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@@ -1,39 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Birds in London, by W. H. Hudson, Illustrated -by Bryan Hook, A. D. McCormick, and R. B. Lodge - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: Birds in London - - -Author: W. H. Hudson - - - -Release Date: July 25, 2012 [eBook #40334] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS IN LONDON*** - - -E-text prepared by René Anderson Benitz, Adrian Mastronardi, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page -images generously made available by Internet Archive/American Libraries -(http://archive.org/details/americana) - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40334 *** Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. @@ -178,7 +143,7 @@ CHAPTER IV THE LONDON DAW - Rarity of the daw in London--Pigeons and daws compared--Aesthetic + Rarity of the daw in London--Pigeons and daws compared--Æsthetic value of the daw as a cathedral bird--Kensington Palace daws; their disposition and habits--Friendship with rooks--Wandering daws at Clissold Park--Solitary daws--Mr. Mark Melford's @@ -205,7 +170,7 @@ RECENT COLONISTS The wood-pigeon in Kensington Gardens--Its increase--Its beauty and charm--Perching on Shakespeare's statue in Leicester Square--Change of habits--The moorhen--Its appearance and - habits--An aesthetic bird--Its increase--The dabchick in + habits--An æsthetic bird--Its increase--The dabchick in London--Its increase--Appearance and habits--At Clissold Park--The stock-dove in London 89 @@ -603,7 +568,7 @@ somewhat, the modest plumage retouched, by Nature, with harmonious olive green and yellow tints, pure greys and pure browns, with rose, carmine, tile and chestnut reds; and if the monotonous little burly forms could be reshaped, and made in some cases larger, in others -smaller, some burlier still and others slimmer, more delicate and aerial +smaller, some burlier still and others slimmer, more delicate and aërial in appearance, the spectacle of their afternoon tea would be infinitely more attractive and refreshing than it now is to many a Londoner's tired eyes. @@ -627,7 +592,7 @@ creature. [Illustration: PARK SPARROW BEGGING] But he is, after all, only a common sparrow, a mean representative of -bird life in our midst; in all the aesthetic qualities which make birds +bird life in our midst; in all the æsthetic qualities which make birds charming--beauty of form and colour, grace of motion, and melody--less than the least of the others. Therefore to greatly praise him is to publish our ignorance, or, at all events, to make it appear that he @@ -1302,7 +1267,7 @@ with the larger unfeathered crows that have a different language, to learn by what means he communicates with them, to sound his depths of amusing devilry, and note the modulations of his voice; for he, too, like other corvines, is loquacious on occasions, and much given to -soliloquy. He is also a musician, a fact which is referred to by Aesop, +soliloquy. He is also a musician, a fact which is referred to by Æsop, Yarrell, and other authorities, but they have given us no proper description of his song. A friend tells me that he once kept a crow which did not prove a very interesting pet. This was not strange in the @@ -1367,7 +1332,7 @@ CHAPTER IV THE LONDON DAW - Rarity of the daw in London--Pigeons and daws compared--Aesthetic + Rarity of the daw in London--Pigeons and daws compared--Æsthetic value of the daw as a cathedral bird--Kensington Palace daws; their disposition and habits--Friendship with rooks--Wandering daws at Clissold Park--Solitary daws--Mr. Mark Melford's @@ -1405,7 +1370,7 @@ him greatly. I have often thought that it was due to the presence of the daw that I was ever able to get an adequate or satisfactory idea of the beauty and grandeur of some of our finest buildings. Watching the bird in his -aerial evolutions, now suspended motionless, or rising and falling, then +aërial evolutions, now suspended motionless, or rising and falling, then with half-closed wings precipitating himself downwards, as if demented, through vast distances, only to mount again with an exulting cry, to soar beyond the highest tower or pinnacle, and seem at that vast height @@ -1443,7 +1408,7 @@ and palace and neighbouring buildings, but it does not attract them. Occasionally, in winter, when the morning sun shines bright and melts the mist, they experience a sudden return of the old frolicsome mood, and at such moments are capable of a very fine display, rushing over -and among the tall elms in a black train, yelping like a pack of aerial +and among the tall elms in a black train, yelping like a pack of aërial hounds in hot pursuit of some invisible quarry. A still greater excitement is exhibited by these somewhat depressed and @@ -2032,7 +1997,7 @@ RECENT COLONISTS The wood-pigeon in Kensington Gardens--Its increase--Its beauty and charm--Perching on Shakespeare's statue in Leicester Square--Change - of habits--The moorhen--Its appearance and habits--An aesthetic + of habits--The moorhen--Its appearance and habits--An æsthetic bird--Its increase--The dabchick in London--Its increase--Appearance and habits--At Clissold Park--The stock-dove in London. @@ -2160,7 +2125,7 @@ Instances of what Ruskin has called the moorhen's 'human domesticity of temper, with curious fineness of sagacity and sympathies in taste,' have been given by Bishop Stanley in his book on birds. He relates that the young, when able to fly, sometimes assist in rearing the later broods, -and even help the old birds to make new nests. Of the bird's aesthetic +and even help the old birds to make new nests. Of the bird's æsthetic taste he has the following anecdote. A pair of very tame moorhens that lived in the grounds of a clergyman, in Cheadle, Staffordshire, in constantly adding to the materials of their nest and decorating it, made @@ -2591,7 +2556,7 @@ in London. For the starling is really a splendid bird as birds are with us in this distant northern land--splendid in his spangled glossy dress of metallic purple, green, and bronze, a singer it is always pleasant to listen -to, a flyer in armies and crowds whose aerial evolutions in autumn and +to, a flyer in armies and crowds whose aërial evolutions in autumn and winter, before settling to roost each evening, have long been the wonder and admiration of mankind. He inhabits London all the year round, but not in the same numbers: in the next chapter more will be said on this @@ -3362,14 +3327,14 @@ matchless verses! What blowing daisies, fragrant grass! An air-stirr'd forest, fresh and clear. - . . . . . + · · · · · In the huge world, which roars hard by, Be others happy if they can! But in my helpless cradle I Was breathed on by the rural Pan. - . . . . . + · · · · · Calm soul of all things! Make it mine To feel amid the city's jar, @@ -3778,7 +3743,7 @@ stream running through it, old unmutilated trees of many kinds scattered about in groups and groves, and everywhere masses of bramble and furze. It is quite unspoiled, in character a mixture of park and wild, rough common, and wholly delightful. Indeed, it is believed to be a veritable -fragment--the only one left--of the primaeval forest of Middlesex. +fragment--the only one left--of the primæval forest of Middlesex. It is earnestly to be hoped that the landscape gardener will not be called in to prepare this place for the reception of the public--the @@ -5041,7 +5006,7 @@ and wide green spaces, form an appropriate setting to the ancient stately Bishop's Palace. The lamentable mistake has been made of placing this open space in the control of the Fulham Vestry; and, as might have been expected, they have been improving it in accordance with the -aesthetic ideas of the ordinary suburban tradesman, by cutting down the +æsthetic ideas of the ordinary suburban tradesman, by cutting down the old trees, planting rows of evergreens to hide the beautiful inner grounds from view, and by erecting cast-iron painted fountains, shelters, and other architectural freaks of a similar character. That the @@ -5206,7 +5171,7 @@ badgers were found, old and young together, and killed. Let us imagine that when this business was proceeding with tremendous excitement and noise of shouting men and barking dogs, some person -buried at that spot in old Palaeolithic times had been raised up to view +buried at that spot in old Palæolithic times had been raised up to view the spectacle; that it had been explained to him that these hunters were his own remote descendants; that one of them was a mighty nobleman, a kind of chief or king, whose possessions extended on every side as far @@ -5283,7 +5248,7 @@ the only large soaring inland species which, once seen, appears as an indispensable part of the landscape. Take it away, and the large comparatively wild nature loses half its charm. -In a former chapter I have endeavoured to show how great the aesthetic +In a former chapter I have endeavoured to show how great the æsthetic value of the daw is to our cathedrals. The old dead builders of these great temples owe perhaps as much to this bird as to the softening and harmonising effects of time and weather. Again, every one must feel that @@ -5662,7 +5627,7 @@ but not exactly in subjection to us. The coarser but more plastic dog we can and we do in a sense unmake and remake. Not so with the cat, who keeps to the terms of his ancient charter, in spite of all temptations to allow of a few of the original lines being rubbed out and some new -ones written in their place. Old Aesop's celebrated apologue is as true +ones written in their place. Old Æsop's celebrated apologue is as true of to-day as of his own distant time; and thousands of years ago the worshippers of Pasht who had tender hearts must have been scandalised at their deity's way with a mouse. It would not, perhaps, be quite in order @@ -6556,7 +6521,7 @@ INDEX Barnes Common, 253, 254 - Battersea Park, moorhen's aesthetic nest in, 96 + Battersea Park, moorhen's æsthetic nest in, 96 -- -- starlings congregating in, 139 @@ -6629,7 +6594,7 @@ INDEX Cat, a, on a Battersea island, 291 - Cathedrals, aesthetic value of daws to, 53, 264 + Cathedrals, æsthetic value of daws to, 53, 264 Cats, need of their exclusion from bird preserves, 163, 221, 276, 284 @@ -6975,7 +6940,7 @@ INDEX -- Mrs., her tame jackdaw, 59-63 - Middlesex, remains of primaeval forest of, 184 + Middlesex, remains of primæval forest of, 184 Migration, as seen in London, 129-133 @@ -7442,362 +7407,4 @@ Transcriber's note: Some illustrations have been relocated to fall between paragraphs rather than within and to match the text better. - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS IN LONDON*** - - -******* This file should be named 40334.txt or 40334.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/0/3/3/40334 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: Birds in London - - -Author: W. H. Hudson - - - -Release Date: July 25, 2012 [eBook #40334] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS IN LONDON*** - - -E-text prepared by René Anderson Benitz, Adrian Mastronardi, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page -images generously made available by Internet Archive/American Libraries -(http://archive.org/details/americana) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original illustrations. - See 40334-h.htm or 40334-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/40334/40334-h/40334-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/40334/40334-h.zip) - - - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive/American Libraries. See - http://archive.org/details/cu31924090264866 - - - - - -[Illustration: 'THE CROW WITH HIS VOICE OF CARE'] - - -BIRDS IN LONDON - -by - -W. H. HUDSON, F.Z.S. - -Illustrated by Bryan Hook, A. D. Mccormick -and from Photographs from Nature by R. B. Lodge - - - - - - - -Longmans, Green, and Co. -39 Paternoster Row, London -New York and Bombay -1898 - -All rights reserved - - - - -PREFACE - - -The opening chapter contains, by way of introduction, all that need be -said concerning the object and scope of this work; it remains to say -here that, as my aim has been to furnish an account of the London wild -bird life of to-day, there was little help to be had from the writings -of previous observers. These mostly deal with the central parks, and are -interesting now, mainly, as showing the changes that have taken place. -At the end of the volume a list will be found of the papers and books on -the subject which are known to me. This list will strike many readers as -an exceedingly meagre one, when it is remembered that London has always -been a home of ornithologists--that from the days of Oliver Goldsmith, -who wrote pleasantly of the Temple Gardens rookery, and of Thomas -Pennant and his friend Daines Barrington, there have never been wanting -observers of the wild bird life within our gates: The fact remains that, -with the exception of a few incidental passages to be found in various -ornithological works, nothing was expressly written about the birds of -London until James Jennings's 'Ornithologia' saw the light a little over -seventy years ago. Jennings's work was a poem, probably the worst ever -written in the English language; but as he inserted copious notes, -fortunately in prose, embodying his own observations on the bird life of -east and south-east London, the book has a very considerable interest -for us to-day. Nothing more of importance appeared until the late -Shirley Hibberd's lively paper on 'London Birds' in 1865. From that date -onward the subject has attracted an increased attention, and at present -we have a number of London or park naturalists, as they might be called, -who view the resident London species as adapted to an urban life, and -who chronicle their observations in the 'Field,' 'Nature,' 'Zoologist,' -'Nature Notes,' and other natural history journals, and in the -newspapers and magazines. - -To return to the present work. Treating of actualities I have been -obliged for the most part to gather my own materials, relying perhaps -too much on my own observation; since London is now too vast a field for -any person, however diligent, to know it intimately in all its extent. - -Probably any reader who is an observer of birds on his own account, and -has resided for some years near a park or other open space in London, -will be able to say, by way of criticism, that I have omitted some -important or interesting fact known to him--something that ought to have -had a place in a work of this kind. In such a case I can only plead -either that the fact was not known to me, or that I had some good reason -for not using it. Moreover, there is a limit to the amount of matter -which can be included in a book of this kind, and a selection had to be -made from a large number of facts and anecdotes I had got together. - -All the matter contained in this book, with the exception of one -article, or part of an article, on London birds, in the 'Saturday -Review,' now appears for the first time. - -In conclusion, I have to express my warm thanks to those who have helped -me in my task, by supplying me with fresh information, and in other -ways. - - W. H. H. - -LONDON: _April_, 1898. - - - - -CONTENTS - - -CHAPTER I - -THE BIRDS AND THE BOOK - PAGE - A handbook of London birds considered--Reasons for not writing - it--Changes in the character of the wild bird population, and - supposed cause--The London sparrow--Its abundance--Bread-begging - habits--Monotony--Its best appearance--Beautiful finches--Value - of open spaces--The sparrows' afternoon tea in Hyde Park--Purpose - of this book 1 - -CHAPTER II - -CROWS IN LONDON - - A short general account of the London crows--The magpie--The - jay--London ravens--The Enfield ravens--The Hyde Park ravens--The - Tower ravens--The carrion crow, rook, and jackdaw 20 - -CHAPTER III - -THE CARRION CROW IN THE BALANCE - - The crow in London--Persecuted in the royal parks--Degradation - of Hyde Park--Ducks in the Serpentine: how they are - thinned--Shooting a chicken with a revolver--Habits of the Hyde - Park mallard--Anecdotes--Number of London crows--The crow a - long-lived bird: a bread-eater--Anecdote--Seeks its food on the - river--The crow as a pet--Anecdotes 32 - -CHAPTER IV - -THE LONDON DAW - - Rarity of the daw in London--Pigeons and daws compared--Æsthetic - value of the daw as a cathedral bird--Kensington Palace daws; - their disposition and habits--Friendship with rooks--Wandering - daws at Clissold Park--Solitary daws--Mr. Mark Melford's - birds--Rescue of a hundred daws--The strange history of an - egg-stealing daw--White daws--White ravens--Willughby's - speculations--A suggestion 52 - -CHAPTER V - -EXPULSION OF THE ROOKS - - Positions of the rook and crow compared--Gray's Inn Gardens - rookery--Break-up of the old, and futile attempt of the - birds to establish new rookeries--The rooks a great loss to - London--Why the rook is esteemed--Incidents in the life of a - tame rook--A first sight of the Kensington Gardens rookery--The - true history of the expulsion of the rooks--A desolate scene, - and a vision of London beautified 68 - -CHAPTER VI - -RECENT COLONISTS - - The wood-pigeon in Kensington Gardens--Its increase--Its beauty - and charm--Perching on Shakespeare's statue in Leicester - Square--Change of habits--The moorhen--Its appearance and - habits--An æsthetic bird--Its increase--The dabchick in - London--Its increase--Appearance and habits--At Clissold - Park--The stock-dove in London 89 - -CHAPTER VII - -LONDON'S LITTLE BIRDS - - Number of species, common and uncommon--The London sparrow--His - predominance, hardiness, and intelligence--A pet - sparrow--Breeding irregularities--A love-sick bird--Sparrow - shindies: their probable cause--'Sparrow chapels'--Evening in the - parks--The starling--His independence--Characteristics--Blackbird, - thrush, and robin--White blackbirds--The robin--Decrease in - London--Habits and disposition 104 - -CHAPTER VIII - -MOVEMENTS OF LONDON BIRDS - - Migration as seen in London--Swallows in the parks--Fieldfares--A - flock of wild geese--Autumn movements of resident - species--Wood-pigeons--A curious habit--Dabchicks and - moorhens--Crows and rooks--The Palace daws--Starlings--Robins--A - Tower robin and the Tower sparrows--Passage birds in the - parks--Small birds wintering in London--Influx of birds during - severe frosts--Occasional visitors--The black-headed gull--A - winter scene in St. James's Park 129 - -CHAPTER IX - -A SURVEY OF THE PARKS: WEST LONDON - - A general survey of the metropolitan parks--West London--Central - parks, with Holland Park--A bird's highway--Decrease of - songsters--The thrush in Kensington Gardens--Suggestions--Owls - in Kensington Gardens--Other West London open spaces--Ravenscourt - Park as it was and as it is 151 - -CHAPTER X - -NORTH-WEST AND NORTH LONDON - - Open spaces on the borders of West London--The Scrubs, Old Oak - Common, and Kensal Green Cemetery--North-west district--Paddington - Recreation Ground, Kilburn Park, and adjoining open - spaces--Regent's Park described--Attractive to birds, but not - safe--Hampstead Heath: its character and bird life--The ponds--A - pair of moorhens--An improvement suggested--North London - districts--Highgate Woods, Churchyard Bottom Wood, Waterlow Park, - and Highgate Cemetery--Finsbury Park--A paradise of - thrushes--Clissold Park and Abney Park Cemetery 171 - -CHAPTER XI - -EAST LONDON - - Condition of the East district--Large circular group of open - spaces--Hackney Downs and London Fields--Victoria Park with Hackney - Common--Smoky atmosphere--Bird life--Lakes--An improvement - suggested--Chaffinch fanciers--Hackney Marsh with North and - South Mill Fields--Unique character of the Marsh--White House - Fishery--The vanished sporting times--Anecdotes--Collection of - rare birds--A region of marshes--Wanstead Old Park--Woodland - character--Bird life--Heronry and rookery--A suggestion 192 - -CHAPTER XII - -SOUTH-EAST LONDON - - General survey of South London--South-east London: its most populous - portion--Three small open spaces--Camberwell New Park--Southwark - Park--Kennington Park--Fine shrubberies--Greenwich Park and - Blackheath--A stately and depressing park--Mutilated trees--The - extreme East--Bostell Woods and Heath--Their peculiar - charm--Woolwich and Plumstead Commons--Hilly Fields--Peckham - Rye and Park--A remonstrance--Nunhead and Camberwell - Cemeteries--Dulwich Park--Brockwell Park--The rookery 216 - -CHAPTER XIII - -SOUTH-WEST LONDON - - Introductory remarks--Comparative large extent of public - ground in South-west London--Battersea Park--Character and - popularity--Bird life--Clapham Common: its present and past - character--Wandsworth Common--The yellowhammer--Tooting - Common--Tooting Bec--Questionable improvements--A passion - for swans--Tooting Graveney--Streatham Common--Bird - life--Magpies--Rookery--Bishop's Park, Fulham--A suggestion--Barn - Elms Park--Barnes Common--A burial-ground--Birds--Putney Heath, - Lower Putney Common, and Wimbledon Common--Description--Bird - life--Rookeries--The badger--Richmond Park--Its vast extent and - character--Bird life--Daws--Herons--The charm of large soaring - birds--Kew Gardens--List of birds--Unfavourable changes--The - Queen's private grounds 237 - -CHAPTER XIV - -PROTECTION OF BIRDS IN THE PARKS - - Object of this book--Summary of facts contained in previous - chapters--An incidental result of changes in progress--Some degree - of protection in all the open spaces, efficient protection in - none--Mischievous visitors to the parks--Bird fanciers and - stealers--The destructive rough--The barbarians are few--Two - incidents at Clissold Park--Love of birds a common feeling of - the people 270 - -CHAPTER XV - -THE CAT QUESTION - - The cat's unchangeable character--A check on the sparrows--Number - of sparrows in London--What becomes of the annual increase--No - natural check on the park sparrows--Cats in the parks--Story of - a cat at Battersea Park--Rabbits destroyed by cats in Hyde - Park--Number of cats in London--Ownerless cats--Their miserable - condition--How cats are made ownerless--How this evil may be - remedied--How to keep cats out of the parks 284 - -CHAPTER XVI - -BIRDS FOR LONDON - - Restoration of the rook--The Gray's Inn rookery--Suggestions--On - attracting rooks--Temple Gardens rookery--Attempt to - establish a rookery at Clissold Park--A new colony of - daws--Hawks--Domestic pigeons--An abuse--Stock-dove - and turtle-dove--Ornamental water-fowl, pinioned and - unpinioned--Suggestions--Wild water-fowl in the parks--Small - birds for London--Missel-thrush--Nuthatch--Wren--Loudness a - merit--Summer visitants to London--Kingfisher--Hard-billed - birds--A use for the park sparrows--Natural checks--A sanctuary - described 304 - -BIBLIOGRAPHY 330 - -INDEX 331 - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - -PLATES - - 'THE CROW WITH HIS VOICE OF CARE' _Frontispiece_ - - 'THE SEVEN SISTERS' _to face p._ 24 - - CARRION CROW'S NEST " 34 - - PIGEONS AT THE LAW COURTS " 52 - - WOOD-PIGEON ON SHAKESPEARE'S STATUE " 92 - - LOVE-SICK COCK SPARROW " 112 - - FEEDING THE GULLS AT ST. JAMES'S PARK " 148 - - MAP OF LONDON " 156 - - VIEW ON HAMPSTEAD HEATH " 176 - - WHITE HOUSE FISHERY, HACKNEY MARSH " 206 - - WANSTEAD OLD PARK: EARLY SPRING " 214 - - BOSTELL HEATH AND WOODS " 226 - - THE ROOKERY, BROCKWELL PARK " 234 - - WIMBLEDON COMMON " 256 - - NEST OF CHAFFINCH " 280 - - PARK SPARROWS " 290 - - MOORHEN AND CHICKS " 316 - - -ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT - - PAGE - PARK SPARROW BEGGING 11 - - THE LAST RAVEN 21 - - THE LADY AND THE DAW 60 - - LONDON CROWS 69 - - DABCHICK ON NEST 99 - - LONDON STARLINGS 119 - - FIELDFARES AT THE TOWER 131 - - WOOD-PIGEON FEEDING ON HAWS 136 - - RAVENSCOURT PARK 153 - - CORMORANTS AT ST. JAMES'S PARK 170 - - DABCHICK FEEDING ITS YOUNG 189 - - NIGHTINGALE ON ITS NEST 249 - - CHAFFINCH 271 - - STARLING AT HOME 303 - - DABCHICK'S FLOATING NEST: