our ears have +scarcely ever heard, but who, in their day, were men “of +whom the world was not worthy,” and whose “record is +now on high.” Such a man, beyond all question, was +this Timothy Thomas, the son of an eminent father, the brother of +men who, if not as eminent as himself, were yet worthy of the +noble relationship. He was a Welsh gentleman, lived on a +farm, an extended lease of which he held, and which enabled him +to preach and fulfil the work of a pastor without any monetary +reward. He appears to have devoted himself, his time, his +energy, and his property to the work of the ministry. His +farm was a splendid one in the vale of the Teivy. Mr. Rhys +Stephen, who knew him, speaks of his gallant bearing, his +ingenuous spirit, and of his princely magnanimity; he would ride +thirty or forty miles on a Saturday, through the remote wilds of +Caermarthenshire and Cardiganshire, to be ready for the services +on the Sunday. His <a name="page49"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 49</span>gentlemanly bearing overcame and beat +down mobs which sometimes assembled for the purpose of insulting +and assailing him. Mr. Stephen mentions one singular +instance, when Mr. Thomas was expected to administer the +ordinance of baptism, and, as was not unusual in those days, in +the natural baptistry of the river. A mob had assembled +together for the purpose of insulting and annoying the service, +the missiles of offence in their hands; when, suddenly, a +well-dressed gentleman, mounted on a noble horse, rode over the +village bridge; he hastily alighted, gave his bridle to a +bystander, walked briskly into the middle of the little flock; +the inimical members of the mob set him down for a magistrate at +the least, and expected that he would give the word to disperse; +but instead of doing so, he took the nearest candidate by the +hand, and walked himself down into the stream, booted and spurred +as he was. Before the mob had done gaping, he had done this +part of his work; after this, however, he stood upon the brink of +the stream, still in his wet attire, and preached one of his +ardent sermons. He certainly conciliated the homage of the +opposing forces, and left them under the impression that the +“dippers,” as the Baptists were generally called, had +certainly one gentleman among them. We do not know how our +Baptist brethren would like to submit to this kind of service, +but it certainly seems to resemble more closely the baptism of +Enon, near to Salem, and that of the Ethiopian prince by Philip, +than some we have seen.</p> +<p>The anecdotes of this Timothy Thomas are too good and too +numerous to be entirely passed by. Once he was preaching in +the enchanting neighbourhood <a name="page50"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 50</span>near Llandeilo, to which we referred +in the first chapter—the neighbourhood of Grongar Hill, and +Golden Grove; the neighbourhood of Dyer, Steele, and Jeremy +Taylor. It was a still Sabbath morning in the summer, and +in that lovely spot immense crowds were gathered to hear +him. He had administered baptism, and preached, without +interruption, when someone came up to him and told him, with +startled fear and trepidation, that the clergyman,—the +rector,—on his way to the church, had been detained, +utterly unable to pass through the crowd, through the greater +part of the service. Instantly, with admirable tact and +catholicity, he exclaimed: “I understand that the respected +clergyman of the parish has been listening patiently to me for +the last hour; let us all go to the church and return the +compliment by hearing him.” The church, and the +churchyard as well, were instantly crowded; the clergyman was +delighted with the catholic spirit displayed by the Baptist +minister, and of course not a word further was said about the +trespass which had been committed.</p> +<p>Timothy Thomas was a noble specimen of what has been called +the “muscular Christian;” he had great courage. +Once, when travelling with his wife, and set upon by four +ruffians, he instantly, with his single stick, floored two, but +broke his stick in the very act of conquest. Immediately he +flew to a hedge and tore up a prodigious stake, and was again +going forth to victory, when the scoundrels, having had enough of +this bishop of the Church militant, took to flight and left him +in undisputed possession of the field. A remarkable man +this,—a sort of Welsh <a name="page51"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 51</span>chieftain; a perfect gentleman, but +half farmer, half preacher. In the order of Church +discipline, a man was brought up before him, as the pastor, for +having knocked down an Unitarian. “Let us hear all +about it,” said the pastor. “To tell all the +truth about it, sir,” said the culprit, “I met Jack +the miller at the sign of the Red Dragon, and there we had a +single glass of ale together.” “Stop a +bit,” said the minister; “I hope you paid for +it.” “I did, sir.” “That is +in your favour, Thomas,” said the pastor; “I cannot +bear those people who go about tippling at other people’s +expense. Go on, Thomas.” “Well, sir, +after a little while we began quietly talking about religion, and +about the work of Jesus Christ. Jack said that He was only +a man, and then he went on to say shocking things, things that it +was beyond the power of flesh and blood to bear.” +“I daresay,” said the pastor; “but what did he +say?” “He actually said, sir, that the blood of +Christ had no more power in it than the blood of a beast. I +could not stand that any more, so I knocked him +down.” “Well, brother,” said the +minister, “I cannot say that you did the right thing, but I +quite believe that I should have done so too. Go, and sin +no more.”</p> +<p>But with all these marks of a strong character, the lines of +Timothy Thomas’s faith were clear and firm.</p> +<p>Such was the man who received Christmas Evans into the Church +of which he became so bright and shining an ornament. This +noble man survived until his eighty-sixth year; he died at +Cardigan, in 1840. He was asked, sometimes, how many he had +baptized <a name="page52"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +52</span>during his lifetime, and he would reply, brusquely, +“About two thousand;” at other times, he would be +more particular, and say, “I have baptized at least two +thousand persons. Yes,” he would add tenderly, +“and thirty of them have become ministers of the Gospel; +and it was I who baptized Christmas Evans,”—sometimes +adding naïvely, “I did it right, too,—according +to the apostolic practice, you know.”</p> +<p>Thus we are brought to the interesting and important +turning-point in the life of Christmas Evans. He had united +himself with the Baptist communion. Our readers will +clearly perceive, that he was a young man who could not be +hidden, and it was soon discovered that the work of the ministry +was to be his destination. As to his internal state, upon +which a ministerial character must always depend, these early +years of his religious life were times and seasons of great +spiritual depression. Such frames of feeling depend, +perhaps, not less, or more, upon certain aspects of religious +truth, than they do upon the peculiarities of temperament; a +nervous imagination is very exhausting, and brings the physical +frame very low; moreover, exalted ideas, and ideals, produce very +depressing appreciations of self. He thought himself a mass +of ignorance and sin; he desired to preach, but he thought that +such words as his must be useless to his hearers: then, as to the +method of preaching, he was greatly troubled. He thought by +committing his sermons to memory he forfeited the gift of the +Holy Spirit; so he says he changed his method, took a text +without any premeditation, and preached what occurred to him at +the time; “but,” he continues, “if it was bad +before, it was worse now; so I <a name="page53"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 53</span>thought God would have nothing to do +with me as a preacher.”</p> +<p>The young man was humbled; he entered every pulpit with dread; +he thought that he was such an one that his mere appearance in +the pulpit would be quite sufficient to becloud the hearts of his +hearers, and to intercept the light from heaven. Then it +seems he had no close friend to whom he could talk; he was afraid +lest, if he laid bare the secrets of his heart, he should seem to +be only a hypocrite; so he had to wrap up the bitter secrets of +his soul in his own heart, and drink of his bitter cup +alone. Is this experience singular? Is not this the +way in which all truly great, and original preachers have been +made?—Luther, Bunyan, Dr. Payson, Robert Hall,—how +many beside? Such men have attained high scholarships, and +fellowships, in the great university of human nature; like Peter, +pierced to the heart themselves, they have “pricked” +the hearts, the consciences, of the thousands who have heard +them. Thus, more than from the lore of classical +literatures, they have had given to them “the tongue of the +learned,” which has enabled them to speak “a word in +season to those who were wearied;” thus, +“converted” themselves, they have been able to +“strengthen their brethren.”</p> +<p>Evans passed through a painful experience; the young man was +feeling his way. He was unconscious of the powers within +him, although they were struggling for expression; and so, +through his humility and lowly conceptions of himself, he was +passing on to future eminence and usefulness.</p> +<p>Lleyn was the first place where he appears to <a +name="page54"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 54</span>have felt his +feet. Lleyn at that time had not even the dignity of being +a village; it is a little inland hamlet out of Caernarvon Bay; +Nevin is its principal village; perhaps if the reader should seek +out Lleyn, even upon a tolerable map of Caernarvonshire, he will +have a difficulty in finding it. It seems to have been a +hamlet of the promontory, on a grand coast, surrounded by +magnificent hills, or overhanging mountains; we have never +visited it, but those who have done so speak of it as possessing +the charms of peculiar wildness: on the one side, precipitous +ravines, shut in by the sea; on the other, walls of dark +mountains,—forming the most complete picture of isolation +possible to imagine. Here is said to be the last +resting-place of Vortigern, who fled hither to escape the rage of +his subjects, excited by his inviting the Saxons to +Britain. A curious tradition holds that the mountains are +magnetic, and masters of vessels are said to be careful not to +approach too near the coast, fearing the effect upon their +compasses; this is believed to be the effect of a strong +undercurrent setting in all along the coast, dangerous to +vessels, and apt to lead them out of their course. Such was +Lleyn, the first field of labour on which this melancholy and +brooding youth was to exercise his ministry.</p> +<p>Evans had attended the Baptist Association at Maesyberllan in +Brecknockshire, in 1790; he was persuaded there to enter upon the +ministry in this very obscure district, and he was ordained as a +missionary to work among the humble Churches in that +vicinity. It does not appear that, in his own +neighbourhood, he had as yet attained to any reputation <a +name="page55"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 55</span>for peculiar +power, or that there were any apparent auguries and +prognostications of his future usefulness. It is curious to +notice, almost so soon as he began his work in this his first +distinct field of labour, he appears like a man new made; for +this seems to have been the place where the burden of which +Bunyan speaks, rolled from this Christian’s back; here a +new life of faith began to glow in him, and he knew something of +what it is to have the “oil of joy for mourning, and the +garment of praise instead of the spirit of +heaviness.” A little success is very encouraging; +depreciation is frequently the parent of depression; success is +often a fine old strengthening wine; and how often we have had +occasion to admire men who have wrought on at life’s tasks +bravely and cheerfully, although success never came and sat down +by their side, to cheer and encourage them; one sometimes wonders +what they would have done had their efforts and words received +the garland and the crown. Well, perhaps not so much; these +things are more wisely ordered than we know. Only this also +may be remarked, that, perhaps, the highest order of mind and +heart can do almost as well without success as with +it,—will behave beautifully if success should come, will +behave no less beautifully even if success should never come.</p> +<p>At Lleyn, Christmas Evans tasted the first prelibations of a +successful ministry; a wondrous power attended his preaching, +numbers were gathered into the Church. “I could +scarcely believe,” he says, “the testimony of the +people who came before the Church as candidates for membership, +that they were converted through my ministry; yet I was obliged +to <a name="page56"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +56</span>believe, though it was marvellous in my eyes. This +made me thankful to God, and increased my confidence in prayer; a +delightful gale descended upon me as from the hill of the New +Jerusalem, and I felt the three great things of the kingdom of +heaven, righteousness, and peace, and joy in the Holy +Ghost.” Indeed, very unusual powers seemed to attend +him. He says, “I frequently preached out of doors at +nightfall,” and the singing, and the praising seem to have +touched him very tenderly; he frequently found his congregations +bathed in tears and weeping profusely. Preaching was now to +him, as he testifies, a very great pleasure,—and no wonder; +quite a remarkable revival of religious feeling woke up wherever +he went. When he first entered Lleyn, the religious life +was very cold and feeble; quite wonderful was the change.</p> +<p>After a time, exhausted with his work in these villages, he +accepted an invitation to visit the more remote parts of South +Wales. When ministers, like Christmas Evans, are enfeebled +in health, they recreate themselves by preaching; the young man +was enfeebled, but he started off on his preaching tour; he could +not obtain a horse, so he walked the whole way, preaching in +every village or town through which he passed. Very +frequently large numbers of the same congregation would follow +after him the next day, and attend the services fifteen or twenty +times, although many miles apart. So he went through the +counties of Cardigan, Pembroke, Caernarvon, Glamorgan, Monmouth, +and Brecknock, stopping and holding services at the innumerable +villages lying on his way. The fame that a wonderful man of +God <a name="page57"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 57</span>had +appeared spread through South Wales on the wings of the wind, and +an appointment for Christmas Evans to preach was sufficient to +attract thousands to the place. While he yet continued at +Lleyn as itinerant missionary, in that short time he had acquired +perhaps a greater popularity than any other preacher of that day +in Wales.</p> +<p>We have not said that, during the first years of his residence +at Lleyn, he married Catherine Jones, a young lady a member of +his own Church,—a pious girl, and regarded as in every way +suitable for his companion. It will be seen that, so far +from diminishing, it seemed rather to increase his ardour; he +frequently preached five times during the Sabbath, and walked +twenty miles; his heart appeared to be full of love, he spoke as +in the strains of a seraph. No wonder that such labour and +incessant excitement told upon his health, it was feared even +that he might sink into consumption; but surely it was a singular +cure suggested for such a disease, to start off on the preaching +tour we have described.</p> +<p>At last, however, in an unexpected moment, he became +great. It was at one of those wonderful gatherings, an +Association meeting, held at Velinvoel, in the immediate +neighbourhood of Llanelly. A great concourse of people were +assembled in the open air. There was some hitch in the +arrangements. Two great men were expected, but still some +one or other was wanted to break the ice—to prepare the +way. On so short a notice, notwithstanding the abundant +preaching power, no one was found willing to take the vacant +place. Christmas Evans was there, walking about on the edge +of the <a name="page58"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +58</span>crowd—a tall, bony, haggard young man, uncouth, +and ill-dressed. The master of the ceremonies for the +occasion, the pastor of the district, was in an agony of +perplexity to find his man,—one who, if not equal to the +mightiest, would yet be sufficient for the occasion. In his +despair, he went to our old friend, Timothy Thomas; but he, +declining for himself, said abruptly, “Why not ask that +one-eyed lad from the North? I hear that he preaches quite +wonderfully.” So the pastor went to him. He +instantly consented. Many who were there afterwards +expressed the surprise they felt at the communication going on +between the pastor and the odd-looking youth. +“Surely,” they said, “he can never ask that +absurdity to preach!” They felt that an egregious +mistake was being committed; and some went away to refresh +themselves, and others to rest beneath the hedges around, until +the great men should come; and others, who stayed, comforted +themselves with the assurance that the “one-eyed lad” +would have the good sense to be very short. But, for the +young preacher, while he was musing, the fire was burning; he was +now, for the first time, to front one of those grand Welsh +audiences, the sacred <i>Eisteddfod</i> of which we have spoken, +and to be the preacher of an occasion, which, through all his +life after, was to be his constant work. Henceforth there +was to be, perhaps, not an Association meeting of his +denomination, of which he was not to be the most attractive +preacher, the most longed-for and brilliant star.</p> +<p>He took a grand text: “And you, that were sometime +alienated and enemies in your mind by wicked <a +name="page59"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 59</span>works, yet +now hath He reconciled, in the body of His flesh, through death, +to present you holy, and unblamable, and unreprovable in His +sight.” Old men used to describe afterwards how he +justified their first fears by his stiff, awkward movements; but +the organ was, in those first moments, building, and soon it +began to play. He showed himself a master of the instrument +of speech. Closer and closer the audience began to gather +near him. They got up, and came in from the hedges. +The crowd grew more and more dense with eager listeners; the +sermon became alive with dramatic representation. The +throng of preachers present confessed that they were dazzled with +the brilliance of the language, and the imagery, falling from the +lips of this altogether unknown and unexpected young +prophet. Presently, beneath some appalling stroke of words, +numbers started to their feet; and in the pauses—if pauses +were permitted in the paragraphs—the question went, +“Who is this? who have we here?” His words went +rocking to and fro; he had caught the +“<i>hwyl</i>,”—he had also caught the people in +it; he went swelling along at full sail. The people began +to cry, “<i>Gogoniant</i>!” (Glory!) +“<i>Bendigedig</i>!” (Blessed!) The excitement +was at its highest when, amidst the weeping, and rejoicing of the +mighty multitude, the preacher came to an end. Drawn +together from all parts of Wales to the meeting, when they went +their separate ways home they carried the memory of “the +one-eyed lad” with them.</p> +<p>Christmas Evans was, from that moment, one of the most famous +preachers in the Principality. Lord <a +name="page60"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 60</span>Byron tells +us how he woke up one morning and found himself famous. In +those days, a new great Welsh preacher was quite as famous a +birth in the little country of Wales as the most famous +reputation could be in the literary world of England.</p> +<p>We can conceive it all; for, about thirty-five years since, we +were spectators of some such scene. It was far in the +depths of the dark mountains beyond Abersychan, that we were led +to a large Welsh service; but it was in a great chapel, and it +was on a winter’s night. The place was dimly lit with +candles. There were, we remember, three preachers. +But whilst the first were pursuing their way, or the occasional +hymns were being chanted, our companion said to us, “But I +want you to hear that little hump-backed man, behind there; he +will come next.” We could scarcely see the little +hump-backed man, but what we saw of him did not predispose our +minds to any very favourable impressions, or prophecies of great +effects. In due time he came forward. Even as soon as +he presented himself, however, there was an evident +expectation. The people began more certainly to settle +themselves; to crane their necks forward; to smile their loving +smile, as upon a well-known friend, who would not disappoint +them; and to utter their sighs and grunts of satisfaction. +He was as uncouth a piece of humanity as we have ever seen, the +little hump-backed man, thin and bony. His iron-grey hair +fell over his forehead with no picturesque effect, nor did his +eyes seem to give any indication of fire; and there was a +shuffling and shambling in his gait, giving no sign of the grace +of the orator. But, gradually, as he moved along, and <a +name="page61"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 61</span>before he had +moved far, the whole of that audience was subject to his spell of +speech. His hair was thrown back from his forehead; his +features were lighted up. Hump-backed! You neither +saw it, nor thought of it. His wiry movement seemed +informed by dignity and grandeur. First, there came forth +audible gaspings, and grunts of approval and pleasure. His +very accent, whether you knew his language or not, compelled +tears to start to the eyes. Forth came those devout +gushings of speech we have mentioned, which, in Wales, are the +acclamations which greet a preacher; and, like Christmas Evans +with the close of his first grand sermon, the little hump-backed +man sat down, victorious over all personal deformity, amidst the +weeping and rejoicing of the people. We have always thought +of that circumstance as a wonderful illustration of the power of +the mind over the body.</p> +<p>Christmas returned to Lleyn, but not to remain there +long. The period of his ministry in that neighbourhood was +about two years, and during that time the religious spirit of the +neighbourhood had been deeply stirred. It is most likely +that the immediate cause which led to his removal may be traced +to the natural feeling that he was fitted for a much more obvious +and extended field of labour. Lleyn was a kind of mission +station, its churches were small, they had long been +disorganised, and it was not likely that, even if they woke at +once into newness of life, they could attain to ideas of +liberality and Church order, on which the growth and advance and +perpetuity of the Churches could alone be founded; and then it +was very likely discovered that the man <a +name="page62"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 62</span>labouring +among them would be demanded for labours very far afield; it is +awkward when the gifts of a man make him eminently acceptable to +shine and move as an evangelist, and yet he is expected to fill +the place, and be as steady in pastoral relations as a pole +star!</p> +<h2><a name="page63"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +63</span>CHAPTER III.<br /> +<i>THE MINISTRY IN THE ISLAND OF ANGLESEA</i>.</h2> +<blockquote><p>Journey to Anglesea—Cildwrn Chapel, and Life +in the Cildwrn Cottage—Poverty—Forcing his Way to +Knowledge—Anecdote, “I am the Book”—A +Dream—The Sandemanian Controversy—Jones of +Ramoth—“Altogether Wrong”—The Work in +Peril—Thomas Jones of Rhydwilym—Christmas’s +Restoration to Spiritual Health—Extracts from Personal +Reflections—Singular Covenant with God—Renewed +Success—The Great Sermon of the Churchyard +World—Scenery of its Probable Delivery—Outline of the +Sermon—Remarks on the Allegorical Style—Outlines of +Another Remarkable Sermon, “The Hind of the +Morning”—Great Preaching but Plain +Preaching—Hardships of the Welsh Preacher.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In 1792 Christmas Evans left Lleyn. He speaks of a +providential intimation conveyed to him from the Island of +Anglesea; the providential intimation was a call to serve all the +Churches of his order in that island for seventeen pounds a year! +and for the twenty years during which he performed this service, +he never asked for more. He was twenty-six years of age +when he set forth, on his birthday, Christmas Day, for his new +and enlarged world of work. He travelled like an +Apostle,—and surely he travelled in an apostolic +spirit,—he was unencumbered with this world’s +goods. It was a very rough day of frost and snow,</p> +<blockquote><p>“The way was long, the wind was +cold.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="page64"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 64</span>He +travelled on horseback, with his wife behind him; and he arrived +on the evening of the same day at Llangefni. On his arrival +in Anglesea he found ten small Baptist Societies, lukewarm and +faint; what amount of life there was in them was spent in the +distraction of theological controversy, which just then appeared +to rage, strong and high, among the Baptists in North +Wales. He was the only minister amongst those Churches, and +he had not a brother minister to aid him within a hundred and +fifty miles; but he commenced his labours in real earnest, and +one of his first movements was to appoint a day of fasting and +prayer in all the preaching places; he soon had the satisfaction +to find a great revival, and it may with truth be said “the +pleasure of the Lord prospered in his hand.”</p> +<p>Llangefni appears to have been the spot in Anglesea where +Christmas found his home. Llangefni is a respectable town +now; when the preaching apostle arrived there, near a hundred +years since, its few scattered houses did not even rise to the +dignity of a village. Cildwrn Chapel was here the place of +his ministrations, and here stood the little cottage where +Christmas and his wife passed their plain and simple days. +Chapel and cottage stood upon a bleak and exposed piece of +ground. The cottage has been reconstructed since those +days, but upon the site of the queer and quaint old manse stands +now a far more commodious chapel-keeper’s house. As +in the Bedford vestry they show you still the chair in which John +Bunyan sat, so here they show a venerable old chair, Christmas +Evans’s chair, in the old Cildwrn cottage; it is deeply and +curiously <a name="page65"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +65</span>marked by the cuttings of his pocket-knife, made when he +was indulging in those reveries and daydreams in which he lived +abstracted from everything around him.</p> +<p>The glimpses of life we obtain from this old Cildwrn cottage +do not incline us to speak in terms of very high eulogy of the +Voluntary principle, as developed in Anglesea in that day; from +the description, it must have been a very poor shanty, or windy +shieling; it is really almost incredible to think of such a man +in such a home. The stable for the horse or pony was a part +of the establishment, or but very slightly separated from it; the +furniture was very poor and scanty: a bed will sometimes +compensate for the deprivations and toils of the day when the +wearied limbs are stretched upon it, but Christmas Evans could +not, as James Montgomery has it, “Stretch the tired limbs, +and lay the head, upon his own delightful bed;” for, one of +his biographers says, the article on which the inmates, for some +time after their settlement, rested at night, could be designated +a bed only by courtesy; some of the boards having given way, a +few stone slabs did some necessary service. The door by +which the preacher and his wife entered the cottage was rotted +away, and the economical congregation saved the expense of a new +door by nailing a tin plate across the bottom; the roof was so +low that the master of the house, when he stood up, had to +exercise more than his usual forethought and precaution.</p> +<p>Here, then, was the study, the furnace, forge, and anvil +whence were wrought out those noble ideas, images, words, which +made Christmas Evans a <a name="page66"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 66</span>household name throughout the entire +Principality. Here he, and his Catherine, passed their days +in a life of perfect naturalness—somewhat too natural, +thinks the reader—and elevated piety. Which of us, +who write, or read these pages, will dare to visit them with the +indignity of our pity? Small as his means were, he looks +very happy, with his pleasant, bright, affectionate, helpful and +useful wife; he grew in the love and honour of the people; and to +his great pulpit eminence, and his simple daily life, have been +applied, not unnaturally, the fine words of Wordsworth—</p> +<blockquote><p>“So did he travel on life’s common +way<br /> +In cheerful lowliness; and yet his heart<br /> +The mightiest duties on itself did lay.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And there was a period in Wordsworth’s life, before +place, and fame, and prosperity came to him, when the little +cottage near the Wishing Gate, in Grasmere, was not many steps +above that of the Cildwrn cottage of Christmas Evans. The +dear man did not care about his poverty,—he appears never +either to have attempted to conceal it, nor to grumble at it; and +one of his biographers applies to him the pleasant words of Jean +Paul Richter, “The pain of poverty was to him only as the +piercing of a maiden’s ear, and jewels were hung in the +wound.”</p> +<p>It was, no doubt, a very rough life, but he appears to have +attained to the high degree of the Apostle,—“having +food and raiment, let us be therewith content;” and he was +caught up, and absorbed in his work: sermons, and material for +sermons, were always preparing in his mind; he lived to preach, +to <a name="page67"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +67</span>exercise that bardic power of his. That poor room +was the study; he had no separate room to which to retire, where, +in solitude, he could stir, or stride the steeds of thought or +passion.</p> +<p>During those years, in that poor Cildwrn room, he mastered +some ways of scholarship, the mention of which may, perhaps, +surprise some of our readers. He made himself a fair +Hebraist; no wonder at that, he must have found the language, to +him, a very congenial tongue; we take it that, anyhow, the +average Welshman will much more readily grapple with the +difficulties of Hebrew than the average Englishman. Then he +became so good a Grecian, that once, in a bookseller’s +shop, upon his making some remarks on Homer in the presence of a +clergyman, a University man, which drew forth expressions of +contempt, Christmas put on his classical panoply, and so +addressed himself to the shallow scholar, that he was compelled, +by the pressure of engagements, to beat a surprisingly quick +retreat.</p> +<p>Very likely the slender accoutrements of his library would +create a sneer upon the lips of most of the scholars of the +modern pulpit: his lexicons did not rise above +Parkhurst,—and <i>we</i> will be bold to express gratitude +to that forgotten and disregarded old scholar, too; Owen supplied +him with the bones of theological thought, the framework of his +systematic theology; and whatever readers may think of his taste, +Dr. Gill largely drew upon his admiration and sympathy, in the +method of his exposition. But, when all was said and done, +he was the Vulcan himself, who wrought the splendid fancies of +the Achilles’ shield,—say, rather, of the shield of +Faith; <a name="page68"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 68</span>he +did not disdain books, but books with him were few, and his mind, +experience, and observation were large.</p> +<p>A little while ago, we heard a good story. A London +minister of considerable notoriety, never in any danger of being +charged with a too lowly estimate of himself, or his powers, was +called to preach an anniversary sermon, on a week evening, some +distance from London. Arrived at the house of the brother +minister, for whom he had undertaken the service, before it +commenced, he requested to be shown into the study, in which he +might spend some little time in preparation: the minister went up +with him.</p> +<p>“So!” said the London Doctor, as he entered, and +gazed around, “this is the place where all the mischief is +done; this is your furnace, this is the spot from whence the +glowing thoughts, and sparks emanate!”</p> +<p>“Yes,” said his host, “I come up here to +think, and prepare, and be quiet; one cannot study so well in the +family.”</p> +<p>The Doctor strode up and down the room, glancing round the +walls, lined with such few books as the modest means of a humble +minister might be supposed to procure.</p> +<p>“Ah!” said the Doctor, “and these are the +books, the alimentary canals which absorb the pabulum from whence +you reinvigorate the stores of thought, and rekindle refrigerated +feeling.”</p> +<p>“Yes, Doctor,” said the good man, “these are +my books; I have not got many, you see, for I am not a rich +London minister, but only a poor country pastor; you have a large +library, Doctor?”</p> +<p><a name="page69"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 69</span>The +great man stood still; he threw a half-indignant and +half-benignant glance upon his humble brother, and he said, +“<i>I</i> have no library, <i>I</i> do not want books, +<i>I</i> am <i>the</i> Book!”</p> +<p>Christmas Evans, so far as he could command the +means,—but they were very few,—was a voracious +reader; and most of the things he read were welded into material +for the imagination; but much more truly might he have said, than +the awful London dignitary and Doctor, “I have no books, I +am the book.” His modesty would have prevented him +from ever saying the last; but it was nevertheless eminently and +especially true, he <i>was</i> the book. There was a good +deal in him of the self-contained, self-evolving character; and +it is significant of this, that, while probably he knew little, +or nothing, of our great English classical essayists, John Foster +and his Essays were especially beloved by him; far asunder as +were their spheres, and widely different their more obvious and +manifested life, there was much exceedingly alike in the +structure of their mental characters.</p> +<p>We have already alluded to the dream-life of Christmas Evans; +we should say, that if dreams come from the multitude of +business, the daily occupation, the ordinary life he lived was +well calculated to foster in him the life of dreams. Here +is one,—a strange piece, which shows the mind in which he +lived:—“I found myself at the gate of hell, and, +standing at the threshold, I saw an opening, beneath I which was +a vast sea of fire, in wave-like motion. Looking at it, I +said, ‘What infinite virtue there must have been in the +blood of Christ to have quenched, for His people, these awful +flames!’ <a name="page70"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 70</span>Overcome with the feeling, I knelt +down by the walls of hell, saying, ‘Thanks be unto Thee, O +great and blessed Saviour, that Thou hast dried up this terrible +sea of fire!’ Whereupon Christ addressed me: +‘Come this way, and I will show you how it was +done.’ Looking back, I beheld that the whole sea had +disappeared. Jesus passed over the place, and said: +‘Come, follow Me.’ By this time, I was within +what I thought were the gates of hell, where there were many +cells, out of which it was impossible to escape. I found +myself within one of these, and anxious to make my way out. +Still I felt wonderfully calm, as I had only just been conversing +with Jesus, and because He had gone before me, although I had now +lost sight of Him. I got hold of something, with which I +struck the corner of the place in which I stood, saying, +‘In the name of Jesus, open!’ and it instantly gave +way; so I did with all the enclosures, until I made my way out +into the open field. Whom should I see there but brethren, +none of whom, however, I knew, except a good old deacon, and +their work was to attend to a nursery of trees; I joined them, +and laid hold of a tree, saying, ‘In the name of Jesus, be +thou plucked up by the root!’ And it came up as if it +had been a rush. Hence I went forth, as I fancied, to work +miracles, saying, ‘Now I know how the Apostles wrought +miracles in the name of Christ!’”</p> +<p>It was during the earlier period of Christmas Evans’s +ministry at Anglesea, that a great irruption took place in the +island, and, indeed, throughout the Principality; and the +Sandemanian controversy shook the Churches, and especially the +Baptist Churches, <a name="page71"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +71</span>almost beyond all credibility, and certainly beyond what +would have been a possibility, but for the singular power of the +chief leader, John Richard Jones, of Ramoth. Christmas +Evans himself fell for some time beneath the power of Sandemanian +notions. Our readers, perhaps, know enough of this peculiar +form of faith and practice, to be aware that the worst thing that +can be said of it is, that it is a religious ice-plant, religion +in an ice-house,—a form chiefly remarkable for its rigid +ritualistic conservation of what are regarded as the primitive +forms of apostolic times, conjoined to a separation from, and a +severe and cynical reprobation of, all other Christian sects.</p> +<p>Christmas Evans says of himself at this period: “The +Sandemanian heresy affected me so far as to quench the spirit of +prayer for the conversion of sinners, and it induced in my mind a +greater regard for the smaller things of the kingdom of heaven, +than for the greater. I lost the strength which clothed my +mind with zeal, confidence, and earnestness in the pulpit for the +conversion of souls to Christ. My heart retrograded, in a +manner, and I could not realize the testimony of a good +conscience. Sabbath nights, after having been in the day +exposing and vilifying, with all bitterness, the errors that +prevailed, my conscience felt as if displeased, and reproached me +that I had lost nearness to, and walking with, God. It +would intimate that something exceedingly precious was now +wanting in me; I would reply, that I was acting in obedience to +the Word; but it continued to accuse me of the want of some +precious article. I had been robbed, to a <a +name="page72"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 72</span>great degree, +of the spirit of prayer, and of the spirit of +preaching.”</p> +<p>And the man who headed and gave effect to this Sandemanian +movement, which was regarded as a mighty reform movement, was +Jones of Ramoth. No doubt a real and genuine character +enough, a magnificent orator, a master of bitter wit, and +vigorous declamation. That is a keen saying with which +Richard Hooker commences his “Ecclesiastical Polity:” +“He that goeth about to persuade a multitude, that they are +not so well governed as they ought to be, shall never want +attentive and favourable hearers; because they know the manifold +defects whereunto every kind of regiment is subject; but the +secret lets and difficulties, which in public proceedings are +innumerable and inevitable, they have not ordinarily the judgment +to consider.” This seems to have been the work, and +this the effect, of John Richard Jones: very much the sum and +substance of his preaching grew to be a morbid horror of the +entire religious world, and a supreme contempt—one of his +memorialists says, a superb contempt—for all preachers +except himself, especially for all itinerant preachers. In +fact, Ramoth Jones’s influence in Anglesea might well be +described in George MacDonald’s song, “The Waesome +Carl:”—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Ye’re a’ wrang, and a’ +wrang,<br /> +And a’thegither a’ wrang;<br /> +There’s no a man aboot the toon<br /> +But’s a’thegither a’ wrang.</p> +<p>“The minister wasna fit to pray,<br /> + And let alane to preach;<br /> +He nowther had the gift o’ grace,<br /> + Nor yet the gift o’ speech.</p> +<p><a name="page73"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +73</span>“He mind’t him o’ Balaam’s +ass,<br /> + Wi’ a differ ye may ken:<br /> +The Lord He opened the ass’s mou’,<br /> + The minister opened’s ain.</p> +<p>“Ye’re a’ wrang, and a’ wrang,<br /> +And a’thegither a’ wrang;<br /> +There’s no a man aboot the toon<br /> +But’s a’thegither a’ wrang.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Compared with the slender following of the Sandemanian schism +now,—for we believe it has but six congregations in the +whole United Kingdom,—it seems strange to know that it laid +so wonderful a hold upon the island of Anglesea. It did, +however; and that it did was evidently owing to the strong man +whose name we have mentioned. He was a self-formed man, but +he was a man, if not of large scholarship, of full acquaintance +with Latin, Greek, and Hebrew; he was a skilful musician; he +understood the English language well, but of the Welsh he was a +great master. But his intelligence, we should think, was +dry and hard; his sentiments were couched in bitter sarcasm: +“If,” said he, “every Bible in the world were +consumed, and every word of Scripture erased from my memory, I +need be at no loss how to live a religious life, according to the +will of God, for I should simply have to proceed in all respects +in a way perfectly contrary to the popular religionists of this +age, and then I could not possibly be wrong.” He was +very arrogant and authoritative in tone and manner, supercilious +himself, and expecting the subordination of others. He was +so bitter and narrow, that one naturally supposes that some +injustice had embittered him. Some of <a +name="page74"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 74</span>his words +have a noble ring. But he encouraged a spirit far other +than a charitable one wherever his word extended; and it has been +not unnaturally said, that the spread of this Sandemanian +narrowness in Anglesea, realized something of the old Scotch +absurdity of having two Churches in the same cottage, consisting +of Janet in one apartment, and Sandy in the other; or of that +other famed Scottish Church, which had dwindled down to two +members, old Dame Christie, and Donald, but which seemed at last +likely to dwindle yet farther into one, as Christie said she had +“sair doubts o’ Donald.”</p> +<p>The work of Christmas Evans, so far successful, seemed likely +to be undone; all the Churches seemed inoculated by these new and +narrow notions, and Christmas Evans himself appears, as we have +seen, to have been not altogether unscathed. There is +something so plausible in this purism of pride; and many such a +creed of pessimism is the outgrowth of indifference born, and +nurtured, upon decaying faith,—a faith which, perhaps, as +in the instance of Ramoth Jones and his Sandemanian teachers, +continued true to Christ, so far as that is compatible with utter +indifference to humanity at large, and an utter separation from +the larger view of the Communion of Saints.</p> +<p>There was, however, a grand man, who stood firm while +ministers and Churches around him were reeling, Thomas Jones, of +Glynceiriog, in Denbighshire; he is said to have been the one and +only minister, at all known to the public, who remained in his +own denomination firm, and, successfully in his own spirit, +withstood, and even conquered, in this <a name="page75"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 75</span>storm of new opinion. And this +Thomas Jones did not stand like an insensible stone or rock, but +like a living oak, braving the blasts of veering opinion. +Most men think in crowds,—which is only to say they are the +victims of thoughtless plausibilities. This Thomas Jones +appears to have known what he believed; he was eminent for his +politeness, and greatly deferential in his bearing; but with all +this, his courtesy was the courtesy of the branch which bows, but +retains its place. He was a man of marvellous memory, and +Christmas Evans used to say of him, that wherever Thomas Jones +was, no Concordance would be necessary. He was a great +master in the study of Edwards “On the Freedom of the +Will,” and his method of reading the book was +characteristic; he would first seize a proposition, then close +the book, and close his eyes, and turn the proposition round and +round that it might be undisturbed by anything inside the +treatise, or outside of it, and in this way he would proceed with +the rigorous demonstration. He was a calm and dignified +knight in the tournament of discussion; and, before his lance, +more vehement but less trained thinkers and theologians went +down.</p> +<p>Thus it was that he preached a great Association sermon at +Llangevni, in 1802, which dealt the Sandemanian schism a fatal +blow; the captivity beneath the spell of the influence of Ramoth +Jones was broken, and turned as streams in the south. While +the sermon was being preached, Christmas Evans said, “This +Thomas Jones is a monster of a man!” Then the great +revival sprang up,—the ice reign was over; but shortly +after, he was called away <a name="page76"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 76</span>to Rhydwilym, in +Caermarthenshire. Young as he was, when John Elias heard of +his departure, he said, “The light of the north is +removed.” He died full of years, full of honours, +full of love; closing a life, says one, of quiet beauty, which +perhaps has never been surpassed, at Rhydwilym, in 1850.</p> +<p>This irruption of Sandemanian thought, as we have said and +seen, affected the spiritual life and earnest usefulness of +Christmas Evans. It is well we should place this passing +flower upon the memory of Jones of Rhydwilym, for he, it seems, +broke the spell and dissolved the enchantment, and bade, in the +heart of Christmas Evans, the imprisoned waters once more to flow +forth warm, and rejoicing, in the life and enthusiasm of +love. May we not say, in passing, that some such spell, if +not beneath the same denomination of opinion, holds many hearts +in bondage among the Churches in our time?</p> +<p>The joy which Christmas Evans felt in his deliverance, +realizes something of the warm words of the poet of the +<i>Messiah</i>—</p> +<blockquote><p>“The swain in barren deserts, with +surprise<br /> +Sees lilies spring, and sudden verdure rise;<br /> +And starts, amidst the thirsty wilds, to hear<br /> +New falls of water murmuring in his ear.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>“I was weary,” he says, referring to this period, +“of a cold heart towards Christ, and His sacrifice, and the +work of His Spirit—of a cold heart in the pulpit, in secret +prayer, and in the study. For fifteen years previously, I +had felt my heart burning within, as if going to Emmaus with +Jesus. On a day ever to be remembered by me, as I was going +<a name="page77"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 77</span>from +Dolgelly to Machynlleth, and climbing up towards Cadair Idris, I +considered it to be incumbent upon me to pray, however hard I +felt in my heart, and however worldly the frame of my spirit +was. Having begun in the name of Jesus, I soon felt, as it +were, the fetters loosening, and the old hardness of heart +softening, and, as I thought, mountains of frost and snow +dissolving and melting within me. This engendered +confidence in my soul in the promise of the Holy Ghost. I +felt my whole mind relieved from some great bondage; tears flowed +copiously, and I was constrained to cry out for the gracious +visits of God, by restoring to my soul the joys of His salvation; +and that He would visit the Churches in Anglesea that were under +my care. I embraced in my supplications all the Churches of +the saints, and nearly all the ministers in the Principality by +their names. This struggle lasted for three hours; it rose +again and again, like one wave after another, or a high flowing +tide, driven by a strong wind, until my nature became faint by +weeping and crying. Thus I resigned myself to Christ, body +and soul, gifts and labours—all my life—every day, +and every hour that remained for me; and all my cares I committed +to Christ. The road was mountainous and lonely, and I was +wholly alone, and suffered no interruption in my wrestlings with +God.</p> +<p>“From this time, I was made to expect the goodness of +God to Churches, and to myself. Thus the Lord delivered me +and the people of Anglesea from being carried away by the flood +of Sandemanianism. In the first religious meetings after <a +name="page78"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 78</span>this, I felt +as if I had been removed from the cold and sterile regions of +spiritual frost, into the verdant fields of Divine +promises. The former striving with God in prayer, and the +longing anxiety for the conversion of sinners, which I had +experienced at Lëyn, were now restored. I had a hold +of the promises of God. The result was, when I returned +home, the first thing that arrested my attention was, that the +Spirit was working also in the brethren in Anglesea, inducing in +them a spirit of prayer, especially in two of the deacons, who +were particularly importunate that God would visit us in mercy, +and render the Word of His grace effectual amongst us for the +conversion of sinners.”</p> +<p>And to about this time belongs a most interesting article, +preserved among his papers, “a solemn covenant with +God,” made, he says, “under a deep sense of the evil +of his own heart, and in dependence upon the infinite grace and +merit of the Redeemer.” It is a fine illustration of +the spirit and faith of the man in his lonely communions among +the mountains.</p> +<h3>Covenant with God.</h3> +<blockquote><p>I. I give my soul and body unto Thee, Jesus, +the true God, and everlasting life; deliver me from sin, and from +eternal death, and bring me into life everlasting. +Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>II. I call the day, the sun, the earth, the trees, the +stones, the bed, the table, and the books, to witness that I come +unto Thee, Redeemer of sinners, that I may obtain rest for my +soul from the thunders of guilt and the dread of eternity. +Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>III. I do, through confidence in Thy power, earnestly +entreat Thee to take the work into Thine own hand, and <a +name="page79"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 79</span>give me a +circumcised heart, that I may love Thee; and create in me a right +spirit, that I may seek thy glory. Grant me that principle +which Thou wilt own in the day of judgment, that I may not then +assume pale-facedness, and find myself a hypocrite. Grant +me this, for the sake of Thy most precious blood. +Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>IV. I entreat Thee, Jesus, the Son of God, in power +grant me, for the sake of Thy agonizing death, a covenant +interest in Thy blood which cleanseth; in Thy righteousness, +which justifieth; and in Thy redemption, which delivereth. +I entreat an interest in Thy blood, for Thy <i>blood’s</i> +sake, and a part in Thee, for Thy Name’s sake, which Thou +hast given among men. Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>V. O Jesus Christ, Son of the living God, take, for the +sake of Thy cruel death, my time, and strength, and the gifts and +talents I possess; which, with a full purpose of heart, I +consecrate to Thy glory in the building up of Thy Church in the +world, for Thou art worthy of the hearts and talents of all +men. Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>VI. I desire Thee, my great High Priest, to confirm, by +Thy power from Thy High Court, my usefulness as a preacher, and +my piety as a Christian, as two gardens nigh to each other; that +sin may not have place in my heart to becloud my confidence in +Thy righteousness, and that I may not be left to any foolish act +that may occasion my gifts to wither, and I be rendered useless +before my life ends. Keep Thy gracious eye upon me, and +watch over me, O my Lord, and my God for ever! +Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>VII. I give myself in a particular manner to Thee, O +Jesus Christ the Saviour, to be preserved from the falls into +which many stumble, that Thy name (in Thy cause) may not be +blasphemed or wounded, that my peace may not be injured, that Thy +people may not be grieved, and that Thine enemies may not be +hardened. Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>VIII. I come unto Thee, beseeching Thee to be in <a +name="page80"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 80</span>covenant with +me in my ministry. As Thou didst prosper Bunyan, Vavasor +Powell, Howell Harris, Rowlands, and Whitfield, O do Thou prosper +me. Whatsoever things are opposed to my prosperity, remove +them out of the way. Work in me everything approved of God +for the attainment of this. Give me a heart “sick of +love” to Thyself, and to the souls of men. Grant that +I may experience the power of Thy Word before I deliver it, as +Moses felt the power of his own rod, before he saw it on the land +and waters of Egypt. Grant this, for the sake of Thine +infinitely precious blood, O Jesus, my hope, and my all in +all. Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>IX. Search me now, and lead me into plain paths of +judgment. Let me discover in this life what I am before +Thee, that I may not find myself of another character when I am +shown in the light of the immortal world, and open my eyes in all +the brightness of eternity. Wash me in Thy redeeming +blood. Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>X. Grant me strength to depend upon Thee for food and +raiment, and to make known my requests. O let Thy care be +over me as a covenant-privilege betwixt Thee and myself, and not +like a general care to feed the ravens that perish, and clothe +the lily that is cast into the oven; but let Thy care be over me +as one of Thy family, as one of Thine unworthy brethren. +Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>XI. Grant, O Jesus, and take upon Thyself the preparing +of me for death, for Thou art God; there is no need but for Thee +to speak the word. If possible, Thy will be done; leave me +not long in affliction, nor to die suddenly, without bidding +adieu to my brethren, and let me die in their sight, after a +short illness. Let all things be ordered against the day of +removing from one world to another, that there be no confusion +nor disorder, but a quiet discharge in peace. O grant me +this, for the sake of Thine agony in the garden. +Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p><a name="page81"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +81</span>XII. Grant, O blessed Lord, that nothing may grow +and be matured in me to occasion Thee to cast me off from the +service of the sanctuary, like the sons of Eli; and for the sake +of Thine unbounded merit, let not my days be longer than my +usefulness. O let me not be like lumber in a house in the +end of my days, in the way of others to work. +Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>XIII. I beseech Thee, O Redeemer, to present these my +supplications before the Father; and oh, inscribe them in Thy +Book with Thine own immortal pen, while I am writing them with my +mortal hand in my book on earth. According to the depths of +Thy merit, Thine undiminished grace, and Thy compassion, and Thy +manner unto Thy people, O attach Thy Name in Thine Upper Court to +these unworthy petitions; and set Thine Amen to them, as I do on +my part of the covenant. Amen.—<span +class="smcap">Christmas Evans</span>, <i>Llangevni</i>, +<i>Anglesea</i>, <i>April</i> 10, 18—.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Is not this an amazing document? It is of this time that +he further writes:—“I felt a sweet peace and +tranquillity of soul, like unto a poor man that had been brought +under the protection of the Royal Family, and had an annual +settlement for life made upon him; and from whose dwelling +painful dread of poverty and want had been for ever banished +away.” We have heard of God-intoxicated men; and what +language can more appropriately describe a covenant-engagement so +elevated, so astonishing, and sublime?</p> +<p>Now, apparently strengthened as by a new spirit, with +“might in the inner man,” he laboured with renewed +energy and zeal; and new and singular blessings descended upon +his labours. In two years, his ten preaching places in +Anglesea were increased <a name="page82"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 82</span>to twenty, and six hundred converts +were added to the Church under his own immediate care. It +seemed as if the wilderness and the solitary place were glad for +him, and the desert rejoiced and blossomed as the rose.</p> +<p>Probably, Christmas Evans’s name had been scarcely +announced, or read, in England, until his great Graveyard Sermon +was introduced to a company of friends, by the then celebrated +preacher, Dr. Raffles, of Liverpool. As the story has been +related, some persons present had affected contempt for Welsh +preaching. “Listen to me,” said Raffles, +“and I will give to you a specimen of Welsh +eloquence.” Upon those present, the effect was, we +suppose, electrical. He was requested to put it in print; +and so the sermon became very extensively known, and has been +regarded, by many, as the preacher’s most astonishing +piece.</p> +<p>To what exact period of Evans’s history it is to be +assigned cannot be very well ascertained, but it is probably +nearly sixty years since Raffles first recited it; so that it +belongs, beyond a doubt, to the early Anglesea days. It +was, most likely, prepared as a great bardic or dramatic chant +for some vast Association meeting, and was, no doubt, repeated +several times, for it became very famous. It mingles +something of the life of an old Mystery Play, or Ober-Ammergau +performance; but as to any adequate rendering of it, we apprehend +that to be quite impossible. Raffles was a rhetorician, and +famous as his version became, the good Doctor knew little or +nothing of Welsh, nor was the order of his mind likely very +accurately to render either the Welsh <a name="page83"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 83</span>picture or the Welsh accent. +His periods were too rounded, the language too fine, and the +pictures too highly coloured.</p> +<p>It was about the same time that, far away from Anglesea, among +the remote, unheard-of German mountains of Baireuth, a dreamer of +a very different kind was visited by some such vision of the +world, regarded as a great churchyard. Jean Paul +Richter’s churchyard, visited by the dead Christ, was +written in Siebinckas, for the purpose of presenting the misty, +starless, cheerless, and spectral outlook of the French atheism, +which was then spreading out, noxious and baleful, over +Europe.</p> +<p>Very different were the two men, their spheres, and their +avocations; overwhelming, solemn, and impressive as is the vision +of Jean Paul, it certainly would have said little to a vast Welsh +congregation among the dark hills. Christmas Evans’s +piece is dramatic; his power of impersonation and colloquy in the +pulpit was very great; and the reader has to conceive all this, +while on these colder pages the scenes and the conversations go +on. It appears to have been first preached in a small dell +among the mountains of Carnarvonshire. The spot was +exquisitely romantic; it was a summer’s season, the grass +was in its rich green, brooks were purling round, and the spot +hemmed in by jagged crags and the cliffs of tall mountains; a +beautiful spot, but an Englishman spoke of it as “beauty +sleeping on the lap of terror.”</p> +<p>A preliminary service, of course, went on,—hymns, the +sounding of the slow, plaintive minor melody from thousands of +tongues, rising and loitering, and <a name="page84"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 84</span>lingering among the neighbouring +acclivities, before they finally fade off into silence; then +there is reading, and prayer, singing again, and a short sermon +before Christmas Evans comes. He has not attained to the +full height of his great national fame as yet; he is before the +people, however, “the one-eyed man of +Anglesea,”—the designation by which he was to be +known for many years to come. He stands six feet high, his +face very expressive, but very calm and quiet; but a great fire +was burning within the man. He gave out some verses of a +well-known Welsh hymn, and while it was being sung took out a +small phial from his waistcoat-pocket, wetting the tips of his +fingers and drawing them over his blind eye; it was laudanum, +used to deaden the excruciating pain which upon some occasions +possessed him.</p> +<p>He gave out his text from Romans v. 15: “If through the +offence of one many be dead, much more the grace of God, and the +gift by grace, which is by one man, Jesus Christ, hath abounded +unto many.” Naturally, he does not begin at once, but +spends a little time, in clearly-enunciated words, in announcing +two things,—the universal depravity and sinfulness of men, +and the sighing after propitiation. <i>Mene</i>! +<i>Tekel</i>! he says, is written on every human heart; wanting, +wanting, is inscribed on heathen fanes and altars, on the laws, +customs, and institutions of every nation, and on the universal +consciousness of mankind; and bloody sacrifices among pagan +nations show the handwriting of remorse upon the +conscience,—a sense of guilt, and a dread of punishment, +and a fear which hath torment.</p> +<p>As he goes on the people draw nearer, become <a +name="page85"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 85</span>more intense +in their earnest listening; they are rising from their seats, +their temporary forms. Some are in carriages; there is a +lady leaning on her husband’s shoulder, he still sitting, +she with outstretched neck gazing with obviously strange emotion +at the preacher; some of the people are beginning to weep. +There is an old evangelical clergyman who has always preached the +Gospel, although laughed at by his squire, and quite unknown by +his Bishop; he is rejoicing with a great joy to hear his old +loved truths set forth in such a manner; he is weeping +profusely.</p> +<p>Christmas Evans, meantime, is pursuing his way, lost in his +theme. Now his eye lights up, says one who knew him, like a +brilliantly-flashing star, his clear forehead expands, his form +dilates in majestic dignity; and all that has gone before will be +lost in the white-heat passion with which he prepares to sing of +Paradise lost, and Paradise regained. One of his Welsh +critics says: “All the stores of his energy, and the +resources of his voice, which was one of great compass, depth, +and sweetness, seemed reserved for the closing portions of the +picture, when he represented the routed and battered hosts of +evil retreating from the cross, where they anticipated a triumph, +and met a signal, and irretrievable overthrow.” Thus +prepared, he presented to his hearers the picture of</p> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">The World as a +Graveyard</span>.”</h3> +<blockquote><p>“Methinks,” exclaimed the impassioned +preacher, “I find myself standing upon the summit of one of +the highest of the everlasting hills, permitted from thence to +take a <a name="page86"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +86</span>survey of the whole earth; and all before me I see a +wide and far-spread burial-ground, a graveyard, over which lie +scattered the countless multitudes of the wretched and perishing +children of Adam! The ground is full of hollows, the +yawning caverns of death; and over the whole scene broods a thick +cloud of darkness: no light from above shines upon it, there is +no ray of sun or moon, there is no beam, even of a little candle, +seen through all its borders. It is walled all around, but +it has gates, large and massive, ten thousand times stronger than +all the gates of brass forged among men; they are one and all +safely locked,—the hand of Divine Law has locked them; and +so firmly secured are the strong bolts, that all the created +powers even of the heavenly world, were they to labour to all +eternity, could not drive so much as one of them back. How +hopeless is the wretchedness to which the race is doomed! into +what irrecoverable depths of ruin has sin plunged the people who +sit there in darkness, and in the shadow of death, while there, +by the brazen gates, stands the inflexible guard, brandishing the +flaming sword of undeviating Law!</p> +<p>“But see! In the cool of the day, there is one +descending from the eternal hills in the distance: it is Mercy! +the radiant form of Mercy, seated in the chariot of Divine +Promise. She comes through the worlds of the universe; she +pauses here to mark the imprisoned and grave-like aspect of our +once fair world; her eye affected her heart as she beheld the +misery, and heard the cry of despair, borne upon the four winds +of heaven; she could not pass by, nor pass on; she wept over the +melancholy scene, and she said, ‘Oh that I might +enter! I would bind up their wounds, I would relieve their +sorrows, I would save their souls!’ An embassy of +angels, commissioned from Heaven to some other world, paused at +the sight; and Heaven forgave that pause. They saw Mercy +standing by the gate, and they cried, ‘Mercy, canst thou +not enter? Canst thou look upon that world and not +pity? Canst thou pity and not <a name="page87"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 87</span>relieve?’ And Mercy, in +tears, replied, ‘I can see, and I can pity, but I cannot +relieve.’ ‘Why dost thou not enter?’ +inquired the heavenly host. ‘Oh,’ said Mercy, +‘Law has barred the gate against me, and I must not, and I +cannot unbar it.’ And Law stood there watching the +gate, and the angels asked of him, ‘Why wilt thou not +suffer Mercy to enter?’ And he said, ‘No one +can enter here and live;’ and the thunder of his voice +outspoke the wailings within. Then again I heard Mercy cry, +‘Is there no entrance for me into this field of death? may +I not visit these caverns of the grave; and seek, if it may be, +to raise some at least of these children of destruction, and +bring them to the light of day? Open, Justice, Open! drive +back these iron bolts, and let me in, that I may proclaim the +jubilee of redemption to the children of the dust!’ +And then I heard Justice reply, ‘Mercy! surely thou lovest +Justice too well to wish to burst these gates by force of arm, +and thus to obtain entrance by lawless violence. I cannot +open the door: I am not angry with these unhappy, I have no +delight in their death, or in hearing their cries, as they lie +upon the burning hearth of the great fire, kindled by the wrath +of God, in the land that is lower than the grave. But +<i>without shedding of blood there is no +remission</i>.’</p> +<p>“So Mercy expanded her wings, splendid beyond the +brightness of the morning when its rays are seen shooting over +mountains of pearl,—and Mercy renewed her flight amongst +the unfallen worlds; she re-ascended into the mid air, but could +not proceed far, because she could not forget the sad sight of +the Graveyard-World, the melancholy prison. She returned to +her native throne in the Heaven of heavens; it was a glorious +high throne, unshaken and untarnished by the fallen fate of man +and angels. Even there she could not forget what she had +witnessed, and wept over, and she weighed the woes of the sad +world against the doom of eternal Law; she could not forget the +prison and the graveyard, and she re-descended with a more rapid +and radiant <a name="page88"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +88</span>flight, and she stood again by the gate, but again was +denied admission. And the two stood there together, Justice +and Mercy; and Justice dropped his brandishing sword while they +held converse together; and while they talked, there was silence +in heaven.</p> +<p>“‘Is there then no admission on any terms +whatever?’ she said. ‘Ah, yes,’ said +Justice; ‘but then they are terms which no created being +can fulfil. I demand atoning death for the Eternal life of +those who lie in this Graveyard; I demand Divine life for their +ransom.’ And while they were talking, behold there +stood by them a third Form, fairer than the children of men, +radiant with the glory of heaven. He cast a look upon the +graveyard. And He said to Mercy, ‘Accept the +terms.’ ‘Where is the security?’ said +Justice. ‘Here,’ said Mercy, pointing to the +radiant Stranger, ‘is my bond. Four thousand years +from hence, demand its payment on Calvary. To redeem +men,’ said Mercy, ‘I will be incarnate in the Son of +God, I will be the Lamb slain for the life of this Graveyard +World.’</p> +<p>“The bond was accepted, and Mercy entered the graveyard +leaning on the arm of Justice. She spoke to the +prisoners. Centuries rolled by. So went on the +gathering of the firstfruits in the field of redemption. +Still ages passed away, and at last the clock of prophecy struck +the fulness of time. The bond, which had been committed to +patriarchs and prophets, had to be redeemed; a long series of +rites and ceremonies, sacrifices and oblations, had been +instituted to perpetuate the memory of that solemn deed.</p> +<p>“At the close of the four thousandth year, when +Daniel’s seventy weeks were accomplished, Justice and Mercy +appeared on the hill of Calvary; angels and archangels, cherubim +and seraphim, principalities and powers, left their thrones and +mansions of glory, and bent over the battlements of heaven, +gazing in mute amazement and breathless suspense upon the solemn +scene. At the foot of Calvary’s hill was beheld the +Son of God. ‘Lo, I come,’ He said; <a +name="page89"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 89</span>‘in the +bond it is written of me.’ He appeared without the +gates of Jerusalem, crowned with thorns, and followed by the +weeping Church. It was with Him the hour and the power of +darkness; above Him were all the vials of Divine wrath, and the +thunders of the eternal Law; round Him were all the powers of +darkness,—the monsters of the pit, huge, fierce and +relentless, were there; the lions as a great army, gnashing their +teeth ready to tear him in pieces; the unicorns, a countless +host, were rushing onwards to thrust him through; and there were +the bulls of Bashan roaring terribly; the dragons of the pit +unfolding themselves, and shooting out their stings; and dogs, +many, all round the mountain.</p> +<p>“And He passed through this dense array, an unresisting +victim led as a lamb to the slaughter. He took the bond +from the hand of Justice, and, as He was nailed to the cross, He +nailed it to the cross; and all the hosts of hell, though +invisible to man, had formed a ring around it. The rocks +rent, the sun shrank from the scene, as Justice lifted his right +hand to the throne, exclaiming, ‘Fires of heaven, descend +and consume this sacrifice!’ The fires of heaven, +animated with living spirit, answered the call, ‘We come! +we come! and, when we have consumed that victim, we will burn the +world.’ They burst, blazed, devoured; the blood of +the victim was fast dropping; the hosts of hell were shouting, +until the humanity of Emmanuel gave up the ghost. The fire +went on burning until the ninth hour of the day, but when it +touched the Deity of the Son of God it expired; Justice dropped +the fiery sword at the foot of the cross; and the Law joined with +the prophets in witnessing to the righteousness which is by faith +in the Son of God, for all had heard the dying Redeemer exclaim, +‘It is finished!’ The weeping Church heard it, +and lifting up her head cried too, ‘It is +finished!’ Attending angels hovering near heard it, +and, winging their flight, they sang, ‘It is +finished!’ The powers of darkness heard the +acclamations of the universe, and hurried away from the scene in +death-like <a name="page90"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +90</span>feebleness. He triumphed over them openly. +The graves of the old Burial-ground have been thrown open, and +gales of life have blown over the valley of dry bones, and an +exceeding great army has already been sealed to our God as among +the living in Zion; for so the Bond was paid and eternal +redemption secured.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This was certainly singular preaching; it reads like a leaf or +two from Klopstock. We may believe that the enjoyment with +which it was heard was rich and great, but we suppose that the +taste of our time would regard it as almost intolerable. +Still, there are left among us some who can enjoy the +<i>Pilgrim’s Progress</i>, and the <i>Fairy Queen</i>, and +we do not see how, in the presence of those pieces, a very +arrogant exception can be taken to this extraordinary sermon.</p> +<p>A more serious objection, perhaps, will be taken to the +nomenclature, the symbolic language in which the preacher +expressed his theology. It literally represented the +theology of Wales at the time when it was delivered; the theology +was stern and awful; the features of God were those of a stern +and inflexible Judge; nature presented few relieving lights, and +man was not regarded as pleasant to look upon. Let the +reader remember all this, and perhaps he will be more tolerant to +the stern outline of this allegory; it is pleasant, now, to know +that we have changed all that, and that everywhere, and all +around us, God, and nature, and man are presented in rose-hued +lights, and all conditions of being are washed by rosy and +pacific seas; we see nothing stern or awful now, either in nature +or in grace, in natural or <a name="page91"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 91</span>in supernatural things; Justice has +become gentlemanly, and Law, instead of being stern and terrible, +is bland, and graceful, and beautiful as a woman’s +smile!</p> +<p>In Christmas Evans’s day, it was not quite so. As +to objections to the mode of preaching, as in contrast with that +style which adopts only the sustained argument, and the +rhetorical climax and relation, we have already said that +Christmas must be tried by quite another standard; we have +already said that he was a bard among preachers, and belonged to +a nation of bards. It was a kind of primeval song, +addressed to people of primeval instincts; but, whatever its +merits or demerits may be, it fairly represents the man and his +preaching. It does not, indeed, reflect the style of the +modern mind; but, there are many writers, and readers at present, +who are carrying us back to the mediæval times, and the +monastic preachers of those ages, and among them we find +innumerable pieces of the same order of sustained allegory which +we have just quoted from Christmas Evans. What is it but to +say, that the simple mind is charmed with pictures,—it must +have them; and such sermons as abound in them, have power over +it?</p> +<p>We believe we have rendered this singular passage with such +fairness that the reader may be enabled to form some idea of its +splendour. When it was repeated to Robert Hall, he +pronounced it one of the finest allegories in the language. +When Christmas Evans was on a visit to Dr. Raffles, the Doctor +recited to him his own version, and, apparently with some +amazement, said, “Did you actually say all <a +name="page92"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +92</span>that?” “Oh, yes,” said +Christmas, “I did say all that, but I could never have put +it into such English.” And this we are greatly +disposed to regard as impairing the bold grandeur and strength of +the piece; any rendering of it into English must, as it seems to +us, add to its prettiness, and therefore divest it of its +power.</p> +<p>Probably to the same period of the preacher’s history +belongs another sermon, which has always seemed to us a piece of +undoubted greatness. It is upon the same subject, the +Crucifixion of Christ. We should think that its delivery +would, at any time, from such lips as his, produce equally +pathetic emotions. The allegory is not so sustained, but it +is still full of allegorical allusions derived from Scriptural +expression.</p> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">The Hind of the +Morning</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“It is generally admitted that the +twenty-second Psalm has particular reference to Christ. +This is evident from His own appropriation of the first verse +upon the cross: ‘My God! my God! why hast Thou forsaken +Me?’ The title of that Psalm is ‘<i>Aijeleth +Shahar</i>,’ which signifies ‘A Hart, or the Hind of +the Morning.’ The striking metaphors which it +contains are descriptive of Messiah’s peculiar +sufferings. He is the Hart, or the Hind of the Morning, +hunted by the Black Prince, with his hell-hounds—by Satan, +and all his allies. The ‘dogs,’ the +‘lions,’ the ‘unicorns,’ and the +‘strong bulls of Bashan,’ with their devouring teeth, +and their terrible horns, pursued Him from Bethlehem to +Calvary. They beset Him in the manger, gnashed upon Him in +the garden, and well-nigh tore Him to pieces upon the +cross. And still they persecute Him in His cause, and in +the persons and interests of His people.</p> +<p><a name="page93"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +93</span>“The faith of the Church anticipated the coming of +Christ, ‘like a roe or a young hart,’ with the dawn +of the day promised in Eden; and we hear her exclaiming in the +Canticles—‘The voice of my beloved! behold, He +cometh, leaping upon the mountains, and skipping upon the +hills!’ She heard Him announce His advent in the +promise, ‘Lo, I come to do Thy will, O God!’ and with +prophetic eye, saw Him leaping from the mountains of eternity to +the mountains of time, and skipping from hill to hill throughout +the land of Palestine, going about doing good. In the +various types and shadows of the law, she beheld Him +‘standing by the wall, looking forth at the windows, +showing Himself through the lattice;’ and then she +sang—‘Until the day break and the shadows flee away, +turn, my beloved, and be thou like the roe or the young hart upon +the mountains of Bether!’ Bloody sacrifices revealed +Him to her view, going down to the ‘vineyards of red +wine;’ whence she traced Him to the meadows of Gospel +ordinances, where ‘He feedeth among the +lilies’—to ‘the gardens of cucumbers,’ +and ‘the beds of spices;’ and then she sang to Him +again—‘Make haste’—or, flee +away—‘my beloved! be thou like the roe or the young +hart among the mountains of spices.’</p> +<p>“Thus she longed to see Him, first ‘on the +mountain of Bether,’ and then ‘on the mountain of +spices.’ On both mountains she saw Him eighteen +hundred years ago, and on both she may still trace the footsteps +of His majesty, and His mercy. The former, He hath tracked +with His own blood, and His path upon the latter is redolent of +frankincense and myrrh.</p> +<p>“Bether signifies division. This is the craggy +mountain of Calvary; whither the ‘Hind of the +Morning’ fled, followed by all the wild beasts of the +forest, and the bloodhounds of hell; summoned to the pursuit, and +urged on, by the prince of perdition; till the victim, in His +agony, sweat great drops of blood—where He was terribly +crushed <a name="page94"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +94</span>between the cliffs, and dreadfully mangled by sharp and +ragged rocks—where He was seized by Death, the great +Bloodhound of the bottomless pit—whence He leaped the +precipice, without breaking a bone; and sunk in the dead sea, +sunk to its utmost depth, and saw no corruption.</p> +<p>“Behold the ‘Hind of the Morning’ on that +dreadful mountain! It is the place of skulls, where Death +holds his carnival in companionship with worms, and hell laughs +in the face of heaven. Dark storms are gathering +there—convolving clouds, charged with no common +wrath. Terrors set themselves in battle-array before the +Son of God; and tempests burst upon Him which might sweep all +mankind in a moment to eternal ruin. Hark! hear ye not the +subterranean thunder? Feel ye not the tremor of the +mountain? It is the shock of Satan’s artillery, +playing upon the Captain of our Salvation. It is the +explosion of the magazine of vengeance. Lo, the earth is +quaking, the rocks are rending, the graves are opening, the dead +are rising, and all nature stands aghast at the conflict of +Divine mercy with the powers of darkness. One dread +convulsion more, one cry of desperate agony, and Jesus +dies—an arrow has entered into His heart. Now leap +the lions, roaring, upon their prey; and the bulls of Bashan are +bellowing; and the dogs of perdition are barking; and the +unicorns toss their horns on high; and the devil, dancing with +exultant joy, clanks his iron chains, and thrusts up his fettered +hands in defiance towards the face of Jehovah!</p> +<p>“Go a little farther upon the mountain, and you come to +‘a new tomb hewn out of the rock.’ There lies a +dead body. It is the body of Jesus. His disciples +have laid it down in sorrow, and returned, weeping, to the +city. Mary’s heart is broken, Peter’s zeal is +quenched in tears, and John would fain lie down and die in his +Master’s grave. The sepulchre is closed up, and +sealed, and a Roman sentry placed at its entrance. On the +morning of the third day, while it is yet dark, two or three +women come to anoint the <a name="page95"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 95</span>body. They are debating about +the great stone at the mouth of the cave. ‘Who shall +roll it away?’ says one of them. ‘Pity we did +not bring Peter, or John with us.’ But, arriving, +they find the stone already rolled away, and one sitting upon it, +whose countenance is like lightning, and whose garments are white +as the light. The steel-clad, iron-hearted soldiers lie +around him, like men slain in battle, having swooned with +terror. He speaks: ‘Why seek ye the living among the +dead? He is not here; He is risen; He is gone forth from +this cave victoriously.’</p> +<p>“It is even so! For there are the shroud, and the +napkin, and the heavenly watchers; and when He awoke, and cast +off His grave-clothes, the earthquake was felt in the city, and +jarred the gates of hell. ‘The Hind of the +Morning’ is up earlier than any of His pursuers, +‘leaping upon the mountains, and skipping upon the +hills.’ He is seen first with Mary at the tomb; then +with the disciples in Jerusalem; then with two of them on the way +to Emmaus; then going before His brethren into Galilee; and, +finally, leaping upon the top of Olivet to the hills of Paradise; +fleeing away to ‘the mountain of spices,’ where He +shall never more be hunted by the Black Prince and his +hounds.</p> +<p>“Christ is perfect master of gravitation, and all the +laws of nature are obedient to His will. Once He walked +upon the water, as if it were marble beneath His feet; and now, +as He stands blessing His people, the glorious Form, so recently +nailed to the cross, and still more recently cold in the grave, +begins to ascend like ‘the living creature’ in +Ezekiel’s vision, ‘lifted up from the earth,’ +till nearly out of sight; when ‘the chariots of God, even +thousands of angels,’ receive Him, and haste to the +celestial city, waking the thrones of eternity with this jubilant +chorus—‘Lift up your heads, O ye gates! and be ye +lifted up, ye everlasting doors! and the King of glory shall come +in!’</p> +<p>“Christ might have rode in a chariot of fire all the way +<a name="page96"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 96</span>from +Bethlehem to Calvary; but he preferred riding in a chariot of +mercy, whose lining was crimson, and whose ornament the +malefactor’s cross. How rapidly rolled his wheels +over the hills and the plains of Palestine, gathering up +everywhere the children of affliction, and scattering blessings +like the beams of the morning! Now we find Him in Cana of +Galilee, turning water into wine; then treading the waves of the +sea, and hushing the roar of the tempest; then delivering the +demoniac of Gadara from the fury of a legion of fiends; then +healing the nobleman’s son at Capernaum; raising the +daughter of Jairus, and the young man of Nain; writing upon the +grave of Bethany, ‘I am the resurrection and the +life;’ curing the invalid at the pool of Bethesda; feeding +the five thousand in the wilderness; preaching to the woman by +Jacob’s well, acquitting the adulteress, and shaming her +accusers; and exercising everywhere, in all his travels, the +three offices of Physician, Prophet, and Saviour, as he drove on +towards the place of skulls.</p> +<p>“Now we see the chariot surrounded with +enemies—Herod, and Pilate, and Caiaphas, and the Roman +soldiers, and the populace of Jerusalem, and thousands of Jews +who have come up to keep the Passover, led on by Judas and the +devil. See how they rage and curse, as if they would tear +him from his chariot of mercy! But Jesus maintains his +seat, and holds fast the reins, and drives right on through the +angry crowd, without shooting an arrow, or lifting a spear upon +his foes. For in that chariot the King must ride to +Calvary—Calvary must be consecrated to mercy for +ever. He sees the cross planted upon the brow of the hill, +and hastens forward to embrace it. No sacrifice shall be +offered to Justice on this day, but the one sacrifice which +reconciles heaven and earth. None of these children of +Belial shall suffer to-day. The bribed witnesses, and +clamorous murderers, shall be spared—the smiters, the +scourgers, the spitters, the thorn-plaiters, the nail drivers, <a +name="page97"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 97</span>the +head-shakers—for Jesus pleads on their behalf: +‘Father, forgive them! they know not what they do. +They are ignorant of Thy grace and truth. They are not +aware of whom they are crucifying. Oh, spare them! +Let Death know that he shall have enough to do with <i>me</i> +to-day! Let him open all his batteries upon +<i>me</i>! <i>My</i> bosom is bare to the stroke. +<i>I</i> will gather all the lances of hell in <i>my</i> +heart!’</p> +<p>“Still the chariot rushes on, and ‘fiery +darts’ are thick and fast, like a shower of meteors, on +Messiah’s head, till He is covered with wounds, and the +blood flows down His garments, and leaves a crimson track behind +Him. As He passes, He casts at the dying malefactor a +glance of benignity, and throws him a passport into Paradise, +written with His own blood; stretches forth His sceptre, and +touches the prison-door of death, and many of the prisoners came +forth, and the tyrant shall never regain his dominion over them; +rides triumphant over thrones and principalities, and crushes +beneath his wheels the last enemy himself, and leaves the +memorial of his march engraven on the rocks of Golgotha!</p> +<p>“Christ is everywhere in the Scriptures spoken of as a +Blessing; and whether we contemplate His advent, His ministry, +His miracles, His agony, His crucifixion, His interment, His +resurrection, or His ascension, we may truly say, ‘All His +paths drop fatness.’ All His travels were on the road +of mercy; and trees are growing up in His footsteps, whose fruit +is delicious food, and ‘whose leaves are for the healing of +the nations.’ He walketh upon the south winds, +causing propitious gales to blow upon the wilderness till songs +of joy awake in the solitary place, and the desert blossoms as +the rose.</p> +<p>“If we will consider what the prophets wrote of the +Messiah, in connection with the evangelical history, we shall be +satisfied that none like Him, either before or since, ever +entered our world, or departed from it. Both God and +man—at once the Father of eternity and the Son of time, He +filled the universe, while He was embodied upon <a +name="page98"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 98</span>earth, and +ruled the celestial principalities and powers, while He wandered, +a persecuted stranger, in Judea. ‘No man,’ +saith He, ‘hath ascended up to heaven, but He that came +down from heaven, even the Son of man who is in +heaven.’</p> +<p>“Heaven was no strange place to Jesus. He talks of +the mansions in His Father’s house as familiarly as one of +the royal family would talk of Windsor Castle where he was born; +and saith to His disciples, ‘I go to prepare a place for +you; that where I am there ye may be also.’ The glory +into which He entered was His own glory—the glory which He +had with the Father before the world was. He had an +original and supreme right to the celestial mansions; and He +acquired a new and additional claim by His office as +Mediator. Having suffered for our sins, He ‘ought to +enter into His glory.’ He ought, because He is +‘God, blessed for ever;’ He ought, because He is the +representative of His redeemed people. He has taken +possession of the kingdom in our behalf, and left on record for +our encouragement this cheering promise, ‘To him that +overcometh will I grant to sit with me in my throne; even as I +also have overcome, and am set down with my Father in His +throne.’</p> +<p>“The departure of God from Eden, and the departure of +Christ from the earth, were two of the sublimest events that ever +occurred, and fraught with immense consequences to our +race. When Jehovah went out from Eden, He left a curse upon +the place for man’s sake, and drove out man before him into +an accursed earth. But when Jesus descended from Olivet, He +lifted the curse with Him, and left a blessing behind +Him—sowed the world with the seed of eternal blessings; +‘and instead of the thorn shall come up the fir-tree; and +instead of the briar shall come up the myrtle-tree; and it shall +be to the Lord for a name, and an everlasting sign, that shall +not be cut off.’ He ascended to intercede for +sinners, and reopen Paradise to His people; <a +name="page99"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 99</span>and when He +shall come the second time, according to the promise, with all +His holy angels, then shall we be ‘caught up to meet the +Lord in the air, and so shall we ever be with the +Lord.’</p> +<p>“‘The Lord is gone up with a shout!’ and has +taken our redeemed nature with Him. He is the Head of the +Church, and is the representative at the right hand of the +Father. ‘He hath ascended on high; He hath led +captivity captive; He hath received gifts for men; yea, for the +rebellious also, that God may dwell among them.’ +‘Him hath God exalted, with His own right hand, to be a +Prince and a Saviour, to give repentance to Israel, and remission +of sins.’ This is the Father’s recognition of +His ‘Beloved Son,’ and significant acceptance of his +sacrifice. ‘Wherefore God also hath highly exalted +Him, and given Him a name which is above every name; that at the +name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and +things in the earth, and things under the earth; and that every +tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of +God the Father.’</p> +<p>“The evidence of our Lord’s ascension is +ample. He ascended in the presence of many witnesses, who +stood gazing after Him till a cloud received Him out of their +sight. And while they looked steadfastly toward heaven, two +angels appeared to them, and talked with them of what they had +seen. Soon afterward, on the day of Pentecost, He +fulfilled, in a remarkable manner, the promise which He had made +to His people: ‘If I go away I will send you another +Comforter, who shall abide with you for ever.’ +Stephen, the first of His disciples that glorified the Master by +martyrdom, testified to his murderers, ‘Lo, I see the +heavens opened, and the Son of man standing on the right hand of +God!’ And John, the ‘beloved disciple,’ +while an exile ‘in Patmos, for the word of God, and the +testimony of Jesus Christ,’ beheld Him ‘in the midst +of the throne, as a Lamb that had been slain!’ These +are the evidences <a name="page100"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +100</span>that our Lord is in heaven; these are our consolations +in the house of our pilgrimage.</p> +<p>“The Apostle speaks of the <i>necessity</i> of this +event, ‘Whom the heaven <i>must</i> receive.’</p> +<p>“Divine necessity is a golden chain reaching from +eternity to eternity, and encircling all the events of +time. It consists of many links all hanging upon each +other; and not one of them can be broken without destroying the +support of the whole. The first link is in God, +‘before the world was;’ and the last is in heaven, +when the world shall be no more. Christ is its Alpha, and +Omega, and Christ constitutes all its intervenient links. +Christ in the bosom of the Father, receiving the promise of +eternal life, before the foundation of the world, is the +beginning; Christ in His sacrificial blood, atoning for our sins, +and pardoning and sanctifying all them that believe, is the +middle; and Christ in heaven, pleading the merit of His vicarious +sufferings, making intercession for the transgressors, drawing +all men unto Himself, presenting the prayers of His people, and +preparing their mansions, is the end.</p> +<p>“There is a necessity in all that Christ has done as our +Mediator, in all that He is doing on our behalf, and all that he +has engaged to do—the necessity of Divine love manifested, +of Divine mercy exercised, of Divine purposes accomplished, of +Divine covenants fulfilled, of Divine faithfulness maintained, of +Divine justice satisfied, of Divine holiness vindicated, and of +Divine power displayed. Christ felt this necessity while He +tabernacled among us, often declared it to His disciples, and +acknowledged it to the Father in the agony in the Garden.</p> +<p>“Behold Him wrestling in prayer, with strong crying and +tears: ‘Father, save me from this hour! If it be +possible, let this cup pass from me!’ Now the Father +reads to Him His covenant engagement, which He signed and sealed +with His own hand before the foundation of the world. The +glorious Sufferer replies, ‘Thy will be done! For +this <a name="page101"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +101</span>cause came I unto this hour. I will drink the cup +which Thou hast mingled, and not a dreg of any of its ingredients +shall be left for my people. I will pass through the +approaching dreadful night, under the hidings of Thy countenance, +bearing away the curse from my beloved. Henceforth +repentance is hidden from my eyes!’ Now, on His +knees, He reads the covenant engagements of the Father, and adds, +‘I have glorified Thee on the earth. I have finished +the work which Thou gavest Me to do. Now glorify Thou Me, +according to Thy promise, with Thine own Self, with the glory +which I had with Thee before the world was. Father, I will +also that they whom Thou hast given Me be with Me where I am, +that they may behold My glory. Thine they were, and Thou +hast given them to Me, on condition of My pouring out My soul +unto death. Thou hast promised them, through My +righteousness and meritorious sacrifice, the kingdom of heaven, +which I now claim on their behalf. Father, glorify My +people, with Him whom Thou lovedst before the foundation of the +world!’</p> +<p>“This intercession of Christ for His saints, begun on +earth, is continued in heaven. This is our confidence and +joy in our journey through the wilderness. We know that our +Joshua has gone over into the land of our inheritance, where He +is preparing the place of our habitation for Israel; for it is +His will that all whom He has redeemed should be with Him for +ever!</p> +<p>“And there is a text which speaks of the period when the +great purposes of our Lord’s ascension shall be fully +accomplished: ‘Until the times of the restitution of all +things.’</p> +<p>“The period here mentioned is ‘the dispensation of +the fulness of time,’ when ‘the fulness of the +Gentiles shall come in,’ and ‘the dispersed of +Judah’ shall be restored, and Christ shall ‘gather +together in Himself all things in heaven and in earth,’ +overthrow his enemies, establish his everlasting kingdom, deliver +the groaning creation from its bondage, glorify His people with +Himself, imprison the <a name="page102"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 102</span>devil with his angels in the +bottomless pit, and punish with banishment from His presence them +that obey not the Gospel.</p> +<p>“To this glorious consummation, the great travail of +redemption, and all the events of time, are only +preparatory. It was promised in Eden, and the promise was +renewed and enlarged to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob. It +was described in gorgeous oriental imagery by Isaiah, and +‘the sweet Psalmist of Israel;’ and ‘spoken of +by all the Prophets, since the world began.’ Christ +came into the world to prepare the way for His future +triumph—to lay on Calvary the ‘chief +corner-stone’ of a temple, which shall be completed at the +end of time, and endure through all eternity. He began the +great restitution. He redeemed His people with a price, and +gave them a pledge of redemption by power. He made an end +of sin, abolished the Levitical priesthood, and swallowed up all +the types and shadows in Himself. He sent home the beasts, +overthrew the altars, and quenched the holy fire; and, upon the +sanctifying altar of His own divinity, offered His own sinless +humanity, which was consumed by fire from heaven. He +removed the seat of government from Mount Zion, in Jerusalem, to +Mount Zion above, where He sits—‘a Priest upon His +throne,’ drawing heaven and earth together, and +establishing ‘the covenant of peace between them +both.’</p> +<p>“Blessed be God! we can now go to Jesus, the Mediator; +passing by millions of angels, and all ‘the spirits of just +men made perfect;’ till we ‘come to the blood of +sprinkling, which speaketh better things than that of +Abel.’ And we look for that blessed day, when +‘this gospel of the kingdom’ shall be universally +prevalent; ‘and all shall know the Lord, from the least +even to the greatest;’ when there shall be a ‘new +heaven, and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness;’ +when both the political, and the moral aspects of our world shall +be changed; and a happier state of things shall exist than has +ever been known before,—when <a name="page103"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 103</span>the pestilence, the famine, and the +sword shall cease to destroy, and ‘the saints of the Most +High shall possess the kingdom’ in ‘quietness, and +assurance for ever.’ Then cometh the end, when +Emmanuel ‘shall destroy in this mountain the veil of the +covering cast over all people, and swallow up death in +victory!’”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Such sermons as we have quoted surely convey a living and +distinct idea of the kind of power which made the man +remarkable. It is, from every aspect, very unlike the +preaching to which we are now accustomed, and which, therefore, +finds general favour with us; it is dogmatic in the last degree; +nothing in it is tentative, or hypothetical, yet the dogmatism is +not that of a schoolman, or a casuist; it is the dogmatism of +burning conviction, of a profound and unquestioning faith in the +veracity of New Testament truth, and the corresponding light and +illustration from the Old. In these sermons, and others we +shall place before our readers, there is nothing pretty, no nice +metaphysical or critical analysis, no attempt to carve +giants’ heads on cherry-stones. He realized his +office as a preacher, not as one set apart to minister to +intellectual luxury, or vanity, but to stand, announcing eternal +truth. The people to whom he spoke were not +<i>dilettantic</i>, he was no <i>dilettante</i>. We can +quite conceive,—and therefore these remarks,—that the +greater number even of the more eminent men in our modern pulpit +will regard the style of Christmas Evans with contempt. We +are only setting it forth in these pages. Evidently it told +marvellously on the Principality; it “searched Jerusalem +with candles;” those who despise it had better settle the +question with Christmas Evans himself, and show <a +name="page104"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 104</span>the +superiority of their method by their larger ministerial +usefulness.</p> +<p>The worth and value of great preaching and great sermons must +depend upon the measure to which they represent the +preacher’s own familiarity with the truths he touches, and +proclaims. The history of the mind of Christmas Evans is, +from this point of view, very interesting. We can only get +at it from the papers found after his death; but they reveal the +story of the life, walk, and triumph of faith in his mind and +heart. He kept no journal; but still we have the record of +his communions with God amongst the mountains,—acts of +consecration to God quite remarkable, which he had thought it +well to commit to paper, that he might remind himself of the +engagements he had made. It was after some such season that +he said to a brother minister, “Brother, the doctrine, the +confidence, and strength I feel will make people dance with joy +in some parts of Wales;” and then, as the tears came into +his eyes whilst he was speaking, he said again, “Yes, +brother!”</p> +<p>Little idea can be formed of the Welsh preacher from the life +of the minister in England. The congregations, we have +seen, lay wide, and scattered far apart. Often, in Wales +ourselves, we have met the minister pursuing his way on his +horse, or pony, to his next “publication;” very +often, his Bible in his hand, reading it as he slowly jogged +along. So Christmas Evans passed his life, constantly, +either on foot or on horseback, urging his way; sometimes through +a country frowning as if smitten by a blow of desolation, and at +others, laughing in loveliness and <a name="page105"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 105</span>beauty; sometimes through the hot +summer, when the burning beams poured from the craggy mountains; +sometimes in winter, through the snow and rain and coldest +inclemency, to fulfil his engagements. For the greater part +of his life his income was never more than thirty pounds a year, +and for the first part only about from ten to seventeen. It +looks a wretched sum; but we may remember that Luther’s +income was never much more; and, probably, what seems to us a +miserable little income, was very much further removed from want, +and even poverty, than in other, less primitive, circumstances is +often an income of hundreds. Certainly, Christmas Evans was +never in want; always, not only comfortable, but able even to +spare, from his limited means, subscriptions to some of the great +societies of the day.</p> +<h2><a name="page106"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +106</span>CHAPTER IV.<br /> +<i>THE MINISTRY IN ANGLESEA</i> (<i>CONTINUED</i>).</h2> +<p class="gutsumm">Christmas Evans as a Bishop over many +Churches—As a Moderator in Public +Meetings—Chapel-building and all its Difficulties to +Christmas Evans—Extensive Travelling for +Chapel-debts—Especially in South Wales—The Cildwrn +Cottage again—A Mysterious Life of Poverty but of +Hospitality—Catherine’s Troubles—Story of a +Hat—Wayfaring—Insatiability for Sermons in the +Welsh—The Scenery of a Great Sermon—The Demoniac of +Gadara—A Remarkable Illustration of the Varied Method of +the Preacher—A Series of Illustrations of his Power of +Allegoric Painting—The Four Methods of Preaching—The +Seeking of the Young Child—Satan walking in Dry +Places—Christmas Evans in Another Light—Lengthy +Letter to a Young Minister—Contributions to +Magazines—To be accursed from Christ—Dark Days of +Persecution—Threatened with Law for a Chapel +Debt—Darker Days—Loss of his Wife—Other +Troubles—Determines to leave Anglesea.</p> +<p>The few glimpses we are able to obtain of the life and +ministry in Anglesea, assure us of the supreme influence obtained +by Christmas Evans, as was natural, over all the Churches of his +order throughout that region. And in a small way, in a +circle far removed from the noise of ideas, and the crowds and +agitations of the great world, incessant activity was imposed +upon him,—so many Societies under his care, so many +meeting-houses to be erected, <a name="page107"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 107</span>and funds to be procured for their +erection, so many cases of Church discipline, so many co-pastors +appointed, and set apart to work with him—who, however, +were men mostly in business, had their own domestic affairs to +manage, and for all the help they could give, needed helping and +guidance; who had to receive instructions from him as to what +they were to do, and whither they were to go,—so that, in +fact, he was here, in Anglesea, a pastor of pastors, a bishop, if +ever any pastor deserved that designation; an overseer of many +Churches, and of many ministers. And hence, as a matter of +course, in all ministerial meetings, and other smaller +gatherings, he was usually at once not merely the nominal +president, but the presiding spirit.</p> +<p>Rhys Stephen suggests a good many ludicrous aspects to the +monthly meetings, and other such gatherings; indeed, they were of +a very primitive description, and illustrative of what we should +call a very rude, and unconventional state of society. +Order was maintained, apparently, very much after the patriarchal +or patristic fashion. All the preachers he called by their +Christian names, and he would certainly have wondered what +stranger happened to be in the place had any one addressed him as +Mr. Evans; “Christmas Evans,” before his face and +behind his back, was the name by which he was known not only +throughout all Anglesea, but, by-and-by, throughout the entire +Principality.</p> +<p>Affectionate familiarity sometimes pays the penalty in +diminished reverence, and in a subtraction from the respect due +to a higher gift or superior position. Christmas appears to +have been equal to this <a name="page108"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 108</span>dilemma, and to have sustained with +great natural dignity the post of Moderator, without surrendering +his claim upon the affection of his colleagues. In such a +meeting, some humble brother would rise to speak a second time, +and, perhaps, not very pointedly, to the question; then the +Moderator in the pulpit, gathering up his brows, would suddenly +cut across the speaker with, “William, my boy, you have +spoken before: have done with it;” or, “Richard, +<i>bach</i>, you have forgotten the question before the meeting: +hold your tongue.”</p> +<p>On one occasion, a minister from South Wales, although a +native of Anglesea, happening to be present, and rising evidently +with the intention of speaking, Christmas, who suffered no +intrusion from the south into their northern organizations, +instantly nipped the flowers of oratory by crying out, “Sit +down, David, sit down.”</p> +<p>Such instances as these must seem very strange, even +<i>outré</i>, to our temper, taste, and ideas of public +meetings; but they furnish a very distinct idea of time, place, +and circumstances, and give a not altogether unbeautiful picture +of a state of society when, if politeness and culture had not +attained their present eminence, there was a good deal of light +and sweetness, however offensive it might seem to our +intellectual Rimmels and Edisons.</p> +<p>Perhaps in every truly great and apostolic preacher, the +preaching power, although before men the most conspicuous, is +really the smallest part of the preacher’s labour, and +presents the fewest claims for homage and honour. We have +very little, and know very little, of the Apostle Paul’s +sermons and <a name="page109"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +109</span>great orations, mighty as they unquestionably were; he +lives to us most in his letters, in his life, and its many +martyrdoms. Ah, we fancy, if Christmas Evans had but to +preach, to stay at home and minister to his one congregation, +what a serene and quiet life it would have been, and how happy in +the humble obscurity of his Cildwrn cottage!</p> +<p>But all his life in Anglesea seems to have been worried with +chapel-debts. Chapels rose,—it was necessary that +they should rise; people in scattered villages thronged to hear +the Word; many hundreds appear to have crowded into Church +fellowship, chapels had to be multiplied and enlarged; but, so +far as we are able to read his biography, Christmas appears to +have been the only person on whom was laid the burden of paying +for them. Certainly he had no money: his wealth was in his +eloquence, and his fame; and the island of Anglesea appears to +have been by no means indisposed to lay these under +contribution. A chapel had to be raised, and Christmas +Evans was the name upon which the money was very cheerfully lent +for its erection; but by-and-by the interest pressed, or the debt +had to be paid: what could be done then? He must go forth +into the south, and beg from richer Churches, and from brethren +who, with none of his gifts of genius or of holiness, occupied +the higher places in the sanctuary.</p> +<p>Our heart is very much melted while we read of all the toils +he accomplished in this way. Where were his sermons +composed? Not so much in his lowly cottage home as in the +long, lonely, toilsome travels on his horse through wild and +unfrequented <a name="page110"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +110</span>regions, where, throughout the long day’s +journey, he perhaps, sometimes, never met a traveller on the +solitary road. For many years, it is said, he went twice +from his northern bishopric to the south, once to the great +Association, wherever that might be, and where, of course, he was +expected as the chief and most attractive star, but once also +with some chapel case, a journey which always had to be +undertaken in the winter, and which was always a painful +journey. Let us think of him with affection as we see him +wending on, he and his friendly horse, through wild snows, and +rains, and bleak storms of mountain wind.</p> +<p>Scarcely do we need to say he had a highly nervous +temperament. The dear man had a very capricious appetite, +but who ever thought of that? He was thrown upon himself; +but the testimony is that he was a man utterly regardless of his +own health, ridiculously inattentive to his dress, and to all his +travelling arrangements. These journeys with his chapel +case would usually take some six weeks, or two months. It +was no dainty tour in a railway train, with first-class +travelling expenses paid for the best carriage, or the best +hotel.</p> +<p>A man who was something like Christmas Evans, though still at +an infinite remove from him in the grandeur of his genius, a +great preacher, William Dawson—Billy Dawson, as he is still +familiarly called—used to say, that in the course of his +ministry he found himself in places where he was sometimes +treated like a bishop, and sometimes like an apostle; sometimes a +great man would receive, and make a great dinner for him, and +invite celebrities to meet him, and give him the best +entertainment, the best <a name="page111"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 111</span>room in a large, well-furnished +house, where a warm fire shed a glow over the apartment, and +where he slept on a bed of down,—and this was what he +called being entertained like a bishop; but in other places he +would be received in a very humble home, coarse fare on the +table, a mug of ale, a piece of oatmeal cake, perhaps a slice of +meat, a poor, unfurnished chamber, a coarse bed, a cold +room,—and this was what he called being entertained like an +apostle.</p> +<p>We may be very sure that the apostolic entertainment was that +which usually awaited Christmas Evans at the close of his long +day’s journey. Not to be looked upon with contempt +either,—hearty and free; and, perhaps, the conversation in +the intervals between the puff of the pipe was what we should +rather relish, than the more timorous and equable flow of speech +in the finer mansion. This is certain, however, that the +entertainment of Christmas Evans, in most of his excursions, +would be of the coarsest kind.</p> +<p>And this was far from the worst of his afflictions; there +were, in that day, persons of an order of character, unknown to +our happier, more Christian, and enlightened times,—pert +and conceited brethren, unworthy to unloose the latchet of the +great man’s shoes, but who fancied themselves far above +him, from their leading a town life, and being pastors over +wealthier Churches. Well, they have gone, and we are not +writing their lives, for they never had a life to write, only +they were often annoying flies which teased the poor traveller on +his way. On most of these he took his revenge, by fastening +upon them some <i>sobriquet</i>, <a name="page112"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 112</span>which he fetched out of that +imaginative store-house of his,—from the closets of +compound epithet; these often stuck like a burr to the coat of +the character, and proved to be perhaps the best passport to its +owner’s notoriety through the Principality. Further +than this, we need not suppose they troubled the great man much; +uncomplainingly he went on, for he loved his Master, and he loved +his work. He only remembered that a certain sum must be +found by such a day to pay off a certain portion of a +chapel-debt; he had to meet the emergency, and he could only meet +it by obtaining help from his brethren.</p> +<p>In this way he travelled from North to South Wales forty +times; he preached always once every day in the week, and twice +on the Lord’s Day. Of course, the congregations +everywhere welcomed him; the collections usually would be but +very small; ministers and officers, more usually, as far as was +possible, somewhat resented these calls, as too frequent and +irregular. He preached one of his own glorious sermons, and +then—does it not seem shocking to us to know, that he +usually stood at the door, as it were, hat in hand, to receive +such contributions as the friends might give to him? And he +did this for many years, until, at last, his frequent +indisposition, in consequence of this severity of service, +compelled him to ask some friend to take his place at the door; +but in doing this he always apologised for his delegation of +service to another, lest it should seem that he had treated with +inattention and disrespect those who had contributed to him of +their love and kindness.</p> +<p>And so a number of the Welsh Baptist chapels, in <a +name="page113"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 113</span>Anglesea +and North Wales, rose. There was frequently a loud outcry +among the ministers of the south, that he came too often; and +certainly it was only the marvellous attractions of the preacher +which saved him from the indignity of a refusal. His reply +was always ready: “What can I do? the people crowd to hear +us; it is our duty to accommodate them as well as we can; all we +have we give; to you much is given, you can give much; it is more +blessed to give than receive,” etc., etc. Then +sometimes came more plaintive words; and so he won his way into +the pulpit, and, once there, it was not difficult to win his way +to the people’s hearts. It was what we suppose may be +called the age of chapel cases. How many of our chapels in +England have been erected by the humiliating travels of poor +ministers?</p> +<p>Christmas Evans was saved from one greater indignity yet, the +encountering the proud rich man, insolent, haughty, and +arrogant. It is not a beautiful chapter in the history of +voluntaryism. In the course of these excursions, he usually +succeeded in accomplishing the purpose for which he set forth; +probably the contributions were generally very small; but then, +on many occasions, the preacher had so succeeded in putting +himself on good terms with all his hearers that most of them gave +something.</p> +<p>It is said that on one occasion not a single person passed by +without contributing something: surely a most unusual +circumstance, but it was the result of a manœuvre. It +was in an obscure district, just then especially remarkable for +sheep-stealing; indeed, it was quite notorious. The +preacher was aware of this circumstance, and, when he stood up in +the immense <a name="page114"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +114</span>crowd to urge the people to liberality, he spoke of +this crime of the neighbourhood; he supposed that amidst that +large multitude it was impossible but that some of those +sheep-stealers would be present: he addressed them solemnly, and +implored them, if present, not to give anything to the collection +about to be made. It was indeed a feat rather worthy of +Rowland Hill than illustrative of Christmas Evans, but so it was; +those who had no money upon them borrowed from those who had, and +it is said that, upon that occasion, not a single person +permitted himself to pass out without a contribution.</p> +<p>The good man, however, often felt that a burden was laid upon +him, which scarcely belonged to the work to which he regarded +himself as especially set apart. Perhaps he might have +paraphrased the words of the Apostle, and said, “The Lord +sent me not to attend to the affairs of your chapel-debts, but to +preach the gospel.” There is not only pathos, but +truth in the following words; he says, “I humbly think that +no missionaries in India, or any other country, have had to bear +such a burden as I have borne, because of chapel-debts, and +<i>they</i> have not had besides to provide for their own +support, as I have had to do through all my life in Anglesea; +London committees have cared for <i>them</i>, while I, for many +years, received but seventeen pounds per annum for all my +services. The other preachers were young, and +inexperienced, and the members threw all the responsibility upon +me, as children do upon a father; my anxiety often moved me in +the depths of the night to cry out unto God to preserve His cause +from shame. God’s promises to sustain His cause in +the world greatly <a name="page115"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +115</span>comforted me. I would search for the Divine +promises to this effect, and plead them in prayer, until I felt +as confident as if every farthing had been paid. I laboured +hard to institute weekly penny offerings, but was not very +successful; and after every effort there remained large sums +unpaid in connection with some of the chapels which had been +built without my consent.”</p> +<p>Poor Christmas! As we read of him he excites our +wonder.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Passing rich with forty pounds a +year.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>looks like positive wealth as compared with the emoluments of +our poor preacher; and yet the record is that he was given to +hospitality, and he contributed his sovereign, and +half-sovereign, not only occasionally, but annually, where his +richer neighbours satisfied their consciences with far inferior +bequests. How did the man do it? He had not married a +rich wife, and he did not, as many of his brethren, eke out his +income by some farm, or secular pursuit; a very common, and a +very necessary thing to do, we should say, in Wales.</p> +<p>But, no doubt, Catherine had much to do with his unburdened +life of domestic quiet; perhaps,—it does not appear, but it +seems probable—she had some little money of her own; she +had what to her husband was incomparably more valuable, a clear +practical mind, rich in faith, but a calm, quiet, household +faith. Lonely indeed her life must often have been in the +solitary cottage, into which, assuredly, nothing in the shape of +a luxury ever intruded itself. It has been called, by a +Welshman, a curious anomaly <a name="page116"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 116</span>in Welsh life, the insatiable +appetite for sermons, and the singular, even marvellous, +disregard for the temporal comforts of the preacher. +Christmas, it seems to us, was able to bear much very +unrepiningly, but sometimes his righteous soul was vexed. +Upon one occasion, when, after preaching from home, he not only +received less for his expenses than he naturally expected, but +even less than an ordinary itinerant fee, an old dame remarked to +him, “Well, Christmas, <i>bach</i>, you have given us a +wonderful sermon, and I hope you will be paid at the +resurrection,” “Yes, yes, <i>shan fach</i>,” +said the preacher, “no doubt of that, but what am I to do +till I get there? And there’s the old white mare that +carries me, what will she do? for her there will be no +resurrection.”</p> +<p>Decidedly the Welsh of that day seemed to think that it was +essential to the preservation of the purity of the Gospel that +their ministers should be kept low. Mr. D. M. Evans, in his +Life of Christmas Evans, gives us the anecdote of a worthy and +popular minister of this time, who was in the receipt of exactly +twenty pounds a year; he received an invitation from another +Church, offering him three pounds ten a month. This +miserable lover of filthy lucre, like another Demas, was tempted +by the dazzling offer, and intimated his serious intention of +accepting “the call.” There was a great +commotion in the neighbourhood, where the poor man was +exceedingly beloved; many of his people remonstrated with him on +the sad exhibition he was giving of a guilty love of money; and, +after much consideration, the leading deacon was appointed as a +deputation to wait upon him, and to inform him, that <a +name="page117"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 117</span>rather than +suffer the loss of his removal on account of money +considerations, they had agreed to advance his salary to twenty +guineas, or twenty-one pounds! Overcome by such an +expression of his people’s attachment, says Mr. Evans, he +repented of his incontinent love of money, and stayed.</p> +<p>A strange part-glimpse all this seems to give of Welsh +clerical life, not calculated either to kindle, or to keep in a +minister’s mind, the essential sense of self-respect. +The brothers of La Trappe, St. Francis and his preaching friars, +do not seem to us a more humiliated tribe than Christmas and his +itinerating “little <i>brethren</i> of the +poor.” We suppose that sometimes a farmer would send +a cheese, and another a few pounds of butter, and another a +flitch of bacon; and, perhaps, occasionally, in the course of his +travels,—we do not know of any such instances, we only +suppose it possible, and probable,—some rich man, after an +eloquent sermon, would graciously patronize the illustrious +preacher, by pressing a real golden sovereign into the +apostle’s hand.</p> +<p>One wonders how clothes were provided. William +Huntingdon’s “Bank of Faith” seems to us, in +comparison with that of Christmas Evans, like the faith of a man +who wakes every morning to the sense of the possession of a +million sterling at his banker’s,—in comparison with +<i>his</i> faith, who rises sensible that, from day to day, he +has to live as on the assurance, and confidence of a child.</p> +<p>Certainly, Wales did not contain at that time a more +unselfish, and divinely thoughtless creature than this Christmas +Evans; and then he had no children. A man without children, +without a child, can afford to <a name="page118"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 118</span>be more careless and indifferent to +the world’s gold and gear. The coat, no doubt, often +got very shabby, and the mothers of Israel in Anglesea, let us +hope, sometimes gathered together, and thought of pleasant +surprises in the way of improving the personal appearance of +their pastor; but indeed the man was ridiculous in his disregard +to all the circumstances of dress and adornment. Once, when +he was about to set forth on a preaching tour, Catherine had +found her mind greatly exercised concerning her husband’s +hat, and, with some difficulty, she had succeeded in equipping +that noble head of his with a new one. But upon the journey +there came a time when his horse needed to drink; at last he came +to a clear, and pleasant pond, or brook, but he was at a loss for +a pail; now what was to be done? Happy thought, equal to +any of those of Mr. Barnand! he took the hat from off his head, +and filled it with water for poor old Lemon. When he +returned home, Catherine was amazed at the deterioration of the +headgear, and he related to her the story. A man like this +would not be likely to be greatly troubled by any defections in +personal adornment.</p> +<p>Wordsworth has chanted, in well-remembered lines, the name and +fame of him, whom he designates, for his life of probity, purity, +and poverty,—united in the pastoral office, in his mountain +chapel in Westmoreland,—Wonderful Robert Walker. Far +be it from us to attempt to detract from the well-won honours of +the holy Westmoreland pastor; but, assuredly, as we think of +Christmas Evans, he too seems to us even far more wonderful; for +there was laid upon him, not merely the thought for his own +pulpit and his own <a name="page119"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +119</span>family, but the care of all the Churches in his +neighbourhood.</p> +<p>And so the end is, that during these years we have to follow +him through mountain villages, in which the silence and +desolation greet him, like that he might have found in old +Castile, or La Mancha,—through spots where ruined old +castles and monasteries were turned into barns, and hay and straw +stowed away within walls, once devoted either to gorgeous +festivity or idolatry,—through wild and beautiful scenes; +narrow glen and ravine, down which mountain torrents roared and +foamed,—through wild mountain gorges, far, in his day, from +the noise and traffic of towns,—although in such spots Mr. +Borrow found the dark hills strangely ablaze with furnaces, +seeming to that strange traveller, so he said, queerly enough, +“like a Sabbath in hell, and devils proceeding to afternoon +worship,”—past simple, and unadorned, and spireless +churches, hallowed by the prayers of many generations; and +through churchyards in which rests the dust of the venerable +dead. We can see him coming to the lonely Methodist chapel, +rising like a Shiloh, bearing the ark, like a lighthouse among +the high hills—strolling into a solitary cottage as he +passes, and finding some ancient woman, in her comfortable +kitchen, over her Welsh Bible, and concordance, neither an +unpleasant nor an unusual sight;—never happier, we will be +bold to say, than when, keeping his own company, he traverses and +travels these lone and solitary roads and mountain by-paths, not +only through the long day, but far into the night, sometimes by +the bright clear moonlight, among the mountains, and sometimes +through the “villain mists,” <a +name="page120"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 120</span>their large +sheets rolling up the mountain sides bushes and trees seen +indistinctly like goblins and elves, till—</p> +<blockquote><p>“In every hollow dingle stood,<br /> +Of wry-mouth fiends a wrathful brood.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>So we think of him pressing on his way; no doubt often +drenched to the skin, although uninjured in body; sometimes +through scenes novel and grand, where the mountain looks sad with +some ruin on its brow, as beneath Cader Idris (the chair or +throne of Idris), where the meditative wanderer might conceive he +saw some old king, unfortunate and melancholy, but a king still, +with the look of a king, and the ancestral crown on his +forehead.</p> +<p>We may be sure he came where corpse-candles glittered, +unquenched by nineteenth-century ideas, along the road; for those +travelling times were much nearer to the days of Twm ór +Nant, who, when he kept turnpike, was constantly troubled by +hearses, and mourning coaches, and funeral processions on foot +passing through his gate. Through lonely places and alder +swamps, where nothing would be heard but the murmuring of waters, +and the wind rushing down the gullies,—sometimes falling in +with a pious and sympathetic traveller, a lonely creature, +“Sorry to say, Good-bye, thank you for your conversation; I +haven’t heard such a treat of talk for many a weary +day.” Often, passing through scenes where the sweet +voice of village bells mingled with the low rush of the river; +and sometimes where the rocks rolled back the echoes like a pack +of dogs sweeping down the hills. “Hark to the +dogs!” exclaimed a companion to Mr. Borrow once. +“This pass is called <a name="page121"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 121</span><i>Nant yr ieuanc gwn</i>, the pass +of the young dogs; because, when one shouts, it answers with a +noise resembling the crying of hounds.”</p> +<p>What honour was paid to the name and memory of the +earnest-hearted and intrepid Felix Neff, the pastor of the Higher +Alps; but does not the reader, familiar with the life of that +holy man, perceive much resemblance in the work, the endurance, +and the scenery of the toil, to that of Christmas Evans? +May he not be called the pastor of our English Engadine?</p> +<p>All such lives have their grand compensations; doubtless this +man had his, and <i>great</i> compensations too; perhaps, among +the minor ones, we may mention his ardent reception at the great +Association gatherings. At these his name created great +expectations; there he met crowds of brethren and friends, from +the remote parts of the Principality, by whom he was at once +honoured and loved. We may conceive such an occasion; the +“one-eyed man of Anglesea” has now been for many +years at the very height of his popularity; his name is now the +greatest in his denomination; this will be one of his great +occasions, and his coming has been expected for many weeks. +No expectation hanging upon the appearance of Jenny Lind, or +Christine Nielson, or Sims Reeves, on some great musical +festivity, can reach, in our imagination, the expectations of +these poor, simple villagers as they think of the delight they +will experience in listening to their wonderful and well-loved +prophet.</p> +<p>So, along all the roads, there presses an untiring crowd, +showing that something unusual is going on <a +name="page122"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +122</span>somewhere. The roads are all picturesque and +lively with all sorts of people, on foot, on horseback, in old +farm carts, and even in carriages; all wending their way to the +largest and most central chapel of the neighbourhood. It is +the chief service. It is a Sabbath evening; the +congregation is wedged together in the spacious house of God; it +becomes almost insupportable, but the Welsh like it. The +service has not commenced, and a cry is already raised that it +had better be held in an adjoining field; but it is said this +would be inconvenient. The doors, the windows, are all +thrown open; and so the time goes on, and the hour for the +commencement of the service arrives. All eyes are strained +as the door opens beneath the pulpit, and the minister of the +congregation comes in, and makes his way, as well as he can, for +himself and his friend, the great preacher—there he is! +that tall, commanding figure,—that is he, the +“one-eyed man of Anglesea.”</p> +<p>A murmur of joy, whisperings of glad congratulation, which +almost want to burst into acclamations, pass over the +multitude. And the service commences with prayer, singing, +reading a chapter, and a short sermon,—a very short one, +only twenty minutes. There are crowds of preachers sitting +beneath the pulpit, but they, and all, have come to hear the +mighty minstrel—and the moment is here. A few more +verses of a hymn, during which there is no little commotion, in +order that there may be none by-and-bye, those who have been long +standing changing places with those who had been sitting. +There, he is up! he is before the people! And in <a +name="page123"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 123</span>some such +circumstances he seems to have first sung that wonderful song or +sermon,</p> +<h3><span class="smcap">The Demoniac of Gadara</span>.</h3> +<p>The text he announced was—“<i>Jesus said unto +him</i>, <i>Go home unto thy friends</i>, <i>and tell them how +great things the Lord hath done for thee</i>, <i>and hath had +compassion on thee</i>.”</p> +<p>The introduction was very simple and brief; but, before long, +the preacher broke loose from all relations of mere comment and +explanation, and seemed to revel in dramatic scenery, and +pictorial imagination, and, as was so usual with him in such +descriptions, increasing, heightening, and intensifying the +picture, by making each picture, each scene, to live even in the +kind of enchantment of a present demoniacal possession. He +began by describing the demoniac as a castle garrisoned with a +legion of fiends, towards which the great Conqueror was +approaching over the Sea of Tiberias, the winds hushing at His +word, the sea growing calm at His bidding. Already He had +acquired among the devils a terrible fame, and His name shook the +garrison of the entire man, and the infernal legion within, with +confusion and horror.</p> +<blockquote><p>“I imagine,” he said, “that this +demoniac was not only an object of pity, but he was really a +terror to the country. So terrific was his appearance, so +dreadful and hideous his screams, so formidable, frightful, and +horrid his wild career, that all the women in that region were so +much alarmed that none of them dared go to market, lest he should +leap upon them like a panther on his prey.</p> +<p>“And what made him still more terrible was the place of +<a name="page124"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 124</span>his +abode. It was not in a city, where some attention might be +paid to order and decorum (though he would sometimes ramble into +the city, as in this case). It was not in a town, or +village, or any house whatever, where assistance might be +obtained in case of necessity; but it was among the tombs, and in +the wilderness—not far, however, from the turnpike +road. No one could tell but that he might leap at them, +like a wild beast, and scare them to death. The gloominess +of the place made it more awful and solemn. It was among +the tombs—where, in the opinion of some, all witches, +corpse-candles, and hobgoblins abide.</p> +<p>“One day, however, Mary was determined that no such +nuisance should be suffered in the country of the +Gadarenes. The man must be clothed, though he was mad and +crazy. And if he should at any future time strip himself, +tie up his clothes in a bundle, throw them into the river, and +tell them to go to see Abraham, he must be tied and taken care +of. Well, this was all right; no sooner said than +done. But, so soon as the fellow was bound, although even +in chains and fetters, Samson-like he broke the bands asunder, +and could not be tamed.</p> +<p>“By this time, the devil became offended with the +Gadarenes, and, in a pout, he took the demoniac away, and drove +him into the wilderness. He thought the Gadarenes had no +business to interfere, and meddle with his property; for he had +possession of the man. And he knew that ‘a bird in +the hand is worth two in the bush.’ It is probable +that he wanted to send him home; for there was no knowing what +might happen now-a-days. But there was too much matter +about him to send him as he was; therefore, he thought the best +plan would be to persuade him to commit suicide by cutting his +throat. But here Satan was at a nonplus—his rope was +too short. He could not turn executioner himself, as that +would not have answered the design he has in view, when he wants +people to commit suicide; for the act would have been his own +sin, and not the man’s. <a name="page125"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 125</span>The poor demoniac, therefore, must +go about to hunt for a sharp stone, or anything that he could +get. He might have been in search of such an article, when +he returned from the wilderness into the city, whence he came, +when he met the Son of God.</p> +<p>“Jesus commanded the unclean spirit to come out of the +man. And when he saw Jesus he cried out, and fell down +before him, and with a loud voice said, ‘What have I to do +with thee, Jesus, Thou Son of God most high? I beseech +Thee, torment me not.’</p> +<p>“Here is the devil’s confession of faith. +The devils believe and tremble, while men make a mock of sin, and +sport on the brink of eternal ruin. To many of the human +race, Christ appears as a root out of dry ground. They see +in Him neither form nor comeliness, and there is no beauty in Him +that they should desire Him. Some said He was the +carpenter’s son, and would not believe in Him; others said +He had a devil, and that it was through Beelzebub, the chief of +the devils, that He cast out devils: some cried out, ‘Let +Him be crucified;’ and others said, ‘Let His blood be +on us and on our children.’ As the Jews would not +have Him to reign over them, so many, who call themselves +Christians, say that He is a mere man; as such, He has no right +to rule over their consciences, and demand their obedience, +adoration, and praise. But the devils know +better—they say, Jesus is the Son of God most high.</p> +<p>“Many of the children of the devil, whose work they do, +differ very widely from their father in their sentiments +respecting the person of Christ.</p> +<p>“Jesus commanded the legion of unclean spirits to come +out of the man. They knew that out they must go. But +they were like Irishmen—very unwilling to return to their +own country. They would rather go into hogs’ skins +than to their own country. And He suffered them to go into +the herd of swine. Methinks that one of the men who fed the +hogs, kept a better look out than the rest of them <a +name="page126"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 126</span>and said, +‘What ails the hogs? Look sharp there, +boys—keep them in—make good use of your whips! +Why don’t you run? Why, I declare, one of them has +gone over the cliff! There, there, Morgan, goes +another! Drive them back, Tom.’ Never was there +such a running, and whipping, and hallooing; but down go the +hogs, before they are aware of it.</p> +<p>“One of them said, ‘They are all gone!’</p> +<p>“‘No, sure not all gone into the sea!’</p> +<p>“‘Yes, every one of them, the <i>black hog</i> and +all. They are all drowned! the devil is in them! What +shall we do now? What can we say to the owners?’</p> +<p>“‘What can we say?’ said another; ‘we +must tell the truth—that is all about it. We did our +best—all that was in our power. What could any man do +more?’</p> +<p>“So they went their way to the city, to tell the masters +what had happened.</p> +<p>“‘John, where are you going?’ exclaimed one +of the masters.</p> +<p>“‘Sir, did you know the demoniac that was among +the tombs there?’</p> +<p>“‘Demoniac among the tombs! Where did you +leave the hogs?’</p> +<p>“‘That madman, sir—’</p> +<p>“‘Madman! Why do you come home without the +hogs?’</p> +<p>“‘That wild and furious man, sir, that mistress +was afraid of so much—’</p> +<p>“‘Why, John, I ask you a plain and simple +question—why don’t you answer me? Where are the +hogs?’</p> +<p>“‘That man who was possessed with the devils, +sir—’</p> +<p>“‘Why, sure enough, you are crazy! You look +wild! Tell me your story, if you can, let it be what it +may.’</p> +<p>“‘Jesus Christ, sir, has cast the unclean spirits +out of the demoniac; they are gone into the swine; and they are +all drowned in the sea; for I saw the tail of the last +one!’</p> +<p>“The Gadarenes went out to see what was done, and <a +name="page127"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 127</span>finding +that it was even so, they were afraid, and besought Jesus to +depart from them.</p> +<p>“How awful must be the condition of those men who love +the things of this world more than Jesus Christ.</p> +<p>“The man out of whom the unclean spirits were cast, +besought Jesus that he might be with Him. But He told him +to return to his own house, and show how great things God had +done unto him. And he went his way, and published, +throughout the whole city of Decapolis, how great things Jesus +had done unto him. The act of Jesus casting so many devils +out of him, was sufficient to persuade him that Jesus was God as +well as man.</p> +<p>“I imagine I see him going through the city, +crying—‘Oh yes! Oh yes! Oh yes! please to +take notice of me, the demoniac among the tombs. I am the +man who was a terror to the people of this place—that wild +man, who would wear no clothes, and that no man could bind. +Here am I now, in my right mind. Jesus Christ, the Friend +of sinners, had compassion on me. He remembered me when I +was in my low estate—when there was no eye to pity, and no +hand to save. He cast out the devils and redeemed my soul +from destruction.’</p> +<p>“Most wonderful must have been the surprise of the +people, to hear such proclamation. The ladies running to +the windows, the shoemakers throwing their lasts one way, and +their awls another, running out to meet him and to converse with +him, that they might be positive that there was no imposition, +and found it to be a fact that could not be contradicted. +‘Oh, the wonder of all wonders! Never was there such +a thing,’ must, I think, have been the general +conversation.</p> +<p>“And while they were talking, and everybody having +something to say, homeward goes the man. As soon as he +comes in sight of the house, I imagine I see one of the children +running in, and crying, ‘Oh, mother! father is +coming—he will kill us all!’</p> +<p><a name="page128"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +128</span>“‘Children, come all into the house,’ +says the mother. ‘Let us fasten the doors. I +think there is no sorrow like my sorrow!’ says the +broken-hearted woman. ‘Are all the windows fastened, +children?’</p> +<p>“‘Yes, mother.’</p> +<p>“‘Mary, my dear, come from the +window—don’t be standing there.’</p> +<p>“‘Why, mother, I can hardly believe it is +father! That man is well dressed.’</p> +<p>“‘Oh yes, my dear children, it is your own +father. I knew him by his walk, the moment I saw +him.’</p> +<p>“Another child stepping to the window, says, ‘Why, +mother, I never saw father coming home as he comes to-day. +He walks on the footpath, and turns round the corner of the +fence. He used to come towards the house as straight as a +line, over fences, ditches, and hedges; and I never saw him walk +as slowly as he does now.’</p> +<p>“In a few moments, however, he arrives at the door of +the house, to the great terror and consternation of all the +inmates. He gently tries the door, and finds no +admittance. He pauses a moment, steps towards the window, +and says in a low, firm, and melodious voice, ‘My dear +wife, if you will let me in, there is no danger. I will not +hurt you. I bring you glad tidings of great +joy.’ The door is reluctantly opened, as it were +between joy and fear. Having deliberately seated himself, +he says: ‘I am come to show you what great things God has +done for me. He loved me with an everlasting love. He +redeemed me from the curse of the law, and the threatenings of +vindictive justice. He saved me from the power and dominion +of sin. He cast the devils out of my heart, and made that +heart, which was a den of thieves, the temple of the Holy +Spirit. I cannot tell you how much I love my Saviour. +Jesus Christ is the foundation of my hope, the object of my +faith, and the centre of my affections. I can venture my +immortal soul upon Him. He is my best friend. He is +altogether <a name="page129"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +129</span>lovely—the chief among ten thousand. He is +my wisdom, righteousness, sanctification, and redemption. +There is enough in Him to make a poor sinner rich, and a +miserable sinner happy. His flesh and blood is my +food,—His righteousness my wedding garment, and His blood +is efficacious to cleanse me from all my sins. Through Him +I can obtain eternal life; for He is the brightness of the +Father’s glory, and the express image of His Person: in +whom dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily. He +deserves my highest esteem, and my warmest gratitude. Unto +Him who loved me with an eternal love, and washed me in His own +blood, unto Him be the glory, dominion, and power, for ever and +ever! For He has rescued my soul from hell. He +plucked me as a brand from the burning. He took me out of +the miry clay, and out of a horrible pit. He set my feet +upon a rock, and established my goings, and put in my mouth a new +song of praise, and glory to Him! Glory to Him for +ever! Glory to God in the highest! Glory to God for +ever and ever! Let the whole earth praise Him! Yea, +let all the people praise Him!’ How sweet was all +this, the transporting joy of his wife!</p> +<p>“It is beyond the power of the strongest imagination to +conceive the joy and gladness of this family. The joy of +seafaring men delivered from shipwreck; the joy of a man +delivered from a burning house; the joy of not being found guilty +at a criminal bar; the joy of receiving pardon to a condemned +malefactor; the joy of freedom to a prisoner of war, is nothing +in comparison to the joy of him who is delivered from going down +to the pit of eternal destruction. For it is a joy +unspeakable and full of glory.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The effect of this sermon is described as overwhelmingly +wonderful. The first portion, in which he <a +name="page130"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 130</span>pictured +the mysterious and terrible being, the wild demoniac, something +of a wild beast, and something of a fiend, made the people +shudder. Then, shifting his scene, the catastrophe of the +swine, the flight of the affrighted herdsmen, the report to the +master, and the effect of the miracle on the populace, was +rendered with such dramatic effect, the preacher even laughing +himself, as he painted the rushing swine, hurrying down the steep +place into the lake, especially the “black hog,” and +all,—for they all understood the point of that +allusion,—that beneath the grim grotesqueness of the scene, +laughter ran over the whole multitude. But the pathos of +the family scene! Mary embracing her restored husband; and +the restored maniac’s experience, and hymn of praise. +The place became a perfect Bochim; they wept like mourners at a +funeral. Shouts of prayer and praise mingled +together. One who heard that wonderful sermon says, that, +at last, the people seemed like the inhabitants of a city which +had been shaken by an earthquake, that, in their escape, rushed +into the streets, falling upon the earth screaming, and calling +upon God!</p> +<p>This sermon has never been printed; indeed, it is obvious that +it never could be prepared for the press. It defies all +criticism; and the few outlines we have attempted to present are +quite inadequate to reproduce it. All who heard it +understood, that it was a picture of a lunatic, and demon-haunted +world; and it was beneath the impression of this, that passionate +cries, universal, thankful, penitent murmurs rose; whilst amidst +loud “Amens!” and sobs, and tears, some petitions +ascended: “O Lord, who didst walk <a +name="page131"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 131</span>on the sea, +that Thou mightest meet the Gadarene, cast out some demons from +our midst to-night.”</p> +<p>Although the demoniac of Gadara is not, in the strict sense of +the word, an allegory, yet it is allegoric throughout; a fine +piece of shadowy painting, in which unconverted, and converted +men, and women might realize something of their own personal +history, and the means by which they would “come to +themselves.”</p> +<p>And, no doubt, the chief charm, and most original +characteristic of the preacher, was his power of sustained +allegory; some incident, even some passing expression in +Scripture, some prophetic figure of speech, was turned round and +round by him, beaten out, or suggested a series of cartoon +paintings, until it became like a chapter from the +“Pilgrim’s Progress.” It has seemed to +us, that his translators have been singularly unfortunate in +rendering these excursions of his fancy into English; our most +vivid impressions of them have been derived from those who had +heard them, in all their freshness, from the preacher’s own +wonderful lips. We will attempt to transfer one or two of +these allegories to our pages. It must have been effective +to have heard him describe the necessity of Divine life, +spiritual power, to raise a soul from spiritual death. This +may be called</p> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">The Four Methods of +Preaching</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“He beheld,” he said, “such a +one as Lazarus lying in the cave, locked in the sleep of death; +now how shall he be raised? how shall he be brought back to +life? Who will roll away for us the stone from this +sepulchre? First came one, who went down to the cave with +blankets, and salt, to <a name="page132"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 132</span>rub with the fomentations of duty, +to appeal to the will, to say to the sleeping man, that he could +if he would; chafing and rubbing the cold and inert limbs, he +thinks to call back the vital warmth; and then retiring, and +standing some distance apart, he says to the other spectators, +‘Do you not see him stir? Are there no signs of +life? Is he not moving?’ No, he lies very +still, there is no motion. How could it be otherwise? how +could a sense of moral duty be felt by the man +there?—<i>for the man was dead</i>!</p> +<p>“The first man gave up in despair. And then came +the second. ‘I thought you would never do it,’ +he said; ‘but if you look at me, you will see a +thing. No,’ he said, ‘your treatment has been +too gentle.’ And he went down into the cave with a +scourge. Said he, ‘The man only wants severe +treatment to be brought back to life. I warrant me I will +make him feel,’ he said. And he laid on in quick +succession the fervid blows, the sharp threatenings of law and +judgment, and future danger and doom; and then he retired to some +distance. ‘Is he not waking?’ he said. +‘Do you not see the corpse stir?’ No! A +corpse he was before the man began to lay on his lashes, and a +corpse he continued still;—<i>for the man was dead</i>!</p> +<p>“‘Ah,’ said another, advancing, ‘but I +have wonderful power. You, with your rubbing, and your +smiting, what can you do? but I have it, for I have two +things.’ And he advanced, and he fixed an electric +battery, and disposed it so that it touched the dead man, and +then, from a flute which he held, he drew forth such sweet sounds +that they charmed the ears which were listening; and whether it +was the battery, or whether it was the music, so it was, that +effect seemed to be produced. ‘Behold,’ said +he, ‘what the refinements of education and cultivation will +do!’ And, indeed, so it was, for the hair of the dead +man seemed to rise, and his eye-balls seemed to start and dilate; +and see! he rises, starts up, and takes a stride down the +cave. Ah, but it is all over; it was nothing but the +electricity in the battery; and he sank <a +name="page133"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 133</span>back again +flat on the floor of the cave;—<i>for the man was +dead</i>!</p> +<p>“And then, when all were filled with despair, there came +One, and stood by the entrance of the cave; but He was the Lord +and Giver of life, and standing there, He said, ‘Come from +the four winds, O breath, and breathe upon this slain one, that +he may live. Christ hath given thee life. Awake, thou +that sleepest.’ And the man arose; he shook off his +grave-clothes; what he needed had come to him +now—<i>life</i>! Life is the only cure for +death. Not the prescriptions of duty, not the threats of +punishment and damnation, not the arts and the refinements of +education, but new, spiritual, Divine <i>life</i>.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The same manner appears in the way in which he traces the +story of a soul seeking Christ, under the idea of the Wise Men +following the leading star in</p> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">Seeking the Young +Child</span>.”</h3> +<p>We have remarked before that the preacher’s descriptions +of Oriental travel were always Welsh, and this could not arise so +much from ignorance, for he was fairly well read in the +geography, and, perhaps, even in the topography, of the Holy +Land; but he was quite aware that Oriental description would be +altogether incomprehensible to the great multitude of his +auditors. He described, therefore, the Wise Men, not as we, +perhaps, see them, on their camels, solemnly pacing the vast +sandy desert, whose sands reflected the glow of the silvery +star. They passed on their way through scenes, and +villages, which might be recognised by the hearers, anxiously +enquiring for the young Child. Turnpikes, if unknown in +Palestine, our readers will, perhaps, remember as one of the <a +name="page134"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 134</span>great +nuisances of even a very short journey in Wales in +Christmas’s day.</p> +<blockquote><p>“The wise men came up to the gate,—it +was closed; they spoke to the keeper, inquiring, ‘Do you +know anything of the Child?’</p> +<p>“The gatekeeper came to the door, saying, in answer to +the question, ‘You have threepence to pay for each of the +asses.’</p> +<p>“They explained, ‘We did not know there was +anything to pay; here is the money; but tell us, do you know +anything of the young Child?’</p> +<p>“No, the keeper did not even know what they meant. +For they know nothing on the world’s great highway of the +Child sent for the redemption of man. But he said, +‘You go on a little farther, and you will come to a +blacksmith’s shop; he has all the news, he knows +everything, and he will be sure to be able to tell you all you +want to know.’</p> +<p>“So they paced along the road, following the star, till +they came to the blacksmith’s shop; and it was very full, +and the blacksmith was very busy, but they spoke out loudly to +him, and said, ‘Where is the young Child?’</p> +<p>“‘Now,’ said the blacksmith, ‘it is of +no use shouting that way; you must wait, you see I am busy; your +asses cannot be shod for a couple of hours.’</p> +<p>“‘Oh, you mistake us,’ said the wise men; +‘we do not want our asses shod, but we want you to tell us, +you, who know everything hereabouts, where shall we find the +young Child.’</p> +<p>“‘I do not know,’ said the blacksmith. +For the world, in its bustle and trade, knows nothing, and cares +nothing about the holy Child Jesus. ‘But look +you,’ he said, ‘go on, and you will come to the inn, +the great public-house; everybody from the village goes there, +they know all the news there.’</p> +<p>“And so, with heavy hearts, they still pursued their way +<a name="page135"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 135</span>till +they came to the inn; at the door, still resting on their asses, +they inquired if any one knew of the Child, the wonderful +Child.</p> +<p>“But the landlord said, ‘Be quick! Evan, +John, where are you? bring out the ale—the porter—for +these gentlemen.’</p> +<p>“‘No,’ they said, ‘we are too anxious +to refresh ourselves; but tell us, hereabouts has been born the +wonderful Child; He is the desire of all the nations; look there, +we have seen His Star, we want to worship Him. Do you +know?’</p> +<p>“‘Not I,’ said the landlord. For +pleasure knows nothing of Him through whom the secrets of all +hearts are revealed. ‘Plenty of children born +hereabouts,’ said the landlord; ‘but I know nothing +of Him whom you seek.’ And he thought them a little +mad, and was, moreover, a little cross because they would not +dismount and go into the inn. ‘However,’ he +said, ‘there is an old Rabbi lives in a lane hard by here; +I think I have heard him say something about a Child that should +be born, whose name should be called Wonderful. See, there +is the way, you will find the old man.’</p> +<p>“So again they went on their way; and they stopped +before the house of the old Rabbi, and knocked, and the door was +opened; and here they left their asses by the gate, and entered +in; and they found the old Rabbi seated with his Hebrew books, +and chronicles about him, and he was strangely attired with mitre +and vestment. And now, they thought, they would be sure to +learn, and that their journey might be at an end. And they +told him of the Star, and that the young Child was born who +should be King of the Jews, and they were come to worship +Him.</p> +<p>“‘Ah, yes,’ he said, ‘He is coming, +and you shall see Him, but not now. You shall behold Him, +but not nigh. See, it is written here—a Star shall +rise out of Jacob. And when He comes it will be here He +will show Himself. Go back, and when He comes I will send +word and let you <a name="page136"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +136</span>know.’ For even religious people, and +Churches, cannot always guide seekers after God to Him whom to +know is life eternal.</p> +<p>“But they were not satisfied, and they said, ‘No, +no, we cannot return; He is born, He is here!’</p> +<p>“‘There has been a great mistake made,’ said +the Rabbi; ‘there have been some who have said that He is +born, but it is not so.’</p> +<p>“‘But who has said it?’ they inquired.</p> +<p>“And then he told them of another priestly man, who +lived near to the river hard by; and to him they went, and +inquired for the young Child.</p> +<p>“‘Yes, yes,’ he said, when they pointed him +to the Star, ‘yes, through the tender mercies of our God, +the Dayspring from on high hath visited us; to give light to them +that sit in darkness and the shadow of death; to guide our steps +into the way of peace.’</p> +<p>“And so he guided them to the manger, and the Star +rested and stood over the place where the young Child was, while +they offered their gifts of gold, and frankincense, and +myrrh.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Sometimes the preacher, in another version which we have seen, +appears to have varied the last guide, and to have brought the +wise men, by a singular, and perfectly inadmissible anachronism, +to the man in the camel’s hair by the river’s brink, +who said, “Behold, the Lamb of God, who taketh away the +sins of the world!”</p> +<p>But one of the most effective of these sustained allegories, +was founded on the text which speaks of the evil “spirit +walking through dry places, seeking rest, and finding +none.” We believe we were first indebted for it, to +the old dame who entertained us nearly forty years since in the +Caerphilly Cottage.</p> +<h3><a name="page137"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +137</span><span class="smcap">Satan Walking in Dry +Places</span>.</h3> +<p>The preacher appears to have been desirous of teaching the +beautiful truth, that a mind preoccupied, and inhabited by Divine +thoughts, cannot entertain an evil visitor, but is compelled to +betake himself to flight, by the strong expulsive power of Divine +affections. He commenced, by describing Satan as a vast and +wicked, although invisible spirit,—somehow, as Milton might +have described him; and the preacher was not unacquainted with +the grand imagery of the “Paradise Lost,” in which +the poet describes the Evil One, when he tempts, with wandering +feet, the dark, unbottomed, infinite abyss, and, through the +palpable obscure, seeks to find out his uncouth way. +Christmas described him, as spreading his airy flight on +indefatigable wings, determined to insinuate himself, through the +avenues of sense, to some poor soul, and lure it to +destruction. And, with this end, flying through the air, +and seeking for a dwelling-place, he found himself moving over +one of those wide Welsh moors, the preacher so well knew, and had +so often travelled; and his fiery, although invisible glance, +espied a young lad, in the bloom of his days, and the strength of +his powers, sitting on the box of his cart, driving on his way to +the quarries for slate or lime.</p> +<blockquote><p>`“‘There he is,’ said Satan; +‘his veins are full of blood, his bones are full of +marrow. I will cast my sparks into his bosom, and set all +his passions on fire; I will lead him on, and he shall rob his +master, and lose his place, and find another, and rob again, and +do worse; and he shall go on from worse to worse, and then his +soul shall sink, never to rise again, into the lake of +fire.’ But just then, as he was <a +name="page138"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 138</span>about to +dart a fiery temptation into the heart of the youth, the evil one +heard him sing,</p> +<p>“‘Guide me, O Thou great Jehovah,<br /> + Pilgrim through this barren land;<br /> +I am weak, but Thou art mighty,<br /> + Hold me by Thy powerful hand;<br /> + Strong deliverer,<br /> +Be Thou still my Strength and Shield.’</p> +<p>‘Oh, but this is a dry place,’ said the fiery +dragon as he fled away.</p> +<p>“But I saw him pass on,” said the preacher, +“hovering, like a hawk or a vulture, in the air, and +casting about for a suitable place where he might nestle his +black wings; when, at the edge of the moor, he came to a lovely +valley; the hills rose round it, it was a beautiful, still, +meadow-like spot, watered by a lovely stream; and there, beneath +the eaves of a little cottage, he saw a girl, some eighteen years +of age, a flower among the flowers: she was knitting, or sewing +at the cottage door. Said Satan, ‘She will do for me; +I will whisper the evil thought in her heart, and she shall turn +it over, and over again, until she learns to love it; and then +the evil thought shall be an evil deed; and then she shall be +obliged to leave her village, and go to the great town, and she +shall live a life of evil, all astray from the paths of my +Almighty Enemy. Oh, I will make her mine, and then, +by-and-bye, I will cast her over the precipices, and she shall +sink, sink into the furnace of divine wrath.’ And so +he hastened to approach, and dart into the mind of the maiden; +but while he was approaching, all the hills and crags seemed to +break out into singing, as her sweet voice rose, high and clear, +chanting out the words,</p> +<p>“‘Jesus, lover of my soul,<br /> + Let me to Thy bosom fly,<br /> +While the nearer waters roll,<br /> + While the tempest still is high.<br /> +<a name="page139"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 139</span>Other +refuge have I none,<br /> + Hangs my helpless soul on Thee;<br /> +Leave, ah, leave me not alone,<br /> + Still support, and comfort me.’</p> +<p>‘This is a very dry place, too,’ said the dragon, +as he fled away.</p> +<p>“And so he passed from the valley among the hills, but +with hot rage. ‘I will have a place to dwell +in!’ he said; ‘I will somehow leap over the fences, +and the hedges, of the purpose, and covenant, and grace of +God. I do not seem to have succeeded with the young, I will +try the old;’ for passing down the village street, he saw +an old woman; she, too, was sitting at the door of her cot, and +spinning on her little wheel. ‘Ah!’ said Satan, +‘it will be good to lay hold of her grey hairs, and make +her taste of the lake that burneth with fire and +brimstone.’ And he descended on the eaves of the cot; +but as he approached near, he heard the trembling, quavering +voice of the aged woman murmuring to herself lowly, ‘For +the mountains shall depart, and the hills be removed, but My +kindness shall not depart from thee, neither shall the covenant +of My peace be removed, saith the Lord, that hath mercy on +thee.’ And the words hurt the evil one, as well as +disappointed him; they wounded him as he fled away, saying, +‘Another dry place!’</p> +<p>“Ah, poor Devil!” exclaimed the preacher, +“and he usually so very successful! but he was quite +unsuccessful that day. And, now, it was night, and he was +scudding about, like a bird of prey, upon his black wings, and +pouring forth his screams of rage. But he passed through +another little Welsh village, the white cottages gleaming out in +the white moonlight on the sloping hillside. And there was +a cottage, and in the upper room there was a faint light +trembling, and ‘Oh,’ said the Devil to himself, +‘Devil, thou hast been a very foolish Devil to-day, and +there, in that room, where the lamplight is, old Williams is +slowly, surely <a name="page140"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +140</span>wasting away. Over eighty, or I am mistaken; not +much mind left; and he has borne the burden and heat of the day, +as they call it. Thanks to me, he has had a hard time of +it; he has had very few mercies to be thankful for; he has not +found serving God, I think, a very profitable business. +Come, cheer up, Devil, it will be a grand thing if thou canst get +him to doubt a bit, and then to despair a bit, and then to curse +God, and die; that will make up for this day’s +losses.’</p> +<p>“Then he entered the room; there was the old man lying +on the poor bed, and his long, thin, wasted hands and fingers +lying on the coverlid; his eyes closed, the long silvery hair +falling over the pillow. Now, Satan, make haste, or it will +be too late; the hour is coming, there is even a stir in every +room in the house: they seem to know that the old man is +passing. But as Satan himself moved before the bed, to dart +into the mind of the old man, the patriarch rose in bed, +stretched forth his hands, and pinned his enemy to the wall, as +he exclaimed, ‘Though I walk through the valley of the +shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for Thou art with me, Thy +rod and Thy staff they comfort me; Thou preparest a table before +me, in <i>the presence of mine enemy</i>; Thou anointest my head +with oil, my cup runneth over; goodness and mercy, all the days +of my life, dwell in the house of my God for ever.’ +Oh, <i>that</i> was a fearfully dry place! The old man sank +back, it was all over; those words beat Satan down to the bottom +of his own bottomless pit, glad to escape from such confusion and +shame, and exclaiming, ‘I will return to the place from +whence I came, for this is too dry for me.’”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This will, no doubt, be thought, by many, to be strange +preaching; many would even affect to despise it,—perhaps +would even regard it as a high compliment were we to say, they +would feel exceedingly <a name="page141"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 141</span>puzzled even if, by way of a change, +they were called upon to use it. It appears, however, to +have been a style exceedingly fascinating to the Welsh mind of +that day; it told, it stirred up suggestions, awakened thoughts, +and reclaimed and converted character; and we need not, +therefore, stay to attempt any vindication of it.</p> +<p>We have inserted these very characteristic illustrations here, +because they appear to have belonged to the Anglesea +period. Such, then, was the teaching, the preaching, the +truth, which, while it was his own truth, and sustained his own +mind, gave to him such power, at once, amongst the Churches to +which he immediately administered, and made him the object of +such attraction, when visiting distant neighbourhoods.</p> +<p>It might have been thought—it has usually been the case, +in the instances of other men—that such excursions as those +we have described, would have interfered with the great success +of his work in the ministry as a preacher, and with his +efficiency as a pastor. That they did not, substantially, +is clear from many evidences. There can be no doubt that +his sermons were no off-hand productions; there was a careful, +rigid, and patiently conscientious weighing of their +material. All those which we possess, abundantly show this; +and he entered with all his heart, and mind, and strength into +the work of preaching; but he never had an easy sphere; and yet, +would his sermons have been greater had he been placed where the +circle of his labour would have been narrower, and the means of +his support more ready, and sufficient, and ample? Most +likely not; but he weighed the entire work of the ministry in a +manner which <a name="page142"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +142</span>seems to us, sometimes, more like the sound +thoughtfulness, and consideration of the theological Principal of +a college, than a popular, or itinerant preacher. As an +illustration of this, we may insert the following, very lengthy, +but admirable letter to a young minister, written, we believe, +some time nearer the close of his career than that we have just +depicted:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“<span class="smcap">Dear +Brother</span>,—1. Consider, in the first place, the +great importance, to a preacher, of a blameless life. You +must, like Timothy, ‘flee youthful lusts,’ as you +would escape from beasts of prey; for there are kinds of beasts, +living in the wilderness of man’s corruption, that will +charm, by means of their beauteous colours, those that walk among +their haunts; there is no safety but by keeping from them, and +adhering to such as live by faith, and watch, and pray. It +will be well for you, while you travel through the coppice of +youth, to keep from all appearance of evil. May you have +grace to pass through the coppice of forbidden trees, without +cutting your name into the bark of one of them, or you may be +upbraided, at critical times, by those who may wish to prove that +you are not better than themselves; even the <i>iota</i>, +inserted by your hand, may be produced after many years.</p> +<p>“2. I remember the words of Luther, that +<i>reading</i>, <i>prayer</i>, and <i>temptation</i> are +necessary to strengthen, and to purify the talents of a +minister. Read, to extend your general knowledge, +especially as to the plan of redemption, according to the +Scriptures, in all its parts, from the election to the +glorification; that you may, like a spiritual watchmaker, know +all the relative cog-wheels, and be able to open them in the +pulpit, and to connect them all by faith, hope, and charity, that +they may occupy their own places, and exhibit their true results +on the dial-plate; thus proving yourself a workman that needeth +not to be ashamed, rightly <a name="page143"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 143</span>dividing the word of truth. Be +not like that thrasher, who presumptuously took his watch to +pieces in the barn, and could not put it together again, but was +obliged to carry it home in his handkerchief. The +messengers of God, described in the book of Revelations, are full +of eyes behind, and before. You must use prayer to fetch +strength out of Christ, like the homer to carry home the manna +in, or the water-pot of the woman of Samaria. Without the +prayer of faith, the preacher will have ‘nothing to draw +with,’ from the well that is deep,—even <i>the deep +things of God</i>. Temptation is requisite, to prove the +nature of the metal of the preacher’s character, and +doctrine,—‘approved of God.’ The piece of +gold, in every true minister’s ministry, must be tried in +some furnace, prepared by Divine Providence. He must, +therefore, do the work of an evangelist, fulfil his ministry, +endure hardness, and affliction, and thus prove himself a good +soldier of Jesus Christ.</p> +<p>“3. Avail yourself, in the morning of your days, +of every opportunity to acquire knowledge useful for the +ministry. Let it be your constant aim, to turn every stream +and rivulet of knowledge in the right direction, to facilitate +the work of the ministry, for the good of souls, and the glory of +God; as the bee, in all her excursions amongst the flowers of the +gardens, and the hedges, gathers honey to enrich the hive, as the +common treasury of the industrious race. Always have a book +to read, instead of indulging in vain conversations. Strive +to learn English, as you cannot have academical training. +Learn your own mother-tongue well. Learn to write a good +hand by frequent practice. Avoid vain conversation, instead +of growth in knowledge. Remember this, that you cannot +commit some loved sin in private, and perform the work of the +ministry, in public, with facility and acceptance. For a +preacher to fall into sin, be it a secret one, and to live in it, +is as fatal, ultimately, as the cutting of Samson’s +hair. Be strong in the grace that is in Christ Jesus +against all corruption.</p> +<p><a name="page144"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +144</span>“4. With regard to the composition of your +sermons: first, let the matter be evangelical. The doctrine +of the Gospel is a mould from heaven, and not changed. It +puts its own impress and shape on the professor that is melted +into it, so that his justification, sanctification, and all his +salvation, flow from the merits of Christ; and all through +God’s grace, and not of ourselves. The gospel, as a +glass, should be kept clean and clear in the pulpit, that the +hearers may see the glory of Christ, and be changed to the same +image. Every duty is to be urged by evangelical +motives. ‘Let us have grace,’ etc.</p> +<p>“Hereby we can serve God in all the duties of the +kingdom of heaven. The whole is summed up in living by +faith, which worketh by love, to him that died for us, and rose +again for our justification. Secondly, let your divisions +be natural to the text. Take care that your interpretation +accord with the contexts. Two or three general heads; avoid +many. Four or five remarks you may make on each head; see +that they are fairly in the truth of the text. Thirdly, I +am not inclined to make inferences, or applications, from the +whole. When the preacher has expended his strength, or +ingenuity, in endeavouring to impress, and apply the truth to the +minds of his hearers, application seems to me to be doing again +what has been effected already. The blacksmith does not put +the horse-shoe in the fire, after he has nailed it to the hoof; +and the cook does not spread the cloth again, when dinner is +over. Fourthly, beware of long sermons, as well as long +prayers. When there is but one preacher, he should not +preach for more than an hour; when there are two, both should not +be more than an hour and a half, that the worship may close +within two hours; whenever this time is passed, coolness and +fatigue ensue. To put three ministers to preach (in one +meeting) is a modern corruption, and likely to make some progress +in Wales; while the English, generally, have but one sermon in +one service. They excel us herein; for <a +name="page145"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 145</span>we do not +read that, on the day of Pentecost, Peter, James, and John, +preached after each other; but Peter, ‘<i>one</i> of the +twelve,’ delivered that successful sermon. When we +lose sight of the Scriptures, and common sense, we are driven to +extremes, though it be with the kindly purpose of respecting +strange ministers, by putting them to preach.