ST. JAMES'S PARK 329 - - - - -BIRDS IN LONDON - - - - -CHAPTER I - -THE BIRDS AND THE BOOK - - A handbook of London birds considered--Reasons for not writing - it--Changes in the character of the wild bird population, and - supposed cause--The London sparrow--Its abundance--Bread-begging - habits--Monotony--Its best appearance--Beautiful finches--Value of - open spaces--The sparrows' afternoon tea in Hyde Park--Purpose of - this book. - - -Among the many little schemes and more or less good intentions which -have flitted about my brain like summer flies in a room, there was one -for a small volume on London birds; to contain, for principal matter, -lists of the species resident throughout the year, of the visitants, -regular and occasional, and of the vanished species which have inhabited -the metropolis in recent, former, or historical times. For everyone, -even the veriest Dryasdust among us, has some glow of poetic feeling -in him, some lingering regret for the beautiful that has vanished and -returneth not; consequently, it would be hard in treating of London bird -life not to go back to times which now seem very ancient, when the kite -was common--the city's soaring scavenger, protected by law, just as the -infinitely less attractive turkey-buzzard is now protected in some towns -of the western world. Again, thanks to Mr. Harting's researches into old -records, we have the account of beautiful white spoonbills, associated -with herons, building their nests on the tree-tops in the Bishop of -London's grounds at Fulham. - -To leave this fascinating theme. It struck me at first that the book -vaguely contemplated might be made useful to lovers and students of -bird life in London; and I was also encouraged by the thought that the -considerable amount of printed material which exists relating to the -subject would make the task of writing it comparatively easy. - -But I no sooner looked attentively into the subject than I saw how -difficult it really was, and how unsatisfactory, and I might almost add -useless, the work would prove. - -To begin with, what is London? It is a very big town, a 'province -covered with houses'; but for the ornithologist where, on any side, does -the province end? Does it end five miles south of Charing Cross, at -Sydenham, or ten miles further afield, at Downe? Or, looking north, do -we draw the line at Hampstead, or Aldenham? The whole metropolitan area -has, let us say, a circumference of about ninety miles, and within its -outermost irregular boundary there is room for half a dozen concentric -lines, each of which will contain a London, differing greatly in size -and, in a much less degree, in character. If the list be made to include -all the birds found in such rural and even wild places--woods, thickets, -heaths, and marshes--as exist within a sixteen-mile radius, it is clear -that most of the inland species found in the counties of Kent, Surrey, -Middlesex, Hertfordshire, and Essex would be in it. - -The fact is, in drawing up a list of London birds, the writer can, -within limits, make it as long or short as he thinks proper. Thus, if he -wishes to have a long list, and is partial to round numbers, he will be -able to get a century of species by making his own twelve or thirteen -mile radius. Should he then alter his mind, and think that a modest -fifty would content him, all he would have to do to get that number -would be to contract his line, bringing it somewhere near the -indeterminate borders of inner London, where town and country mix or -pass into each other. Now a handbook written on this plan would be -useful only if a very exact boundary were drawn, and the precise -locality given in which each resident or breeding species had its -haunts, where the student or lover of birds could watch or listen for it -with some chance of being rewarded. Even so, the book would not serve -its purpose for a longer period than two or three years; after three -years it would most certainly be out of date, so great and continuous -is the growth of London on all sides. Thus, going round London, keeping -to that partly green indeterminate borderland already mentioned, there -are many little hidden rustic spots where in the summer of 1897 the -woodpecker, green and spotted, and the nuthatch and tree-creeper bred; -also the nightingale, bottle-tit, and wryneck, and jay and crow, and -kestrel and white and brown owl; but who can say that they will breed in -the same places in 1899, or even in 1898? For these little green rustic -refuges are situated on the lower slopes of a volcano, which is always -in a state of eruption, and year by year they are being burnt up and -obliterated by ashes and lava. - - * * * * * - -After I had at once and for ever dropped, for the reasons stated, all -idea of a handbook, the thought remained that there was still much to be -said about London bird life which might be useful, although in another -way. The subject was often in my mind during the summer months of 1896 -and 1897, which, for my sins, I was compelled to spend in town. During -this wasted and dreary period, when I was often in the parks and open -spaces in all parts of London, I was impressed more than I had been -before with the changes constantly going on in the character of the bird -population of the metropolis. These changes are not rapid enough to show -a marked difference in a space of two or three years; but when we take a -period of fifteen or twenty years, they strike us as really very great. -They are the result of the gradual decrease in numbers and final dying -out of many of the old-established species, chiefly singing birds, and, -at the same time, the appearance of other species previously unknown in -London, and their increase and diffusion. Considering these two facts, -one is inclined to say off-hand that the diminution or dying out of one -set of species is simply due to the fact that they are incapable of -thriving in the conditions in which they are placed; that the London -smoke is fatal in the long run to some of the more delicate birds, as it -undoubtedly is to the rose and other plants that require pure air and -plenty of sunshine; and that, on the other hand, the new colonists -that are increasing are species of a coarser fibre, greater vitality, -and able, like the plane-tree in the plant world, to thrive in such -conditions. It is really not so: the tits and finches, the robin, -wren, hedge-sparrow, pied wagtail, some of the warblers, and the -missel-thrush, are as vigorous and well able to live in London as -the wood-pigeon. They are, moreover, very much more prolific than the -pigeon, and find their food with greater ease. Yet we see that these -lively, active species are dying out, while the slow, heavy dove, which -must eat largely to live, and lays but two eggs on a frail platform of -sticks for nest, is rapidly increasing. - -Here then, it seemed, was a subject which it might be for the advantage -of the bird-lovers in London to consider; and I write in the conviction -that there are as many Londoners who love the sight and sound of wild -bird life as there are who find refreshment in trees and grass and -flowers, who are made glad by the sight of a blue sky, to whom the -sunshine is sweet and pleasant to behold. - - * * * * * - -In going about London, after my mind had begun to dwell on this subject, -I was frequently amused, and sometimes teased, by the sight and sound -of the everywhere-present multitudinous sparrow. In London there are no -grain-growers and market-gardeners, consequently there is no tiresome -sparrow question, and no sparrow-clubs to vex the tender-hearted. These -sparrows were not to be thought about in their relation to agriculture, -but were simply little birds, too often, in many a weary mile, in many -an unlovely district, the only representatives of the avian class, -flying to and fro, chirping and chirruping from dawn to dark; nor birds -only: I had them also for butterflies, seen sometimes in crowds and -clouds, as in the tropics, with no rich nor splendid colouring on their -wings; and I had them for cicadas, and noisy locusts of arboreal habits, -hundreds and thousands of them, whirring in a subdued way in the park -trees during the sultry hours. They were all these things and scavengers -as well, ever busy at their scavengering in the dusty and noisy ways; -everywhere finding some organic matter to comfort their little stomachs, -or to carry to their nestlings. - -At times the fanciful idea would occur to me that I was on a commission -appointed to inquire into the state of the wild bird life of London, or -some such subject, and that my fellow commissioners were sparrows, so -incessantly were they with me, though in greatly varying numbers, during -my perambulations. - -After all, the notion that they attended or accompanied me in my walks -was not wholly fanciful. For no sooner does any person enter any public -garden or park, or other open space where there are trees, than, if -he be not too absorbed in his own thoughts, he will see that several -sparrows are keeping him company, flying from tree to tree, or bush to -bush, alighting occasionally on the ground near him, watching his every -movement; and if he sit down on a chair or bench several of them will -come close to him, and hop this way and that before him, uttering a -little plaintive note of interrogation--_Have you got nothing for us?_ -They have come to look on every human being who walks among the park -trees and round the garden-beds as a mere perambulating machine for the -distribution of fragments of bread. The sparrow's theory or philosophy -of life, from our point of view, is very ridiculous, but he finds it -profitable, and wants no better. - -I remember that during those days, when the little creatures were so -much with me, whether I wanted them or no, some person wrote to one of -the newspapers to say that he had just made the acquaintance of the -common sparrow in a new character. The sparrow was and always had been -a familiar bird to him, but he had never previously seen it gathered in -crowds at its 'afternoon tea' in Hyde Park, a spectacle which he had now -witnessed with surprise and pleasure. - -If (I thought) this innumerous feathered company could only be varied -somewhat, the modest plumage retouched, by Nature, with harmonious -olive green and yellow tints, pure greys and pure browns, with rose, -carmine, tile and chestnut reds; and if the monotonous little burly -forms could be reshaped, and made in some cases larger, in others -smaller, some burlier still and others slimmer, more delicate and aërial -in appearance, the spectacle of their afternoon tea would be infinitely -more attractive and refreshing than it now is to many a Londoner's tired -eyes. - -Their voices, too--for the refashioned mixed crowd would have a various -language, like the species that warble and twitter and call musically to -one another in orchard and copse--would give a new and strange delight -to the listener. - -No doubt the sparrow is, to quote the letter-writer's expression, 'a -jolly little fellow,' quite friendly with his supposed enemy man, -amusing in his tea-table manners, and deserving of all the praise and -crumbs we give him. He is even more. To those who have watched him -begging for and deftly catching small scraps of bread, suspended like a -hawk-moth in the air before the giving hand, displaying his conspicuous -black gorget and the pale ash colour of his under surface, while his -rapidly vibrating wings are made silky and translucent by the sunlight -passing through them, he appears, indeed, a pretty and even graceful -creature. - -[Illustration: PARK SPARROW BEGGING] - -But he is, after all, only a common sparrow, a mean representative of -bird life in our midst; in all the æsthetic qualities which make birds -charming--beauty of form and colour, grace of motion, and melody--less -than the least of the others. Therefore to greatly praise him is to -publish our ignorance, or, at all events, to make it appear that he -is admired because, being numerous and familiar with man, he has been -closely and well looked at, while the wilder and less common species -have only been seen at a distance, and therefore indistinctly. - -A distinguished American writer on birds once visited England in order -to make the acquaintance of our most noted feathered people, and in -his haste pronounced the chaffinch the 'prettiest British songster.' -Doubtless he had seen it oftenest, and closely, and at its best; but he -would never have expressed such an opinion if he had properly seen many -other British singing birds; if, for instance (confining ourselves to -the fringilline family), he had seen his 'shilfa's' nearest relation, -the brambling, in his black dress beautifully variegated with buff -and brown; or the many-coloured cirl-bunting; or that golden image of -a bird, the yellowhammer; or the green siskin, 'that lovely little -oddity,' seeking his food, tit-like, among the pine needles, or clinging -to pendulous twigs; or the linnet in his spring plumage--pale grey and -richest brown and carmine--singing among the flowery gorse; or the -goldfinch, flitting amidst the apple-bloom in May, or feeding on the -thistle in July and August, clinging to the downy heads, twittering as -he passes from plant to plant, showing his gay livery of crimson, black, -and gold; or the sedentary bullfinch, a miniature hawk in appearance, -with a wonderful rose-coloured breast, sitting among the clustering -leaves of a dark evergreen--yew or holly. - -Beautiful birds are all these, and there are others just as beautiful in -other passerine families, but alas! they are at a distance from us; they -live in the country, and it is only that small 'whiff of the country' -to be enjoyed in a public park which fate allows to the majority of -Londoners, the many thousands of toilers from year's end to year's end, -and their wives and children. - -To those of us who take an annual holiday, and, in addition, an -occasional run in the country, or who are not bound to town, it is -hardly possible to imagine how much is meant by that little daily -or weekly visit to a park. Its value to the confined millions has -accordingly never been, and probably cannot be, rightly estimated. -For the poor who have not those periods of refreshment which others -consider so necessary to their health and contentment, the change from -the close, adulterated atmosphere of the workshop and the living-room, -and stone-paved noisy street, to the open, green, comparatively quiet -park, is indeed great, and its benefit to body and mind incalculable. -The sight of the sun; of the sky, no longer a narrow strip, but wide, -infinite over all; the freshness of the unconfined air which the lungs -drink in; the green expanse of earth, and large trees standing apart, -away from houses--all this produces a shock of strange pleasure and -quickens the tired pulse with sudden access of life. In a small way--sad -it is to think in how small a way!--it is a return to nature, an escape -for the moment from the prison and sick-room of unnatural conditions; -and the larger and less artificial the park or open space, and the more -abounding in wild, especially bird, life, the more restorative is the -effect. - -It is indeed invariably the animal life which exercises the greatest -attraction and is most exhilarating. It is really pathetic to see how -many persons of the working class come every day, all the year round, -but especially in the summer months, to that minute transcript of wild -nature in Hyde Park at the spot called the Dell, where the Serpentine -ends. They are drawn thither by the birds--the multitude of sparrows -that gather to be fed, and the wood-pigeons, and a few moorhens that -live in the rushes. - -'I call these my chickens, and I'm obliged to come every day to feed -them,' said a paralytic-looking white-haired old man in the shabbiest -clothes, one evening as I stood there; then, taking some fragments of -stale bread from his pockets, he began feeding the sparrows, and while -doing so he chuckled with delight, and looked round from time to time -to see if the others were enjoying the spectacle. - -To him succeeded two sedate-looking labourers, big, strong men, with -tired, dusty faces, on their way home from work. Each produced from his -coat-pocket a little store of fragments of bread and meat, saved from -the midday meal, carefully wrapped up in a piece of newspaper. After -bestowing their scraps on the little brown-coated crowd, one spoke: -'Come on, mate, they've had it all, and now let's go home and see what -the missus has got for _our_ tea'; and home they trudged across the -park, with hearts refreshed and lightened, no doubt, to be succeeded by -others and still others, London workmen and their wives and children, -until the sun had set and the birds were all gone. - -Here then is an object lesson which no person who is capable of -reading the emotions in the countenance, who has any sympathy with his -fellow-creatures, can fail to be impressed by. Not only at that spot -in Hyde Park may it be seen, but at all the parks and open spaces in -London; in some more than others, as at St. James's Park, where the -gulls are fed during the winter months, and at Battersea and Regent's -Parks, where the starlings congregate every evening in July and August. -What we see is the perpetual hunger of the heart and craving of those -who are compelled to live apart from Nature, who have only these -momentary glimpses of her face, and of the refreshment they experience -at sight of trees and grass and water, and, above everything, of wild -and glad animal life. How important, then, that the most should be -made of our few suitable open spaces; that everything possible should -be done to maintain in them an abundant and varied wild bird life! -Unfortunately, this has not been seen, else we should not have lost so -much, especially in the royal parks. In some of the parks under the -County Council there are great signs of improvement, an evident anxiety -to protect and increase the stock of wild birds; but even here the most -zealous of the superintendents are not fully conscious of the value of -what they are themselves doing. They are encouraging the wild birds -because they are considered 'ornaments' to the park, just as they plant -rhododendrons and other exotic shrubs that have big gaily-coloured -flowers in their season, and as they exhibit some foreign bird of -gorgeous plumage in the park aviary. They have not yet grasped the -fact--I hope Mr. Sexby, the excellent head of the parks department, will -pardon my saying it--that the feathered inhabitants of our open spaces -are something more than 'ornaments'; that the sight and sound of any -wild bird, from the croaking carrion crow to the small lyrical kitty -wren or tinkling tomtit, will afford more pleasure to the Londoner--in -other words, conduce more to his health and happiness--than all the -gold pheasants and other brightly-apparelled prisoners, native and -foreign, to be seen in the park cages. - - * * * * * - -From the foregoing it will be seen that this little book, which comes -in place of the one I had, in a vague way, once thought of writing, -is in some degree a book with a purpose. Birds are not considered -merely as objects of interest to the ornithologist and to a few other -persons--objects or creatures which the great mass of the people of -the metropolis have really nothing to do with, and vaguely regard as -something at a distance, of no practical import, or as wholly unrelated -to their urban life. Rather they are considered as a necessary part of -those pleasure- and health-giving transcripts of nature which we retain -and cherish as our best possessions--the open sun-lit and tree-shaded -spaces, green with grass and bright with water; so important a part -indeed, as bringing home to us that glad freedom and wildness which is -our best medicine, that without it all the rest would lose much of its -virtue. - -But on this point--the extreme pleasure which the confined Londoner -experiences in seeing and hearing wild birds, and the consequent value -of our wild bird life--enough has been said in this place, as it will be -necessary to return to the subject in one of the concluding chapters. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -CROWS IN LONDON - - A short general account of the London crows--The magpie--The - jay--London ravens--The Enfield ravens--The Hyde Park ravens--The - Tower ravens--The carrion crow, rook, and jackdaw. - - -There are not many crows in London; the number of the birds that are -left are indeed few, and, if we exclude the magpie and jay, there -are only three species. But the magpie and jay cannot be left out -altogether, when we find both species still existing at a distance of -six and a half to seven miles from Charing Cross. The magpie is all but -lost; at the present time there are no more than four birds inhabiting -inner London, doubtless escaped from captivity, and afraid to leave the -parks in which they found refuge--those islands of verdure in the midst -of a sea, or desert, of houses. One bird, the survivor of a pair, has -his home in St. James's Park, and is the most interesting figure in that -haunt of birds; a spirited creature, a great hater and persecutor of -the carrion crows when they come. The other three consort together in -Regent's Park; once or twice they have built a nest, but failed to hatch -their eggs. Probably all three are females. When, some time ago, the -'Son of the Marshes' wrote that the magpie had been extirpated in his -own county of Surrey, and that to see it he should have to visit the -London parks, he made too much of these escaped birds, which may be -numbered on the fingers of one hand. Yet we know that the pie was -formerly--even in this century--quite common in London. Yarrell, in -his 'British Birds,' relates that he once saw twenty-three together in -Kensington Gardens. In these gardens they bred, probably for the last -time, in 1856. Nor, so far as I know, do any magpies survive in the -woods and thickets on the outskirts of the metropolis, except at two -spots in the south-west district. The fate of the last pair at Hampstead -has been related by Harting, in Lobley's 'Hampstead Hill' (London, -1889). For several years this pair had their nest in an unclimbable -tree at the Grove; at length, one of the pair was shot by a local -bird-stuffer, after which the surviving bird twice found and returned -with a new mate; but one by one all were killed by the same miscreant. - -[Illustration: THE LAST RAVEN] - -It would be easy enough for any person to purchase a few magpies in the -market and liberate them in St. James's and Regent's Parks, and other -suitable places, where, if undisturbed, they would certainly breed; but -I fear that it would not be an advisable thing to do at present, on -account of the very strong prejudice which exists against this handsome -bird. Thus, at St. James's Park the one surviving bird is 'one too -many,' according to the keepers. 'One for sorrow' is an old saying. -He is, they say, a robber and a teaser, dangerous to the ornamental -water-fowl in the breeding season, a great persecutor of the -wood-pigeons, and in summer never happy unless he has a pigeon's egg -in his beak. It strikes one forcibly that this is not a faithful -portrait--that the magpie has been painted all black, instead of black -and white as nature made him. At all events, we know that during the -first two or three decades of the present century there was an abundant -and varied wild bird life in the royal parks, and that at the same time -the magpies were more numerous there than they are now known to be in -any forest or wild place in England. - -The jay does not inhabit any of the inner parks and open spaces; nor -is there any evidence of its having been a resident London species at -any time. But it is found in the most rural parts and in the wooded -outskirts of the metropolis. Its haunts will be mentioned in the -chapters descriptive of the parks and open spaces. - -There is no strong prejudice against the jay among the park keepers, and -I am glad to know that, in two or three parks, attempts will be made -shortly to introduce this most beautiful of British birds. It is to be -hoped that when we have got him his occasional small peccadilloes will -not be made too much of. - - * * * * * - -The raven has long been lost to London, but not so long as might be -imagined when we consider how nearly extinct this noble species, as an -inland breeder, now is in all the southern half, and very nearly all -the northern half, of England. It is not my intention in this book -to go much into the past history of London bird life, but I make an -exception of the raven on account of an extreme partiality for that most -human-like of feathered creatures. Down to about the middle of last -century, perhaps later, the raven was a common London bird. He was, -after the kite had vanished, the principal feathered scavenger, and -it was said that a London raven could easily be distinguished from a -country bird by his dulled or dusty-looking plumage, the result of his -food-seeking operations in dust and ash heaps. A little way out of the -metropolis he lingered on, as a breeding species, down to within a -little more than half a century ago; the last pair, so far as I can -discover, bred at Enfield down to about 1845. The original 'raven -tree' on which this pair had nested for many years was cut down, after -which the birds built a nest in a clump of seven elm-trees, known -locally as the 'seven sisters,' five of which are still standing. - -[Illustration: 'THE SEVEN SISTERS'] - -In London the last pair had ceased to breed about twenty years earlier; -and of a hundred histories of 'last ravens' to be met with in all parts -of the country, that of these London birds is by no means the least -interesting, and is worth relating again. - -Down to about 1826 this pair bred annually on one of the large elms in -Hyde Park, until it entered into the head of one of the park keepers -to pull down the nest containing young birds. The name and subsequent -history of this injurious wretch have not been handed down. Doubtless he -has long gone to his account; and let us add the pious wish that his -soul, along with the souls of all those who were wanton destroyers -of man's feathered fellow-creatures, is now being driven, like a -snow-flake, round and round the icy pole in that everlasting whirlwind -described by Courthope in his 'Paradise of Birds.' - -The old ravens, deprived of their young, forsook the park. One of the -young birds was successfully reared by the keeper; and the story of -this raven was long afterwards related by Jesse. He was allowed the -fullest liberty, and as he passed a good deal of his time in the -vicinity of the Row, he came to be very well known to all those who were -accustomed to walk in Hyde Park at that time. He was fond of the society -of the men then engaged in the construction of Rennie's bridge over the -Serpentine, and the workmen made a pet of him. His favourite amusement -was to sidle cunningly up to some passer-by or idler, and, watching his -chance, give him or her a sharp dig on the ankle with his beak. One day -a fashionably dressed lady was walking near the bridge, when all at -once catching sight of the bird at her feet, on feeling its sharp beak -prodding her heel, she screamed and gave a great start, and in starting -dropped a valuable gold bracelet from her wrist. No sooner did the jewel -touch the ground than the raven snatched it up in his beak and flew away -with it into Kensington Gardens, where it was searched for, but never -found. It was believed that he made use of one of the hollow trees in -the gardens as a hiding place for plunder of this kind. At length the -raven disappeared--some one had stolen him; but after an absence -of several weeks he reappeared in the park with clipped wings. His -disposition, too, had suffered a change: he moped a good deal, and -finally one morning was found dead in the Serpentine. It was surmised -that he had drowned himself from grief at having been deprived of the -power of flight. - -A few ravens have since visited London. In 1850 a keeper in Regent's -Park observed two of these birds engaged in a savage fight, which ended -in the death of one of the combatants. - -In March 1890 a solitary raven appeared in Kensington Gardens, and -remained there for several weeks. A keeper informed me that it was -captured and taken away. If this unfortunate raven had known his London -better, he would not have chosen a royal park for a residence. - -Was this Kensington raven, it has been asked, a wild bird, or a strayed -pet, or an escaped captive? I believe the following incident will throw -some light on the question. - -For many years past two or three ravens have usually been kept at the -Tower of London. About seven years ago, as near as I can make out, -there were two birds, male and female, and they paired and set to work -building a nest on a tree. By and by, for some unknown reason, they -demolished the nest they had made and started building a new one in -another place. This nest also failed to satisfy them and was pulled to -pieces like the first, and another begun; and finally, after half a -dozen such attempts, the cock bird, who was a strong flyer, abandoned -the task altogether and took to roaming about London, possibly in search -of a new mate with a better knowledge of nest-building. It was his habit -to mount up to a considerable height in the air, and soar about above -the Tower, then to fly away to St. Paul's Cathedral, where he would -perch on the cross above the dome and survey the raree-show beneath. -Then he would wing his way to the docks, or in some other direction; and -day by day his wanderings over London were extended, until the owner or -owners of the bird were warned that if his wings were not clipped he -would, soon or late, be lost. - -But when it was at last resolved to cut his wings he refused to be -caught. He had grown shy and suspicious, and although he came for food -and to roost on one of the turrets every evening, he would not allow any -person to come too near him. After some weeks of this semi-independent -life he finally disappeared, having, as I believe, met his end in -Kensington Gardens. - -His old mate 'Jenny,' as she is named, still lives at the Tower. I hear -she has just been provided with a new mate. - - * * * * * - -Three other crows remain--the carrion crow, rook, and jackdaw, all -black but comely, although not beautiful nor elegant, like the bright -vari-coloured jay and the black and white pie. Unfortunately they are a -small remnant, and we are threatened with the near loss of one, if not -of all. The first-named of this corvine trio is now the largest and most -important wild bird that has been left to us; if any as big or bigger -appear, they are but casual visitors--a chance cormorant in severe -weather, and the heron, that sometimes comes by night to the ornamental -waters in the parks in search of fish, to vanish again, grey and -ghostlike in the grey dawn. - -It is curious to find that the big, loud-voiced, hated carrion crow--so -conspicuous and aggressive a bird--has a firmer hold on life in the -metropolis than his two relations, the rook and daw; for these two are -sociable in habits and inclined to be domestic, and are everywhere -inhabitants of towns. Or, rather, it would be strange but for the fact -that the crow is less generally disliked in London than out of it. - -Now, although these our three surviving crows are being left far -behind in actual numbers by some other species that have only recently -established themselves among us, and are moreover decreasing, and may be -wholly lost at no distant date, they have been so long connected -with London, and historically, as well as on account of their high -intelligence and interesting habits, are so much more to us than the -birds of other families, that I am tempted to write at considerable -length about them, devoting a separate chapter to each species. I also -cherish the hope that their threatened loss may yet be prevented; -doubtless every Londoner will agree that it would be indeed a pity to -lose these old residents. - -It is a fact, although perhaps not a quite familiar one, that those who -reside in the metropolis are more interested in and have a kindlier -feeling for their wild birds than is the case in the rural districts. -The reason is not far to seek: the poorer we are the more do we prize -our small belongings. A wind-fluttered green leaf, a sweet-smelling red -rose, a thrush in song, is naturally more to a Londoner than to the -dweller in mid-Surrey, or Kent, or Devon. - - - - -CHAPTER III - -THE CARRION CROW IN THE BALANCE - - The crow in London--Persecuted in the royal parks--Degradation - of Hyde Park--Ducks in the Serpentine: how they are - thinned--Shooting a chicken with a revolver--Habits of the Hyde - Park mallard--Anecdotes--Number of London crows--The crow a - long-lived bird; a bread-eater--Anecdote--Seeks its food on the - river--The crow as a pet--Anecdotes. - - -The carrion crow has probably always been an inhabitant of the central -parks; at all events it is well known that for a long time past a pair -bred annually in the trees on the north side of the Serpentine, down to -within the last three years. As these birds took toll of the ducks' eggs -and ducklings when they had a nest full of ravenous young to feed, it -was resolved that they should no longer be tolerated; their nests were -ordered to be pulled down and the old birds shot whenever an opportunity -offered. Now it is not the Hyde Park crows alone that will suffer if -this policy be adhered to, but the London crows generally will be in -danger of extermination, for the birds are constantly passing and -repassing across London, visiting all the parks where there are large -trees, on their way to and from their various feeding-grounds. Hyde Park -with Kensington Gardens is one of their favourite stopping places; one -or more pairs may be seen there on most mornings, frequently at noon -again on their return to Richmond, Kew, and Syon Park, and to the -northern heights of London. On the morning of October 10, 1896, I saw -eight carrion crows, in pairs, perched at a considerable distance apart -on the elm-tops near the palace in Kensington Gardens. After calling for -some time on the trees, they began to pursue and buffet one another with -violence, making the whole place in the meantime resound with their -powerful, harsh, grating cries. Their mock battle over, they rose to a -considerable height in the air and went away towards Hammersmith. It -seemed to me a marvellous thing that I had witnessed such a scene in -such a place. But it is not necessary to see a number of carrion crows -together to feel impressed with the appearance of the bird. There are -few finer sights in the wild bird life of London than one of these -visitors to the park on any autumn or winter morning, when he will allow -you to come quite near to the leafless tree on which he is perched, to -stand still and admire his massive raven-like beak and intense black -plumage glossed with metallic green, as he sits flirting his wings and -tail, swelling his throat to the size of a duck's egg, as, at intervals, -he pours out a succession of raucous caws--the cry of a true savage, and -the crow's 'voice of care,' as Chaucer called it. - -[Illustration: CARRION CROW'S NEST] - -The crow is, in fact, the grandest wild bird left to us in the -metropolis; and after corresponding and conversing with a large number -of persons on the subject, I find that in London others--most persons, -I believe--admire him as much as I do, and are just as anxious that he -should be preserved. It may be mentioned here that in two or three of -the County Council's parks the superintendents protect and take pride in -their crows. Why, then, should these few birds, which Londoners value, -be destroyed in the royal parks for fear of the loss of a few ducklings -out of the hundreds that are annually hatched and reared? - -The ducks in the Serpentine are very numerous; many bucketfuls of -food--meal and grain--are given to them every day when they congregate -at the boat-house, and they get besides large quantities of broken bread -cast to them by the public; all day long, and every day when it is not -raining, there is a continual procession of men, women, and children -bringing food for the birds. Is it permissible to ask for whose -advantage this large number of ducks is reared and fattened for the -table at so small a cost? Hyde Park is maintained by the nation, and -presumably for the nation; it is a national as well as a royal park; is -it not extraordinary that so noble a possession, the largest and most -beautiful open space in the capital of the British empire, the chief -city of the world, should be degraded to something like a poultry farm, -or at all events a duck-breeding establishment, and that in order to get -as much profit as possible out of the ducks, one of the chief ornaments -of the park, the one representative of noble wild bird life that has -survived until now in London, should be sacrificed? - -Let us by all means have ducks, and many of them; they are gregarious by -nature and look well in flocks, and are a source of innocent pleasure -to numberless visitors to the parks, especially to children and -nursemaids; but let us not have ducks only--a great multitude of ducks, -to the exclusion of other wilder and nobler birds. - -Personally, I am very fond of these ducks, although I have never had -one on my table, and believe that I am as well able to appreciate their -beauty and feel an interest in their habits as any of the gentlemen in -authority who have decreed that the carrion crow shall go the way of the -raven in Hyde Park. I love them because they are not the ducks that have -been made lazy and fat, with all their fine faculties dulled, by long -domestication. They are the wild duck, or mallard, introduced many -years ago into the Serpentine. Doubtless they have some domestic taint -in them, since the young birds reared each season exhibit a very -considerable variation in colour and markings. Those that vary in -colour are weeded out each winter, and the original type is in this way -preserved; but not strictly preserved, as the weeding-out process is -carelessly--I had almost said stupidly--performed. - -The thinning takes place in December, and at that season people who -live in the vicinity of the park are startled each morning by the sound -of firing, as at the covert side. The sub-ranger and his friends and -underlings are enjoying their big annual shoot. And there is no reason -why they should not have this sport, if it pleases them, and if by this -means the object sought could be obtained. But it is not obtained, as -anyone may see for himself; and it also seems a trifle ridiculous that -any man can find sport in shooting birds accustomed to walk about among -people's legs and feed out of little children's hands. - -Once upon a time, in a distant country, I came with a companion to a -small farmhouse. We were very much in want of a meal, but no person was -about, and the larder was empty, and so we determined to kill and broil -a chicken for ourselves. On our making certain chuckling noises, which -domestic birds understand, a number of fowls scattered about near the -place rushed up to us, expecting to be fed. We made choice of a very -tall cockerel for our breakfast; so tall was this young bird on his -long, bright yellow stilt-like shanks that he towered head and neck -above his fellows. My companion, who was an American, had a revolver -in his pocket, and pulling it out he fired five shots at the bird at a -distance of about six yards, but failed to hit it. He was preparing to -reload his weapon, when, to expedite matters, I picked up a stick and -knocked the chicken over, and in less than fifty minutes' time we were -picking his bones. - -I doubt if the Hyde Park sportsmen will see anything very amusing in -this story. - -The mallard is an extremely handsome fowl, and it is pleasant to see -such a bird in flocks, at home on the ornamental waters, and at the same -time to learn that it is, in a sense, a wild bird, that in the keenness -of its faculties, its power of flight, and nesting habits it differs -greatly from its degenerate domestic relation. By day he will feed from -any person's hand; in the evening he returns to his ancient wary habit, -and will not suffer a person to approach him. He is active by night, -particularly in the autumn, flying about the park and gardens in -small flocks and feeding on the grass. It is a curious and delightful -experience to be alone on a damp autumn night in Kensington Gardens. One -is surrounded by London; its dull continuous murmur may be heard, and -the glinting of distant lamps catches the eye through the trees; these -fitful gleams and distant sounds but make the silence and darkness all -the more deep and impressive. Suddenly the whistling of wings is heard, -and the loud startled cry of a mallard, as the birds, vaguely seen, -rush by overhead; the effect on the mind is wonderful--one has been -transported as by a miracle into the midst of a wild and solitary -nature. - -Both by day and night there is much going to and fro between the -Serpentine and the Round Pond, but each bird appears to be faithful to -its _home_, and those that have been reared on the Round Pond breed -in its vicinity on the west side of the gardens. Where their eggs are -deposited is known to few. Strange as it may seem, they nest in the -trees, in holes in the trunks of the large elms, in many cases -at a height of thirty feet or more from the ground. Some of the -breeding-trees are known, of others the secret has been well kept by the -birds. Not a few ducks breed in Holland Park, and find it an exceedingly -difficult matter to get their broods into the gardens. More than once -the strange spectacle of a duck leading its newly-hatched young along -the thronged pavements of Kensington High Street has been witnessed. - -When the young have been hatched in a tree the parent bird takes them up -in her beak and drops them one by one to the ground, and the fall does -not appear to hurt them. Last year a duck bred in a tree broken off at -the top near St. Gover's Well, in the gardens. One morning she appeared -with four ducklings, and leaving them near the pond went back to the -tree and in time returned with a second lot of four. Still she was not -satisfied, but continued to go back to the tree and to fly round and -round it with a great clamour. A keeper who had been watching her -movements sent for a man with a ladder to have the tree-top examined. -The man found the broken stem hollow at the top, and by thrusting his -arm down shoulder-deep was able to reach the bottom of the cavity with -his hand. One duckling was found in it and rescued, and its mother made -happy. That she had succeeded in getting all the others out of so deep -and narrow a shaft seemed very astonishing. - -An extraordinary incident relating to these Kensington ducks was told -to me by one of the keepers, who himself heard it by a very curious -chance. One dark evening, after leaving the gardens, he got on to an -omnibus near the Albert Hall to go to his home at Hammersmith. Two men -who occupied the seat in front of him were talking about the gardens -and the birds, and he listened. One of the men related that he once -succeeded in taking a clutch of ducks' eggs from the gardens. He put -them under a hen at his home in Hammersmith, and nine ducklings were -hatched. They were healthy and strong and grew up into nine as fine -ducks as he had ever seen. Such fine birds were they that he was loth -to kill or part with them, and before he had made up his mind what to -do he lost them in a very strange way. One morning he was in his back -yard, where his birds were kept, when a crow appeared flying by at a -considerable height in the air; instantly the ducks, with raised heads, -ran together, then with a scream of terror sprang into the air and flew -away, to be seen no more. Up till that moment they had never seen beyond -the small back yard where they lived--it was their world--nor had any -one of them ever attempted to use his wings. - -Let us now return to the nobler bird, the subject of this chapter. - -It would not, I imagine, be difficult for one who had the time to count -the London crows; those I am accustomed to see number about twenty, and -I should not be surprised to learn that as many as forty crows frequent -inner London. But with the exception of two, or perhaps three pairs, -they do not now breed in London, but have their nesting-haunts in woods -west, north, and east of the metropolis. These breeders on the outskirts -bring the young they succeed in rearing to the parks, from which they -have themselves in some cases been expelled, and the tradition is thus -kept up. Most of the birds appear to fly over London every day, paying -long visits on their way to Regent's Park, Holland Park, the central -parks, and Battersea Park. As their movements are very regular it would -be possible to mark their various routes on a map of the metropolis. - -Mr. W. H. Tuck, writing to me about the carrion crow, says: 'For many -years, when living in Kensington, several pairs of crows going from N.E. -to S.W. passed at daybreak over my house on their way to the Thames -banks at Chelsea, and I could always time them within a minute or two.' -These birds come on their way from the northern heights to the river -at Chelsea; the crows that breed in the neighbourhood of Syon Park and -Richmond fly over the central parks to Westminster, and then follow the -river down to its mouth. - -The persistency with which the carrion crow keeps to his nesting-place -may be seen in the case of a pair that have bred in private grounds at -Hillfield, Hampstead, for at least sixty years. Nor is it impossible to -believe that the same birds have occupied the site for this long period, -the crow being a long-lived creature. The venerable author of 'Festus,' -who also has the secret of long life, might have been thinking of this -very pair when, more than half a century ago, he wrote his spirited -lyric:-- - - The crow! the crow! the great black crow! - He lives for a hundred years and mo'; - He lives till he dies, and he dies as slow - As the morning mists down the hill that go. - Go--go! you great black crow! - But it's fine to live and die like a great black crow. - -Many persons might be inclined to think that it must be better for the -crow to have his nest a little way out of the hurly-burly, or at all -events within easy reach of the country; for how, they might ask, can -this large flesh-eating, voracious creature feed himself and rear a nest -full of young with cormorant appetites in London? - -Eliza Cook, whose now universally neglected works I admired as a boy, -makes the bird say, in her 'Song of the Crow':-- - - I plunged my beak in the marbling cheek, - I perched on the clammy brow; - And a dainty treat was that fresh meat - To the greedy carrion crow. - -The unknown author of 'The Twa Corbies' was a better naturalist as well -as a better poet when he wrote-- - - I'll pick out his bonny blue een. - -But this relates to a time when the bodies of dead men, as well as of -other large animals, were left lying promiscuously about; in these -ultra-civilised days, when all dead things are quickly and decently -interred, the greedy carrion crow has greatly modified his feeding -habits. In London, as in most places, he takes whatever he finds on the -table, and though not in principle a vegetarian, there is no doubt that -he feeds largely on vegetable substances. Like the sparrow and other -London birds, he has become with us a great bread-eater. - -Mr. Kempshall, the