</p> +<p>“5. Attend, also, my young brother, to your +outward appearance in the pulpit. Beware of a proud, +haughty appearance, with wandering eyes, and unfeeling +countenance, so that the people utterly fail to see the man of +God in you. We must, in order hereunto, have something like +unto Moses, when he had been on the mount with God, that will +indicate seriousness, love to souls, a spirit of prayer, zeal for +Christ, and longing for the salvation of men; like unto those who +have felt the fear of perdition ourselves, and the infinite value +of salvation by God’s grace; and that we wrestle with God +in order to be useful to souls. These things must be +imprinted on our appearance and deportment, having transformed +us, in some measure, to a heavenly form and habit. Our +outward conversation should be consistent herewith, or men will +despise us as hypocrites, without the fear of God.</p> +<p>“6. Avoid, my dear brother, all foolish bodily +gestures.</p> +<p>“7. We now come to the part of the subject upon +which you are most anxious to have my thoughts: that refers <i>to +the delivery of your sermons</i>. It is difficult to put +general rules of rhetoric into execution. After reading all +that has been said by Blair, Williams, Fuller, and the Archbishop +of Cambray (Fenelon), who have spoken at length of Cicero and +Demosthenes, it is easy, by endeavouring to follow them, to lose +the spirit of the work, and thus, by seeking the form, to forfeit +the life. Preach the gospel of the grace of God +intelligibly, affectionately, and without shame—all the +contents of the great box, from predestination to +glorification. It was the closing, and concealing, of this +box that occasioned the opening of the venomous Mohammedan <a +name="page146"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 146</span>box, as +well as that of Popery, together with all the vain legality that +is to be found among Protestants, established and +dissenting. It may be said, that they seek justification; +but it is by the deeds of the law. The locking up, and the +losing, of the doctrine of grace, through the merits of Christ, +utterly destroyed the Jewish Church; for it was in the chest, +which they locked up by their false interpolations of Scripture, +that the ‘things which belong to their peace’ were +contained; ‘but now,’ says the Redeemer, ‘they +are concealed from their eyes;’ shut up under +unbelief. ‘The things that pertain to their +peace’ belong also to our peace, as Gentiles. The +Deity of Christ, etc.; Redemption, etc. Excuse this +digression, for the river of God’s throne moved me +along.</p> +<p>“We were upon the best mode of delivering sermons for +edification. It is not easy to reduce the rules of prudence +into practice. I have seen some men, of the highest powers, +who understood Greek better than their mother-tongue, attempting +to preach according to rule, and to them the pulpit was like unto +Gilboa; they neither affected themselves, nor their +hearers. The difficulty was, the bringing of their +regulations into natural practice. I saw one of those men, +the most eminent for learning and genius, who found the right +way, under the influence of a mighty fervency that descended upon +him in the pulpit, so that his voice became utterly different +from what it used to be, and his tongue at liberty, as though +something was cut that had hitherto restrained his tongue, and +affections, from natural exercise.</p> +<p>“Here you have the sum, and substance, and mystery of +all rules:—1. Let the preacher influence himself; let him +reach his own heart, if he would reach the hearts of others; if +he would have others feel, he must feel himself. Dry +shouting (or vociferation) will not do this. The shout of a +man who does not himself feel the effect of what he says, +hardens, instead of softening; locks, instead of opening the <a +name="page147"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +147</span>heart. 2. The elevation, and fire of the voice +must accord with the fervency of the matter in the heart. A +person said to me once, ‘Mr. Evans, you have not studied +Dr. Blair’s Rhetoric.’ That man, with his +rules, was always as dry as Gilboa. ‘Why do you say +so,’ replied I, ‘when you just now saw hundreds +weeping under the sermon? That could not be, had I not +first of all been influenced myself, which, you know, is the +substance, and mystery, of all rules for speaking.’ +Wherever there is effect, there is life; and rules, without life, +have no power. Now, brother, follow the natural course of +affection, and voice. Raise not the voice while the heart +is dry; but let the heart and affections shout first; let it +commence within. Take this comparison:—Go to the +blacksmith’s shop; he first puts the piece of iron in the +fire, and there is no sound of striking the anvil; he collects +together the coals for heat; then he tells the boy, +‘Blow!’ while he masterfully manages the shovel, +adjusting the coals, and asking sundry questions. He calmly +looks at the fire heating the iron, and does not yet take hold of +the hammer, nor order his assistants to use the sledge; but at +length, seeing that the iron has attained the proper +malleability, he takes it out, covered with sparkling fire, puts +it on the anvil, handles the hammer, and orders his workman to +take the larger one, and fashions it according to his pleasure; +and so on, all day long. Here, observe, he does not beat +the iron in order to make it hot, for without first heating it, +the beating process is in vain. Equally vain is the hammer +of vociferation, unless the matter is brought home with warmth +into our hearts. We have often sought to produce effect, +and to influence our hearers, much as though the smith merely put +the iron in fire, and barely warmed it; it is contrary to the +nature of things to use the hammer while the material is not duly +tempered. Thus I have frequently, brother, found myself in +preaching. You have, above, the mystery of all effective +speaking, in Parliament, at the bar, and in the pulpit; +remembering the difference <a name="page148"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 148</span>in the subjects, and the sources of +heat. In the pulpit, we speak of the deep things of God; +and we are to pray for, and to expect warmth from the Divine +Spirit. You complain that you cannot get your voice into a +manageable key, and yet to speak with liveliness and power. +Many, with a bad voice, well-governed, have become powerful +speakers; while others, with a good voice, have, in consequence +of not mastering a natural key, and not being able to move +themselves, been most ineffective speakers. I would direct +you to fix your voice at its natural pitch, which you may easily +do; you may then, with facility, raise and lower it according to +the subject in hand. If you commence in too high a key, you +cannot keep it up long. First, you cannot modulate it as +the occasion may require; and you fall into an unpliable, tedious +monotony, and all natural cadence, and emphasis is lost. +Without attuning the voice into the natural key, effective +oratory is impossible. Secondly, remember, not to speak in +your throat, or nostrils. If the former, you must soon +become hoarse, and harsh loudness follows; the glory and vivacity +are then departed, and instead of facility and cheerfulness, you +have the roarings of death—the breath failing, with forced +screams, and harsh whisperings. Thirdly, raise your voice +to the roof of your mouth; do not close your teeth against it, +neither imprison it in the nostrils, but open your mouth +naturally, and keep your voice within your lips, where it will +find room enough to play its high, and its low intonations, to +discourse its flats, and sharps, to utter its joys, and +sorrows. When you thus have your voice under control, +instead of you being under its control, dragging you about in all +disorder, you will find it your servant, running upon your +errands, up and down, all through the camp, alternating in +energy, and pliability, to the end of the sermon; and not +becoming cold and weak, scarcely bearing you through, like +Bucephalus, Alexander the Great’s horse, which, mortally +wounded, just brought his master out of the battle, and then +expired. Fourthly, <a name="page149"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 149</span>remember, not to press too much upon +your breath, when you have attained the natural use of it, by +using very long sentences, without pausing at proper places, +which (pauses) will add to the effect, as well as preserve the +voice; so that you will be, like the smith, ready to strike the +duly-tempered metal, prepared to give the suitable emphasis at +the end of the paragraph. Let the matter raise the voice, +do not attempt by the voice to elevate the subject. +Fifthly, use words easily understood, that the people’s +affections may not cool, while the mind is sent to a dictionary, +to understand your terms. The great work, the exploit of a +minister, is to win the heart to believe in Christ, and to love +Him. Sixthly, bear in mind, also, the necessity of keeping +the voice free, without (affected) restraint; give every +syllable, and every letter, its full and proper sound. (It +is one of the peculiarities and excellences of the Welsh +language, and proves its Eastern origin.) No letter has to +complain that it is (condemned to be) mute, and neglected, and +has no utterance. In English, many letters have this +complaint; but in Welsh, every letter, even as the knights at the +round table of King Arthur, has, without preference, its own +appropriate and complete sound. Seventhly, remember, also, +to enunciate clearly the last syllable in every Welsh word; that +will cause your most distant hearer to understand you; while, +without this, much of what you say must be inevitably lost. +Eighthly, in order to all this, carefully attend to the manner of +the best, and ablest preachers, and imitate, not their +weaknesses, but their excellences. You will observe, that +some heavenly ornament, and power from on high, are visible in +many ministers when under the Divine irradiation, which you +cannot approach to by merely imitating their artistic excellence, +without resembling them in the spiritual taste, fervency, and +zeal which Christ and his Spirit ‘work in +them.’ This will cause, not only your being like unto +them in gracefulness of action, and propriety of elocution, but +will also induce prayer for the anointing from the Holy <a +name="page150"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 150</span>One, which +worketh mightily in the inward man. This is the mystery of +all effective preaching. We must be endowed with power from +on high: here is the grand inward secret. Without this, we +(often) perceive that it is impossible, with all academic +advantages, to make good preachers of young men from any college, +in the Church of England, or among the dissenters, in the English +or the Welsh language. A young preacher must have the +mystery of being ‘constrained’ by ‘the love of +Christ’; ‘the gift of God’ must be kindled in +him; and He alone, by the Spirit, can sustain that gift by the +Holy Spirit. ‘Who is sufficient for these +things?’ May the Lord give you, brother, a good +understanding in all things; and preserve in you the heavenly +gift by the Holy Ghost! may it be rekindled where it is, and +contributed where it is not! Without it, we can do nothing +for the glory of God, or the good of souls.</p> +<p style="text-align: right">“Affectionately,<br /> +“<span class="smcap">Christmas Evans</span>.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Sometimes Mr. Evans occupied such slight leisure as he could +command, by a contribution to the <i>Seren Gomer</i>, an +extensively-circulating magazine of the Principality. +Several of these papers are interesting; we select one, +illustrating the bent of the writer’s mind; it was +published January 1821,—“An inquiry into the meaning +of the singular language of the Apostle, his wish</p> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">To Be Accursed From +Christ</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“‘For I could wish that I were +accursed (anathema) from Christ for my brethren,’ etc. +(Rom. ix. 3). Many things, most incredible to me, have been +said in exposition of this passage; and principally, I<span +class="smcap"> </span>think, from not observing that the word +‘anathema’ is used in two senses,—the one good, +and the other bad. Barclay analyses into four acceptations; +<a name="page151"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 151</span>and, +according to the first, it signifies that which is devoted, or +set apart, to God, in a good sense. According to Parkhurst, +it signifies, in Luke xxi. 5, a consecrated gift, set apart for +the temple of God, and to His service alone. The word +translated gifts is <i>anathemasi</i>. In the second book +of Maccabees, ix. 8, the word denotes a consecrated gift. +The word in the LXX., according to Parkhurst, is synonymous with +the Hebrew word <span class="smcap">cherem</span>, and signifies, +generally, that which is entirely separated from its former +condition, and use. If so, why should we not understand +Paul, in the text, as expressing his ardent desire that he should +be separated, <i>a devoted thing</i>, for the conversion of his +brethren according to the flesh? Having gone thus far in +explanation, we offer the following interpretation: ‘For I +could wish that I were <i>anathema</i>, or a gift, in my labours +as an apostle, and a preacher of the Gospel, from Christ, for the +spiritual benefit of my brethren according to the flesh, +principally, instead of being an apostle to the Gentiles, as I am +appointed; theirs is the adoption, etc.; and I could also wish +that I, also, as an apostle, were an especial gift of Christ for +their distinctive service.’ If this be correct, there +is no necessity for changing the tense of the verb from the +present to the perfect, and reading, ‘I could wish,’ +as ‘I have wished;’ while it saves us from putting in +the Apostle’s mouth a wish entirely opposed to the +‘new creation,’ to the plan of Divine grace, and to +the glory of God; for it is certain that it is quite in +opposition to all this, for a man to desire to live in sin, and +to be accursed for ever,—and that cannot for a moment be +predicated of the Apostle of the Gentiles. I humbly ask +some learned correspondent, whether there is anything in the +original text with which this exposition will not harmonize.</p> +<p style="text-align: right">“<span class="smcap">Christmas +Evans</span>.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This letter led to some unsympathetic criticism, and +reply. Christmas Evans wrote a vindication of <a +name="page152"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 152</span>his former +views, which may be not uninteresting to our readers, as +illustrating a phase of his intellectual character. It +appeared in the <i>Seren Gomer</i> for 1822:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“<span class="smcap">Mr. +Gomer</span>,—If you please, publish the following, in +defence of my former letter on Romans ix. 3, and in reply to your +correspondent, <i>Pen Tafar</i>.</p> +<p>“It is admitted, on all hands, that the words in the +question express the highest degree of love to the Jews. +Let us, now, put the different expositions before the reader, and +then let him judge which of them contains the greatest harmony +and fitness; <i>i.e.</i>, first, to express love to the Jews; +second, the best adapted to bring about their salvation; third, +the most consistent with supreme love to Christ; and fourth, +within the confines of sinlessness.</p> +<p>“1. Many learned men set forth the Apostle as +having formed this desire when he was an enemy to Christ. +This they maintain by tracing the word <i>anathema</i> throughout +the Greek Scriptures, and the Hebrew word <i>cherem</i>, of which +it is the synonym. <i>Anathema</i>, they say, always +signifies ‘without an exception,’ a separation, or +devotement of a beast, a city, or something else, to irredeemable +destruction (Lev. xxvii. 29). The devoted thing was not to +be redeemed, but certainly to be put to death (Gal. i. 9). +‘<i>Let him be accursed</i>,’ says Paul of the angel +that would preach another gospel. ‘If any man love +not the Lord Jesus Christ, let him be <i>anathema +maranatha</i>,’ ‘accursed when the Lord +cometh.’ But who <i>can</i> believe that this is the +meaning of the word in the passage before us? I say, with +Dr. Gill, ‘This never can be the +signification.’ What probability is there that Paul +would swear, calling Jesus Christ to witness, to his ancient +enmity against Him? This was notorious enough throughout +the whole country. No asseveration was necessary to prove +<i>Paul’s persecuting spirit</i>.</p> +<p>“Again, how could that which he formerly had been, <a +name="page153"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 153</span>prove, he +now having denied himself, his old persecuting spirit, and, being +deeply ashamed on the account, prove his present love to the +Jews? How did his former love to Satan prove his present +love to the Jews?</p> +<p>“2. Others say that it is Paul’s wish as a +Christian, whatever <i>anathema</i> means. I believe it is +his desire as a Christian; otherwise I see not how it could be an +instance of his love to his brethren according to the +flesh. Several authors maintain that Paul was willing, +<i>for the sake of saving his nation</i>, <i>to part with his +interest in Christ</i>, <i>and to perish for ever</i>. +Peter Williams and Matthew Henry give this interpretation. +But, seriously, how can a person persuade himself to believe +this? Would not the Apostle, in this case, love his nation +more than Christ, and be accordingly unworthy of Christ? +This is opposed to a principle of our nature, which never can +desire its own destruction; to the principle of grace, which +loves Christ above all things on earth, and in heaven. Such +a desire would make Paul a devil.</p> +<p>“3. Others suppose that Paul here speaks +inconsiderately, in a kind of ecstasy, carried away by a stream +of affection to his people. Who can believe this without +giving up Paul’s inspiration, even when he solemnly appeals +to Christ?</p> +<p>“4. Another notion is, that the Apostle was +willing, and desirous to be excommunicated from the Church of +Christ upon earth, and to be deprived of its ordinances. +How can this, again, be considered as consistent with love to +Christ, and His Church? What tendency could his leaving the +Church have to induce the Jews to enter it? This is +contrary to the whole course of the Divine command, and promises: +God will give His people an everlasting home, and place in His +house.</p> +<p>“5. Some say, it is an <i>hyperbole</i>. To +confirm this, Exod. xxxii. 32 is quoted as a case in point: +‘<i>Blot me</i>, <i>I pray thee</i>, <i>out of Thy +book</i>, <i>which Thou hast written</i>.’ This is +not the book of eternal life, but the book of the dispensation, +<a name="page154"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 154</span>in which +Moses was leader, and mediator. ‘<i>I +would</i>,’ he says, ‘<i>give up my +office</i>.’ God rejected the request: ‘Lead +the people unto the place of which I have spoken to +thee.’ It was not for Israel, nor a condition of +forgiveness to them, but for himself, that Moses said, +‘Blot my name out of Thy book.’ All this gives +but little assistance to understand the Apostle. The two +spiritual men do not stand on the same ground. Moses seeks +the obliteration of his name, unless Israel was pardoned. +Paul seeks a work, and an office, in order to the forgiveness of +his nation.</p> +<p>“6. Further, it is supposed to be proper to +modify—<i>to soften</i>—the meaning of the word +<i>anathema</i>, as signifying, sometimes, anything devoted to +God, and that never could, afterwards, be appropriated to any +other service; and here, to understand it in that softened sense, +signifying that Paul was willing for the Redeemer to make him a +devoted thing—a martyr for the truth, for the good of the +Jewish nation. This is substantially the opinion of Thomas +Charles, and Dr. Gill. Christmas Evans’s theory is +erected on this ground—the modified sense of the word; +thus, ‘I could wish myself entirely set apart, by Christ, +to the service of my people, for their spiritual good; I should +have been glad, had I my choice, to have been an Apostle, +separated to them alone, and not to the Gentiles, with my +dwelling, and labours, amongst them, and to die a martyr for the +truth, even the most horrible death that could be devised, if +Christ had appointed me hereto.’ If ‘P. +T.’ says this is a new interpretation of Christmas +Evans’s, the answer is, No, but a legitimate extension of a +former one; for he did not intend, nor did his words import, the +separation of martyrdom, or the most anathematised sufferings, +from Paul for his kinsmen according to the flesh.</p> +<p>“7. Is it not plain, and does not ‘P. +T.’ see, that this view is superior to the former five, and +that it takes in, and is an improving addition to the latter of +the five, as to its fitness to express the Apostle’s great +love to his people, without <a name="page155"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 155</span>destroying his love to Christ, as +well as to bring about the salvation of the Jews by proper +means? How could the death of the Apostle contribute to the +conversion of the Jews, unless he died <i>as an apostate of the +circumcision</i>?”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>It appears to have been towards the close of the Anglesea +period, that he was thrown into a panic of fear, by a threat of a +legal prosecution, on account of some chapel debts, for which, of +course, he was regarded as responsible. “They +talk,” he said, “of casting me into a court of law, +where I have never been, and I hope I shall never go; but I will +cast them, first, into the court of Jesus Christ.” We +have seen that he was in the habit of putting on paper his +prayers, and communions with God. It was a time of severe +trial to him. He says, “I knew there was no ground of +action, but, still, I was much disturbed, being, at the time, +sixty years of age, and having, very recently, buried my +wife.” He continues, “I received the letter at +a monthly meeting, at one of the contests with spiritual +wickedness in high places. On my return home, I had +fellowship with God, during the whole journey of ten miles, and, +arriving at my own house, I went upstairs to my own chamber, and +poured forth my heart before the Redeemer, who has in His hands +all authority, and power.” And the following seem to +be the pathetic words in which he indulged:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“O blessed Lord! in Thy merit I confide, and +trust to be heard. Lord, some of my brethren have run wild; +and forgetting their duty, and obligations to their father in the +Gospel, they threaten me with the law of the land. Weaken, +I beseech Thee, their designs in this, as Thou didst wither the +arm of Jeroboam; and soften them, as Thou didst soften <a +name="page156"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 156</span>the mind of +Esau, and disarmed him of his warlike temper against Thy servant +Jacob, after the wrestling at Penuel. So disarm them, for I +do not know the length of Satan’s chain in this case, and +in this unbrotherly attack. But Thou canst shorten the +chain as short as it may please Thee. Lord, I anticipate +them in point of law. They think of casting Thine unworthy +servant into the little courts here below; but I cast my cause +into the High Court, in which Thou, gracious Jesus, art the High +Chancellor. Receive Thou the cause of Thine unworthy +servant, and send him a writ, or a notice, +immediately—sending into their conscience, and summoning +them to consider what they are doing. Oh, frighten them +with a summons from Thy court, until they come, and bow in +contrition at Thy feet; and take from their hands every +revengeful weapon, and make them deliver up every gun of scandal, +and every sword of bitter words, and every spear of slanderous +expressions, and surrender them all at Thy cross. Forgive +them all their faults, and clothe them with white robes, and give +them oil for their heads, and the organ, and the harp of ten +strings, to sing, for the trampling of Satan under our feet by +the God of peace.</p> +<p>“I went up once,” he says, “and was about +ten minutes in prayer; I felt some confidence that Jesus +heard. I went up again with a tender heart; I could not +refrain from weeping with the joy of hope that the Lord was +drawing near to me. After the seventh struggle I came down, +fully believing that the Redeemer had taken my cause into His +hands, and that He would arrange, and manage for me. My +countenance was cheerful, as I came down the last time, like +Naaman, having washed himself seven times in the Jordan; or +Bunyan’s Pilgrim, having cast his burden at the foot of the +cross, into the grave of Jesus. I well remember the +place—the little house adjoining the meeting-house, at +Cildwrn, where I then resided—in which this struggle took +place; I can call it Penuel. No weapon <a +name="page157"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 157</span>intended +against me prospered, and I had peace, at once, to my mind, and +in my (temporal) condition. I have frequently prayed for +those who would injure me, that they might be blessed, even as I +have been blessed. I know not what would have become of me, +had it not been for these furnaces in which I have been tried, +and in which the spirit of prayer has been excited, and exercised +in me.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>It is scarcely necessary to add, that the threat was never +executed, nor did poor Christmas, apparently, hear anything +further of the matter; but we have seen how great was the +trouble, and agitation it caused him, while the fear was upon +him. It is very affecting to find that this great, this +saintly, and earnest minister, had upon his heart, and mind, the +burden of all the chapel-debts connected with his denomination in +Anglesea, while he was minister there.</p> +<p>It might have been thought that the ministerial course of +Christmas Evans would close in Anglesea, where he had laboured so +long, and so effectually. He was, now, about sixty years of +age, but there was little light just now, in the evening-time of +his life; indeed, clouds of trouble were thickening around +him. It often seems that trouble, in the ministerial life, +comes exactly at that moment when the life is least able to +stand, with strength, against it; and, certainly, in the life of +Christmas Evans, sorrows gathered, and multiplied at the +close.</p> +<p>Chief among these must be mentioned, beyond any doubt, the +death of the beloved companion of all the Anglesea life, his good +wife, Catherine; she left him in 1823. She was eminently, +and admirably fitted to be the wife of such a man as +Christmas. Somewhat younger than her husband, she supplied +<a name="page158"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 158</span>many +attributes of character, to him most helpful; she was not an +enthusiast, but she was a Christian, with real, deep, and devout +convictions. We have no lengthy accounts of her; but little +side-lights, a kind of casemented window, reveal a character at +once affectionate, beautiful, and strong.</p> +<p>We have seen that their home was the region of self-denial, +and her husband long remembered, and used to tell, how “if +there happened to be on our table one thing better than the +other, she would, modestly, but cheerfully and earnestly, resist +all importunity to partake of it until she ascertained that there +was enough for both.” What a little candle such a +sentence as this is, but what a light it sheds over the whole +room! She did not pretend to be her husband; he filled his +larger sphere, and she, in all her manifold, gentle ways, sought +to give him rest. Surely she adds another name to the long +catalogue of good wives. She reminds us of Lavater’s +wife, and some little incidents in that Cildwrn cottage call up +memories from the manse of St. Peter’s Church, and the +shadows of the old Lindenhof of Zurich, where probably life did +not put on a gayer apparel, or present more lavish and luxurious +possibilities, than in the poor parsonage of Anglesea.</p> +<p>It is incredible, almost, to read what the good Catherine did, +poor—to our thinking, miserable—as was the income of +her husband. Her hand was most generous; how she did it, +what committee of ways and means she called together, in her +thoughtful mind, we do not know,—only, that she, +constantly, found some food to give to poor children, and needy +<a name="page159"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 159</span>people; +unblessed by children of her own, she employed her fingers in +making clothes for the poor members, and families, of the +Church. There was always help for the poor hungry labourer +passing her cottage; the house was always open for the itinerant +minister travelling on his way to some “publication,” +and she was always ready to minister to his necessities with her +own kind hands. Her husband often thought that the glance +she gave upon a text shed light upon it. She never had +robust health, but she accompanied her husband on several of his +longer journeys through the greater part of Wales,—ah, and +some of them in the winter, through storms of rain, and snow, and +hail, along dangerous roads too, across difficult ferries; and +she was uniformly cheerful! What an invaluable creature, +what a blessed companion! A keener observer of character, +probably, from what we can gather, than her husband; a sharper +eye, in general, to detect the subterfuges of selfishness and +conceit.</p> +<p>One mighty trial she had before she died; she had, in some +way, been deeply wounded, grievously injured, and hurt, and she +found it hard to forgive; she agonized, and prayed, and +struggled; and before she was called to eternity, she was able to +feel that she had forgiven, and buried the memory of the injuries +in the love and compassion of the Redeemer. Her husband had +to give her up, and at a time, perhaps, when he needed her +most. The illness was long, but great strength was given to +her, and at last the release came. There was mourning in +the Cildwrn cottage. The last night of her life she +repeated a beautiful, and comfortable Welsh hymn, and then, <a +name="page160"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 160</span>ejaculating +three times, “Lord Jesus, have mercy upon me!” she +breathed forth her quiet, affectionate, and hopeful spirit, into +her Saviour’s hands, and left her husband all alone, to +bear the burden of her departure, and other griefs, and troubles +which were crowding upon him.</p> +<p>Other troubles,—for, in what way we need not attempt too +curiously to inquire,—the pastorate gave to the poor old +pastor little, or no peace. There were strong Diotrephesian +troubles agitating the great preacher’s life. The +Churches, too, which Christmas Evans had raised, and to which, by +his earnest eloquence, and active, organizing mind, he had given +existence, grew restive, and self-willed beneath his guidance, +refusing his advice with reference to ministers he suggested, and +inviting others, whose appointment he thought unwise.</p> +<p>Poor Christmas! Did he ever ask himself, in these +moments, when he thought of his lost Catherine, and felt the +waves of trouble rising up, and beating all round him,—did +he ever ask himself whether the game was worth the candle? +whether he was a mere plaything in life, whom that arch old +player, Death, had outplayed, and defeated? Did it ever +seem to him that it was all a vanity, ending in vexation of +spirit? The life most beloved had burnt out, the building +he had spent long years to erect, seemed only to be furnished for +discomfort, and distraction.</p> +<p>Did he begin to think that the wine of life was only turning +into acrid vinegar, by-and-by to end with the long +sleeping-draught? Of life’s good things, in the +worldling’s sense of good, he had tasted few; most clearly +he had never desired them. He <a name="page161"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 161</span>had never the opportunity, nor had +he ever desired to be like a Nebuchadnezzar, roaming the world +like a beast, and pasturing at a dinner-table, as upon a sort of +meadow-land of the stomach, sinking the soul to the cattle of the +field; but he might have expected that his Church, and Churches, +would be a joy, a rest, a pleasant meadow-land to him. The +body was certainly crumbling to decay: would the ideas also prove +like frescoes, which could be washed out by tears, or removed, +and leave the soul only a desolate habitation, waiting for its +doom of dust?</p> +<p>We do not suppose that, amidst his depressing griefs, these +desolating beliefs, or unbeliefs, had any mastery over him. +What did the men who tormented him know of those mighty springs +of comfort, which came from those covenants he had made with God, +amidst the lonely solitudes of his journeyings among the wild +Welsh hills? He had not built his home, or his hopes, on +the faithfulness of men, or the vitality of Churches; the roots +of his faith, as they had struck downward, were now to bear fruit +upward.</p> +<p>There was a fine healthfulness in his spirit. There is +nothing in his life to lead one to think that he had ever been +much intoxicated by the fame which had attended him; he appears +to have been always beneath the control of the great truths in +which he believed, and it was not the seductive charms of +popularity for which he cared, but the power of those truths to +bring light, conviction, and rest, to human souls. All his +sermons look that way; all that we know of his preaching, and +experience, turns in that direction.</p> +<p>Rose-leaves are said to act as an emetic, and have <a +name="page162"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 162</span>much the +same effect on the constitution as senna-leaves. It is so +with those sweet things which fame offers to the imagination; the +conserves of its fragrance, by-and-by, become sickening. +So, the robust nature of our fine old friend had to rise over +grief, and disappointment, and unfriendliness, and diaconal +dictation and impertinence. Only one thing he +remembered. He appears to have been sustained, even as +Edward Irving was, in his conviction that the truth of his +message, the lamp of the ministry which he carried, gave to him a +right, and a prerogative which he was not to relinquish; he had +proved himself, he had proved the Spirit of God to be in him of a +truth. He was not a wrangler, not disposed to maintain +debates as to his rights; nor was he disposed to yield to +caprice, faction, and turbulence; and so, he began to think of +retiring, old as he was, from the field, the fragrance of which +had proclaimed that the Lord had blessed him there.</p> +<p>Christmas Evans, as he draws near to the close of his work in +Anglesea, only illustrates what many a far greater, and many a +lesser man than he, have alike illustrated. There is a fine +word among the many fine words of that great, although eccentric +teacher, John Ruskin:—“It is one of the appointed +conditions of the labour of man, that in proportion to the time +between the seed-sowing and the harvest, is the fulness of the +fruit; and that generally, therefore, the further off we place +our aim, and the less we desire to be the witnesses of what we +have laboured for, the more wide and rich will be the measure of +our success.” This was, no doubt, the consolation of +Christmas; but as we look upon him, a friendly <a +name="page163"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 163</span>voice +reminds us, that, as he leaves Anglesea, he realizes very much of +Robert Browning’s soliloquy of the martyred +patriot:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Thus I entered, and thus I go!<br /> + In triumphs people have dropped down dead.<br /> +Paid by the world,—what dost thou owe<br /> + Me? God might question; now, instead,<br /> +’Tis God shall repay! I am safer so.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>So the candlestick was removed out of its place in Anglesea, +and Anglesea soon, but too late, regretted the removal. +Christmas Evans, however, seems to illustrate a truth, which may +be announced almost as a general law, from the time of the +Saviour and his Apostles down to our own, that those who have +wrought most unselfishly, and serviceably for the cause of God, +and the well-being of man, had to receive their payment in +themselves, and in the life to come. In proportion to the +greatness of their work was the smallness of their remuneration +here.</p> +<p>If we refer to the painful circumstances in connection with +the close of the ministry of Christmas Evans at Anglesea, it is, +especially, to notice how his faith survived the shock of +surrounding trouble. He himself writes: “Nothing +could preserve me in cheerfulness and confidence under these +afflictions, but the assurance of the faithfulness of Christ; I +felt assured that I had much work yet to do, and that my ministry +would be instrumental in bringing many sinners to God. This +arose from my trust in God, and in the spirit of prayer that +possessed me; I frequently arose above all my sorrows.”</p> +<p>And again he writes: “As soon as I went into <a +name="page164"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 164</span>the pulpit +during this period, I forgot my troubles, and found my mountain +strong; I was blessed with such heavenly unction, and longed so +intensely for the salvation of men, and I felt the truth like a +hammer in power, and the doctrine distilling like the honey-comb, +and like unto the rarest wine, that I became most anxious that +the ministers of the county should unite with me to plead the +promise, ‘If any two of you agree touching anything,’ +etc. Everything now conspired to induce my departure from +the island: the unyielding spirit of those who had oppressed, and +traduced me; and my own most courageous state of mind, fully +believing that there was yet more work for me to do in the +harvest of the Son of Man, my earnest prayers for Divine +guidance, during one whole year, and the visions of my head at +night, in my bed—all worked together towards this +result.”</p> +<p>Few things we know of are more sad than this story. +“It was an affecting sight,” says Mr. William Morgan, +quoted by Mr. Rhys Stephen in his Memoir, “to see the aged +man, who had laboured so long, and with such happy effects, +leaving the sphere of his exertions under these circumstances; +having laboured so much to pay for their meeting-houses, having +performed so many journeys to South Wales for their benefit, +having served them so diligently in the island, and passed +through so many dangers; now some of the people withheld their +contributions, to avenge themselves on their own father in the +Gospel; others, while professing to be friends, did little more; +while he, like David, was obliged to leave his city, not knowing +whether he should ever return <a name="page165"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 165</span>to see the ark of God, and his +tabernacle in Anglesea again. Whatever misunderstanding +there was between Mr. Evans, and some of his brethren, it is +clear that his counsels ought to have been received with due +acknowledgment of his age, and experience, and that his +reputation should have been energetically vindicated. I am +of opinion, I am quite convinced, that more strenuous exertions +should have been made to defend his character, and to bear him, +in the arms of love, through the archers, and not to have +permitted him to fall in the street without an +advocate.”</p> +<p>The whole aim of Mr. Evans’s life, as far as we have +been able to read it, was to get good from heaven, in order that +he might do good on earth. Clearly, he never worked with +any hope of a great earthly reward for any personal worthiness; +perhaps there arose a sense that he had always been unjustly +remunerated, that burdens had been laid upon him he ought not to +have been called upon to bear; and now the sense of injustice +sought, as is so frequently the case, to vindicate itself by +ingratitude. It seems so perpetually true, in the sad +record of the story of human nature, that it is those who have +injured us who seek yet further to hurt us.</p> +<h2><a name="page166"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +166</span>CHAPTER V.<br /> +<i>CONTEMPORARIES IN THE WELSH PULPIT—WILLIAMS OF +WERN</i>.</h2> +<p class="gutsumm">The Great Welsh Preachers unknown in +England—The Family of the Williamses—Williams of +Pantycelyn—Peter Williams—Evan Williams—Dr. +Williams—Williams of Wern—The immense Power of his +Graphic Language—Reading and Thinking—Instances of +his Power of Luminous Illustration—Early Piety—A +Young Preacher—A Welsh Gilboa—Admiration of, and +Likeness to, Jacob Abbot—Axiomatic +Style—Illustrations of Humour—The +Devils—Fondness for Natural Imagery—Fondness of +Solitude—Affecting Anecdotes of Dying Hours—His +Daughter—His Preaching characterised—The Power of the +Refrain in the Musician and the Preacher, “Unto us a Child +is born.”</p> +<p><span class="smcap">We</span> pause here for a short time, in +our review of the career, and character, and pulpit power of +Christmas Evans, to notice some of those eminent men, who +exercised, in his day, an influence over the Welsh mind. We +will then notice some of those preachers, of even the wilder +Wales, who preceded these men. So little is known of many +of them in England, and yet their character, and labours, are so +essentially and excellently instructive, that we feel this work, +to those who are interested, to be not one of +supererogation. The men, their country, the people among +whom they moved, their work in it, the singular faith in, and +love for preaching, for the <a name="page167"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 167</span>words these men had to +utter,—they must seem, to us, remarkable, and +memorable. In this time of ours, when preaching, and all +faith in preaching, is so rapidly dying out, that it may be +regarded, now, as one of the chief qualifications of a candidate +for the pulpit, that he cannot preach a sermon, but can “go +to those who sell, and buy for himself”—this study of +what was effected by a living voice, with a real live soul behind +it, must seem, as a matter of mere history, noteworthy. And +first among those who charmed the Welsh ear, in the time of +Christmas Evans, we mention Williams of Wern.</p> +<p>It is not without reason, that many eminent Welshmen can only +be known, and really designated after the place of their birth, +or the chief scene of their labours. The family of the +Williamses, for instance, in Wales, is a very large +one—even the eminent Williamses; and William Williams would +not make the matter any clearer; for, always with tenderest love +ought to be pronounced the name of that other William Williams, +or, as he is called, Williams of Pantycelyn—the obscure, +but not forgotten, Watts of Wales. His hymns have been sung +over the face of the whole earth, and long before missionary +societies had been dreamed of, he wrote, in his remote Welsh +village,</p> +<blockquote><p>“O’er the gloomy hills of +darkness;”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>and he has cheered, and comforted many a Zion’s pilgrim +by his sweet song,</p> +<blockquote><p>“Guide me, O Thou great Jehovah!”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>He was born in 1717, and died in 1791. This <a +name="page168"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 168</span>sweet and +sacred singer ought to receive more than this passing +allusion. Little is known of him in England; and it is +curious that Mr. Christopher’s volume on “Hymn +Writers and their Hymns” neither mentions his hymns, nor +his name.</p> +<p>A writer in the <i>Quarterly Review</i>, evidently not very +favourable to that denomination of religious sentiment which +Williams represented, has spoken of the “unmixed +pleasure” his name and character awakens: “He was a +man in whom singular purity of sentiment added grace to a truly +original genius.” “His direction to other +composers was, never to attempt to compose a hymn until they feel +their souls near heaven. His precept, and his practice, in +this respect, have been compared to those of Fra +Angelico.” Would that some competent Welsh pen would +render for us, into English, more of these notes of the sweet +singer of Pantycelyn.</p> +<p>William Williams came from the neighbourhood of Llandovery, +the parish of Pritchard of the “Welshman’s +Candle;” he was, as his hymns would indicate, well +educated; he studied for, and entered upon the medical +profession; but, converted beneath the preaching of Howell +Harris, in Talgarth churchyard, he turned from medicine to the +work of the ministry. He was a member of the Established +Church; he sought, and received ordination, and deacon’s +orders, but, upon application for priest’s orders, he was +refused. He then united himself with the Calvinistic +Methodists, but still continued to labour with the great Daniel +Rowlands, at Llangeitho. His sermons were, like his hymns, +often sublime, always abounding in notes of sweetness. +During the forty <a name="page169"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +169</span>three years of his ministry, it is said, he travelled +about 2,230 miles a year, making in all 95,890 miles! He +wrote extensively, also, in prose. There is a handsome +edition of his works in the Welsh language, and an English +edition of some of his hymns. Among the most beautiful, our +readers will remember—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Jesus, lead us with Thy power<br /> + Safe into the promised rest.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This was William Williams of Pantycelyn.</p> +<p>Then, there was Peter Williams, a famous name in the +Principality, and of about the same period as Williams of +Pantycelyn. No man of his time did so much to cultivate +religious literature in Wales. He was a great preacher, and +an exemplary man; when a minister within the Church of England, +he was persecuted for his opinions, and practices; and, when he +left that communion, he suffered even a more bitter persecution +from his Methodist brethren. His life, and his preaching, +appear to have been full of romantic incidents.</p> +<p>Then there was Evan Williams, who is spoken of as a seraphic +man, and whose life appears to justify the distinctive +designation, although he died at the age of twenty-nine, very +greatly in consequence of ill-usage received in persecution.</p> +<p>Then, in England, we are better acquainted with Daniel +Williams, the founder of what is called Dr. Williams’s +Library; and who, in addition to this magnificent bequest, left +sums of money to Wales for schools, endowments of ministers, +annual grants of Bibles, and religious books, and for widows of +ministers; by which Wales has received since, and <a +name="page170"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 170</span>receives +now, the sum of about £700 a year. His ministry, +however, was in London, at Hand Alley, Bishopsgate Street, nearly +two hundred years since. His works are contained in six +octavo volumes; but he scarcely falls beneath the intention of +these pages.</p> +<p>Besides these, there are many others; so that, as we said +above, the name of Williams represents, not only a large family, +but a family remarkable for Christian usefulness in Wales. +But, in this catalogue of eminent preachers, Williams of Wern, +among those of his name, is singularly eminent. He had that +power, to which we have referred, of using his language in such a +manner, that people, in a very awful way, realized the scenes he +described. Dr. Rees mentions of him, that when preaching on +the resurrection of the dead, from the window of Ynysgan Chapel, +Merthyr Tydvil, he so riveted the attention of the vast +multitude, who were on the burying-ground before him, that when +he reached the climax, all the crowd moved together in terror, +imagining that the graves under their feet were bursting open, +and the dead rising. Yet Williams was a singularly quiet +preacher; these effects were wrought by the power of that +language, so wonderfully fitted to work on the emotions of a very +imaginative people, and which he knew how to play upon so +well.</p> +<p>This great preacher had quite as remarkable an individuality +as either of the eminent men, whose characters we may attempt +faintly to portray. Christmas Evans, we have seen, led his +hearers along through really dramatic, and pictorial +representations. Davies was called the “Silver +Trumpet” of Wales; his voice was an instrument of +overwhelming compass, <a name="page171"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 171</span>and sweetness. Elias was a man +of severe, and passionate eloquence,—all the more terrible, +because held in the restraint of a perfect, and commanding +will. Williams differed from all three; nor must it, for a +moment, be said that he “attained not to the first +three.” His eminence was equal to theirs, and, in his +own walk, he was quite as highly esteemed; but his department of +power was completely different. Perhaps, he was less the +vehicle of vehement passion than either Elias, or Davies; and it +was altogether apart from his purpose to use the amazing imagery +of Christmas Evans. His mind was built up of compacted +thought; his images were not personifications, but +analogies. So far as we are able to form a conception of +him, his mind appears to have moved in a pathway of +self-evidencing light.</p> +<p>Thus, if we were to speak of these four men as constituting a +quartette in the harmony of the great Welsh pulpit, we should +give to John Elias the place of the deep bass; to Davies, the +rich and melting soprano; to Christmas Evans the tenor; +reserving, for Williams of Wern, the place of the alto. His +teaching was eminently self-evolved. None of the great +Welsh preachers dealt much with pen, and paper. They +wrought out their sermons on horseback, or whilst moving from +place to place. With Williams it was especially so. +Two ministers called upon him in 1830. One of them was +something of a bookworm, and he asked him if he had read a +certain book which had just been published. Williams said +he had not. “Have you,” continued his friend, +“seen so-and-so?” naming another work. +“No, I have not.” And, presently, a third was +<a name="page172"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +172</span>mentioned, and the answer was still in the +negative. “I’ll tell you what,” said Mr. +Williams, “you read too much; you do not think +sufficiently. My plan in preparing sermons is to examine +the connection of a passage, extract its principle, and think it +over in my own mind. I never look at a Commentary, except +when completely beaten.”</p> +<p>It has often been said that, in the very proportion in which +eloquence is effective, and commanding in delivery, in the degree +in which it is effective as <i>heard</i>, it is impossible to be +<i>read</i>; and, with some measure of exception, this is, no +doubt, true. Williams, certainly, is an illustration of +this general principle; yet he was, perhaps, one of the most +luminous of speakers; only, this alone, without accompanying +passion, does not make the orator. Take the following as an +illustration of his manner. On ejaculatory +prayer:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Ejaculatory prayer is the Christian’s +breath; the secret path to his hiding-place; his express to +heaven in circumstances of difficulty, and peril; it is the tuner +of all his religious feelings; it is his sling, and stone, with +which he slays the enemy, ere he is aware of it; it is the hiding +of his strength; and, of every religious performance, it is the +most convenient. Ejaculatory prayer is like the rope of a +belfry; the bell is in one room, and the handle, or the end of +the rope which sets it a-ringing, in another. Perhaps the +bell may not be heard in the apartment where the rope is, but it +is heard in its own apartment. Moses laid hold of the rope, +and pulled it hard, on the shore of the Red Sea; and though no +one heard, or knew anything of it, in the lower <a +name="page173"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 173</span>chamber, +the bell rang loudly in the upper one, till the whole place was +moved, and the Lord said, ‘Wherefore criest thou unto +me?’”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This is luminous preaching. Unfortunately, as with +others, we have very little—scarcely anything, +indeed—left of Williams’s pulpit talk.</p> +<p>William Williams was born in the year 1781, at +Cwm-y-swn-ganol, in Merionethshire. There his parents +occupied a farm, and were much respected. It seems, to us, +an odd thing that their name was not Williams, but Probert, or +Ap-Robert. He received his name of Williams from the +singular practice, then prevalent in many parts of Wales, of +converting, with the aid of the letter S, the Christian name of +the father into the surname of the son. His father, +although an orderly attendant upon Divine Worship, never made a +public profession of religion; but his mother was a very pious, +and exemplary member of the Calvinistic Methodist connexion.</p> +<p>The decisive hour of real religious conviction came to the +youth when he was very young—only about thirteen years of +age. Impressions deep, and permanent, were made on his +mind, and heart, and at fifteen he was received into Church +fellowship; but he suffered greatly from diffidence. +Although it was expected of him, he could not pray either in the +family, or in public, because, as he used to say, he would then +be required, by all his acquaintance, to conduct himself like a +perfect saint. But one night, when all the family, with the +exception of his mother, and himself, had retired to rest, she +engaged in prayer with him, and then said, “Now, <a +name="page174"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 174</span>Will, dear, +do you pray,” and he did so; and from this moment dated the +commencement of his courage, and confidence.</p> +<p>It was in his twenty-second year that he entered Wrexham +Academy. He was a thorough Welshman—a monoglot. +He made some progress in the acquisition of English, and Greek; +but he could never speak English fluently, and was advanced in +life before he knew a word of it; and he used to say, “When +I violate English, I am like a child that breaks a window; I do +not go back to mend it, but I run away, hoping I shall not be +seen.” As linguists, most of his fellow-students +outshone him; in the pulpit, from his very first efforts, he not +only outshone them all, but it was soon seen that he was to +transcend most of the teachers, and speakers of his time.</p> +<p>Perhaps his example will not commend itself to some of our +modern writers, as to preparation for the ministry; for when he +was recommended to continue longer under tuition, he said, +“No—no; for if so, the harvest will be over while I +am sharpening my sickle.” Young as he was, he took a +singular view of the leadings of Providence, which, however, +eminently marks the character of the man. He received a +most unanimous invitation from a large, and influential Church at +Horeb, in Cardiganshire, and was just about accepting the +invitation, when the smaller, and, in comparison, quite +insignificant sphere of Wern was put before him, with such +commendations of the importance of the work as commanded his +regards. He declined Horeb, and accepted Wern.</p> +<p><a name="page175"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 175</span>His +field of labour appears to have comprehended a cluster of +villages, such as Llangollen, Rhuabon, and Rhosllanerchrugog; and +in this region the greater number of his days were passed, +excepting that brief period, towards the close of his life, when +he became the minister of the great Welsh tabernacle in Cross +Hall Street, Liverpool. But he left Wales with a heavy +heart, amidst the pretty distinctly expressed dissatisfaction of +the people of the Principality, who, however, still insisted on +giving him his designation of Williams of Wern. Nor was he +away from them long. His old Church continued unsettled, +and after three years’ ministry in Liverpool, he returned +to Wern, to close his active, and useful life.</p> +<p>His pastorate consisted, really, of three places—Wern, +Rhos, and Harwood. It was a singular circumstance, that +whilst large crowds thronged round him at the first two places, +and while his name was becoming as a sharp arrow through the +whole Principality, he made little impression on Harwood. +He used to say that Harwood had been of greater service to him +than he had been to it; for it was “the thorn in the flesh, +lest he should be exalted above measure;” and if he ever +felt disposed to be lifted up when he saw the crowds gathering +round him at other places, he had only to go over to, or think +about Harwood, and this became an effectual check to the feelings +of self-inflation, in which he might have been tempted to +indulge. It was so, whilst other places, Churches, and +congregations, “waited for him as for the rain, and opened +their mouths wide as for the latter rain;” <a +name="page176"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 176</span>whilst upon +other fields his “doctrine distilled as the dew,” his +stubborn Harwood appears to have been a kind of Welsh Gilboa, +upon which no dew fell.</p> +<p>He was claimed as a kind of public property, and Churches at a +distance seemed to think they had a right to his services, +frequently very much to the irritation of his own people, to whom +he might have given the consolation he once administered to a +brother minister; “I understand that your people complain a +good deal because you so often leave them. Well, let us be +thankful that the reverse is not the case; for our own people +might have tired of us, and be pleased to hear strangers, and +preferred our absence, regarding us as ‘a vessel wherein is +no pleasure.’” Unfortunately, in such cases, +congregations do not take the matter as philosophically as the +old Scotchwoman, who, when she met a neighbouring clergyman one +Sabbath morning, wending his way to her own kirk, expressed her +surprise at meeting him there, and then. He explained that +it was an exchange of services. “Eh, then,” +said the old woman, “<i>your</i> people will be having a +grand treat the day.”</p> +<p>Something of the nature of Williams’s mind, and his +method of ministration, may be gathered from his exceeding +admiration of Jacob Abbot, and especially his work, “The +Corner Stone.” “Oh! what a pity,” he +said, “that we cannot preach as this man +writes.” But, so far as we have been able to judge +from the scanty means we possess, he did preach very much after +the manner of Jacob Abbot’s writings. His words +appear, first, to have been full of strong, seminal principles, +and these were soon made <a name="page177"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 177</span>clear in the light of very apt +illustrations. Truly it has been said, that, first, the +harper seizes his harp, and lays his hand firmly upon it, before +he sweeps the strings. In an eminent manner, Williams gave +to his people the sense, as soon as he commenced, that a subject +was upon his heart, and mind; and he had a firm grasp of it, and +from his creative mind each successive stroke was some fine, apt, +happy evolution.</p> +<p>Illustration was his <i>forte</i>, but of a very different +order from that of Christmas Evans; for instance, illustrating +the contests of Christian creeds, and sects with each other, +“I remember,” he said, “talking with a marine, +who gave to me a good deal of his history. He told me the +most terrible engagement he had ever been in, was one between the +ship to which he belonged, and another English vessel, when, on +meeting in the night, they mistook each other for a French +man-of-war. Many persons were wounded, some slain; both +vessels sustained serious damage from the firing, and, when the +day broke, great was their surprise to find the English flag +hoisted from the masts of both vessels, and that, through +mistake, they had been fighting all night against their own +countrymen. It was of no avail, now, that they wept +together: the mischief was done. Christians,” said +the preacher, “often commit the same error in this present +world. One denomination mistakes another for an enemy; it +is night, and they cannot see to recognise each other. What +will be their surprise when they see each other in the light of +another world! when they meet in heaven, after having shot at +each other through the mists of the present <a +name="page178"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +178</span>state! How will they salute each other, when +better known, and understood, after having wounded one another in +the night! But they should wait till the dawn breaks, at +any rate, that they may not be in danger, through any mistake, of +shooting at their friends.”</p> +<p>The Welsh language is, as we suppose our readers well know, +especially rich in compact, proverbial, axiomatic +expressions. The Welsh triads are an illustration of +this. The same power often appears in the pulpit. The +latter, and more recent, languages are unfavourable to the +expression of proverbs. Williams we should suppose to have +been one of the most favourable exemplifications of this +power. General tradition in Wales gives him this kind of +eminence—poem, and proverb united in his sentences. +We have not been able to obtain many instances of this; and we +fear it must be admitted, that our language only in a clumsy way +translates the pithy quaintness of the Welsh, such as the +following: “The door of heaven shuts from below, not from +above. ‘Your iniquities have separated, saith the +Lord.’” “Of all the birds,” he once +said, “the dove is the most easily alarmed, and put to +flight, at hearing a shot fired. Remember,” he +continued, “that the Holy Ghost is compared to a dove; and +if you begin to shoot at each other, the heavenly Dove will take +wing, and instantly leave you. The Holy Spirit is one of +love, and peace, not of tumult, and confusion. He cannot +live amongst the smoke, and noise of fired shots: if you would +grieve the Holy Spirit, and compel Him to retire, you have only +to commence firing at one another, and He will instantly <a +name="page179"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +179</span>depart.” “The mind of man is like a +mill, which will grind whatever you put into it, whether it be +husk or wheat. The devil is very eager to have his turn at +this mill, and to employ it for grinding the husk of vain +thoughts. Keep the wheat of the Word in the mind; +‘keep thy heart with all diligence.’”</p> +<p>Some of his words seem very odd, although he was a most grave, +and serious man. Thus; “Our prayers often resemble +the mischievous tricks of town-children, who knock at their +neighbours’ houses, and then run away; we often knock at +Heaven’s door, and then run off into the spirit of the +world: instead of waiting for entrance, and answer, we act as if +we were afraid of having our prayers answered.” +Again: “There are three devils which injure, and ravage our +Churches, and congregations,—the singing devil, the +pew-letting devil, and the Church officers’ appointment +devil: they are of the worst kind of devils, and this kind goeth +not out but by prayer, and fasting.” “The old +ministers,” he used to say, “were not much better +preachers than we are, and, in many respects, they were inferior +to us; but they had a success attendant upon their ministry that +can now seldom be seen. They prayed more than we do. +It was on his knees that Jacob became a prince; and if we would +become princes, we must be more upon our knees. We should +be successful as our fathers, could we be brought to the same +spirit, and frame of mind.”</p> +<p>But Williams is like Elias in this; we have had none of his +sermons rendered into English, and, therefore, the descriptions +we have are rather tantalizing. <a name="page180"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 180</span>Mr. Parry, the Congregational +minister of Llandudno, a man well fitted to judge—himself +one of the most distinguished living poets in the Welsh language, +and who has carried many prizes from the Eisteddfodd—says +of him: “I shall never forget his eloquence. It +poured forth like a swollen torrent. I cannot help +referring to a sermon he preached at an annual Association at +Llanerchmedd, Anglesea. The meeting was, as usual, held in +the open air. The weather was very sultry; the congregation +seemed drowsy. His manner, before preaching, showed +considerable restlessness, and when he came to the desk, he +looked rather wild. It was evident his spirit was on fire, +and his mind charged brimful with ideas. He read his text +in a quick, bold tone; ‘But now they desire a better +country, that is, a heavenly.’ He poured forth such a +flood of eloquent description, that he completely enchanted our +feelings, and made us imagine we felt the field move under our +feet. He himself thought this occasion one of the most +remarkable in his life; for I spoke to him about the sermon years +after. I believe it served to raise our Churches throughout +the whole land.”</p> +<p>He was a more extensive reader than any of his brethren in the +ministry; a keen observer, too, in the departments of natural +history, and natural philosophy. It was, indeed, much like +his own method, and it illustrated the reason of his great +admiration for Jacob Abbot’s “Corner Stone,” +when he very prettily says, “The blessed Redeemer was very +fond of His Father’s works.” He used to say, +“If we understood nature better, <a +name="page181"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 181</span>it would +help us to understand the Bible better. The kingdom of +nature, and the kingdom of grace, are very like each other. +There is a striking resemblance between the natural principles of +the one, and the moral principles of the other.” He +entered with a kind of joy into the sublime moods of nature; was +fond of watching the play of the lightning, and listening to the +voice of the thunder. “Jesus,” he used to say, +“loved to look at the lily, and to listen to the birds; to +speak upon the mysteries of the seed, and to draw forth +principles from these things. It was no part of His plan to +expound the laws of nature, although He understood them more +perfectly than any one else; but He employed nature as a book of +reference, to explain the great principles of the plan of +salvation.”</p> +<p>A clergyman writes of him, that “his appearance when +preaching was very remarkable, and singularly beautiful. +When standing in a great crowd, every soul seemed agitated to its +centre, and cheeks streaming with tears. It is but justice +that every one should have his likeness taken when he appears to +the greatest advantage; and so Williams. His picture, on +such an occasion, would be an honour to the country which reared +him, a treasure to the thousands who heard him, and a name to the +painter.” The likeness is before us now, and in the +firm, composed thoughtfulness, a kind of sad, far outlook in the +eyes, and the lips which seem to wait to tremble into +emotion—we think we can well realize, from the inanimate +engraving, what life must have been in the speech of this +extraordinary man. His mind was cast in a sweetly +meditative mould. He was <a name="page182"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 182</span>fond of retreating by himself among +the trees, and walking beneath their shadows, as they formed a +canopy over his head. He said of one such place, “I +think I must love that spot through all eternity, for I have felt +a degree of heaven there.”</p> +<p>And thus he died. He had lost his wife some time +before. It is very affecting to read the account of +himself, and his daughter, dying together in different rooms of +the same house. As he said to her, one day, “We +appear to be running, with contending footsteps, to be first at +the goal.” They spent much time in talking together, +with unruffled composure, of death, and heaven, and being +“absent from the body, and present with the +Lord.” Every morning, as soon as he was up, found him +by the bedside of his daughter.</p> +<p>Once he said to her, “Well, Eliza, how are you this +morning?”</p> +<p>“Very weak, father.”</p> +<p>“Ah!” said he, “we are both on the +racecourse. Which of us do you think will get to the end +first?”</p> +<p>“Oh, I shall, father. I think you must have more +work to do yet.”</p> +<p>“No,” he said; “I think my work is nearly +over.”</p> +<p>“It may be so, father; but, still, I think I shall be +the first to go.”</p> +<p>“Perhaps,” he said, “it is best it should be +so, for I am more able to bear the blow. But,” he +continued, “do you long to see the end of the +journey?”</p> +<p>“Oh, from my heart!” she replied.</p> +<p>“But why?”</p> +<p><a name="page183"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +183</span>“Because I shall see so many of my old friends, +and my mother; and, above all, I shall see Jesus.”</p> +<p>“Ah, well, then,” he said, “tell them I am +coming! tell them I am coming!”</p> +<p>She died first. Her last words were, “Peace! +peace!” He followed her shortly after—on the +17th of March, 1840, in the fifty-ninth year of his age.</p> +<p>Amongst the great preachers of Wales, not one seems to have +won more upon the tender love of those who knew him. Dr. +Raffles said of him, “What he was as a preacher, I can only +gather from the effects he produced on those who understood the +language in which he spoke, but I can truly say, that every +occasion on which I saw him only served to impress me more with +the ardour of his piety, and the kindness of his heart. He +was one of the loveliest characters it has been my lot to +meet.”</p> +<p>High strains of thought, rendered into the sweet variety, +melting tenderness, and the grand strength of the language of +Wales, seem to have been the characteristics of the preaching of +Williams of Wern; tender, and terrible, sweetness alternating +with strength. We have already said how much Welsh +preaching derived, in its greatest men, from the power of varying +accent; the reader may conceive it himself if ever listening to +that wonderful chorus in Handel’s “Messiah,” +which Herder, the great German, called truly the Christian Epos; +but the chorus to which we refer, is that singular piece of +varying pictorial power, “Unto us a Child is born,” +repeated, again and again, in sweet whispered accents, playing +upon the thought; <a name="page184"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +184</span>the shepherds having kept watch over their flocks by +night in the fields, and having heard the revelation voices of +the angels say it—“For unto us a Child is +born;” and then rolls in the grand thunder, “And His +name shall be called Wonderful;” and then, you return back +to the sweet silvery accents, “For unto us a Child is +born;” and the thought is, that the Wise Men are there +offering their gifts; and then roll in, again, the grand, +overwhelming words, “And His name shall be called +Wonderful;” and yet again that for which we waited, the +tender, silvery whisperings, “Unto us a Child is +born;” until it seems as if flocks, and herds, and fields, +shepherds, and wise men, all united with the family of Jesus, +beneath the song-singing through the heavens in the clear starry +night, “Unto us a Child is born, and His name shall be +called Wonderful.” Those who have listened to this +chorus, may form some idea of the way in which a great Welsh +preacher—and Williams of Wern as a special +illustration—would run his thought, and its corresponding +expression, up and down, through various tones of feeling, and +with every one awaken, on some varying accent, a fresh +interpretation, and expression. Perhaps, the nearest +approach we have heard, in England, to the peculiar gifts of this +preacher, has been in the happiest moods of the beloved, and +greatly honoured Thomas Jones, once minister of Bedford Chapel, +London.</p> +<h2><a name="page185"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +185</span>CHAPTER VI.<br /> +<i>CONTEMPORARIES—JOHN ELIAS</i>.</h2> +<p class="gutsumm">Fire and Smoke—Elias’s Pure +Flame—Notes in the Pulpit—Carrying Fire in +Paper—Elias’s Power in Apostrophe—Anecdote of +the Flax-dresser—A Singular First Appearance in the +Pulpit—A Rough Time in Wales—The Burning of the +Ravens’ Nests—A Hideous Custom put down—The +Great Fair of Rhuddlan—The Ten Cannon of Sinai—Action +in Oratory—The Tremendous Character of his +Preaching—Lives in an Atmosphere of Prayer—Singular +Dispersion on a Racecourse—A Remarkable Sermon, Shall the +Prey be taken from the Mighty?—Anecdote of a Noble +Earl—Death and Funeral.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">We</span> have already implied that Welsh +preaching has had many varieties, and very various influences +too. Even the very excitements produced by these famous +men, whose names we are recording, varied considerably; but one +characteristic certainly seemed to attend them—the +influence was real, and very undoubted. When Rowland Hill +was in Wales, and witnessed some of the strong agitations +resulting from great sermons, he said, he “liked the fire, +but he did not like the smoke.” It was, like so many +of the sayings of the excellent old humorist, prettily, and +wittily said. But it may, also, be remarked, that it is, +usually, impossible to have real fire without smoke; and it has +further been well said, that the stories of the results of such +preaching make <a name="page186"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +186</span>us feel that, could we only get the fire, we need not +object to a little of the smoke.</p> +<p>We are introducing to our readers, now, in John Elias, one +who, certainly, does not seem to have surrounded the clear flames +of his eloquence with unnatural excitement. If the effects +of his oratory seem to rival all that we have heard of the +astonishing power of George Whitefield, the material of his +sermons, the severity of their tone of thought, and the +fearfulness of their remorseless logic, remind us of Jonathan +Edwards. He had read extensively, especially in theology; +and, it has been truly said, his mind was a storehouse, large, +lofty, and rich. Like his great coadjutors, he prepared for +the pulpit with amazing care, and patience, but apparently never +verbally—only seeing his ideas clearly, and revolving them +over and over until, like fuel in the furnace, they flamed. +He tells us how, having done his part, by earnest, and patient +study, he trusted to God to give to his prepared mind its fitting +expression, and speech. Of course, like the rest, he +disclaimed all paper in the pulpit. An eminent brother +minister, Thomas Jones, of Denbigh, was coming to London to +preach what was considered the great annual sermon of the London +Missionary Society, at Surrey Chapel. In his own country, +Mr. Jones preached always extempore; but, being in company with +Matthew Wilkes, and John Elias, he inquired of old Matthew +whether, for such an occasion, he did not think that he had +better write his sermon.</p> +<p>“Well, for <i>such</i> an occasion,” said Matthew, +“perhaps it would be better to write your discourse; but, +at any rate, let us have plenty of fire in it.”</p> +<p><a name="page187"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +187</span>“But,” said John Elias, “he cannot +carry fire in paper!”</p> +<p>“Never mind,” said Matthew; “paper will do +very well to light the fire with!”</p> +<p>Mr. Wilkes’ witty rejoinder seems to give the entire +value to notes, and writing in the pulpit; but, no doubt, Elias +expressed his conviction, and the conviction of all these men, +that you cannot carry fire in paper. But we have before +said that it was by no means wild-fire. One of the great +poets of Wales imagined a conversation going on between the soul +and the body of Elias, before they both went up together in the +pulpit, when the soul said to the body, “Now, you must be a +sacrifice for an hour. You must bear all my fire, and +endure all my exertion, however intense it may be.” +And another writer says of him that, while some preachers remind +us of Pharaoh’s chariots, that drove heavily, Elias +reminded us, rather, of that text, “He maketh His angels +spirits, and His ministers a flame of fire.”</p> +<p>Whatever is to be said of the peculiarities of other great +Welsh preachers, it seems to be admitted, on all hands, that John +Elias was the Demosthenes of the group. Let no reader +smile, however high his regard for the classic orator. The +stories told of the effects of the preaching of John Elias, +greatly resemble those of the great Grecian orator, who, at the +close of his tremendous orations, found the people utterly +oblivious to all the beauty, and strength of his +discourses—utterly indisposed to admire, or criticise, but +only conducted to that point of vehement indignation, and +passionate action, which had been, all <a +name="page188"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 188</span>along, the +purpose of the speaker, exclaiming, “Let us march against +Philip!”</p> +<p>If profound passionate conviction, persuasion altogether +insensible of anything besides its own emotions, be the chief +attribute of the gifted orator, John Elias must stand, we will +not say matchless, but, from all that we have heard of him, +unsurpassed. We have no means of testing this by any +published sermons; scraps and fragments we have, and traditions +of the man, and his soul-piercing eloquence, float about over +Wales; but we apprehend it was an order of eloquence which would +not submit itself to either penmanship, or paper, either to the +reporter, or the printing-press.</p> +<p>How extravagant some things seem when quietly read, +unaccompanied by the passion, and excitement which the preacher +has either apprehended, or produced! The reader remembers +very well—for who does not?—Whitefield’s +vehement apostrophe, “Stop, Gabriel!” Who could +deliberately write it down to utter it? and what an affectation +of emotion it seems to read it! But that was not the effect +produced on David Hume, who heard it; and we may be very sure +that man,—the most acute, profound, cold philosopher, and +correct writer, had no friendly feelings either to Whitefield, or +Gabriel—to the message which the preacher had to give, or +the archangel to carry. A quiet, ordinary, domestic state +of feeling scarcely knows how to make allowances for an inflamed +orator, his whole nature heaving beneath the passion produced by +some great, and subduing vision, an audience in his hands, as a +river of water, prepared to move whithersoever he will. +Thus Elias, when <a name="page189"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +189</span>he was handling some weighty subject, would suddenly +say, “Stop! silence!” (<i>Disymwth</i>! +<i>Gosteg</i>!) “What are they saying in Heaven on +the subject?” His hearers testify that, in such +moments, he almost brought them within the precincts of the +glory. The effect was thrilling. And, dealing with +alarming truths, he would exclaim, “Stop! silence! +What do they say in hell on this subject?”</p> +<p>The man who can do these things must be no hearsay man, or +such questionable excursions of speech would be likely to provoke +laughter, and contempt, rather than overwhelming awe. The +effect of this preacher was unutterable. It is said that +upon such occasions, had the people heard these things from the +invisible world, as he expatiated on the things most likely to be +uttered, either in Heaven or hell, upon the subject, they could +scarcely have been more alarmed.</p> +<p>His biographer, Mr. Morgan, Vicar of Syston, in +Leicestershire, tells how he heard him preaching once to a crowd +in the open air, on “the Last Day,” representing the +wicked as “tares gathered into bundles,” and cast +into the everlasting burnings. There was a certain +flax-dresser, who, in a daring and audacious way, chose to go on +with his work in an open room opposite to where Elias was +preaching from the platform; but, as the preacher grew more and +more earnest, and the flames more flashing, the terrible fire +more and more intense in its vehemence, the man was obliged to +leave his work, and run into a yard behind his house, to get out +of the reach of the cruel flames, and the awful peals of the +thunder of the preacher’s subduing voice. “But +the awful <a name="page190"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +190</span>language of that Elias followed me there also,” +said the panic-stricken sinner.</p> +<p>There was a preacher of Caernarvon, one Richardson, a preacher +of peculiar tenderness, and sweetness, who made his hearers weep +beneath the lovely message he generally carried. On one +occasion, while Elias was pouring forth his vehement, and +dreadful words, painting the next world in very living, and +fearful colours, his audience all panic-stricken, and carried +along as if they were on the confines of the darkness, and the +gates opening to receive them, a man, in the agony of his +excitement, cried out, “Oh, I wish I could hear Mr. +Richardson, of Caernarvon, just for five minutes!” No +anecdote could better illustrate the peculiar gifts, and powers +of both men.</p> +<p>John Elias was a native of Caernarvonshire. His parents +were people in very humble circumstances, but greatly +respected. His paternal grandfather lived with them. +He was a member of the Church of England. His influence +over the mind of Elias appears to have been especially good; and +it is, perhaps, owing to this influence that, although he became +a minister, and the eminent pride of the Calvinistic Methodist +body, he, throughout his life, retained a strong affection for +the services, and even the institution, of the Church of +England. Through his grandfather, he acquired, what was not +usual in that day, the rudiments of education very early, and as +a young child, could read very well and impressively. Thus, +when quite a child, they went together to hear some well-known +Methodist preacher. The time for the service had long +passed, and the preacher did not arrive. The old gentleman +became impatient, <a name="page191"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +191</span>and said to his little grandson, “It’s a +pity the people should be idling like this; go up into the +pulpit, John, and read a chapter to them;” and, suiting the +action to the word, he pushed the child up into the pulpit, and +shut the door after him. With much diffidence, he began to +read portions of the Sermon on the Mount, until, venturing to +withdraw his eye from the Bible, and look aside, lo! to his great +dismay, there was the preacher quietly waiting outside the pulpit +door. He gently closed the book, and slipped down the +pulpit stairs. This was his first appearance in the +pulpit. Little could any one dream that, in after years, he +was to be so eminent a master in it.</p> +<p>But he was only twenty years of age when he began to preach, +indeed; and it is said that, from the first, people saw that a +prophet of God had risen amongst them. There was a popular +preacher, with a very Welsh name, David Cadwalladr, who went to +hear him; and, after the sermon, he said, “God help that +lad to speak the truth, for he’ll make the people +believe,—he’ll make the people believe whatever he +says!” From the first, John Elias appears to have +been singularly like his two namesakes, John the Baptist, and +Elias the prophet. He had in him a very tender nature; but +he was a severe man, and he had a very severe theology. He +believed that sin held, in itself, very tremendous, and fearful +consequences, and he dealt with sin, and sinners, in a very +daring, and even dreadful manner.</p> +<p>He appeared in a rough time, when there were, in the +neighbourhood, rough, cruel, and revolting customs. Thus, +on Whitsunday in each year, a great concourse <a +name="page192"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 192</span>of people +used to assemble together to burn the ravens’ nests. +These birds bred in a high and precipitous rock, called <i>Y +gadair</i> (that is, “the chair”). The birds +were supposed to prey on young poultry, etc., and the people +thought it necessary to destroy them; but they always did so on +the Sabbath, and it became quite a wild festival occasion; and +the manner of their destruction was most savage, and +revolting. The nests were beyond their reach; but they +suspended a fiery fagot by a chain. This was let down to +set the nests on fire; and the young birds were roasted +alive. At every blaze which was seen below, triumphant +shouts rose from the brutal crowd, rending the air. When +the savages had put the birds to death, they usually turned on +each other; and the day’s amusement closed in fights, +wounds, bruises, and broken bones. One of the first of +Elias’s achievements was the daring feat of invading this +savage assembly, by proclaiming, in their very midst, the wrath +of God against unrighteousness, and Sabbath-breaking. +Perhaps, to us, the idea of preaching in such a scene seems like +the attempting to still a storm by the waving of a feather; but +we may also feel that here was a scene in which that terrible +eloquence, which was a chief power of Elias, was well +bestowed. Certainly, it appears chiefly due to Elias that +the hideous custom was put down, and put to an end for ever.</p> +<p>It was no recreative play, no rippling out of mild, +meditative, innocent young sermons, these first efforts of young +Elias. For instance, there was a great fair which was wont +to be held at Rhuddlan, in Denbighshire. It was always held +on the Lord’s Day. <a name="page193"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 193</span>Thither, into the midst of the fair, +went the young man. He took his stand on the steps of the +New Inn, the noise and business of the fair going on all around +him. His friends had earnestly tried to dissuade, and +entreated him not to venture into the midst of so wild, and +dangerous a scene. Farmers were there, to hire labourers; +crowds of rough labourers were there. It was the great +market-day for scythes, and reaping-hooks. In the booths +all round him were the sounds of harps, and fiddles; it was a +wild scene of dissipation. There stood the solemn young +man, thoughtful, grave, and compassionate. Of course, he +commenced with a very solemn prayer; praying so that almost every +order of person on the ground felt himself arrested, and brought, +in a solemn way, before God. Singular effects, it is said, +seemed to follow the prayer itself. Then he took for his +text the fourth commandment; but he said he had come to open upon +them “the whole ten cannon of Sinai.” The +effects could hardly have been more tremendous had the +congregation really stood at the foot of the mountain that +“might not be touched.” In any case, Elias was +an awful preacher; and we may be sure that upon this occasion he +did not keep his terrors in reserve.</p> +<p>One man, who had just purchased a sickle, was so alarmed at +the tremendous denunciations against Sabbath-breakers, that he +imagined that the arm which held the sickle was paralysed; he let +it fall on the ground. He could not take his eye from the +preacher; and he feared to stoop to pick it up with the other +hand, lest that should be paralysed also. It ought, also, +to be said this man became an entirely <a +name="page194"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 194</span>changed +character, and lived, to an advanced age, a consistent +Christian. The great crowd was panic-stricken. The +fair was never after held on the Lord’s Day. Some +person said to Elias, afterwards, that the fair was an old +custom, and it would recover itself, notwithstanding his +extraordinary sermon. Elias, in his dreadful manner, +replied, “If any one will give the least encouragement to +the revival of that fair, he will be accursed before the Holy +Trinity, in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy +Ghost!” A dreadfully earnest sort of man this. +We are not vindicating his speeches, only giving an account of +them.</p> +<p>Mr. Jones, the Rector of Nevern, one of the most eminent of +the Welsh bards, says, “For one to throw his arms about, is +not action; to make this, or that gesture, is not action. +Action is seen in the eye, in the curling of the lip, in the +frowning of the nose—in every muscle of the +speaker.” Mentioning these remarks to Dr. Pugh, when +speaking of Elias, he said he “never saw an orator that +could be compared to him. Every muscle was in action, and +every movement that he made was not only graceful, but it +spoke. As an orator,” said Dr. Pugh, “I +considered him fully equal to Demosthenes!”</p> +<p>It was tremendous preaching. It met the state of +society—the needs of the times. What is there in a +sermon?—what is there in preaching? some have flippantly +inquired. We have seen that the preaching of Elias effected +social revolutions; it destroyed bad customs, and improved +manners. He lived in this work; it consumed him. +Those who knew him, applied to him the words of Scripture: +“The <a name="page195"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +195</span>zeal of Thine house hath eaten me up.” In +estimating him, and his work, it ought never to be forgotten, +that, as has always been the case with such men, he lived in a +life of wondrous prayerfulness, and spiritual elevation. He +was called to preach a great Association sermon at Pwlheli. +In the whole neighbourhood the state of religion was very low, +and distressingly discouraging to pious minds; and it had been so +for many years. Elias felt that his visit must be an +occasion with him. It may almost be said of that day, that +“Elias prayed, and the heavens gave rain.” He +went. He took his text, “Let God arise, and let His +enemies be scattered!” It was an astonishing +time. While the preacher drove along with his tremendous +power, multitudes of the people fell to the ground. Calm +stood the man, his words rushing from him like flames of +fire. There were added to the Churches of that immediate +neighbourhood, Mr. Elias’s clerical biographer tells us, in +consequence of the powerful impetus of that sermon, two thousand +five hundred members.</p> +<p>The good man lived in an atmosphere of prayer. The +stories which gather about such men, sometimes seem to partake of +the nature of exaggerations; but, on the other hand, it ought to +be recollected that all anecdotes and popular impressions arise +from some well-known characteristic to which they are the +correspondents. There was a poor woman, a neighbour’s +wife. She was very ill, and her case pressed very much upon +the mind of Elias in family prayer. But one morning he said +to his wife, “I have somehow missed Elizabeth in my prayer +this morning; I think she cannot be alive.” The words +had <a name="page196"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +196</span>scarcely passed from his lips when the husband was at +the door, to tell him of his wife’s departure.</p> +<p>There is a singular circumstance mentioned of some +horse-races, a great disturbance to the best interests of the +neighbourhood; on the day of the great race, Elias’s spirit +was very much moved, and he prayed most passionately and +earnestly that the Lord would do something to put a stop to +them. His prayer was so remarkable, that someone said, +“Ahab must prepare his chariot, and get away.” +The sky became so dark shortly after, that the gas was lighted in +some of the shops of the town. At eleven o’clock the +rain began to pour in torrents, and continued until five +o’clock in the afternoon of the next day. The +multitudes on the race-ground dispersed in half-an-hour, and did +not reassemble that year; and what seemed more remarkable was, +that the rainfall was confined to that vicinity. It is our +duty to mention these things. An adequate impression could +not be conveyed of the place this man held in popular estimation +without them. And his eminence as a preacher was +astonishing; wherever he went, whatever day of the week, or +whatever hour of the day, no matter what the time or the season, +business was laid aside, shops were closed, and the crowds +gathered to hear him. Sometimes, when it was arranged for +him to preach in a chapel, and more convenient that he should do +so, a window was taken out, and there he stood, preaching to the +crowded place within, and, at the same time, to the multitudes +gathered outside. Mr. Morgan, late vicar of Christ Church, +in Bradford, gives an account of one of these sermons. +There was a great panorama <a name="page197"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 197</span>exhibiting at the same time. +Elias took the idea of moving succession—the panorama of +all the miracles wrought by Christ. It is easy to see how, +from such lips, a succession of wonderful pictures would pass +before the eye, of living miracles of Divine working,—a +panorama of wonderful cures. Mr. Morgan says, “I was +very ill at the time, but that striking sermon animated me, and I +have often stirred the cold English with the account of +it.”</p> +<p>We have said that no sermons are preserved; Elias himself +regretted, in his advanced life, that some, which had been of a +peculiar interest to him, had gone from him. Fragments +there are, but they are from the lips of hearers. Many of +these fragments still present, in a very impressive manner, his +rousing, and piercing, and singularly original style; his +peculiar mode of dealing at will, for his purposes of +illustration, with the things of earth, heaven, and hell.</p> +<p>Take one illustration, from the text, “<i>Shall the prey +be taken from the mighty</i>, <i>or the lawful captive be +delivered</i>?” “<i>Satan</i>!” he +exclaimed, “what do you say? Shall the prey be taken +from the mighty? ‘No, never. I will increase +the darkness of their minds; I will harden more the hardness of +their hearts; I will make more powerful the lusts in their souls; +I will increase the strength of their chains; I will bind them +hand and foot, and make my chains stronger; the captives shall +never be delivered. Ministers! I despise +ministers! Puny efforts theirs!’ +‘<i>Gabriel</i>!’ exclaimed the preacher, +‘messenger of the Most High God: shall the prey be taken +from the mighty?’ ‘Ah! I do not +know. I have been <a name="page198"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 198</span>hovering over this assembly. +They have been hearing the Word of God. I did expect to see +some chains broken, some prisoners set free; but the opportunity +is nearly over; the multitudes are just upon the point of +separating; there are no signs of any being converted. I go +back from this to the heavenly world, but I have no messages to +carry to make joy in the presence of the +angels.’” There were crowds of preachers +present. Elias turned to them. “‘What +think you? You are <i>ministers</i> of the living +God. Shall the prey be taken from the mighty?’ +‘Ah! who hath believed our report? and to whom is the arm +of the Lord revealed? We have laboured in vain, and spent +our strength for nought; and it seems the Lord’s arm is not +stretched out. Oh, there seems very little hope of the +captives being delivered!’ ‘<i>Zion</i>! +Church of Christ! answer me, Shall the prey be taken from the +mighty? What do you say?’ And Zion said, +‘My God hath forgotten me; I am left alone, and am +childless. And my enemies say, This is Zion, whom no man +seeketh after.’ Oh, I am afraid the prey will not be +taken from the mighty—the captive will not be +delivered. <i>Praying Christians</i>, what do you +think? ‘O Lord, Thou knowest. High is Thy hand, +and strong is Thy right hand. Oh that Thou wouldst rend the +heavens, and come down! Let the sighing of the prisoner +come before Thee. According to the greatness of Thy power, +preserve Thou them that are appointed to die. I am nearly +wearying in praying, and yet I have a hope that the year of +jubilee is at hand.’” Then, at this point, +Elias assumed another, higher, and his most serious <a +name="page199"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 199</span>manner, as +if about to speak to the Almighty; and, in quite another tone, he +said, “What is the mind of the Lord respecting these +captives? Shall the prey be taken from the +mighty?” Then he exclaimed, “‘Thus saith +the Lord, Even the captives of the mighty shall be taken away, +and the prey of the terrible shall be delivered.’ +Ah!” he exclaimed, “there is no doubt about the mind +and will of the Lord—no room for doubt, and +hesitation. ‘The ransomed of the Lord shall return, +and come to Zion with songs and everlasting joy upon their +heads.’”</p> +<p>This is the fragment of a sermon preached when Elias was about +thirty years of age. Of course it can give but a very +slender idea, but perhaps it shows something of the manner of the +master. His imagination was very brilliant, but more +chastened, and subdued, than that of many. His eloquence, +like all of the highest order, was simple, and he trusted rather +to a fitting word, than to a large furniture of speech. It +is said that, to his friends, every sermon appeared to be a +complete masterpiece of elocution, a nicely-compacted, and +well-fitted oration.</p> +<p>Among the great Welsh preachers, David Davies, and Williams of +Wern were, like Rowlands of Llangeitho, comparatively +fixtures. Of course, they appeared on great Association +occasions. But John Elias, and Christmas Evans itinerated +far, and wide. Unlike as they were in the build of their +minds, and the character of their eloquence, they had a great, +and mutual, regard, and affection for each other; and it is told +how, when either preached, the other was <a +name="page200"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 200</span>seen with +anxious interest drinking in, with the crowd, the words of his +famous brother. Theirs are, no doubt, the two darling names +most known to the religious national heart of Wales. To +John Elias it is impossible to render such a mede of justice, or +to give of his powers even so comprehensive a picture, as is +attempted, even in this volume, of Christmas Evans.</p> +<p>Something like an illustration of the man may be gathered from +an anecdote of the formation of one of the first Bible Societies +in North Wales. It was a very great occasion. A noble +Earl, the Lord Lieutenant of the county, was to take the chair; +but when he heard that John Elias was expected to be the +principal speaker, he very earnestly implored that he might be +kept back, as “a ranter, a Methodist, and a Dissenter, who +could do no good to the meeting.” The position of +Elias was such that, upon such an occasion, no one could have +dared to do that; so the noble Lord introduced him, but with +certain hints that “brevity, and seriousness would be +desirable.” The idea of recommending seriousness to +John Elias, certainly, seems a very needless commendation; but +when Elias spoke,—partly in English, and partly in +Welsh,—especially when, in stirring Welsh, he referred to +the constitution of England, and the repose of the country, as +illustrating the value of the Bible to society, and some other +such remarks,—of course with all the orator’s +piercing grandeur of expression,—the chairman, seeing the +inflamed state of the people, and himself not well knowing what +was said, would have the words translated to him. He was so +carried away by the dignified bearing of the great orator, <a +name="page201"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 201</span>that he +would have a special introduction to him at the close of the +meeting. A day or two after, a special messenger came to +invite him to visit, and spend some time at the house of the +Earl. This, however, was respectfully declined, for +reasons, no doubt, satisfactory to Elias, and which would satisfy +the peer also, that the preacher had no desire to use his great +popularity for his own personal influence, and +aggrandisement.</p> +<p>After a life of eminent usefulness, he died, in 1841, at the +age of sixty-eight. His funeral was a mighty procession, of +about ten thousand persons. They had to travel, a distance +of some miles, to the beautiful little churchyard of Llanfaes, a +secluded, and peaceful spot,—a scene of natural romance, +and beauty, the site of an old Franciscan monastery, about +fourteen miles from Llangefni, the village where Elias +died. The day of the funeral was, throughout the whole +district, as still as a Sabbath. As it passed by Beaumaris, +the procession saw the flags of the vessels in the port lowered +half-mast high; and as they passed through Beaumaris town, and +Bangor city, all the shops were closed, and all the blinds drawn +before the windows. Every kind of denomination, including +the Church of England, joined in marks of respect, and justified, +more distinctly than could always be done, the propriety of the +text of the funeral oration: “Know ye not that a prince and +a great man has fallen?” Of him it might truly be +said, “<i>Behold I will make thee a new sharp threshing +instrument</i>, <i>having teeth</i>: <i>thou shalt thresh the +mountains</i>, <i>and beat them small</i>, <i>and shalt make the +hills like chaff</i>.”</p> +<h2><a name="page202"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +202</span>CHAPTER VII.<br /> +<i>CONTEMPORARIES—DAVIES OF SWANSEA</i>.</h2> +<p class="gutsumm">Traditions of his Extraordinary +Eloquence—Childhood—Unites in Church Fellowship with +Christmas Evans, and with him preaches his First Sermon—The +Church of Castell Hywel—Settles in the Ministry at +Frefach—The Anonymous Preacher—Settles in +Swansea—Swansea a Hundred Years Since—Mr. Davies +reforms the Neighbourhood—Anecdotes of the Power of his +Personal Character—How he Dealt with some Young +Offenders—Anecdote of a Captain—The Gentle Character +of his Eloquence—The Human Voice a Great Organ—The +Power of the “Vox Humana” Stop—A Great Hymn +Writer—His Last Sermon.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">We</span> shall, in the next chapter, +mention several names of men, mightily influential as Welsh +preachers in their own country, and to most English readers +utterly unknown. Perhaps the most conspicuous of these +lesser known men is, however, David Davies, of Swansea. Dr. +Thomas Rees, in every sense a thoroughly competent authority, +speaks of him as one of the most powerful pulpit orators in his +own, or any other, age; and he quotes the words of a well-known +Welsh writer, a minister, who says of David Davies: “In his +best days, he was one of the chief of the great Welsh +preachers.” This writer continues: “I may be +deemed too partial to my own denomination in making such an +observation. What, it may be <a name="page203"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 203</span>asked, shall be thought of John +Elias, Christmas Evans, and others? In point of flowing +eloquence, Davies was superior to every one of them, although, +with regard to his matter, and the energy, and deep feeling with +which he treated his subjects, Elias, in his best days, excelled +him.” As to this question of feeling, however, the +writer of these pages was talking, some time since, with Dr. Rees +himself, about this same David Davies, when the Doctor said: +“What the old people tell you about him is wonderful. +It was in his voice—he could not help himself; without any +effort, five minutes after he began to speak, the whole +congregation would be bathed in tears.”</p> +<p>This great, and admirable man was born in the obscure little +village of Llangeler, in Carmarthenshire, in June, 1763. +His parents, although respectable, not being in affluent +circumstances, could give him very few advantages of +education. Thus it happened that, eminent as he became as a +preacher, as one of the most effective hymn-writers in his +language, and as a Biblical commentator, he was entirely a +self-made man. However, as is so often the case in such +instances, his earnest eagerness in the acquisition of knowledge +was manifest when he was yet very young; and he was under the +influence of very strong religious impressions at a very early +age.</p> +<p>Even when he was quite a child, he would always stand up, and +gravely ask a blessing on his meals; and it is said that there +was something so impressive, and grave, in the manner of the +child, that some careless frequenters of the house always took +off their hats, and behaved with grave decorum until the short +prayer was ended. His parents were not <a +name="page204"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 204</span>religious +persons, and, therefore, it is yet more remarkable that one day, +while he was still in his earliest years, his father heard him +fervently in prayer for them behind a hedge. It is not +wonderful to learn that he was greatly affected by it. It +does not seem that this depth of religious life accompanied him +all the way through his boyhood, and his youth; but a very early +marriage—in most instances, so grave, and fatal a +mistake—would appear to have been the occasion of the +restoration of his religious convictions. He was but twenty +when he married Jane Evans, a respectable, and lovely young woman +of his own neighbourhood; and now his religious life began in +real earnest.</p> +<p>It is surely very remarkable, as we have already seen, that +he, and Christmas Evans were admitted into Church fellowship on +the same evening,—the Church to which we have already +referred,—beneath the pastorate of the eminent scholar, and +bard, David Davies, of Castell Hywel. The singularity did +not stop here. Christmas Evans, and the young Davies, +preached their first sermon in the same little cottage, in the +parish of Llangeler, within a week of each other. The two +youths were destined to be the most eminent lights of their +different denominations, in their own country, in that age; but +neither of them continued long in connection with the Church at +Castell Hywel; and as they joined at the same time, so about the +same time they left.</p> +<p>David Davies, their pastor, was a great man, and an eminent +preacher, but he was an Arian, and the Church members were +chiefly of the same school of thought; and the convictions of +both youths were <a name="page205"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +205</span>altogether of too deep, and matured an order, to be +satisfied by the Arian view of the person, and work of +Christ. Moreover, they both, by the advice of friends, were +looking to the work of the Ministry, for which they must have +early shown their fitness; and, as we have noticed in the case of +Christmas Evans, there was a rule in the Church at Castell Hywel, +that no one should be permitted to preach who had not received an +academical training.</p> +<p>This, in addition to their dissatisfaction with services +devoted chiefly to the frigid statements of speculative points of +doctrine, or the illustration of worldly politics, soon operated +to move the young men into other fields. Evans, as we know, +united himself with the Baptists; Davies found a congenial +ministration at Pencadair, under the direction of a noted +evangelical teacher of those parts, the Rev. William +Perkins. There his deepest religious convictions became +informed, and strengthened. Davies was always a man of +emotion; it was his great strength when he became a preacher; and +his biographer very pleasingly states the relation of his +after-work to this moment of his life, when he says that, +“Beneath the teaching of Mr. Perkins, a delightful change +came over his feelings; he could now see, in the revealed +testimony concerning the work finished by our Divine Surety, and +Redeemer, enough to give confidence of approach ‘into the +holiest,’ to every one who believes the report of it, as +made known to all alike in the Scriptures. We may justly +say, ‘Blessed are their eyes who see’ this; who see +that God is now ‘reconciling the world unto Himself, not +imputing unto men their trespasses.’ They, <a +name="page206"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 206</span>indeed, see +the heavens opened, and the angels of God ascending, and +descending upon the Son of Man. They see that fulfilled +which was set forth of old in vision to Jacob, the restoration of +intercourse between earth and heaven through a mediator; and, in +the discovery of it, they walk joyfully in the way of peace, and +in the gracious presence of their reconciled Father.”</p> +<p>It was after this period that the first sermon was preached, +in the cottage to which we have alluded. “The humble +beginning of both Davies, and Evans, naturally reminds us,” +says Davies’ biographer, “of the progress of an oak +from the acorn to the full-grown tree, or that of a streamlet +issuing from an obscure valley among the mountains, and swelling, +by degrees, into a broad, and majestic river.” David +Davies soon became well known in his neighbourhood as a mighty +evangelist. Having grounded his own convictions, and even +then possessed of a copious eloquence, it is not wonderful to +read that dead Churches rose into newness of life, and became, in +the course of time, flourishing societies. He was ordained +as a co-pastor with the Rev. John Lewis, at Trefach. The +chapel became too small, and a new one was built, which received +the name of Saron. He became a blessing to Neuaddlwyd, and +Gwernogle; his words ran, like flames of fire, through the whole +district. It is said that his active spirit, and fervent +style of preaching, gave a new tone to the ministry of the +Independents throughout the whole Principality. Hearers, +who have been unaccustomed to the penetrating, the quietly +passionate emotionalness of the great Welsh preachers, can +scarcely form an <a name="page207"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +207</span>idea of the way in which their at once happy, and +invincible words would set a congregation on fire.</p> +<p>The beloved, and revered William Rees, of Liverpool, in his +memoir of his father, gives an illustration of this, in +connection with a sermon preached by Mr. Davies; and it furnishes +a striking proof of the force of his eloquence. The elder +Rees speaks of one meeting in particular, which he attended at +Denbigh, at the annual gathering of the Independents. A +minister from South Wales preached at the service with unusual +power, and eloquence. Among the auditors, there was a +venerable man, named William Lewis, who possessed a voice loud, +and clear as a trumpet, and who was, at that time, a celebrated +preacher among the Calvinistic Methodists. The southern +minister, in full sail, with the power of the +“<i>hwyl</i>” strong upon him, and the whole +congregation, of course, in full sympathy, all breathless, and +waiting for the next word, came to a point in his sermon where he +repeated, says Mr. Rees, in his most pathetic tones, the verse of +a hymn, which can only be very poorly conveyed in +translation:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Streams from the rock, and bread from +heaven,<br /> +Were, by their God, to Israel given;<br /> +While Sinai’s terrors blazed around,<br /> +And thunders shook the solid ground,<br /> +No harm befell His people there,<br /> +Sustained with all a Father’s care,<br /> +Perversely sinful though they were.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The drift of the passage was to show that the believer in +Christ is just as safe amidst terrors from within, and +without. The sentiment touched the electric chord in the +hearts of the multitude. Old <a name="page208"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 208</span>William Lewis could bear it no +longer. Up he started, unable to conceal his +feelings. “Oh, yes! oh, yes!” he exclaimed; +“blessed be His name! God supported His people amidst +all the terrors of Sinai, sinful, and rebellious though they +were. That was the most dreadful spot in which men could +ever be placed; yet, even there, God preserved His people +unharmed. Oh, yes! and there He sustained me, too, a poor, +helpless sinner, once exposed to the doom of His law, and +trembling before Him!” No sooner had the old man +uttered these words, than a flame seemed instantaneously to +spread through the whole congregation, which broke forth into +exclamations of joy, and praise. But the preacher, who had +kindled this wonderful fire, and who could do such things! +For some time, Mr. Rees was unable to find out who it was; and it +was the younger Rees, long the venerable minister in Liverpool, +who discovered afterwards, from one of his father’s old +companions, that it was David Davies, from the south,—he +who came to be called, in his more mature years, “The great +Revivalist of Swansea.”</p> +<p>For, after labouring until the year 1802 in the more obscure +regions we have mentioned, where, however, his congregations were +immense, and his influence great over the whole Principality, he +was invited by the Churches of Mynyddbach, and Sketty—in +fact, parts of Swansea—to become their pastor; and on this +spot his life received its consummation, and crown.</p> +<p>When Mr. Davies entered the town, it was a remarkably wicked +spot; the colliers were more like barbarians than the inhabitants +of a civilized country. <a name="page209"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 209</span>Gangs of drunken ruffians prowled +through its streets, and the suburbs in different directions, +ready to assault, and ill-treat any persons who ventured near +them. They were accustomed to attack the houses as they +passed, throwing stones at the doors, and windows, and could +scarcely open their mouths without uttering the most horrid +oaths, and blasphemies. It seems almost strange, to our +apprehensions now, that the presence of a preacher should effect +a change in a neighbourhood; yet nothing is more certain, than +the fact that immense social reformations were effected by +ministers of the Gospel, both in England, and in Wales.</p> +<p>Mr. Davies had not long entered Swansea before the whole +neighbourhood underwent a speedy, and remarkable change. He +had a very full, and magnificent voice; a voice of amazing +compass, flexibility, and tenderness; a voice with which, +according to all accounts, he could do anything—which could +roll out a kind of musical thunder in the open air, over great +multitudes, or sink to the softest intonations, and whispers, for +small cottage congregations. It was well calculated to +arrest a rude multitude. And so it came about that +Mynyddbach became as celebrated for the work of David Davies, as +the far-famed Llangeitho for the great work, and reformation of +David Rowlands. The people poured in from the country round +to hear him. Then, although very tender, and genial, his +manner was so solemn, and he had so intense a power of realizing, +to others, the deep, and weighty truths he taught, that he became +a terror to evil-doers.</p> +<p>It is mentioned that numbers of butchers from <a +name="page210"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 210</span>the +neighbourhood of Cwmamman, and Llangenie, were in the habit of +attending Swansea market on Saturdays. Some of them, after +selling the meat which they had brought, were accustomed to +frequent the public-houses, and to remain there drinking, and +carousing until the Sunday morning. It is a well-known, and +amusing circumstance, that, in the course of a little time, when +proceeding homewards on their ponies, if they caught a glimpse of +Mr. Davies coming in an opposite direction, they hastily turned +round, and trotted off, until they could find a bystreet, or +lane, to avoid his reproving glances, or warnings, which had the +twofold advantage of pertinency and serious wit, conveyed in +tones sufficiently stentorian to reach their ears. And +there was a man, proverbially notorious for his profane swearing, +who plied a ferry-boat between Swansea, and Foxhole; whenever he +perceived Mr. Davies approaching, he took care to give a caution +to any who might be using improper expressions: +“Don’t swear, Mr. Davies is coming!”</p> +<p>And there is another story, which shows what manner of man +this Davies was. One Saturday night, a band of drunken +young men, and boys, threw a quantity of stones against his door, +according to their usual mode of dealing with other houses. +While they were busy at their work of mischief, he suddenly +opened the door, rushed out, and secured two or three of the +culprits, who were compelled to give him the names of all their +companions. He then told them that he should expect every +one of them to be at his house on a day which he mentioned. +Accordingly, the whole party came at the appointed <a +name="page211"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 211</span>hour, but +attended by their mothers, who were exceedingly afraid lest the +offending lads should be sent to prison in a body. Instead +of threatening to take them before the magistrates, Mr. Davies +told them to kneel down with him; and having offered up an +earnest prayer, and affectionately warned them of the +consequences of their evil ways, he dismissed them, requesting, +however, that they would all attend at Ebenezer Chapel on the +following Sunday. They were, of course, glad to comply with +his terms, and to be let off so easily. In after years, +several of them became members of his Church, and maintained +through life a consistent Christian profession. “And +one of them,” said Dr. Rees, when writing the story of his +great predecessor, “is an old grey-headed disciple, still +living.”</p> +<p>Such anecdotes as these show how far the character of the man +aided, and sustained the mighty power of the minister. Our +old friend, the venerable William Davies, of Fishguard, says: +“I well remember Mr. Davies of Swansea’s repeated +preaching tours through Pembrokeshire, and can never forget the +emotions, and deep feelings which his matchless eloquence +produced on his crowded congregations everywhere; he had a +penetrating mind, a lively imagination, and a clear, distinctive +utterance; he had a remarkable command of his voice, with such a +flow of eloquence, and in the most melodious intonations, that +his enraptured audience would almost leap for joy.”</p> +<p>Instances are not wanting, either in the ancient, or modern +history of the pulpit, of large audiences rising from their +seats, and standing as if all spellbound, <a +name="page212"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 212</span>while the +preacher was pursuing his theme, and, to the close of his +discourse, subdued beneath the deepening impression, and rolling +flow of words. Perhaps the reader, also, will remember, if +he have ever been aware of such scenes, that it is not so much +glowing splendour of expression, or the weight of original ideas, +still less vehement action, which achieves these results, as a +certain marvellous, and melodious fitness of words, even in the +representation of common things.</p> +<p>But to return to Mr. Davies. Davies of Fishguard, +aforementioned, gives an illustration of his preaching: +“The captain of a vessel was a member of my Church at +Fishguard, but he always attended Ebenezer, when his vessel was +lying at Swansea. One day, he asked another captain, +‘Will you go with me next Sunday, to hear Mr. Davies? +I am sure he will make you weep.’ ‘Make +<i>me</i> weep?’ said the other, with a loud oath. +‘Ah! there’s not a preacher in this world can make +<i>me</i> weep.’ However, he promised to go. +They took their seats in the front of the gallery. The +irreligious captain, for awhile, stared in the preacher’s +face, with a defiant air, as if determined to disregard what he +might say; but when the master of the assembly began to grow +warm, the rough sailor hung down his head, and before long, he +was weeping like a child.” Here was an illustration +of the great power of this man to move, and influence the +affections.</p> +<p>As compared with other great Welsh preachers, Davies must be +spoken of as, in an eminent manner, a singer, a prophet of song, +and the swell, and cadences of his voice were like the many +voices, <a name="page213"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +213</span>which blend to make up one complete concert. He +was not only a master of the deep bass notes, but he had a rich +soprano kind of power, too; for we read that “when he +raised his voice to a higher pitch than ordinary, it increased in +melody, and power, and its effects were thrilling in the extreme; +there were no jarring notes—all was the music of eloquence +throughout.” This must not be thought +wonderful—it is natural; all men cannot be thus, nor all +preachers, however good, and great. There are a few noble +organs in the world. The organ itself, however considered, +is a wonderful instrument, but there are some built with such +extraordinary art that they are capable of producing transcendent +effects beyond most other instruments. Davies, the +preacher, was one of these amazing organs, in a human frame; but +the power of melody was still within his own soul, and it was the +wonderful score which he was able to read, and which he compelled +his voice to follow, which yet produced these amazing +effects.</p> +<p>Surely, it is not more wonderful, that the human voice should +have its great, and extraordinary exceptions, than that most +wonderful piece of mechanism and art, an organ. We have the +organs of Berne, Haarlem, and the Sistine Chapel—such are +great exceptions in those powers which art exercises over the +kingdom of sound; their building, their architecture, has made +them singular, and set them apart as great instruments. But +even in these, who does not remember the power of the <i>vox +humana</i> stop? We apprehend that few who have heard it in +the organs of Berne, or Fribourg, will sympathise with Dr. +Burney’s irreverent, <a name="page214"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 214</span>and ridiculous condemnation of it, +in his “History of Music,” as the “cracked +voice of an old woman of ninety, or Punch singing through a +comb.” Far from this, the hearer waits with intense +anxiety, almost goes to hear this note, and realizes in it, what +has been said so truly, that music, as it murmurs through the +ear, is the nurse of the soul. But all organs have not the +<i>vox humana</i> stop, nor all preachers either. The human +voice, like the organ, is a mighty instrument, but it is the soul +which informs the instrument with this singular power, so that +within its breast all the passions seem to reign in turn. +Singular, that we have thought so much of the great organs of the +Continent, and have listened with such intensity to the great +singers, and have failed to apply the reflection that the +greatest preachers must be, in some measure, a combination of +both.</p> +<p>Davies was one of those preachers, without whose presence the +annual gatherings, in which the Welsh especially delighted, would +have been incomplete. On such occasions, he was usually the +last of the preachers—the one waited for. As the +service proceeded, it naturally happened that some weariness fell +over the assembly; numbers of people might be seen in different +parts, sitting, or reclining, on the grass; but as soon as David +Davies appeared on the platform, there was a gathering in of all +the people, pressing forward from all parts of the field, eager +to catch every word which fell from the lips of the +speaker. When a great singer appears at a concert, who of +all the audience would lose a single bar of the melody? He +gave out his own hymn in a voice <a name="page215"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 215</span>that reached, without effort, to the +utmost limits of the assembled multitude, though he spoke in a +quiet, natural tone, without any exertion. He read his text +deliberately, but in accents sufficiently loud to be heard with +ease by ten thousand people. What is any great singer, +without distinctness of enunciation? And distinct +enunciation has always been one of the strong points of the great +Welsh preachers. Hence, from this reason, he was always +impressive, and he seldom preached without using some Scriptural +story, which he made to live, through his accent, in the hearts +of the people; illustrative similes, and not too many of them; +striking thoughts, beneath the pressure of which his manner +became more and more impressive, until, at each period, his +hearers were overpoweringly affected. Every account of him +speaks of his wonderfully impressive voice; and all this gained +additional force from his dignified bearing, and appearance, +which took captive, and carried away, not only more refined +intelligences, but even coarsest natures, while the preacher +never approached, for a moment, the verge of vulgarity. +Contemporary preachers bore testimony that when the skilful +singer had closed his strain, the people could not leave the +spot, but remained for a long time after, weeping, and +praising.</p> +<p>We have said, already, that Mr. Davies was one of the Welsh +hymn-writers; eighty of his hymns are said to be among the best +in the Welsh language. He was a strong man, of robust +constitution, but, it may be said, he died young; before he had +reached his fiftieth year, his excessive labours had told visibly +on his health, and for many months before his death, he was <a +name="page216"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 216</span>strongly +impressed with the idea that the time of his departure was at +hand. He died in the year 1816. The first Sabbath of +that year, he preached a very impressive sermon, from the text, +“Thus saith the Lord, This year thou shalt die.”</p> +<p>His last sermon was preached about three weeks before he died, +when he also administered the ordinance of the Lord’s +Supper, and gave the right hand of fellowship to thirteen +persons, on their admission into the Church. He spoke only +a few words during the service, and in those, in faltering +accents, told his people he did not expect to be seen amongst +them any more. And, indeed, there was every indication, by +his weakness, that his words would be fulfilled. Every +cheek was bedewed with tears. The hearts of many were ready +to burst with grief; for this man’s affections were so +great, that he produced, naturally, that grief which we feel when +the holders of our great affections seem to be parted from +us.</p> +<p>He went home from this meeting to die. The struggle was +not long protracted. On the morning of December 26th, 1816, +he breathed his last. On the day of the funeral, a large +concourse, from the town, and neighbourhood, followed his remains +to the grave. These lie in a vault, which now occupies a +space in the centre of the new chapel, reared on the site of that +in which he ministered so affectionately; and over the pulpit, a +chaste, and beautiful mural marble tablet memorialises, and very +conspicuously bears the name of David Davies. Of him, also, +it might be said: “<i>The Lord God hath given me the tongue +of the learned</i>, <i>that I should know how to speak a word in +season to him that is weary</i>.”</p> +<h2><a name="page217"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +217</span>CHAPTER VIII.<br /> +<i>THE PREACHERS OF WILD WALES</i>.</h2> +<p class="gutsumm">Rees Pritchard, and “The +Welshman’s Candle”—A Singular +Conversion—The Intoxicated Goat—The Vicar’s +Memory—“God’s better than +All”—Howell Harris—Daniel Rowlands at +Llangeitho—Philip Pugh—The Obscure +Nonconformist—Llangeitho—Charles of Bala—His +Various Works of Christian Usefulness—The Ancient Preachers +of Wild Wales characterised—Thomas Rhys +Davies—Impressive Paragraphs from his Sermons—Evan +Jones, an Intimate Friend of Christmas Evans—Shenkin of +Penhydd—A Singular Mode of Illustrating a Subject—Is +the Light in the Eye?—Ebenezer Morris—High +Integrity—Homage of Magistrates paid to his +Worth—“Beneath”—Ebenezer Morris at +Wotton-under-Edge—His Father, David +Morris—Rough-and-ready Preachers—Thomas +Hughes—Catechised by a Vicar—Catching the +Congregation by Guile—Sammy Breeze—A Singular Sermon +in Bristol in the Old Time—A Cloud of Forgotten +Worthies—Dr. William Richards—His Definition of +Doctrine—Davies of Castell Hywel, the Pastor of Christmas +Evans, and of Davies of Swansea—Some Account of Welsh +Preaching in Wild Wales, in Relation to the Welsh Proverbs, +Ancient Triads, Metaphysics, and Poetry—Remarks on the +Welsh Language and the Welsh Mind—Its Secluded and Clannish +Character.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Amongst</span> the characteristic names of +Wales, remarkable in that department to which we shall devote +this chapter, whoever may be passed by, the name of Rees +Pritchard, the ancient Vicar of Llandovery, ought not to go +unmentioned. We <a name="page218"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 218</span>suppose no book, ever published in +Wales, has met the acceptance and circulation of +“Canwyll-y-Cymry,” or “The Welshman’s +Candle.” Since the day of its publication, it has +gone through perfectly countless editions; and there was a time, +not long since, when there was scarcely a family in Wales, of any +intelligence, which did not possess a copy.</p> +<p>Its author was born in the parish of which he became the +vicar, so far back as 1575. He was educated at +Oxford. His early life was more remarkable for dissipation +of every kind, than for any pursuits compatible with his sacred +profession. He was, especially, an inveterate drunkard; the +worst of his parishioners were scandalised by his example, and +said, “Bad as we may be, we are not half so bad as the +parson!” The story of his conversion is known to +many, who are not acquainted with his life, and work, and the +eminence to which he attained; and it certainly illustrates how +very strange have been some of the means of man’s +salvation, and how foolish things have confounded the wise. +As George Borrow says in his “Wild Wales,” in his +account of Pritchard, “God, however, who is aware of what +every man is capable, had reserved Rees Pritchard for great, and +noble things, and brought about his conversion in a very +remarkable manner.”</p> +<p>He was in the habit of spending much of his time in the +public-house, from which he was, usually, trundled home in a +wheelbarrow, in a state of utter insensibility. The people +of the house had a large he-goat, which went in, and out, and +mingled with the guests. One day, Pritchard called the goat +to him, and offered it some ale, and the creature, so far <a +name="page219"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 219</span>from +refusing it, drank it greedily, and soon after fell down in a +state of intoxication, and lay quivering, to the great delight of +Pritchard, and his companions, who, however, were horrified at +this conduct in one, who was appointed to be their example, and +teacher. Shortly after, as usual, Pritchard himself was +trundled home, utterly intoxicated. He was at home, and +ill, the whole of the next day; but on the day following, he went +down to the public-house, and called for his pipe, and +tankard. The goat came into the room, and again he held the +tankard to the creature’s mouth; but it turned away its +head in disgust, hurried away, and would come near him no +more. This startled the man. “My God!” he +said, “is this poor dumb creature wiser than +I?” He pursued, in his mind, the train of feeling +awakened by conscience; he shrank, with disgust, from +himself. “But, thank God!” he said, “I am +yet alive, and it is not too late to mend. The goat has +taught me a lesson; I will become a new man.” +Smashing his pipe, he left his tankard untasted, and hastened +home. He, indeed, commenced a new career. He became, +and continued for thirty years, a great, and effective preacher; +“preaching,” says Mr. Borrow, “the inestimable +efficacy of Christ’s blood-shedding.”</p> +<p>Those poetical pieces which he wrote at intervals, and which +are called “The Welshman’s Candle,” appear only +to have been gathered into a volume, and published, after his +death. The room in which he lived, and wrote, appears to be +still standing; and Mr. Borrow says: “Of all the old houses +in Llandovery, the old Vicarage is, by far, the most worthy of +attention, irrespective of the wonderful monument <a +name="page220"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 220</span>of +God’s providence, and grace, who once inhabited it;” +and the old vicar’s memory is as fresh in Llandovery, +to-day, as ever it was. While Mr. Borrow was looking at the +house, a respectable-looking farmer came up, and was about to +pass; “but observing me,” he says, “and how I +was employed, he stopped, and looked now at me, and now at the +antique house. Presently he said, ‘A fine old place, +sir, is it not? But do you know who lived +there?’ Wishing to know what the man would say, +provided he thought I was ignorant as to the ancient inmate, I +turned a face of inquiry upon him, whereupon he advanced towards +me, two or three steps, and placing his face so close to mine, +that his nose nearly touched my cheek, he said, in a kind of +piercing whisper, ‘<i>The Vicar</i>!’ then drawing +his face back, he looked me full in the eyes, as if to observe +the effect of his intelligence, gave me two or three nods, as if +to say, ‘He did indeed,’ and departed. +<i>The</i> Vicar of Llandovery had then been dead nearly two +hundred years. Truly the man in whom piety, and genius, are +blended, is immortal upon earth!” “The +Welshman’s Candle” is a set of homely, and very +rememberable verses, putting us, as far as we are able to judge, +in mind of our Thomas Tusser.</p> +<p>Mr. Borrow gives us a very pleasant taste in the following +literal, vigorous translation, which we may presume to be his +own:—</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">“GOD’S +BETTER THAN ALL.”</p> +<p>“God’s better than heaven, or aught therein;<br /> +Than the earth, or aught we there can win;<br /> +Better than the world, or its wealth to me—<br /> +God’s better than all that is, or can be.</p> +<p><a name="page221"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +221</span>“Better than father, than mother, than nurse;<br +/> +Better than riches, oft proving a curse;<br /> +Better than Martha, or Mary even—<br /> +Better, by far, is the God of heaven.</p> +<p>“If God for thy portion thou hast ta’en,<br /> +There’s Christ to support thee in every pain;<br /> +The world to respect thee thou wilt gain;<br /> +To fear thee, the fiend, and all his train.</p> +<p>“Of the best of portions, thou choice didst make,<br /> +When thou the high God to thyself didst take;<br /> +A portion, which none from thy grasp can rend,<br /> +Whilst the sun, and the moon on their course shall wend.</p> +<p>“When the sun grows dark, and the moon turns red;<br /> +When the stars shall drop, and millions dread;<br /> +When the earth shall vanish, with its pomp, in fire,<br /> +Thy portion shall still remain entire.</p> +<p>“Then let not thy heart, though distressed, complain;<br +/> +A hold on thy portion firm maintain.<br /> +Thou didst choose the best portion, again I say;<br /> +Resign it not till thy dying day!”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>But the age of preachers in Wales, to which the following +pages will more immediately refer, commences with those two great +men, who were indeed the Whitfield, and the Wesley of +Wales—Howell Harris of Trevecca, and Daniel Rowlands of +Llangeitho. It is remarkable that these two men, born to be +such inestimable, and priceless blessings to their country, were +born within a year of each other—Harris at Trevecca, in +1714, Rowlands at Pantybeidy, in Cardiganshire, in 1713. As +to Harris, he is spoken of as the most successful preacher that +ever ascended a pulpit, or platform in Wales; and yet nothing is +more certain, than that he neither aimed to preach, nor will his +sermons, so far as any <a name="page222"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 222</span>knowledge can be obtained of them, +stand the test of any kind of criticism. This only is +certain, their unquestioned, and greatly pre-eminent +usefulness.</p> +<p>He did not deliver composed sermons, but unpremeditated +addresses, on sin, and its tremendous consequences; on death, and +the judgment, and the world to come. It is said, “His +words fell like balls of fire, on the careless, and impenitent +multitudes.” Himself destined for a clergyman of the +Church of England, an Oxford man, and with a fair promise of +success in the Church—since before he left Oxford, he had a +benefice offered him—he repeatedly applied, in vain, for +ordination. Throughout his life, he continued ardently +attached to the services of the Church of England.</p> +<p>It was, unhappily, from that Church, in Wales, he encountered +his most vehement opposition, and cruel persecution. He, +however, roused the whole country,—within the Church of +England, and without,—from its state of apathy, and +impiety; while we quite agree with his biographer, who says: +“Any attempt to account philosophically for the remarkable +effects which everywhere attended the preaching of Howell Harris, +would be nothing better than an irreverent trifling with a solemn +subject. All that can be said, with propriety, is, that he +was an extraordinary instrument, raised by Providence, at an +extraordinary time, to accomplish an extraordinary +work.”</p> +<p>But Llangeitho, and its vicar, seem to demand a more +lengthened notice, as coming more distinctly within the region of +the palpable, and apprehensible. Daniel Rowlands was a +clergyman, and the son of a clergyman. At twenty-two years +of age, he was <a name="page223"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +223</span>appointed perpetual curate, or incumbent, of the united +parishes of Nantcwnlle and Llangeitho, at a salary of ten pounds +a year. He never received any higher preferment in the +Church on earth, although so eminent a blessing to his +country. He must have been some such man as our William +Grimshaw, of Haworth. When he entered upon his curacy, he +was quite an unconverted young man, given to occasional fits of +intoxication, and in the summer he left his pulpit, to take his +part, with his parishioners, in the sports, and games in the +neighbouring fields, or on the village green.</p> +<p>But, in the immediate neighbourhood of his own hamlet, +ministered a good and consistent Nonconformist, Philip Pugh, a +learned, lovable, and lowly man; and, in the smaller round of his +sphere, a successful preacher. Daniel Rowlands appears to +have been converted under a sermon of the eminent Rev. Griffith +Jones of Llanddouror, at Llanddewibrefi; but it was to Philip +Pugh that he was led for that instruction, and influence, which +instrumentally helped to develop his character. It would +seem that Rowlands was a man bound to be in earnest; but +conversion set on fire a new genius in the man. He +developed, hitherto undiscovered, great preaching power, and his +church became crowded. Still, for the first five years of +his new course of life, he did not know that more glorious and +beautiful Gospel which he preached through all the years +following.</p> +<p>He was a tremendous alarmist; the dangers of sin, and the +terrors of the eternal judgments, were his topics; and his +hearers shrank, and recoiled, while <a name="page224"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 224</span>they were fascinated to +listen. Again, the venerable Nonconformist stepped in; +Philip Pugh pointed out his defect. “My dear +sir,” said he, “preach the Gospel—preach the +Gospel to the people. Give them the balm of Gilead; show +the blood of Christ; apply it to their spiritual wounds; show the +necessity of faith in a crucified Redeemer.” “I +am afraid,” said Rowlands, “that I have not all that +faith myself, in its full vigour, and exercise.” +“Preach on it,” said Mr. Pugh; “preach on it, +until you feel it in that way,—it will come. If you +go on preaching in the way you have been doing, you will kill +half the people in the country. You thunder out the curses +of the law, and preach in such a terrific manner, that nobody can +stand before you. Preach the Gospel!” And again +the young clergyman followed the advice of his patriarchal +friend, and unnumbered thousands in Wales had occasion, through +long following years, to bless God for it.</p> +<p>Does not the reader call up a very beautiful picture of these +two, in that old and obscure Welsh hamlet, nearly a hundred and +fifty years since?—the conversation of such an one as Paul, +the aged, with his young son, Timothy; and if anything were +needed to increase our sense of admiration of the young +clergyman, it would be that he did not disdain to receive lessons +from old age, and an old age covered with the indignities +attaching to an outlawed Nonconformist. In Wales, there +were very many men like Philip Pugh; we may incidentally mention +the names of several in the course of these pages—names +well worthy of the commendation in Johnson’s perfect +lines:</p> +<blockquote><p><a name="page225"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +225</span>“Their virtues walked their narrow round,<br /> + Nor made a pause, nor left a void;<br /> +And sure the Eternal Master found<br /> + Their single talent well employed.</p> +<p>“And still they fill affection’s eye,<br /> + Obscurely wise, and coarsely kind;<br /> +And let not arrogance deny<br /> + Its praise to merit unrefined.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Then there opened a great career before Rowlands, and +Llangeitho became as a shrine in evangelical Wales. He +received invitations to preach in every neighbourhood of the +Principality; many churches were opened to him, and where they +were not, he took freely, and cheerfully, to the chapels, or the +fields. His words, and accents were of that marvellous kind +we have identified with Welsh preaching. Later on, and in +other times, people said, he found his successor in Davies of +Swansea; and the highest honour they could give to Swansea, in +Davies’ day, was that “it was another +Llangeitho.”</p> +<p>Rowlands had the power of the thunder, and the dew; he pressed +an extraordinary vitality into words, which had often been heard +before, so that once, while reading the Church Service, in his +own church, he gave such a dreadful tenderness to the words, +“By thine agony, and bloody sweat!” that the service +was almost stopped, and the people broke forth into a passion of +feeling. Christmas Evans says: “While Rowlands was +preaching, the fashion of his countenance became altered; his +voice became as if inspired; the worldly, dead, and careless +spirit was cast out by his presence. The people, as it +were, drew near to the cloud, towards Christ, and Moses, <a +name="page226"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 226</span>and +Elijah. Eternity, with its realities, rushed upon their +vision. These mighty influences were felt, more or less, +for fifty years. Thousands gathered at Llangeitho for +communion every month, and they came there from every county in +Wales.”</p> +<p>Such power there is in human words when divinely wielded; such +was the spiritual power of Daniel Rowlands. Well does one +writer say, the story of Llangeitho, well written, would read +like a chapter in religious romance. It is very doubtful +whether we have the record of any other man who drew such numbers +to the immediate circle of his ministry, as Rowlands. He +did not itinerate so largely as most of the great Welsh +preachers. In an obscure spot in the interior of +Cardiganshire, in an age of bad roads, and in a neighbourhood +where the roads were especially bad, he addressed his immense +concourses of people. His monthly communion was sometimes +attended by as many as three thousand communicants, of whom, +often, many were clergymen. Upwards of a hundred ministers +ascribe to him the means of their conversion. Thus, in his +day, it was a place of pilgrimages; and even now, there are not a +few who turn aside, to stand, with wonder, upon the spot where +Rowlands exercised his marvellous ministry.</p> +<p>The four great Welsh preachers, Christmas Evans, John Elias, +Williams of Wern, and Davies of Swansea, on whose pulpit powers, +and method, we have more distinctly dilated, may be styled the +tetrarchs of the pulpit of Wild Wales of these later times. +Their eminence was single, and singular. Their immense +powers unquestioned: rivals, never, apparently, by <a +name="page227"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 227</span>their own +selection, the great Welsh religious mind only rivalled them with +each other. After them it might be said, “Great was +the company of preachers,”—great, not merely in +number, carrying also influence, and usefulness of another kind; +perhaps even superior to those honoured names.</p> +<p>How, for instance, can we do sufficient honour to the labours +of <span class="smcap">Charles of Bala</span>? This truly +apostolic man was born at Llanvihangel, in 1755. While yet +a boy, he managed to introduce family worship into his +father’s house; but it was in his eighteenth year that he +heard the great Daniel Rowlands preach, and he says: “From +that day I found a new heaven, and a new earth, to enjoy; the +change experienced by a blind man, on receiving his sight, is not +greater than that which I felt on that day.” In his +twentieth year he went to Oxford, and received Deacon’s +orders, and was appointed to a curacy in Somersetshire; he took +his degree at his University, but he could never obtain +priest’s orders; in every instance objection was made to +what was called his Methodism.</p> +<p>The doors of the Establishment were thus closed against him, +and he was compelled to cast in his lot with the Welsh +Methodists, in 1785. Before this, he had preached for +Daniel Rowlands in his far-famed church at Llangeitho, and the +great old patriarch simply uttered a prophecy about him when he +said, “Mr. Charles is the gift of God to North +Wales.” He was an eminent preacher, but it was rather +in other ways that he became illustrious, in the great religious +labours of his country. Moving about to preach, from place +to place, his heart became painfully impressed, and distressed, +by the <a name="page228"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +228</span>great ignorance of the people everywhere, and that such +multitudes were unable to read the Word of God; so he determined +on the establishment of schools upon a singular principle.</p> +<p>It was two or three years before he commenced his more settled +labours in Wales, that Robert Raikes had originated the +Sunday-school idea in Gloucester. Thomas Charles was the +first to seize upon the idea, and introduce it into his own +country. Charles had an organizing, and administrative, +mind; he fixed upon innumerable places, where he settled +schoolmasters, for periods of from six to nine, and twelve +months, to teach the people to read, giving them the initial +elements, and rudiments, of education, and then removing these +masters to another locality.</p> +<p>So he filled the country with schools—Sabbath, and +night-schools. He visited the schools himself, +periodically, catechizing the children publicly; and in the +course of his lifetime, he had the satisfaction of seeing the +aspect of things entirely changed. He used no figure of +speech, when, towards the close of his life, he said, “The +desert blossoms as the rose, and the dry land has become streams +of water.” To these purposes of his heart he was able +to devote whatever money he received from the work of the +ministry; he testifies affectionately that “the wants of my +own family were provided for by the industry of my dear +wife;” and he received some help by donations from +England. He found, everywhere, a dearth of Bibles, and it +is curious to read that, although the Church of England would not +receive him as one of her ministers, when his work became +established, the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge made +<a name="page229"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 229</span>him, +after considerable reluctance, a grant of no less than ten +thousand Welsh Bibles. After this, he went to London, for +the purpose of establishing a Society to supply Wales with the +Holy Scriptures. It was at a meeting of the Religious Tract +Society, which was called together for that purpose, that it was +resolved to establish the British and Foreign Bible Society; and +before that society had been established ten years, it had +supplied Wales with a hundred thousand copies of the Word of +God.</p> +<p>Other men were great preachers, but Thomas Charles was, in the +truest sense of the word, a bishop, an overseer,—travelling +far, and wide, preaching, catechizing, administrating, placing +and removing labourers. All his works, and words, his +inward, and his outward life, show the active, high-toned +saintliness, and enthusiastic holiness, of the man. There +is, perhaps, no other to whom Wales is so largely indebted for +the giving direction, organization, and usefulness to all +religious labour, as to him. His modesty transcended his +gifts, and his activity. John Campbell, of Kingsland, +himself noted in all the great, and good works of that time, +relates that at a meeting, at Lady Anne Erskine’s, at which +Mr. Charles was requested to state the circumstances which had +made little Bala a kind of spiritual metropolis of the +Principality of Wales, “he spoke for about an hour, and +never once mentioned himself, although he was the chief +instrument, and actor, in the whole movements which had made the +place so eminent.”</p> +<p>This good man, John Campbell, afterwards wrote to Mr. +Charles’s biographer: “I never was at Bala <a +name="page230"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 230</span>but once, +which was not long after his removal to the regions of +immortality; and such was my veneration for his character, and +labours, that, in approaching it, I felt as if I was about coming +in sight of Sinai, or Jerusalem, or treading on classical +ground. The events of his life, I believe, are viewed with +more interest by the glorified than the battles of Actium, or +Waterloo.”</p> +<p>But, as a preacher, he was unlike those men, whose words moved +upon the wheels of thunder, and who seemed to deal with the +lightnings of imagination, and eloquence. As we read his +words, they seem to flow with refreshing sweetness. He was +waited for, and followed everywhere, but his utterances had +nothing of the startling powers we have seen; we should think he +preached, rather, to those who knew, by experience, what it is to +grow in grace. There is a glowing light of holiness about +his words—a deep, sweet, experimental reality. Of +course, being a Welshman, his thoughts were pithily +expressed. They were a sort of spiritual proverbs, in which +he turned over, again and again, some idea, until it became like +the triads of his country’s literature; and dilating upon +an idea, the various aspects of it became like distinct facets, +setting forth some pleasant ray.</p> +<p>Such was Thomas Charles. Wales lost him at the age of +sixty—a short life, if we number it by years; a long life, +if we consider all he accomplished in it; and, to this day, his +name is one of the most revered throughout the Principality.</p> +<p>It is impossible to do the justice even of mentioning the +names of many of those men, who “served <a +name="page231"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 231</span>their +generation” so well, “according to the will of God, +and then fell asleep.” And it is as necessary, as it +is interesting, to notice how the various men, moved by the +Spirit of God, found Him leading, and guiding them in the path of +labour, their instincts chose.</p> +<p>In the history of preaching, we believe there is no more +curious chapter than this, of these strange preachers in +Wales. They have an idiosyncrasy as entirely, and +peculiarly, their own, as is that of the country in which they +carried on their ministrations. The preaching friars of the +times we call the dark, or middle ages, are very remarkable, from +the occasional glimpses we are able to obtain of them. Very +remarkable the band of men, evoked by the rise of Methodism in +England,—those who spread out all over the land, treading +the paths indicated by the voice, and finger of Whitfield, or +Wesley. Very entertaining are the stories of the preachers +of the backwoods of America, the sappers, and miners, who cleared +a way for the planting of the Word among the wild forests of the +Far West.</p> +<p>These Welsh preachers were unlike any of them,—they had +a character altogether their own. A great many of them were +men of eminent genius, glowing with feeling, and fancy; never +having known college training, or culture, they were very often +men who had, somehow, attained a singular variety of knowledge, +lore, and learning, which, perhaps, would be despised as +unscientific, and unclassified, by the schools, but which was not +the less curious, and, to the Celtic mind, enchanting.</p> +<p>They all lived, and fared hard; all their thoughts, <a +name="page232"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 232</span>and fancies +were high. If they marched before us now, the nineteenth +century would, very likely, regard them as a set of very rough +tykes. Perhaps the nineteenth century would regard Elijah, +Amos, and Nahum, and sundry other equally respectable persons, in +much the same manner. Rude, and rough in gait, and attire, +the rudeness, and the roughness would, perhaps, be forgotten by +us, if we could interpret the torrent, and the wail of their +speech, and be, for a short time, beneath the power of the +visions, of which they were the rapt seers, and unveilers. +We wonder that no enthusiastic Welshman has used an English pen +to pourtray the lives, and portraits of a number of these Welsh +worthies; to us, several of them—notably, John Elias, and +Christmas Evans—seem to realize the idea of the Ancient +Mariner,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“I pass like night from land to land,<br /> + I have strange power of speech;<br /> +The moment that his face I see,<br /> +I know the man that must hear me—<br /> + To him my tale I teach.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>For instance, how many people in England ever heard the name +of <span class="smcap">Thomas Rhys Davies</span>, an +extraordinary man? And he left an extraordinary diary +behind him, for he seems to have been a very methodical man; and +his diary shows that he preached during his lifetime at least +13,145 times, and this diary contains a distinct record of the +time, place, and text; and it is said that there is scarcely a +river, brook, or tarn, from Conway to Llansanan, from Llanrwst to +Newbridge, from the sea at Llandudno, to the waters of the Berwyn +mountains, in whose waves he had not baptized.</p> +<p><a name="page233"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 233</span>In +fact, he was, perhaps, in his own particular, and peculiar line, +second to none of the great Welsh preachers; only, it is said +that his power was inexplicable, and yet that it stood the +severest tests of popularity. His sermons are said to have +been exceedingly simple, and very rememberable; they sprang out +of a rare personal charm; he was himself; but, perhaps, if he +resembled one of his great brethren, it would be Williams of +Wern. His style was sharp, pointed, axiomatic, but +antithetic, never prodigal of words, his sermons were short; but +he was able to avail himself of any passing circumstance in the +congregation, and to turn it to good account. Once, when a +congregation seemed to be even more than usually disposed to +cough, he said, “Cough away, my friends, it will not +disturb me in the least; it will rather help me than not, for if +you are coughing, I shall be sure that you are awake.”</p> +<p>He had that rare gift in the preacher, perfect +self-possession, the grand preliminary to mastery over a +congregation, an entire mastery over himself. All great +Welsh preachers, however they may sometimes dilate, and expand +truths into great paintings, and prolonged descriptions, excel in +the pithy, and proverb-uttering power; but Thomas Rhys Davies was +remarkable in this. Here are a few +illustrations:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Ignorance is the devil’s +college.”</p> +<p>“There are only three passages in the Bible which +declare what God is, although there are thousands which speak +about Him. God is a Spirit, God is Light, and God is +Love.”</p> +<p>“Pharaoh fought ten great battles with God, and did not +gain one.”</p> +<p><a name="page234"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +234</span>“The way through the Red Sea was safe enough for +Israel, but not for Pharaoh; he had no business to go that way, +it was a private road, that God had opened up for His own +family.”</p> +<p>“Let the oldest believer remember that Satan is +older.”</p> +<p>“Christ is the Bishop, not of titles, but of +souls.”</p> +<p>“Moses was learned, but slow of speech; it was well that +he was so, or, perhaps, he would not have found time to write the +law. Aaron had the gift of speech, and it does not appear +that he had any other gift.”</p> +<p>“If you have no pleasure in your religion, make haste to +change it.”</p> +<p>“Judas is much blamed for betraying Christ for three +pounds; many, in our day, betray Him a hundred times for three +pence.”</p> +<p>“Pharaoh commanded that Moses should be drowned; in +after days, Pharaoh was paid back in his own coin.”</p> +<p>“Many have a brother’s face, but Christ has a +brother’s heart.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Such was Thomas Rhys Davies; like Christmas Evans, journeying +from North through South Wales, he was taken ill in the same +house in which Christmas Evans died. Conscious of his +approaching death, he begged that he might die in the same bed; +this was not possible, but he was buried in the same grave.</p> +<p>Then there was <span class="smcap">Evan Jones</span>; he had +been a <i>protégé</i> of Christmas Evans; Christmas +Evans appears to have brought him forward, giving his verdict on +his suitability as to the ministry. Christmas <a +name="page235"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 235</span>Evans was +able to appreciate the young man, for he seems to have possessed +really brilliant powers; in his country, and in his land’s +language, he attained to the distinction of a bard; and it is +said that his poetry rose to an elevation of wild, and daring +grandeur. As a preacher, he does not appear to have studied +to be popular, or to seek to adapt his sermons to the multitude; +he probably moved through cloudy grandeurs, from whence, however, +he sometimes descended, with an odd quaintness, which, if always +surprising, was sometimes reprehensible. Once, he was +expatiating, glowingly, on the felicities of the heavenly state, +in that tone, and strain which most preachers love, occasionally, +to indulge, and which most hearers certainly, occasionally, +enjoy; he was giving many descriptive delineations of heavenly +blessedness, and incidentally said, “There they neither +marry, nor are given in marriage.” There was sitting +beneath him a fervent brother, who, probably, not knowing what he +said, sounded forth a hearty “Amen!” Evan heard +it, looked the man full in the face, and said, “Ah, +you’ve had enough of it, have you?”</p> +<p>This man was, perhaps, in his later years, the most intimate +friend of Christmas Evans. Christmas poured his brilliant +imagination, couched in his grand, although informal, rhetoric +over the multitudes; Evan Jones frequently soared into fields +whither, only here and there, an eye could follow his flight; but +when the two friends were alone, their spirits could mingle +pleasantly, for their minds were cast very much in the same +mould; and when Christmas Evans died, it was this friend who +published in <a name="page236"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +236</span>Welsh one of the most graceful tributes to his +memory.</p> +<p>In the history of the preaching, and preachers of a hundred +years since, we meet, of course, with many instances of men, who +possessed considerable power, but allied with much illiterate +roughness; still, the power made itself very manifest—a +power of illustrating truth, and making it clearly +apprehended. Such a preacher must <span +class="smcap">Shenkin of Penhydd</span> have been, rough, and +rude farmer as he was, blending, as was not at all uncommon then, +and even in our own far more recent knowledge, the occupations of +a farmer, and the ordained minister. Shenkin has left a +very living reputation behind him; indeed, from some of the +accounts we have read of him, we should regard him as quite a +type of the rude, yet very effective, Welsh orator.</p> +<p>Whatever the Welsh preacher had to say, however abstract, it +had to be committed to an illustration, to make it palpable, and +plain. In those early times, a very large room, or barn, in +which were several hundreds of people, would, perhaps, have only +one solitary candle, feebly glimmering over the gloom. It +was in such circumstances, or such a scene, that Shenkin was once +preaching on Christ as the Light of the world. In the +course of his sermon, he came to show that the world was not its +own light, and announced to his hearers what, perhaps, might +startle some of them, that “light was not in the +eye.” It seemed as if he had no sooner said this, +than he felt it to be a matter that required illustration. +As he warmed with his subject, going round, and round to make his +meaning plain, but all the time seeming to <a +name="page237"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 237</span>fear that +he was not doing much towards it with his rustic congregation, he +suddenly turned to the solitary candle, and blew it out, leaving +his congregation in utter darkness. “There,” he +exclaimed, triumphantly, to his invisible congregation, +“what do you say to that? Is the light in the +eye?” This, of course, settled the matter in the +minds of the most obtuse; but it was still a serious matter to +have to relight, in a lonely little chapel, an extinguished +candle.</p> +<p>He was a singular creature, this Shenkin. Not many Welsh +preachers have a greater variety of odd stories told than he, of +his doings, and sayings. He had a very downright, and +straightforward method of speech. Thus, he would say, +“There are many who complain that they can scarcely +remember anything they hear. Have done with your +lying!” he exclaimed. “I’ll be bound to +say you remember well what you sold your old white horse for at +Llandaff fair three years ago. Six or seven pounds, was +it? Certainly that has not escaped your memory. You +can remember anything but the Gospel.” And many of +his images were much more of the rough-and-ready, than of the +classical, order. “Humility,” he once said, +“is as beautiful an ornament as a cow’s tail; but it +grows, like the cow’s tail, downwards.”</p> +<p>Wales was covered with men like this. Every district +possessed them, and many of them have found their memorial in +some little volume, although, in most instances, they only +survive in the breath of popular remembrance, and tradition.</p> +<p>One of the mightiest of these sons of thunder, who has left +behind him a name, and fame, scarcely <a name="page238"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 238</span>inferior to the great ones on whom +we have more lengthily dwelt, was <span class="smcap">Ebenezer +Morris</span>. He was a fine, free, cheerful spirit; his +character sparkled with every Christian virtue,—a man of +rare gifts, and grace. With a severe sense of what was just +in the relations of life, and what constituted the principles of +a strong theology, keeping his unblemished course beneath the +dominion of a peaceful conscience, he enjoyed, more than many, +the social fireside chat, with congenial friends. Although +a pastor, and a preacher of wide fame, he was also a farmer; for +he was one of an order of men, of whom it has been said, that +good people were so impressed with the privilege conferred by +preaching the gospel, that their hearers were careful not to +deprive them of the full enjoyment of it, by remunerating their +labours too abundantly.</p> +<p>Ebenezer Morris held a farm, and the farmer seems to have been +worthy of the preacher. A story is told of him that, +wanting to buy a cow, and going down to the fair, he found one +for sale which he thought would suit him, and he bought it at the +price named by its owner. Some days after, Mr. Morris found +that the price of cattle had gone up considerably, and meeting +the previous owner of the cow, he said, “Look here, I find +you gave me too great a bargain the other day; the cow is worth +more than I purchased her for,—here is another guinea; now +I think we shall be about right.”</p> +<p>There are several stories told, in the life of this good, and +great man, showing that he could not take an unfair advantage, +that he was above everything mean, unfair, and selfish, and that +guineas, and farms <a name="page239"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +239</span>weighed nothing with him in the balance against +righteousness, and truth. His influence over his whole +country was immense; so much so, that a magistrate addressed him +once in public, saying, “We are under great obligations to +you, Mr. Morris, for keeping the country in order, and preserving +peace among the people; you are worth more than any dozen of +us.” On one occasion he was subpœnaed, to +attend before a court of justice, to give evidence in a disputed +case. As the book was handed to him, that he might take the +oath, the presiding magistrate said, “No! no! take it away; +there is no necessity that Mr. Morris should swear at all; his +word is enough.”</p> +<p>His appearance in preaching, his entire presence, is described +as most majestic, and commanding: his voice was very loud, and it +is said, a word from his mouth would roll over the people like a +mighty wave. “Look at that window,” said an +aged deacon, in North Wales, to a minister, who had come to +preach at the chapel to which the former belonged, “look at +that window! It was there that Ebenezer Morris stood, when +he preached his great sermon from the words, ‘The way of +life is above to the wise, that he may depart from hell +beneath,’ and when we all turned pale while we were +listening to him.” “Ah!” said the +minister, “do you remember any portion of that +sermon?” “Remember!” said the old deacon; +“remember, my good man? I should think I do, and +shall remember for ever. Why, there was no flesh here that +could stand before it!” “What did he +say?” said the minister. “Say! my good +man,” replied the deacon; “say? <a +name="page240"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 240</span>Why, he was +saying, ‘Beneath, beneath, beneath! Oh, my people, +hell is beneath, beneath, <i>beneath</i>!’ until it seemed +as if the end of the world had come upon us all in the chapel, +and outside!”</p> +<p>When Theophilus Jones was selected as Rowland Hill’s +co-pastor at Wooton-under-Edge, Ebenezer Morris came to preach on +his induction. In that place, the audience was not likely +to be a very sleepy one, but this preacher roused them beyond +their usual mark, and strange stories are told of the sermon, +while old Rowland sat behind the preacher, ejaculating the whole +of the time; and many times after, when Mr. Hill found the people +heavy, and inattentive, he was in the habit of saying, “We +must have the fat minister from Wales here, to rouse you up +again!” We know his likeness very well, and can +almost realize his grand, solemn manner, in his black velvet cap, +which made him look like a bishop, and gave much more +impressiveness to his aspect, than any mitre could have done.</p> +<p>This Ebenezer Morris was the son of a man eminent in his own +day, David Morris, of whom it was said, that he scarcely ever +preached a sermon which was not the means of the conversion of +men, and in his evangelistic tours he usually preached two, or +three times a day. There is a sermon, still spoken of, +preached at Rippont Bridge, Anglesea. The idea came to him +whilst he was preaching, that many of the people before him might +surely be lost, and he burst forth into a loud dolorous wail, +every line of his countenance in sympathy with his agonizing cry, +in Welsh, which no translation can <a name="page241"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 241</span>render, “O bobl y golled fawr! +y golled fawr!” The English is, “O ye people of +the great loss! the great loss!” It seems slight +enough to us, but it is said that the people not only moved +before his words, like reeds in a storm, but to this day they +speak in Anglesea of David Morris’s sermon of “The +Great Loss.”</p> +<p>The great authority for the most interesting stories of the +religious life in Wales, is the “History of Welsh +Methodism,” by the late Rev. John Hughes, of Liverpool; +unfortunately, we believe it only exists in Welsh, in three +volumes, amounting to nearly two thousand pages; but “Welsh +Calvinistic Methodism; a Historical Sketch,” by the Rev. +William Williams, appears to be principally a very entertaining +digest, and condensation, of many of the most noticeable +particulars from the larger work. There have certainly +appeared, from time to time, many most interesting, and faithful +men in the ministry of the Gospel in Wales, quite beyond the +possibility of distinct mention; some of them were very poor, and +lowly in life, and circumstances. Such was <span +class="smcap">Thomas Hughes</span>. He is described as a +man of small talent, and slender knowledge, but of great +holiness, and with an intense faith that many of his neighbours +were in a very bad condition, and that it was his duty to try to +speak words to them, whereby they might be saved. He used +to stand under the old walls of Conway, and numbers gathered +around him to listen; until at last he excited the anger of the +vicar, who caused him to be arrested, and brought into his +presence, when the following conversation took place:—</p> +<p><a name="page242"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +242</span><i>Vicar</i>. “You ought to be a learned +man, to go about, and to be able to answer deep +questions.”</p> +<p><i>Hughes</i>. “What questions, sir?”</p> +<p><i>Vicar</i>. “Here they are—those which +were asked me by the Lord Bishop. Let’s see whether +you will be able to answer them. Where was St. Paul +born?”</p> +<p><i>Hughes</i>. “In Tarsus.”</p> +<p><i>Vicar</i>. “Hem! I see that you know +something about it. Well, can you tell me who took charge +of the Virgin Mary after our blessed Redeemer was +crucified?”</p> +<p><i>Hughes</i>. “John.”</p> +<p><i>Vicar</i>. “Well, once again. Who wrote +the Book of Revelation? Answer that if you can.”</p> +<p><i>Hughes</i>. “John the Apostle.”</p> +<p><i>Vicar</i>. “Ho! you seem to know a good deal, +after all.”</p> +<p><i>Hughes</i>. “Perhaps, sir, you will allow me to +ask you one or two questions?”</p> +<p><i>Vicar</i>. “Oh yes; only they must be religious +questions.”</p> +<p><i>Hughes</i>. “What is holiness? and how can a +sinner be justified before God?”</p> +<p><i>Vicar</i>. “Ho! we have no business to bother +ourselves with such things, and you have no business to put such +questions to a man in my position; go out of my sight, this +minute.” And to the men who had brought him, +“Take care that you do not bring such people into my +presence any more.”</p> +<p>Hughes was a simple, earnest, believing man, with a good deal +of Welsh cuteness. After this interview with the vicar, he +was permitted to pursue his exhortations <a +name="page243"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 243</span>at Conway +in peace. But there is a place between Conway, and +Llandudno, called Towyn Ferry; it was a very ignorant little +nook, and the people were steeped in unbelief, and sin; thither +Hughes determined to go, but his person was not known +there. The news, however, was circulated abroad, that there +was to be a sermon, and religious service. When he arrived, +he found things did not appear very pleasant; there were heaps of +stones prepared for the preacher’s reception, when he +should make his appearance, or commence his work. Hughes +had nothing clerical in his manner, or garb, any more than any +one in the crowd, and no one suspected him to be the man, as he +threw himself down on the grass, and entered familiarly into +conversation with the people about him. After a time, when +their patience began to fail, he stood up, and said, “Well, +lads, there is no sign of any one coming; perhaps the man has +heard that you are going to stone him; let one of us get up, and +stand on that heap of stones, and talk, and the rest sing. +Won’t that be first-rate?”</p> +<p>“Capital,” said a bully, who seemed to be the +recognised leader of the crowd. “You go on the heap, +and preach to us.”</p> +<p>“Very well,” said Hughes, “I’m willing +to try; but mind you, I shall make some blunders, so you must be +civil, and not laugh at me.”</p> +<p>“I’ll make ’em civil,” said the +bully. “Look here, lads, whoever laughs, I’ll +put one of these stones into his head!”</p> +<p>“Stop you!” said Hughes; “the first thing we +have to do, is to pray, isn’t it?”</p> +<p><a name="page244"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +244</span>“Ay, ay!” said the bully, “and +I’ll be clerk. I’ll stand before you, and you +shall use my shoulder for the pulpit.”</p> +<p>So prayer was offered, short, and simple, but in real earnest; +and at its close, a good many favourable words were +uttered. Some volunteered the remark that, “It was +every bit as good as a parson.” Hughes proceeded to +give out a text, but the bully shouted,—</p> +<p>“Hold on, you fool! we’ve got to sing +first.”</p> +<p>“Ay, ay!” said Hughes, “I forgot +that.”</p> +<p>So they sang a Welsh hymn, after a fashion, and then came the +text, and the sermon, which was short, and simple too, listened +to very attentively; and the singular part of the story is, that +the bully, and clerk, left the ground with the preacher, quieted, +and changed, and subsequently he became a converted man. +The regeneration of Wales, through its villages, and lone remote +districts, is full of anecdotes like this,—stories of +persecution, and the faithful earnestness of simple men, who felt +in them a strong desire to do good, and fulfilled their desire, +becoming humble, but real blessings to their neighbourhoods.