superintendent at Clissold Park, relates a curious -story of this civilised taste in the crow. The park for very many years -was the home of a pair of these birds. Unfortunately, when this space -was opened to the public, in 1889, the birds forsook it, and settled in -some large trees on private grounds in the neighbourhood. These trees -were cut down about three years ago, whereupon the birds returned to -Clissold Park; but they have now again left it. One summer morning -before the park was opened, when there were young crows in the nest, -Mr. Kempshall observed one of the old birds laboriously making his -way across the open ground towards the nesting-tree, laden with a -strange-looking object. This was white and round and three times as big -as an orange, and the crow, flying close to the ground, was obliged to -alight at short intervals, whereupon he would drop his pack and take a -rest. Curious to know what he was carrying, the superintendent made a -sudden rush at the bird, at a moment when he had set his burden down, -and succeeded in getting near enough to see that the white object was -the round top part of a cottage loaf. But though the rush had been -sudden and unexpected, and accompanied with a startling shout, the crow -did not lose his head; striking his powerful beak, or _plunging_ it, as -Eliza Cook would have said, into the mass, he flopped up and struggled -resolutely on until he reached the nest, to be boisterously welcomed by -his hungry family. They had a big meal, but perhaps grumbled a little at -so much bread without any ghee. - -Probably the London crows get most of their food from the river. Very -early every morning, as we have seen, they wing their way to the Thames, -and at all hours of the day, when not engaged in breeding, crows may be -seen travelling up and down the river, usually in couples, from Barnes -and Mortlake and higher up, down to the sea. They search the mud at low -tide for dead fishes, garbage, bread, and vegetable matter left by the -water. Even when the tide is at its full the birds are still able to -pick up something to eat, as they have borrowed the gull's habit of -dropping upon the water to pick up any floating object which may form -part of their exceedingly varied dietary. It is amusing to see the -carrion crow fishing up his dinner in this way, for he does not venture -to fold his wings like the gull and examine and take up the morsel at -leisure; he drops upon the water rather awkwardly, wetting his legs and -belly, but keeps working his wings until he has secured the floating -object, then rises heavily with it in his beak. Another curious habit of -some London crows in the south-west district, is to alight, dove-like, -on the roofs and chimney-stacks of tall houses. - -In an article on this bird which appeared in the 'Fortnightly Review' -for May 1895, I wrote: 'It sometimes greatly adds to our knowledge of -any wild creature to see it tamed--not confined in any way, nor with its -wings clipped, but free to exercise all its faculties and to come and go -at will. Some species in this condition are very much more companionable -than others, and probably none so readily fall into the domestic life as -the various members of the crow family; for they are more intelligent -and adaptive, and nearer to the mammalians in their mental character -than most birds. It is therefore curious to find that the subject of -this paper appears to be little known as a domestic bird, or pet. A -caged crow, being next door, so to speak, to a dead and stuffed crow, -does not interest me. Yet the crow strikes one as a bird with great -possibilities as a pet: one would like to observe him freely associating -with the larger unfeathered crows that have a different language, to -learn by what means he communicates with them, to sound his depths of -amusing devilry, and note the modulations of his voice; for he, too, -like other corvines, is loquacious on occasions, and much given to -soliloquy. He is also a musician, a fact which is referred to by Æsop, -Yarrell, and other authorities, but they have given us no proper -description of his song. A friend tells me that he once kept a crow -which did not prove a very interesting pet. This was not strange in the -circumstances. The bird was an old one, just knocked down with a charge -of shot, when he was handed over in a dazed condition to my informant. -He recovered from his wounds, but was always a very sedate bird. He -had the run of a big old country house, and was one day observed in a -crouching attitude pressed tightly into the angle formed by the wall -and floor. He had discovered that the place was infested by mice, and -was watching a crevice. The instant that a mouse put out a head the crow -had him in his beak, and would kill him by striking him with lightning -rapidity two or three times on the floor, then swallow him. From that -time mouse-catching was this bird's sole occupation and amusement, and -he went about the house in the silent and stealthy manner of a cat. - -'I am anxious to get the history of a tame crow that never had his -wing-feathers clipped, and did not begin the domestic life as an old -bird with several pellets of lead in his body.' - -Curiously enough, not long after this article appeared another -bird-lover in London was asking the same question in another journal. -This was Mr. Mandeville B. Phillips, of South Norwood, then private -secretary to the late Archbishop of Canterbury. By accident he had -become possessed of a carrion crow, sold to him as a young raven taken -from a nest at Ely. This bird made so interesting a pet that its owner -became desirous of hearing the experiences of others who had kept -carrion crows. Mr. Phillips, in kindly giving me the history of his -bird, says that at different times he has kept ravens, daws, jays, and -magpies, but has never had so delightful a bird friend as the crow. It -was a revelation to him to find what an interesting pet this species -made. No other bird he had owned approached him in cleverness and in -multiplicity of tricks and devices: he could give the cleverest jackdaw -points and win easily. If his bird was an average specimen of the race, -he wondered that the crow is not more popular as a pet. This bird was -fond of his liberty, but would always come to his master when called, -and roosted every night in an outhouse. Like the tame raven, and also -like human beings of a primitive order of mind, he was excessively fond -of practical jokes, and whenever he found the dog or cat asleep he would -steal quietly up and administer a severe prod on the tail with his -powerful beak. He would also fly into the kitchen when he saw the -window open, to steal the spoons; but his chief delight was in a box -of matches, which he would carry off to pick to pieces and scatter the -matches all over the place. He was extremely jealous of a tame raven and -a jackdaw that shared the house and garden with him, and which he chose -to regard as rivals; but this was his only unhappiness. The appearance -of his master dressed in 'blazers' always greatly affected him. It -would, indeed, throw him into such a frenzy of terror that Mr. Phillips -became careful not to exhibit himself in such bizarre raiment in the -garden. My informant concludes, that he is not ashamed to say that he -shed a few tears at the loss of this bird. - -I may add that I received a large number of letters in answer to my -article on the carrion crow, but none of my correspondents in this -country had any knowledge of the bird as a pet. In several letters -received from America--the States and Canada--long histories of the -common crow of that region as a pet bird were sent to me. - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -THE LONDON DAW - - Rarity of the daw in London--Pigeons and daws compared--Æsthetic - value of the daw as a cathedral bird--Kensington Palace daws; - their disposition and habits--Friendship with rooks--Wandering - daws at Clissold Park--Solitary daws--Mr. Mark Melford's - birds--Rescue of a hundred daws--The strange history of an - egg-stealing daw--White daws--White ravens--Willughby's - speculations--A suggestion. - - -It is somewhat curious to find that the jackdaw is an extremely rare -bird in London--that, in fact, with the exception of a small colony at -one spot, he is almost non-existent. At Richmond Park, where pheasants -(and the gamekeeper's traditions) are preserved, he was sometimes shot -in the breeding season; but in the metropolis, so far as I know, he has -never been persecuted. Yet there are few birds, certainly no member of -the crow family, seemingly so well adapted to a London life as this -species. Throughout the kingdom he is a familiar town bird; in one -English cathedral over a hundred pairs have their nests; and in that -city and in many other towns the birds are accustomed to come to the -gardens and window-sills, to be fed on scraps by their human neighbours -and friends. - -[Illustration: PIGEONS AT THE LAW COURTS] - -While the daw has diminished with us, and is near to vanishing, the -common pigeon--the domestic variety of the blue rock--has increased -excessively in recent years. Large colonies of these birds inhabit the -Temple Gardens, the Law Courts, St. Paul's, the Museum, and Westminster -Palace, and many smaller settlements exist all over the metropolis. Now, -a flock or cloud of parti-coloured pigeons rushing up and wheeling about -the roofs or fronts of these imposing structures forms a very pretty -sight; but the daw toying with the wind, that lifts and blows him hither -and thither, is a much more engaging spectacle, and in London we miss -him greatly. - -I have often thought that it was due to the presence of the daw that I -was ever able to get an adequate or satisfactory idea of the beauty -and grandeur of some of our finest buildings. Watching the bird in his -aërial evolutions, now suspended motionless, or rising and falling, then -with half-closed wings precipitating himself downwards, as if demented, -through vast distances, only to mount again with an exulting cry, to -soar beyond the highest tower or pinnacle, and seem at that vast height -no bigger than a swift in size--watching him thus, an image of the -structure over and around which he disported himself so gloriously has -been formed--its vastness, stability, and perfect proportions--and has -remained thereafter a vivid picture in my mind. How much would be lost -to the sculptured west front of Wells Cathedral, the soaring spire of -Salisbury, the noble roof and towers of York Minster and of Canterbury, -if the jackdaws were not there! I know that, compared with the images -I retain of many daw-haunted cathedrals and castles in the provinces, -those of the cathedrals and other great buildings in London have in my -mind a somewhat dim and blurred appearance. It is a pity that, before -consenting to rebuild St. Paul's Cathedral, Sir Christopher Wren did not -make the perpetual maintenance of a colony of jackdaws a condition. -And if he had bargained with posterity for a pair or two of peregrine -falcons and kestrels, his glory at the present time would have been -greater. - -There are, I believe, about sixteen hundred churches in London; probably -not more than three are now tenanted by the 'ecclesiastical daw.' - -On the borders of London--at Hampstead, Greenwich, Dulwich, Richmond, -and other points--daws in limited numbers are to be met with; in London -proper, or inner London, there are no resident or breeding daws except -the small colony of about twenty-four birds at Kensington Palace. Most -of these breed in the hollow elms in Kensington Gardens; others in trees -in Holland Park. There is something curious about this small isolated -colony: the birds are far less loquacious and more sedate in manner than -daws are wont to be. At almost any hour of the day they may be seen -sitting quietly on the higher branches of the tall trees, silent and -spiritless. The wind blows, and they rise not to play with it; the -graceful spire of St. Mary Abbott's springs high above the garden trees -and palace and neighbouring buildings, but it does not attract them. -Occasionally, in winter, when the morning sun shines bright and melts -the mist, they experience a sudden return of the old frolicsome mood, -and at such moments are capable of a very fine display, rushing over -and among the tall elms in a black train, yelping like a pack of aërial -hounds in hot pursuit of some invisible quarry. - -A still greater excitement is exhibited by these somewhat depressed and -sedentary Kensington birds on the appearance of a flight of rooks; for -rooks, sometimes in considerable numbers, do occasionally visit or pass -over London, and keep, when travelling east or west, to the wide green -way of the central parks. Now there are few more impressive spectacles -in bird life in this country than the approach of a large company of -rooks; their black forms, that loom so large as they successively -appear, follow each other with slow deliberate motion at long intervals, -moving as in a funeral procession, with appropriate solemn noises, which -may be heard when they are still at a great distance. They are chanting -something that corresponds in the corvine world to our Dead March -in 'Saul.' The coming sound has a magical effect on the daws; their -answering cries ring out loud and sharp, and hurriedly mounting to a -considerable height in the air, they go out to meet the processionists, -to mix with and accompany them a distance on the journey. It is to me a -wonderful sight--more wonderful here in Kensington Gardens, which have -long been rookless, than in any country place, and has reminded me of -the meeting of two savage tribes or families, living far apart but -cherishing an ancient tradition of kinship and amity, who, after a long -interval, perhaps of years, when at last they come in sight of each -other's faces rush together, bursting into loud shouts of greeting and -welcome. And one is really inclined to believe at times that some such -traditional alliance and feeling of friendship exists between these two -most social and human-like of the crow family. - -Besides this small remnant of birds native to London, flocks of jackdaws -from outside occasionally appear when migrating or in search of new -quarters. One morning, not long ago, a flock of fifteen came down at -Clissold Park. They settled on the dovecote, and amused themselves in -a characteristic way by hunting the pigeons out of their boxes; then, -having cleared the place, they remained contentedly for an hour or -two, dozing, preening their feathers, and conversing together in low -tones. The bird-loving superintendent's heart was filled with joy -at the acquisition of so interesting a colony; but his rejoicing -was premature, the loud call and invitation to fly was at last -sounded, and hastily responded to--_We have not come to stay--we -are off--good-bye--so-long--farewell_--and forthwith they rose up and -flew away, probably in search of fresher woods and less trodden -pastures than those of Clissold Park. - -There are also to be met with in London a few solitary vagrant daws -which in most cases are probably birds escaped from captivity. Close to -my home a daw of this description appears every morning at the house of -a friend and demands his breakfast with loud taps on the window-pane. -The generous treatment he has received has caused him to abandon his -first suspicious attitude; he now flies boldly into the house and -explores the rooms, and is specially interested in the objects on the -dressing-table. Articles of jewellery are carefully put out of sight -when he makes a call. - -My friends, Mr. and Mrs. Mark Melford, of Fulham, are probably -responsible for the existence in London of a good number of wandering -solitary jackdaws. They cherish a wonderful admiration and affection -towards all the members of the crow family, and have had numberless -daws, jays, and pies as pets, or rather as guests, since their birds -are always free to fly about the house and go and come at pleasure. -But their special favourite is the daw, which they regard as far more -intelligent, interesting, and companionable than any other animal, not -excepting the dog. On one occasion Mr. Melford saw an advertisement of -a hundred daws to be sold for trap-shooting, and to save them from so -miserable a fate he at once purchased the lot and took them home. They -were in a miserable half-starved condition, and to give them a better -chance of survival, before freeing them he placed them in an outhouse in -his garden with a wire-netting across the doorway, and there he fed and -tended them until they were well and strong, and then gave them their -liberty. But they did not at once take advantage of it; grown used to -the place and the kindly faces of their protectors, they remained and -were like tame birds about the house; but later, a few at a time, at -long intervals, they went away and back to their wild independent life. - -Of the many stories of their pet daws which they have told me, I will -give one of a bird which was a particular favourite of Mrs. Melford's. -His invariable habit was, on returning from an expedition abroad, to fly -straight into the house in search of her, and, sitting on her head, to -express his affection and delight at rejoining her by passing his beak -through her hair. - -[Illustration: THE LADY AND THE DAW] - -Unfortunately, this bird had a weakness for eggs, which led him into -many scrapes, and in the end very nearly proved his undoing. He was -constantly hanging about and prying into the fowl-house, and whenever -he felt sure that he was not observed he would slip in to purloin an -egg. His cunning reacted on the fowls and made them cunning too. When he -appeared they looked the other way, or walked off pretending not to see -him; but no sooner would he be inside exploring the obscure corners for -an egg than the battle-cry would sound, and then poor Jackie would find -it hard indeed to escape from their fury with nothing worse than a sound -drubbing. In a day or two, before his many sores and bruises had had -time to heal, the cackling of a hen and the thought of a new-laid egg -would tempt him again, and at length one day he could not escape; the -loud cries of rage and of vengeance gratified attracted some person -to the fowl-house, where Jackie was found lying on the ground in the -midst of a crowd of fowls engaged in pounding and pecking his life out, -scattering his hated black feathers in all directions. He was rescued -more dead than alive, and subsequently tended by his mistress with -loving care. He lived, but failed to recover his old gay spirits; day -after day he moped in silence, a picture of abject misery, recalling in -his half-naked, bruised, and bedraggled appearance the famous bird of -Rheims, the stealer of the turquoise ring, after the awful malediction -of the Lord Cardinal Archbishop had taken effect: - - On crumpled claw, - Came limping a poor little lame jackdaw, - No longer gay - As on yesterday; - His feathers all seemed to be turned the wrong way; - His pinions drooped, he could hardly stand, - His head was as bald as the palm of your hand; - His eye so dim, - So wasted each limb, - That, heedless of grammar, they all cried 'That's him!' - -By-and-by, when still in this broken-hearted and broken-feathered state, -a sight to make his mistress weep, he disappeared; it was conjectured -that some compassionate-minded neighbour, finding him in his garden -or grounds, and seeing his pitiable condition, had put an end to his -misery. - -One day, a year later, Mrs. Melford, who was just recovering from an -illness, was lying on a sofa in a room on the ground floor, when her -husband, who was in the garden at the back, excitedly cried out that -a wild jackdaw had just flown down and alighted near him. 'A perfect -beauty!' he exclaimed; never had he seen a jackdaw in finer plumage! -The lady, equally excited, called back, begging him to use every device -to get the bird to stay. No sooner was her voice heard than the jackdaw -rose up and dashed into the house, and flying the length of three rooms -came to where she was lying, and at once alighted on her head and began -passing his beak through her hair in the old manner. In no other way -could this wild-looking and beautified bird have established his -identity. His return was a great joy; they caressed and feasted him, -and for several hours, during which he showed no desire to renew his -intercourse with the fowls, he was as lively and amusing as he had ever -been in the old days before he had got into trouble. But before night he -left them, and has never returned since; doubtless he had established -relations with some of the wild daws on the outskirts of London. - -Before ending this chapter I should like to say a word about white -jackdaws. It is a mystery to me where all the albinos occasionally to -be seen in the London bird markets come from. I have seen half a dozen -in the hands of one large dealer, two at another dealer's, and several -single birds at other shops; altogether about sixteen or eighteen white -daws on sale at one time. - -One often hears of and occasionally sees a white blackbird or other -species in a wild state, but these uncoloured specimens are rare; they -are also dear to the collector (nobody knows why), and as a rule are not -long permitted to enjoy existence. Besides, in nine cases out of ten the -abnormally white birds are not albinos. They are probably mere 'sports,' -like our domestic white pigeons, fowls, and ducks, and would doubtless -be more common but for the fact that their whiteness is a disadvantage -to them in their struggle for life. It is rather curious to find that -among wild birds those that have a black plumage appear more subject -to loss of colour than others. Thus we find that, of our small birds, -whiteness is more common in the blackbird than in any other species. -Within the last twelve to eighteen months I have known of the existence -of seven or eight white or partly white blackbirds in London; but during -the same period I have not seen nor heard of a white thrush, and have -only seen one white sparrow. My belief is that the species most commonly -found with white or partly white plumage are the blackbird, rook, and -daw. When carrion crows and ravens were abundant in this country it was -probably no very unusual thing to meet with white specimens. The old -ornithologist, Willughby, writing over two centuries ago, mentions two -milk-white ravens which he saw; but the fact of their whiteness is -less interesting to read at this distant date than the old author's -delightful speculations as to the cause of the phenomenon. He doubts -that white ravens were as common in this country as Aldrovandus had -affirmed that they were, and then adds: 'I rather think that they -are found in those mountainous Northern Countries, which are for the -greatest part of the year covered with snow: Where also many other -Animals change their native colours, and become white, as _Bears_, -_Foxes_, _Blackbirds_, &c., whether it proceeds from the force of -imagination, heightened by the constant intuition of Snow, or from -the cold of the Climate, occasioning such a languishing of colour; as -we see in old Age, when the natural heat decays, the hair grows grey, -and at last white.' - -To return to the subject of the beautiful albino daws, and the numbers -sometimes seen in our bird markets. One can only say that the monster -London throws its nets over an exceedingly wide area, capturing all rare -and quaint and beautiful things for its own delight. Thinking of these -wonderful white daws, when I have cast up my eyes to the birdless towers -and domes of our great London buildings, it has occurred to me to ask -the following question: Is there not one among the many very wealthy men -in London, who annually throw away hundreds of thousands of pounds on -their several crazes--is there not one to give, say, fifty or sixty -pounds per annum to buy up all these beautiful albinos, at the usual -price of one or two guineas per bird, for three or four years, and -establish a colony at Westminster, or other suitable place, where -thousands of people would have great delight in looking at them every -day? For it would indeed be a strange and beautiful sight, and many -persons would come from a distance solely to see the milk-white daws -soaring in the wind, as their custom is, above the roofs and towers; -and he who made such a gift to London would be long and very pleasantly -remembered. - - - - -CHAPTER V - -EXPULSION OF THE ROOKS - - Positions of the rook and crow compared--Gray's Inn Gardens - rookery--Break-up of the old, and futile attempt of the birds to - establish new rookeries--The rooks a great loss to London--Why the - rook is esteemed--Incidents in the life of a tame rook--A first - sight of the Kensington Gardens rookery--The true history of the - expulsion of the rooks--A desolate scene, and a vision of London - beautified. - - -We have seen how it is with the carrion crow--that he is in the balance, -and that if the park authorities will but refrain from persecuting him -he will probably be able to keep his ancient place among the wild birds -of London. To what has already been said on the subject of this bird I -will only add here that there is, just now, an unfortunate inclination -in some of the County Council's parks to adopt the policy of the royal -parks--to set too high a value on domestic and ornamental water-fowl, -which, however beautiful and costly they may be, can never give as much -pleasure or produce the same effect on the mind as the wild bird. The -old London crow is worth more to London than many exotic swans and ducks -and geese. - -[Illustration: LONDON CROWS] - -We have also seen that the case of the jackdaw is not quite hopeless; -for although the birds are now reduced to an insignificant remnant, the -habits and disposition of this species make it reasonable to hope that -they will thrive and increase, and, in any case, that if we want the -daw we can have him. But the case of the rook appears to me well nigh -hopeless, and on this account, in this list of the corvines, he is put -last that should have been first. There are nevertheless two reasons why -a considerable space--a whole chapter--should be given to this species: -one is, that down to within a few years ago the rook attracted the -largest share of attention, and was the most important species in the -wild bird life of the metropolis; the other, that it would be well that -the cause of its departure should not be forgotten. It is true that -in the very heart of the metropolis a rookery still exists in Gray's -Inn Gardens, and that although it does not increase neither does it -diminish. Thus, during the last twenty years there have never been -fewer than seventeen or eighteen, and never more than thirty nests -in a season; and for the last three seasons the numbers have been -twenty-five, twenty-three, and twenty-four nests. Going a little farther -back in the history of this ancient famous colony, it is well to relate -that, twenty-three years ago, it was well-nigh lost for ever through -an unconsidered act of the Benchers, or of some ignorant person in -authority among them. It was thought that the trees would have a better -appearance if a number of their large horizontal branches were lopped -off, and the work was carried out in the month of March, just when the -rooks were busy repairing their old and building new nests. The birds -were seized with panic, and went away in a body to be seen no more for -the space of three years; then they returned to settle once more, and -at present they are regarded with so much pride and affection by the -Benchers, and have so much food cast to them out of scores of windows, -that they have grown to be the most domestic and stay-at-home rooks to -be found anywhere in England. - -With the exception of this one small colony, it is sad to have to say -that utter, irretrievable disaster has fallen on the inner London -rookeries--those that still exist in the suburbs will be mentioned in -subsequent chapters--and although rooks may still be found within our -gates, go they will and go they must, never to return. The few birds -that continue in constantly diminishing numbers to breed here and there -in the metropolis, in spite of its gloomy atmosphere and the long -distances they are obliged to travel in quest of grubs and worms -for their young, are London rooks, themselves hatched in parks and -squares--the town has always been their home and breeding place; and -although it is more than probable that some of these town birds are from -time to time enticed away to the country, it is indeed hard to believe -that rooks hatched in the rural districts are ever tempted to come to -us. During the last dozen years many attempts at founding new colonies -have been made by small bands of rooks. These birds were and are -survivors of the old broken-up communities. All these incipient -rookeries, containing from two or three to a dozen nests (as at -Connaught Square), have failed; but the birds, or some of them, still -wander about in an aimless way in small companies, from park to park, -and there is no doubt that year by year these homeless rooks will -continue to decrease in number, until the ancient tradition is lost, -and they will be seen no more. - -It is no slight loss which we have to lament; it is the loss to the -millions inhabiting this city, or congeries of cities and towns, of a -bird which is more to us than any other wild bird, on account of its -large size and interesting social habits, its high intelligence, and -the confidence it reposes in man; and, finally, of that ancient kindly -regard and pride in it which, in some degree, is felt by all persons -throughout the kingdom. The rook has other claims to our esteem and -affection which are not so generally known: in a domestic state it is -no whit behind other species in the capacity for strong attachments, in -versatility and playfulness, and that tricksy spirit found in most of -the corvines, which so curiously resembles, or simulates, the sense of -humour in ourselves. - -I recall here an incident in the life of a tame rook, and by way of -apology for introducing it I may mention that this bird, although -country bred, was of London too, when his mistress came to town for -the season accompanied by her glossy black pet. I will first relate -something of his country life, and feel confident that this digression -will be pardoned by those of my readers who are admirers of the rook, a -bird which we are accustomed to regard as of a more sedate disposition -than the jackdaw. - -He was picked up injured in a park in Oxfordshire, taken in and nursed -by the lady of the house until he was well and able to fly about once -more; but he elected to stay with his benefactress, although he always -spent a portion of each day in flying about the country in company with -his fellows. He had various ways of showing his partiality for his -mistress, one of which was very curious. Early every morning he flew -into her bedroom by the open window, and alighting on her bed would -deposit a small offering on the pillow--a horse-chestnut bur, a little -crooked stick, a bleached rabbit bone, a pebble, a bit of rusty iron, -which he had picked up and regarded as a suitable present. Whatever -it was, it had to be accepted with demonstrations of gratitude and -affection. If she took no notice he would lift it up and replace it -again, calling attention to it with little subdued exclamations which -sounded like words, and if she feigned sleep he would gently pull her -hair or tap her cheek with his bill to awake her. Once the present -was accepted he would nestle in under her arm and remain so, very -contentedly, until she got up. - -Here we get a delightful little peep into the workings of the rook's -mind. We ourselves, our great philosopher tells us, are 'hopelessly' -anthropomorphic. The rook appears to be in as bad a case; to his -mind we are nothing but bigger rooks, somewhat misshapen, perhaps, -featherless, deprived by some accident of the faculty of flight, and -not very well able to take care of ourselves. - -One summer day the rook came into the daughter's bedroom, where she was -washing her hands, and had just taken off a valuable diamond ring from -her finger and placed it on the marble top of the washing-stand. The -rook came to the stand and very suddenly picked up the ring and flew -out at the open window. The young lady ran down stairs and on to the -terrace, calling out that the bird had flown away with her ring. Her -mother quickly came out with a field glass in her hand, and together -they watched the bird fly straight away across the park to a distance -of about a third of a mile, where he disappeared from sight among the -trees. The ring was gone! Two hours later the robber returned and flew -into the dining-room, where his mistress happened to be; alighting on -the table, he dropped the ring from his beak and began walking round -it, viewing it first with one, then the other eye, uttering the while a -variety of little complacent notes, in which he seemed to be saying: 'I -have often admired this beautiful ring, but never had an opportunity of -examining it properly before; now, after having had it for some time in -my possession and shown it to several wild rooks of my acquaintance, I -have much satisfaction in restoring it to its owner, who is my very good -friend.' - -During his summer visits to London this rook met with many curious and -amusing adventures, as he had the habit of flying in at the open windows -of houses in the neighbourhood of Park Lane, and making himself very -much at home. He also flew about Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens every -day to visit his fellow-rooks. One day his mistress was walking in the -Row, at an hour when it was full of fashionable people, and the rook, -winging his way homewards from the gardens, spied her, and circling down -alighted on her shoulders, to the amazement of all who witnessed the -incident. 'What an astonishing thing!' exclaimed some person in the -crowd that gathered round her. 'Oh, not at all,' answered the lady, -caressing the bird with her hand, while he rubbed his beak against her -cheek; 'if you were as fond of the birds as I am, and treated them as -well, they would be glad to come down on to your shoulders, too.' - -This happened when the now vanished rooks had their populous rookery in -Kensington Gardens, where they were to be seen all day flying to and -from the old nesting-trees, and stalking over the green turf in search -of grubs on the open portions of Hyde Park. And we should have had them -there now if they had not been driven out. - - * * * * * - -The two largest London rookeries were those at Greenwich Park and -Kensington Gardens. In the first-named the trees were all topped over -twenty years ago, with the result that the birds left; and although the -locality has much to attract them, and numbers of rooks constantly visit -the park, they have never attempted to build nests since the trees were -mutilated. This rookery I never saw; that of Kensington Gardens I knew -very well. - -Over twenty years ago, on arriving in London, I put up at a City hotel, -and on the following day went out to explore, and walked at random, -never inquiring my way of any person, and not knowing whether I was -going east or west. After rambling about for some three or four hours, -I came to a vast wooded place where few persons were about. It was a -wet, cold morning in early May, after a night of incessant rain; but -when I reached this unknown place the sun shone out and made the air -warm and fragrant and the grass and trees sparkle with innumerable -raindrops. Never grass and trees in their early spring foliage looked -so vividly green, while above the sky was clear and blue as if I had -left London leagues behind. As I advanced farther into this wooded space -the dull sounds of traffic became fainter, while ahead the continuous -noise of many cawing rooks grew louder and louder. I was soon under the -rookery listening to and watching the birds as they wrangled with one -another, and passed in and out among the trees or soared above their -tops. How intensely black they looked amidst the fresh brilliant green -of the sunlit foliage! What wonderfully tall trees were these where -the rookery was placed! It was like a wood where the trees were -self-planted, and grew close together in charming disorder, reaching a -height of about one hundred feet or more. Of the fine sights of London -so far known to me, including the turbid, rushing Thames, spanned by -its vast stone bridges, the cathedral with its sombre cloud-like dome, -and the endless hurrying procession of Cheapside, this impressed me the -most. The existence of so noble a transcript of wild nature as this tall -wood with its noisy black people, so near the heart of the metropolis, -surrounded on all sides by miles of brick and mortar and innumerable -smoking chimneys, filled me with astonishment; and I may say that I -have seldom looked on a scene that stamped itself on my memory in -more vivid and lasting colours. Recalling the sensations of delight -I experienced then, I can now feel nothing but horror at the thought -of the unspeakable barbarity the park authorities were guilty of in -destroying this noble grove. _Why_ was it destroyed? It was surely worth -more to us than many of our possessions--many painted canvases, statues, -and monuments, which have cost millions of the public money! Of brick -and stone buildings, plain and ornamental, we have enough to afford -shelter to our bodies, and for all other purposes, but trees of one or -two centuries' growth, the great trees that give shelter and refreshment -to the soul, are not many in London. There must, then, have been some -urgent reason and necessity for the removal of this temple not builded -by man. It could not surely have been for the sake of the paltry sum -which the wood was worth--paltry, that is to say, if we compare the -amount the timber-merchant would pay for seven hundred elm-trees with -the sum of seventy-five thousand pounds the Government gave, a little -later, for half a dozen dreary canvases from Blenheim--dust and ashes -for the hungry and thirsty! Those who witnessed the felling of these -seven hundred trees, the tallest in London, could but believe that the -authorities had good cause for what they did, that they had been advised -by experts in forestry; and it was vaguely thought that the trees, which -looked outwardly in so flourishing a condition, were inwardly eaten up -with canker, and would eventually (and very soon perhaps) have to come -down. If the trees had in very truth been dying, the authorities would -not have been justified in their action. In the condition in which trees -are placed in London it is well nigh impossible that they should have -perfect health; but trees take long to die, and during decay are still -beautiful. Not far from London is a tree which Aubrey described as very -old in his day, and which has been dying since the early years of this -century, but it is not dead yet, and it may live to be admired by -thousands of pilgrims down to the end of the twentieth century. In any -case, trees are too precious in London to be removed because they are -unsound. But the truth was, those in Kensington Gardens were not dying -and not decayed. The very fact that they were chosen year after year by -the rooks to build upon afforded the strongest evidence that they were -the healthiest trees in the gardens. When they were felled a majority -of them were found to be perfectly sound. I examined many of the finest -boles, seventy and eighty feet long, and could detect no rotten spot in -them, nor at the roots. - -The only reasons I have been able to discover as having been given for -the destruction were that grass could not be made to grow so as to form -a turf in the deep shade of the grove; that in wet weather, particularly -during the fall of the leaf, the ground was always sloppy and dirty -under the trees, so that no person could walk in that part of the -grounds without soiling his boots. - -It will hardly be credited that the very men who did the work, before -setting about it, respectfully informed the park authorities that they -considered it would be a great mistake to cut the trees down, not only -because they were sound and beautiful to the eye, but for other reasons. -One was that the rooks would be driven away; another that this tall -thick grove was a protection to the gardens, and secured the trees -scattered over its northern side from the violence of the winds from the -west. They were laughed at for their pains, and told that the 'screen' -was not wanted, as every tree was made safe by its own roots; and as to -the rooks, they would not abandon the gardens where they had bred for -generations, but would build new nests on other trees. Finally, when it -came to the cutting down, the men begged to be allowed to spare a few of -the finest trees in the grove; and at last one tree, with no fewer than -fourteen nests on it: they were sharply ordered to cut down the lot. And -cut down they were, with disastrous consequences, as we know, as during -the next few years many scores of the finest trees on the north side of -the gardens were blown down by the winds, among them the noblest tree in -London--the great beech on the east side of the wide vacant space where -the grove had stood. The rooks, too, went away, as they had gone before -from Greenwich Park, and as in a period of seventeen years they have not -succeeded in establishing a new rookery, we may now regard them as lost -for ever. - -Seventeen years! Some may say that this is going too far back; that in -these fast-moving times, crowded with historically important events, it -is hardly worth while in 1898 to recall the fact that in 1880 a grove -of seven hundred trees was cut down in Kensington Gardens for no reason -whatever, or for a reason which would not be taken seriously by any -person in any degree removed from the condition of imbecility! - -To the nation at large the destruction of this grove may not have been -an important event, but to the millions inhabiting the metropolis, who -in a sense form a nation in themselves, it was exceedingly important, -immeasurably more so than most of the events recorded each year in the -'Annual Register.' - -It must be borne in mind that to a vast majority of this population of -five millions London is a permanent home, their 'province covered with -houses' where they spend their toiling lives far from the sights and -sounds of nature; that the conditions being what they are, an open -space is a possession of incalculable value, to be prized above all -others, like an amulet or a thrice-precious gem containing mysterious -health-giving properties. He, then, who takes from London one of these -sacred possessions, or who deprives it of its value by destroying its -rural character, by cutting down its old trees and driving out its bird -life, inflicts the greatest conceivable injury on the community, and is -really a worse enemy than the criminal who singles out an individual -here and there for attack, and who for his misdeeds is sent to Dartmoor -or to the gallows. - -We give praise and glory to those who confer lasting benefits on the -community; we love their memories when they are no more, and cherish -their fame, and hand it on from generation to generation. In honouring -them we honour ourselves. But praise and glory would be without -significance, and love of our benefactors would lose its best virtue, -its peculiar sweetness, if such a feeling did not have its bitter -opposite and correlative. - - * * * * * - -In conclusion of this in part mournful chapter I will relate a little -experience met with in Kensington Gardens, seventeen years ago. I was -in bad health at the time, with no prospect of recovery, and had been -absent from London. It was a bright and beautiful morning in October, -the air summer-like in its warmth, and, thinking how pleasant my -favourite green and wooded haunt would look in the sunshine, I paid a -visit to Kensington Gardens. Then I first saw the great destruction that -had been wrought; where the grove had stood there was now a vast vacant -space, many scores of felled trees lying about, and all the ground -trodden and black, and variegated with innumerable yellow chips, which -formed in appearance an irregular inlaid pattern. - -As I stood there idly contemplating the sawn-off half of a prostrate -trunk, my attention was attracted to a couple of small, ragged, -shrill-voiced urchins, dancing round the wood and trying to get bits -of bark and splinters off, one with a broken chopper for an implement, -the other with a small hand-hatchet, which flew off the handle at every -stroke. Seeing that I was observing their antics, one shouted to the -other, 'Say, Bill, got a penny?' 'No, don't I wish I had!' shouted the -other. - -'Little beggars,' thought I, 'do you really imagine you are going to get -a penny out of me?' So much amused was I at their transparent device -that I deliberately winked an eye--not at the urchins, but for the -benefit of a carelessly dressed, idle-looking young woman who happened -to be standing near just then, regarding us with an expression of slight -interest, a slight smile on her rosy lips, the sunshine resting on her -beautiful sun-browned face, and tawny bronzed hair. I must explain -that I had met her before, often and often, in London and other towns, -and in the country, and by the sea, and on distant seas, and in many -uninhabited places, so that we were old friends and quite familiar. - -Presently an exceedingly wasted, miserable-looking, decrepid old woman -came by, bent almost double under a ragged shawl full of sticks and -brushwood which she had gathered where the men were now engaged in -lopping off the branches of a tree they had just felled. 'My! she's got -a load, ain't she, Bill?' cried the first urchin again. 