</p> +<p>Only in a history of the Welsh pulpit—and that would be +a volume of no slight dimensions—would it be possible to +recapitulate the names of the men who exercised, in their day, +considerable influence over the scattered thousands of the +Principality. They constitute a very varied race, and were +characterized by freshness, and reality, taking, of course, the +peculiar mental complexion of the preacher: some calm, and still, +but waving about their words like quiet lightnings; some +vehement, overwhelming, <a name="page245"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 245</span>passionate; some remarkable for +their daring excursions of imagination; some abounding in wit, +and humour. One of the most remarkable of these last, one +who ought not to go unmentioned in such an enumeration, was <span +class="smcap">Samuel Breeze</span>. This was the man who +first introduced “The Churchyard World” to Dr. +Raffles,—of whom it was said, that if you heard one of his +sermons, you heard three preachers, so various were not only the +methods of his sermons, but even the tone of his voice. He +is said to have produced extraordinary effects. Christmas +Evans said of him, that “his eyes were like a flame of +fire, and his voice like a martial strain, calling men to +arms.”</p> +<p>The writer of this volume, in a work on the “Vocation of +the Preacher,” mentions a curious instance, which he gives +from the unpublished reminiscences of a dear departed +friend—the Rev. John Pyer, late of Devonport—who was +present when the incident happened, in Bristol, perhaps nearly +eighty years since. Sammy Breeze, as he was familiarly +called by the multitudes who delighted in his ministry, came, +periodically, from the mountains of Cardiganshire, or the +neighbourhood of Aberystwith, to Bristol, where he spoke with +more than tolerable efficiency in English. Mr. Pyer, then a +youth, was in the chapel, when, as was not unusual, two +ministers, Sammy Breeze and another, were to preach. The +other took the first place, a young man with some tints of +academical training, and some of the livid lights of a then only +incipient rationalism in his mind. He took for his text, +“He that believeth shall be saved, and he that believeth <a +name="page246"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 246</span>not shall +be damned;” but he condoned the heavy condemnation, and, in +an affected manner, shaded off the darkness of the doom of +unbelief, very much in the style of the preacher in +Cowper’s satire, who never mentioned hell to ears +polite. The young man, also, grew sentimental, and +“begged pardon” of an audience, rather more polite +than usual, for the sad statement made in the text. +“But, indeed,” said he, “he that believeth +shall be saved, and he that believeth not—indeed, I regret +to say, I beg your pardon for uttering the terrible truth, but, +indeed, he shall be sentenced to a place which here I dare not +mention.”</p> +<p>Then rose Sammy Breeze. He began: “I shall take +the same text, to-night, which you have just heard. Our +young friend has been fery fine to-night, he has told you some +fery polite things. I am not fery fine, and I am not +polite, but I will preach a little bit of truth to you, which is +this: ‘He that believeth shall be saved, and he that +believeth not shall be damned,’ <i>and I begs no +pardons</i>.” He continued, “I do look round on +this chapel, and I do see people all fery learned and +in-tel-lect-u-al. You do read books, and you do study +studies, and fery likely you do think that you can mend +God’s Book, and are fery sure you can mend me. You +have great—what you call thoughts, and poetries; but I will +tell you one little word, and you must not try to mend that; but +if you do, it will be all the same; it is this, look you: +‘He that believeth shall be saved, and he that believeth +not shall be damned, <i>and I begs no pardons</i>. And then +I do look round your chapel, and I do see you are a foine people, +<a name="page247"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +247</span>well-dressed people, well-to-do people. I do see +that you are fery rich, and you have got your moneys, and are +getting fery proud; but I tell you, it does not matter at all; +for I must tell you the truth, and the truth is, ‘He that +believeth shall be saved, and he that believeth not shall be +damned,’ <i>and I begs no pardons</i>. And +now,” continued the preacher, “you will say to me, +‘What do you mean by talking to us in this way? Who +are you, sir?’ And now I will tell you. I am +Sammy Preeze. I have come from the mountains of +Cardiganshire, on my Master’s business, and His message I +must deliver. If you will never hear me again, I shall not +matter much, but while you shall hear me, you shall hear me, and +this is His word in me, and in me to you: ‘He that +believeth shall be saved, and he that believeth not shall be +damned,’ <i>and I begs no pardons</i>.”</p> +<p>It was a strange scene; but as he went on, in quaint, but +terribly earnest strain, anger passed into awe, and mute +astonishment into rapt attention. No one, who heard the +words, could ever again hear them unheeded, nor think lightly of +the doom of the unbelieving. The anecdote is worth being +laid to heart, in these days, when there is too often a reserve +in declaring the whole counsel of God.</p> +<p>After service, in the vestry, the deacons were in great anger +with the blunt preacher; and one, a well-known religious man in +Bristol, exclaimed, “Mr. Breeze, you have strangely +forgotten yourself to-night, sir. We did not expect that +you would have behaved in this way. We have always been +very glad to see you in our pulpit, but your sermon <a +name="page248"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 248</span>to-night, +sir, has been most insolent, shameful!” He wound up a +pretty sharp condemnation by saying, “In short, I +don’t understand you!”</p> +<p>“Ho! ho!” exclaimed Sammy. “You say +you do not understand me? Eh! look you then, I will tell +you; I do understand you! Up in our mountains, we have one +man there, we do call him exciseman; he comes along to our shops +and stores, and says, ‘What have you here? Anything +contraband here?’ And if it is all right, the good +man says, ‘Step in, Mr. Exciseman, come in, look +you.’ He is all fair, open, and above-board. +But if he has anything secreted there, he does draw back +surprised, and he makes a fine face, and says, ‘Sir, I do +not understand you.’ Now, you do tell me that you +don’t understand me, but I do understand you, gentlemen, I +do; and I do fear you have something contraband here; and I will +say good-night to you; but I must tell you one little word; that +is: ‘He that believeth shall be saved, and he that +believeth not shall be damned,’ <i>and I begs no +pardons</i>.”</p> +<p>But, with these simple illustrations, we have not exhausted +the number of noticeable names. In connection with every +name as it occurs, some interesting anecdote meets the +memory. There was Robert Lloyd, the shoemaker, and Thomas +the turner, and Robert Roberts, of whom, from the stories before +us, we do not find it difficult to believe, that he had the power +to describe things in such a vivid, and graphic manner, as to +make his hearers feel as if the scenes were passing before their +eyes. Then there were David Evans of Aberayron, and +Ebenezer Richard of Tregaron, and William Morris of St. <a +name="page249"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +249</span>David’s, whose every sermon was said to be a +string of sparkling gems; John Jones of Talysarn, and his +brother, David Jones; John Hughes; the seraphic Henry Rees, and +Thomas Philips, and many another name, concerning whom an +illustration might be furnished, of their powers of wit, wisdom, +or eloquence. England, itself, has been indebted, in many a +circle, to eminent Welsh preachers, who have stimulated thought, +created the sphere of holy usefulness, moved over the minds of +cultivated members with the freshness of a mountain wind, or a +mountain stream. It would be invidious to mention their +names—many are yet living; and some, who have not long +quitted the Church on earth, have still left behind them the +fragrance of loved, and honoured names, and exalted, and earnest +labours.</p> +<p>Few of our readers, we may suppose, can be unacquainted with +the name, and memory of “The Man of Ross,” so famous +through the verses of Pope. Ross is a well-known little +town in Monmouthshire, on the banks of the Wye, on the borders of +Wales. There, in the parish church, in the pew in which +John Kyrle, the Man of Ross, sat, more than a hundred years +since, a curious sight may be seen: two elm-trees rise, and +spread out their arms, and flourish within the church; especially +during the spring, and summer months, they form a singular +adornment to the sacred edifice. The tradition is, that +they are suckers from a tree planted by the “Man of +Ross,” outside the church; but it was cut down by a certain +rector, because it excluded the light; the consequence was that +they forced their way inside, where they had continued to grow, +and <a name="page250"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +250</span>flourish. As we have looked upon the singular +sight of those trees, in the Man of Ross’s pew, we have +often thought of those who, in Wales, planted in the house of the +Lord, flourish in sacred, and sainted memories, in the courts of +our God. Although all that was mortal of them has passed +away, they still bring forth fruit, and flourish in the grateful +recollections of the country, they were permitted to bless, and +adorn.</p> +<p>Yes, it is very singular to think of many of these men of Wild +Wales. Even those who were counted heretical, were more +than extraordinary men; they were, perhaps, men who, in our day, +would seem rather remarkable for their orthodoxy of +sentiment. Rhys Stephen, in an extended note in his Memoirs +of Christmas Evans, refers to the influence of discussions, in +the Principality, raised by the Rev. <span class="smcap">William +Richards</span>, LL.D. A large portion of the ministerial +life of this distinguished man, was passed in England; he was +educated for the ministry at the Baptist Academy in Bristol, for +some time co-pastor with Dr. Ash, author of the Dictionary, and +then became the minister of the Baptist Church at Lynn, in +Norfolk, where he remained for twenty years. He always +continued, however, in every sense of the word, a Welshman, and, +notwithstanding his English pastorates, his residences in Wales +were frequent and long.</p> +<p>He was born at Pen-hydd, in Pembrokeshire, in 1749. He +published a Welsh-English dictionary, and his services to Welsh +literature were eminent. But he was regarded as a heretic; +his temperament, singular as it seems in a Welshman, was almost +<a name="page251"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 251</span>purely +philosophic, and neither imaginative, nor emotional; he disliked +the great annual religious gatherings of his countrymen, and +called them fairs, and the preachers, upon these occasions, he +sometimes described in epithets, which were not +complimentary. Naturally, his brethren paid him back; they +called him a heretic,—which is also an exceedingly +convenient, and not unusual method of revenge. Dr. +Richards’s influence, however, in Wales, at the beginning +of this century, appears to have been very great; the charges +against him, he does not appear to have been very mindful to +disprove, and it is exceedingly likely that a different, or more +guarded mode of expression, was the height of his +offending. Who can fathom, or delineate, all the fine +shades and divergencies of the Arian controversy?—men whose +perfect soundness, in evangelical doctrine, was utterly +undisputed, talked with Dr. Richards, and said, that they could +not discover that he held opinions different from their +own. In a letter, dated December 7th, 1804, when grave +charges had been urged against him, and all the religious +mischiefs throughout the Principality ascribed to him, he writes +as follows, to a friend:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“I think I may safely say, that no great +change, of any kind, has taken place in my sentiments since I +knew you. You must know, surely, that I did not use to be +an <i>Athanasian</i>, or even a <i>Waterlandian</i>. Such +views of the Deity always appeared to me too +<i>Tritheistical</i>. I have been used to think, and do so +still, that there is a particular meaning in such words as these +of the Apostle’s, ‘To us there is but one God, the +Father;’ but I never could say, or think, <a +name="page252"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 252</span>with the +Socinians, that Jesus Christ is no more than <i>a man</i>, like +ourselves. I believe, indeed, that He is a Man; but I, +also, believe that He is ‘Emmanuel, God with +us’—that he is ‘the form of +God’—‘the image of the invisible +God’—an object of Divine worship, so that we should +‘honour the Son as we honour the +Father’—‘that all the fulness of the Godhead +dwells in Him bodily,’ or substantially. In short, I +believe everything of the dignity, and glory of Christ’s +character, that does not <i>divide</i> the Deity, or land in +<i>Tritheism</i>.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Again, to another correspondent: “I believe, also, in +the doctrine of the atonement, or sacrifice, of Christ, in the +virtue of His blood, and in the prevalence of His +mediation.”</p> +<p>Something of the same order of man, so far as sentiment, and +knowledge are indications, but possessed of more wit, +imagination, and emotion, was <span class="smcap">Davies</span>, +of <span class="smcap">Castell Hywel</span>, the first pastor of +Christmas Evans, and of Daniel Davies, of Swansea. He was, +in his day, a man of many-sided reputation, but of suspicious +doctrinal relations. He was so eminent a classical scholar, +and so many of the Welsh clergy had received their education from +him, that when Dr. Horsley was appointed Bishop of St. +David’s, he expressed, in his usual passionate manner, his +irritation that the most distinguished tutor in South Wales was a +Nonconformist, and gave out that he would not ordain any of Mr. +Davies’ pupils. Davies was a great bard; and Welshmen +who know both languages, say that his translation of Gray’s +“Elegy” is, in force, and pathos, superior to the +original. This will scarcely seem strange, if the deep +pathos of the <a name="page253"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +253</span>Welsh language be taken into account. His epitaph +on Dr. Priestley—satirizing, of course, the materialism of +Priestley—illustrates, at once, his humour, and +versification:</p> +<blockquote><p>“Here lies at rest, in oaken chest,<br /> + Together packed most nicely,<br /> +The bones, and brains, flesh, blood, and veins,<br /> + And <i>soul</i> of Dr. Priestley!”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>As an illustration of his readiness of wit, a story is told, +how one of the most noted of the Welsh bards one day met him, +while the rain was streaming down upon him. Umbrellas, +probably, were scarce. He was covered with layers of straw, +fastened round with ropes of the same material; in fact, thatched +all over. To him his brother bard exclaimed:</p> +<blockquote><p>“Oh, bard and teacher, famed afar,<br /> + Such sight I never saw!<br /> +It ill becomes a house like yours<br /> + To have a roof of straw.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>To which Davies instantly replied:</p> +<blockquote><p>“The rain is falling fast, my friend;<br /> + You know not what you say,<br /> +A roof of straw, methinks, doth well<br /> + Beseem a wall of clay.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Such was Christmas Evans’s first “guide, +philosopher, and friend.”</p> +<p>And if we refer to certain characteristics of the Welsh +language, which make it eminently fine furniture for +preaching-power, to these may be added, what we have not so +particularly dwelt on, but which does follow, as a part of the +same remark—the singular <a name="page254"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 254</span>proverbial power of the Welsh +language. In reading great Welsh sermons, and listening to +Welsh preachers, we have often felt how much the spirit of their +own triads, and the manner of old Catwg the Wise, and other such +sententious bards, falls into their modern method. Welsh +proverbs are the delightful recreations of the +archæologists of the old Welsh language. Here, while +we write these lines, we have piles of these proverbial +utterances before us; short, compact sayings, wherever they come +from, but which have been repeated on, from generation to +generation. The Bardic triads, for instance, relating to +language, selected by Mr. Owen Pugh,—how admirable they are +for any preacher! They may stand as the characteristics of +their most eminent men.</p> +<p>“The three indispensables of language—purity, +copiousness, and aptness; the three supports of +language—order, strength, and harmony; the three uses of +language—to relate, to describe, to excite; the correct +qualities of language,—correct construction, correct +etymology, and correct pronunciation; three marks of the purity +of language—the intelligible, the pleasurable, the +credible; three things that constitute just +description—just selection of words, just construction of +language, and just comparison; three things appertaining to just +selection—the best language, the best order, and the best +object.” It must be admitted, we think, that, in +these old triads, there is much of the compact wisdom of a +primeval people, with whom books were few, and thoughts were +fresh, and constant. There seemed to be a singular +propensity, in the old mind of Wales, to <a +name="page255"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 255</span>throw +everything into the form of a trinity of expression, or to bind +up words, as far as possible, in short, sententious +utterances. Catwg’s “Essay on +Metaphysics” is a very brief, and concise one, but it +illustrates that rapid running-up-the-ladder kind of style, which +has always been the delight of the Welsh poet or teacher.</p> +<blockquote><p>“In every person there is a soul. In +every soul there is intelligence. In every intelligence +there is thought. In every thought there is either good, or +evil. In every evil there is death; in every good there is +life. In every life there is God; and there is no God but +He than whom there can be none better. There is nothing +that cannot have its better, save the best of all. There is +no best of all except love. There is no love but God. +God is love!”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Illustrations of this kind fill volumes. It is not for +us here to say how much of the admirable, or the imitable there +may be in the method. It was the method of the old Welsh +mind; it was the method into which many of the best preachers +fell, not because they, perhaps, knew so much of the words of the +bards, as because it represented the mind of the race. Take +a few of the Welsh proverbs.</p> +<blockquote><p>“He that is intent upon going, will do no +good before he departs.”</p> +<p>“Every one has his neighbour for a mirror.”</p> +<p>“The water is shallowest where it bubbles.”</p> +<p>“A lie is the quickest traveller.”</p> +<p>“Fame outlives riches.”</p> +<p>“He that is unlucky at sea, will be unlucky on +land.”</p> +<p>“There is always time for meat, and for +prayer.”</p> +<p><a name="page256"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +256</span>“He mows the meadow with shears.”</p> +<p>“Calumny comes from envy.”</p> +<p>“Every bird loves its own voice.”</p> +<p>“The life of a man is not at the disposal of his +enemy.”</p> +<p>“He that loves the young, must love their +sports.”</p> +<p>“Prudence is unmarried without patience.”</p> +<p>“He that is the head, should become the +bridge.”</p> +<p>“Three things come unawares upon a man: sleep, sin, and +old age.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>But it is not only that this sententious characteristic of the +Welsh language makes it a vehicle for the transparent expression +of sentiment; even our translations cannot altogether disguise +the pathetic tones of the language, and bursts of feeling. +The following verse of an old Welsh prayer, which, a <i>Quarterly +Reviewer</i> tells us, used to form, with the Creed and Ten +Commandments, part of the peasant’s daily devotion, +illustrates this:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Mother, O mother! tell me, art thou +weeping?”<br /> + The infant Saviour asked, on +Mary’s breast.<br /> + “Child of th’ Eternal, nay; I am but +sleeping,<br /> + Though vexed by many a thought of +dark unrest.”<br /> + “Say, at what vision is thy courage +failing?”<br /> + “I see a crown of +thorns, and bitter pain;<br /> + And thee, dread Child, upon the cross of wailing,<br +/> + All heaven aghast, at rude +mankind’s disdain.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>It is singular that Mr. Borrow found, on an old tombstone, an +epitaph, which most of our readers will remember, as very like +that famous one Sir Walter Scott gives us, from an old tomb, in a +note to “The Lay of the Last Minstrel.” The +following is a translation:—</p> +<blockquote><p><a name="page257"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +257</span>“Thou earth, from earth, reflect, with anxious +mind,<br /> +That earth to earth must quickly be consigned;<br /> +And earth in earth must lie entranced, enthralled,<br /> +Till earth from earth to judgment shall be called.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The following lines also struck Mr. Borrow as remarkably +beautiful, of which he gives us this translation. They are +an inscription in a garden:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“In a garden the first of our race was +deceived;<br /> +In a garden the promise of grace was received;<br /> +In a garden was Jesus betrayed to His doom;<br /> +In a garden His body was laid in the tomb.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Such verses are very illustrative of the alliterative +character of the Welsh mind.</p> +<p>But Wales, in its way—and no classical reader must smile +at the assertion—was once quite as much the land of song as +Italy. Among the amusements of the people was the singing +of “Pennilion,” a sort of epigrammatic poem, and of +an improvisatorial character, testing the readiness of rural +wit. With this exercise there came to be associated, in +later days, a sort of rude mystery, or comedy, performed in very +much the same manner as the old monkish mysteries of the dark +ages. These furnished an opportunity for satirizing any of +the unpopular characters of the village, or the +Principality. Such mental characteristics, showing that +there was a living mind in the country, must be remembered, when +we attempt to estimate the power which extraordinary preachers +soon attained, over the minds of their countrymen. Then, no +doubt, although there might be exceptions, and a Welshman prove +that he could be as stupid as anybody else, in general there was +a keen love, <a name="page258"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +258</span>and admiration of nature. The names of places +show this. Mr. Borrow illustrates both characters in an +anecdote. He met an old man, and his son, at the foot of +the great mountain, called Tap-Nyth-yr Eryri.</p> +<p>“Does not that mean,” said Mr. Borrow, “the +top nest of the eagles?”</p> +<p>“Ha!” said the old man, “I see you +understand Welsh.”</p> +<p>“A little. Are there eagles there now?”</p> +<p>“Oh, no! no eagle now; eagle left Tap-Nyth.”</p> +<p>“Is that young man your son?” said Mr. Borrow, +after a little pause.</p> +<p>“Yes, he my son.”</p> +<p>“Has he any English?”</p> +<p>“No, he no English, but he plenty of Welsh; that is, if +he see reason.” He spoke to the young man, in Welsh, +asking him if he had ever been up to the Tap-Nyth; but he made no +answer.</p> +<p>“He no care for your question,” said the old man; +“ask him price of pig.”</p> +<p>“I asked the young fellow the price of hogs,” says +Mr. Borrow, “whereupon his face brightened up, and he not +only answered my question, but told me that he had a fat hog to +sell.”</p> +<p>“Ha, ha!” said the old man, “he plenty of +Welsh now, for he see reason; to other question he no Welsh at +all, no more than English, for he see no reason. What +business he on Tap-Nyth, with eagle? His business down +below in sty with pig. Ah! he look lump, but he no +fool. Know more about pig than you, or I, or anyone, +’twixt here and Machunleth.”</p> +<p><a name="page259"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 259</span>It +has been said, that the inhabitants of a mountainous country +cannot be insensible to religion, and whether, or not this is +universally true, it is, certainly, true of Wales. The +magnificent scenery seems to create a pensive awe upon the +spirit. Often the pedestrian, passing along a piece of +unsuggestive road, suddenly finds that the stupendous mountains +have sloped down, to valleys of the wildest, and most picturesque +beauty, valley opening into valley, in some instances; in others, +as in the vale of Glamorgan, stretching along, for many miles, in +plenteous fruitfulness, and beauty, illuminated by some river +like the Tivy, the Towy, or the Llugg, some of these rivers +sparkling, and flashing with the glittering <i>gleisiad</i>, as +an old Welsh song sings it—</p> +<blockquote><p>“<i>Glan yw’r gleisiad yn y +llyn</i>,<br /> +Full fair the <i>gleisiad</i> in the flood<br /> +Which sparkles ’neath the summer’s sun.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The<i> gleisiad</i> is the salmon. We have dwelt on the +word here, for the purpose of calling the reader’s +attention to its beautiful expressiveness. It seems to +convey the whole idea of the fish—its silvery splendour, +gleaming, and glancing through the lynn.</p> +<p>It seems rather in the nature of the Welsh mind, to take +instantly a pensive, and sombre idea of things. A +traveller, walking beneath a fine row of elms, expressed his +admiration of them to a Welsh companion. “Ay, +sir,” said the man; “they’ll make fine chests +for the dead!” It was very nationally characteristic, +and hence, perhaps, it is that the owl (the <i>dylluan</i>) among +birds, has received some of the most famous traditions of the +Welsh language. Mr. <a name="page260"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 260</span>Borrow thought there was no cry so +wild, as the cry of the <i>dylluan</i>—“unlike any +other sound in nature,” he says, “a cry, which no +combination of letters can give the slightest idea of;” +and, surely, that Welsh name far better realizes it, than the +<i>tu whit tu whoo</i> of our Shakespeare.</p> +<p>Certainly, it is not in a page, or two, that we can give +anything like an adequate idea of that compacted poetry, which +meets us in Wales, whether we think of the varied scenery of the +country, of the nervous, and descriptive language, or of its race +of people, so imaginative, and speculative.</p> +<p>It ought to be mentioned, also, as quite as distinctly +characteristic, that there is an intense clannishness prevalent +throughout the Principality. Communication between the +people has no doubt somewhat modified this; but, usually, an +Englishman resident in Wales, and especially in the more +sequestered regions, has seldom found himself in very comfortable +circumstances. The Welsh have a suspicion that there are +precious secrets in their land, and language, of which the +English are desirous to avail themselves. And, perhaps, +there is some extenuation in the recollection that we, as their +conquerors, have seldom given them reason to think well of +us.</p> +<h2><a name="page261"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +261</span>CHAPTER IX.<br /> +<i>CHRISTMAS EVANS CONTINUED—HIS MINISTRY AT +CAERPHILLY</i>.</h2> +<p class="gutsumm">Caerphilly and its +Associations—“Christmas Evans is come!”—A +Housekeeper—His Characteristic Second Marriage—A +Great Sermon, The Trial of the Witnesses—The Tall +Soldier—Extracts from Sermons—The Bible a Stone with +Seven Eyes—“Their Works do Follow them”—A +Second Covenant with God—Friends at Cardiff—J. P. +Davies—Reads Pye Smith’s “Scripture Testimony +to the Messiah”—Beattie on Truth—The Edwards +Family—Requested to Publish a Volume of Sermons, and his +Serious Thoughts upon the Subject.</p> +<p>It was in the year 1826 that Christmas Evans, now sixty-two +years of age, left Anglesea, accepting an invitation to the +Baptist Church at Tonyvelin, in Caerphilly. His ministry at +Anglesea had been long, affectionate, and very successful; but, +dear as Anglesea was to him, he had to leave it, and he left it, +as we have seen, under circumstances not honourable to the +neighbouring ministers, or the churches of which he had been the +patriarchal pastor. Little doubt can there be, that even he +suffered from the jealousy of inferior minds, and characters; so +old as he was, so venerable, and such a household name as his had +become, throughout all Wales, it might have been thought that he +would not have been permitted to <a name="page262"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 262</span>depart. He left the dust of +his beloved wife, the long companion of his Cildwrn cottage, +behind him, and commenced his tedious journey to his new +home. He had about two hundred miles to travel, and the +travelling was not easy; travelling in Wales was altogether +unrelated to the more comfortable, and commodious modes of +conveyance in England, even in that day; and now he would have to +cross a dangerous ferry, and now to mount a rugged, and toilsome +hill, to wind slowly along by the foot of some gigantic mountain, +to wend through a long, winding valley, or across an extensive +plain. As the old man passed along, he says he experienced +great tenderness of mind, and the presence of Christ by his +side. A long, solitary journey! he says, he was enabled to +entrust the care of his ministry to Jesus Christ, with the +confidence that He would deliver him from all his afflictions; he +says, “I again made a covenant with God which I never +wrote.”</p> +<p>Caerphilly would seem a very singular spot in which to settle +one of the most remarkable men, if not the most remarkable, in +the pulpit of his country, and his time,—beyond all +question, the most distinguished in his own denomination, there, +and then. Even now, probably, very few of our readers have +ever heard of Caerphilly; it is nearly forty years since the +writer of the present pages was there, and there, in a Welsh +cottage, heard from the lips of an old Welsh dame the most +graphic outlines he has ever heard, or read, of some of the +sermons of Christmas Evans. Since that day, we suppose +Caerphilly may have grown nearer to the dignity of a little town, +sharing some of the honours which have so lavishly <a +name="page263"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 263</span>fallen upon +its great, and prosperous neighbour, Cardiff.</p> +<p>Caerphilly, however insignificant, as it lies in its mountain +valley, a poor little village when Christmas Evans was there, has +its own eminent claims to renown: tradition says—and, in +this instance, tradition is, probably, correct—that it was +once the seat of a large town. There, certainly, still +stands the vast ruins of Caerphilly Castle, once the largest in +all Great Britain next to Windsor, and still the most extensive +ruin; here was the retreat of the ill-fated Edward II.; here was +that great siege, during which the King escaped in the depth of a +dark, and stormy night, in the disguise of a Welsh peasant, +flying to the parish of Llangonoyd, twenty miles to the west, +where he hired himself at a farm, which, it is said, is still +pointed out, or the spot where once it stood, the site made +memorable, through all these ages, by so singular a +circumstance. This was the siege in which that grand, and +massive tower was rent, and which still so singularly leans, and +hangs there,—the leaning tower of Caerphilly, as wonderful +an object as the leaning tower of Pisa, a wonder in Wales which +few have visited.</p> +<p>After this period, it was occupied by Glendower; gradually, +however, it became only famous for the rapacity of its lords, the +Spencers, who plundered their vassals, and the inhabitants of the +region in general, so that from this circumstance arose a Welsh +proverb, “It is gone to +Caerphilly,”—signifying, says Malkin, that a thing is +irrecoverably lost, and used on occasions when an Englishman, not +very nice, and select in his language, would say, “It is +gone to the <a name="page264"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +264</span>devil.” Gloomy ideas were associated for +long ages with Caerphilly, as the seat of horror, and rapacity; +it had an awful tower for prisoners, its ruinous walls were of +wondrous thickness, and it was set amidst desolate marshes.</p> +<p>And this was the spot to which Christmas Evans was consigned +for some of the closing years of his life; but, perhaps, our +readers can have no idea of the immense excitement his transit +thither caused to the good people of the village, and its +neighbourhood. Our readers will remember, what we have +already said, that a small village by no means implied a small +congregation. His arrival at Caerphilly was looked upon as +an event in the history of the region round about; for until he +was actually there, it was believed that his heart would fail him +at last, and that he would never be able to leave Anglesea.</p> +<p>It is said that all denominations, and all conditions of +people, caught up, and propagated the report, “<span +class="smcap">Christmas Evans is come</span>!” +“<i>Are you sure of it</i>?” “<span +class="smcap">Yes</span>, <i>quite sure of it</i>; <i>he preached +at Caerphilly last Sunday</i>! I know a friend who was +there.” These poor scattered villagers, how foolish, +to us, seems their enthusiasm, and frantic joy, because they had +their country’s great preaching bard in their midst; almost +as foolish as those insane Florentines, who burst into tears and +acclamations as they greeted one of the great pictures of +Cimabue, and reverently thronged round it in a kind of triumphal +procession. What makes it more remarkable, is that they +should love a man as poor, as he was old. If they could +revere him as, wearied and dusty, he came along after his tedious +two hundred miles’ journey, spent, <a +name="page265"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 265</span>and +exhausted, what an affluence of affection they would have poured +forth had he rode into Caerphilly, as the old satirist has it, in +a coach, and six!</p> +<p>Well, he was settled in the chapel-house, and a housekeeper +was provided for him. In domestic matters, however, he did +not seem to get on very well. North, and South Wales +appeared different to him, and he said to a friend, he must get a +servant from the north. It was suggested to him, that he +might do better than that, that he had better marry again, and +the name of an excellent woman was mentioned, who would have been +probably not unwilling; and she had wealth, so that he might have +bettered his entire worldly circumstances by the alliance, and +have made himself pleasantly independent of churches, and +deacons, and county associations; and when it was first suggested +to him, he seemed to think for a moment, and then broke out into +a cheerful laugh. “Ho! ho!” he said, “I +tell you, brother, it is my firm opinion that I am never to have +any property in the soil of this world, until I have a +grave;” and he would talk no more on the subject, but he +took a good brother minister of the neighbourhood into his +counsel, Mr. Davies, of Argoed, and he persuaded him to take his +horse, and to go for him to Anglesea, and to bring back with him +the old, and faithful servant of himself, and his departed wife, +Mary Evans; and, in a short time, he married her, and she paid +him every tribute of untiring, and devoted affection, to the last +moment of his life. A really foolish man, you see, this +Christmas Evans, and, as many no doubt said, old as he was, he +might have done so much better for himself. It <a +name="page266"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 266</span>is not +uninteresting to notice a circumstance, which Mr. Rhys Stephen +discovered, that Christmas Evans was married the second time in +the same parish of Eglwysilian, in Glamorganshire, the church in +which George Whitefield was married: the parish register contains +both their names.</p> +<p>And what will our readers think, when they find that those who +knew Christmas Evans, both at this, and previous periods of his +history, declare that his preaching now surpassed that of any +previous period? Certainly, his ministry was gloriously +successful at Caerphilly. Caerphilly, the village in the +valley, became like a city set upon a hill; every Sabbath, +multitudes might be seen, wending their way across the +surrounding hills, in all directions. The homes of the +neighbourhood rang, and re-echoed with Christmas Evans’s +sermons; his morning sermon, especially, would be the subject of +conversation, in hundreds of homes, many miles away, that +evening. The old dame with whom we drank our cup of tea, in +her pleasant cottage at Caerphilly, near forty years since, +talked, with tears, of those old days. She said, “We +used to reckon things as they happened, by Christmas +Evans’s sermons; people used to say, ‘It must have +happened then, because that was the time when Christmas Evans +preached The Wedding Ring,’ or The Seven Eyes, or some +other sermon which had been quite a book-mark in the +memory.”</p> +<p>No doubt, many grand sermons belong to the Caerphilly period: +there is one which reads, to us, like an especial triumph; it was +preached some time after he settled in the south; the subject +was, “God manifest in the flesh, justified in the +spirit.” The <a name="page267"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 267</span>grand drama in this sermon was the +examination of the evidences of Christ’s +resurrection:—</p> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">The Trial of the +Witnesses</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“The enemies of Christ, after His death, +applied for a military guard to watch at His tomb, and this +application for a military guard was rested on the fact, that the +‘impostor’ had said, in His lifetime, that He would +rise again on the third day. Without a doubt, had they +found His body in the grave, when the time had transpired, they +would have torn it from the sepulchre, exhibited it through the +streets of Jerusalem, where Jesus had preached, where He had been +despitefully used, and scourged; they would have shouted forth +with triumph, ‘This is the body of the +impostor!’ But He had left the grave, that morning, +too early for them. The soldiers came back to the city, and +they went to the leaders of the people who had employed them, and +the leaders exclaimed, ‘Here is the watch! What is +the matter? What is that dread settled in their +faces? Come in here, and we charge you to tell the +truth.’ ‘You have no need to charge us, for the +fright, the terror of it, is still upon us.’ +‘How? What has happened at the grave? Did His +disciples come, and take Him away?’ ‘They! no; +but if they had, our spears would have sufficed for +them.’ ‘Well, but how was it? What has +taken place?’ ‘Well, see; while we were on the +watch, and early, in the dawn of the morning, a great earthquake, +like to that one that took place on Friday afternoon, <i>when He +died</i>, and we all fell powerless to the ground; and we saw +angels, bright, like the lightning; we were not able to bear the +sight; we looked down at once; we endeavoured, again, to raise +our eyes, and we beheld One coming out of the grave, but He +passed by the first angel we saw, who now was sitting on the +removed stone; but He who came out of the grave! we never saw one +like unto Him before,—truly He was like <a +name="page268"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 268</span>unto the +Son of God.’ ‘What, then, became of the +angel?’ ‘Oh, a legion of them came down, and +one of them, very fair, like a young man, entered the grave, and +sat where the head of Jesus had lain; and, immediately, another, +also, very fair, and beautiful, sat where His feet had +rested.’ ‘And did the angels say nothing to +you?’ ‘No, but they looked with eyes of +lightning.’ ‘Saw you not His friends, the +women?’ ‘Oh, yes; they came there, but He had +left the tomb before their arrival.’ ‘Talked +the angels to the women?’ ‘Yes; they seemed to +be of one family, and very well acquainted with one +another.’ ‘Do you remember anything of the +conversation?’ ‘Yes; they said, “Fear you +not! let the Pharisees, and Darkness fear to-day! You seek +Jesus! He is not here, for He is risen indeed; He is alive, +and lives for ever. He has gone before you to +Galilee.” We heard one angel say, “Come, see +the place where the Lord lay.” Another angel spoke to +a woman called Mary, and said, “Why weepest <i>thou</i>, +while thy Lord is risen indeed, and is alive, so near unto thee? +<i>let His enemies weep to-day</i>!”’ +‘<span class="smcap">What</span>!’ exclaimed the +leader of those priests, and of the council, who had asked for +the guard,—‘What! how say you? <i>Close that +door</i>! You, <i>tall</i> soldier, approach: was it not +you who pierced His side?’ ‘Yes, it was I; but +all that these soldiers have said is all true; oh, alas! it is +all true! He must have been the Son of God.’ +The Pharisees lost their cause, on the day of their appeal; they +gave the soldiers money, to say that His disciples had stolen the +body while they slept! <i>If they were asleep</i>, <i>how +did they know in what manner He had left the grave</i>? +They, however, suffered themselves to be suborned, and for money +lied, and, to this hour, the kingdom of Satan hangs upon that +lie!”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This sermon produced a profound impression. We have +said, to render the sermons of Christmas Evans in print, or by +description, is impossible,—as impossible <a +name="page269"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 269</span>as to paint +tones, and accents, or the varying expressions which pass over +eye, and face, and lip. He was entreated to publish this +sermon, but he could only write out something like an outline of +it, and when it appeared in print, those who had been enraptured +with it, in its delivery, declared that it was not the same +sermon; so he was entreated to preach the sermon again. He +made a humorous remark, on the strangeness of a man preaching his +own printed sermon; still, he complied. His accomplished +biographer, Rhys Stephen, heard it then, and says of it, +“While I have the faintest trace of memory, as to sermons I +have heard, this must always be pre-eminent, and distinct; in its +oratorical eminence, it stands alone, even among his great +achievements. One of the most striking parts of the sermon, +was in the examination of the Roman guard, the report of the +soldiers to the authorities.” Mr. Stephens continues, +“We heard them talk, had a clear perception of the +difference of the tone, and more especially, when one of the +chief priests, in an anxious, agonizing whisper, said, +‘<i>Shut the door</i>!’ And then, ‘You, +tall soldier, approach: was it not you who pierced His +side?’ ‘Yes, it was I.’ When +Christmas Evans simulated the chief priest, and singled out the +tall soldier, and the conversation went on between the two, such +a combined triumph of sanctified fancy, and perfect oratory, I +never expect to witness again.” We may, also, say, +that it illustrates wherein, very greatly, lay the +preacher’s power,—seizing some little circumstance, +and, by its homeliness, or aptness, giving reality, and vivacity +to the whole picture.</p> +<p><a name="page270"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 270</span>It +must be said, his are very great sermons; the present writer is +almost disposed to be bold enough to describe them, as the +grandest Gospel sermons of the last hundred years. Not one, +or two, but several, are especially noble. One of these we +have, already, given: the splendid embodiment, and +personification of the twenty-second Psalm, <i>The Hind of the +Morning</i>, from the singular, and most significant designation, +or title of the Psalm itself.</p> +<p>Another sermon which, probably, belongs to this period is</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">“<span +class="smcap">The Bible regarded as a Stone with Seven +Eyes</span>,”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>evidently from Zech. iii. 9, “<i>Upon one stone shall be +seven eyes</i>.”</p> +<p>It was, in fact, a review of</p> +<h3>“<i>The Internal Evidences which prove the Gospel to be +of God</i>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“God’s perfections are, in some sort, +to be seen in all He has done, and in all He has spoken. He +imprints some indication of His character, on everything that His +hand forms, and that His mouth utters, so that there might be a +sufficient difference between the work, and the speech of God, +and those of man. The Bible is the Book of books, a book +breathed out of heaven. It was easy enough for John to +determine, when he saw the Lamb, with the seven horns, and the +seven eyes, in the midst of the throne, that the Godhead was +there, and that such a Lamb was not to be found amongst +creatures. When one saw a stone, with seven eyes, before +Zerubbabel, it was not difficult to conclude that it was a stone +from some unusual mine. In looking at the page of the +starry sky, the work of the fingers of the Everlasting Power is +traced in the sun, and moon, and stars; all proclaim His name, +and tell His glory. I am very <a name="page271"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 271</span>thankful for books written by man, +but it is God’s book that sheds the light of the life +everlasting on all other books. I cannot often read it, +hear it, or reflect upon it, but I see—</p> +<p>“1. <i>Eternity</i>, like a great fiery Eye, +looking at me from the everlasting, and the infinite distance, +unfolding mysteries, and opening before me the doors, windows, +and chambers, in the (otherwise) unknown, and awful state! +This Eye leads me to the source, and cause of all things, and +places me in the presence, and sight of the Almighty, who has in +Him something that would destroy me for ever, and yet something +that spares, and animates me; pressing me down, and at the same +time, saying, ‘Fear not;’ something that melts me +into penitence, and, at once, causes me to rejoice in the faith, +inspiring me with the fear of joy; something that creates a wish +in me, to conceal myself from Him, and then a stronger wish, to +stay, for ever, in the light of His countenance.</p> +<p>“2. <i>Omniscience</i> looks at me, also, like a +Divine Eye, out of every chapter, verse, doctrine, and ordinance +of the Gospel, and searches me through and through. The +attempt at concealment from it is utterly vain. To this +Eye, darkness is as the light. It has descried, correctly, +into the deepest abysses of my spirit; and it has truthfully +drawn my likeness before I received God’s grace; having +received it; and the future is, also, transparent before +it. There is something in the scanning of this Eye, that +obliges me to confess, against myself, my sins unto the Lord; and +to cry out for a new heart, and a right spirit; for the Author of +the Book knows all.</p> +<p>“3. When I yield to pensive reflections, under a +sense of sin, and when I see the tops of dark mountains of +disease, and trouble at the terrors of the grave, I see in the +Bible <i>Infinite Goodness</i>, fairer than the Shekinah of old, +looking at me, out of eternity; it is like the smile of the +Eternal King, from His throne of mercy. Divine love, merits +of Christ, riches of grace, they are all here, and they assure +me, and I listen to the still, small voice, that follows in its +train, until I <a name="page272"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +272</span>feel myself lifted up, out of the cave of despair, by +the dark mountain; and I stand on my feet, and I hope, and hear +the proclamation of the great mystery—‘Behold, I +come, as it is written in the roll of the Book. If I must +die, I am willing to die; for I come to seek, and to save that +which is lost.’</p> +<p>“4. <i>Holiness</i>, <i>righteousness</i>, and +<i>purity</i> look at me, out of the midst of the Book, like the +fires of Sinai to Israel, or the I AM, out of the burning bush; +causing me to fear, and tremble, while I am yet desirous of +looking at the radiant glory, because it is attempered with +mercy. I take my shoes from off my feet, and approach on my +knees, to see this great sight. I cannot live, in sin, in +this presence,—still it does not slay me. The Eternal +Power is here, and, with one hand, it conceals me, in the shadow +of redeeming mercy, and, with the other, it points out the glory +of the great, and wondrous truth, that God is, at once, a just +God, and justifier of him that believeth in Jesus. Where +Thy glory rests, O my God, there let me have my abode!</p> +<p>“5. I also see <i>Infinite might</i> radiating +from the doctrine of the Book, like God’s own Eye, having +the energy of a sharp, two-edged sword. Without asking +permission of me, it proves itself ‘quick and powerful, and +pierces even to the dividing asunder of the soul, and spirit, and +of the joints, and marrow;’ it opens the private recesses +of my heart, and becomes a discerner, and judge of its thoughts, +and intents. When Lord Rochester, the great wit, and +unbeliever of his day, read Isa. liii. 5, ‘He was wounded +for our transgressions,’ etc., Divine energies entered his +spirit, and did so thoroughly pierce, and pervade it, that his +infidelity died within him, and he gladly received the faith, and +hope that are in Christ. The power of the Gospel visited +Matthew, at the receipt of custom, the woman at the well of +Samaria, the malefactor on the cross, the converts on the day of +Pentecost, Paul by the way, and the jailer at Philippi; in them +all was exerted this resistless might of grace, the ‘<i>Let +</i><a name="page273"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +273</span><i>there be</i>’ of the original creation, which +none can withstand.</p> +<p>“6. When I am weak, and <i>distressed</i>, and +<i>alone</i>, and none to receive my tale of sorrow, none to +express a word of fellow-feeling, or of care for me, in the +living oracles of the Gospel I see Divine wisdom, and +loving-kindness, looking at me tenderly, compassionately, through +the openings of my prison, and I feel that He, who dresses the +lily of the field, and numbers the sparrows, is near me, +numbering the hairs of my head, listening to my cries; and in all +the treasure of grace, and power, that was able to say to the +lost one, at the very door of the pit, ‘To-day shalt thou +be with me in Paradise,’ fearing no hindrances that might +intervene, between Golgotha and heaven, He is the same gracious +Redeemer, and Preserver to every one, that believes in His +name. Who will teach me the way of wisdom? who will guide +me to her dwelling-place? It was in the Gospel that wisdom +came to reside near me, and here she teaches the most untoward, +convinces the most hard-hearted, reforms the most licentious, and +makes the simple wise unto salvation.</p> +<p>“7. <i>I am sometimes filled with questions of +anxious import</i>. Art thou from heaven, O Gospel? +Thou hast caused me to hope: Art thou a rock? The reply: +Dost thou not see, in my face, the true character of God, and of +the Eternal Power Incarnate? Dost thou not discern, in +Jesus, the image of the invisible God, which, unlike the first +Adam, the second Adam has preserved untarnished? and dost thou +not feel, in looking at it, thyself gradually changed into the +same image, even as by the Spirit of the Lord? In looking +at God’s image in the creature, the vision had no +transforming power, but left ‘the wise men’ of the +ancient world where it found them, destitute of true knowledge, +and happiness, without hope, and without God in the world; but +here the vision transforms into the glorious likeness of the +sublime object, even Christ.</p> +<p><a name="page274"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +274</span>“<i>The character of God</i>, given in the +Gospel, is complete, and perfect, worthy of the most blessed One, +and there is no perfect portraiture given of Him but in the +Gospel. Mohammed’s God is <i>unchaste</i>; Homer gave +his Jupiter <i>revenge</i>; Voltaire deified <i>mockery</i>; +Insurrection and War were the gods of Paine;—but the +character of the God of the Gospel is awful in truth, and lovely +in goodness. In Isa. vi., the vision of the Divine glory +caused the six-winged cherubs to conceal their faces; but in Rev. +iv., the six-winged living things employ five wings to fly, and +only one to veil their faces, while they are full of eyes behind, +and before, looking forth unveiled. All the worshippers +under the Gospel, look with open face—without a veil, and +on an unveiled object.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>We have here, evidently, only the rudiments of a sermon, but a +very fine one, a very suggestive one. To most minds, the +Bible has, probably, been, as Thomas Carlyle, or Jean Paul, would +express it, “an eyeless socket, without the +eye.” Christmas Evans was expressing, in this very +suggestive sermon, the thoughts of some men whose words, and +works he had probably never met with; as George Herbert says +it—</p> + +<blockquote><p> “In +ev’ry thing<br /> +Thy words do find me out.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>“Beyond any other book,” says Samuel Taylor +Coleridge, “the Bible <i>finds</i> me;” while John +Keble, in the “Christian Year,”—probably +written about the same time, when Christmas Evans was preparing +his sermon,—was employing the very same image in some of +his most impressive words:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“<i>Eye of God’s Word</i>! +where’er we turn,<br /> + Ever upon us! thy keen gaze<br /> +<a name="page275"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 275</span>Can all +the depths of sin discern,<br /> + Unravel every bosom’s maze:</p> +<p>“Who, that has felt thy glance of dread<br /> + Thrill through his heart’s remotest cells,<br +/> +About his path, about his bed,<br /> + Can doubt what Spirit in thee dwells?”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In the following extract, we have a more sustained passage, +very fresh, and noble:—</p> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">Their Works do Follow +them</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“In this world, every man receives according +to his faith; in the world to come, every man shall receive +according to his works. ‘Blessed are the dead who die +in the Lord, for they rest from their labours, and their works do +follow them.’ Their works do not go <i>before</i> +them, to divide the river of Jordan, and open the gates of +heaven. This is done by their faith. But their works +are left behind, as if done up in a packet, on this side of the +river. John saw the great white throne, descending for +judgment, the Son of man sitting thereon, and all nations +gathered before Him. He is dividing the righteous from the +wicked, as the shepherd divideth the sheep from the goats. +The wicked are set on the left hand—‘Depart from me, +ye accursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and +his angels!’ But the righteous are placed on the +right hand, to hear the joyful welcome—‘Come, ye +blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from +the foundation of the world!’ The books are opened, +and Mercy presents the packets that were left on the other side +of Jordan. They are all opened, and the books are read, +wherein all their acts of benevolence are recorded. Justice +examines the several packets, and answers—‘All +right. Here they are. Thus it is +written—“I was hungry, and ye gave Me meat; I was +thirsty, and ye gave Me drink; I was a stranger, and ye took me +in; I <a name="page276"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +276</span>was naked, and ye clothed Me; I was in prison, and ye +came unto Me!”’ The righteous look upon each +other, with wonder, and answer—‘Those packets must +belong to others. We know nothing of all that. We +recollect the wormwood, and the gall. We recollect the +strait gate, the narrow way, and the slough of despond. We +recollect the heavy burden, that pressed so hard upon us, and how +it fell from our shoulders, at the sight of the cross. We +recollect the time, when the eyes of our minds were opened, to +behold the evil of sin, the depravity of our hearts, and the +excellency of our Redeemer. We recollect the time when our +stubborn wills were subdued, in the day of His power, so that we +were enabled both to will, and to do, of His good pleasure. +We recollect the time, when we obtained hope in the merit of +Christ, and felt the efficacy of His blood, applied to our hearts +by the Holy Spirit. And we shall never forget the time, +when we first experienced the love of God, shed abroad in our +hearts. Oh, how sweetly, and powerfully it constrained us +to love Him, His cause, and His ordinances! How we panted +after communion, and fellowship with Him, as the hart panteth +after the water-brooks! All this, and a thousand other +things, are as fresh in our memory as ever. But we +recollect nothing of those bundles of good works. Where was +it? Lord, when saw we Thee hungry, and fed Thee; or +thirsty, and gave Thee drink; or a stranger, and took Thee in; or +naked, and clothed Thee? We have no more recollection, than +the dead, of ever having visited Thee in prison, or ministered to +Thee in sickness. Surely, those bundles cannot belong to +us.’ Mercy replies—‘Yes, verily, they +belong to you; for your names are upon them; and, besides, they +have not been out of my hands since you left them on the stormy +banks of Jordan.’ And the King +answers—‘Verily, I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have +done it unto one of the least of these My brethren, ye have done +it unto Me.’</p> +<p>“If the righteous do not know their own good works; if +<a name="page277"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 277</span>they do +not recognize, in the sheaves which they reap at the +resurrection, the seed which they have sown, in tears, on +earth,—they, certainly, cannot make these things the +foundation of their hopes of heaven. Christ is their sole +dependence, for acceptance with God, in time, and in +eternity. Christ, crucified, is the great object of their +faith, and the centre of their affections; and, while their love +to Him prompts them to live soberly, and righteously, and godly, +in this present evil world, they cordially exclaim, ‘Not +unto us, not unto us, but to Thy name, O Lord, give +glory.’”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In leaving Anglesea behind him, the sufferings, and +contradictions he had known there, did not quench his +enthusiastic holiness, and fervent ardour. We are assured +of this when we read his</p> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">Second Covenant with +God</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“While returning from a place called +Tongwynlâs, over Caerphilly Mountain, the spirit of prayer +descended, very copiously, upon me. I wept for some hours, +and heartily supplicated Jesus Christ, for the blessings here +following. I found, at this time, a particular nearness to +Christ, as if He were close by me, and my mind was filled with +strong confidence that He attended to my requests, for the sake +of the merits of His own name. This decided me in favour of +Cardiff.</p> +<p>“I. Grant me the great favour of being led by +Thee, according to Thy will—by the directions of Thy +providence, and Word, and this disposing of my own mind, by Thy +Spirit, for the sake of Thine infinitely precious blood. +Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>“II. Grant, if I am to leave Caerphilly, that the +gale (of the Spirit’s influence), and religious revival I +had there, may follow me to Cardiff, for the sake of Thy great +name. Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p><a name="page278"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +278</span>“III. Grant Thy blessing upon bitter +things, to brighten, and quicken me, more and more, and not to +depress, and make me more lifeless. Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>“IV. Suffer me not to be trodden under the proud +feet of members, or deacons, for the sake of Thy goodness. +Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>“V. Grant me the invaluable favour of being, in +Thy hand, the means of calling sinners unto Thyself, and of +edifying Thy saints, wherever Thou wilt send me, for the sake of +Thy name. Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>“VI. If I am to stay at Caerphilly, give me some +tokens, as to Gideon of old, by removing the things that +discourage me, and are in the way of the prosperity of religion, +in that church. Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>“VII. Grant, Lord of glory, and Head of Thy +Church, that the Ark of the cause which is Thine, in Anglesea, +and Caerphilly, may be sustained from falling into the hands of +the Philistines. Do not reject it. Aid it speedily, +and lift up the light of Thy countenance upon it; and by Thy +Spirit, Word, and providence, so operate, as to carry things +forward in the churches, and neighbourhoods, in such a manner as +will produce changes in officers, and measures, that will +accomplish a thorough improvement, in the great cause, for the +establishment of which, in the world, Thou hast died,—and +by scattering those that delight in war, and closing the mouths +of those that occasion confusion. Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>“VIII. Grant me way-tokens, by the time I begin my +journey to Liverpool, and from thence to Anglesea, if it is Thy +will that I should go thither this year. Amen.—C. +E.</p> +<p>“IX. Oh, grant me succour, beneath the shadow of +the sympathy that is in Thee, towards them who are tempted, and +the unbounded power there is in Thee, to be the relief of +such. Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>“X. Accept of my thanksgiving, a hundred millions +of times, that Thou hast not hitherto cast me from Thine hand, as +a <a name="page279"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +279</span>darkened star, or a vessel in which there is no +pleasure; and suffer not my life to be extended beyond my +usefulness. Thanks that Thou hast not given me a prey to +the teeth of any. Blessed be Thy name. Amen.—C. +E.</p> +<p>“XI. For the sake of Thine infinite merit, do not +cast me, Thy servant, under the feet of pride, and injustice, of +<i>worldly</i> greatness, riches, and selfish oppression of any +men, but hide me in the secret of Thy tabernacle, from the strife +of tongues. Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>“XII. Help me to wait silently, and patiently upon +Thee, for the fulfilment of these things, and not become enraged, +angry, and speak unadvisedly with my lips, like Moses, the +servant of the Lord. Sustain my heart from sinking, to wait +for fresh strength from Zion. Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>“XIII. Help me to wait upon Thee, for the +necessaries of life; let Thy mercy, and goodness follow me, while +I live; and, as it hath pleased Thee to honour me greatly, by the +blessing Thou hast vouchsafed upon the ministry through me, as an +humble instrument, at Caerphilly, after the great storm had +beaten upon me in Anglesea, like Job, grant that this honour may +continue to follow me the remainder of my days, as Thou didst +unto Thy servant Job. Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>“XIV. Let this covenant abide, like the covenant +of salt, until I come to Thee, in the world of eternal +light. I entreat aid to resign myself to Thee, and to Thy +will. I beseech Thee, take my heart, and inscribe upon it a +deep reverence of Thyself, with an inscription, that time, and +eternity cannot efface. Oh, let the remainder of my sermons +be taken, by Thee, from my lips; and those which I write, let +them be unto Thee for a praise. Unto Thee I dedicate +them. If there should be anything, in them, conducive to +Thy glory, and to the service of Thy kingdom, do Thou preserve +it, and reveal it unto men; else, let it die, like the drops of a +bucket in the midst of the scorching heat of Africa. Oh, +grant that there may be a drop of that water, which Thou, alone, +canst impart, and which springs up to eternal life, <a +name="page280"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 280</span>running +through all my sermons. In this covenant, which, probably, +is the last that will be written between me and Thee, on the +earth, I commit myself, my wife, and the churches amongst whom I +have preached, to the protection of Thy grace, and the care of +Thy covenant. Amen.—C. E.</p> +<p>“XV. Let this covenant continue, when I am in +sickness, or in health, or in any other circumstance; for Thou +hast overcome the world, fulfilled the law, finished justifying +righteousness, and hast swallowed up death, in victory, and all +power, in heaven and earth, is in Thy hand. For the sake of +Thy most precious blood, and perfect righteousness, note this +covenant, with Thine own blood, in the court of the memorials of +forgiving mercy: attach unto it Thy name, in which I believe; and +here I, this day, set my unworthy name unto it, with my mortal +hand. Amen.—<span class="smcap">Christmas +Evans</span>. Dated Cardiff, April 24th, 1829.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This document, found among his papers, after death, contains +many affecting words, which give an insight to painful +experiences, and sufferings. The standard set by Christmas +Evans, was very high; his expectations from the Christian +profession were such as to give, to his ideas of the pastoral +office, perhaps somewhat of a stern aspect; nor can we forget +that all his life had been passed in a very severe school. +He was, perhaps, disposed to insist somewhat strenuously upon +Church discipline. No doubt, his years at Caerphilly were +among the happiest, and most unvexed in Church relations; his +ministerial power, and success were very great; still, as the +covenant we have just recited hints, there were probabilities of +removal to Cardiff.</p> +<p>The appearance of Christmas Evans in Caerphilly was regarded, +as we have seen, as something like an <a name="page281"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 281</span>advent, and, to him, it was, for a +short time, a haven of pleasant rest. There were some +eminent ministers, men of considerable knowledge, and real power, +residing in the neighbourhood, with whom he appears to have had +most pleasant intercourse; among others, a Mr. J. P. Davies, in +his way a mighty theologian, and clear, and ready expositor; he +was laid by, for some months, under medical care, at Caerphilly, +but was able to attend the ministry of the old preacher every +Sabbath, and became one of his most intimate friends; they met +almost daily, and the younger man was astonished by the +elder’s insatiable thirst for knowledge, and equally +astonished by the extensive, and varied, stores of information he +had accumulated, in his busy, and incessantly toilsome +career. He acknowledged, afterwards, with delight, the +variety of lights he had received, both as to the construction of +a text, or the clearer definition of a principle, from his aged +friend. As to the preaching, he said it gave him quite a +new impression of the order of the preacher’s mind: he +expected flashes of eloquence, brilliant pictures,—of these +he had long heard,—but what astonished him, was the +fulness, and variety of matter, Sabbath after Sabbath. Mr. +Davies only returned home to die; but he delighted his people, +when he returned, by repeatedly describing the comfort, and light +he had received, from the company of the matured, the aged, and +noble man.</p> +<p>The society he enjoyed was, probably, more cultivated, small +as was the village, than that by which he had been surrounded in +Anglesea; from all the inhabitants, and from the neighbourhood, +he received marks of great respect; it was, probably, felt, +generally, <a name="page282"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +282</span>that, by some singular turn of affairs, a great man, a +national man, a man of the Principality, had settled in their +midst. And he always after, and when he had left, +remembered this brief period of his life with deep +gratitude. He was more able to borrow books: here, for the +first time, he read a work, which was regarded as a mighty book +in that day, Dr. Pye Smith’s “Scripture Testimony to +the Messiah;” he read it with intense eagerness, +incorporating many of its valuable criticisms into his sermons, +and, especially, making them the subjects of ordinary +conversation. Rhys Stephen says, “I remember +listening to him with wonder, when, in conversation with Mr. +Saunders, of Merthyr, he gave the substance of Dr. Pye +Smith’s criticism on John xvii. 3. And I distinctly +remember, that when Mr. Evans said, ‘Mr. Saunders, you will +observe that, on these grounds, the knowledge of Jesus Christ, +here mentioned, is the same knowledge as that of the only true +God, and that the knowledge of the former is as necessary to +salvation, as the knowledge of the latter—indeed, they are +one, and the same thing,’ ‘Yes, yes,’ was the +reply; ‘capital, very excellent. I never heard that +interpretation before.’ I was then a youth, and was +not astonished by the interpretation, which, of course, was new +to me, so much as by the admissions of the aged men that it was +new to them.” At any rate, it illustrates the avidity +with which this mind still pursued the rays of light, from book +to book, from conversation to conversation.</p> +<p>On another occasion, he met a young minister at Llantrissant, +and, after a meeting in the morning, he inquired of the young man +what he was then reading; <a name="page283"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 283</span>the reply was, that he was going +slowly through Beattie on Truth a second time. Christmas +Evans immediately replied, “You must come to see me before +you return to Swansea, and give me the substance of Beattie: was +he not the man that replied to David Hume, eh?” The +young man said he had the book in his pocket, and that he would +cheerfully give it him, but the print was very small. He, +with still greater eagerness, said, “I can manage +that. I will take of it, with many thanks.” It +was a pleasure to give it him, and he pocketed it with as much +pleasure as ever a school-boy did the first prize, at the end of +the session. In three days after, the young man called upon +him, at his own house, and spent a couple of hours with him; but +he says he could get no farther, in conversation, than upon +Beattie,—he was thoroughly absorbed in the argument with +Hume, and his school of scepticism, and unbelief. Yet he +was now sixty-five years of age; his one eye was very weak, +though seeing well enough, without a glass, at the proper +distance; and he was, otherwise, full of bodily infirmities; but +his love of reading was unabated, as was, also, his earnest +curiosity to know what was passing on in the world of +thought.</p> +<p>And among his friends, at this period, we notice some members +of the Edwards family,—David Edwards, of Beaupre, or, as it +is commonly pronounced, Bewper, in Glamorganshire; and Evan +Edwards, of Caerphilly, the son, and grandson of one of the most +remarkable men modern Wales has produced, William Edwards, in his +day a mighty engineer. Until his time, the Rialto, in +Venice, was esteemed the largest arch in <a +name="page284"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 284</span>Europe, but +he threw an arch over the Taff forty-two feet wider, and thus, +for a long time, it held its reputation of being the largest arch +in the world. A wonderful man was William Edwards, entirely +self-made, not only a great engineer, but a successful farmer, +and an ordained Independent minister. He was wealthy, of +course, but he insisted upon receiving a good income from his +church, although he distributed every farthing among the poor of +his own neighbourhood, and added, considerably, to the sum he +distributed, from his own property. The successor to Mr. +Edwards, as the pastor of the Independent Church of Y-Groeswen, +was the Rev. Griffith Hughes, a person of about the same age as +Christmas Evans, also, although a polished gentleman, a +self-taught man, a wit, a man of considerable reading, and +information, and widely advanced in his religious opinions; +although, professedly, a Calvinist, beyond the narrow, and +technical Calvinism of his time, and even beyond the Fullerism, +or doctrines of Andrew Fuller, which had been charged on +Christmas Evans, as a crime, by his enemies in Anglesea.</p> +<p>It was about this time that he was earnestly entreated to +prepare a volume of sermons for publication, and it seemed to be +in connection with this, and with some fears, and discouragements +which still troubled his mind, that he made the following entry, +discovered among his papers after his death:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Order things so, O Lord, that they may not +prove a hindrance, and a discouragement to me, and an obstacle to +the progress of Thy cause. Thy power is infinite, and Thy +wisdom infallible. Stand between me, and all strife, that +no <a name="page285"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 285</span>evil +effect may fall upon me. I flee under the shadow of Thy +wings to hide myself, as the chickens do under the wings of the +hen. Let nothing corrupt, and extinguish my gifts, my zeal, +my prosperity; let nothing hinder the Church.</p> +<p>“I have been earnestly requested, by many of my brethren +in the ministry, to prepare some of my sermons for the +press. In Anglesea, I had no leisure for such work, +although I once commenced it, and wrote out five for the +purpose. I let the work rest for two years, at Caerphilly; +but, here, my mind has been moved towards it anew; and now I come +to Thee, O Lord, who art the Head of the Church, and the chief +Prophet and Teacher of the Church, to consult Thee, whether I +shall proceed with the work, or not. Is it a part of my +duty, or a foolish device of my own? I beseech, for Thy +name’s sake, Thy gracious guidance herein. Permit me +not to labour, with my weak eyesight, at a work that Thou wilt +not deign to bless, but that shall be buried in +oblivion,—unless it may please Thee (for Thou hast the keys +of the house of David), in Thy providence, to prepare my way to +publish the work, without danger to myself, of debt, and +disgrace; and unless it may please Thee, the great Shepherd of +the sheep, to guide me, to give forth the true Gospel, not only +without error, but with the savour, and unction that pervade the +works of Bunyan, and the hymns of William Williams; and, also, +may they prove for the edification of Thy Church, and the +conversion of sinners! If Thou wilt condescend to take the +work under Thy care, help me to accomplish the design.</p> +<p>“In reading the 91st Psalm, I perceive that he who +dwelleth in the secret place of the Most High, shall abide under +the shadow of the Almighty; and that is so safe a place, and so +impenetrable a protection, that the arrow that flieth by day, and +the pestilence that walketh in darkness, with the sting of the +serpent, the asp, and the viper, cannot hurt or injure him who +hath made it his refuge. It is by faith, I hope, that I +have gathered together all my jewels, <a name="page286"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 286</span>and placed them under the shadow of +safety that is in God. I have given my name anew to Christ, +my body, my talents, my facility in preaching,—my name, and +character as a man, a Christian, and as a preacher of the Gospel; +my time, the remainder of my preaching services, my success, my +wife, and all my friends, and helpers in the cause of the Lord, +for whom I earnestly pray that they may be blessed in Anglesea, +Caernarvonshire, Caerphilly, Cardiff, and all the churches in +Wales, many of which have helped me in my day.”</p> +</blockquote> +<h2><a name="page287"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +287</span>CHAPTER X.<br /> +<i>CAERNARVON AND LAST DAYS</i>.</h2> +<p class="gutsumm">Leading a Forlorn Hope again—More Chapel +Debts—A Present of a Gig—Jack, <i>bach</i>!—The +One-eyed Man of Anglesea once more—The Old Man’s +Reflections in his Journal—Characteristic Letters on Church +Discipline—Threescore Years and Twelve—Starts on his +Last Journey to liquidate a Chapel Debt—An Affecting Appeal +to the Churches—Laid up at +Tredegar—Conversations—In Swansea—This is my +Last Sermon—Dying—Last +Words—“Good-bye! Drive on!”</p> +<p>The last field of the great, good man’s pastorate was +Caernarvon; thither he removed when about sixty-seven years of +age. It might be thought, that after such a hard, and +exhausting life of travel, and toil, some plan might have been +devised, by which his last days should be passed in restfulness, +and peace; but it was not to be so: throughout his life, his had +been up-hill work, no path of roses, no easy way; and, indeed, we +usually know that such spheres are reserved for men who can carry +nothing with them but the weight of dignified dulness. Of +every sphere, from his first settlement at Lleyn, we read, that +the cause was in a prostrate condition; and so, here, Christmas +Evans appears to have been invited to take the charge of the +Caernarvon church because it consisted of about thirty members, +chiefly <a name="page288"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +288</span>of the lowest class, of course quarrelling, and +disunited. The dissolution of the church was advised. +There was a fairly respectable place of worship, but it was +£800 in debt, apparently, to us, in these days, not a very +large sum, but a sum of considerable importance in Wales, and +especially in that day.</p> +<p>So the question was discussed at a ministerial association, +and some brother minister present, delivered himself of a +confirmatory dream he had had on the subject, and the matter was +practically settled, when a young minister spoke up, in the +conference, and said to the venerable man, “Yes, you had +better go to Caernarvon: it is not likely your talents would +suit, but you might do excellently well at +Caernarvon.” The impudent speech astounded all the +ministers present, except the unfortunate utterer of it. +They knew not what to say. After a pause, the brethren all +struck utterly dumb, Christmas Evans opened his one large eye +upon his adviser, and, with some indignation, he said, “Ay, +where hast thou come from? How long is it since thou didst +chip thy shell?” Well, it was the very word: no one +else could have, in so summary a manner, crunched up the thin +egg-shell of pretentious conceit.</p> +<p>There was a real desire, on the part of the trustees of +Caernarvon, and of English friends in Liverpool, that he should +return to the north; and some gentlemen facilitated his return by +giving him a gig, so that he might travel at his ease, and in his +own way. This was not a very great donation, but it added, +materially, to his comfort: he was able to travel pleasantly, and +conveniently with Mrs. Evans. <a name="page289"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 289</span>His horse, Jack, had been his +companion for twenty years, but the pair were very fond of one +another. Jack knew, from a distance, the tones of his +master’s voice; and Christmas, on their journeys, would +hold long conversations with Jack. The horse opened his +ears the moment his master began to speak, made a kind of +neighing, when the rider said, as he often did, “Jack, +<i>bach</i>, we have only to cross one low mountain again, and +there will be capital oats, excellent water, and a warm +stable,” etc.</p> +<p>So he bade farewell to Cardiff in 1832, and upon the following +Sunday, after his farewell there, he appears to have commenced +his new ministry. It seems pathetic to us, to think of the +old man, but we have no idea that he had any such pity, or +sympathy for himself. Who can doubt, either, that he +favoured, and hailed the opportunity of the return to the north? +and Caernarvon, and Anglesea were almost one: he had but to cross +the Menai Straits to be again in Anglesea—Anglesea, the +scene of so many trials, and triumphs, where he had planted so +many churches, sustained so many spiritual conflicts, and +enjoyed, in his Cildwrn cottage, no doubt, years of much domestic +happiness. It seems to us he ought never to have left +Anglesea; but he regarded his exile to Caerphilly as a mission, +that was to terminate, if success should crown it. And so +he was back again in the old neighbourhood, and it appears, that +the announcement of his return created universal delight, and +joy, and strong excitement. He had been absent for about +seven years, and the people, on account of his advanced age, when +leaving them, expected to see him bowed with infirmity, and <a +name="page290"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 290</span>his +preaching power, they supposed, would rather affectingly remind +them of what he had been.</p> +<p>Shortly after his entrance upon the work of Caernarvon, a +public occasion presented itself for his appearance in +Anglesea. The whole neighbourhood flocked out, to see the +patriarch. As he appeared on the platform, or +preaching-place, in the open-air,—for no chapel could have +contained the multitude,—the people said, “Why, he +does not seem at all older! he looks more like a man of +forty-five, than sixty-five, or sixty-six.” And his +preaching was just the same, or, possibly, even richer, and +greater: it was his own old self, their own old Christmas Evans; +the same rich, and excursive fancy, the same energetic, and fiery +delivery. The appearance of such a man, under such +circumstances,—one who has worn well, borne the burden and +heat of the day, and taken his part “on the high places of +the field,”—is a mighty awakening, and heart-healing +time for old believers, who find their love to each other renewed +in the rekindled love to the old pastor, and father in +Christ. Old memories very tenderly touch reciprocating +hearts. The old words, and the old voice, awaken old +emotions, which now have become new. But, then, it is only +a minister with a heart, who can touch this well-spring of +feeling: starched respectability will not do it, eminent +collegiate learning will not do it, rolling rhetorical periods +will not do it. It is only the great hearts who can open +these sluices of feeling, these fountains of emotion, in which +the past, and the present mingle together, as the hearers drink +refreshing streams from the fountains of recollection.</p> +<p><a name="page291"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 291</span>While +in Caernarvon, he penned in his journal the following pious +reflections:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“I have been thinking of the great goodness +of the Lord unto me, throughout my unworthy ministry; and now, in +my old age, I see the work prospering wonderfully in my hand, so +that there is reason to think that I am, in some degree, a +blessing to the Church, when I might have been a burden to it, or +rather a curse, by which one might have been induced to wish me +laid in the earth, that I might no longer prevent the progress of +the work. Thanks be to God, that it is not so! though I +deserve no better, yet I am in the land of mercy. This is +unto me, according to the manner of God unto His people. My +path in the valley, the dangers, and the precipices of +destruction upon which I have stood, rush into my thoughts, and +also the sinking of many in death, and the downfall of others by +immorality, and their burial in Kibroth-Hattaavah, the graves of +inordinate desire; together with the withering, the feebleness, +and the unfruitfulness of some, through the influence of a secret +departure from God, and of walking in the hidden paths, that lead +to apostasy.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And here we may most appropriately insert a very +characteristic letter, which shows the exceedingly stringent +ideas which Christmas Evans entertained with regard to Church +membership,—strait ideas, which, we suppose, would be +scarcely tolerable now:—</p> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">Letter to a Brother Minister on +Church Discipline</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“<span class="smcap">Beloved +Brother</span>,—I write to you, August 5th, 1836, in the +seventieth year of my age, and in the fiftieth of my ministry, +after conversing much with ministerial brethren, <a +name="page292"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 292</span>earnestly +desiring to see our Associational Union brought into action, by +representatives of the churches, with a view to promote a +determination,—1. To bear each other’s burden +more efficiently, in the denomination to which we belong. I +lament the deficiency in this point, and ardently wish to see it +effectually remedied. 2. To watch over and promote a holy +conversation among all the members, and all the preachers, in a +more efficient manner, to prevent persons of unbecoming +conversation from obtaining privileges, in any church, when they +have been excluded in another; for that would occasion blots, and +blemishes to appear on the bright countenance of the +ministry. The Associational Union, in which all the +churches of the same faith, and order join, should be a defence +of the independence of the churches, through their +representatives: it should also operate as a sort of check upon +independency, lest it should become opposed to the general good, +and frustrate the co-operation of the whole body. <i>That +they may all be one</i>, is the motto.</p> +<p>“Respecting Church discipline. We cannot be +certain that we are doing right, by administering the same +punishment to all offenders, even for the same offence; for the +general character weighs heavily, in the balance of +discipline. Also, a distinction should be made between the +seducer, and the seduced; and between being overcome, or falling +into sin, and living habitually in sin, and following it, as a +slave following his master. The denial of Peter, from +weakness, and without previous deliberation, was very different +from the betrayal of Judas, and his intentional selling of +Christ. The different characters of Saul, king of Israel, +and that of David, required different treatment, in discipline, +on account of their offences. The Lord’s discipline +upon Saul was that of a rod of iron, but upon David, the +correcting rod of a Father, for his good, that he might be a +partaker of His holiness.</p> +<p>“There are two things, brother, which we ought to avoid +<a name="page293"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 293</span>in the +exercise of discipline: 1, we should avoid too great severity on +the one part; and, 2, too much leniency on the other part. +Wisdom is necessary here to distinguish the different +characters,—those who require severity, and those who claim +tenderness: the two are to be found blended in the principle of +evangelical discipline. A difference is to be made betwixt +some, who may have been companions in the same crime; snatching +some of them as brands from the burning. The ground of the +distinction lies in the different amount of guilt, which subsists +between the seducer, and seduced.