'Oh, if we had -a penny, now!' - -I asked him what he meant, and very readily and volubly he explained -that on payment of a penny the workmen would allow any person to take -away as much of the waste wood as he could carry, but without the penny -not a chip. I relented at that and gave them a penny, and with a whoop -of joy at their success they ran off to where the men were working. - -Then I turned to leave the gardens, nodding a good-bye to the young -woman, who was still standing there. The slight smile and expression of -slight interest, that curious baffling expression with which she regards -all our actions, from the smallest to the greatest, came back to her -lips and face. But as she returned my glance with her sunny eyes, behind -the sunniness on the surface there was a look of deep meaning, such as I -have occasionally seen in them before. It seemed to be saying sorrowful -and yet comforting things to me, telling me not to grieve overmuch at -these hackings and mutilations of the sweet places of the earth--at -these losses to be made good. It was as if she had shown me a vision -of some far time, after this London, after the dust of all her people, -from park ranger to bowed-down withered old woman gathering rotten -rain-sodden sticks for fuel, had been blown about by the winds of many -centuries--a vision of old trees growing again on this desecrated spot -as in past ages, oak and elm, and beech and chestnut, the happy, green -homes of squirrel and bird and bee. It was very sweet to see London -beautified and made healthy at last! And I thought, quoting Hafiz, that -after a thousand years my bones would be filled with gladness, and, -uprising, dance in the sepulchre. - - - - -CHAPTER VI - -RECENT COLONISTS - - The wood-pigeon in Kensington Gardens--Its increase--Its beauty and - charm--Perching on Shakespeare's statue in Leicester Square--Change - of habits--The moorhen--Its appearance and habits--An æsthetic - bird--Its increase--The dabchick in London--Its increase--Appearance - and habits--At Clissold Park--The stock-dove in London. - - -Of the species which have established colonies in London during recent -years, the wood-pigeon, or ringdove, is the most important, being the -largest in size and the most numerous; and it is also remarkable on -account of its beauty, melody, and tameness. Indeed, the presence of -this bird and its abundance is a compensation for some of our losses -suffered in recent years. It has for many of us, albeit in a less degree -than the carrion crow, somewhat of glamour, producing in such a place as -Kensington Gardens an illusion of wild nature; and watching it suddenly -spring aloft, with loud flap of wings, to soar circling on high and -descend in a graceful curve to its tree again, and listening to the -beautiful sound of its human-like plaint, which may be heard not only in -summer but on any mild day in winter, one is apt to lose sight of the -increasingly artificial aspect of things; to forget the havoc that has -been wrought, until the surviving trees--the decayed giants about whose -roots the cruel, hungry, glittering axe ever flits and plays like a -hawk-moth in the summer twilight--no longer seem conscious of their -doom. - -Twenty years ago the wood-pigeon was almost unknown in London, the very -few birds that existed being confined to woods on the borders of -the metropolis and to some of the old private parks--Ravenscourt, -Brondesbury, Clissold and Brockwell Parks; except two or three pairs -that bred in the group of fir trees on the north side of Kensington -Gardens, and one pair in St. James's Park. Tree-felling caused these -birds to abandon the parks sometime during the seventies. But from 1883, -when a single pair nested in Buckingham Palace Gardens, wood-pigeons -have increased and spread from year to year until the present time, when -there is not any park with large old trees, or with trees of a moderate -size, where these birds are not annual breeders. As the park trees no -longer afford them sufficient accommodation they have gone to other -smaller areas, and to many squares and gardens, private and public. -Thus, in Soho Square no fewer than six pairs had nests last summer. -It was very pleasant, a friend told me, to look out of his window on -an April morning and see two milk-white eggs, bright as gems in the -sunlight, lying in the frail nest in a plane tree not many yards away. -In North London these birds have increased greatly during the last three -years. Sixteen pairs bred successfully in 1897 in Clissold Park, which -is small, and there were scores of nests in the neighbourhood, on trees -growing in private grounds. - -Even in the heart of the smoky, roaring City they build their nests and -rear their young on any large tree. To other spaces, where there are -no suitable trees, they are daily visitors; and lately I have been -amused to see them come in small flocks to the coal deposits of the -Great Western Railway at Westbourne Park. What attraction this busy -black place, vexed with rumbling, puffing, and shrieking noises, can -have for them I cannot guess. These doves, when disturbed, invariably -fly to a terrace of houses close by and perch on the chimney-pots, a -newly acquired habit. In Leicester Square I have seen as many as a dozen -to twenty birds at a time, leisurely moving about on the asphalted walks -in search of crumbs of bread. It is not unusual to see one bird perched -in a pretty attitude on the head of Shakespeare's statue in the middle -of the square, the most commanding position. I never admired that marble -until I saw it thus occupied by the pretty dove-coloured guest, with -white collar, iridescent neck, and orange bill; since then I have -thought highly of it, and am grateful to Baron Albert Grant for his -gift to London, and recall with pleasure that on the occasion of its -unveiling I heard its praise, as a work of art, recited in rhyme by -Browning's-- - - Hop-o-my-thumb, there, - Banjo-Byron on his strum-strum, there. - -I heartily wish that the birds would make use in the same way of many -other statues with which our public places are furnished, if not -adorned. - -[Illustration: WOOD-PIGEON ON SHAKESPEARE'S STATUE] - -So numerous are the wood-pigeons at the end of summer in their favourite -parks that it is easy for any person, by throwing a few handfuls of -grain, to attract as many as twenty or thirty of them to his feet. Their -tameness is wonderful, and they are delightful to look at, although so -stout of figure. Considering their enormous appetites, their portliness -seems only natural. But a full habit does not detract from their beauty; -they remind us of some of our dearest lady friends, who in spite of -their two score or more summers, and largeness where the maiden is slim, -have somehow retained loveliness and grace. We have seen that the London -wood-pigeon, like the London crow, occasionally alights on buildings. -One bird comes to a ledge of a house-front opposite my window, and -walks up and down there. We may expect that other changes in the birds' -habits will come about in time, if the present rate of increase should -continue. Thus, last summer, one pair built a nest on St. Martin's -Church, Trafalgar Square; another pair on a mansion in Victoria Street, -Westminster. - -Something further will be said of this species in a chapter on the -movements of birds in London. - -Next to the ringdove in importance--and a bird of a more fascinating -personality, if such a word be admissible--is the moorhen, pretty and -quaint in its silky olive-brown and slaty-grey dress, with oblique -white bar on its side, and white undertail, yellow and scarlet beak and -frontal shield, and large green legs. _Green-legged little hen_ is its -scientific name. Its motions, too, are pretty and quaint. Not without -a smile can we see it going about on the smooth turf with an air of -dignity incongruous in so small a bird, lifting up and setting down its -feet with all the deliberation of a crane or bustard. A hundred curious -facts have been recorded of this familiar species--the 'moat-hen' of old -troubled days when the fighting man, instead of the schoolmaster as now, -was abroad in England, and manor-houses were surrounded by moats, in -which the moorhen lived, close to human beings, in a semi-domestic -state. But after all that has been written, we no sooner have him near -us, under our eyes, as in London to-day, than we note some new trait or -pretty trick. Thus, in a pond in West London I saw a moorhen act in a -manner which, so far as I know, had never been described; and I must -confess that if some friend had related such a thing to me I should -have been disposed to think that his sight had deceived him. This -moorhen was quietly feeding on the margin, but became greatly excited -on the appearance, a little distance away, of a second bird. Lowering -its head, it made a little rush at, or towards, the new-comer, then -stopped and went quietly back; then made a second little charge, and -again walked back. Finally it began to walk _backwards_, with slow, -measured steps, towards the other bird, displaying, as it advanced, or -retrograded, its open white tail, at the same time glancing over its -shoulder as if to observe the effect on its neighbour of this new mode -of motion. Whether this demonstration meant anger, or love, or mere fun, -I cannot say. - -Instances of what Ruskin has called the moorhen's 'human domesticity of -temper, with curious fineness of sagacity and sympathies in taste,' have -been given by Bishop Stanley in his book on birds. He relates that the -young, when able to fly, sometimes assist in rearing the later broods, -and even help the old birds to make new nests. Of the bird's æsthetic -taste he has the following anecdote. A pair of very tame moorhens that -lived in the grounds of a clergyman, in Cheadle, Staffordshire, in -constantly adding to the materials of their nest and decorating it, made -real havoc in the garden; the hen was once seen sitting on her eggs -'surrounded with a brilliant wreath of scarlet anemones.' An instance -equally remarkable occurred in 1896 in Battersea Park. A pair of -moorhens took it into their fantastic little heads to build their nest -against a piece of wire-netting stretched across the lake at one point. -It was an enormous structure, built up from the water to the top of the -netting, nearly three feet high, and presented a strange appearance -from the shore. On a close view the superintendent found that four -tail-feathers of the peacock had been woven into its fabric, and so -arranged that the four broad tips stood free above the nest, shading the -cavity and sitting bird, like four great gorgeously coloured leaves. - -The moorhen, like the ringdove, was almost unknown in London twenty -years ago, and is now as widely diffused, but owing to its structure and -habits it cannot keep pace with the other bird's increase. It must have -water, and some rushes, or weeds, or bushes to make its nest in; and -wherever these are found, however small the pond may be, there the -moorhen will live very contentedly. - - * * * * * - -A very few years ago it would have been a wild thing to say that -the little grebe was a suitable bird for London, and if some wise -ornithologist had prophesied its advent how we should all have laughed -at him! For how should this timid feeble-winged wanderer be able to -come and go, finding its way to and from its chosen park, in this -large province covered with houses, by night, through the network of -treacherous telegraph wires, in a lurid atmosphere, frightened by -strange noises and confused by the glare of innumerable lamps? Of birds -that get their living from the water, it would have seemed safer to look -for the coming (as colonists) of the common sandpiper, kingfisher, coot, -widgeon, teal: all these, also the heron and cormorant, are occasional -visitors to inner London, and it is to be hoped that some of them -will in time become permanent additions to the wild bird life of the -metropolis. - -The little grebe, before it formed a settlement, was also an occasional -visitor during its spring and autumn travels; and in 1870, when there -was a visitation on a large scale, as many as one hundred little grebes -were seen at one time on the Round Pond in Kensington Gardens. But it -was not until long afterwards, about fifteen years ago, that the first -pair had the boldness to stay and breed in one of the park lakes, in -sight of many people coming and going every day and all day long. This -was at St. James's Park, and from this centre the bird has extended his -range from year to year to other parks and spaces, and is now as well -established as the ringdove and moorhen. But, unlike the others, he is -a summer visitor, coming in March and April, and going, no man knows -whither, in October and November. If he were to remain, a long severe -frost might prove fatal to the whole colony. He lives on little fishes -and water insects, and must have open water to fish in. - -He is not a showy bird, nor large, being less than the teal in size, -and indeed is known to comparatively few persons. Nevertheless he is a -welcome addition to our wild bird life, and is, to those who know him, a -wonderfully interesting little creature, clothed in a dense unwettable -plumage, olive, black, and chestnut in colour, his legs set far -back--'becoming almost a fish's tail indeed, rather than a bird's legs,' -the lobed feet in shape like a horse-chestnut leaf. His habits are -as curious as his structure. His nest is a raft made of a mass of -water-weeds, moored to the rushes or to a drooping branch, and sometimes -it breaks from its moorings and floats away, carrying eggs and sitting -bird on it. On quitting the nest the bird invariably draws a coverlet of -wet weeds over the eggs; the nest in appearance is then nothing but a -bunch of dead vegetable rubbish floating in the water. When the young -are out of the eggs, the parent birds are accustomed to take them under -their wings, just as a man might take a parcel under his arm, and dive -into the water. - -[Illustration: DABCHICK ON NEST] - -Another curious habit of the dabchick was discovered during the -summer of 1896 in Clissold Park, when, for the second time, a pair of -these birds settled in the too small piece of water at that place. -Unfortunately, their nest was attacked and repeatedly destroyed by the -moorhens, who took a dislike to these 'new chums,' and by the swans, -who probably found that the wet materials used by the little grebe in -building its nest were good to eat. Now, it was observed that when the -nest was made on deep water, where the swans could swim up to it, the -dabchicks defended it by diving and pecking at, or biting, the webbed -feet of the assailants under water. It was a curious duel between a -pigmy and a giant--one a stately man-of-war floating on the water, the -other a small submerged torpedo, very active and intelligent. The swans -were greatly disconcerted and repeatedly driven off by means of this -strategy, but in the end the brave little divers were beaten, and reared -no young. - -The moral of this incident, which applies not only to Clissold but to -Brockwell, Dulwich, and to a dozen other parks, is that you cannot have -a big aquatic happy family in a very small pond. - -But it is extremely encouraging to all those who wish for a 'better -friendship' with the fowls of the air to find that this contest was -watched with keen interest and sympathy with the defenders by the -superintendent of a London park and the park constables. - -It is curious to note that the three species we have been considering, -differing so widely in their structures and habits, should be so closely -associated in the history of London wild bird life. That they should -have established colonies at very nearly about the same time, and very -nearly at the same centre, from which they have subsequently spread over -the metropolis; and that this centre, the cradle of the London races of -these birds, should continue to be their most favoured resort. Seeing -the numbers of wood-pigeons to-day, and their tameness everywhere, the -statement will seem almost incredible to many readers that only fifteen -years ago, one spring morning, the head gardener at Buckingham Palace, -full of excitement, made a hurried visit to a friend to tell him that a -pair of these birds had actually built a nest on a tree in the Palace -grounds. Up till now the birds are most numerous in this part of London. -The moorhen, I believe, bred first at St. James's Park about seventeen -years ago; a few days ago--January 1898--I saw twelve of these birds in -a little scattered flock feeding in the grass in this park. In no other -public park in London can so many be seen together. The dabchick first -bred in St. James's Park about fifteen years ago, and last summer, 1897, -as many as seven broods were brought out. In no other London park were -there more than two broods. - - * * * * * - -The three species described are the only permanent additions in recent -years to the wild bird life of the metropolis. But when it is considered -that their colonies were self-planted, and have shown a continuous -growth, while great changes of decrease and increase have meanwhile been -going on in the old-established colonies, we find good reason for the -hope that other species, previously unknown to the metropolis, will be -added from time to time. We know that birds attract birds, both their -own and other kinds. Even now there may be some new-comers--pioneers and -founders of fresh colonies--whose presence is unsuspected, or known only -to a very few observers. I have been informed by Mr. Howard Saunders -that he has seen the stock-dove in one of the West-end parks, and that a -friend of his had independently made the discovery that this species is -now a visitor to, and possibly a resident in, London. One would imagine -the stock-dove to be a species well suited to thrive with us, as it -would find numberless breeding-holes both in the decayed trees in the -parks and in big buildings, in which to rear its young in safety. I -should prefer to see the turtle-dove, a much prettier and more graceful -bird, with a better voice, but beggars must not be choosers; with the -stock-dove established, London will possess three of the four doves -indigenous in these islands, and the turtle-dove--at present an annual -breeder in woods quite near to London--may follow by-and-by to complete -the quartette. - - - - -CHAPTER VII - -LONDON'S LITTLE BIRDS - - Number of species, common and uncommon--The London sparrow--His - predominance, hardiness, and intelligence--A pet sparrow--Breeding - irregularities--A love-sick bird--Sparrow shindies: their probable - cause--'Sparrow chapels'--Evening in the parks--The starling--His - independence--Characteristics--Blackbird, thrush, and robin--White - blackbirds--The robin--Decrease in London--Habits and disposition. - - -There are not more than about twenty species of small passerine birds -that live all the year in London proper. The larger wild birds that -breed in London within the five-mile radius are eight species, or if we -add the semi-domestic pigeon or rock-dove, there are nine. Of the twenty -small birds, it is surprising to find that only five can be described as -really common, including the robin, which in recent years has ceased to -be abundant in the interior parks, and has quite disappeared from the -squares, burial grounds, and other small open spaces. The five familiar -species are the sparrow, starling, blackbird, song-thrush or throstle, -and robin, and in the present chapter these only will be dealt with. -All the other resident species found in London proper, or inner -London--missel-thrush, wren, hedge-sparrow, nuthatch, tree-creeper, tits -of five species, chaffinch, bullfinch, greenfinch, and yellowhammer, -also the summer visitants, and some rare residents occasionally to be -found breeding on the outskirts of the metropolis--will be spoken of in -subsequent chapters descriptive of the parks and open spaces. - -Here once more the sparrow takes precedence. 'What! the sparrow again!' -the reader may exclaim; 'I thought we had quite finished with that -little bird, and were now going on to something else.' Unfortunately, -as we have seen, there is little else to go on to until we get to the -suburbs, and that little bird the sparrow is not easily finished with. -Besides, common as he is, intimately known to every man, woman, and -child in the metropolis, even to the meanest gutter child in the poorest -districts, it is always possible to find something fresh to say of a -bird of so versatile a mind, so highly developed, so predominant. He -must indeed be gifted with remarkable qualities to have risen to such a -position, to have occupied, nay conquered, London, and made its human -inhabitants food-providers to his nation; and, finally, to have kept his -possession so long without any decay of his pristine vigour, despite the -unhealthy conditions. He does not receive, nor does he need, that fresh -blood from the country which we poor human creatures must have, or else -perish in the course of a very few generations. Nor does he require -change of air. It is commonly said that 'town sparrows' migrate to the -fields in summer, to feast on corn 'in the milk,' and this is true of -our birds in the outlying suburbs, who live in sight of the fields; -farther in, the sparrow never leaves his London home. I know that _my_ -sparrows--a few dozen that breed and live under my eyes--never see the -country, nor any park, square, or other open space. - -The hardiness and adaptiveness of the bird must both be great to enable -it to keep its health and strength through the gloom and darkness of -London winters. There is no doubt that many of our caged birds would -perish at this season if they did not feed by gas or candle light. When -they do not so feed it is found that the mortality, presumably from -starvation, is very considerable. During December and January the London -night is nearly seventeen hours in length, as it is sooner dark and -later light than in the country; while in cold and foggy weather the -birds feed little or not at all. They keep in their roosting-holes, and -yet they do not appear to suffer. After a spell of frosty and very dark -weather I have counted the sparrows I am accustomed to observe, and -found none missing. - -But the sparrow's chief advantage over other species doubtless lies in -his greater intelligence. That ineradicable suspicion with which he -regards the entire human race, and which one is sometimes inclined to -set down to sheer stupidity, is, in the circumstances he exists in, his -best policy. He has good cause to doubt the friendliness of his human -neighbours, and his principle is, not to run risks; when in doubt, keep -away. Thus, when the roads are swept the sparrows will go to the dirt -and rubbish heaps, and search in them for food; then they will fly up to -any window-sill and eat the bread they find put there for them. But let -them see any rubbish of any description there, anything but bread--a -bit of string, a chip of wood, a scrap of paper, white or blue or -yellow, or a rag, or even a penny piece, and at the first sight of it -away they will dart, and not return until the dangerous object has been -removed. A pigeon or starling would come and take the food without -paying any attention to the strange object which so startled the -sparrow. They are less cunning. Without doubt there are many boys and -men in all parts of London who amuse themselves by trying to take -sparrows, and the result of their attempts is that the birds decline to -trust anyone. - -In this extreme suspiciousness, and in their habits generally, all -sparrows appear pretty much alike to us. When we come to know them -intimately, in the domestic state, we find that there is as much -individual character in sparrows as in other highly intelligent -creatures. The most interesting tame sparrow I have known in London was -the pet of a lady of my acquaintance. This bird, however, was not a -cockney sparrow from the nest: he was hatched on the other side of the -Channel, and his owner rescued him, when young and scarce able to fly, -from some street urchins in a suburb of Paris, who were playing with -and tormenting him. In his London home he grew up to be a handsome bird, -brighter in plumage than our cock sparrows usually seem, even in the -West-end parks. He was strongly attached to his mistress, and liked -to play with and to be caressed by her; when she sat at work he -would perch contentedly by her side by the half-hour chirruping his -sparrow-music, interspersed with a few notes borrowed from caged -songsters. He displayed a marked interest in her dress and ornaments, -and appeared to take pleasure in richly coloured silks and satins, and -in gold and precious stones. But all these things did not please him in -the same degree, and the sight of some ornaments actually angered him: -he would scold and peck at the brooch or necklace, or whatever it was, -which he did not like, and if no notice was taken at first, he would -work himself into a violent rage, and the offensive jewel would have to -be taken off and put out of sight. He also had his likes and dislikes -among the inmates and guests in the house. He would allow me to sit by -him for an hour, taking no notice, but if I made any advance he would -ruffle up his plumage, and tell me in his unmistakable sparrow-language -to keep my distance. Once he took a sudden violent hatred to his -owner's maid; no sooner would she enter the room where the sparrow -happened to be than he would dart at her face and peck and beat her with -his wings; and as he could not be made to like, nor even to tolerate -her, she had to be discharged. It was, however, rare for him to abuse -his position of first favourite so grossly as on this occasion. He was -on the whole a good-tempered bird, and had a happy life, spending the -winter months each year in Italy, where his mistress had a country -house, and returning in the spring to London. Then, very unexpectedly, -his long life of eighteen years came to an end; for up to the time -of dying he showed no sign of decadence. To the last his plumage and -disposition were bright, and his affection for his mistress and love for -his own music unabated. - -After all, it must be said that the sparrow, as a pet, has his -limitations; he is not, mentally, as high as the crow, aptly described -by Macgillivray as the 'great sub-rational chief of the kingdom -of birds.' And however luxurious the home we may give him, he is -undoubtedly happier living his own independent life, a married bird, -making slovenly straw nests under the tiles, and seeking his food in -the gutter. - -Many years ago Dr. Gordon Stables said, in an article on the sparrow, -that he felt convinced from his own observation of these birds that -curious irregularities in their domestic or matrimonial relations -were of very frequent occurrence, a fact which the ornithologists had -overlooked. Last summer I had proof that such irregularities do occur, -but I very much doubt that they are so common as he appears to believe. - -I had one pair of sparrows breeding in a hole under the eaves at the top -of the house, quite close to a turret window, from which I look down -upon and observe the birds, and on the sill of which I place bread for -them. This pair reared brood after brood, from April to November, and so -long as they found bread on the window-sill they appeared to feed their -young almost exclusively on it, although it is not their natural food; -but there was no green place near where caterpillars might be found, -and I dare say the young sparrow has an adaptive stomach. At all events -broods of four and five were successively brought out and taught to feed -on the window-sill. After a few days' holiday the old birds would begin -to tidy up the nest to receive a fresh clutch of eggs. In July I noticed -that a second female, the wife, as it appeared, of a neighbouring bird, -had joined the first pair, and shared in the tasks of incubation and of -feeding the young. The cast-off cock-sparrow had followed her to her new -home, and was constantly hanging about the nest trying to coax his wife -to go back to him. Day after day, and all day long, he would be there, -and sitting on the slates quite close to the nest he would begin his -chirrup--chirrup--chirrup; and gradually as time went on, and there was -no response, he would grow more and more excited, and throw his head -from side to side, and rock his body until he would be lying first on -one side, then the other, and after a while he would make a few little -hops forward, trailing his wings and tail on the slates, then cast -himself down once more. Something in his monotonous song with its not -unmusical rhythm, and his extravagant love-sick imploring gestures and -movements, reminded me irresistibly of Chevalier in the character of Mr. -'Enry 'Awkins--his whole action on the stage, the thin piping cockney -voice, the trivial catching melody, and, I had almost added, the very -words-- - - So 'elp me bob, I'm crazy! - Lizer, you're a daisy! - Won't yer share my 'umble 'ome? - Oh, Lizer! sweet Lizer! - -And so on, and on, until one of the birds in the nest would come out and -furiously chase him away. Then he would sit on some chimney-pipe twenty -or thirty yards off, silent and solitary; but by-and-by, seeing the -coast clear, he would return and begin his passionate pleading once -more. - -[Illustration: LOVE-SICK COCK SPARROW] - -This went on until the young birds were brought out, after which they -all went away for a few days, and then the original pair returned. No -doubt 'Enry 'Awkins had got his undutiful doner back. - -The individual sparrow is, however, little known to us: we regard him -rather as a species, or race, and he interests the mass of people -chiefly in his social character when he is seen in companies, and -crowds, and multitudes. He is noisiest and attracts most attention -when there is what may be called a 'shindy' in the sparrow community. -Shindies are of frequent occurrence all the year round, and may arise -from a variety of causes; my belief is that, as they commonly take place -at or near some favourite nesting or roosting site, they result from the -sparrow's sense of proprietorship and his too rough resentment of any -intrusion into his own domain. Sparrows in London mostly remain paired -all the year, and during the winter months roost in the breeding-hole, -often in company with the young of the last-raised brood. Why all the -neighbours rush in to take part in the fight is not so easy to guess: -possibly they come in as would-be peace-makers, or policemen, but are -themselves so wildly excited that they do nothing except to get into -each other's way and increase the confusion. - -Of more interest are those daily gatherings of a pacific nature at some -favourite meeting-place, known to Londoners as a 'sparrows' chapel.' A -large tree, or group of trees, in some garden, square, or other space, -is used by the birds, and here they are accustomed to congregate at -various times, when the rain is over, or when a burst of sunshine after -gloomy weather makes them glad, and at sunset. Their chorus of ringing -chirruping sounds has an exceedingly pleasant effect; for although -compared with the warblers' singing it may be a somewhat rude music, by -contrast with the noise of traffic and raucous cries from human throats -it is very bright and glad and even beautiful, voicing a wild, happy -life. - -It is interesting and curious to find that this habit of concert-singing -at sunset, although not universal, is common among passerine birds in -all regions of the globe. And when a bird has this habit he will not -omit his vesper song, even when the sun is not visible and when rain is -falling. In some mysterious way he knows that the great globe is sinking -beneath the horizon. Day is over, he can feed no more until to-morrow, -in a few minutes he will be sleeping among the clustering leaves, but he -must sing his last song, must join in that last outburst of melody to -express his overflowing joy in life. - -This is a habit of our sparrow, and even on the darkest days, when days -are shortest, any person desirous of hearing the birds need only consult -the almanac to find out the exact time of sunset, then repair to a -'chapel,' and he will not be disappointed. - -In some of the parks, notably at Battersea, where the birds are in -thousands, the effect of so many voices all chirruping together is quite -wonderful, and very delightful. - -The time will come, let us hope, when for half a dozen species of small -birds in London we shall have two dozen, or even fifty; until then the -sparrow, even the common gutter-sparrow, is a bird to be thankful for. - - * * * * * - -The starling ranks second to the sparrow in numbers; but albeit second, -the interval is very great: the starlings' thousands are but a small -tribe compared to the sparrows' numerous nation. - -It has been said that the starling is almost as closely associated with -man as the sparrow. That is hardly the case; in big towns the sparrow, -like the rat and black beetle, although not in so unpleasant a way, is -parasitical on man, whereas the starling is perfectly independent. He -frequents human habitations because they provide him with suitable -breeding-holes; he builds in a house, or barn, or church tower, just as -he does in a hole in a tree in a wild forest, or a hole in the rock -on some sea-cliff, where instead of men and women he has puffins, -guillemots, and gannets for neighbours. The roar of the sea or the -jarring noises of human traffic and industry--it is all one to the -starling. That is why he is a London bird. In the breeding season he is -to be found diffused over the entire metropolis, an astonishing fact -when we consider that he does not, like the sparrow, find his food in -the roads, back gardens, and small spaces near his nest, but, like the -rook, must go a considerable distance for it. - -Two seasons ago (1896) one pair of starlings had their nest close to my -house--a treeless district, most desolate. When the young were hatched -I watched the old birds going and coming, and on leaving the nest they -invariably flew at a good height above the chimney-pots and telegraph -wires, in the direction of the Victoria Gate of Hyde Park. They returned -the same way. It is fully two miles to the park in that direction. The -average number of eggs in a starling's nest is six; and assuming that -these birds had four or five young, we can imagine what an enormous -labour it must have been to supply them with suitable insect food, each -little beakful of grubs involving a return journey of at least four -miles; and the grubs would certainly be very much more difficult to find -on the trodden sward of Hyde Park than in a country meadow. I pitied -these brave birds every day, when I watched them from my turret window, -going and coming, and at the same time I rejoiced to think that this -pair, and hundreds of other pairs with nests just as far from their -scanty feeding-grounds, were yet able to rear their young each season -in London. - -[Illustration: LONDON STARLINGS] - -For the starling is really a splendid bird as birds are with us in this -distant northern land--splendid in his spangled glossy dress of metallic -purple, green, and bronze, a singer it is always pleasant to listen -to, a flyer in armies and crowds whose aërial evolutions in autumn and -winter, before settling to roost each evening, have long been the wonder -and admiration of mankind. He inhabits London all the year round, but -not in the same numbers: in the next chapter more will be said on this -point. He also sings throughout the year; on any autumn or winter day a -small company or flock of a dozen or two of birds may be found in any -park containing large trees, and it is a delight that never grows -stale to listen to the musical conversation, or concert of curiously -contrasted sounds, perpetually going on among them. The airy whistle, -the various chirp, the clink-clink as of a cracked bell, the low chatter -of mixed harsh and musical sounds, the kissing and finger-cracking, and -those long metallic notes, as of a saw being filed not unmusically, -or (as a friend suggests) as of milking a cow in a tin pail;--however -familiar you may be with the starling, you cannot listen to one of -their choirs without hearing some new sound. There is more variety in -the starling than in any other species, and not only in his language; -if you observe him closely for a short time, he will treat you to -a sudden and surprising transformation. Watch him when absorbed in -his own music, especially when emitting his favourite saw-filing or -milking-a-cow-in-a-tin-pail sounds: he trembles on his perch--shivers as -with cold--his feathers puffed out, his wings hanging as if broken, his -beak wide open, and the long pointed feathers of his swollen throat -projected like a ragged beard. He is then a most forlorn-looking object, -apparently broken up and falling to pieces; suddenly the sounds cease, -and in the twinkling of an eye he is once more transformed into the -neat, compact, glossy, alert starling! - -Something further may be said about the pair of starlings that elected -to breed the summer before last in sight of my top windows, in that -brick desert where my home is. When they brought out and led their young -away, I wondered if they would ever return to such a spot. Surely, -thought I, they will have some recollection of the vast labour of -rearing a nestful of young at such a distance from their feeding-ground, -and when summer comes once more will be tempted to settle somewhere -nearer to the park. The Albert Memorial, for instance, gorgeous with -gold and bright colour, might attract them; certainly there was room for -them, since it had in the summer of 1896 but one pair of starlings for -tenants. It was consequently something of a surprise when, on March 23 -last spring, early in the morning, the birds reappeared at the same -place, and spent over an hour in fluttering about and exploring the old -breeding-hole, perching on the slates and chimney-pots, and clinging to -the brick wall, fluttering their wings, screaming and whistling as if -almost beside themselves with joy to be at home once more. - -Brave and faithful starlings! we hardly deserve to have you back, since -London has not been too kind to her feathered children. Quite lately she -has driven out her rooks, who were faithful too; and long ago she got -rid of her ravens; and to her soaring kites she meted out still worse -treatment, pulling down their last nest in 1777 from the trees in Gray's -Inn Gardens, and cutting open the young birds to find out, in the -interests of ornithological science, what they had eaten! - - * * * * * - -Between the starling and the next in order, the blackbird, there is -again a very great difference with regard to numbers. The former counts -thousands, the latter hundreds. Between blackbird and song-thrush, or -throstle, there is not a wide difference, but if we take the whole of -London, the blackbird is much more numerous. After these two, at a -considerable distance, comes the robin. In suburban grounds and gardens -these three common species are equally abundant. But in these same -private places, which ring the metropolis round with innumerable small -green refuges, or sanctuaries, several other species which are dying -out in the parks and open spaces of inner London are also common--wren, -hedge-sparrow, blue, cole, and great tits, chaffinch, and greenfinch--and -of these no more need be said in this chapter. - -As we have seen, there is always a great interest shown (by the collector -especially) in that not very rare phenomenon, an abnormally white bird. -But in London the bird-killers are restrained, and the white specimen -is sometimes able to keep his life for a few or even for several months. -Recently (1897) a very beautiful white blackbird was to be seen in -Kensington Gardens, in the Flower Walk, east of the Albert Memorial. He -was the successor to a wholly milk-white blackbird that lived during the -summer of 1895 in the shrubberies of Kensington Palace, and was killed -by some scoundrel, who no doubt hoped to sell its carcass to some -bird-stuffer. Its crushed body was found by one of the keepers in a -thick holly-bush close to the public path; the slayer had not had time -to get into the enclosure to secure his prize. - -The other bird had some black and deep brown spots on his mantle, and a -few inky black tail and wing feathers--a beautiful Dominican dress. But -when I first saw him, rushing out of a black holly-bush, one grey misty -morning in October, his exceeding whiteness startled me, and I was -ready to believe that I had beheld a blackbird's ghost, when the bird, -startled too, emitted his prolonged chuckle, proving him to be no -supernatural thing, but only a fascinating freak of nature. He lived -on, very much admired, until the end of March last year (1897), having -meanwhile found a mate, and was then killed by a cat. - - * * * * * - -The robin, although common as ever in all the more rural parts of -London--the suburban districts where there are gardens with shrubs and -trees--is now growing sadly scarce everywhere in the interior of the -metropolis. In 1865 the late Shirley Hibberd wrote that this bird -was very common in London: 'Robins are seen among the hay-carts at -Whitechapel, Smithfield, and Cumberland Markets, in all the squares, in -Lincoln's Inn, Gray's Inn, and other gardens, in the open roadway of -Farringdon Street, Ludgate Hill, the Strand, and Blackfriars Road; nay, -I once saw a robin on a lovely autumn afternoon perch upon the edge of a -gravestone in St. Paul's Churchyard and trill out a carol as sweetly as -in any rural nook at home.' - -Now the robin has long vanished from all these public places, even from -the squares that are green, and that he is becoming very scarce in all -the interior parks I shall have occasion to show in later chapters. It -is a great pity that this should be so, as this bright little bird is -a universal favourite on account of his confidence in and familiarity -with man, and his rare beauty, and because, as becomes a cousin of the -nightingale, he is a very sweet singer. Moreover, just as his red breast -shines brightest in autumn and winter, when all things look grey and -desolate, or white with the snow's universal whiteness, so does his -song have a peculiar charm and almost unearthly sweetness in the silent -songless season. It is not strange that in credulous times man's -imagination should have endowed so loved a bird with impossible virtues, -that it should have been believed that he alone--heaven's little -feathered darling--cared for 'the friendless bodies of unburied men' -and covered them with leaves, and was not without some supernatural -faculties. Nor can it be said that all these pretty fables have quite -faded out of the rustic mind. But, superstition apart, the robin -is still a first favourite and dear to everyone, and some would -gladly think he is a _better_ bird, in the sense of being gentler, -sweeter-tempered, more affectionate and _human_, than other feathered -creatures. But it is not so, the tender expression of his large dark eye -is deceptive. The late Mr. Tristram-Valentine, writing of the starling -in London, its neat, bright, glossy appearance, compared with that of -the soot-blackened disreputable-looking sparrow, says 'the starling -always looks like a gentleman.' In like manner the robin will always be -a robin, and act like one, in London or out of it--the most unsocial, -fierce-tempered little duellist in the feathered world. Now I wish to -point out that this fierce intolerant spirit of our bird is an advantage -in London, if we love robins and are anxious to have plenty of them. - -It is a familiar fact that at the end of summer the adult robins -disappear; that they remain in hiding in the shade of the evergreens -and thick bushes until they have got a new dress, and have recovered -their old vigour; that when they return to the world, so to speak, and -find their young in possession of their home and territory, they set -themselves to reconquer it. For the robin will not tolerate another -robin in that portion of a garden, shrubbery, orchard, or plantation -which he regards as his very own. A great deal of fighting then takes -place between old and young birds, and these fights in many instances -end fatally to one of the combatants. The raven has the same savage -disposition and habit with regard to its young; and when a young raven, -in disposition a 'chip of the old block,' refuses to go when ordered, -and fights to stay, it occasionally happens that one of the birds gets -killed. But the raven has a tremendous weapon, a stone axe, in his -massive beak; how much greater the fury and bulldog tenacity of the -robin must be to kill one of his own kind with so feeble a weapon as -his small soft bill! At the end of the summer of 1896 two robins were -observed fighting all day long in the private gardens of Kensington -Palace, the fight ending in the death of one of the birds. - -Finally, as a result of all the chasing and fighting that goes on, the -young birds are driven out to find homes for themselves. In London, in -the interior parks, not many young robins are reared, but many of those -that have been reared in the suburban districts drift into London, and -altogether a considerable number of birds roam about the metropolis in -search of some suitable green spot to settle in; and I will only add -here, in anticipation of what will be said in a later chapter, that if -suitable places were provided for them, the robins would increase year -by year from this natural cause. - -There are other movements of robins in London which it will be more in -order to notice in the next chapter. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -MOVEMENTS OF LONDON BIRDS - - Migration as seen in London--Swallows in the parks--Fieldfares--A flock - of wild geese--Autumn movements of resident species--Wood-pigeons--A - curious habit--Dabchicks and moorhens--Crows and rooks--The Palace - daws--Starlings--Robins--A Tower robin and the Tower sparrows--Passage - birds in the parks--Small birds wintering in London--Influx of birds - during severe frosts--Occasional visitors--The black-headed gull--A - winter scene in St. James's Park. - - -The seasonal movements of the strict migrants are little noticed in -London; there are few such species that visit, fewer still that remain -any time with us. And when they come we scarcely see them: they are not -like the residents, reacted on and modified by their surroundings, made -tame, ready to feed from our hands, to thrust themselves at all times -upon our attention. Nevertheless we do occasionally see something of -these shyer wilder ones, the strangers and passengers; and in London, -as in the rural districts, it is the autumnal not the vernal migration -which impresses the mind. Birds are seldom seen arriving in spring. -Walking to-day in some park or garden, we hear the first willow-wren's -delicate tender warble among the fresh April foliage. It was not heard -yesterday, but the small modest-coloured singer may have been there -nevertheless, hidden and silent among the evergreens. The birds that -appear in the autumn are plainly travellers that have come from some -distant place, and have yet far to go. Wheatears may be seen if looked -for in August on Hampstead Heath, and occasionally a few other large -open spaces in or near London. In September and October swallows and -martins put in an appearance, and although they refuse to make their -summer home in inner London, they often come in considerable numbers -and remain for many days, even for weeks, in the parks in autumn. - -It has been conjectured that the paucity of winged insect life in London -is the cause of the departure of swallows and house-martins as breeding -species. Yet in the autumn of 1896, from September to the middle of -October, hundreds of these birds lived in the central and many other -parks in London, and doubtless they found a sufficiency of food in -spite of the cold east winds which prevailed at that time. - -Among the winter visitors to the outskirts of the metropolis, the -fieldfare is the most abundant as well as the most attractive. During -the winters of 1895-6 and 1896-7 I saw them on numberless occasions -at Wimbledon, Richmond, Hampstead Heath, Bostell Woods, Hackney Marsh, -Wanstead, Dulwich, Brockwell Park, Streatham, and other open spaces and -woods round London. In the gardens of the outer suburbs there is always -a great profusion of winter berries, and the felts seen in these places -are probably regular visitors. Certainly they are tamer than fieldfares -are apt to be in the country, but they seldom penetrate far into the -brick-and-mortar wilderness. I have seen a few in Kensington Gardens, -and in November, 1896, a few fieldfares alighted on a tree at the Tower -of London. Stranger still, in February 1897 a flock of wild geese was -observed flying over the Tower: the birds went down the river flying -low, as it was noticed that when they passed over the Tower Bridge they -were not higher than the pinnacles of the two big towers. - -[Illustration: FIELDFARES AT THE TOWER] - -The birds that are strange to London eyes are very nearly all seen in -the autumn, from September to November. At this mutable season a person -who elects to spend his nights on the roof, with rugs and an umbrella -to keep out cold and wet, may