</p> +<p>“I have witnessed danger, and have sustained some harm +myself, and seen harm done in churches, by exercising tenderness +towards some persons, in the vain hope of their +reformation. Receiving verbal testimony, or mere fluent +acknowledgments, from their lips, without waiting for fruit, in +action, also; some having been often accused; and as often +turning to the refuges frequented by them. I never +exercised tenderness towards such as these, without being repaid +by them afterwards, if they had opportunity: Shimei-like, they +would curse me, after I had shed the best oil of tenderness on +their heads. There are some in the Christian Church like +Jezebel; and there are some in our congregations like Joab, the +son of Zeruiah, that you can scarce discipline them without +rending the kingdom, until they become ripe for judgment; for +they hardly ever repent, more than did Joab and Shimei: they are +ultimately suddenly broken, without any danger to the Church from +their fall.</p> +<p>“I perceive that the Scriptures make a difference +between one that falls into sin, and one wallowing in it; between +one overtaken by a party of marauders, and dragged into the camp, +and made drunk at supper, and one, like Judas, going to the +party, and being secretly one of them, having pistols as they +had: such are hypocrites. I have many times been the +advocate of the fallen, and in a variety of instances have +observed this operating beneficially for the Church. +Sometimes <a name="page294"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +294</span>I have found those who had been spared upon their own +verbal contrition, blessing God for His long forbearance of them, +and also their spiritual brethren, who had in a manner set their +bones; as the Scripture hath it, ‘Restore such an one in +the spirit of meekness.’</p> +<p>“We should be careful that discretion, and love, be in +exercise, though in strife, and contention it be not always an +easy matter to do this. When the beasts of dissension get +loose from the caravan, Satan sometimes drives them through the +streets of Zion, that they may enter the houses of the +inhabitants; and like the lioness that escaped from the keepers +at Shrewsbury, and attacked the foremost horse in the carriage, +so contentions frequently attack the leaders, in order to stop +the carriage of the ministry as it travels on, in the labours of +the pulpit. In the midst of the noise of strife, the man of +God must raise his voice to heaven for courage, and tenderness, +so that the oil of Christ’s love to the souls of men may be +found in the oil-flagon of reproof, which is poured on the head; +for if anger, and revenge enter in, they will drop, like the +spider in Germany, into the pot, and that will prevent the +salutary effect of the oil, because the poison of wrath is mixed +with it. The righteousness of God cannot be fulfilled in +this manner in the discipline. Oh, brother! who is +sufficient for these things, without constant help from +heaven? How awful is this place! This is the house of +God, and the gate of heaven; and here is a ladder, by which we +may climb up for help, and a school, in which we may learn how to +conduct ourselves in the house of God.</p> +<p>“You cannot but be conscious, brother, of the great +difficulty there is not to speak unadvisedly with our lips, as +did Moses, whilst drawing water for the rebellious +Israelites. The rebellion of the people had embittered his +spirit, so that his obduracy stood like a cloud between the +people, and the tenderness of the Lord, when He was showing mercy +upon them by giving them water. Moses <a +name="page295"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 295</span>upbraided +their rebellion instead of showing mercy, as the dispensation of +God now required; a dispensation which contained in it a secret +intimation of the great mercy to be shown by the death of Christ +on the cross. Their strife was the cause of embittering the +spirit of Moses, yet he should have possessed his soul in +patience.</p> +<p>“There are two things, brother, which you should +observe. First, you will be called upon to attend to causes +of contention; and you will find persons so hardened, that you +will not be able to obtain weapons, in all the armoury of +God’s Word, that will terrify them, and make them afraid of +entering their old haunts. Such are persons without faith, +and without the fear of God, and the love of Christ influencing +their minds; and though you warn them of the consequences of +their contentions, that they are likely to deprive them of the +privileges of the house of God, and thus forfeit the promised +land, yet they stand unmoved, nothing terrified, for they value +the flesh-pots of Egypt, and their livelihood there, more than +the manna, and the land of promise. You cannot frighten +them by speaking of the danger, and loss of the immunities of the +Church below, or that above. Esau-like, they will sell +their birthright, as Christian professors, for a mess of +pottage. A man who has no money is not afraid to meet with +robbers in the wood; but he who has gold to lose will be +cautious, and watchful, lest he should be robbed of his +property. On a night of great storm, when ships are broken +to pieces, and sinking, a person who has no share in any of them +will not tremble, or feel any concern on their account. +Thus there are some men, concerning whom it is impossible to make +them dread going out among the rapacious beasts of backslidings, +and no storms can keep them in fear. Their spirit is one +with the marauders, and they have no care, for they have nothing +to lose in the tempests that blow upon the cause of the religion +of Christ. These are the tares, or the children of the +wicked one, in the Church.</p> +<p><a name="page296"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +296</span>“Secondly, for your own encouragement, brother, I +remark that you will have to attend to the exercise of +discipline, and to treat with persons that may be alarmed, and +made to tremble at the Word of God, and not rush on +presumptuously in their evil course. These are professors, +who possess white garments, and the gold of faith, and eye-salve +from the unction of the Holy One. These individuals are +rich in faith. They are afraid of revolutions, and +upsettings of the constitutional order of the new covenant, for +they have funds invested in the stocks of God’s +kingdom. They are afraid that any storm, or rock of offence +should come in the way of the Gospel ship, for their treasure is +on board it, and they have an interest in it. They dread +the thought of walking unwatchfully, and licentiously, lest they +should be robbed of their riches, and forfeit the fellowship of +God in prayer, lose the light of His countenance, and His peace +in the means of grace, and lest they should be deprived of their +confidence in the merits of Christ, and a good conscience. +They have denied themselves, and have pulled out the right eye, +lest they should not be acceptable before God. They dread +harbouring in their bosoms the old guilt and former doubts. +They are cautious not to give a night’s lodging to such +miscreants as anger, revenge, lust, and things which are of the +earth; for they know that these are robbers, and if they have any +indulgence they will steal away the <i>title-deeds</i> of +assurance to the inheritance. They are well aware, also, +that they will sustain the loss of a pure conscience, which has +been purged by the blood of Christ, and which, as a golden chest, +is a preserver of our confidence, immovable unto the end. +It is possible, brother, to manage, and discipline such +professors. They have something to lose, consequently they +will not flee from their refuge, lest they should be +destroyed. <i>Keep that which thou hast</i>. David +lost for a season the enjoyment of the above blessings; but he +was cleansed with hyssop, had his spirit renewed, and his riches +were restored to him by faith’s <a name="page297"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 297</span>view of the Messiah, for which he +vowed to sing aloud for ever, and ever. He prayed, after +this, to be delivered from presumptuous sins, lest he should be +imprisoned a second time by a party so wicked, and +detestable. May the spiritual gift be kindled in you, +brother. Grace be with you, for ever, and ever.</p> +<p style="text-align: right">“Affectionately,<br /> +“<span class="smcap">Christmas Evans</span>.</p> +<p>“<i>Caernarvon</i>, <i>August</i> 5<i>th</i>, +1836.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>But it was hard work in Caernarvon. The debt upon the +chapel was a perpetually-recurring trouble. We have said +when he went there eight hundred pounds was the burden, and that +the people were very poor. Of this eight hundred, four +hundred seems to have been collected by a Mr. John Edwards, who +used, as his introduction, in asking for contributions, the +specimen of Welsh eloquence to which we have referred (The +Graveyard World); so that Christmas Evans may, really, be +regarded as the liquidator of the debt to that extent. The +time came when the whole remaining sum had to be paid. What +could be done? Over seventy years of age, the old man +started forth, on a tour through the south, to attempt to raise +the sum. In April, 1838, when he had been four years in +Caernarvon, he set off with his wife, and a young preacher, the +Rev. John Hughes. Before he set out, he wrote a circular to +his brethren, which was published in the <i>Welsh +Magazine</i>. It is scarcely possible, we think, to read +it, remembering who wrote it, and the circumstances under which +it was written, without tears of feeling:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“<span class="smcap">Dear +Brethren</span>,—We have received notice to pay up <a +name="page298"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 298</span>three +hundred pounds. The term of the lease of life has expired +in my case, even threescore and ten years, and I am very much +afflicted. I have purposed to sacrifice myself to this +object, though I am afraid I shall die on the journey” (he +did die on his journey); “and I fear I shall not succeed in +my errand for Christ. We have no source to which we can now +repair, but our own denomination in Wales, and brethren, and +friends of other communities, that may sympathize with us. +Oh, brethren, pray, with me, for protection on the +journey—for strength, and health this <i>once</i>, on +occasion of my bidding farewell to you all! pray for the light of +the Lord’s countenance upon me in preaching; pray for His +own glory, and that His key may open the hearts of the people, to +contribute towards His cause in its present exigency. Oh, +help us, brethren!—when you see the old brother, after +having been fifty-three years in the ministry, now, instead of +being in the grave with his colleagues, or resting at home with +three of them who are yet alive—brethren Lewis of +Llanwenarth, Davies of Velin Voel, and Thomas of +Aberduar,—when you see him coming, with the furrows of +death in his countenance, the flowers of the grave on his head, +and his whole constitution gradually dissolving; having laboured +fifty years in the ministry in the Baptist denomination. He +comes to you with hundreds of prayers, bubbling, as it were, from +the fountain of his heart, and with a mixture of fear, and +confidence. Oh, do not frown upon him!—he is afraid +of your frowns. Smile upon him, by contributing to his +cause, this once for all. If you frown upon me, ministers +and deacons, by intimating an <i>irregular case</i>, I am afraid +I shall sink into the grave before returning home. This is +my last sacrifice for the Redeemer’s cause.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Naturally, wherever he passed along, he was received by all +the churches, and throughout every county, with more than +cordiality—with great joy. <a +name="page299"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 299</span>He was very +successful in raising money for the purpose which urged him forth +from home: perhaps his popularity was never so great as +now. Mr. Cross, one of his biographers, says, that wherever +he preached, the place was thronged at an early hour, and, +frequently, multitudes remained outside, unable to obtain +admittance. He reached Monmouthshire, and preached before +the County Association; and it is said, that the sermon evinced +all his vigour of intellect, and splendour of genius, and as +perfect a command over the feelings of the great audience as +ever. One of his great images here was his description of +the Gospel, on the day of Pentecost, as a great electrical +machine, Christ turning the handle, Peter placing the chain in +contact with the people, and the Holy Ghost descending like a +stream of ethereal fire, and melting the hearts of three thousand +at once. His text was, “By grace ye are +saved.”</p> +<p>But the effort was too much for him, and he was laid up for a +week at the house of Mr. Thomas Griffith, a kind host, who, with +his whole family, attempted, in every way, to minister to his +comfort, and, with affectionate assiduity, sought to restore +him. On the whole, he appears to have been full of vivacity +that week, and, during the intervals of pain, cheered, and +charmed his friends. He had, one day, come downstairs, and +Mr. James, the son-in-law of his host, was helping him up +again. He had only got a few steps, when he said buoyantly, +“Mr. James, I dare say if I thought the French were behind +me with their bayonets, I should be able to get upstairs without +your help.” With the word he took his arm <a +name="page300"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 300</span>from Mr. +James’s shoulder, and briskly ran up the flight of steps, +laughing at his feat.</p> +<p>His conversation was, however, usually brightly +religious. “This is the Gospel,” he said once +in the course of talk—“This is the Gospel: ‘He +that believeth shall be saved.’ Now, in order to the +truth of this declaration, every believer must be saved. +If, in the last day, the great enemy find one single soul not +saved, who ever believed the Gospel, he would take that soul up, +present that soul to the Judge, and to the immense assembly, and +say, ‘The Gospel is not true.’ He would take +that lost believer through all the regions of pandemonium, and +exhibit him in triumph to the devils, and the +damned.” “But,” said his host, +“that shall never be, Mr. Evans.” +“No,” said he, planting the forefinger of his right +hand on his knee, as was his wont, and exclaiming, in a tone of +triumphant congratulation, “<i>Never</i>! <i>never</i>! +<i>never</i>!”</p> +<p>Leaving the house of Mr. Griffith, of Tredegar, he proceeded +on his way, preaching at Caerphilly, Cardiff, Cowbridge, +Bridgend, and Neath, and he reached Swansea on Saturday, July +14th. The next day, Sunday, he preached +twice—preached like a seraph, says one of his memorialists: +in the morning his subject was the Prodigal Son; the evening, +“I am not ashamed of the Gospel of Christ.” He +was the guest of Daniel Davies, the pastor of the Welsh Baptist +Church in the town, the blind preacher, as he was called, a man +of great celebrity, and unquestioned power. He was to be +the last host of his greater brother, or rather father, in the +ministry. On the Monday evening, he went <a +name="page301"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 301</span>out to tea, +with a friend who was always glad to greet him, Mr. David +Walters; and on the same evening he preached, in English, in +Mount Pleasant Chapel: his text was, “Beginning at +Jerusalem.” He was very feeble,—perhaps we need +scarcely wonder at that, after the two services of the day +before. He always felt a difficulty when preaching in +English, and, upon this occasion, he seemed much tried; gleams, +and flashes of his ordinary brilliancy there were, as in the +following:—</p> +<p>“Beginning at Jerusalem! Why at Jerusalem? +The Apostles were to begin there, because its inhabitants had +been witness to the life, and death of Christ; there He had +preached, wrought miracles, been crucified, and rose again. +Here, on the very spot of His deepest degradation, He was also to +be exalted: He had been crucified as a malefactor, He was now to +be elevated in the same place as a King; here were accorded to +Him the first-fruits of His resurrection.” This was +the strain of the sermon:—“‘At Jerusalem, +Lord?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘Why, Lord, +these are the men who crucified Thee; we are not to preach it to +<i>them</i>?’ ‘Yes, preach it to +all.’ ‘To the man who plaited the crown of +thorns, and placed it on Thy Head?’ ‘Yes; tell +him that from My degradation he may obtain a crown of +glory.’ ‘Suppose we meet the very man that +nailed Thy hands and feet to the cross, the very man that pierced +Thy side, that spat in Thy face?’ ‘Preach the +Gospel to them all: tell them all that I am the Saviour; that all +are welcome to participate in the blessings of My salvation; I am +the same Lord over all, and rich unto all that call <a +name="page302"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 302</span>on +Me.’” Such were some of the most characteristic +passages. As he was coming down the pulpit stairs, he said, +loud enough to be heard by many present, “<i>This is my +last sermon</i>!”</p> +<p>And it was even so. He was taken very ill during the +night; the next day he was worse, the next day worse still, and +then medical assistance was called in. But on the Thursday, +he got up, and walked for some time in the garden. It seems +doubtful whether he thought that his end was so near, although he +had a dream, in one of the early evenings in the week, in which +he seemed to come up to a great river, which he did not then +cross, so that he scarcely thought his work or life might be over +even yet.</p> +<p>But on Thursday night he was worse again, and on Friday +morning, at two o’clock, he said to his friends, Mr. +Davies, Mr. Hughes, and others round his bed, “I am leaving +you. I have laboured in the sanctuary fifty-three years, +and this is my comfort, that I have never laboured without blood +in the basin,”—the ruling power of imagination strong +in him to the close, evidently meaning that he had never failed +to preach Christ and Him crucified. A few more remarks of +the same character: “Preach Christ to the people, +brethren. Look at me: in myself I am nothing but ruin, but +in Christ I am heaven, and salvation.” He repeated a +verse from a favourite Welsh hymn, and then, as if he had done +with earth, he waved his hand, and exclaimed, “<span +class="smcap">Good-bye</span>! <span class="smcap">Drive +on</span>!”</p> +<p>It seems another instance of the labour of life pervading by +its master-idea the hour of death. For <a +name="page303"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 303</span>how many +years the “one-eyed man” of Anglesea had gone to, and +fro on his humble nag! As we have seen, lately his friends +had given him a gig, that he might be more at ease in his +Master’s service; still he had his old horse, companion of +his many journeys. While he was dying, the old mountain +days of travel came over his memory—“<span +class="smcap">Good-bye</span>!” said he. “<span +class="smcap">Drive on</span>!” He turned over, and +seemed to sleep. He slept indeed. His friends tried +to rouse him, but the angelic postman had obeyed the +order,—the chariot had passed over the everlasting +hills. So he died, July 19th, 1838, in the seventy-third +year of his age, and fifty-fourth of his ministry.</p> +<p>His funeral took place four days after his death, in the +burying-ground attached to the Welsh Baptist Chapel, in +Swansea. It is said there never was such a funeral in +Swansea, such a concourse, and crowd of mourners, weeping their +way to the grave, and following, as it had been their +father. Fountains of sorrow were everywhere unsealed +throughout the Principality, in Anglesea especially, where he had +passed the greater portion of his life; indeed, throughout the +Principality, there was scarcely a pulpit, of the order to which +he belonged, which was not draped in black; and it was evident +that all felt “a prince and a great man had fallen in +Israel.”</p> +<h2><a name="page304"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +304</span>CHAPTER XI.<br /> +<i>SUMMARY OF GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHRISTMAS EVANS</i>, +<i>AS A MAN AND A PREACHER</i>.</h2> +<p class="gutsumm">A Central Figure in the Religious Life of +Wales—In a Singular Degree a Self-made Man—His Words +on the Value of Industry—His Honest Simplicity—Power +of Sarcasm Repressed—Affectionate +Forgiveableness—Great Faith, and Power in Prayer—A +Passage in Dean Milman’s “Samor”—His +Sermons a Kind of Silex Scintillans—Massive Preaching, but +lightened by Beautiful Flowers—As an Orator—A +Preacher in the Age of Faith—Seeing Great Truths—His +Remarks on what was called “Welsh Jumping” in +Religious Services.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> character of Christmas Evans, +it will be seen, from all that has gone before, appears to us to +be eminently interesting as the most distinct, to us the most +central, and realizable figure, in the religious life of his +country, and his times: he is the central figure in a group of +remarkable men. We shall not discuss the question as to +whether he was the greatest,—greatness is so relative a +term; he appears, to us, certainly, from our point of view, the +most representative Welsh preacher of his time, perhaps of any +time: in him seemed embodied not merely the imaginative, but the +fanciful, the parable-loving spirit of his department of the +great Celtic family; with this, that ardent devotion, that +supersensuous absorption, <a name="page305"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 305</span>which to our colder temperament +looks like superstition.</p> +<p>One writer finely remarks of him, and with considerable truth, +so far as his own country is concerned, “He is a connecting +link between the beginning and the ending of the eighteenth +century; he has the light, the talent, and the taste of the +beginning, and has received every new light that has appeared +since. He was enabled to accompany the career of religious +knowledge in the morning, and also to follow its rapid strides in +the evening. In this he is unlike every other preacher of +the day: the morning and evening light of this wonderful century +meet in him; he had strength to climb up to the top of Carmel in +the morning, and remain there during the heat of the day, and see +the consuming sacrifice, and the licking up of the water; his +strength continued, by the hand of the Lord, so that he could +descend from the mount in the evening, and run without fainting +before the king’s chariot to Jezreel.”</p> +<p>On the whole, there is considerable truth in these words, +although author and reader may alike take exception to some of +them. The circumstances and situation of the life of this +singular man have been set so clearly before the reader in these +pages, that there can be no difficulty in apprehending the +unpropitious and unfavourable atmosphere through which he was +compelled to move. Few men can ever have more richly +deserved the epithet of self-made: no systematic tuition could he +ever have received; near to manhood before he even attempted to +obtain, before he had even presented to him any inducements to +attempt, the most rudimental elements of knowledge; <a +name="page306"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 306</span>we cannot +gather that he had any teachers, who assisted him with more than +hints, or the loan of a grammar, a lexicon, or some volume he +desired to read; there are no indications of any particular +kindness, no friendly hands, no wicket, or gate of school, or +college opened to him. And as with the commencement of his +career, so with its course; his intercourse was, probably, mostly +with men, and minds inferior to his own; books, we have seen, he +had few, although he read, with avidity, wherever he could +borrow; and as with his mental training, so with his spiritual +experience,—it appears all to have gone on within himself, +very much unrelieved, and unaided; he had to fight his own +doubts, and to gather strength in the wrestling, and the +conflict. And as he thus formed himself, without +assistance, so, apparently without any human assistance, he +continued to labour on, amidst the popular acclamations of +fame. The absence of all, and every exhibition of +gratitude, is peculiarly affecting. Altogether, this +strikes us as a grand, self-sustained, and much-enduring life, +always hard, and necessitous; but its lines are very indelible, +written as with a pen of iron, and as with the point of a +diamond. It is natural that, in his old age, he should +speak thus to a young man of the—</p> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">Value of Industry</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“I am an old man, my dear boy, and you are +just entering the ministry. Let me now, and here tell you +one thing, and I commend it to your attention, and memory. +All the ministers that I have ever known, who have fallen into +disgrace, or into uselessness, <i>have been idle men</i>. I +never am much afraid of a young minister, when I ascertain that +<a name="page307"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 307</span>he can, +and does, <i>fairly sit down to his book</i>. There is Mr. +—, of whom we were talking just now, a man of such unhappy +temper, and who has loved, for many years, to meddle in all sorts +of religious disputes and divisions. He would have, long +ago, been utterly wrecked, had not his habits of industry saved +him. He has stuck to his book, and that has kept him from +many dishonours, which, had he been an idle man, must have, by +this time, overwhelmed him. An idle man is in the way of +every temptation; temptation has no need to seek him; <i>he is at +the corner of the street</i>, <i>ready</i>, <i>and waiting for +it</i>. In the case of a minister of the Gospel, this peril +is multiplied by his position, his neglected duties, the +temptations peculiar to his condition, and his own superior +susceptibility. <i>Remember this—stick to your +book</i>.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The foundations of the good man’s character were laid in +honest simplicity, real, and perfect sincerity; he was innocent, +and unsuspecting as a child, and here, no doubt, lay the cause of +many of his trials; his frank, and confiding disposition became +the means by which his own peace was poisoned, when jealous men, +malicious men,—and these sometimes Christian +men,—took advantage of his simplicity. He once +employed a person to sell a horse for him at a fair; after some +time, Evans being there, he went out to see if the man was likely +to succeed. He found that a bargain was going on for the +horse, and nearly completed.</p> +<p>“Is this your horse, Mr. Evans?” said the +purchaser.</p> +<p>“Certainly it is,” he replied.</p> +<p>“What is his age, sir?”</p> +<p>“Twenty-three years.”</p> +<p><a name="page308"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +308</span>“But this man tells me he is only +fifteen.”</p> +<p>“He is certainly twenty-three, for he has been with me +these twenty years, and he was three years old when I bought +him.”</p> +<p>“Is he safe-footed?”</p> +<p>“Well, he is very far from that, and, indeed, that is +the reason why I want to part with him; and he has never been put +into harness since I bought him either.”</p> +<p>“Please go into the house, Mr. Evans, and stop +there,” said the man whom he had employed to make the sale: +“I never shall dispose of the horse while you are +present.”</p> +<p>But the dealer was, in this instance, mistaken, for the frank +manner in which Mr. Evans had answered the questions, and told +the truth, induced the buyer to make the purchase, even at a very +handsome price. But the anecdote got abroad, and it added +to Mr. Evans’s reputation, and good name; and even the +mention of the story in these pages, after these long years have +passed away, is more to his memory than the gold would have been +to his pocket.</p> +<p>Like all such natures, however, he was not wanting in +shrewdness, and we have seen that, when irritated, he could +express himself in sharp sarcasm. He had this power, but, +upon principle, he kept it under control. It was a saying +of his, “It is better to keep sarcasms pocketed, if we +cannot use them without wounding friends.” Once, two +ministers of different sects were disputing upon some altogether +trifling, and most immaterial point of ecclesiastical +discipline. One of them said, “What is your opinion, +Mr. Evans?” and he said, “To-day I saw two boys +quarrelling <a name="page309"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +309</span>over two snails: one of them insisted that his snail +was the best, because it had horns; while the other as +strenuously insisted that his was the best, because it had +none. The boys were very angry, and vociferous, but the two +snails were very good friends.”</p> +<p>He comes before us with all that strength of character which +he unquestionably possessed, as a spirit most affectionate, and +especially forgiving. An anecdote goes about of a +controversy he had with a minister of another sect, who so far +forgot himself as to indulge in language utterly inconsistent +with all Christian courtesy. But a short time elapsed, when +the minister was charged with a crime: had he been convicted, +degradation from the ministry must have been the smallest part of +his punishment, but his innocence was made manifest, and +perfectly clear. Mr. Evans always believed the charge to be +false, and the attempt to prosecute to be unjust, and merely +malicious. On the day when the trial came on he went, as +was his wont, in all matters where he was deeply interested, into +his own room, and fervently prayed that his old foe might be +sustained, and cleared. He was in company with several +friends and brother ministers, when a minister entered the room, +and said, “Mr. B— is fully acquitted.” +Evans instantly fell on his knees, and with tears exclaimed, +“Thanks be unto Thee, O Lord Jesus, for delivering one of +Thy servants from the mouth of the lions.” And he +very soon joined his hearty congratulations with those of the +other friends of the persecuted man.</p> +<p>It is certain the story of the Church recites very few +instances of such an active life, so eminently <a +name="page310"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 310</span>devotional, +and prayerful: we have seen this already illustrated in those +remarkable covenants we have quoted. He had an +old-fashioned faith in prayer. He was very likely never +troubled much about the philosophy of it: his life passed in the +practice of it. No Catholic monk or nun kept more regularly +the hours, the matins, or the vigils than he. It appears, +that for many years he was accustomed to retire for a short +season, for prayer, three times during the day, and to rise at +midnight, regularly, for the same purpose. He suffered much +frequently from slander; he had disorders, and troubles in his +churches; he had many afflictions, as we have seen, in life, and +the frequent sense of poverty; but these all appeared to drive +this great, good man to prayer, and his friends knew it, and felt +it, and felt the serenity, and elevation of his character when in +the social circle, even when it was also known that heavy trials +were upon him. And one who appears to have known him +applies to him, in such moments, the language of the Psalmist, +“All thy garments smell of myrrh, aloes, and cassia, out of +the ivory palaces.”</p> +<p>And, perhaps, in this connection, we may say, without being +misunderstood, that the especial necessities of his life gave to +it something of a cloistered, and monastic character. He +was not immured in the cell, or the monastery, but how little can +we realize the profound solitude of those long journeys, so +constantly renewed, through the silence of the lonely hills, +across the desolation of the uninhabited moor! An intensely +nervous, and meditative nature, no possibility of the book then, +no retreat, we can believe no desire to retreat from the infinite +<a name="page311"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +311</span>stretched above him, and even the infinite seeming to +spread all around him. In so devout a nature, how +calculated all this to foster devotion, until it became at once +the support, as well as the passion, of the soul!</p> +<p>And these perpetual wanderings among the mountains must have +been a fine spiritual education, an education deepening emotion +in the soul, and at the same time kindling the mind in thoughtful +imagery. He reminds us of Dean Milman’s hero, also a +pilgrim through Wales:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“His path is ’mid the Cambrian +mountains wild;<br /> +The many fountains that well wandering down<br /> +Plinlimmon’s huge round side their murmurs smooth<br /> +Float round him; Idris, that like warrior old<br /> +His batter’d and fantastic helmet rears,<br /> +Scattering the elements’ wrath, frowns o’er his +way,<br /> +A broad irregular duskiness. Aloof<br /> +Snowdon, the triple-headed giant, soars,<br /> +Clouds rolling half-way down his rugged sides.<br /> +Slow as he trod amid their dizzy heights,<br /> +Their silences and dimly mingling sounds,<br /> +Rushing of torrents, war of prison’d winds;<br /> +O’er all his wounded soul flow’d strength, and +pride,<br /> +And hardihood; again his front soar’d up<br /> +To commerce with the skies, and frank and bold,<br /> +His majesty of step his rugged path<br /> +Imprinted . . .<br /> +. . . Whence, ye mountains, whence<br /> +The spirit that within your secret caves<br /> +Holds kindred with man’s soul?”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Henry Vaughan delighted to call himself the Silurist, always +proud of the country from whence he came: his was a different +region of Wales from that which produced Christmas Evans. +Henry Vaughan <a name="page312"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +312</span>was the swan of the Usk; but the sermons of Evans, like +the sacred poems of Vaughan, were a kind of <i>Silex +Scintillans</i>, or sparks from the flint, sparks shot forth from +the great mountains, and the overhanging stars, with both of +which he held long communion: he had no opportunity for any other +often in the course of his travel; they were as the streets of +God, lighted with suns stretching across his way, in the green +amphitheatre of day, and the blue amphitheatre of night.</p> +<p>And this was, no doubt, very greatly the secret of his +preaching. It is not too strong a term to use, to say that, +with all its brilliancy, its bardic, and poetic splendours, it +was massive preaching. He usually laid the foundations of +the edifice of a sermon, strong and secure in reason, and in +Scripture, securing the understanding, and the convictions of his +hearers, before he sketched those splendid allegories, or gave +those descriptive touches; before even he appealed to those +feelings, when he led the whole congregation captive by the +chains of his eloquence.</p> +<p>We have said before, that like most of the preachers of his +country, he delighted also in the use of sharp, rememberable +sayings. That is a striking expression when he says, +speaking of death, to the believer in Christ, “The +crocodile of death shall be harnessed to the chariot of the +daughter of Zion, to bring her home to her father’s +house.” Again, “Our immortal souls, although in +perishable bodies, are evidently originally birds of Paradise, +and our faculties are the beautiful wings by which we understand, +remember, fear, believe, love, hope, and delight in immortal, and +eternal things.” That is very pretty <a +name="page313"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 313</span>when he +says, “Faith is the wedding-ring by which the poor daughter +of the old Ammonite is married to the Prince of Peace: she is +raised from poverty to opulence, from degradation to honour, not +because of the intrinsic value of the ring, though it is a golden +one, but on account of the union which it signifies, between her, +and the beloved Prince.” Again, “A cradle, a +cross, and a grave, all of His Father’s appointing, must +Jesus have, in order to open a fountain of living water to the +world.” Such sentences as these the reader will find +strewn along all his sermons, and many such in those which we +have quoted more at length.</p> +<p>But it must always be remembered that Christmas Evans was, in +a pre-eminent degree, the orator. He had a presence; he was +nearly six feet high, and finely-proportioned; his whole bearing +was dignified, and majestic; he had but one eye, it is true, but +we can believe the testimony which describes it as singularly +penetrating, and even burning with a wonderful effect, when the +strong inspiration of his eloquence was upon him. Then his +voice was one of marvellous compass, and melody; like his sermons +themselves, which were able to touch the hearts of mighty +multitudes, so his voice was able to reach their ears.</p> +<p>When he heard Robert Hall, the marvellous enchantment of that +still, small voice, a kind of soprano in its sweet, and cleaving +clearness, so overwhelmed him, that he longed to preach in that +tone, and key; but the voices of the men were fitted to their +words,—Hall’s to his own exquisitely-finished +culture, and to the sustained, and elevated culture either of +spirit, or intelligence of those whom he addressed; <a +name="page314"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +314</span>Evans’s words we suppose rolled like the thunder +of a mighty sea, with all its amplitude of many-voiced +waves. Singers differ, and, no doubt, while we are able to +admire the evangelical force, and fervour, and even the fine +pictorial imagery of the sermons of Christmas Evans, it is +something like looking at the painting on the glass, which may be +very pretty, and exquisite, but in order really to see it, it +should be in the camera, with the magnifying lens, and the +burning lamp behind it. Alas! it is so with all reported +and written eloquence: the figures, and the words are almost as +cold as the paper upon which they are printed, as they pass +before the eye; they need the inspiration of the burning genius, +and that inspired by a Divine affection, or afflatus, in their +utterance, to give them a real effect.</p> +<p>And in the case of Christmas Evans’s sermons, this is +not all: to us they are only translations,—translations +from the difficult Welsh language,—translations without the +wonderful atmospheric accent of the Welsh vowel; so that the very +best translation of one of Christmas Evans’s performances +can only be the skeleton of a sermon. We may admire the +structure, the architecture of the edifice, but we can form +little idea of the words which were said to have set Wales on +fire.</p> +<p>We recur to the expression we used a few sentences +since. We are able to appreciate the massive character of +these sermons: it is very true they are cyclopean,—they +have about them a primæval rudeness; but then the cyclopean +architecture, although primitive, is massive. Here are huge +thoughts, hewn out of the primæval, but ever-abiding +instincts of our <a name="page315"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +315</span>nature, or, which is much the same thing, from the +ancient, and granite flooring of the Divine Word. We must +make this allowance for our preacher: he took up his testimony +from the grand initial letters of Faith; he knew something of the +other side of thought; the belief of his country, in his time, in +the earlier days of his ministry, had been very much vexed by +Sabellianism.</p> +<p>The age of systematic, and scientific doubt had not set in on +the Principality; but he met the conscience of man as a +conscience, as that which was a trouble, and a sorrow to the +thoughtful mind, and where it was still untroubled, he sought to +alarm it, and awaken it to terror, and to fear; and he preached +the life, and work of Christ as a legitimate satisfaction, and +rest to the troubled conscience. This was, no doubt, the +great burden of his ministry; these are the subjects of all his +sermons. He used the old words, the old nomenclature.</p> +<p>Since the day of Christmas Evans, theological language is so +altered, that the theological lexicon of the eighteenth century +would seem very poorly to represent theological ideas in this +close of the nineteenth. But we have often thought, that, +perhaps, could the men of that time be brought face to face with +the men of this, it might be found that terms had rather enlarged +their signification, than essentially altered their +meaning,—this in many instances, of course, not in +all. But it would often happen, could we but patiently +analyze the meaning of theological terms, we should often find a +brother where we had suspected an alien, and a friend where we +had imagined a foe.</p> +<p><a name="page316"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 316</span>Thus +Christmas Evans dealt with great truths. He was a wise +master-builder, and all the several parts of his sermons were +related together in mutual dependence. The reader will +notice that there was always symmetry in their construction: he +obeys an order of thought; we feel that he speaks of that which, +to the measure of the revelation given, and his entrance into the +mind of the Spirit, he distinctly understands. A mind, +which itself lives in the light, will, by its own sincerity, make +the subject which it attempts to expound clear; and he had this +faculty, eminently, of making abstruse truths shine out with +luminous, and distinct beauty. This is always most noble +when the mind of a preacher rises to the highest truths in the +Christian scheme. A great deal of our preaching, in the +present day, well deserves the name of pretty: how many men, +whose volumes of sermons are upon our shelves, both in England, +and America, seem as if their preachers had been students in the +natural history of religion, gathering shells, pretty rose-tinted +shells, or leaves, and insects for a theological museum! +And a very pretty occupation, too, to call attention to the +lily-work of the temple. But there are others, whose aim +has been—</p> +<blockquote><p> “Rather to see great +truths<br /> +Than touch and handle little ones.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And, certainly, Christmas Evans was of that order who occupied +the mind, and single eye, rather on the pathway of the planet +beyond him, than in the study of the most exquisite shell on the +sea-shore. Among religious students, and even among eminent +<a name="page317"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +317</span>preachers, there are some, who may be spoken of as +Divine, and spiritual astronomers,—they study the laws of +the celestial lights; and there are others, who may be called +religious entomologists,—they find themselves at home +amidst insectile prettinesses. Some minds are equal to the +infinitely large, and the infinitely small, the remote not more +than the near; but such instances are very rare.</p> +<p>The power of great truths overwhelms the man who feels them; +this gives rise to that impassioned earnestness which enables a +great speaker to storm, and take possession of the hearts of his +hearers: the man, it has been truly said, was lost in his theme, +and art, was swallowed up in excited feeling, like a whirlpool, +bearing along the speaker, and his hearers with him, on the +current of the strong discourse. The histories of the +greatest orators,—for instance, Massillon, Bossuet, and +Robert Hall,—show how frequently it was the case, that the +excited feelings of an audience manifested themselves by the +audience starting from their seats, and, sometimes, by loud +expressions of acclamation, or approbation. Some such +scenes appear to have manifested themselves, even beneath +Christmas Evans’s ministry. Some such scenes as these +led to the report of those excitements in Wales, which many of +our readers have heard of as “Welsh jumping.” +Evans appears to have been disposed to vindicate from absurdity +this phenomenon,—the term used to describe it was, no +doubt, employed as a term of contempt. He says,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Common preaching will not do to arouse +sluggish districts from the heavy slumbers into which they have +sunk; <a name="page318"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +318</span>indeed, formal prayers, and lifeless sermons are like +bulwarks raised against these things: five, or six stanzas will +be sung as dry as Gilboa, instead of one, or two verses, like a +new song full of God, of Christ, and the Spirit of grace, until +the heart is attuned for worship. The burying grounds are +kept in fine order in Glamorganshire, and green shrubs, and herbs +grow on the graves; but all this is of little value, for the +inhabitants of them are all dead. So, in every form of +godliness, where its power is not felt, order without life is +exceedingly worthless: you exhibit all the character of human +nature, leaving every bud of the flower to open in the beams of +the sun, except in Divine worship. On other occasions, you +English appear to have as much fire in your affections as the +Welsh have, if you are noticed. In a court of law, the most +efficient advocate, such as Erskine, will give to you the +greatest satisfaction; but you are contented with a preacher +speaking so lifelessly, and so low, that you can hardly +understand a third part of what he says, and you will call this +decency in the sanctuary. To-morrow I shall see you +answering fully to the human character in your own actions. +When the speakers on the platform will be urging the claims of +missions, you will then beat the boards, and manifest so much +life, and cheerfulness that not one of you will be seen to take +up a note-book, nor any other book, while the speaker shall be +addressing you. A Welshman might suppose, by hearing your +noise, that he had been silently conveyed to one of the meetings +of the Welsh jumpers, with this difference, that you would +perceive many more tears shed, and hear many more ‘calves +of the lips’ offered up, in the rejoicing meetings of +Wales; but you use your heels well on such occasions, and a +little of your tongues; but if even in Wales, in certain +places,—that is, places where the fervent gales are not +enjoyed which fill persons with fear, and terror, and joy, in +approaching the altar of God,—you may see, while hearing a +sermon, one looking into his hymn-book, another into his +note-book, and <a name="page319"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +319</span>a third turning over the leaves of his Bible, as if he +were going to study a sermon in the sanctuary, instead of +attending to what is spoken by the preacher as the mouth of +God.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>He proceeds, at considerable length, in this strain, in a tone +of apology which, while it is frank, and ingenuous, certainly +seems to divest the excitement of the Welsh services of those +objectionable features which, through a haze of ignorant +prejudice, had very much misrepresented the character of such +gatherings in England. It was, as Mr. Evans shows, the +stir, and excitement, the more stereotyped acclamation, of an +English meeting manifesting itself in the devotional services of +these wild mountain solitudes. He continues,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“It is an exceedingly easy matter for a +minister to manage a congregation while Christian enjoyment keeps +them near to God; they are diligent, and zealous, and ready for +every good work; but it is very easy to offend this joyous +spirit—or give it what name you please, enthusiasm, +religious madness, or Welsh jumping,—its English +name,—and make it hide itself; a quarrel, and disagreement +in the Church, will occasion it to withdraw immediately; +indulging in sin, in word or deed, will soon put it to flight: it +is like unto the angel formerly, who could not behold the sin of +Israel without hiding himself,—so is the angel of the +religious life of Wales, which proves him to be a holy angel, +though he has the name of a Welsh jumper. My prayer is, +that this angel be a guard upon every congregation, and that none +should do anything to offend him. It is an exceedingly +powerful assistant to accompany us through the wilderness, but +the individual that has not felt its happy influences has nothing +to lose; hence he does not dread a dry meeting, and a hard +prayer, for they are all the same to him; but the <a +name="page320"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 320</span>people of +this enjoyment pray before prayer, and before hearing, that they +may meet with God in them.</p> +<p>“The seasons when these blessings are vouchsafed to the +churches of Wales are to be noticed: it is generally at a time +when the cause of religion is at a low ebb, all gone to slumber; +this happy spirit of enjoyment in religion, like the angel of the +pillar of fire, appears when there is distress, and everything at +the worst; its approach to the congregation is like the glory of +God returning to the temple of old; it creates a stir among the +brethren; they have a new prayer, and a new spirit given them to +worship God; this will lay hold of another; some new strength, +and light will appear in the pulpit, until it will be imagined +that the preacher’s voice is altered, and that his spirit +has become more evangelical, and that he preaches with a more +excellent savour than usual; tenderness will descend upon the +members, and it will be seen that Mr. Wet-eyes, and Mr. Amen, +have taken their place among them; the heavenly gale will reach +some of the old backsliders, and they are brought, with weeping, +to seek their forfeited privilege; by this time the sound of +Almighty God will be heard in the outer court, beginning to move +the hearers like a mighty wind shaking the forest; and as the +gale blows upon the outer court, upon the hearers, and the young +people, and afterwards making its way through the outer court, to +rouse the inner court, until a great concern is awakened for the +state of the soul. And, see, how these powerful revivals +evince their nature: they are certain, where they are strong, to +bend the oaks of Bashan, men of strong, and sturdy minds, and +haughty hearts; they bring all the ships of Tarshish, and the +merchants of this world, in the harbour hearing; the power of the +day of the Lord will raze all the walls of bigotry to the +foundation; thoughts of eternal realities, and the spirit of +worship, are by these blessings diffused abroad, and family +worship is established in scores of families; the door of such a +district, opened by the powers of the world to come, creates the +channel where <a name="page321"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +321</span>the living waters flow, and dead fish are made alive by +its virtues.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>So Christmas Evans vindicated the excitements of religious +services in Wales from English aspersions.</p> +<h2><a name="page322"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +322</span>CHAPTER XII.<br /> +<i>SUMMARY OF GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHRISTMAS EVANS AS A +PREACHER</i>.</h2> +<p class="gutsumm">Remarks renewed in Vindication of his Use of +Parable in the Pulpit—His Sermons appear to be born of +Solitude—His Imitators—His Probable Acquaintance with +“the Sleeping Bard” of Elis Wyn—A +Dream—Illustrations—The Gospel Mould—Saul of +Tarsus and his Seven Ships—The Misplaced Bone—The Man +in the House of Steel—The Parable of the Church as an Ark +among the Bulrushes of the Nile—The Handwriting—Death +as an Inoculator—Time—The Timepiece—Parable of +the Birds—Parable of the Vine-tree, the Thorn, the Bramble, +and the Cedar—Illustrations of his more Sustained +Style—The Resurrection of Christ—They drank of that +Rock which followed them—The Impossibility of Adequate +Translation—Closing Remarks on his Place and Claim to +Affectionate Regard.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">From</span> the extracts we have already +given, it will be seen that Christmas Evans excelled in the use +of parable in the pulpit. Sometimes he wrought his mine +like a very Bunyan, and we believe no published accounts of these +sermons in Welsh, and certainly none that we have found +translated into English, give any idea of his power. With +what amazing effect some of his sermons would tell on the vast +audiences which in these days gather together in London, and in +our great towns! This method of instruction is now usually +regarded as in <a name="page323"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +323</span>bad taste; it does not seem to be sanctioned by the +great rulers, and masters of oratorical art. If a man could +create a “Pilgrim’s Progress,” and recite it, +it would be found to be a very doubtful article by the rhetorical +sanhedrim. Yet our Lord used this very method, and without +using some such method—anecdote, or illustration—it +is doubtful whether any strong hold can be obtained over the +lower orders of mind. Our preacher entered into the spirit +of Scripture parable, and narrative. One of the most famous +of his discourses is that on the Demoniac of Gadara, which we +have already given in preceding pages. Some of our readers +will be shocked to know that, in the course of some of his +descriptions in it, he convulsed his audience with laughter in +the commencement. Well, he need not be imitated there; but +he held it sufficiently subdued before the close, and an +alternation of tears, and raptures, not only testified to his +powers, but to his skill in giving an allegorical reading of the +narrative.</p> +<p>For the purpose of producing effect,—and we mean, by +effect, visible results in crushed, and humbled hearts, and +transformed lives,—it would be a curious thing to try, in +England, the preaching of some of the great Welshman’s +sermons. What would be the effect upon any audience of that +great picture of the Churchyard World, and the mighty controversy +of Justice, and Mercy? Let it be admitted that there are +some things in it, perhaps many, that it would not demand a +severe taste to expel from the picture, but take it as the broad, +bold painting of a man not highly educated,—indeed, highly +educated men, as we have said, could not <a +name="page324"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 324</span>perform +such things: a highly-educated man could never have written the +“Pilgrim’s Progress”—let it be remembered +that it was delivered to men, perhaps, we should say, rather +educated than instructed, men illiterate in all things +<i>except</i> the Bible. We ourselves have, in some very +large congregations, tried the preaching of one of the most +famous of Evans’s sermons, “The Spirit walking in dry +places, seeking rest, and finding none.”</p> +<p>Christmas Evans’s preaching was by no means defective in +the bone, and muscle of thought, and pulpit arrangement; but, no +doubt, herein lay his great <i>forte</i>, and power,—he +could paint soul-subduing pictures. They were not pieces of +mere word-painting, they were bathed in emotion, they were +penetrated by deep knowledge of the human heart. He went +into the pulpit, mighty from lonely wrestlings with God in +mountain travellings; he went among his fellow-men, his +audiences, strong in his faith in the reality of those covenants +with God, whose history, and character we have already presented +to our readers.</p> +<p>There was much in his preaching of that order which is so +mighty in speech, but which loses so much, or which seems to +acquire such additional coarseness, when it is presented to the +eye. Preachers now live too much in the presence of +published sermons, to be in the highest degree effective. +He who thinks of the printing-press cannot abandon himself. +He who uses his notes slavishly cannot abandon himself; and, +without abandonment, that is, forgetfulness, what is oratory? +what is action? what is passion? If we were asked what are +the <a name="page325"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 325</span>two +greatest human aids to pulpit power, we should say, +Self-possession and Self-abandonment; the two are perfectly +compatible, and in the pulpit the one is never powerful without +the other. Knowledge, Belief, Preparation, these give +self-possession; and Earnestness, and Unconsciousness, these give +self-abandonment. The first, without the last, may make a +preacher like a stony pillar, covered with runes and +hieroglyphics; and the last, without the first, may make a mere +fanatic, with a torrent of speech, plunging lawlessly, and +disgracefully abroad. The two, in combination in a noble +man, and teacher, become sublime. Perhaps they reached +their highest realization, among us, in Robertson of +Brighton. In another, and in a different department, and +scarcely inferior order of mind, they were nobly realized in +Christmas Evans.</p> +<p>Perhaps there never was a time when ministers were more afraid +of their audiences than in this day; afraid of the big man, with +his wealth, afraid of the highly-cultured young man with the +speculative eyeglasses, who has finished his education in +Germany; afraid lest there should be the slightest departure from +the most perfect, and elegant taste. The fear of man has +brought a snare into the pulpit, and it has paralysed the +preacher. And in this highly-furnished, and cultivated time +we have few instances of preachers who, in the pulpit, can either +possess their souls, or abandon them to the truth, in the text +they have to announce.</p> +<p>It must have been, one thinks, a grand thing to have heard +Christmas Evans; the extracts from his journal, the story they +tell of his devout, and rapt <a name="page326"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 326</span>communions of soul with God, among +the mountains, the bare, and solitary hills, reveal sufficiently +how, in himself, the preacher was made. When he came into +the pulpit, his soul was kindled, and inflamed by the live coals +from the altar. Some men of his own country imitated him, +of course. Imitations are always ludicrous,—some of +these were especially so. There was, says one of his +biographers, the shrug, the shake of the head, the hurried, +undertoned exclamation, “Bendigedig,” etc., etc., +always reminding us, by verifying it, of Dr. Parr’s +description of the imitators of Johnson: “They had the +nodosities of the oak without its vigour, and the contortions of +the sibyl without her inspiration.”</p> +<p>It was not so with him: he had rare, highly spiritual, and +gifted sympathies; but even in his very colloquies in the pulpit, +there was a wing, and sweep of majesty. He preached often +amidst scenes of wildness, and beauty, in romantic dells, or on +mountain sides, and slopes, amidst the summer hush of crags, and +brooks, all ministering, it may be thought, to the impression of +the whole scene; or it was in rude, and unadorned mountain +chapels, altogether alien from the æsthetics so charming to +modern religious sensibilities; but he never lowered his tone, +his language was always intelligible; but both it, and the +imagery he employed, even when some circumstances gave to it a +homely light, and play, always ascended; he knew the workings of +the heart, and knew how to lay his finger impressively upon all +its movements, and every kind of sympathy attested his power.</p> +<p>It is a great thing to bear men’s spirits along <a +name="page327"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 327</span>through the +sublime reaches, and avenues of thought, and emotion; and +majesty, and sublimity seem to have been the common moods of his +mind; never was his speech, or his pulpit, like a Gilboa, on +which there was no dew. He gave it as his advice to a young +preacher, “Never raise the voice while the heart is dry; +let the heart, and affections shout first,—let it commence +within.” A man who could say, “Hundreds of +prayers bubble from the fountain of my mind,”—what +sort of preacher was he likely to make? He “mused, +and the fire burned;” like the smith who blows upon the +furnace, until the iron is red hot, and then strikes on the anvil +till the sparks fly all round him, so he preached. His +words, and thoughts became radiant with fire, and metaphor; they +flew forth rich, bright, glowing, like some rich metal in +ethereal flame. As we have said, it was the nature, and the +habit of his mind, to embody, and impersonate; attributes, and +qualities took the shape, and form of persons; he seemed to enter +mystic abodes, and not to talk of things as a metaphysician, or a +theologian, but as a spectator, or actor. The magnificences +of nature crowded round him, bowing in homage, as he selected +from them to adorn, or illustrate his theme; all things +beautiful, and splendid, all things fresh, and young, all things +old, and venerable. Reading his discourses, for instance, +the <i>Hind of the Morning</i>, we are astonished at the +prodigality, and the unity of the imagination, the coherency with +which the fancies range themselves, as gems, round some central +truth, drinking, and reflecting its corruscations.</p> +<p>Astounded were the people who heard; it was <a +name="page328"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 328</span>minstrelsy +even more than oratory; the truths were old and common, there was +no fine discrimination, and subtle touch of expression, as in +Williams, and there was no personal majesty, and dignity of +sonorous swell of the pomp of words, as in John Elias; but it was +more,—it was the wing of prophecy, and poetry, it was the +rapture of the seer, or the bard; he called up image after image, +grouped them, made them speak, and testify; laden by grand, and +overwhelming feelings, he bore the people with him, through the +valley of the shadow of death, or across the Delectable +Mountains. There is a spell in thought, there is a spell in +felicitous language; but when to these are added the vision which +calls up sleeping terror, the imagination which makes living +nature yet more alive, and brings the solemn, or the dreadful +people of the Book of God to our home, and life of to-day, how +terribly majestic the preacher becomes!</p> +<p>The sermons of Christmas Evans can only be known through the +medium of translation. They, perhaps, do not suffer as most +translations suffer; but the rendering, in English, is feeble in +comparison with the at once nervous, bony, and muscular Welsh +language. The sermons, however, clearly reveal the man; +they reveal the fulness, and strength of his mind; they abound in +instructive thoughts; their building, and structure is always +good; and many of the passages, and even several of the sermons, +might be taken as models for strong, and effective pulpit +oratory. Like all the preachers of his day, and order of +mind, and peculiarity of theological sentiment, and training, his +usage of the imagery of Scripture was remarkably free; his use +also of texts <a name="page329"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +329</span>often was as significant, and suggestive as it was, +certainly, original.</p> +<p>No doubt, for the appreciation of his purpose, and his power +in its larger degree, he needed an audience well acquainted with +Scripture, and sympathetic, in an eminent manner, with the mind +of the preacher. There seem to have been periods, and +moments when his mind soared aloft, into some of the highest +fields of truth, and emotion. Yet his wing never seemed +little, or petty in its flight. There was the firmness, and +strength of the beat of a noble eagle. Some eloquence +sings, some sounds; in one we hear the voice of a bird hovering +in the air, in the other we listen to the thunder of the plume: +the eloquence of Christmas Evans was of the latter order.</p> +<p>We have remarked it before,—there is a singular +parable-loving instinct in Wales. Its most popular +traditional, and prose literature, is imbued with it; the +“Mabinogion,” the juvenile treasures of Welsh legend, +corresponding to the Grimm of Germany, and the other great +Teutonic and Norse legends, but wholly unlike them, prove +this. But we are told that the most grand prose work in +Wales, of modern date, and, at the same time, the most +pre-eminently popular, is the “Sleeping Bard,” by +Elis Wyn. He was a High Church clergyman, and wrote this +extraordinary allegory at the commencement of the last +century. Christmas Evans must have known it, have known it +well. It portrays a series of visions, and if Mr. +Borrow’s testimony may be relied upon, they are thoroughly +Dantesque. He says, “It is a singular mixture of the +sublime, and the coarse, the <a name="page330"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 330</span>terrible, and the ludicrous, of +religion, and levity, and combines Milton, Bunyan, and +Quevedo.”</p> +<p>This is immense praise. The Vision of the World, the +first portion, leads the traveller down the streets of Pride, +Pleasure, and Lucre; but in the distance is a cross street, +little and mean, in comparison with the others, but clean, and +neat, and on a higher foundation than the other streets; it runs +upwards, towards the east; they sink downwards, towards the +north—this is the street True Religion. This is very +much in the style of Christmas Evans, and so also is the vision +of Death, the vision of Perdition, and the vision of Hell. +This singular poem appears to have been exceedingly popular in +Wales when Christmas Evans was young.</p> +<p>But our preacher has often been called the Bunyan of +Wales—the Bunyan of the pulpit. In some measure, the +epithet does designate him; he was a great master of parabolic +similitude, and comparison. This is a kind of preaching +ever eminently popular with the multitude; it requires rather a +redundancy of fancy, than imagination—perhaps a mind +considerably disciplined, and educated would be unable to indulge +in such exercises—a self-possession, balanced by ignorance +of many of the canons of taste, or utterly oblivious, and +careless of them; for this is a kind of teaching of which we hear +very little. Now we have not one preacher in England who +would, perhaps, dare to use, or who could use well, the parabolic +style. This was the especial power of Christmas +Evans. He excelled in personification; he would seem +frequently to have been mastered by this faculty. The +abstraction of thought, the disembodied phantoms <a +name="page331"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 331</span>of another +world, came clothed in form, and feature, and colour; at his +bidding they came—</p> + +<blockquote><p> “Ghostly +shapes<br /> +Met him at noontide; Fear, and trembling Hope,<br /> +Silence, and Foresight; Death, the skeleton,<br /> +And Time, the shadow.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Thus, he frequently astounded his congregations, not merely by +pouring round his subject the varied hues of light, or space, but +by giving to the eye defined shapes, and realizations. We +do not wonder to hear him say, “If I only entered the +pulpit, I felt raised, as it were, to Paradise, above my +afflictions, until I forgot my adversity; yea, I felt my mountain +strong. I said to a brother once, ‘Brother, the +doctrine, the confidence, and strength I feel, will make persons +dance with joy in some parts of Wales.’ ‘Yea, +brother,’ said he, with tears flowing from his +eyes.” He was visited by remarkable dreams. +Once, previous to a time of great refreshing, he +dreamt:—</p> +<p>“He thought he was in the church at Caerphilly, and +found many harps hanging round the pulpit, wrapped in coverings +of green. ‘Then,’ said he, ‘I will take +down the harps of heaven in this place.’ In removing +the covering, he found the ark of the covenant, inscribed with +the name of Jehovah. Then he cried, ‘Brethren, the +Lord has come to us, according to His promise, and in answer to +our prayers.’” In that very place, he shortly +afterwards had the satisfaction of receiving one hundred and +forty converts into the Church, as the fruit of his ministry.</p> +<p>As we have said, nothing can well illustrate, on paper, the +power of the orator’s speech, but the following <a +name="page332"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 332</span>may serve, +as, in some measure, illustrating his method:—</p> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">The Gospel Mould</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“I compare such preachers to a miner, who +should go to the quarry where he raised the ore, and, taking his +sledge in his hand, should endeavour to form bars of iron of the +ore in its rough state, without a furnace to melt it, or a +rolling mill to roll it out, or moulds to cast the metal, and +conform the casts to their patterns. The Gospel is like a +form, or mould, and sinners are to be melted, as it were, and +cast into it. ‘But ye have obeyed from the heart that +form of doctrine which was delivered you,’ or into which +you were delivered, as is the marginal reading, so that your +hearts ran into the mould. Evangelical preachers have, in +the name of Christ, a mould, or form to cast the minds of men +into; as Solomon the vessels of the temple. The Sadducees +and Pharisees had their forms, and legal preachers have their +forms; but evangelical preachers should bring with them the +‘form of sound words,’ so that, if the hearers +believe, or are melted into it, Christ may be formed in their +hearts,—then they will be as born of the truth, and the +image of the truth will appear in their sentiments, and +experience, and in their conduct in the Church, in the family, +and in the neighbourhood. Preachers without the mould are +all those who do not preach all the points of the Gospel of the +Grace of God.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>We will now present several extracts, derived from a variety +of sources, happily illustrating the general character of his +sermons.</p> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">Saul of Tarsus and His Seven +Ships</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“Saul of Tarsus was once a thriving merchant +and an extensive ship-owner; he had seven vessels of his own, the +<a name="page333"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 333</span>names of +which were—1. Circumcised the Eighth Day; 2. Of +the Stock of Israel; 3. Of the Tribe of Benjamin; 4. +A Hebrew of the Hebrews; 5. As touching the Law, a +Pharisee; 6. Concerning Zeal, persecuting the Church. +The seventh was a man-of-war, with which he one day set out from +the port of Jerusalem, well supplied with ammunition from the +arsenal of the Chief Priest, with a view to destroy a small port +at Damascus. He was wonderfully confident, and breathed out +threatenings and slaughter. But he had not got far from +port before the Gospel Ship, with Jesus Christ Himself as +Commander on board, hove in sight, and threw such a shell among +the merchant’s fleet that all his ships were instantly on +fire. The commotion was tremendous, and there was such a +volume of smoke that Paul could not see the sun at noon. +While the ships were fast sinking, the Gospel Commander +mercifully gave orders that the perishing merchant should be +taken on board. ‘Saul, Saul, what has become of all +thy ships?’ ‘They are all on fire.’ +‘What wilt thou do now?’ ‘Oh that I may +be found in Him, not having my own righteousness, which is of the +law, but that which is through the faith of Christ, the +righteousness which is of God. by faith.’”</p> +</blockquote> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">The Misplaced Bone</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“Let every one keep his own place, that +there be no schism in the body. There arose a fierce +contention in the human body; every member sought another place +than the one it found itself in, and was fitted for. After +much controversy, it was agreed to refer the whole matter to one +whose name was Solomon Wise-in-his-own-conceit. He was to +arrange, and adjust the whole business, and to place every bone +in its proper position. He received the appointment gladly, +and was filled with joy, and confidence. He commenced with +finding a place for himself. His proper post was the heel; +but where do you think he found it? He must needs <a +name="page334"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 334</span>be the +golden bowl in which the brains were deposited. The natural +consequences followed. The coarse heel bone was not of the +right quality, nor of the suitable dimensions to contain the +brains, nor could the vessel intended for that purpose form a +useful, or comely part of the foot. Disorder ensued in +foot, head, face, legs, and arms. By the time Solomon +Wise-in-his-own-conceit had reconstructed the body, it could +neither walk, nor speak, nor smell, nor hear, nor see. The +body was, moreover, filled with intolerable agony, and could find +no rest, every bone crying for restoration to its own place, that +is to say, every one but the heel-bone; that was mightily pleased +to be in the head, and to have the custody of the brains. +Sin has introduced similar disorder amongst men, and even amongst +professors of religion, and into congregations. ‘Let +every one keep his own place, that there be no schism in the +body.’ The body can do much, can bear heavy burdens, +all its parts being in their own positions. Even so in the +Church; much good can be done by every member keeping and filling +his own place without high-mindedness.”</p> +</blockquote> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">The Man in the House of +Steel</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“A man in a trance saw himself locked up in +a house of steel, through the walls of which, as through walls of +glass, he could see his enemies assailing him with swords, +spears, and bayonets; but his life was safe, for his fortress was +locked within. So is the Christian secure amid the assaults +of the world. His ‘life is hid with Christ in +God.’</p> +<p>“The Psalmist prayed, ‘When my heart is +overwhelmed within me, lead me to the Rock that is higher than +I.’ Imagine a man seated on a lofty rock in the midst +of the sea, where he has everything necessary for his support, +shelter, safety, and comfort. The billows heave and break +beneath him, and the hungry monsters of the deep wait to devour +him; but he is on high, above the rage of the <a +name="page335"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 335</span>former, and +the reach of the latter. Such is the security of faith.</p> +<p>“But why need I mention the rock, and the steel house? +for the peace that is in Christ is a tower ten thousand times +stronger, and a refuge ten thousand times safer. Behold the +disciples of Jesus exposed to famine, nakedness, peril, and +sword—incarcerated in dungeons; thrown to wild beasts; +consumed in the fire; sawn asunder; cruelly mocked, and scourged; +driven from friends, and home, to wander among the mountains, and +lodge in dens, and caves of the earth; being destitute, +afflicted, tormented; sorrowful, but always rejoicing; cast down, +but not destroyed; an ocean of peace within, which swallows up +all their sufferings.</p> +<p>“‘Neither death,’ with all its terrors; +‘nor life,’ with all its allurements; ‘nor +things present,’ with all their pleasure, ‘nor things +to come,’ with all their promise; ‘nor height’ +of prosperity; ‘nor depth’ of adversity; ‘nor +angels’ of evil; ‘nor principalities’ of +darkness; ‘shall be able to separate us from the love of +God which is in Christ Jesus.’ ‘God is our +refuge, and strength; a very present help in trouble. +Therefore will we not fear, though the earth be removed, and +though the mountains be carried into the midst of the +sea—though the waters thereof roar and be troubled, though +the mountains shake with the swelling thereof.’ This +is the language of strong faith in the peace of Christ. How +is it with you amid such turmoil, and commotion? Is all +peaceful within? Do you feel secure in the name of the +Lord, as in a strong fortress, as in a city well supplied, and +defended?</p> +<p>“‘There is a river, the streams whereof shall make +glad the city of God, the holy place of the tabernacles of the +most high. God is in the midst of her; she shall not be +moved. God shall help her, and that right +early.’ ‘Unto the upright, there ariseth light +in the darkness.’ The bright and morning star, +shining upon their pathway, cheers them in their journey home to +their Father’s house. And when they <a +name="page336"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 336</span>come to +pass over Jordan, the Sun of Righteousness shall have risen upon +them, with healing in His wings. Already they see the tops +of the mountains of immortality, gilded with his beams, beyond +the valley of the shadow of death. Behold, yonder, old +Simeon hoisting his sails, and saying, ‘Lord, now lettest +thou Thy servant depart in peace, according to Thy word; for mine +eyes have seen Thy salvation.’ Such is the peace of +Jesus, sealed to all them that believe by the blood of His +cross.</p> +<p>“When we walk through the field of battle, slippery with +blood, and strewn with the bodies of the slain—when we hear +the shrieks, and the groans of the wounded, and the +dying—when we see the country wasted, cities burned, houses +pillaged, widows, and orphans wailing in the track of the +victorious army, we cannot help exclaiming, ‘Oh, what a +blessing is peace!’ When we are obliged to witness +family turmoils, and strifes—when we see parents, and +children, brothers, and sisters, masters, and servants, husbands, +and wives, contending with each other like tigers—we retire +as from a smoky house, and exclaim as we go, ‘Oh, what a +blessing is peace!’ When duty calls us into that +church, where envy, and malice prevail, and the spirit of harmony +is supplanted by discord, and contention—when we see +brethren, who ought to be bound together in love, full of pride, +hatred, confusion, and every evil work—we quit the +unhallowed scene with painful feelings of repulsion, repeating +the exclamation, ‘Oh, what a blessing is peace!’</p> +<p>“But how much more precious in the case of the awakened +sinner! See him standing, terror-stricken, before +Sinai. Thunders roll above him—lightnings flash +around him—the earth trembles beneath him, as if ready to +open her mouth, and swallow him up. The sound of the +trumpet rings through his soul, ‘Guilty! guilty! +guilty!’ Pale and trembling, he looks eagerly around +him, and sees nothing but revelations of wrath. Overwhelmed +with fear, and dismay, he cries out—‘O wretched man +that I am! <a name="page337"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +337</span>who shall deliver me! What shall I +do?’ A voice reaches his ear, penetrates his +heart—‘Behold the Lamb of God, that taketh away the +sin of the world!’ He turns his eyes to +Calvary. Wondrous vision! Emmanuel expiring upon the +cross! the sinner’s Substitute satisfying the demand of the +law against the sinner! Now all his fears are hushed, and +rivers of peace flow into his soul. This is the peace of +Christ.</p> +<p>“How precious is this peace, amid all the dark +vicissitudes of life! How invaluable this jewel, through +all the dangers of the wilderness! How cheering to know +that Jesus, who hath loved us even unto death, is the pilot of +our perilous voyage; that He rules the winds, and the waves, and +can hush them to silence at His will, and bring the frailest bark +of faith to the desired haven! Trusting where he cannot +trace his Master’s footsteps, the disciple is joyful amid +the darkest dispensations of Divine Providence; turning all his +sorrows into songs, and all his tribulations into triumphs. +‘Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace, whose mind is stayed +on Thee, because he trusteth in Thee.’”</p> +</blockquote> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">The Parable of the Church as an +Ark among the Bulrushes of the Nile</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“I see an ark of bulrushes, daubed with +slime, and pitch, placed on the banks of the Nile, which swarmed +with fierce crocodiles. Pharaoh’s daughter espies it, +and sends her maidens to find out what there can be in it. +Little Moses was there, with a face of miraculous beauty, to +charm the princess of Egypt. She determined to adopt him as +her son. Behold, a great wonder. On the brink of the +river, where the three great crocodiles—the Devil, Sin, and +Death—have devoured their millions, there lay those who it +was seen, before the foundation of the world, would be adopted +into the court of heaven. The Gospel comes forth like a +royal princess, with pardon in her hand, and mercy in her <a +name="page338"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 338</span>eye; and +hastening with her handmaidens, she glances at the thousands +asleep in the perils of sin. They had favour in her sight, +and she sent for her maidens, called Justification, and +Sanctification, to train them for the inheritance of the +saints.”</p> +</blockquote> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">The Handwriting</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“When Adam sinned, there was issued against +him the writ of death, written by the finger of God in the book +of the moral law. Adam had heard it read before his fall, +but in seeking to become a god, by eating of the fruit of the +tree, had forgotten it. Now God read it in his conscience, +and he was overwhelmed with fear. But the promise of a +Redeemer having been given, Mercy arranged that sacrifices should +be offered as a typical payment of the debt. When God +appeared on Sinai, to enter into covenant with His people, He +brought this writ in His hand, and the whole camp understood, +from the requirements of the law, that they must perish; their +lives had been forfeited. Mercy devised that a +bullock’s blood should be shed, instead of the blood of +man. The worshippers in the temple were bound to offer +living sacrifices to God, that they might die in their stead, and +be consumed. Manoah feared the flames of the sacrifice that +was offered upon the rock; but his wife understood that, since +the angel had ascended in the flame, in their stead, it was a +favourable omen. Every worshipper, by offering other lives +instead of their own on the altars of God, acknowledged that the +‘handwriting’ was in force against them, and their +high priest had minutely to confess all their sins +‘over’ the victim. Yet, by all the blood that +ever crimsoned Levi’s robe, and the altars of God, no real +atonement was made for sin, nor forgiveness procured for the +smallest crime. All the sacrifices made a remembrance of +sin, but were no means of pardon. More than two thousand +years the question had been entertained, how to reconcile man +with God. The ‘handwriting’ was real on Mount +<a name="page339"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 339</span>Ebal +every year; meanwhile the debt was fast accumulating, and new +bills were being constantly filed. The books were opened +from time to time; but to meet the claims there was nothing +brought to the altar but the blood of sacrifices, as a sort of +draft in the name of Christ upon the Bank of Gold. When +Heaven, and earth had grown weary of this fictitious or seeming, +pardon of sin, I hear a voice exclaim: ‘Away with +sacrifices, and burnt-offerings: Heaven has no pleasure in them; +a body has been prepared for me. Lo, I come to reconcile +man with God by one sacrifice.’ He came, +‘leaping upon the mountains, and skipping upon the +hills.’ Calling at the office where the +‘handwriting’ lay, when only eight days old, He +signed with His own blood an acknowledgment of the debt, saying: +‘This is an earnest, and a pledge that my heart’s +blood shall be freely given.’ The three-and-thirty +years have expired; I see Him in Gethsemane, with the priceless +purse of gold which He had borne with Him through the courts of +Caiaphas and Pilate; but to them the image, and the +superscription on the coin was a mystery. The Father, +however, recognised them in the court of Sinai, where the +‘handwriting’ was that demanded the life of the whole +world. The day following, ‘the Virgin’s +Son’ presented Himself to pay the debt in liquid gold; and +the treasure which He bore would have set free a myriad +worlds. He passes along the streets of Jerusalem towards +Sinai’s office; the mercy-seat is removed to ‘the +place of skulls;’ as He proceeds, He exclaims: ‘I am +come not to destroy, but to fulfil the law.’ Send in, +before the hour of three, each curse, and threat ever pronounced +against my people. Bring in the first old bill against Adam +as their head. I will redeem a countless host of infants +to-day; their names shall be taken out of old Eden’s +accounts. Bring in the many transgressions which have been +filed through the ages, from Adam until now; include +Peter’s denial of me last night; but as to Judas, he is a +son of perdition, he has no part in me, having sold me <a +name="page340"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 340</span>for thirty +pieces of silver. We have here an exhaustless crimson +treasure,—enough to meet the demand; enough to fill every +promise, and every prophecy with mercy; enough to make my +beloved, and myself happy, and blest for ever! By three in +the afternoon of that day, there was not a bill in all Eden, or +Sinai, that had not been brought to the cross. And when all +was settled, Christ bowed down His head, but cried with a loud +voice: ‘It is finished!’ The gates of death, +and hell trembled, and shook. ‘The posts of the doors +moved at the voice.’ The great gulf between God, and +His people was closed up. Sinai appeared with the offering, +and grew still; the lightnings no longer flashed, and the thunder +ceased to roar.”</p> +</blockquote> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">Death as an +Inoculator</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“Death may be conceived of as a gigantic +inoculator. He carries about with him a monstrous box, +filled with deadly matter, with which he has infected every child +of Adam. The whole race of man is doomed by this law of +death. But see! This old inoculator gets paid back in +his own coin. The Son of Man, humbling Himself to death, +descends into the tomb, but rises immortal. He seized death +in Joseph’s grave. But, amazing spectacle! with the +matter of His own immortality He inoculated mortality with death, +whose lifeless corpse will be seen, on the resurrection morning, +among the ruins of His people’s graves; while they, with +one voice, will rend the air as if eternity opened its mouth, +exclaiming: ‘O death, where is thy sting? O grave, +where is thy victory?’”</p> +</blockquote> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">Time</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“Time, considered as a whole, is the age of +the visible creation. It began with the fiat, ‘Let +there be light;’ and it will end with the words: +‘Come, ye blessed of my Father,’ and ‘Go, ye +cursed.’ Each river, and mountain, <a +name="page341"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 341</span>town, and +city, hovel, and palace, every son, and daughter of Adam, must +undergo the change, pass away, for whatever is seen is only for a +time. The time of restoration, by the presence of the glory +of Christ, will be the morning of judgment, and +resurrection. That morning will be the last of time: then +eternity begins. From that time, each man will dwell in his +everlasting home: the ungodly in a lake of fire, that will burn +for ever; while the joy, and happiness of the blest will know no +end.</p> +<p>“Oh the fearfulness of the word <i>everlasting</i>, +written over the door of the lake of fire! Oh the happiness +it will create when read above the eternal kingdom!</p> +<p>“Time is the age of the visible world; but eternity is +the age of God. This limitless circle centres in Him. +The age of the visible world is divided into years, and days, +according to the revolutions of the earth, and sun,—into +weeks, in memory of the world’s creation, and the +resurrection of Christ,—into hours, minutes, seconds, and +moments. These last can scarcely be distinguished, yet they +are parts of the great body of time; but seven thousand years +constitute no part of eternity. One day, and a thousand +years, yea, millions of years, are alike, compared with the age +of God, forming no part of the vast changeless circle that knows +neither loss, nor gain. The age of time is winding up by +minutes, days, and years: the age of God is one endless to-day; +and such will be your age, and mine, when we have once passed the +limits of time, beyond which Lazarus is blessed, and the rich man +tormented. My brethren in the ministry, who in years gone +by travelled with me from one Association to another, are to-day +living in that great endless hour!</p> +<p>“Time is an age of changes, revolutions, and reforms; +but eternity is calm, stationary, and changeless. He who +enters upon it an enemy to God, faithless, prayerless, +unpardoned, and unregenerate, remains so for ever. Great +changes take place in time, for which the new song in <a +name="page342"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 342</span>eternity +will never cease. Natures have been changed, and enmity has +been abolished. In time, the life covenant was broken, and +man formed, and sealed his compact with hell. One, equal +with God, died upon the cross, in the form of a servant, to +destroy the works of the devil, and to unite man, and God in the +bond of peace through His own blood. Time, and language +would fail to recount what in time has been accomplished, +involving changes from life, to death, and from death, to +life. Here the pure have become denied, and the guiltless +condemned; and here, also, the sinner has been justified, the +polluted cleansed, the poor enriched, the enemy reconciled, and +the dead have been made alive, where one paradise has been lost, +and a better regained. The new song from the midst of +eternity sounds in our ears. Hear it! It has for its +subjects one event that took place in eternity, and three that +have transpired in time: ‘Unto Him that loved us, and +washed us from our sins in His own blood, and hath made us kings, +and priests unto God, and His Father: to Him be glory, and +dominion for ever, and ever. Amen.’”</p> +</blockquote> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">The Timepiece</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“You may move the hands on the dial-plate +this way, and the other, and finger as you please the machinery +within, but if there be no mainspring there your labour will be +in vain. So the ‘hands’ of men’s lives +will not move, in holy obedience, at the touch of the law, unless +the mainspring be supplied by God through the Gospel; then only +will the whole life revolve on the pivot of the love of Christ, +as upon an imperishable diamond. It is not difficult to get +the timepiece to act well, if the internal machinery be in proper +order; so, with a right spirit within, Lydia attends to the word, +Matthew leaves ‘the receipt of custom,’ Saul of +Tarsus prays; and the three thousand repent, believe, and turn +unto the Lord.</p> +<p><a name="page343"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +343</span>“A gentleman’s timepieces were once out of +order, and they were examined, when it was found that in one of +them the mainspring was injured; the glass which protected the +dial-plate of the other was broken; while the machinery of the +third had got damp, and rusty, although the parts were all +there. So the lack of holiness, in some cases, arises from +the want of heart to love God; another man has not the glass of +watchfulness in his conduct; another has got rusty with +backsliding from God, and the sense of guilt so clogs the wheels +of his machinery, that they must be well brushed with rebuke, and +correction, and oiled afresh with the Divine influence, before +they will ever go well again.</p> +<p>“The whole of a Christian’s life is a reaching +forward; but he has to begin afresh, like the people of Israel in +the wilderness; or, like a clock, he has constantly to recommence +at the figure one, and go on to that of twelve, through all the +years of his experience on earth. But after the +resurrection, he will advance, body, and soul, to the figure of +million of millions, never to begin again throughout +eternity. The sun in that world will never rise, nor set; +it will have neither east, nor west! How often has an +invisible hand wound up thy religious spirit below, but there the +weights will never come down again!”</p> +</blockquote> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">Parable of the Birds</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“A gentleman kept in his palace a dove, a +raven, and an eagle. There was but little congeniality, or +friendship amongst them. The dove ate its own proper food, +and lodged in the aviary. The raven fed on carrion, and +sometimes would pick out the eyes of an innocent lamb, and had +her nest in the branches of a tree. The eagle was a royal +bird; it flew very high, and was of a savage nature; it would +care nothing to eat half-a-dozen doves for its breakfast. +It was considered the chief of all birds, because it could fly +higher than all. All the doves feared its beak, <a +name="page344"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 344</span>its angry +eyes, and sharp talons. When the gentleman threw corn in +the yard for the dove, the raven would be engaged in eating a +piece of flesh, a part of a lamb haply; and the eagle in carrying +a child from the cradle to its eyrie. The dove is the +evangelical, industrious, godly professor; the raven is the +licentious, and unmanageable professor; and the eagle the +high-minded, and self-complacent one. These characters are +too often amongst us; there is no denomination in church, or +meeting-house, without these three birds, if there be birds there +at all. These birds, so unlike, so opposed, never can live +together in peace. Let us pray, brethren, for union of +spirit in the bond of peace.”</p> +</blockquote> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">Parable of the Vine-tree, the +Thorn, the Bramble, and the Cedar</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“The trees of Lebanon held a council to +elect a king, on the death of their old sovereign, the +Yew-tree. It was agreed to offer the sovereignty to the +Cedar; at the same time, in the event of the Cedar’s +declining it, to the Vine-tree, and then to the Olive-tree. +They all refused it. The Cedar said, ‘I am high +enough already.’ The Vine said, ‘I prefer +giving forth my rich juice to gladden man’s +heart.’ In like manner, the Olive was content with +giving its fruit, and would receive no other honour. +Recourse was then had to the Thorn. The Thorn gladly +received the office; saying to itself, ‘I have nothing to +lose but this white dress, and a berry for pigs, while I have +prickles enough to annoy the whole wood.’ The Bramble +rebelled against the Thorn, and a fire of pride, and envy was +kindled, which, at length, wrapped the whole forest in one +blaze. Two or three vain, and high-minded men have +frequently broken up the peace of congregations; and, by striving +for the mastery, have inflicted on the cause of religion +incalculable injuries; when they have had no more fitness for +rule than the white-thorn, or the prickly bramble.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="page345"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 345</span>The +following extract is of another order; it is more lengthy, and it +is upon a theme which always drew forth the preacher’s most +exulting notes:—</p> +<h3>“<span class="smcap">The Resurrection of our +Lord</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“Let us now consider the fact of our +Lord’s resurrection, and its bearing upon the great truths +of our holy religion.</p> +<p>“This most transcendent of miracles is sometimes +attributed to the agency of the Father; who, as the Lawgiver, had +arrested, and imprisoned in the grave the sinner’s Surety, +manifesting at once His benevolence, and His holiness; but by +liberating the prisoner, proclaimed that the debt was cancelled, +and the claims of the law satisfied. It is sometimes +attributed to the Son Himself; who had power both to lay down His +life, and to take it again; and the merit of whose sacrifice +entitled Him to the honour of thus asserting His dominion over +death, on behalf of His people. And sometimes it is +attributed to the Holy Spirit, as in the following words of the +Apostle:—‘He was declared to be the Son of God with +power, according to the Spirit of Holiness, by the resurrection +from the dead.’</p> +<p>“<i>The resurrection of Christ is a clear and +incontestable proof of His Divinity</i>.</p> +<p>“He had declared Himself equal with God the Father, and +one with Him in nature, and in glory. He had told the +people that He would prove the truth of this declaration, by +rising from the grave three days after His death. And when +the morning of the third day began to dawn upon the sepulchre, +lo! there was an earthquake, and the dead body arose, triumphant +over the power of corruption.</p> +<p>“This was the most stupendous miracle ever exhibited on +earth, and its language is:—‘Behold, ye persecuting +Jews and murdering Romans, the proof of my Godhead! Behold, +Caiaphas, Herod, Pilate, the power, and glory of your +Victim!’ ‘I am He that liveth, and was dead; +and lo! <a name="page346"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +346</span>I am alive for evermore!’ ‘I am the +root, and the offspring of David, and the Bright, and Morning +Star!’ ‘Look unto Me, and be ye saved, all ye +ends of the earth; for I am God, and besides Me there is none +else!’</p> +<p>“<i>Our Lord’s resurrection affords +incontrovertible evidence of the truth of Christianity</i>.</p> +<p>“Pilate wrote the title of Christ in three languages on +the cross; and many have written excellent, and unanswerable +things, on the truth of the Christian Scriptures, and the reality +of the Christian religion; but the best argument that has ever +been written on the subject was written by the invisible hand of +the Eternal Power, in the rocks of our Saviour’s +sepulchre. This confounds the sceptic, settles the +controversy, and affords an ample, and sure foundation for all +them that believe.</p> +<p>“If any one asks whether Christianity is from heaven, or +of men, we point him to the ‘tomb hewn out of the +rock,’ and say—‘There is your answer! +Jesus was crucified, and laid in that cave; but on the morning of +the third day it was found empty; our Master had risen, and gone +forth from the grave victorious.’</p> +<p>“This is the pillar that supports the whole fabric of +our religion; and he who attempts to pull it down, like Samson, +pulls ruin upon himself. ‘If Christ is not risen, +then is our preaching vain, and your faith is also vain, ye are +yet in your sins;’ but if the fact is clearly proved, then +Christianity is unquestionably true, and its disciples are +safe.</p> +<p>“This is the ground on which the Apostle stood, and +asserted the divinity of his faith:—‘Moreover, I +testify unto you the gospel, which I preached unto you; which +also ye have received, and wherein ye stand; by which also ye are +saved, if ye keep in memory what I preached unto you, unless ye +have believed in vain; for I delivered unto you first of all that +which I also received, how that Christ died for our sins +according to the Scriptures, and that He <a +name="page347"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 347</span>was buried, +and that He rose again the third day, according to the +Scriptures.’</p> +<p>“<i>The resurrection of Jesus is the most stupendous +manifestation of the power of God</i>, <i>and the pledge of +eternal life to His people</i>.</p> +<p>“The apostle calls it ‘the exceeding greatness of +His power to usward, who believe, according to the working of His +mighty power, which He wrought in Christ when He raised Him from +the dead.’ This is a river overflowing its +banks—an idea too large for language. Let us look at +it a moment.</p> +<p>“Where do we find ‘the exceeding greatness of His +power’? In the creation of the world? in the seven +Stars and Orion? in the strength of Behemoth and Leviathan? +No! In the Deluge? in the fiery destruction of Sodom? in +the overthrow of Pharaoh, and his host? in hurling +Nebuchadnezzar, like Lucifer, from the political firmament? +No! It is the power which He wrought in Christ. +When? When He healed the sick? when He raised the dead? +when He cast out devils? when He blasted the fruitless fig-tree? +when He walked upon the waters of Galilee? No! It was +‘when He raised Him from the dead.’ Then the +Father placed the sceptre in the hands of the Son, ‘and set +Him above all principality, and power, and might, and dominion, +and every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in +that which is to come; and put all things under His feet, and +gave Him to be Head over all things to the Church.’</p> +<p>“This is the source of our spiritual life. The +same power that raised the dead body of our Lord from the grave, +quickens the soul of the believer from the death in trespasses, +and sins. His riven tomb is a fountain of living waters; +whereof, if a man drink, he shall never die. His raised, +and glorified body is the sun, whence streams eternal light upon +our spirits; the light of life, that never can be quenched.</p> +<p>“Nor here does the influence of His resurrection +end. <a name="page348"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +348</span>‘He who raised up Jesus from the dead shall, +also, quicken our mortal bodies.’ His resurrection is +the pledge, and the pattern of ours. ‘Because He +lives, we shall live also.’ ‘He shall change +our vile body, that it may be fashioned like unto His glorious +body.’ We hear Him speaking in the +Prophet:—‘Thy dead shall live; together with my dead +body shall they arise. Awake, and sing, ye that dwell in +the dust; for thy dew is as the dew of herbs, and the earth shall +cast out her dead.’</p> +<p>“How divinely does the Apostle speak of the +resurrection-body of the saints! ‘It is sown in +corruption, it is raised in incorruption; it is sown in +dishonour, it is raised in glory; it is sown in weakness, it is +raised in power; it is sown a natural body, it is raised a +spiritual body. For this corruptible must put on +incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality. Then +shall be brought to pass the saying that is written: ‘Death +is swallowed up in victory! O death, where is thy +victory? O grave, where is thy sting? Thanks be unto +God that giveth us the victory, through our Lord Jesus +Christ.’</p> +<p>“Ever since the fall in Eden, man is born to die. +He lives to die. He eats, and drinks, sleeps, and wakes, to +die. Death, like a dark steel-clad warrior, stands ever +before us; and his gigantic shadow comes continually between us, +and happiness. But Christ hath ‘abolished death, and +brought life, and immortality to light through the +gospel.’ He was born in Bethlehem, that He might die +on Calvary. He was made under the law, that He might bear +the direst penalty of the law. He lived thirty-three years, +sinless, among sinners, that He might offer Himself a +sin-offering for sinners upon the cross. Thus ‘He +became obedient unto death,’ that He might destroy the +power of death; and on the third morning, a mighty angel, rolling +away the stone from the mouth of the sepulchre, makes the very +door of death’s castle the throne whence He proclaims +‘the resurrection, and the life.’</p> +<p><a name="page349"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +349</span>“The Hero of our salvation travelled into +Death’s dominion, took possession of the whole territory on +our behalf, and returning, laden with spoils, ascended to the +Heaven of heavens. He went to the palace, seized the +tyrant, and wrested away his sceptre. He descended into the +prison-house, knocked off the fetters of the captives; and when +He came up again, left the door of every cell open, that they +might follow Him. He has gone over into our promised +inheritance, and His glory illuminates the mountains of +immortality; and through the telescope which He has bequeathed us +we ‘see the land which is very far off.’</p> +<p>“I recollect reading, in the writings of Flavel, this +sentiment—that the souls in Paradise wait, with intense +desire, for the reanimation of their dead bodies, that they may +be united to them in bliss for ever. Oh what rapture there +shall be among the saints, when those frail vessels, from which +they escaped with such a struggle, as they foundered in the gulf +of death, shall come floating in, with the spring-tide of the +resurrection, to the harbour of immortality! How glorious +the reunion, when the seeds of affliction, and death are left +behind in the tomb! Jacob no longer lame, nor Moses slow of +speech, nor Lazarus covered with sores, nor Paul troubled with a +thorn in the flesh!</p> +<p>“‘It doth not yet appear what we shall be; but we +know that, when He shall appear, we shall be like Him; for we +shall see Him as He is.’ The glory of the body of +Christ is far above our present conception. When He was +transfigured on Tabor, His face shone like the sun, and His +raiment was white as the light. This is the pattern shown +to His people on the mount. This is the model after which +the bodies of believers shall be fashioned in the +resurrection. ‘They that be wise shall shine as the +brightness of the firmament; and they that turn many to +righteousness, as the stars for ever, and ever.’</p> +<p><a name="page350"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +350</span>“In conclusion:—The angel said to the +woman, ‘Go quickly, and tell His disciples that He is risen +from the dead; and behold, He goeth before you into Galilee; +there shall ye see Him; lo! I have told you. And they +departed quickly from the sepulchre, with fear, and great joy; +and did run to bring His disciples word.’</p> +<p>“Brethren! followers of Jesus! be ye also preachers of a +risen Saviour! Go quickly—there is no time for +delay—and publish the glad tidings to sinners! Tell +them that Christ died for their sins, and rose again for their +justification, and ascended to the right hand of the Father to +make intercession for them, and is now able to save unto the +uttermost all that come unto God by Him!</p> +<p>“And you, impenitent, and unbelieving men! hear this +blessed message of salvation! Do you intend ever to embrace +the proffered mercy of the Gospel? Make haste! +Procrastination is ruin! Now is the accepted time! +Oh, fly to the throne of grace! Time is hastening; you will +soon be swallowed up in eternity! May the Lord have mercy +upon you, and rouse you from your indifference, and sloth! +It is my delight to invite you to Christ; but I feel more +pleasure, and more confidence in praying for you to God. I +have besought, and entreated you, by every argument, and every +motive in my power; but you are yet in your sins, and rushing on +toward hell. Yet I will not give you up in despair. +If I cannot persuade you to flee from the wrath to come, I will +intercede with God to have mercy upon you, for the sake of His +beloved Son. If I cannot prevail in the pulpit, I will try +to prevail at the throne.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This must be regarded as a very noble piece; the words make +themselves felt; evidently, the resurrection of our Lord, to this +preacher, was a great reality; it is now, by many, regarded only +as a charming myth; a very curious eschatology in our <a +name="page351"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 351</span>day has +found its way even into our pulpits, and we have eminent +ministers of the Church of England, well-known Congregational, +and other ministers, who affect to believe, and to preach the +Resurrection of Christ; but a careful listener in the pew, or a +converser by the fireside, will find, to his amazement, that the +resurrection, as believed by them, is no honest resurrection at +all: it is a spiritual resurrection which leaves the body of +Jesus unrisen, and in the possession of death, and the +grave. In that view, which has just passed before us, a +very different, and most absolutely real resurrection is +preached; indeed, it is the only view which leaves a heart of +immortal hope in the Christian faith, the only view which seems +at all tenable, if we are to believe in the power of +Christ’s resurrection.</p> +<p>We will close these extracts by one of yet another +order,—a vivid descriptive picture of the smiting of the +rock, the streams flowing through the desert, and the joy of the +mighty caravan of pilgrims on their way to the promised land.</p> +<h3>“‘<span class="smcap">They drank of that Rock +which followed Them</span>.’</h3> +<blockquote><p>“Having spoken of <i>the smiting</i>, let +us, <i>now</i>, look at <i>the result</i>, the flowing of the +waters; a timely mercy to ‘the many thousands of +Israel,’ on the point of perishing in the desert; shadowing +forth a far greater mercy, the flowing of living waters from the +‘spiritual rock,’ which is Christ.</p> +<p>“In the death of our Redeemer, we see three infinite +depths moved for the relief of human misery: the love of the +Father, the merit of the Son, and the energy of the Holy +Spirit. These are the depths of wonder whence arise the +rivers of salvation.</p> +<p><a name="page352"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +352</span>“<i>The waters flowed in the presence of the +whole assembly</i>. The agent was invisible, but His work +was manifest.</p> +<p>“The water flowed <i>in great abundance</i>, filling the +whole camp, and supplying all the people. Notwithstanding +the immense number, and the greatness of their thirst, there was +enough for each, and for all. The streams ran in every +direction to meet the sufferers, and their rippling murmur seemed +to say—‘Open thy mouth, and I will fill +it.’ Look to the cross! See there the gracious +fountain opened, and streams of pardoning, and purifying mercy +flowing down the rock of Calvary, sweeping over the mount of +Olives, and cleaving it asunder, to make a channel for the living +waters to go out over the whole world, that God may be glorified +among the Gentiles, and all the ends of the earth may see His +salvation.</p> +<p>“The water flowed <i>from the rock</i>, not pumped by +human labour, but drawn by the hand of God. It was the same +power that opened the springs of mercy upon the cross. It +was the wisdom of God that devised the plan, and the mercy of God +that furnished the Victim. His was the truth, and love that +gave the promise by the prophet—‘In that day there +shall be a fountain opened to the house of David, and to the +inhabitants of Jerusalem, for sin, and uncleanness.’ +His was the unchanging faithfulness that fulfilled it in His +Son—‘Not by works of righteousness which we have +done, but according to His mercy He saved us, by the washing of +regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost, which He shed on us +abundantly, through Jesus Christ our Lord.’ Our +salvation is wholly of God; and we have no other agency in the +matter than the mere acceptance of His proffered grace.</p> +<p>“The water flowed <i>in twelve different channels</i>; +and, according to Dr. Pococke, of Scotland, who visited the +place, the deep traces in the rock are visible to this day. +But the twelve streams, one for each tribe, all issued from the +same fountain, in the same rock. So the great salvation +flowed <a name="page353"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +353</span>out through the ministry of the twelve apostles of the +Lamb, and went abroad over all the earth. But the fountain +is one. All the apostles preached the same Saviour, and +pointed to the same cross. ‘Neither is there +salvation in any other, for there is no other name under heaven, +given among men, whereby we must be saved.’ We must +come to this spring, or perish.</p> +<p>“The flowing of the waters <i>was irresistible by human +power</i>. Who can close the fountain which God hath +opened? can Edom, or Moab, or Sihon, or Og dam up the current +which Jehovah hath drawn from the rock? Can Caiaphas, and +all the Jews, aided by the prince of this world—can all the +powers of earth and hell combined—arrest the work of +redemption, and dry up the fountain of mercy which Christ is +opening on Calvary? As soon might they dry up the Atlantic, +and stop the revolutions of the globe. It is written, and +must be fulfilled. Christ must suffer, and enter into His +glory—must be lifted up, and draw all men unto +Him—and repentance, and remission of sins must be preached +in His name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem.</p> +<p>“<i>The water flowing from the rock was like a river of +life to the children of Israel</i>. Who can describe the +distress throughout the camp, and the appearance of the people, +when they were invited to approach a flinty rock, instead of a +fountain, or a stream, to quench their thirst? What angry +countenances were there, what bitter censures, and ungrateful +murmurings, as Moses went up to the rock, with nothing in his +hand but a rod! ‘Where is he going,’ said they, +‘with that dry stick? What is he going to do on that +rock? Does he mean to make fools of us all? Is it not +enough that he has brought us into this wilderness to die of +thirst? Will he mock us now by pretending to seek water in +these sands, or open fountains in the solid granite?’ +But see! he lifts the rod, he smites the rock; and lo, it bursts +into a fountain; and twelve crystal streams roll down <a +name="page354"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 354</span>before the +people! Who can conceive the sudden transport? Hear +the shout of joy ringing through the camp, and rolling back in +tumultuous echoes from the crags, and cliffs of +Horeb,—‘Water! water! A miracle! a +miracle! Glory to the God of Israel! glory to His servant +Moses!’ It was a resurrection-day to Israel, the +morning light bursting upon the shadow of death. New life, +and joy are seen throughout the camp. The maidens are +running with cups, and pitchers, to the rock. They fill, +and drink; then fill again, and haste away to their respective +tents, with water for the sick, the aged, and the little ones, +joyfully exclaiming—‘Drink, father! Drink, +mother! Drink, children! Drink, all of you! +Drink abundantly! Plenty of water now! Rivers flowing +from the rock!’ Now the oxen are coming, the asses, +the camels, the sheep, and the goats—coming in crowds to +quench their thirst, and plunging into the streams before +them. And the feathered tribes are coming, the turtle-dove, +the pigeon, the swallow, the sparrow, the robin, and the wren; +while the croaking raven, and the fierce-eyed eagle, scenting the +water from afar, mingle with them round the rock.</p> +<p>“Brethren, this is but a faint emblem of the joy of the +Church, in drinking the waters that descend from Calvary, the +streams that gladden the city of our God. Go back to the +day of Pentecost for an instance. Oh what a revolution of +thought, and feeling, and character! What a change of +countenance, and conscience, and heart! Three thousand men, +that morning full of ignorance, and corruption, and +guilt—idolaters, sensualists, blasphemers, +persecutors—before night were perfectly +transformed—the lions converted into lambs—the hard +heart melted, the dead conscience quickened, and the whole man +become a new creature in Christ Jesus! They thirsted, they +found the ‘Spiritual rock,’ tasted its living waters, +and suddenly leaped into new life, like Lazarus from the +inanition of the grave!</p> +<p>“This is the blessing which follows the Church through +<a name="page355"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 355</span>all her +wanderings in the wilderness, accompanies her through the +scorching desert of affliction, and the valley of the shadow of +death; and when, at last, she shall come up out of great +tribulation, her garments shall be found washed and made white in +the blood of the Lamb; and the Lamb, who is in the midst of the +throne, shall lead her to everlasting fountains, and she shall +thirst no more!”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Among the great Welsh preachers, then, in closing, it will now +be enough to say, that, without claiming for Christmas Evans +pre-eminence above all his contemporaries, or countrymen, it may, +with truth, be said, we have yet better means of forming an +opinion of him than of any other. We have attempted to +avail ourselves of such traditions, and stories of their pulpit +ministration, and such fragments of their spoken words, as may +convey some, if faint, still fair, idea of their powers. +Even of Christmas Evans our knowledge is, by no means, ample, nor +are there many of his sermons left to us; but such as we possess +seem sufficient for the formation of as high an estimate, through +the medium of criticism, and the press, as that which was formed +by the flocking crowds, and thousands who deemed it one of their +greatest privileges, and pleasures to listen to his living +voice. And it must be admitted, we think, that these +sermons are of that order which retains much of its power, when +the voice through which it spoke is still. Welsh sermons, +beyond almost any others, lose their vitality by the transference +to the press, and no doubt this preacher suffers in this way, +too; some, however, will not bear the printing machine at all, +and when the voice ceases to speak, all which made <a +name="page356"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 356</span>them +effective is gone. With these sermons it is, undoubtedly, +otherwise, and from some of them it may, perhaps, even be +possible to find models of the mould of thought, and the mode at +once of arrangement, as well as the qualities of emotion, and +expression, which make preaching successful, whether for +converting, or comforting the souls of men. Nor is it less +significant that this man, who exercised a ministry of immense +usefulness for more than half a century, and retained his power +over men, with the same average freshness, and splendour until +within four days of his death, did so in virtue of the living +freshness of his heart, and mind. Like such men as John +Bunyan, and Richard Baxter, no University could claim him, for he +was of none; he had graduated in no college, had sat before no +academical prelections, and was decorated with no +diplomas,—only the Divine Spirit was master of the college +in which he was schooled. We write this with no desire to +speak disparagingly of such training, but, rather, to bring out +into conspicuous honour the strength of this self-formed, +severely toiling, and nobly suffering man. He was a +spiritual athlete in labours more abundant; perhaps it might seem +that the “one-eyed man of Anglesea,” as he was so +familiarly called, until this designation yielded to the more +affectionate term of “Old Christmas,” throughout the +Principality—must have been in bodily presence +contemptible; but if his appearance was rugged, we suppose it +could scarcely have been less than royal,—a man the spell +of whose name, when he came into a neighbourhood, could wake up +all the sleepy villages, and bid their inhabitants pour <a +name="page357"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 357</span>along, up +by the hills, and down by the valleys, expectant crowds watching +his appearance with tears, and sometimes hailing him with +shouts—must have been something like a king among +men. We have seen how poor he was, and how indifferent to +all that the world regarded as wealth, but he was one of those of +whom the apostle speaks “as poor, yet making many rich, as +having nothing, and yet possessing all things.” And +thus, from every consideration, whether we regard his singular +genius, so truly national, and representative of the mind, and +character of his country, his indomitable struggles, and earnest +self-training, his extraordinary power over his congregations, +his long, earnest life of self-denying usefulness, especially his +intense reality, the holy purity, and consecration of his soul, +Christmas Evans deserves our reverent memory while we glorify God +in him.</p> +<h2><a name="page358"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +358</span>APPENDATORY.<br /> +<i>SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE SERMONS</i>.</h2> +<p><span class="smcap">And</span> now, although the various, and +several selections we have given in the different preceding +sections of this volume, may assist the reader in forming some +idea of the manner, and method of Christmas Evans, before closing +the volume we will present some selections from entire sermons, +translated from the Welsh; and while, of course, labouring +beneath the disadvantages of translation, we trust they will not +unfavourably represent those various attributes of pulpit power, +for which we have given the great preacher credit.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Sermon I</span>.—<span +class="smcap">The Time of Reformation</span>.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Sermon II</span>.—<span +class="smcap">The Purification of the Conscience</span>.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Sermon III</span>.—<span +class="smcap">Finished Redemption</span>.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Sermon IV</span>.—<span +class="smcap">The Father and Son Glorified</span>.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Sermon V</span>.—<span +class="smcap">The Cedar of God</span>.</p> +<h3>SERMON I.<br /> +<span class="smcap">The Time of Reformation</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“<i>Until the time of +reformation</i>.”—<span class="smcap">Heb</span>. ix. +10.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The ceremonies pertaining to the service of God, under +Sinaitic dispensation, were entirely typical in their character; +mere figures of Christ, the “High-priest of good things to +<a name="page359"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 359</span>come, by +a greater, and more perfect tabernacle, not made with +hands;” who, “not by the blood of goats, and calves, +but by His own blood, has entered once into the holy place, +having obtained eternal redemption for us.” +Sustaining such a relation to other ages, and events, they were +necessarily imperfect, consisting “only in meats, and +drinks, and divers washings, and carnal ordinances,” not +intended for perpetual observance, but imposed upon the Jewish +people merely “until the time of reformation,” when +the shadow should give place to the substance, and a Greater than +Moses should “make all things new.” Let us +notice the time of reformation, and the reformation itself.</p> +<p>I. Time may be divided into three parts; the Golden Age +before the fall, the Iron Age after the fall, and the +Messiah’s Age of Jubilee.</p> +<p>In the Golden Age, the heavens, and the earth were created; +the Garden of Eden was planted; man was made in the image of God, +and placed in the garden, to dress, and keep it; matrimony was +instituted; and God, resting from His labour, sanctified the +seventh day, as a day of holy rest to man.</p> +<p>The Iron Age was introduced by the temptation of a foreigner, +who obtruded himself into Paradise, and persuaded its happy +denizens to cast off the golden yoke of obedience, and love to +God. Man, desiring independence, became a rebel against +heaven, a miserable captive of sin, and Satan, obnoxious to the +Divine displeasure, and exposed to eternal death. The law +was violated; the image of God was lost, and the enemy came in +like a flood. All communication between the island of Time, +and the continent of Immortality was cut off, and the unhappy +exiles saw no hope of crossing the ocean that intervened.</p> +<p>The Messiah’s Age may be divided into three parts; the +time of Preparation, the time of Actual War, and the time of +Victory and Triumph.</p> +<p>The Preparation began with the dawning of the day in <a +name="page360"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 360</span>Eden, when +the Messiah came in the ship of the Promise, and landed on the +island of Time, and notified its inhabitants of His gracious +intention to visit them again, and assume their nature, and live +and die among them; to break their covenant allegiance to the +prince of the iron yoke; and deliver to them the charter, signed, +and sealed with His own blood, for the redemption, and renovation +of their island, and the restoration of its suspended intercourse +with the land of Eternal Life. The motto inscribed upon the +banners of this age was,—“He shall bruise thy heel, +and Thou shalt bruise his head.” Here Jehovah +thundered forth His hatred of sin from the thick darkness, and +wrote His curse in fire upon the face of heaven; while rivers of +sacrificial blood proclaimed the miserable state of man, and his +need of a costlier atonement than mere humanity could +offer. Here, also, the spirit of Messiah fell upon the +prophets, leading them to search diligently for the way of +deliverance, and enabling them to “testify beforehand of +the sufferings of Christ, and the glory that should +follow.”</p> +<p>Then came the season of Actual War. “Messiah the +Prince” was born in Bethlehem, wrapped in swaddling bands, +and laid in a manger,—the Great Deliverer, “made of a +woman, made under the law, to redeem those that were under the +law, that we might receive the adoption of sons.” +With His almighty hand, He laid hold on the works of the devil, +unlocked the iron furnace, and broke the brazen bands +asunder. He opened His mouth, and the deaf heard, the blind +saw, the dumb spoke, the lame walked, and the lepers were +cleansed. In the house of Jairus, in the street of Nain, +and in the burial ground of Bethany, His word was mightier than +death; and the damsel on her bed, the young man on his bier, and +Lazarus in his tomb, rising to second life, were but the earnests +of His future triumph. The diseases of sin He healed, the +iron chains of guilt He shattered, and all the horrible caves of +human corruption, and misery were opened by the Heavenly +Warrior. He took our yoke, and bore it <a +name="page361"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 361</span>away upon +His own shoulder, and cast it, broken, into the bottomless +pit. He felt in His hands, and feet, the nails, and in His +side the spear. The iron entered into His soul, but the +corrosive power of His blood destroyed it, and shall ultimately +eat away all the iron in the kingdom of death. Behold Him +hanging on Calvary, nailing upon His cross three bills, the +handwriting of the law which was against us, the oath of our +allegiance to the prince of darkness, and the charter of the +“everlasting covenant;” fulfilling the first, +breaking the second, and sealing the third with His blood!</p> +<p>Now begins the scene of Victory and Triumph. On the +morning of the third day, the Conqueror is seen “coming +from Edom, with dyed garments from Bozrah.” He has +“trodden the winepress alone.” By the might of +His single arm He has routed the hosts of hell, and spoiled the +dominions of death. The iron castle of the foe is +demolished, and the Hero returns from the war, “glorious in +His apparel, travelling in the greatness of His +strength.” He enters the gates of the everlasting +city, amid the rejoicing of angels, and the shouts of His +redeemed. And still He rides forth in the chariot of His +grace, “conquering, and to conquer.” A +two-edged sword issues from His mouth, and, in His train, follow +the victorious armies of heaven. Lo! before Him fall the +altars of idols, and the temples of devils; and the slaves of sin +are becoming the servants, and sons of the living God; and the +proud sceptic beholds, wonders, believes, and adores; and the +blasphemer begins to pray, and the persecutor is melted into +penitence, and love, and the wolf comes, and lays him down gently +by the side of the lamb. And Messiah shall never quit the +field, till He has completed the conquest, and swallowed up death +in victory. In His “vesture dipped in blood,” +He shall pursue the armies of Gog and Magog on the field of +Amageddon, and break the iron teeth of the beast of power, and +cast down Babylon as a mill-stone into the sea, and bind the old +serpent in the lake of fire, and brimstone, and raise up to life +immortal <a name="page362"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +362</span>the tenants of the grave. Then shall the New +Jerusalem, the metropolis of Messiah’s golden empire, +descend from heaven, adorned with all the jewellery of creation, +guarded at every gate by angelic sentinels, and enlightened by +the glory of God, and of the Lamb; and the faithful shall dwell +within its walls, and sin, and sorrow, and death, shall be shut +out for ever!</p> +<p>Then shall Time be swallowed up in Eternity. The +righteous shall inherit life everlasting, and the ungodly shall +find their portion in the second death. Time is the age of +the visible world; eternity is the age of the invisible +God. All things in time are changeful; all things in +eternity are immutable. If you pass from time to eternity, +without faith in Christ, without love in God, an enemy to prayer, +an enemy to holiness, “impurged and unforgiven,” so +you must ever remain. Now is the season of that blessed +change, for which myriads shall sing everlasting anthems of +praise. “To-day, if ye will hear His voice, harden +not your hearts.” To-day the office is open: if you +have any business with the Governor, make no delay. Now He +has time to talk with the woman of Samaria by the well, and the +penitent thief upon the cross. Now He is ready to forgive +your sins, and renew your souls, and make you meet to become the +partakers of the inheritance of the saints in light. Now He +waits to wash the filthy, and feed the hungry, and clothe the +naked, and raise the humble, and quicken the spiritually dead, +and enrich the poor, and wretched, and reconcile enemies by His +blood. He came to unloose your bands, and open to you the +gates of Eden; condemned for your acquittal, and slain for the +recovery of your forfeited immortality. The design of all +the travelling from heaven to earth, and from earth to heaven, is +the salvation of that which was lost, the restoration of +intercourse, and amity between the Maker and the worm. This +is the chief of the ways of God to man, ancient in its origin, +wise in its contrivance, dear in its accomplishment, powerful in +its application, gracious in its <a name="page363"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 363</span>influence, and everlasting in its +results. Christ is riding in His chariot of salvation, +through the land of destruction, and death, clothed in the +majesty of mercy, and offering eternal life to all who will +believe. O captives of evil! now is the accepted time; now +is the day of salvation; now is the year of Jubilee; now is the +age of deliverance; now is “the time of +reformation.”</p> +<p>II. All the prophets speak of something within the veil, +to be manifested in due time; the advent of a Divine agent in a +future age, to accomplish a glorious +“reformation.” They represent him as a prince, +a hero, a high priest, a branch growing out of dry ground, a +child toying with the asp, and the lion, and leading the wolf, +and the lamb together. The bill of the reformation had been +repeatedly read by the prophets, and its passage required the +descent of the Lord from heaven. None but Himself could +effect the change of the dispensation. None but Himself had +the authority and the power to remove the first, and establish +the second. He whose voice once shook the earth, speaks +again, and heaven is shaken. He whose footsteps once +kindled Sinai into flame, descends again, and Calvary is red with +blood. The God of the ancient covenant introduces anew, +which is to abide for ever. The Lord of the temple alone +could change the furniture, and the service from the original +pattern shown to Moses on the mount; and six days before the +rending of the veil, significant of abrogation of the old +ceremonial, Moses came down upon a mountain in Palestine to +deliver up the pattern to Him of whom he had received it on +Sinai, that He might nail it to the cross on Calvary; for the +“gifts and sacrifices” belonging to the legal +dispensation, “could not make him that did the service +perfect, as pertaining to the conscience; which stood only in +meats, and drinks, and divers washings, and carnal ordinances, +imposed on them until the time of reformation.”</p> +<p>This reformation signifieth “the removal of those things +that are shaken, as of things that are made, that those things <a +name="page364"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 364</span>which +cannot be shaken may remain;” the abrogation of +“carnal ordinances,” which were local, and temporal +in their nature, to make room for a spiritual worship, of +universal, and perpetual adaptation. Henceforth the blood +of bulls, and goats is superseded by the great reconciling +sacrifice of the Lamb of God, and outward forms, and ceremonies +give place to the inward operations of a renovating, and +purifying Spirit.</p> +<p>To the Jewish Church, the covenant of Sinai was a sort of +starry heaven. The Shekinah was its sun; the holy +festivals, its moon; and prophets, priests, and kings, its +stars. But Messiah, when He came, shook them all from their +spheres, and filled the firmament Himself. He is our +“Bright and Morning Star;” the “Sun of +Righteousness,” rising upon us “with healing in His +wings.”</p> +<p>The old covenant was an accuser, and a judge, but offered no +pardon to the guilty. It revealed the corruption of the +natural heart, but provided no renovating, and sanctifying +grace. It was a natural institution, for special benefit of +the seed of Abraham. It was a small vessel, trading only +with the land of Canaan. It secured, to a few, the temporal +blessings of the promised possession, but never delivered a +single soul from eternal death, never bore a single soul over to +the heavenly inheritance. But the new covenant is a +covenant of grace, and mercy, proffering forgiveness, and a clean +heart, not on the ground of any carnal relationship, but solely +through faith in Jesus Christ. Christianity is a personal +concern between each man, and his God, and none but the penitent +believer has any right to its spiritual privileges. It is +adapted to Gentiles, as well as Jews, “even as many as the +Lord our God shall call.” Already has it rescued +myriads from the bondage of sin, and conveyed them over to the +land of immortality; and its voyages of grace shall continue to +the end of time, “bringing many sons to glory.”</p> +<p>“Old things are passed away, and all things are become +<a name="page365"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +365</span>new.” The circumcision of the flesh, made +with hands, has given place to the circumcision of the heart by +the Holy Ghost. The Shekinah has departed from Mount Zion, +but its glory is illuminating the world. The Sword of +Joshua is returned to its scabbard; and “the sword of the +Spirit, which is the word of God,” issues from the mouth of +Messiah, and subdues the people under Him. The glorious +High-priesthood of Christ has superseded sacerdotal office among +men. Aaron was removed from the altar by death before his +work was finished; but our High-priest still wears His +sacrificial vestments, and death hath established Him before the +mercy-seat, “a Priest for ever, after the order of +Melchisedec.” The earthquake which shook Mount +Calvary, and rent the veil of the temple, demolished “the +middle wall of partition” between Jews and Gentiles. +The incense which Jesus offered fills the temple, and the land of +Judea cannot confine its fragrance. The fountain which +burst forth in Jerusalem, has sent out its living streams into +every land; and the heat of summer cannot dry them up, nor the +frosts of winter congeal them.</p> +<p>In short, all the vessels of the sanctuary are taken away by +the Lord of the temple. The “twelve oxen,” +bearing the “molten sea,” have given place to +“the twelve Apostles of the Lamb,” proclaiming +“the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy +Ghost.” The sprinkled mercy-seat, with its +over-shadowing, and intensely-gazing cherubim, has given place to +“the throne of grace,” stained with the blood of a +costlier sacrifice, into which the angels desire to look. +The priest, the altar, the burnt-offering, the table of +shew-bread, and the golden candlestick, have given place to the +better things of the new dispensation introduced by the Son of +God, of which they were only the figures, and the types. +Behold, the glory has gone up from the temple, and rests upon +Jesus on Mount Tabor; and Moses, and Elias are there, with Peter, +and James, and John; and the representatives of the old covenant +are communing with the Apostles <a name="page366"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 366</span>of the new, and the transfigured +Christ is the medium of the communication; and a voice of +majestic music, issuing from “the excellent glory,” +proclaims—“This is my beloved Son, hear ye +Him.”</p> +<p>“God, who at sundry times, and in divers manners spake +unto our fathers by the prophets, hath in these last days spoken +unto us by His Son.” Behold Him nailed to the Cross, +and hear Him cry—“It is finished!” The +voice which shook Sinai is shaking Calvary. Heaven and hell +are in conflict, and earth trembles at the shock of battle. +The Prince of Life expires, and the sun puts on his robes of +mourning. Gabriel! descend from heaven, and explain to us +the wondrous emblem! As set the sun at noon on Golgotha, +making preternatural night throughout the land of Palestine, so +shall the empire of sin, and death be darkened, and their light +shall be quenched at meridian. As the Sun of Righteousness, +rising from the night of the grave on the third morning, brings +life, and immortality to light; so shall “the day-spring +from on high” yet dawn upon our gloomy vale, and “the +power of His resurrection” shall reanimate the dust of +every cemetery!</p> +<p>He that sitteth upon the throne hath +spoken—“Behold, I make all things new.” +The reformation includes not only the abrogation of the old, but +also the introduction of the new. It gives us a new +Mediator, a new covenant of grace, a new way of salvation, a new +heart of flesh, a new heaven and a new earth. It has +established a new union, by a new medium, between God, and +man. “The Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, +and we beheld His glory, the glory as of the only-begotten of the +Father, full of grace and truth.” “Forasmuch as +the children were partakers of flesh and blood, He also Himself +likewise took part of the same.” “God was +manifest in the flesh, justified in the spirit, seen of angels, +preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up +into glory.” Here was a new thing under the sun; the +“Son of man” bearing the “express <a +name="page367"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +367</span>image” of the living God; bearing it untarnished +through the world; through the temptations and sorrows of such a +wilderness as humanity never trod before; through the unknown +agony of Olivet, and the supernatural gloom of Golgotha, and the +dark dominion of the king of terrors: to the Heaven of heavens; +where He sits, the adorable representative of two worlds, the +union of God and man! Thence He sends forth the Holy +Spirit, to collect “the travail of His soul,” and +lead them into all truth, and bring them to Zion with songs of +everlasting joy. See them, the redeemed of the Lord, +flocking as returning doves upon the wing, “to the heavenly +Jerusalem, the city of the living God; and to the spirits of just +men made perfect; and to an innumerable company of angels; and to +Jesus, the Mediator of the new covenant; and to the blood of +sprinkling, that speaketh better things than that of +Abel.”</p> +<p>Oh, join the joyful multitude! the year of jubilee is +come. The veil is rent asunder. The way into the +holiest is laid open. The blood of Jesus is on the +mercy-seat. The Lamb newly slain is in the midst of the +throne. Go ye, with boldness, into His gracious +presence. Lo, the King is your brother, and for you has He +stained His robe with blood! The robe alone can clothe your +naked souls, and shield them in the day of burning. Awake! +awake! put on the Lord Jesus Christ! The covenant of Sinai +cannot save you from wrath. Descent from Abraham cannot +entitle you to the kingdom of heaven. “Ye must be +born again,” “born not of the flesh, nor of the will +of men, but of God.” You must have a new heart, and +become a new creation in Jesus Christ. This is the promise +of the Father,</p> +<blockquote><p>“This is the dear redeeming grace,<br /> +For every sinner free.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Many reformations have expired with the reformers. But +our Great Reformer “ever liveth” to carry on His +reformation, till His enemies become His footstool, and death and +hell <a name="page368"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 368</span>are +cast into the lake of fire. He will finish the building of +His Church. When He laid “the chief +corner-stone” on Calvary, the shock jarred the earth, and +awoke the dead, and shook the nether world with terror; but when +He shall bring forth the top stone with shoutings of +“Grace!” the dominion of Death and Hades shall +perish, and the last captive shall escape, and the song of the +bursting sepulchre shall be sweeter than the chorus of the +morning stars! Even now, there are new things in heaven; +the Lamb from the slaughter, alive “in the midst of the +throne;” worshipped by innumerable seraphim and cherubim, +and adored by the redeemed from earth; His name the wonder of +angels, the terror of devils, and the hope of men; His praise the +“new song,” which shall constitute the employment of +eternity!</p> +<h3>SERMON II.<br /> +<span class="smcap">The Purification of the +Conscience</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“<i>How much more shall the blood of +Christ</i>, <i>who</i>, <i>through the eternal Spirit</i>, +<i>offered Himself without spot to God</i>, <i>purge your +conscience from dead works to serve the living +God</i>.”—<span class="smcap">Heb</span>. ix. 14.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The Hebrew Christians, to whom the Apostle wrote, were well +acquainted with the laws of ceremonial purification by the blood +of beasts, and birds, for by blood almost everything was purified +in the service of the Temple. But it is only the blood of +Christ that can purge the human conscience. In speaking of +this purification, as presented in our text, let us +notice—<i>the object</i>, <i>the means</i>, and <i>the +end</i>.</p> +<p>I. The object of this purification is the conscience; +which all the sacrificial blood shed, from the gate of Eden down +to the extinction of the fire on the Jewish altar, was not +sufficient to purge.</p> +<p><i>What is the conscience</i>? An inferior judge, the +representative of Jehovah, holding his court in the human soul; +according <a name="page369"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +369</span>to whose decision we feel either confidence, and joy in +God, or condemnation, and tormenting fear. His judicial +power is graduated by the degree of moral and evangelical light +which has been shed upon his palace. His knowledge of the +will, and character of God is the law by which he justifies, or +condemns. His intelligence is the measure of his authority; +and the perfection of knowledge would be the infallibility of +conscience.</p> +<p>This faithful recorder, and deputy judge is with us through +all the journey of life, and will accompany us with his register +over the river Jordan, whether to Abraham’s bosom or the +society of the rich man in hell. While conscience keeps a +record on earth, Jehovah keeps a record in heaven; and when both +books shall be opened in the final judgment, there shall be found +a perfect correspondence. When temptations are presented, +the understanding opposes them, but the carnal mind indulges +them, and there is a contest between the judgment, and the will, +and we hesitate which to obey, till the warning bell of +conscience rings through the soul, and gives distinct notice of +his awful recognition; and when we turn away recklessly from his +faithful admonitions, we hear low mutterings of wrath stealing +along the avenues, and the quick sound of writing-pens in the +recording office, causing every denizen of the mental palace to +tremble.</p> +<p>There is a <i>good conscience</i>, <i>and an evil +conscience</i>. The work of both, however, is the same; +consisting in keeping a true record of the actions of men, and +passing sentence upon them according to their deserts. +Conscience is called good, or evil only with reference to the +character of its record, and its sentence. If the record is +one of virtues, and the sentence one of approval, the conscience +is good; if the record is one of vices, and the sentence one of +condemnation, the conscience is evil.</p> +<p>Some have a <i>guilty conscience</i>, that is, a conscience +that holds up to their view a black catalogue of crimes, and +rings <a name="page370"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 370</span>in +their ears a sentence of condemnation. If you have such a +conscience, you are invited to Jesus, that you may find peace to +your souls. He is ever in His office, receiving all who +come, and blotting out, with His own blood, the handwriting which +is against them.</p> +<p>But some have a <i>despairing conscience</i>. They think +that their crimes are too great to be forgiven. The +registry of guilt, and the decree of death, hide from their eyes +the mercy of God, and the merit of Christ. Their sins rise +like mountains between them, and heaven. But let them look +away to Calvary. If their sins are a thousand times more +numerous than their tears, the blood of Jesus is ten thousand +times more powerful than their sins. “He is able to +save to the uttermost all that come unto God by Him, seeing He +ever liveth to make intercession for them.”</p> +<p>And others have a <i>dark</i>, <i>and hardened +conscience</i>. They are so deceived, that they “cry +peace, and safety, when destruction is at the door.” +They are “past feeling, having the conscience seared as +with a hot iron.” They have sold themselves to work +evil; to eat sin like bread, and drink iniquity like water. +They have bribed, or gagged the recorder, and accuser within +them. They will betray the just cause of the righteous, and +slay the messengers of salvation, and think that they are doing +God service. John the Baptist is beheaded, that Herod may +keep his oath of honour. A dead fish cannot swim against +the stream; but if the king’s conscience had been alive and +faithful, he would have said:—“Girl, I promised to +give thee thy request, even to the half of my kingdom; but thou +hast requested too much; for the head of Messiah’s herald +is more valuable than my whole kingdom, and all the kingdoms of +the world!” But he had not the fear of God before his +eyes, and the proud fool sent, and beheaded the prophet in his +cell.</p> +<p>A <i>good conscience</i> is a faithful conscience, a lively +conscience, a peaceful conscience, a conscience void of offence +<a name="page371"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 371</span>toward +God, and man, resting in the shadow of the cross, and assured of +an interest in His infinite merit. It is the victory of +faith unfeigned, working by love, and purifying the heart. +It is always found in the neighbourhood, and society of its +brethren, “a broken heart and a contrite spirit;” an +intense hatred of sin, and an ardent love of holiness; a spirit +of fervent prayer, and supplication, and a life of scrupulous +integrity, and charity; and above all, a humble confidence in the +mercy of God, through the mediation of Christ. These +constitute the brotherhood of Christianity; and wherever they +abound, a good conscience is never lacking. They are its +very element, and life; its food, its sunshine, and its vital +air.</p> +<p>Conscience was a faithful recorder, and judge under the law, +and notwithstanding the revolution which has taken place, +introducing a new constitution, and a new administration, +Conscience still retains his office; and when “purged from +dead works to serve the living God,” is appropriately +called a <i>good conscience</i>.</p> +<p>II. The means of this purification is “the blood +of Christ, who through the Eternal Spirit offered Himself without +spot to God.”</p> +<p>Could we take in, at a single view, all the bearings of +“the blood of Christ,” as exhibited in the Gospel, +what an astonishing light would it cast upon the condition of +man; the character of God; the nature, and requirements of His +law; the dreadful consequences of sin; the wondrous expiation of +the cross; the reconciliation of Heaven, and earth; the blessed +union of the believer with God in Christ, as a just God, and a +Saviour; and the whole scheme of our justification, +sanctification, and redemption, through free, sovereign, +infinite, and unspeakable grace!</p> +<p>There is no knowledge like the knowledge of Christ, for the +excellency of which the apostle counted all things but +loss. Christ is the Sun of Righteousness, in whose light we +see the tops of the mountains of immortality, towering <a +name="page372"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 372</span>above the +dense clouds which overhang the valley of death. All the +wisdom which philosophers have learned from nature, and +providence, compared with that which is afforded by the Christian +revelation, is like the <i>ignis fatuus</i>, compared with the +sun. The knowledge of Plato, and Socrates, and all the +renowned sages of antiquity, was nothing to the knowledge of the +feeblest believer in “the blood of Christ.”</p> +<p>“The blood of Christ” is of infinite value. +There is none like it flowing in human veins. It was the +blood of a man, but of a man who knew no iniquity; the blood of a +sinless humanity, in which dwelt all the fulness of the Godhead +bodily; the blood of the second Adam, who is the Lord from +Heaven, and a quickening Spirit upon earth. It pressed +through every pore of His body in the garden; and gushed from His +head, His hands, His feet, and His side, upon the cross. I +approach with fear, and trembling, yet with humble confidence, +and joy. I take off my shoes, like Moses, as he approaches +the burning bush; for I hear a voice coming forth from the altar, +saying, “I and my Father are one; I am the true God, and +Eternal Life.”</p> +<p>The expression, “the blood of Christ,” includes +the whole of His obedience to the moral law, by the imputation of +which we are justified; and all the sufferings of His soul and +His body as our Mediator, by which an atonement is made for our +sins, and a fountain opened to wash them all away. This is +the spring whence rise the rivers of forgiving and sanctifying +grace.</p> +<p>In the representation which the text gives us of this +redeeming blood, are several points worthy of our special +consideration:—</p> +<p>1. It is “<i>the blood of Christ</i>;” the +appointed Substitute and Saviour of men; “the Lamb that +taketh away the sins of the world.”</p> +<p>2. It is the blood of Christ, <i>who offered +Himself</i>. His humanity was the only sacrifice which +would answer the demands of justice, and atone for the +transgressions of mankind. <a name="page373"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 373</span>Therefore “He has made His +soul an offering for sin.”</p> +<p>3. It is the blood of Christ, who offered Himself <i>to +God</i>. It was the eternal Father, whose broken law must +be repaired, whose dishonest government must be vindicated, and +whose flaming indignation must be turned away. The +well-beloved Son must meet the Father’s frown, and bear the +Father’s curse for us. All the Divine attributes +called for the offering; and without it, could not be reconciled +to the sinner.</p> +<p>4. It is the blood of Christ, who offered Himself to +God, <i>without spot</i>. This was a perfect +sacrifice. The Victim was without blemish, or defect; the +altar was complete in all its appurtenances; and the High Priest +possessed every conceivable qualification for his work. +Christ was at once victim, altar, and high-priest; “holy, +harmless, and undefiled”—“God manifest in the +flesh.” Being Himself perfect God and perfect man, +and perfect Mediator between God and man, He perfects for ever +all them that believe.</p> +<p>5. It is the blood of Christ, who offered Himself to +God, without spot, <i>through the eternal Spirit</i>. By +the eternal Spirit, here, we are to understand, not the third +Person of the Godhead, but the second; Christ’s own Divine +nature, which was co-eternal with the Father before the world +was, and which, in the fulness of time, seized on +humanity—sinless, and immaculate humanity—and offered +it, body, and soul, as a sacrifice for human sins. The +eternal Spirit was at once the priest that offered the victim, +and the altar that sanctified the offering. Without His +agency, there could have been no atonement. The offering of +mere humanity, however spotless, aside from the merit derived +from its connection with Divinity, could not have been a +sacrifice of sweet-smelling savour unto God.</p> +<p>6. It is the blood of Christ, who offered Himself to +God, without spot, through the eternal Spirit, <i>that He might +purge your conscience</i>. As the typical sacrifices under +<a name="page374"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 374</span>the law +purified men from ceremonial defilement, so the real sacrifice of +the Gospel saves the believer from moral pollution. Blood +was the life of all the services of the tabernacle made with +hands, and gave significance, and utility to all the rites of the +former dispensation. By blood the covenant between God, and +His people was sealed. By blood the officers, and vessels +of the sanctuary were consecrated. By blood the children of +Israel were preserved in Egypt from the destroying angel. +So the blood of Christ is our justification, sanctification, and +redemption. All the blessings of the Gospel flow to us +through the blood of the Lamb. Mercy, when she writes our +pardon, and when she registers our names in “the Book of +Life,” dips her pen in the blood of the Lamb. And the +vast company that John saw before the throne had come out of +great tribulation, having “washed their robes and made them +white in the blood of the Lamb.”</p> +<p>The children of Israel were delivered from Egypt, on the very +night that the paschal lamb was slain, and its blood sprinkled +upon the doorposts, as if their liberty, and life were procured +by its death. This typified the necessity, and power of the +Atonement, which is the very heart of the Gospel, and the +spiritual life of the believer. In Egypt, however, there +was a lamb slain for every family; but under the new covenant God +has but one family, and one Lamb is sufficient for their +salvation.</p> +<p>In the cleansing of the leper, several things were necessary; +as running water, cedar wood, scarlet, and hyssop, and the finger +of the priest; but it was the blood that gave efficacy to the +whole. So it is in the purification of the +conscience. Without the shedding of blood, the leper could +not be cleansed; without the shedding of blood, the conscience +cannot be purged. “The blood of Christ” seals +every precept, every promise, every warning, of the New +Testament. “The blood of Christ” renders the +Scriptures “profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for +correction, for instruction <a name="page375"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 375</span>in righteousness.” +“The blood of Christ” gives efficiency to the pulpit; +and when “Jesus Christ and Him crucified” is shut +out, the virtue is wanting which heals, and restores the +soul. It is only through the crucifixion of Christ that +“the old man” is crucified in the believer. It +is only through His obedience unto death, even the death of the +cross, that our dead souls are quickened, to serve God in newness +of life.</p> +<p>Here rest our hopes. “The foundation of God +standeth sure.” The bill of redemption being +presented by Christ, was read by the prophets, and passed +unanimously in both houses of parliament. It had its final +reading in the lower house, when Messiah hung on Calvary; and +passed three days afterward, when He rose from the dead. It +was introduced to the upper house by the Son of God Himself, who +appeared before the throne “as a lamb newly slain,” +and was carried by acclamation of the heavenly hosts. Then +it became a law of the Kingdom of Heaven, and the Holy Ghost was +sent down to establish it in the hearts of men. It is +“the perfect law of liberty,” by which God is +reconciling the world unto Himself. It is “the law of +the Spirit of life,” by which He is “purging our +conscience from dead works to serve the living God.”</p> +<p>III. The end of this purification is twofold,—that +we may cease from dead works, and serve the living God.</p> +<p>1. The works of unrenewed souls are all “dead +works,” can be no other than “dead works,” +because the agents are “dead in trespasses and +sins.” They proceed from the “carnal +mind,” which “is enmity against God,” which +“is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can +be.” How can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit, +or a corrupt fountain send forth pure water?</p> +<p>But “the blood of Christ” is intended to +“purge the conscience from dead works.” The +apostle says—“Ye are not redeemed with corruptible +things, as silver, and gold, from your vain conversation, +received by tradition from your <a name="page376"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 376</span>fathers; but with the precious blood +of Christ, as of a Lamb without blemish, and without +spot.” The Jews were in a state of bondage to the +ceremonial law, toiling at the “dead works,” the +vain, and empty forms, which could never take away sin; and +unjustified, and unregenerate men are still captives of Satan, +slaves of sin, and death, tyrannized over by various evil habits, +and propensities, which are invincible to all things but +“the blood of Christ.” He died to redeem, both +from the burdens of the Mosaic ritual, and from the despotism of +moral evil—to purge the conscience of both Jew, and Gentile +“from dead works to serve the living God.”</p> +<p>2. We cannot “serve the living God” without +this preparatory purification of conscience. If our guilt +is uncancelled—if the love of sin is not +dethroned—the service of the knee, and the lip is nothing +but hypocrisy. “If we regard iniquity in our hearts, +the Lord will not hear us.” Cherishing what He hates, +all our offerings are an abomination to Him; and we can no more +stand in His holy presence than the dry stubble can stand before +a flaming fire. He who has an evil conscience flees from +the face of God, as did Adam in the garden. Nothing but +“the blood of Christ,” applied by the Holy Spirit, +can remove the sinner’s guilty fear, and enable him to draw +nigh to God, in the humble confidence of acceptance through the +Beloved.</p> +<p>The service of the living God must flow from a new principle +of life in the soul. The Divine word must be the rule of +our actions. The Divine will must be consulted and +obeyed. We must remember that God is holy, and jealous of +His honour. The consideration that He is everywhere, and +sees everything, and will bring every work into judgment, must +fill us with reverence and godly fear. An ardent love for +His law, and His character must supplant the love of sin, and +prompt to a cheerful and impartial obedience.</p> +<p>And let us remember that he is “the <i>living</i> +God.” Pharaoh is dead, Herod is dead, Nero is dead; +but Jehovah is “the living God.” And it is a +fearful thing <a name="page377"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +377</span>to have Him for an enemy. Death cannot deliver +from His hand. Time, and even eternity, cannot limit His +holy anger. He has manifested, in a thousand instances, His +hatred of sin: in the destruction of the old world, the burning +of Sodom, and Gomorrah, the drowning of Pharaoh and his host in +the sea; and I tell thee, sinner, except thou repent, thou shalt +likewise perish! Oh, think what punishment “the +living God” can inflict upon His adversaries—the loss +of all good—the endurance of all evil—the undying +worm—the unquenchable fire—the blackness of darkness +for ever!</p> +<p>The gods of the heathen have no life in them, and they that +worship them are like unto them. But our God is “the +living God,” and “the God of the living.” +If you are united to Him by faith in “the blood of +Christ,” your souls are “quickened together with +Him,” and “the power which raised Him from the dead +shall also quicken your mortal body.”</p> +<p>May the Lord awaken those who are dead in trespasses, and +sins, and revive His work in the midst of the years, and +strengthen the feeble graces of His people, and bless abundantly +the labours of His servants, so that many consciences may be +purged from dead works to serve the living God!</p> +<blockquote><p>“There is a fountain filled with blood,<br +/> + Drawn from Emmanuel’s veins,<br /> +And sinners, plunged beneath that flood,<br /> + Lose all their guilty stains.</p> +<p>“The dying thief rejoiced to see<br /> + That fountain in his day;<br /> +And there may I, as vile as he,<br /> + Wash all my sins away.</p> +<p>“Dear dying Lamb! Thy precious blood<br /> + Shall never lose its power,<br /> +Till all the ransomed sons of God<br /> + Are saved, to sin no more.”</p> +</blockquote> +<h3><a name="page378"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +378</span>SERMON III.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Finished Redemption</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“<i>It is finished</i>.”—<span +class="smcap">John</span> xix. 30.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This exclamation derives all its importance from the magnitude +of the work alluded to, and the glorious character of the +Agent. The work is the redemption of the world; the Agent +is God, manifested in the flesh. He who finished the +creation of the heavens, and the earth in six days, is laying the +foundation of a new creation on Calvary. Four thousand +years He has been giving notice of His intention to mankind; more +than thirty years He has been personally upon earth, preparing +the material; and now He lays the chief corner-stone in Zion, +exclaiming—“It is finished.”</p> +<p>We will consider the special import of the exclamation, and +then offer a few remarks of a more general character.</p> +<p>I. “It is finished.” This saying of +the Son of God is a very striking one; and, uttered, as it was, +while He hung in dying agonies on the cross, cannot fail to make +a strong impression upon the mind. It is natural for us to +inquire—“What does it mean? To what does the +glorious Victim refer?” A complete answer to the +question would develope the whole scheme of redemption. We +can only glance at a few leading ideas.</p> +<p>The sufferings of Christ are ended. Never again shall He +be persecuted from city to city, as an impostor, and servant of +Satan. Never again shall He say, “My soul is +exceeding sorrowful, even unto death.” Never again +shall He agonize in Gethsemane, and sweat great drops of +blood. Never again shall He be derided by the rabble, and +insulted by men in power. Never again shall He be crowned +with thorns, lacerated by the scourge, and nailed to the accursed +tree. Never again shall He cry out, in the anguish of His +<a name="page379"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 379</span>soul, +and the baptism of blood—“My God! my God! why hast +Thou forsaken me!”</p> +<p>The predictions of His death are fulfilled. The prophets +had spoken of His crucifixion many hundred years before His +birth. They foresaw the Governor who was to come forth from +Bethlehem. They knew the Babe in the manger, as He whose +goings forth are of old, even from everlasting. They drew +an accurate chart of His travels, from the manger to the cross, +and from the cross to the throne. All these things must be +fulfilled. Jesus knew the necessity, and seemed anxious +that every jot, and tittle should receive an exact +accomplishment. His whole life was a fulfilment of +prophecy. On every path He walked, on every house He +entered, on every city He visited, and especially on the +mysterious phenomena which accompanied His crucifixion, it was +written—“that the Scriptures might be +fulfilled.”</p> +<p>The great sacrifice for sin is accomplished. For this +purpose Christ came into the world. He is our appointed +High Priest, the elect of the Father, and the desire of the +nations. He alone was in the bosom of the Father, and could +offer a sacrifice of sufficient merit to atone for human +transgression. But it was necessary also that He should +have somewhat to offer. Therefore a body was prepared for +Him. He assumed the seed of Abraham, and suffered in the +flesh. This was a sacrifice of infinite value, being +sanctified by the altar of Divinity on which it was +offered. All the ceremonial sacrifices could not obtain the +bond from the hand of the creditor. They were only +acknowledgment of the debt. But Jesus, by one offering, +paid the whole, took up the bond, the hand-writing that was +against us, and nailed it to the cross; and when driving the last +nail, He cried—“It is finished!”</p> +<p>The satisfaction of Divine justice is completed. The +violated law must be vindicated; the deserved penalty must be +endured; if not by the sinner himself, yet by the sinner’s +Substitute. This was the great undertaking of the <a +name="page380"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 380</span>Son of +God. He “bore our sins”—that is, the +punishment of our sins—“in His own body on the +tree.” He was “made a curse for us, that we +might be made the righteousness of God in him.” There +was no other way by which the honour of God and the dignity of +His law could be sustained, and therefore “the Lord laid +upon Him the iniquities of us all.” He “died +unto sin once;” not merely for sin, enduring its punishment +in our stead; but also “unto sin,” abolishing its +power, and putting it away. Therefore it is said, He +“made an end of sin”—destroyed its condemning, +and tormenting power on behalf of all them that believe His +sufferings were equal to the claims of justice; and His dying cry +was the voice of Justice Himself proclaiming the +satisfaction. Here, then, may the dying thief, and the +persecutor of the holy, lay down their load of guilt, and woe at +the foot of the cross.</p> +<p>The new, and living way to God is consecrated. A veil +has hitherto concealed the holy of holies. None but the +High Priest has seen the ark of the covenant, and the glory of +God resting upon the Mercy-seat between the cherubim. He +alone might enter, and he but once a year, and then with fear, +and trembling, and the sprinkling of atoning blood, after the +most careful purification, and sacrifice for himself. He +has filled His hands with His own blood, and entered into heaven +itself, there to appear in the presence of God for us. The +sweet incense which He offers fills the temple, and the merit of +His sacrifice remains the same through all time, superseding all +other offerings for ever. Therefore we are exhorted to come +boldly to the throne of grace. The tunnel under the Thames +could not be completed on account of an accident which greatly +damaged the work, without a new subscription for raising money; +but Jesus found infinite riches in Himself, sufficient for the +completion of a new way to the Father—a living way through +the valley of the shadow of death to “the city of the Great +King.”</p> +<p>The conquest of the powers of darkness is achieved. <a +name="page381"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 381</span>When their +hour was come, the prince and his host were on the alert to +accomplish the destruction of the Son of God. They hailed +Him with peculiar temptations, and levelled against Him their +heaviest artillery. They instigated one disciple to betray +Him and another to deny Him. They fired the rage of the +multitude against Him, so that the same tongues that lately sang, +“Hosanna to the Son of David!” now shouted, +“Crucify Him! crucify Him!” They filled the +priests, and scribes with envy, that they might accuse Him +without a cause; and inspired Pilate with an accursed ambition, +that he might condemn him without a fault. They seared the +conscience of the false witnesses, that they might charge the +Just One with the most flagrant crimes; and cauterized the hearts +of the Roman soldiers, that they might mock Him in His +sufferings, and nail Him to the cross. Having succeeded so +far in their hellish plot, they doubtless deemed their victory +certain. I see them crowding around the cross, waiting +impatiently to witness his last breath, ready to shout with +infernal triumph to the depths of hell, till the brazen walls +should send back their echoes to the gates of the heavenly +city. But hark! the dying Saviour exclaims—“It +is finished!” and the great dragon and his host retreat, +howling, from the cross. The Prince of our Salvation turned +back all their artillery upon themselves, and their own +stratagems became their ruin. The old serpent seized +Messiah’s heel, but Messiah stamped upon the +serpent’s head. The dying cry of Jesus shook the +dominions of death, so that the bodies of many that slept arose; +and rang through all the depths of hell the knell of its departed +power. Thus the Prince of this world was foiled in His +schemes, and disappointed in his hopes, like the men of Gaza, +when they locked up Samson at night, thinking to kill him in the +morning: but awoke to find that he was gone, with the gates of +the city upon his shoulders. When the Philistines caught +Samson, and brought him to their Temple, to make sport for them, +they never dreamed of the disaster in <a name="page382"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 382</span>which it would result—never +dreamed that their triumph over the poor blind captive would be +the occasion of their destruction. “Suffer me,” +said he, “to lean on the two pillars.” Then he +bowed himself, and died with his enemies. So Christ on +Calvary, while the powers of darkness exulted over their victim, +seized the main pillars of sin, and death, and brought down the +temple of Satan upon its occupants; but on the morning of the +third day, He left them all in the ruins, where they shall remain +for ever, and commenced His journey home to His Father’s +house.</p> +<p>II. So much concerning the import of our Saviour’s +exclamation. Such was the work He finished upon the +cross. We add a few remarks of a more general +character.</p> +<p>The sufferings of Christ were vicarious. He died, not +for His own sins, but for ours. He humbled Himself, that we +might be exalted. He became poor, that we might be made +rich. He was wounded, that we might be healed. He +drained the cup of wrath, that we might drink the waters of +salvation. He died the shameful and excruciating death of +the cross, that we might live and reign with Him for ever.</p> +<p>“Ought not Christ to have suffered these things, and to +have entered into His glory?” This +“ought” is the ought of mercy, and of covenant +engagement. He must discharge the obligation which He had +voluntarily assumed. He must finish the work which He had +graciously begun. There was no other Saviour—no other +being in the universe willing to undertake the work; or, if any +willing to undertake, none able to accomplish it. The +salvation of one human soul would have been too mighty an +achievement for Gabriel—for all the angels in heaven. +Had not “the only-begotten of the Father” become our +Surety, we must have lain for ever under the wrath of God, amid +“weeping, and wailing, and gnashing of teeth.” +None but the Lion of the tribe of Judah could break the seals of +that mysterious book. None but “God manifest in the +flesh” could deliver us from the second death.</p> +<p><a name="page383"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 383</span>The +dying cry of Jesus indicates the dignity of His nature, and the +power of life that was in Him to the last. All men die of +weakness—of inability to resist death—die because +they can live no longer. But this was not the case with the +Son of God. He speaks of laying down His life as His own +voluntary act;—“No man taketh it from He, but I lie +it down of myself. I have power to lay it down, and I have +power to take it again.” “He poured out His +soul unto death”—did not wait for it to be torn from +Him—did not hang languishing upon the cross, till life +“ebbed out by slow degrees;” but poured it out +freely, suddenly, and unexpectedly. As soon as the work was +done for which He came into the world, He cried—“It +is finished!” “bowed His head, and gave up the +ghost.” Then the sun was darkened, the earth quaked, +the rocks rent, the graves opened, and the centurion +said—“Truly, this Man was the Son of +God!” He cried with a loud voice, to show that He was +still unconquered by pain, mighty even upon the cross. He +bowed His head that death might seize Him. He was naturally +far above the reach of death, His Divine nature being +self-existent and eternal, and His human nature entitled to +immortality by its immaculate holiness; yet “He humbled +Himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the +cross”—“He bowed His head, and gave up the +ghost.”</p> +<p>We may regard this last exclamation, also, as an expression of +His joy at having accomplished the great “travail of his +soul,” in the work of our redemption. It was the work +which the Father had given Him, and which He had covenanted to +do. It lay heavy upon His heart, and oh, how was He +straitened till it was accomplished! His “soul was +exceedingly sorrowful, even unto death;” “and His +sweat, as it were, great drops of blood, falling down to the +ground.” But upon the cross, He saw of the travail of +His soul, and was satisfied. He saw that His sacrifice was +accepted, and the object of His agony secured—that death +would not be <a name="page384"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +384</span>able to detain Him in the grave, nor hell to defeat the +purpose of His grace; that the gates of the eternal city would +soon open to receive Him as a conqueror, and myriads of exultant +angels shout Him to His throne; whither He would be followed by +His redeemed, with songs of everlasting joy. He saw, and He +was satisfied; and, not waiting for the morning of the third day, +but already confident of victory, He uttered this note of +triumph, and died.</p> +<p>And if we may suppose them to have understood its import, what +a source of consolation it must have been to His sorrowing +disciples! The sword had pierced through Mary’s +heart, according to the prediction of old Simeon over the infant +Jesus. Her affections had bled at the agony of her +supernatural Son, and her wounded faith had well-nigh perished at +His cross. And how must all His followers have felt, +standing afar off, and beholding their supposed Redeemer +suffering as a malefactor! How must all their hopes have +died within them, as they gazed on the accursed tree! The +tragedy was mysterious, and they deemed their enemies +victorious. Jesus is treading the winepress in Bozrah, and +the earth is shaking, and the rocks are rending, and the +luminaries of heaven are expiring, and all the powers of nature +are fainting, in sympathy with His mighty agony. Now he is +lost in the fire, and smoke of battle, and the dread artillery of +justice is heard thundering through the thick darkness, and +shouts of victory rise from the troops of hell, and who shall +foretell the issue of the combat, or the fate of the +Champion? But lo! He cometh forth from the cloud of +battle, with blood upon His garments! He is wounded, but He +hath the tread, and the aspect of a conqueror. He waves His +crimsoned sword, and cries—“It is +finished!” Courage, ye weepers at the cross! +Courage, ye tremblers afar off! The Prince of your +salvation is victor, and this bulletin of the war shall cheer +myriads of believers in the house of their pilgrimage, and the +achievement which it announces shall constitute an everlasting +theme of praise.</p> +<p><a name="page385"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +385</span>“It is finished!” The word smote on +the walls of the celestial city, and thrilled the hosts of heaven +with ecstasy unspeakable. How must “the spirits of +just men made perfect” have leaped for joy, to hear that +the Captain of their salvation was victorious over all His +enemies, and that the work He had engaged to do for them, and +their brethren was completed! And with what wonder, and +delight must the holy angels have witnessed the triumph of Him, +whom they were commanded to worship, over the powers of +darkness! It was the commencement of a new era in heaven, +and never before had its happy denizens seen so much of God.</p> +<p>“It is finished!” Go, ye heralds of +salvation, into all the world, and proclaim the joyful +tidings! Cry aloud, and spare not; lift up your voice like +a trumpet, and publish, to all men, that the work of the cross is +finished—that the Great Mediator, “made perfect +through sufferings,” has become “the author of +eternal salvation to all them that obey +Him”—“is of God made unto us, wisdom, and +righteousness, and sanctification, and redemption!” +Go, teach the degraded pagan, the deluded Mohammedan, and the +superstitious Papist, that the finished work of Jesus is the only +way of acceptance with God. Go, tell the polished scholar, +the profound philosopher, and the vaunting moralist, that the +doctrine of Christ crucified is the only knowledge that can save +the soul! Go,—say to the proud sceptic, the bold +blasphemer, and the polluted libertine, “Behold the Lamb of +God that taketh away the sin of the world.” Preach it +to the gasping sinner upon the death-bed, and the sullen murderer +in his cell! Let it ring in every human ear, and thrill in +every human heart, till the gladness of earth shall be the +counterpart of heaven!</p> +<h3><a name="page386"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +386</span>SERMON IV.<br /> +<span class="smcap">The Father and Son Glorified</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“<i>Howbeit</i>, <i>when He</i>, <i>the +Spirit of Truth</i>, <i>is come</i>, <i>He will guide you into +all truth</i>; <i>for He shall not speak of Himself</i>; <i>but +whatsoever He shall hear</i>, <i>that shall He speak</i>; <i>and +He will show you things to come</i>. <i>He shall glorify +me</i>: <i>for He shall receive of mine</i>, <i>and shall show it +unto you</i>. <i>All things that the Father hath are +mine</i>; <i>therefore</i>, <i>said I</i>, <i>that He shall take +of mine</i>, <i>and shall show it unto +you</i>.”—<span class="smcap">John</span> xvi. +13–15.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The wonderful Providence, which brought the children of Israel +out of the house of bondage, was a chain of many links, not one +of which could be omitted without destroying the beauty, and +defeating the end of the Divine economy. The family of +Jacob came to Egypt in the time of famine—they +multiply—they are oppressed—their cries reach to +heaven—God manifests Himself in the burning +bush—Moses is sent to Egypt—miracles are wrought by +his hand—Pharaoh’s heart is hardened—the +firstborn are slain—the passover is eaten—the people +depart, led by the pillar of God—the sea is +divided—and, with many signs, and wonders, the thousands of +Israel are conducted through the wilderness to the Promised +Land. Had one of these links been wanting, the chain of +deliverance had been defective.</p> +<p>So, in the salvation of sinners by Jesus Christ, all the +conditions, and preparatives were essential to the completeness, +and glory of the scheme. The Son of God must consent to +undertake our cause, and become our substitute—the promise +must be given to Adam, and frequently repeated to the +patriarchs—bloody sacrifices must be instituted, to typify +the vicarious sufferings of Messiah—a long line of prophets +must foretell His advent, and the glory of His kingdom—He +must be born in Bethlehem, crucified on Calvary, and buried in +Joseph’s new tomb—must rise from the dead, ascend to +the right hand of the Father, and send down the Holy Spirit to +guide and sanctify His Church. <a name="page387"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 387</span>Without all these circumstances, the +economy of redemption would have been incomplete and +inefficient.</p> +<p>The last link in the chain is the mission and work of the Holy +Spirit. This is quite as important as any of the +rest. Our Saviour’s heart seems to have been much set +upon it, during all His ministry, and especially during the last +few days, before His crucifixion. He spoke of it, +frequently, to His disciples, and told them that He would not +leave them comfortless, but would send them “another +Comforter,” who should abide with them for ever; and that +His own departure was necessary, to prepare the way for the +coming of the heavenly Paraclete. In our text, He describes +the office of the Holy Spirit, and the specific relation which He +sustains to the work of Salvation:—“Howbeit, when He, +the Spirit of Truth, is come, He will guide you into all truth; +for He shall not speak of Himself; but whatsoever He shall hear, +that shall He speak; and He will show you things to come. +He shall glorify me: for He shall receive of mine, and shall show +it unto you. All things that the Father hath are mine; +therefore said I, that He shall take of mine, and shall show it +unto you.”</p> +<p>These words teach us two important truths—<i>first</i>, +that the Son is equal with the Father; and, <i>secondly</i>, that +the Father, and the Son are alike glorified in the economy of +salvation.</p> +<p>I. The Son claims equality with the Father. +“All things that the Father hath are mine.”</p> +<p>This sentence is very comprehensive, and sublime—an +unquestionable affirmation of the Messiah’s “eternal +power, and Godhead.” The same doctrine is taught us, +in many other recorded sayings of Christ, and sustained by all +the prophets, and apostles; and when I consider this declaration, +in connection with the general strain of the inspired writers on +the subject, I seem to hear the Saviour Himself addressing the +world in the following manner:—</p> +<p>“All things that the Father hath are mine. His +<i>names</i> are mine. I am Jehovah—the mighty God, +and the everlasting <a name="page388"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 388</span>Father—the Lord of +Hosts—the Living God—the True God, and Eternal +Life.</p> +<p>“His <i>works</i> are mine. All things were made +by me, and I uphold all things by the word of my power. My +Father worketh hitherto, and I work; for as the Father raiseth up +the dead, and quickeneth them, even so the Son quickeneth whom He +will. I am the Author of universal being, and my hand +moveth all the machinery of Providence.</p> +<p>“His <i>honours</i> are mine. I have an +indisputable right to the homage of all created +intelligences. I inhabit the praises of Eternity. +Before the foundation of the world, I was the object of angelic +adoration; and when I became incarnate as a Saviour, the Father +published His decree in heaven, saying—‘Let all the +angels of God worship Him!’ It is His will, also, +that all men should honour the Son, even as they honour the +Father—in the same manner, and the same degree. He +that honoureth the Son, honoureth the Father; and he that +honoureth not the Son, honoureth not the Father: for I and my +Father are one—one in honour—possessing joint +interest, and authority.</p> +<p>“His <i>attributes</i> are mine. Though as man, +and Mediator I am inferior to the Father; yet my nature is no +more inferior to His, than the nature of the Prince of Wales is +inferior to the nature of the King of England. You see me +clothed in humanity; but, in my original state, I thought it not +robbery to be equal with God. I was in the beginning with +God, and possessed the same eternity of being. Like Him, I +am almighty, omniscient, and immutable; infinite in holiness, +justice, goodness, and truth. All these attributes, with +every other possible perfection, belong to me, in the same sense +as they belong to the Father. They are absolute, and +independent, underived, and unoriginated—the essential +qualities of my nature.</p> +<p>“His <i>riches of grace</i> are mine. I am the +Mediator of the new covenant—the Channel of my +Father’s mercies to <a name="page389"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 389</span>mankind. I have the keys of +the House of David, and the seal of the Kingdom of Heaven. +I have come from the bosom of the Father, freighted with the +precious treasures of His good will to men. I have sailed +over the sea of tribulation, and death, to bring you the wealth +of the other world. I am the Father’s Messenger, +publishing peace on earth—a peace which I have purchased +with my own blood upon the cross. It has pleased the Father +that in me all fulness should dwell—all fulness of wisdom, +and grace—whatever is necessary for the justification, +sanctification, and redemption of them that believe. My +Father, and I are one, in the work of salvation, as in the work +of creation. We have the same will, and the same intention +of mercy toward the children of the great captivity.</p> +<p>“The <i>objects of His love</i> are mine. He hath +given them to me in an everlasting covenant. He hath given +me the heathen for an inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the +earth for a possession. They were mine by the original +right of creation; but now they are doubly mine, by the +superadded claim of redemption. My Father, before the world +was, gave me a charter of all the souls I would redeem. I +have fulfilled the condition. I have poured out my soul +unto death, and sealed the covenant with the blood of my +cross. Therefore, all believers are mine. I have +bought them with a price. I have redeemed them from the +bondage of sin, and death. Their names are engraven on my +hands, and my feet. They are written with the +soldier’s spear upon my heart. And of all that the +Father hath given me, I will lose nothing. I will draw them +all to myself; I will raise them up at the last day; and they +shall be with me where I am, that they may behold my glory, which +I had with the Father before the foundation of the +world.”</p> +<p>II. The Father and the Son are equally glorified in the +economy of redemption, and the work of the Holy Spirit.</p> +<p>1. The Son glorifies the Father. I hear Him +praying in <a name="page390"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +390</span>the garden:—“Father, I have glorified Thee +on earth; I have finished the work which Thou gavest me to +do.” I hear Him, again, amidst the supernatural gloom +of Calvary, with a voice that rings through the dominions of +death, and hell, crying—“It is finished!”</p> +<p>What mighty achievement hast Thou finished to-day, blessed +Jesus? and how have Thine unknown agony, and shameful death +glorified the Father?</p> +<p>“I have glorified the Father, by raising up those +precious things which fell in Eden, and were lost in the +abyss.</p> +<p>“I have raised up my Father’s <i>law</i>. I +found it cast down to the earth, and trampled into the +dust. I have magnified, and found it honourable. I +have vindicated its authority in the sight of men, and +angels. I have satisfied its demands on behalf of my +redeemed, and become the end of the law for righteousness to all +who will receive me as their surety.</p> +<p>“I have raised up my Father’s <i>name</i>. I +have declared it to my brethren. I have manifested it to +the men whom He has given me. I have given a new revelation +of His character to the world. I have shown Him to sinners, +as a just God, and a Saviour. I have restored His worship +in purity, and spiritually upon earth. I have opened a new, +and living way to His throne of grace. I have written the +record of His mercy with my own blood upon the rocks of +Calvary.</p> +<p>“I have raised up my Father’s <i>image</i>. +I have imprinted it afresh upon human nature, from which it was +effaced by sin. I have displayed its excellence in my own +character. I have passed through the pollutions of the +world, and the territory of death, without tarnishing its lustre, +or injuring its symmetry. Though my visage is marred with +grief, and my back ploughed with scourges, and my hands, and feet +nailed to the accursed cross, not one trace of my Father’s +image has been obliterated from my human soul. It is as +perfect, and as spotless now as when I lay in the manger. I +will carry it unstained with me into heaven. I will give a +full description of it in my Gospel upon earth. I will <a +name="page391"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 391</span>change my +people into the same image, from glory, to glory. I will +also renovate, and transform their vile bodies, and fashion them +like unto my own glorious body. I will ransom them from the +power of the grave; and because I live, they shall live +also—the counterpart of my own immaculate +humanity—mirrors to reflect my Father’s glory for +ever.”</p> +<p>2. The Father glorifies the Son. He prayed in the +garden,—“And now, Father, glorify Thou me with Thine +own self, with the glory which I had with Thee before the world +was.” Was the petition granted? Answer, ye +Roman sentinels, who watched His sepulchre! Answer, ye men +of Galilee, who gazed upon His chariot, as He ascended from the +mount of Olives!</p> +<p>The glorification of the Son by the Father implies all the +honours of His mediatorial office—all the crowns which He +won by His victory over the powers of death, and hell. The +Father raised Him from the dead, and received Him up into glory, +as a testimony of His acceptance as the sinner’s +Surety—an expression of perfect satisfaction with His +vicarious sacrifice upon the cross. It was the just reward +of His work; it was the fruit of His gracious travail. He +is “crowned with glory and honour for the sufferings of +death.” “Because He hath poured out His soul +unto death,” therefore “God also hath highly exalted +Him, and given Him a name that is above every name.”</p> +<p>What an honour would it be to a man, to receive eight, or ten +of the highest offices in the kingdom! Infinitely greater +is the glory of Emmanuel. His name includes all the +offices, and titles of the kingdom of heaven. The Father +hath made Him “both Lord, and Christ”—that is, +given Him the supreme prerogatives of government and +salvation. “Him hath God exalted to be a prince and a +Saviour, to give repentance to Israel, and remission of +sins.” He is “head over all things in the +Church”—Prime Minister in the kingdom of +heaven—Lord Treasurer, dispensing the bounties <a +name="page392"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 392</span>of Divine +grace to mankind—Lord High-Chancellor of the Realm, and +Keeper of the great Seal of the living God; holding in His hand +the charter of our redemption, and certifying the authenticity of +the Divine covenant—Lord Chief Justice of heaven, and +earth, having all power, and authority to administer the laws of +Providence throughout the universe—the chief +Prince—the General of the army—the Captain of the +Lord’s host—the Champion who conquered Satan, sin, +and death; bruising the head of the first, destroying the power +of the second, and swallowing up the third in victory. He +hath the keys of hell, and of death. He shutteth, and no +man openeth; He openeth, and no man shutteth. He bears all +the honours of His Father’s house; and concentrates in +Himself all the glories of Supreme Divinity, redeemed humanity, +and “mediator between God, and man.”</p> +<p>3. The Holy Spirit glorifies Father and Son +together. He is procured for the world by the blood of the +Son, and sent into the world by the authority of the Father; so +that both are alike represented in His mission, and equally +glorified in His office. The gracious things which the +Father gave into the hands of the Son, when He descended from +heaven, the Son gave into the hands of the Spirit, when He +returned to heaven. “All things that the Father hath +are mine; and He shall take of mine, and shall show it unto +you.”</p> +<p>This is the object of the Spirit’s advent, the +communication of the things of Christ to men. What are the +things of Christ? His merit, His mercy, His image, His +Gospel, His promises, all the gifts of His grace, all the +treasures of His love, and all the immunities of eternal +redemption. These the Father hath given to the Son, as the +great Trustee of the Church; and the Son hath given them to the +Spirit, as the appointed Agent of their communication.</p> +<p>A ship was laden in India, arrived safely in London, unloaded +her precious cargo, and the goods were soon distributed all over +the country, and offered for sale in a <a +name="page393"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 393</span>thousand +stores. The Son of God brought immense riches of Divine +grace from heaven to earth, which are all left to the disposal of +the Holy Spirit, and freely proffered to the perishing, wherever +the Gospel is preached.</p> +<p>The Holy Spirit came, not to construct a new engine of mercy, +but to propel that already constructed by Christ. Its first +revolution rent the rocks of Calvary, and shook the rocky hearts +of men. Its second revolution demolished the throne of +death, burst his prison-doors, and liberated many of his +captives. Its third revolution carried its builder up into +the Heaven of heavens, and brought down the Holy Spirit to move +its machinery for ever. Its next revolution, under the +impulse of this new Agent, was like “the rushing of a +mighty wind” among the assembled disciples at Jerusalem, +kindled a fire upon the head of every Christian, inspired them to +speak all the languages of the babbling earth, and killed, and +quickened three thousand souls of the hearers.</p> +<p>The Holy Spirit is still on earth, glorifying the Father, and +the Son. He convinces the world of sin. He leads men +to Christ, through the rivers of corruption, the mountains of +presumption, and the terrible bogs of despair, affording them no +rest till they come to the city of refuge. He continues on +the field to bring up the rear; while the Captain of our +Salvation, on His white horse, rides victorious in the van of +battle. He strengthens the soldiers—“faint, yet +pursuing!” raises the fallen; encourages the despondent; +feeds them with the bread of life, and the new wine of the +kingdom; and leads them on—“conquering and to +conquer.”</p> +<p>His work will not be finished till the resurrection. +Then will He quicken our mortal bodies. Then will He light +His candle, and sweep the house till He find every lost piece of +silver. Then will He descend into the dark caves of death, +and gather all the gems of redeemed humanity, and weave them into +a crown for Emmanuel, and place that crown upon Emmanuel’s +head, amid the songs of the adoring seraphim!</p> +<p><a name="page394"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 394</span>Thus +the Holy Spirit glorifies the Father, and the Son. Let us +pray for the outpouring of His grace upon the Church. In +proportion to His manifestation in our hearts, will be our +“knowledge of the light of the glory of God in the face of +Jesus Christ.” Nor is this all; in proportion to the +visitations of the Holy Spirit, will be the purity of our lives, +the spirituality of our worship, the ardour of our zeal, and +charity, and the extent of our usefulness to the cause of +Christ. Would you see a revival of religion? pray for the +outpouring of the Holy Spirit upon you, to sanctify your hearts, +and lives, that your light may “so shine before men, that +others may see your good works, and glorify your Father who is in +heaven.”</p> +<p>“When thou hearest the sound of a going in the tops of +the mulberry trees, then thou shalt bestir thyself; for then the +Lord shall go out before thee, to strike the hosts of the +Philistines.” Brethren, this is the time. The +mulberry trees are shaking. God is going before His people, +to prepare their way to victory. The hand of Divine +Providence is opening a great, and effectual door for the +Gospel. The mountains are levelled, the valleys are +exalted, and a highway is cast up in the wilderness for our +God. The arts of printing, and navigation, the increasing +commerce of the world, the general prevalence of the Spirit of +peace, the rapid march of literature and science, and the +correspondence of eminent and leading men in every nation, are so +many preparatives for the moral conquest of the world. The +Captain of our Salvation, on the white horse of the Gospel, can +now ride through Europe and America: and will soon lead forth His +army, to take possession of Asia, and Africa. The wings of +the mighty angel are unbound, and he is flying in the midst of +heaven.</p> +<p>Again: Christians are better informed concerning the moral +state of the world than formerly. If my neighbour’s +house were on fire, and I knew nothing of it, I could not be +blamed for rendering him no assistance; but who could be <a +name="page395"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 395</span>guiltless +in beholding the building in flames, without an effort to rescue +its occupants? Brethren, you have heard of the perishing +heathen. You have heard of their dreadful superstitions, +their human sacrifices, and their abominable rites. You +have heard of Juggernaut, and the River Ganges, and the murder of +infants, and the immolation of widows, and the worship of idols, +and demons. You know something of the delusion of +Mohammedanism, the cruel, and degrading ignorance of Popery, and +how millions around you are perishing for the lack of +knowledge. Do you feel no solicitude for their +souls—no desire to pluck them as brands from the +burning?</p> +<p>What can we do? The Scriptures have been translated into +nearly all the languages of the babbling earth. +Missionaries have gone into many lands—have met the Indian +in his wigwam, the African in his Devil’s-bush, and the +devotee on his way to Mecca. We can furnish more men for +the field, and more money to sustain them. But these things +cannot change, and renovate the human heart. “Not by +might, nor by power, but by my Spirit, saith the +Lord.” This is the grand regenerating agency. +He alone can convince and save the world. His aid is given +in answer to prayer; and the Father is more ready to give than we +are to ask.</p> +<p>Mr. Ward, one of the Baptist missionaries in India, in a +missionary discourse at Bristol, said,—“Brethren, we +need your money,—we need your prayers more.” +Oh, what encouragement we have to pray for our +missionaries! Thus saith the Lord: “I will pour water +upon him that is thirsty, and floods upon the dry ground; I will +pour out my Spirit upon thy seed, and my blessing upon thine +offspring.” Let us plead with God for the +accomplishment of the promise, “Ye that make mention of the +Lord, keep not silence, and give Him no rest till He make +Jerusalem a praise in the whole earth.”</p> +<p>Brethren in the ministry! let us remember that all our <a +name="page396"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 396</span>success +depends upon the aid of the Holy Spirit, and let us pray +constantly for His blessing upon the world! Brethren in the +Church! forget not the connection between the work of the Holy +Spirit and the glory of your Best Friend, and earnestly entreat +Him to mingle His sanctifying unction with the treasures of +Divine Truth contained in these earthern vessels! +“Finally, Brethren, pray for us; that the Word of the Lord +may have free course and be glorified; and all the ends of the +earth see the salvation of our God!”</p> +<h3>SERMON V.<br /> +<span class="smcap">The Cedar of God</span>.</h3> +<blockquote><p>“<i>Thus saith the Lord God</i>: <i>I will +also take of the highest branch of the high cedar</i>, <i>and +will set it</i>; <i>I will crop off from the top of his young +twigs a tender one</i>, <i>and plant it upon a high mountain and +eminent</i>; <i>in the mountain of the height of Israel will I +plant it</i>: <i>and it shall bring forth boughs</i>, <i>and bear +fruit</i>, <i>and be a goodly cedar</i>; <i>and under it shall +dwell all fowl of every wing</i>; <i>in the shadow of the +branches thereof shall they dwell</i>; <i>and all the trees of +the field shall know that I</i>, <i>the Lord</i>, <i>have brought +down the high tree</i>, <i>and have exalted the low +tree—have dried up the green tree</i>, <i>and have made the +dry tree to flourish</i>. <i>I</i>, <i>the Lord</i>, +<i>have spoken</i>, <i>and I have done it</i>.”—<span +class="smcap">Ezekiel</span> xvii. 22–24.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>You perceive that our text abounds in the beautiful language +of allegory. In the context is portrayed the captivity of +the children of Israel, and especially the carrying away of the +royal family by the king of Babylon. Here God promises to +restore them to their own land, in greater prosperity than ever; +and to raise up Messiah, the Branch, out of the house of David, +to be their king. All this is presented in a glowing +figurative style, dressed out in all the wealth of poetic imagery +so peculiar to the Orientals. Nebuchadnezzar, the great +eagle—the long-winged, full-feathered, embroidered +eagle—is represented as coming to Lebanon, and taking the +highest branch of the tallest cedar, bearing it off <a +name="page397"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 397</span>as the crow +bears the acorn in its beak, and planting it in the land of +traffic. The Lord God, in His turn, takes the highest +branch of the same cedar, and plants it on the high mountain of +Israel, where it flourishes and bears fruit, and the fowls of the +air dwell under the shadow of its branches.</p> +<p>We will make a few general remarks on the character of the +promise, and then pass to a more particular consideration of its +import.</p> +<p>I. This is an <i>evangelical</i> promise. It +relates to the coming and kingdom of Messiah. Not one of +the kings of Judah since the captivity, as Boothroyd well +observes, answers to the description here given. Not one of +them was a cedar whose branches could afford shadow, and shelter +for all the fowls of heaven. But the prophecy receives its +fulfilment in Christ, the Desire of all nations, to whom the ends +of the earth shall come for salvation.</p> +<p>This prophecy bears a striking resemblance, in several +particulars, to the parable of the mustard-seed, delivered by our +Lord. “The mustard-seed,” said Jesus, “is +the least of all seeds; but when it is grown, it is the greatest +among herbs, and becometh a tree, so that the birds of the air +come and lodge in the branches thereof.” So the +delicate twig of the young, and tender branch, becomes a goodly +cedar, and under its shadow dwell all fowl, of every wing. +The prophecy, and the parable are alike intended to represent the +growth, and prosperity of Messiah’s kingdom, and the +gracious protection, and spiritual refreshment afforded to its +subjects. Christ is the mustard plant, and cedar of God; +and to Him shall the gathering of all the people be; and +multitudes of pardoned sinners shall sit under His shadow, with +great delight, and His fruit shall be sweet to their taste.</p> +<p>This prophecy is a promise of the true, and faithful, and +immutable God. It begins with—“Thus saith the +Lord God, I will do thus and so;” and concludes +with—“I, the Lord, have spoken, and I have done +it.” There is no peradventure with God. His +Word is for ever settled in <a name="page398"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 398</span>heaven, and cannot fail of its +fulfilment. When He says, “I promise to pay,” +there is no failure, whatever the sum. The Bank of grace +cannot break. It is the oldest and best in the +universe. Its capital is infinite; its credit is +infallible. The mighty God, the Everlasting Father, the +Prince of Peace, is able to fulfil, to the utmost, all His +engagements. He can do anything that does not imply a +contradiction, or a moral absurdity. He could take upon +Himself the form of a servant, and become obedient unto death, +even the death of the cross; but we can never forget, or +disregard, His promise, any more than He can cease to +exist. His nature renders both impossible. Heaven, +and earth shall pass away, but His word shall not pass +away. Every jot, and tittle shall be fulfilled. This +is the consolation of the Church. Here rested the +patriarchs, and prophets. Here reposes the faith of the +saints, to the end of time. God abideth faithful; He cannot +deny Himself. Our text is already partially verified in the +advent of Christ, and the establishment of His Church; the +continuous growth of the gospel kingdom indicates its progressive +fulfilment; and we anticipate the time, as not far distant, when +the whole earth shall be overshadowed by the branches of the +cedar of God.</p> +<p>II. We proceed to consider, with a little more +particularity, the import of this evangelical prophecy. It +describes the character, and mediatorial kingdom of Christ, and +the blessings which He confers upon His people.</p> +<p>1. His character and mediatorial kingdom.—“I +will take of the highest branch of the high cedar, and will set +it; I will crop off from the top of his young twigs a tender one, +and plant it upon a high mountain and eminent; in the mountain of +the height of Israel will I plant it.”</p> +<p>Christ, as concerning the flesh, is of the seed of +Abraham—a rod issuing from the stem of Jesse, and a branch +growing out of his root. As the new vine is found in the +cluster, and one saith, “Destroy it not, for a blessing is +in it,” so <a name="page399"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +399</span>the children of Israel were spared, notwithstanding +their perverseness, and their backslidings, because they were the +cluster from which should be expressed in due time the new wine +of the kingdom—because from them was to come forth the +blessing, the promised seed, in whom all the families of the +earth shall be blessed. The Word that was in the beginning +with God, one with God, in essence, and in attributes, in the +fulness of time assumed our nature, and tabernacled, and dwelt +among us. Here is the union of God, and man. Here is +the great mystery of godliness—God manifest in the +flesh. But I have only time now to take off my shoes, and +draw near the burning bush, and gaze a moment upon this great +sight.</p> +<p>The Father is represented as preparing a body, for His +Son. He goes to the quarry to seek a stone, a +foundation-stone, for Zion. The angel said to +Mary:—“The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the +power of the Highest shall overshadow thee; therefore that Holy +Thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of +God.” The Eternal lays hold on that nature which is +hastening downward, on the flood of sin, to the gulf of death, +and destruction, and binds it to Himself. Though made in +the likeness of sinful flesh, He was holy, harmless, and +undefiled. He did no iniquity, neither was guile found in +His mouth. The rod out of the stem of Jesse is also +Jehovah, our righteousness. The Child born in Bethlehem is +the mighty God. The Son given to Israel is the Everlasting +Father. He is of the seed of Abraham, according to the +flesh; but he is also the true God, and eternal life. Two +natures, and three offices meet mysteriously in His Person. +He is at once the bleeding sacrifice, the sanctifying altar, the +officiating priest, the prophet of Israel, and the Prince of +Peace. All this was necessary that He might become +“the Author of eternal salvation, to all them that obey +Him.”</p> +<p>Hear Jehovah speaking of Messiah and His +kingdom:—“Why do the heathen rage, and the people +imagine a vain <a name="page400"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +400</span>thing? The kings of the earth set themselves, and +the rulers take council together against the Lord, and against +His anointed. Yet have I set my King upon my holy hill of +Zion. I will declare the decree by which He is to rule His +redeemed empire.” That decree, long kept secret, was +gradually announced by the prophets, but at the new tomb of +Joseph of Arimathea, Jehovah Himself proclaimed it aloud, to the +astonishment of earth, the terror of hell, and the joy of +heaven:—“Thou art my Son; this day have I begotten +Thee. Come forth from the womb of the grave, thou whose +goings forth have been from of old, even from everlasting. +Ask of me, and I shall give thee the heathen for Thine +inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for Thy +possession. I will exalt Thee to the throne of the +universe, and thou shalt be chief in the chariot of the +Gospel. Thou shalt ride through the dark places of the +earth, with the lamps of eternal life suspended to Thy chariot, +enlightening the world. Be wise, now, therefore, O ye +kings; be instructed, ye judges of the earth. Serve the +Lord with fear, and rejoice with trembling. Kiss the Son, +lest He be angry, and ye perish from the way when His wrath is +kindled but a little. Let no man withstand Him. Let +no man seek to stay His progress. Herod, Pilate, Caiaphas, +stand off! clear the way! lest ye be crushed beneath the wheels +of His chariot! for that which is a savour of life to some, is to +others a savour of death; and if this stone shall fall upon you, +it shall grind you to powder!”</p> +<p>Behold, here is wisdom! All other mysteries are toys, in +comparison with the mystery of the everlasting gospel—the +union of three Persons in the Godhead—the union of two +natures in the Mediator—the union of believers in Christ, +as the branches to the vine—the union of all the saints +together in Him, who is the head of the body, and the chief stone +of the corner—the mighty God transfixed to the +cross—the Son of Mary ruling in the Heaven of +heavens—the rod of Jesse becoming the sceptre of universal +dominion—the <a name="page401"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +401</span>Branch growing out of his root, the little delicate +branch which a lamb might crop for its food, terrifying and +taming the serpent, the lion, the leopard, the tiger, and the +wolf, and transforming into gentleness, and love, the wild, and +savage nature of all the beasts of prey upon the mountain! +“And such,” old Corinthian sinners, “were some +of you; but ye are washed, ye are sanctified, ye are justified, +in the name of the Lord Jesus, and by the Spirit of our +God.” And such, my brethren, were some of you; but ye +have been made a new creation in Jesus Christ; old things are +passed away, and all things are become new. Ye are dead, +and your life is hid with Christ in God. He is one with the +Father, and ye are one in Him; united and interwoven, like the +roots of the trees in the forest of Lebanon; so that none can +injure the least disciple of Christ, without touching the apple +of His eye, and grieving all His members.</p> +<p>II. The blessings which He confers upon His +people. It shall bring forth boughs, and bear fruit, and be +a goodly cedar, and under it shall dwell all fowl of every wing; +in the shadow of the branches thereof shall they dwell; and all +the trees of the field shall know that I, the Lord, have brought +down the high tree, and have exalted the low tree—have +dried up the green tree, and have made the dry tree to +flourish.</p> +<p><i>Christ is a fruitful tree</i>. “The tree is +known by his fruit. Men do not gather grapes of thorns, nor +figs of thistles. Every good tree bringeth forth good +fruit, and every evil tree bringeth forth evil +fruit.” This is a singular, supernatural tree. +Though its top reaches to the Heaven of heavens, its branches +fill the universe, and bend down to the earth, laden with the +precious fruits of pardon, and holiness, and eternal life. +On the day of Pentecost, we see them hang so low over Jerusalem, +that the very murderers of the Son of God reach, and pluck, and +eat, and three thousand sinners feast on more than angels’ +food. That was the feast <a name="page402"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 402</span>of first-fruits. Never before +was there such a harvest and such a festival. Angels know +nothing of the delicious fruits of the tree of redemption. +They know nothing of the joy of pardon, and the spirit of +adoption. The Bride of the Lamb alone can +say:—“As the apple-tree among the trees of the +forest, so is my beloved among the sons. I sat down under +his shadow, with great delight, and his fruit was sweet, to my +taste. He brought me also to his banqueting-house, and his +banner over me was love.”</p> +<p>These blessings are the precious effects of Christ’s +mediatorial work; flowing down to all believers, like streams of +living water. Come, ye famishing souls, and take, without +money, and without price. All things are now ready. +“The mandrakes give a smell, and at our gates are all +manner of pleasant fruits, both new, and old.” Here +is no scarcity. Our Elder Brother keeps a rich table in our +Father’s house. Hear Him proclaiming in the streets +of the city, in the chief places of concourse:—“Come +to the festival. There is bread enough, and to spare. +My oxen, and my fatlings are killed. My board is spread +with the most delicious delicacies—wine on the lees well +refined, and fruits such as angels never tasted.”</p> +<p><i>Christ is a tree of protection to His people</i>. +This cedar not only beautifies the forest, but also affords +shade, and shelter for the fowls of the air. We have the +same idea in the parable of the mustard-seed, “The birds of +the air came and lodged in the branches thereof.” +This is the fulfilment of the promise concerning Shiloh, +“To Him shall the gathering of the people be.” +It is the drawing of sinners to Christ, and the union of +believers with God. “All fowl of every +wing.” Sinners of every age, and every +degree—sinners of all languages, colours, and +climes—sinners of all principles, customs, and +habits—sinners whose crimes are of the blackest +hue—sinners carrying about them the savour of the brimstone +of hell—sinners deserving eternal damnation—sinners +perishing for lack of knowledge—sinners <a +name="page403"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 403</span>pierced by +the arrows of conviction—sinners ready to sink under the +burden of sin—sinners overwhelmed with terror and +despair—are seen flying to Christ as a cloud, and as doves +to their windows—moving to the ark of mercy before the door +is shut—seeking rest in the shadow of this goodly +cedar!</p> +<p>Christ is the sure defence of His Church. A thousand +times has she been assailed by her enemies. The princes of +the earth have set themselves in array against her, and hell has +opened upon her all its batteries. But the Rock of Ages has +ever been her strong fortress, and high tower. He will +never refuse to shelter her from her adversaries. In the +time of trouble He shall hide her in His pavilion; in the secret +of His tabernacle shall He hide her. When the heavens are +dark, and angry, she flies, like the affrighted dove, to the +thick branches of the “Goodly Cedar.” There she +is safe from the windy storm, and tempest. There she may +rest in confidence, till these calamities be overpast. The +tree of her protection can never be riven by the lightning, nor +broken by the blast.</p> +<p><i>Christ is the source of life</i>, <i>and beauty to all the +trees in the garden of God</i>. Jehovah determined to teach +“the trees of the forest” a new lesson. Let the +princes of this world hear it, and the proud philosophers of +Greece and Rome. “I have brought down the high tree, +and exalted the low tree—I have dried up the green tree, +and made the dry tree to flourish.” Many things have +occurred, in the providence of God, which might illustrate these +metaphors; such as the bringing of Pharaoh down to the bottom of +the sea, that Israel might be exalted to sing the song of Moses; +and the drying up of the pride, and pomp of Haman, that Mordecai +might flourish in honour, and esteem. But for the most +transcendent accomplishment of the prophecy, we must go to +Calvary. There is the high tree, brought down to the dust +of death, that the low tree might be exalted to life eternal; the +green tree dried up by the fires of Divine <a +name="page404"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 404</span>wrath, that +the dry tree might flourish in the favour of God for ever.</p> +<p>To this, particularly, our blessed Redeemer seems to refer, in +His address to the daughters of Jerusalem, as they follow Him, +weeping, to the place of crucifixion. “Weep not for +me,” saith He. “There is a mystery in all this, +which you cannot now comprehend. Like Joseph, I have been +sold by my brethren; but like Joseph, I will be a blessing to all +my Father’s house. I am carrying this cross to +Calvary, that I may be crucified upon it between two thieves; but +when the lid of the mystical ark shall be lifted, then shall ye +see that it is to save sinners I give my back to the smiters, and +my life for a sacrifice. Weep not for me, but for +yourselves, and your children; for if they do these things in the +green tree, what shall be done in the dry? I am the green +tree to-day; and, behold, I am consumed, that you may +flourish. I am the high tree, and am prostrated that you +may be exalted.”</p> +<p>The fire-brands of Jerusalem had well-nigh kindled to a flame +of themselves, amid the tumult of the people, when they cried +out, “Away with Him! Crucify Him! His blood be +on us, and on our children!” O wonder of mercy! that +they were not seized and consumed at once by fire from +heaven! But He whom they crucify prays for them, and they +are spared. Hear His intercession:—“Father, +forgive them! save these sinners, ready for the fire. On +me, on me alone, be the fierceness of Thy indignation. I am +ready to drink the cup which Thou hast mingled, I am willing to +fall beneath the stroke of Thy angry justice. I come to +suffer for the guilty. Bind me in their stead, lay me upon +the altar, and send down fire to consume the +Sacrifice!”</p> +<p>It was done. I heard a great voice from +heaven:—“Awake, O sword, against my Shepherd! +Kindle the flame! Let off the artillery!” Night +suddenly enveloped the earth. Nature trembled around +me. I heard the <a name="page405"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 405</span>rending of the rocks. I +looked, and lo! the stroke had fallen upon the high tree, and the +green tree was all on fire! While I gazed, I heard a voice, +mournful, but strangely sweet, “My God! my God! why hast +Thou forsaken me? My heart is like wax; it is melted in the +midst of my bowels. My strength is dried up like a +potsherd, and my tongue cleaveth to my jaws. One may tell +all my bones. Dogs have compassed me about; strong bulls of +Bashan have beset me. They stare at me; they gape upon me +with their mouths; they pierce my hands and my feet. +Deliver my soul from the lions; my darling from the power of the +dogs!”</p> +<p>“It is finished!” O with what majestic +sweetness fell that voice upon my soul! Instantly the +clouds were scattered. I looked, and saw, with unspeakable +wonder, millions of the low trees shooting up, and millions of +the dry trees putting forth leaves, and fruit. Then I took +my harp, and sang this song:—“Worthy is the Lamb! for +He was humbled that we might be exalted; He was wounded that we +might be healed; He was robbed that we might be enriched; He was +slain that we might live!”</p> +<p>Then I saw the beam of a great scale; one end descending to +the abyss, borne down by the power of the Atonement; the other +ascending to the Heaven of heavens, and lifting up the prisoners +of the tomb. Wonderful scheme! Christ condemned for +our justification; forsaken of His Father, that we might enjoy +His fellowship; passing under the curse of the law, to bear it +away from the believer for ever! This is the great scale of +Redemption. As one end the beam falls under the load of our +sins, which were laid on Christ; the other rises, bearing the +basket of mercy, full of pardons, and blessings, and hopes. +“He who knew no sin was made sin for us”—that +is His end of the beam; “that we might be made the +righteousness of God in Him”—this is ours. +“Though He was rich, yet for our sakes He became +poor,”—there goes His end down; “that we, +through His poverty, might be rich,”—here comes ours +up.</p> +<p><a name="page406"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 406</span>O +sinners! ye withered and fallen trees, fuel for the everlasting +burning, ready to ignite at the first spark of vengeance! O +ye faithless souls! self-ruined and self-condemned! enemies in +your hearts by wicked works! we pray you, in Christ’s +stead, be ye reconciled to God! He has found out a plan for +your salvation—to raise up the low tree, by humbling the +high, and save the dry tree from the fire, by burning up the +green. He is able to put, at the same time, a crown of +glory on the head of the law, and a crown of mercy on the head of +the sinner. One of those hands which were nailed to the +cross blotted out the fiery handwriting of Sinai, while the other +opened the prison-doors of the captives. From the +mysterious depths of Messiah’s sufferings flows the river +of the waters of life. Eternal light rises from the gloom +of Gethsemane. Satan planted the tree of death on the grave +of the first Adam, and sought to plant it also on the grave of +the second; but how terrible was his disappointment and despair, +when he found that the wrong seed had been deposited there, and +was springing up into everlasting life! Come! fly to the +shelter of this tree, and dwell in the shadow of its branches, +and eat of its fruit, and live!</p> +<p>To conclude:—Is not the conversion of sinners an object +dear to the hearts of the saints? God alone can do the +work. He can say to the north, Give up; and to the south, +Keep not back. He can bring His sons from afar, and His +daughters from the ends of the earth. Our Shiloh has an +attractive power, and to Him shall the gathering of the people +be. Pray, my brethren, pray earnestly, that the God of all +grace may find them out, and gather them from the forest, and +fish them up from the sea, and bring them home as the shepherd +brings the stray lambs to the fold. God alone can catch +these “fowl of every wing.” They fly away from +us. To our grief they often fly far away, when we think +them almost in our hands; and then the most talented and holy +ministers cannot overtake them. But the <a +name="page407"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 407</span>Lord is +swifter than they. His arrows will reach them and bring +them from their lofty flight to the earth. Then He will +heal their wounds, and tame their wild nature, and give them rest +beneath the branches of the “Goodly Cedar.”</p> +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p>The following is so characteristic that, although it is in +circulation as a tract, it shall be quoted here; it has been +called—</p> +<h3><span class="smcap">A Sermon on the Welsh Hills</span>.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">He</span> once preached from the text, +“Behold, I stand at the door, and knock.” +“Oh, my dear brethren,” he said, “why will you +pay no attention to your best Friend? Why will you let Him +stand knocking, night and day, in all weathers, and never open +the door to Him? If the horse-dealer, or cattle-drover +came, you would run to open the door to him, and set meat, and +drink before him, because you think to make money by +him—the filthy lucre that perishes in the using. But +when the Lord Jesus stands knocking at the door of your heart, +bringing to you the everlasting wealth, which He gives without +money, and without price, you are deaf, and blind; you are so +busy, you can’t attend. Markets, and fairs, and +pleasures, and profits occupy you; you have neither time, nor +inclination for such as He. Let Him knock! Let Him +stand without, the door shut in His face, what matters it to +you? Oh, but it does matter to you.</p> +<p>“Oh, my brethren! I will relate to you a parable +of truth. In a familiar parable I will tell you how it is +with some of you, and, alas! how it will be in the end. I +will tell you what happened in a Welsh village, I need not say +where. I was going through this village in early spring, +and saw before me a beautiful house. The farmer had just +brought into the yard his load of lime; his horses were fat, <a +name="page408"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 408</span>and all +were well to do about him. He went in, and sat down to his +dinner, and as I came up a man stood knocking at the door. +There was a friendly look in his face that made me say as I +passed, ‘The master’s at home; they won’t keep +you waiting.’</p> +<p>“Before long I was again on that road, and as soon as I +came in sight of the house, there stood the same man +knocking. At this I wondered, and as I came near I saw that +he stood as one who had knocked long; and as he knocked he +listened. Said I, ‘The farmer is busy making up his +books, or counting his money, or eating, and drinking. +Knock louder, sir, and he will hear you. But,’ said +I, ‘you have great patience, sir, for you have been +knocking a long time. If I were you I would leave him +to-night, and come back to-morrow.’</p> +<p>“‘He is in danger, and I must warn him,’ +replied he; and knocked louder than ever.</p> +<p>“Some time afterwards I went that way again, and there +still stood the man, knocking, knocking, knocking. +‘Well, sir,’ said I, ‘your perseverance is the +most remarkable I ever saw! How long do you mean to +stop?’</p> +<p>“‘Till I can make him hear,’ was his answer; +and he knocked again.</p> +<p>“Said I, ‘He wants for no good thing. He has +a fine farm, and flocks, and herds, and stack-yards, and +barns.’</p> +<p>“‘Yes,’ he replied, ‘for the Lord is +kind to the unthankful, and the evil.’</p> +<p>“Then he knocked again, and I went on my way, wondering +at the goodness, and patience of this man.</p> +<p>“Again I was in those parts. It was very cold +weather. There was an east wind blowing, and the sleety +rain fell. It was getting dark, too, and the pleasantest +place, as you all know, at such a time, is the fireside. As +I came by the farm-house I saw the candle-light shining through +the windows, and the smoke of a good fire coming out of the +chimney. But there was still the man +outside—knocking, <a name="page409"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 409</span>knocking! And as I looked at +him I saw that his hands, and feet were bare, and bleeding, and +his visage as that of one marred with sorrow. My heart was +very sad for him, and I said, ‘Sir, you had better not +stand any longer at that hard man’s door. Let me +advise you to go over the way to the poor widow. She has +many children, and she works for her daily bread; but she will +make you welcome.’</p> +<p>“‘I know her,’ he said. ‘I am +with her continually; her door is ever open to me, for the Lord +is the husband of the widow, and the father of the +fatherless. She is in bed with her little +children.’</p> +<p>“‘Then go,’ I replied, ‘to the +blacksmith’s yonder. I see the cheerful blaze of his +smithy; he works early, and late. His wife is a +kind-hearted woman. They will treat you like a +prince.’</p> +<p>“He answered solemnly, ‘<i>I am not come to call +the righteous</i>, <i>but sinners to repentance</i>.’</p> +<p>“At that moment the door opened, and the farmer came +out, cursing, and swearing, with a cudgel in his hand, with which +he smote him, and then angrily shut the door in his face. +This excited a fierce anger in me. I was full of +indignation to think that a Welshman should treat a stranger in +that fashion. I was ready to burst into the house, and +maltreat him in his turn. But the patient stranger laid his +hand upon my arm, and said, ‘Blessed are the meek: for they +shall inherit the earth.’</p> +<p>“‘Sir,’ I exclaimed, ‘your patience, +and your long-suffering are wonderful; they are beyond my +comprehension.’</p> +<p>“‘The Lord is long-suffering, full of compassion, +slow to anger, not willing that any should perish, but that all +should come to repentance.’ And again he knocked, as +he answered me.</p> +<p>“It was dark; the smithy was closed; they were shutting +up the inn, and I made haste to get shelter for the night, +wondering more, and more at the patience, and pity of the +man. In the public-house I learned from the landlord the <a +name="page410"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 410</span>character +of the farmer, and, late as it was, I went back to the patient +stranger and said, ‘Sir, come away; he is not worth all +this trouble. He is a hard, cruel, wicked man. He has +robbed the fatherless, he has defamed his friend, he has built +his house in iniquity. Come away, sir. Make yourself +comfortable with us, by the warm fireside. This man is not +worth saving.’ With that he spread his bleeding palms +before me, and showed me his bleeding feet, and his side which +they had pierced; and I beheld it was the Lord Jesus.</p> +<p>“‘Smite him, Lord!’ I cried in my +indignation; ‘then perhaps he will hear thee.’</p> +<p>“‘Of a truth he <i>shall</i> hear me. In the +day of judgment he shall hear me when I say, Depart from me, thou +worker of iniquity, into everlasting darkness, prepared for the +devil and his angels.’ After these words I saw Him no +more. The wind blew, and the sleety rain fell, and I went +back to the inn.</p> +<p>“In the night there was a knocking at my chamber. +‘Christmas <i>bach</i>!’ <a name="citation410"></a><a +href="#footnote410" class="citation">[410]</a> cried my landlord, +‘get up! get up! You are wanted with a neighbour, who +is at the point of death!’</p> +<p>“Away I hurried along the street, to the end of the +village, to the very farm-house where the stranger had been +knocking. But before I got there, I heard the voice of his +agony: ‘Oh, Lord Jesus, save me! Oh, Lord Jesus, have +mercy upon me! Yet a day—yet an hour for +repentance! Oh, Lord, save me!’</p> +<p>“His wife was wringing her hands, his children were +frightened out of their senses. ‘Pray! pray for +me!’ he cried. ‘Oh, Christmas <i>bach</i>, cry +to God for <i>me</i>! He will hear <i>you</i>; +<i>me</i>! He will not hear!’ I knelt to pray; +but it was too late. He was gone.”</p> +<h2><a name="page411"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +411</span>INDEX.</h2> +<p><span class="smcap">Abbot</span>, <span +class="smcap">Jacob</span>, referred to, 176.</p> +<p>Accidents, a series of, 42.</p> +<p>Accursed from Christ, 150; Reply to criticisms on, 152.</p> +<p>Action in oratory, 194.</p> +<p>Age of chapel cases, an, 113.</p> +<p>Age, the golden, 359; The iron, 359; Messiah’s, 359.</p> +<p>Agent, the Divine, 363.</p> +<p>Aim and success, 162.</p> +<p>Allegoric preaching, 90.</p> +<p>Allegories:—Bible regarded as a stone with seven eyes, +270; Church as an ark among the bulrushes, 337; Satan walking in +dry places, 137; Saul of Tarsus and his seven ships, 332; Seeking +the young Child, 133; World as a graveyard, 85.</p> +<p>Allegory, Christmas Evans’s power of, 131.</p> +<p>America, preachers in the backwoods of, 231.</p> +<p>Anecdotes:—Announcement, a singular, 22; Ask him the +price of pigs, 258; Baptism, scene at a, 49; “Beattie on +Truth,” 283; Beneath! beneath! beneath! 239; Better marry, +265; Billy Dawson, 110; Butchers and minister, 210; Cadwalladr +and John Elias, 191; Chests for the dead, 259; Child in the +pulpit, a, 190; Christian, a muscular, 50; Christmas Evans and +his new hat, 118; Christmas Evans and the scholar, 67; Cough +away! 233; Cow is worth more, the, 238; Deacon, a blundering, 22; +Drunkard converted by a goat, 218; Earl and John Elias, the, 200; +Elizabeth cannot be alive, 195; Fire and smoke, 185; Flax-dresser +and the preacher, the, 189; Forgiving, 319; Gryffyth of +Caernarvon, 11; Hope for the son of Samuel, 47; “I am the +Book,” 68; I baptized Christmas Evans, 52; Impudent +minister, an, 288; Knock-down argument, a, 51; Lucre, a lover of, +116; Make me weep? 212; No marriage in heaven, 235; No oath +required, 239; Of Rowland Hill, 240; Offenders, punishing young, +210; Old sermon, preaching an, 13; One-eyed lad, the, 57, 59, +Paid at the resurrection, 116; Piecer, a, 42; Plenty of fire in +it, put, 186; Preach the Gospel, 224; Preacher, a Welsh, 60; +Preacher, an anonymous, 207; Racecourse, dispersion on a, 196; +Raffles, Dr., and Christmas Evans, 92; Raffles, Dr., and the +Graveyard sermon, 82; Richard <i>bach</i>, 108; Richardson and +John Elias, 190; Sabbath-breaker and the preacher, 193; Sammy +Breeze, 245; Scotch woman and her pastor, 176; Selling a horse, +317; Sheep-stealers, the, 113; “Sit down, David,” +108; Swearer, the, 210; Timothy Thomas and the clergyman, 49; Two +snails, the, 318; Welsh farmer, a, 220; Williams and the +bookworm, 171.</p> +<p><a name="page412"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +412</span>“Ancient Mariner” quoted, the, 232.</p> +<p>Anglesea, island of, Evans’s journey to, 63; Sandemanian +schism in, 73; Evans’s success in, 81; Leaving, 162, 165; +Again in, 291.</p> +<p>Announcement, a singular, 22.</p> +<p>Apostle and bishop, treated as, 110.</p> +<p>Apostrophe, a startling, 188.</p> +<p>Arian, a Welsh, 204.</p> +<p>Association meetings, 10; where held, 21; gathering at, +121.</p> +<p>Associations, amongst old, 289.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Bala</span>, Charles of, 227.</p> +<p>Baptism, scene at a, 49.</p> +<p>Bardic triads, 254.</p> +<p>Bards, Wales the land of, 10, 11.</p> +<p>“Beattie on Truth,” anecdote of, 283.</p> +<p><i>Bendigedig</i>, 17, 59.</p> +<p>“Beneath! beneath! beneath,” 239.</p> +<p>Beginning at Jerusalem, 301.</p> +<p>Bible a stone with seven eyes, 270.</p> +<p>Bibles for Wales, 228.</p> +<p>Birds, parable of the, 343.</p> +<p>Bone, the misplaced, 333.</p> +<p>Bookworm and William Williams, the, 171.</p> +<p>Borrow, George, quoted, 27, 218, 219, 258; Estimate of the +“Sleeping Bard,” 329.</p> +<p>Bradford, vicar of Christ Church, referred to, 196.</p> +<p>Breeze, Sammy, story of, 245.</p> +<p>Breton akin to Welsh, 25.</p> +<p>British and Foreign Bible Society established, 229.</p> +<p>Browning, Robert, quoted, 163.</p> +<p>Bully and preacher, 243.</p> +<p>Bunyan, Christmas Evans compared with, 4; of Wales, 330.</p> +<p>Burney’s, Dr., “History of Music,” referred +to, 214.</p> +<p>Butchers and minister, 210.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Cadwalladr</span>, David, anecdote of, +191.</p> +<p>Caernarvon, Richardson of, 190; Last days at, +287–303.</p> +<p>Caerphilly, Christmas Evans’s ministry at, 261; Village +of, 262; Castle of, 263; Society at, 281.</p> +<p>Campbell, Dr. John, quoted, 229.</p> +<p>Candles, is the game worth, 160.</p> +<p>Captain, the sceptical, 212.</p> +<p>Castell Hywel, the church of, 43, 46, 204, 205.</p> +<p>Castles, ruined Welsh, 34.</p> +<p>Cedar of God, the, 396.</p> +<p>Chair, Christmas Evans’s, 64.</p> +<p>Chapel, Sabbath morning at a Welsh, 19.</p> +<p>Chapels, character of Welsh, 20.</p> +<p>Charles of Bala, 227; the gift of God to North Wales, 227; +Establishes schools, 228; Introduces Bibles, 228; A real bishop, +229; Modesty of, 229; Dr. Campbell on, 229; as a preacher, +230.</p> +<p>Childhood, a remarkable, 203.</p> +<p>Chorus, a grand musical, 183.</p> +<p>Christ, the blood of, 371; Vicarious sufferings of, 382; +Dignity of his nature, 383; Mediatorial kingdom of, 398; A +fruitful tree, 401; A tree of protection to his people, 402; A +source of life and beauty, 403.</p> +<p>Christmas, a custom at, 24.</p> +<p>Christopher’s, Mr., “Hymns and +Hymn-writers,” referred to, 168.</p> +<p>Church, the Welsh established, 25; Discipline, 291; An ark +among the bulrushes, 337.</p> +<p>Churches, a bishop over, 106; Troubles with the, 160; An +appeal to the, 297.</p> +<p>Cildwrn cottage, the, 64; Life at, 65, 66.</p> +<p>Clergymen, character of Welsh, 25.</p> +<p>Coleridge, quoted, 274.</p> +<p>Compensations, 121.</p> +<p>Congregation, a sheep-stealing, 113; How to catch a, 243.</p> +<p>Conscience, purification of, 368; What is the, 368; A good and +evil, 369, 370; A guilty, 369; A despairing, 370; A dark and +hardened, 370.</p> +<p>Consonants, Welsh, 16.</p> +<p>Controversy, the Sandemanian, 70–76.</p> +<p>Conversations, 299.</p> +<p><a name="page413"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +413</span>Conversion, a singular, 218.</p> +<p>Conviction, the hour of religious, 173.</p> +<p>“Corner-stone,” Abbot’s, referred to, 176, +180.</p> +<p>Cottage preaching, 46.</p> +<p>Cough away! 233.</p> +<p>Covenant with God, a, 78; A second, 277; The old, 364.</p> +<p>Cow, buying a, 238.</p> +<p>Creeds and sects, contests of Christian, 177.</p> +<p>Customs, singular Welsh:—Burning the ravens’ +nests, 191, 192; Delinquent and public opinion, 23, 24; Funeral, +a, 37; New Year’s, 24, 25; Sin-eater, the, 23.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Darkness</span>, conquest of the powers +of, 380.</p> +<p>David, sit down, 108.</p> +<p>Davies of Swansea, 40; Character as a preacher, 202; Birth and +parentage, 203; A self-made man, 203; Childhood, 203; Marriage, +204; Unites in Church fellowship, 204; And Christmas Evans, 204; +Religious convictions, 205; First sermon, 206; Ministry at +Trefach, 206; Preaching at Denbigh, 207; Settles at Swansea, 208; +Reforms the neighbourhood, 209; His wonderful voice, 209; And the +butchers, 210; Dealing with young offenders, 210; And the +sceptical captain, 212; A prophet of song, 212; Popularity at +Association Meetings, 214; A hymn-writer, 215; Last sermon, 216; +Death and funeral, 216.</p> +<p>Davies, J. P., and Christmas Evans, 281.</p> +<p>Davies, the Rev. David, 44, 204, 252; Epigrams of, 253.</p> +<p>Davies, Thomas Rhys, 232; Character of his preaching, 233; +Pithy sayings, 233.</p> +<p>Dawson, Billy, 110.</p> +<p>Days, dark, 155.</p> +<p>Deacon, a blundering, 22.</p> +<p>Debt, a chapel, 297.</p> +<p>Debts, chapel, 109; Journeys to collect for, 109, 115.</p> +<p>Delinquent and public opinion, the, 23.</p> +<p>Demoniac of Gadara, 123; Effects of the sermon, 129.</p> +<p>Demosthenes, a Welsh, 187, 194.</p> +<p>Denbigh, Thomas Jones of, referred to, 186.</p> +<p>Depression, spiritual, 52.</p> +<p>Discipline, a case of Church, 51; A letter on, 291.</p> +<p>Dissenters, what Welsh have effected, 25.</p> +<p>Doctor and the humble minister, the, London, 68.</p> +<p>Doctrine, a definition, 251.</p> +<p>Dogs, the pass of young, 120.</p> +<p>Dream, a singular, 45, 69, 331.</p> +<p>“Drive on!” 302.</p> +<p>Drunkard and the goat, the, 218.</p> +<p>Dyer, John, quoted, 36.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Earl</span>, anecdote of a noble, 200.</p> +<p>“Ecclesiastical Polity” quoted, 72.</p> +<p>Edward II., tradition of, 263.</p> +<p>Edwards family, the, 283.</p> +<p>Edwards, Jonathan, referred to, 186.</p> +<p>Eisteddfod, the, 11.</p> +<p>Elias, John, character as a preacher, 17; Pure flame, 186; And +Matthew Wilks, 186; Soul and body, 187; Character and power of +his eloquence, 187–190, 199; And the flax-dresser, 189; +Illustrations of his power, 190; Parentage, 190; First appearance +in the pulpit, 190; As a young preacher, 191; Puts down a cruel +custom, 191; At Rhuddlan fair, 193; Tremendous character of his +preaching, 194, 195; Lives in an atmosphere of prayer, 195; And +the races, 196; A panorama of miracles, 196; Shall prey be taken +from the mighty? 197; And the noble earl, 200; Death and funeral, +201.</p> +<p>England, great Welsh preachers unknown in, 166.</p> +<p>Entertainment, apostolic, 111.</p> +<p><a name="page414"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +414</span>Epigrams, 253.</p> +<p>Epitaph on Dr. Priestly, 253; An old Welsh, 257.</p> +<p>Eternity, 271; Time swallowed up in, 362.</p> +<p>Evans, Christmas, A representative preacher, 5; And the pert +young minister, 5; compared to Bunyan, 41; Birth and parentage, +41; A cruel uncle, 41; Accidents, 42; Loses an eye, 42; Youthful +days, 43; Conversion, 43; Mental improvement, 44; A singular +dream, 45; Desires to become a preacher, 45, 46; First sermon, +46; Growth of spiritual life, 47; Baptism, 47; His pastor, +48–52; Spiritual depression, 52; Enters the ministry, 54; +First charge, 54; Success at Lleyn, 55, 61; First preaching tour, +56; Marriage, 57; Becomes famous, 57–59; Removes to +Anglesea, 63; Cildwrn cottage, 64; Poverty, 66; Scholarship and +library, 67; Reading, 69; A dream, 59; And the Sandemanian +heresy, 70–76; Deliverance, 76; A wayside prayer, 77; First +covenant with God, 78–81; Renewed success, 81; The +Graveyard sermon, 82–90; And Dr. Raffles, 92; Inner life, +104; A bishop over many churches, 106; As a moderator in public +meetings, 107; And chapel debts, 109, 114; Journeys, +110–115; A life of poverty and hospitality, 115; And his +new hat, 118; Wayfaring, 119; resemblance to Felix Neff, 121; +Power of allegory, 131; Letter to a young minister, 142; Reply to +criticism, 152; Threat of legal prosecution, 155; Pathetic +prayer, 155; Death of his wife, 157; Beautiful character of his +wife, 158; Troubles with the churches, 160; Is the game worth the +candles? 160; Healthfulness of spirit and consolation, 163; Aim +of his life, 165; Remarks on Daniel Rowlands, 225; And Evan +Jones, 235; Removes to Caerphilly, 261; arrival at Caerphilly, +264; Second marriage, 265; Sermons at Caerphilly, 266; Second +Covenant with God, 277; And Mr. J. P. Davies, 281; Society at +Caerphilly, 281; And Pye Smith’s “Scripture Testimony +to the Messiah,” 282; And “Beattie on Truth,” +283; Friends, 283; requested to publish a volume of sermons, +thoughts thereon, 284; Removes to Caernarvon, 287; And the +impudent young minister, 288; Presented with a gig, 288; And his +horse, 289; Among old associations, 289; Preaches again in +Anglesea, 290; Reflections in his journal, 291; Letter on Church +discipline, 291; Chapel debt again, 297; Starts on his last +journey, 297; Appeal to the churches, 297; On the journey, 298; +Laid up at Tredegar, 299; Conversations, 299; At Swansea, 300; +“My last sermon,” 302; Dying, last words, 302; +Funeral, 303; As a man, 304–321; A central figure in Welsh +religious life, 304; A connecting link, 305; Self-made, 305; +Selling a horse, 307; Power of Sarcasm, 308; Forgiveableness, +309; Faith in prayer, 310; Character of his sermons, 312; +Memorable sayings, 312; As an orator, 313; Dealt with great +truths, 316; Remarks on “Welsh Jumping,” 317; +Characteristics as a preacher, 322–357; Use of parable, +322; Sermons born in solitude, 325; Imitators, 326; fervour of +his preaching, 327; use of Scriptural imagery, 328; Probable +acquaintance with the “Sleeping Bard,” 329; The +Bunyan of Wales, 330; A dream, 331; Place and claim to +affectionate regard, 355.</p> +<p>Evans, D. M., quoted, 22; Life of Christmas referred to, +116.</p> +<p>Evans, Mary, 265.</p> +<p><a name="page415"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 415</span>Eye? +is the light in the, 236.</p> +<p>Eye, losing one, 42.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Farmer</span>, anecdote of a Welsh, +220.</p> +<p>Father and daughter, a dying, 182.</p> +<p>Father and Son glorified, 386; glorifies the Son, 391.</p> +<p>Finished! it is, 366, 378–385.</p> +<p>Fire and smoke, 185.</p> +<p>Fishguard, William Davies of, 211.</p> +<p>Flame, pure, 187.</p> +<p>Flax-dresser, the audacious, 189.</p> +<p>Forgiving, power of, 309.</p> +<p>Friars, preaching, 231.</p> +<p>Funeral custom, a Welsh, 37; An imposing, 201.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Gig</span>, present of a, 288.</p> +<p>Gilboa, a Welsh, 175, 176.</p> +<p>Gleisiad, the, 259.</p> +<p>Glynceiriog, John Jones of, 74, 76.</p> +<p>God, a covenant with, 78; Character of, 274; A second covenant +with, 277; Serve the living, 376; A new and living way to come +to, 380.</p> +<p>“God’s better than man,” 220.</p> +<p><i>Gogoniant</i>, 59.</p> +<p>“Golden Grove,” Taylor’s, 35.</p> +<p>Goodness, infinite, 271.</p> +<p>Gospel, preach the, 224.</p> +<p>Graveyard sermon, the, 82; Scenes at the delivery, 84, 85; +Characteristics of, 90, 91.</p> +<p>Griefs, depressing, 160.</p> +<p>Griffith, Mr. Thomas, referred to, 299.</p> +<p>Gryffyth of Caernarvon, anecdote of, 11.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Hall</span>, <span +class="smcap">Robert</span>, anecdote of, 42; On the Graveyard +sermon, 91; preaching of, 313.</p> +<p>Harris, Howell, of Trevecca, 221; Power of his preaching, +222.</p> +<p>Harwood, 175.</p> +<p>Hat, story of a new, 118.</p> +<p>Health, restoration to spiritual, 76–78.</p> +<p>Hell, at the gates of, 69.</p> +<p>Herbert, George, quoted, 274.</p> +<p>Hill, Rowland, anecdotes of, 185, 240.</p> +<p>Hind of the Morning, the, 92.</p> +<p>“Historical Anecdotes of the Welsh Language” +referred to, 16.</p> +<p>Holiness, righteousness, and purity, 272.</p> +<p>Holy Spirit glorifies Father and Son, the, 392.</p> +<p>Hope, leader of a forlorn, 287.</p> +<p>Horse, selling a, 307.</p> +<p>Horseman, the mysterious, 28–32.</p> +<p>Horsley, Bishop, referred to, 252.</p> +<p>House, the man in the Steel, the, 334.</p> +<p>Houses, haunted, 27.</p> +<p>Hughes, Mr. Griffith, 284.</p> +<p>Hughes, Rev. J., “History of Welsh Methodism,” +241.</p> +<p>Hughes, Thomas, 241; And the vicar, 242; And the bully, +243.</p> +<p>Hume, David, referred to, 188.</p> +<p>Huntingdon’s “Bank of Faith” referred to, +117.</p> +<p><i>Hwyl</i>, the, 17, 59, 207.</p> +<p>Hymns, character of Welsh, 20.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Ignorance</span>, character of Welsh, 5, +6.</p> +<p>Illustrations:—Accursed from Christ, to be, 150; +Beginning at Jerusalem, 301; Bible regarded as a stone with seven +eyes, 270; Cedar of God, the, 396; Church as an ark among the +bulrushes, 337; Contests of Christian creeds and sects, 177; +Death as an inoculator, 340; Demoniac of Gadara, 123; Dream, a, +331; Ejaculatory prayer, 172; Father and Son glorified, 386; +Finished redemption, 378; Four methods of preaching, 131; Gospel +mould, the, 332; Handwriting, the, 338; Hind of the morning, 92; +Letter on Church discipline, 291; Letter to a young minister, +142; Man in the steel house, the, 334; Misplaced bone, the, 333; +Parable of the birds, 343; Parable of the vine-tree, the thorn, +etc., 344; Pious <a name="page416"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +416</span>reflections, 291; Pithy sayings, 233; Purification of +the conscience, 368; Remarks on “Welsh Jumping,” 317; +Reply to criticisms, 151; Resurrection of our Lord, 345; Satan +walking in Dry Places, 177; Saul of Tarsus and his Seven Ships, +332; Seeking the Young Child, 133; Shall prey be taken from the +mighty? 197; Their works do follow them, 275; They drank of that +rock, etc., 351; Time, 340; Time of reformation, 358; Timepiece, +the, 342; Trial of the witnesses, 267; Value of industry, 306; +World as a graveyard, 85.</p> +<p>Imagery, use of scriptural, 328.</p> +<p>Imitators, 326.</p> +<p>Improvement, efforts at self-, 44, 45.</p> +<p>Industry, value of, 306.</p> +<p>Inscription, a garden, 257.</p> +<p>Irving, Edward, referred to, 162.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Jack</span> <i>bach</i>, 289.</p> +<p>Johnson, Dr., quoted, 225.</p> +<p>Jones, Catherine, 57.</p> +<p>Jones, Evan, 234; As a preacher, 235; Friendship with +Christmas Evans, 235.</p> +<p>Jones of Ramoth, 71, 72.</p> +<p>Jones, Rev. J., and the mysterious horseman, 28–32.</p> +<p>Jones, Thomas, of Glynceiriog, 74; Sermon on Sandemanianism, +75, 76.</p> +<p>Jones, Thomas, referred to, 184.</p> +<p>Journal, reflections in, 291.</p> +<p>Journey, a last, 297.</p> +<p>Justice, satisfaction of divine, 379.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Keble</span> quoted, 274.</p> +<p>“Keep that which thou hast,” 296.</p> +<p>Kilgerran, King Arthur’s castle at, 34.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Language</span>, the Welsh, 6, 7; +Characteristics of, 14; Eliezer Williams on the, 16; Proverbial +character of, 178, 254; Theological, 315.</p> +<p>Last day, sermon on the, 189.</p> +<p>Lavater, wife of, referred to, 158.</p> +<p>Lewis, William, and Davies of Swansea, 207.</p> +<p>Library, Christmas Evans’s, 67.</p> +<p>Link, a connecting, 305.</p> +<p>“Little men,” the superstition of, 24.</p> +<p>Llandilo, neighbourhood of, 35.</p> +<p>Llandovery, vicar of, 217; vicarage, 219.</p> +<p>Llanfaes, churchyard of, 201.</p> +<p>Llangeitho, Daniel Rowland of, 221.</p> +<p>Llangevni, great Association sermon at, 75.</p> +<p>Lleyn, 53, 54; Christmas Evans at, 55, 61.</p> +<p>Llwynrhydowain, church at, 43, 46.</p> +<p>Loss, the great, 240.</p> +<p>Lucre, a lover of, 116.</p> +<p>Lyttleton, Lord, quoted, 15.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Mabinogion</span>, the, 329.</p> +<p>MacDonald, George, quoted, 72.</p> +<p>Maesyberllan, Christmas Evans at, 54.</p> +<p>Malkin, Mr., quoted, 37.</p> +<p>Man, a self-made, 305.</p> +<p>Man, Christmas Evans as a, 304–321.</p> +<p>“Man of Ross” referred to, 249.</p> +<p>Marry, whom to, 265.</p> +<p>Men, the wise, 133.</p> +<p><i>Messiah</i>, the, quoted, 76.</p> +<p>Methodism, men evoked by, 231.</p> +<p>Methodist and vicar, 242.</p> +<p>Might, infinite, 272.</p> +<p>Mighty? shall prey be taken from the, 197.</p> +<p>Milman, Dean, quoted, 311.</p> +<p>Mind, character of the Welsh, 259.</p> +<p>Minister, letter to a young, 142; An impudent young, 288.</p> +<p>Miracles, a panorama of, 196, 197.</p> +<p>Minstrel preaching, 327, 328.</p> +<p>Moderator, Christmas as a, 107, 108.</p> +<p>Money, Christmas Evans collecting, 112.</p> +<p>Morgan, Mr. W., on Evans leaving Anglesea, 164; His life of +John Elias referred to, 189.</p> +<p>Morris, Caleb, referred to, 38.</p> +<p>Morris, David, 240.</p> +<p><a name="page417"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +417</span>Morris, Ebenezer, 238; Buying a cow, 238; And the oath, +239; As a preacher, 239; An anecdote of, 239; At +Wotton-under-Edge, 240; His father, 240.</p> +<p>Mould, the Gospel, 332.</p> +<p>Mynyddbach, David Davies at, 209.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Nature</span>, a lover of, 180.</p> +<p>Neff, Felix, referred to, 121.</p> +<p>Nevern, scenery at, 35.</p> +<p>Nevern, vicar of, quoted, 194.</p> +<p>New, all things become, 365.</p> +<p>New year custom, a, 24, 25.</p> +<p>Nomenclature, Welsh, 34, 35.</p> +<p>Norway, a village church in, 19.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Oath</span>, taking the, 239.</p> +<p>Omniscience, 271.</p> +<p>One-eyed lad, the, 57, 59.</p> +<p>Opportunities, avail yourself of, 143.</p> +<p>Orator, Christmas Evans as an, 313.</p> +<p>Oratory, action in, 194.</p> +<p>Owl, cry of the, 259.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Pantycelyn</span>, Williams of, 167.</p> +<p>Parable, use of, 322.</p> +<p>Parables:—Church an ark among the bulrushes, 337; +Misplaced bone, 333; Of the birds, 343; Of the vine, the thorn, +etc., 344; Satan walking in dry places, 137; Saul of Tarsus and +his seven ships, 332; Seeking the young Child, 133; Stranger +knocking at the farmer’s door, 407; Timepiece, 342.</p> +<p>Parr, Dr., quoted, 326.</p> +<p>Parry, Mr., on Williams’s preaching, 180.</p> +<p>Pastors, town, and Christmas Evans, 111, 112.</p> +<p>Penhydd, Shenkin of, 236.</p> +<p>“Pennillion,” singing, 257.</p> +<p>Perkins, Rev. William, 205.</p> +<p>Pigs, ask him the price of, 258.</p> +<p>Pithy sayings, 233.</p> +<p>Poem, a Welsh, 16, 17.</p> +<p>Poetical quotations, 16, 18, 25, 33, 34, 36, 66, 72, 76, 115, +120, 138, 139, 163, 167, 169, 207, 220, 224, 232, 253, 256, 257, +259, 277, 311, 331.</p> +<p>Poverty, and hospitality, a life of, 115, 117.</p> +<p>Prayer, 143; A wayside, 77; A pathetic, 155; Ejaculatory, 172; +A first, 173; Power of, 179; Living in an atmosphere of, 195; An +old Welsh, 256; faith in, 310.</p> +<p>Prayers, character of some, 179.</p> +<p>Preaching, Welsh, 3, 4; A national characteristic, 5; +Character of Welsh, 17; Scenery of Welsh, 21; Cottage, 46; An +illustration of Welsh, 60; Allegoric, 90, 91; Value of great, +104; Four methods of, 131; Luminous, 172; Tremendous, 194; +Pretty, 316.</p> +<p>Preacher, how to be a good, 12; A breathless, 22; An eloquent +Welsh, 60; Hardships of the Welsh, 105; Importance of a blameless +life to a, 142; Personal appearance of the, 181; An anonymous, +207; A voluminous, 232; and farmer, 236, 238.</p> +<p>Preachers, Welsh, 4; And Welsh customs, 37; Great Welsh, +unknown in England, 166; Peculiar character of old Welsh, 231; +Rough and ready, 232; A cluster of Welsh, 248.</p> +<p>Preparation, 359.</p> +<p>Priestly, Dr., epitaph on, 253.</p> +<p>Pritchard, Rees, 217; A drunkard, 218; Singular conversion, +218; Author of the “Welshman’s Candle,” +219.</p> +<p>Promise, an evangelical, 397.</p> +<p>Prosecution, a threat of legal, 155.</p> +<p>Proverb uttering, 233; A Welsh, 263.</p> +<p>Proverbial power of the Welsh language, 178, 254.</p> +<p>Proverbs, Welsh, illustrations of, 255.</p> +<p>Providence, under the special care of, 28.</p> +<p>Pugh, Dr., referred to, 194.</p> +<p>Pugh, Philip, and Daniel Rowlands, 222.</p> +<p><a name="page418"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +418</span>Pulpit, character of the Welsh, 5; Results of, 7; +Jeremy Taylor’s, 36; Study appearances in, 142; The +quartette of the Welsh, 171; Notes in the, 186; A child in the, +190; Aids to power in the, 325; Use of parable in, 322; +Confidence in, 331.</p> +<p>Pwllheli, John Elias at, 195.</p> +<p>Pyer, Rev. John, referred to, 245.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><i>Quarterly Review</i> quoted, 16, 168.</p> +<p>Quartette, a Welsh, 171.</p> +<p>Questions of anxious import, 273.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Racecourse</span>, singular dispersion on +a, 196.</p> +<p>Raffles, Dr., and the Graveyard sermon, 82; And Christmas +Evans, 92; On William Williams, 183.</p> +<p>Ramoth, Rev. J. R. Jones of, 71, 72.</p> +<p>Ravens’ nests, burning the, 191,192.</p> +<p>Reading, prayer, and temptation, 142.</p> +<p>Redemption, finished, 378.</p> +<p>Rees, Dr., quoted, 40, 170, 202.</p> +<p>Rees, William, referred to, 207.</p> +<p>Reflections, an old man’s pious, 291.</p> +<p>Reformation, the time of, 358.</p> +<p>Remarks, closing, 355.</p> +<p>Resurrection of our Lord, 345; Proof of His Divinity, 345; +Proof of the truth of Christianity, 346; Pledge of eternal life, +347.</p> +<p>Resurrection, paid at the, 116.</p> +<p>Rhuddlan fair, 192, 193.</p> +<p>Rhydwilym, John Jones of, 74–76.</p> +<p>Richard <i>bach</i>, 108.</p> +<p>Richards, Dr. William, 250; definition of doctrine, 251.</p> +<p>Richardson of Caernarvon, 190.</p> +<p>Richter, Jean Paul, dead Christ of, 83.</p> +<p>Rob Roy, a Welsh, 18.</p> +<p>Robertson of Brighton referred to, 325.</p> +<p>Rock, drinking at the, 351.</p> +<p>Rowlands, Daniel, 221; And Philip Pugh, 222; Character of his +preaching, 225; popularity and usefulness, 226.</p> +<p>Ruskin, John, quoted, 162.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Sabbath-breaker</span> convicted, 193.</p> +<p>Sabbath evening scene, 122.</p> +<p>Saints, Welsh, 34.</p> +<p>“Sair doubts o’ Donald,” 74.</p> +<p>Salary, a small, 63.</p> +<p>Samuel, hope for the son of, 47.</p> +<p>Sandemanian controversy, 70–76.</p> +<p>Sarcasm, Christmas Evans’s power of, 308.</p> +<p>Satan walking in dry places, 137.</p> +<p>Saul of Tarsus and his seven ships, 332.</p> +<p>Scenery influences the mind, 259; Welsh, 17, 18.</p> +<p>Scotchwoman and her pastor, the, 176.</p> +<p>Seeking the young Child, 133.</p> +<p>Sentences, memorable, 312.</p> +<p><i>Seren Gomer</i>, contributions to, 150, 152.</p> +<p>Sermon, preaching an old, 13; Against Sandemanianism, 75; The +Graveyard, 82; A last, 216; A wonderful, 268; “This is my +last,” 302; On the Welsh hills, 407.</p> +<p>Sermons, studied and unstudied, 12; Bardic character of Welsh, +12, 13; Value of great, 104; Composition of, 144; Delivery of, +145, 150; Where Welsh preachers composed their, 171; Thoughts on +being requested to publish a volume of, 284; <i>Silex +scintillaus</i>, 312; Massive, 314; Living in the presence of +published, 324; Born in solitude, 225, 226; Characteristics of +Christmas Evans’s, 328; Illustrative, 358, 368, 378, 386, +396, 407.</p> +<p>Services, uncertainty of Welsh, 22.</p> +<p>Sheep-stealers and the collection, 113.</p> +<p>Shenkin of Penhydd, 236; His plainness of speech, 237.</p> +<p>“Silver Trumpet of Wales,” the, 170.</p> +<p>Sin, sacrifice for accomplished, 379.</p> +<p>Sin-eater, superstition of the, 23.</p> +<p>Sinai, the ten cannon of, 193.</p> +<p>Singing, Welsh, 20.</p> +<p><a name="page419"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +419</span>“Sleeping Bard,” the, 329.</p> +<p>Smith, Dr. Pye, “Scripture Testimony to the +Messiah,” 282.</p> +<p>Snails, the two, 308.</p> +<p>Son equal to the Father, the, 387; Glorifies the Father, +389.</p> +<p>Song, a prophet of, 212.</p> +<p>Soul and body, 187.</p> +<p>Spider, a Welsh poem on the, 16.</p> +<p>Spirit, a healthy, 161.</p> +<p>St. David, a tradition of, 8.</p> +<p>St. David’s cathedral, 33.</p> +<p>St. Govan, chapel of, 34.</p> +<p>Stephen’s, Rhys, Life of Christmas Evans referred to, +43, 107, 164, 250, 266, 269.</p> +<p>“Stop, Gabriel!” 188.</p> +<p>“Stop! Silence!” 189.</p> +<p>Stranger knocking at the farmer’s door, the, 407.</p> +<p>Streams, Welsh, 18.</p> +<p>Subject, singular mode of illustrating a, 236.</p> +<p>Success, value of, 55.</p> +<p>Sunday schools established in Wales, 228.</p> +<p>Superstitions, Welsh, character of, 26; Corpse candles, 27; +Little men in green, 24; Mysterious horseman, 28; Sin-eater, +23.</p> +<p>Swansea, David Davies of, 40, 46, 202; One hundred years +since, 208; Christmas Evans at, 300.</p> +<p>Swearer, the, 210.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Taylor</span>, <span +class="smcap">Jeremy</span>, in Wales, 35.</p> +<p>Temptation, 143.</p> +<p>Thinking and living, 21.</p> +<p>Things that are shaking, 363.</p> +<p>Thomas, Timothy, 48; Anecdotes of, 49, 50, 51, 52.</p> +<p>Time, 340.</p> +<p>Timepiece, the, 342,</p> +<p>Tintagel, the Welsh, 34.</p> +<p>Tour, Christmas Evans’s first preaching, 56.</p> +<p>Translations, inadequacy of, 314.</p> +<p>Travelling in Wales, 119, 120, 262.</p> +<p>Trefach, ministry of Davies at, 206.</p> +<p>Trevecca, Howell Harris of, 221.</p> +<p>Triads, the Welsh, 178; Bardic, 254.</p> +<p>Troubles, a wife’s, 115.</p> +<p>Truths, seeing great, 316; Power of great, 317.</p> +<p>Twm Shon Catty’s country, 18.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Uncle</span>, a cruel, 41–42.</p> +<p>Usefulness the aim and end of preaching, 12.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><span class="smcap">Vaughan</span>, Henry, referred to, +311.</p> +<p>Velinvoel, Christmas Evans at, 51–59.</p> +<p>Vicarage, an old Welsh, 219.</p> +<p>Victory and triumph, the scene of, 361.</p> +<p>“Vocation of the Preacher” referred to, 245.</p> +<p>Voice, the human, 213.</p> +<p>Vortigern, supposed resting-place of, 54.</p> +<p><i>Vox Humana</i> stop, the, 213.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>“<span class="smcap">Waesome Carl</span>” quoted, +the, 72.</p> +<p>Wales, comparatively unknown, 4; Moral and intellectual +condition of, 7; Old wild, 32, 33; Travelling in, 119, 120, 262; +The Watts of, 167; Singular practice in, 173; A rough time in, +191, 192; The Whitefield and Wesley of, 221; Sunday schools +established in, 228; Bibles for, 228; A land of song, 257; A +central figure in the religious life of, 304; The Bunyan of, +330.</p> +<p>Wales, wild, preachers of, 217; Rees Pritchard, 217; Howell +Harris, 221; Daniel Rowlands, 221; Charles of Bala, 227; ancient +preachers characterized, 231; Thomas Rhys Davies, 232; Evan +Jones, 234; Shenkin of Penhydd, 236; Ebenezer Morris, 238; David +Morris, 240; Thomas Hughes, 241; A cluster of worthies, 248; Dr. +Richards, 250; Davies of Castell Hywel, 252.</p> +<p>Walker, wonderful Robert, referred to, 118.</p> +<p>War, season of actual, 360.</p> +<p>Watts of Wales, the, 167.</p> +<p><a name="page420"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +420</span>Wayfaring, 119.</p> +<p>Welsh religious nature, the, 8, 9; Wrongs of the, 20, 21; +Proverbs, 255; Clannish character of the, 260; Jumpers, 317.</p> +<p>Welshman, a monoglot, 174.</p> +<p>“Welshman’s Candle,” 168, 218, 219.</p> +<p>“White world,” the, 15.</p> +<p>Whitefield, George, referred to, 186; his startling +apostrophe, 188.</p> +<p>“Wild Wales,” Borrow’s, quoted, 27, 218, +219.</p> +<p>Wilks, Matthew, anecdote of, 186.</p> +<p>Williams, Daniel, 169.</p> +<p>Williams, Evan, 169.</p> +<p>Williams of Pantycelyn, 167; career of, 167, 169.</p> +<p>Williams of Wern, 167, 170; Advice of, 12; Character and power +of his preaching, 17, 170; Order of mind, 171; Method of +composing his sermons, 171; Illustration of manner, 172; Birth +and parentage, 173; Religious conviction, 173; First prayer, 173; +Education, 174; settles at Wern, 174; Extent of his pastorate, +175; Harwood, 175; Admiration for Jacob Abbot, 176; Mind and +method, 176; Illustration, 177; Proverbial utterances, 178; +Prayer, 179; Eloquence, 180; Love of nature, 180, 182; Appearance +when preaching, 181; Personal appearance, 181; Dying, 182; His +daughter, 182; Death, 183; Dr. Raffles on, 183; Characteristics +of his preaching, 183.</p> +<p>Williams, Peter, 169.</p> +<p>Williams, Rev. W., “Welsh Calvinistic Methodism” +referred to, 241.</p> +<p>Williams, Rowland, 38.</p> +<p>Williamses, a family of, 167.</p> +<p>Wisdom, divine, 273.</p> +<p>Witnesses, trial of the, 267.</p> +<p>Words, last, 302.</p> +<p>Wordsworth, referred to, 118.</p> +<p>Works, dead, 375.</p> +<p>Works do follow them, their, 275.</p> +<p>Worthies, a cluster of Welsh, 248.</p> +<p>Wotton-under-edge, 240.</p> +<p>Wrong, altogether, 72.</p> +<p>Wyn, Elis, “Sleeping Bard” of, 329.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<div class="gapmediumline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">Hazell Watson, and Viney, Printers, +London and Aylesbury.</p> +<h2>Footnotes.</h2> +<p><a name="footnote23"></a><a href="#citation23" +class="footnote">[23]</a> See Note at end of Chapter, +<i>page</i> 39.</p> +<p><a name="footnote410"></a><a href="#citation410" +class="footnote">[410]</a> <i>Bach</i> is a Welsh term of +affection.</p> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRISTMAS EVANS***</p> +<pre> + + +***** This file should be named 41480-h.htm or 41480-h.zip****** + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/1/4/8/41480 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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