be rewarded by hearing far-off shrill -delicate noises of straggling sandpipers or other shore birds on -passage, or the mysterious cry of the lapwing, 'wailing his way from -cloud to cloud.' - -All these rare sights and sounds are for the very patient watchers -and listeners; nevertheless they are the only 'authentic tidings' the -Londoner receives of that great and wonderful wave of life which travels -southward over half the globe in advance of winter. This annual exodus -and sublime flight to distant delectable regions beyond the sea is, -however, only taken part in by some of the feathered people; meanwhile -the others that remain to brave the cold and scarcity are also seen to -be infected with a restless spirit and desire of change. The starling, -missel-thrush, larks and pipits, and other kinds, alter their way of -life, uniting in flocks and becoming wanderers over the face of the -country. Finches, too, go a-gypsying: the more sedentary species leave -their breeding-haunts for suitable winter quarters; and everywhere there -is a great movement, a changing of places, packing and scattering, a -hurrying to and fro all over the land. - -The London birds are no exception, although their autumnal movements -have hitherto attracted little attention. These movements are becoming -more noticeable, owing to changes going on in the character of the -metropolitan bird population. The sparrow, as we have seen, does not -leave home, but recently there has been a great increase in the more -vagrant species, the starling and wood-pigeon especially. During the -last few years the wood-pigeon has been growing somewhat more domestic, -and less inclined to leave town than formerly, but from time to time the -old wandering instinct reasserts itself, and it was observed that during -the autumn of 1896 a majority of the birds left London. At Lincoln's Inn -Fields there were thirteen birds down to the end of September, then all -but one disappeared. This solitary stayer-at-home had been sprung upon -and injured by a cat some time before the day of departure. - -Last year, 1897, the autumnal exodus was even greater. Thus, on October -25 I walked the whole length of the three central parks, and saw no -pigeons except one pair of young birds not long out of the nest, in Hyde -Park, and one parent bird feeding them. The other parent had probably -gone away to the country, leaving his mate to rear this very late brood -as best she could. Doubtless many of these wanderers from the metropolis -get killed in the country, but in December and January the survivors -return to the safety of the parks, and to a monotonous diet of stale -bread. - -It is probable that with the change of temperature in September and -October the London wood-pigeons, like so many birds, are seized by a -restless and roving spirit; but I am inclined to believe that the taste -of wild nuts and fruits, which they get in the parks at that season, -is one cause of their going away. They do not get much of this natural -food; they first strip the oaks of their acorns almost before they are -quite ripe, depriving the London urchins of their little harvest, and -then attack the haws and holly-berries; and when this small supply has -been exhausted the birds go further afield in search of more. - -[Illustration: WOOD-PIGEON FEEDING ON HAWS] - -On the evening of August 26, 1897, I saw a number of wood-pigeons -feeding on the haws in a manner quite new in my experience. There -were twelve or fourteen birds on a good-sized thorn-tree growing in -Buckingham Palace grounds; but the berries on this tree grew at the -tips of long slender branches and could not have been reached by the -birds in the ordinary way. The pigeons would settle on a branch and -then begin moving cautiously towards the points, the branch bending -beneath the weight more and more until the bird, unable to keep any -longer _on_ the branch, would suddenly turn over and remain hanging head -down, suspended by its clinging feet. In this position, by stretching -its neck it would be able to reach the berries, which it would then -leisurely devour. As many as four or five birds were seen at one time -hanging in this way, appearing with wings half-open like dead or wounded -birds tied by their feet to the branchlets, from which they were -suspended. Since witnessing this curious scene I have been told by Mr. -Coppin, the superintendent at Battersea Park, that he has seen the -wood-pigeons at that place acting in the same way. It is probably a -habit of the birds which has hitherto escaped notice. - - * * * * * - -The dabchicks leave London in the autumn and return in spring: they may -be looked for in the ornamental waters as early as the third week in -March. The moorhens formerly disappeared from London in winter; they -are now residents throughout the year in a few of the parks where there -is shelter, and during severe frosts they feed at the same table with -the ornamental water-fowl. From all the smaller lakes which they have -recently colonised they vanish in cold weather. In autumn they wander -about a good deal by night; any small piece of water will attract them, -and their cries will be heard during the dark hours; before it is light -they will be gone. - -Crows and rooks are most often seen in London during the winter months. -Many rooks have their winter roosting-place in Richmond Park, and small -bands of these birds visit the central parks and other open spaces. On -the morning of February 3, 1897, about fifty rooks visited Kensington -Gardens and fed for some hours on the strip of grassed land adjoining -the palace. The whole jackdaw colony, numbering twenty-four birds, fed -with them, and when, about twelve o'clock, the visitors rose up and -flew away, the daws, after seeing them off, returned in a body to the -tree-tops near the palace, and for the rest of the day continued in an -excited state. From time to time they would rush up with a loud clamour, -then return to the tree-tops, where they would sit close together and -silent as if expecting something, and at intervals of a minute or two a -simultaneous cry would burst from them. - -I have observed that on winter evenings these daws fly away from the -gardens in a north-westerly direction: where their winter roosting-place -is I have not discovered. - -The starling is the most interesting London bird in his autumn movements. -It is only at the end of July, when they are gathered in large bodies, -that some idea can be formed of their numbers. Flocks of a dozen to -forty or fifty birds may be seen in any park and green space any day -throughout the winter; these are the birds that winter with us, and are -but a small remnant of the entire number that breed in London. At the -end of June the starlings begin to congregate every evening at their -favourite roosting-places. Of these there are several, the most favoured -being the islands in the ornamental water at Regent's Park, the island -in the Serpentine, and at Buckingham Palace grounds and Battersea Park. -The last is the most important. Before sunset the birds are seen pouring -in, flock after flock, from all quarters, until the trees on the island -are black with their thousands, and the noise of their singing and -chattering is so great that a person standing on the edge of the lake -can hardly hear himself speak. These meeting places are evidently -growing in favour, and if the autumn of 1898 shows as great an increase -as those of 1896 and 1897 over previous years, London will have as -compensation for its lost rookeries some very fine clouds of starlings. -At the beginning of October most of the birds go away to spend the -winter in the country, or possibly abroad. In February and March they -begin to reappear in small flocks, and gradually scatter over the whole -area of the metropolis, each pair going back to its old nesting-hole. - -The annual scattering of robins at the end of summer, when, after the -moult, the old birds attack and drive away the young, has been described -in the last chapter. This habit of the bird alone would cause a good -deal of moving about of the London robins each year, but it is also a -very general belief of ornithologists that at this season there is a -large migratory movement of young robins throughout the country. At all -events, it is a fact that in August and September robins go about in -London a good deal, and frequently appear in the most unlikely places. -Some of these are no doubt birds of the year hatched in London or the -suburbs, and others may be migrating robins passing through. - -At the Tower of London robins occasionally appear in autumn, but soon go -away. The last one that came settled down and was a great favourite with -the people there for about two months, being very friendly, coming to -window-sills for crumbs, and singing every day very beautifully. Then -one day he was seen in the General's garden wildly dashing about, hotly -pursued by seven or eight sparrows, and as he was never seen again it -was conjectured that the sparrows had succeeded in killing him. The -robin is a high-spirited creature, braver than most birds, and a fair -fighter, but against such a gang of feathered murderous ruffians, bent -on his destruction, he would stand no chance. - -The Tower sparrows, it may be added, appear to be about the worst -specimens of their class in London. They are always at war with the -pigeons and starlings, and would gladly drive them out if they could. -It is a common thing for some foreign bird to escape from its cage on -board ship and to take refuge in the trees and gardens of the Tower, -but woe to the escaped captive and stranger in a strange land who seeks -safety in such a place! Immediately on his arrival the sparrows are all -up against him, not to 'heave half a brick at him,' since they are not -made that way, but to hunt him from place to place until they have -driven him, weak with fatigue and terror, into a corner where they can -finish him with their bludgeon beaks. - -This violence towards strangers of the Tower sparrow is not to be -wondered at, since this unpleasant disposition or habit is common to -many species. The prophet Jeremiah had observed it when he said, 'Mine -heritage is unto me as a speckled bird, the birds round about are -against her.' To the Tower sparrows every feathered stranger is -conspicuously speckled, and they are against her. The wonder is that -they should keep up their perpetual little teasing warfare against the -pigeons and starlings, their neighbours from time immemorial. One would -have imagined that so intelligent and practical a bird as the sparrow, -after vainly trying for several centuries to drive out his fellow -tenants, would have made peace with them and found some more profitable -outlet for his superabundant energies. Possibly the introduction of a -few feathered policemen--owls, or magpies, or sparrow hawks--would have -the effect of making him a less quarrelsome neighbour. - - * * * * * - -In autumn and in spring a variety of summer visitants, mostly warblers, -pass through London, delaying a little in its green spaces. In September -we are hardly cognisant of these small strangers within our gates, all -but one or two being silent at that season. In April and May, in -many of the parks, we may hear the chiffchaff, willow-wren, blackcap, -sedge-warbler, the whitethroat, occasionally the cuckoo, and a few other -rarer species, but they sing little, and soon leave us to seek better -breeding-sites than the inner parks offer. - -While some of our birds, as we have seen, forsake us at the approach of -cold weather, some for a short period, others to remain away until the -following spring, a small contrary movement of birds into London is -going on. These winterers with us come not in battalions and are little -remarked. They are to be found, a few here and a few there, all over -London, wherever there are trees and bushes, but less in the public -parks than in private grounds, cemeteries, and other quiet spots. Thus, -during the last two exceptionally mild winters a few skylarks have lived -contentedly in the comparatively small green area at Lambeth Palace. -Nunhead Cemetery is a favourite winter resort of a number of small -birds--starlings, chaffinches, and greenfinches, and a few of other -species. Chaffinches are found in winter in several of the open spaces -where they do not breed, and among other species to be found wintering -in the quiet green spots in small numbers are linnets, goldfinches, -pipits, and the pied wagtail. - -In exceptionally severe winters birds come into London in considerable -numbers--rooks, starlings, larks, blackbirds and thrushes, finches, and -other small species--and they then visit not only the parks but all the -squares and private gardens. During the big frost of 1890-1 skylarks -were seen every day searching for food on the Thames Embankment. These -strangers all vanish from London on the break-up of the frost. - -During the late autumn and winter months a few large birds occasionally -appear--heron, mallard, widgeon, teal, &c. As a rule they come and -go during the dark hours. The sight of water and the cries of the -ornamental water-fowl attract them. They are mostly irregular visitors, -and cannot very well be included in the list of London birds. - -The case of the black-headed gull is different, as this species may now -be classed with the regular visitors, and not merely to the outlying -spaces, like the fieldfare, but to the central parks of the metropolis, -where, like the wood-pigeon, he looks to man for food. - -The black-headed gull has always been a winter visitor in small numbers -to the lower reaches of the Thames, coming up the river as far as London -Bridge. In severe winters more birds come; thus, in the winter of 1887-8 -they appeared in great numbers, and ranged as high up as Putney. The -late Mr. Tristram-Valentine, in describing this visitation, wrote: -'It is seldom, indeed, that these birds appeared in such numbers in -the Thames above London Bridge as they have done lately, and their -appearance has, from its rarity, caused a corresponding excitement -among Londoners, as is proved by the numbers of people that have crowded -the bridges and embankments to watch their movements. To a considerable -portion of these, no doubt, the marvellous flight and power of wing of -the gull came as an absolute revelation.' - -Gulls came up the river in still greater force during the exceptionally -long and severe frost of 1892-3. That was a memorable season in the -history of the London gulls. Then, for the last time, gulls were shot -on the river between the bridges, and this pastime put a stop to by -the police magistrates, who fined the sportsmen for the offence of -discharging firearms to the public danger. And then for the first time, -so far as I know, the custom of regularly feeding the gulls in London -had its beginning. Every day for a period of three to four weeks -hundreds of working men and boys would take advantage of the free hour -at dinner time to visit the bridges and embankments, and give the scraps -left from their meal to the birds. The sight of this midday crowd -hurrying down to the waterside with welcome in their faces and food in -their hands must have come 'as an absolute revelation' to the gulls. - -During the memorable frost of 1894-5 the birds again appeared in immense -numbers, and would doubtless have soon left us, or else perished of cold -and hunger on the snow-covered hummocks of ice which filled the Thames -and gave it so arctic an aspect, but for the quantities of food cast to -them every day. As in previous years when gulls have visited the Thames -in considerable numbers, many of the birds found their way into the -parks, and were especially numerous in St. James's Park, where they -formed the habit of feeding with the ornamental water-fowl. - -We have since experienced three exceptionally mild winters, so that the -gulls were not driven by want to invade us; but they have come to us -nevertheless, not having forgotten the generous hospitality London -extended to them in the frost. St. James's Park has now become the -favourite wintering place of a considerable number of birds, and their -habit is to spend the day on the lake, feeding on the broken bread and -scraps of meat thrown to them from the bridge, and leaving about sunset -to spend the night on the river. In the autumn of 1896, three or four -days after the gulls began to appear on the Thames, a body of two or -three hundred of these birds settled down in the park water, and fed -there every day and all day long until the following spring--March 1897. - -A favourite pastime of mine during the winter months was to feed these -park gulls with sprats, which were plentiful and could be bought -anywhere for one penny a pound, or in quantities for about a farthing -the pound. Gulls cannot live by bread alone; it is true that even in -London they do not, like the blubber-eating Greenlander, spew it out of -their mouths, for they will eat almost anything, but it is not partaken -of with zest, and even with a crop-full they do not feel that they -have dined. However much bread they had had, no sooner would they see -the silvery gleam of a little tossed-up sprat than there would be a -universal scream of excitement, a rush from all sides, and the whole -white vociferous crowd would be gathered before me, almost brushing my -face with their wings, sweeping round and round, joyfully feasting on -the little fishes, cast to them in showers, to be deftly caught before -they touched the water. - -[Illustration: FEEDING THE GULLS IN ST. JAMES'S PARK] - -Some of the birds, bolder or more intelligent than their fellows, -would actually take the sprats from the hand. - -A very few days before writing this chapter end, on January 30, 1898, -I passed by the water and saw the gulls there, where indeed they have -spent most of the daylight hours since the first week in October. It was -a rough wild morning; the hurrying masses of dark cloud cast a gloom -below that was like twilight; and though there was no mist the trees and -buildings surrounding the park appeared vague and distant. The water, -too, looked strange in its intense blackness, which was not hidden by -the silver-grey light on the surface, for the surface was everywhere -rent and broken by the wind, showing the blackness beneath. Some of the -gulls--about 150 I thought--were on the water together in a close flock, -tailing off to a point, all with their red beaks pointing one way to the -gale. Seeing them thus, sitting high as their manner is, tossed up and -down with the tumbling water, yet every bird keeping his place in the -company, their whiteness and buoyancy in that dark setting was quite -wonderful. It was a picture of black winter and beautiful wild bird life -which would have had a rare attraction even in the desert places of the -earth; in London it could not be witnessed without feelings of surprise -and gratitude. - -We see in this punctual return of the gulls, bringing their young with -them, that a new habit has been acquired, a tradition formed, which has -given to London a new and exceedingly beautiful ornament, of more value -than many works of art. - - - - -CHAPTER IX - -A SURVEY OF THE PARKS: WEST LONDON - - A general survey of the metropolitan parks--West London--Central parks, - with Holland Park--A bird's highway--Decrease of songsters--The - thrush in Kensington Gardens--Suggestions--Owls in Kensington - Gardens--Other West London open spaces--Ravenscourt Park as it was - and as it is. - - -Our 'province' of London is happily not entirely 'covered with houses,' -and in each of its six large districts--West, North-west, North, East, -South-east, and South-west--there are many hundreds of acres of green -and tree-shaded spaces where the Londoner may find a moderate degree of -refreshment. Unfortunately for large masses of the population, these -spaces are very unequally distributed, being mostly situated on or close -to the borderland, where town and country meet; consequently they are of -less value to the dwellers in the central and densely peopled districts -than to the inhabitants of the suburbs, who have pure air and ample -healthy room without these public grounds. - -Before going the round of the parks, to note in detail their present -condition and possibilities, chiefly with reference to their wild bird -life, it would be well to take a rapid survey of the metropolitan open -spaces generally. To enable the reader the more closely to follow me in -the survey, I have introduced a map of the County of London on a small -scale, in which the whole of the thickly built-over portion appears -uncoloured; the surrounding country coloured green; the open spaces, -including cemeteries, deep green; the small spaces--squares, graves, -churchyards, gardens, recreation grounds, &c., as dark dots; the -suburban districts, not densely populated, where houses have gardens -and grounds, pale green. - -[Illustration: RAVENSCOURT PARK] - -Now the white space is not really birdless, being everywhere inhabited -by sparrows, and in parts by numerous and populous colonies of semi-wild -pigeons, while a few birds of other species make their homes in London -gardens. Shirley Hibbert, writing of London birds in 1865, says: 'London -is, indeed, far richer in birds than it deserves to be.' He also says: -'A few birds, however, appear to be specially adapted not merely for -London as viewed from without, but for London _par excellence_, that -is to say for the noisy, almost treeless City; with these for pioneers, -nature invades the Stock Exchange, the Court of Aldermen, the Bank, and -all the railway termini, as if to say, '_Shut us out if you can_.' But -with the exception of these few peculiarly urban species we may take it -that the London birds get their food, breed, and live most of the time -in the open spaces where there are trees and bushes. Even the starling, -which breeds in buildings, must go to the parks to feed. - -It must also be borne in mind that birds that penetrate into London from -the surrounding country--those that, like the carrion crow, live on the -borders and fly into or across London every day, migrants in spring and -autumn, young birds reared outside of London going about in search of a -place to settle in, and wanderers generally--all fly to and alight on -the green spaces only. These spaces form their camping grounds. As there -is annually a very considerable influx of feathered strangers, we -can see by a study of the map how much easier to penetrate and more -attractive some portions of the metropolis are than others. It would -simplify the matter still further if we were to look upon London as -an inland sea, an archipelago, about fifty miles in circumference, -containing a few very large islands, several of a smaller size, and -numerous very small ones--a sea or lake with no well-defined shore-line, -but mostly with wide borders which might be described as mixed land and -water, with promontories or tongues of land here and there running into -it. These promontories, also the chains of islands, form, in some cases, -broad green thoroughfares along which the birds come; the sinuous band -of the Thames also forms to some extent a thoroughfare. - -I believe it is a fact that in those parts of the suburbs that are -well timbered, and where the houses have gardens and grounds, the bird -population is actually greater (with fewer species) than in the country -proper, even in places where birds are very abundant. In parts of -Norwood, Sydenham, and Streatham, and the neighbourhoods of Dulwich, -Greenwich, Lee, Highgate, and Hampstead, birds are extremely abundant. -Going a little further afield, on one side of the metropolis we have -Epping Forest, and on the opposite side of the metropolis several vast -and well-wooded spaces abounding in bird life--Kew Gardens, the Queen's -private grounds, Old Deer Park, Syon and Richmond parks, Wimbledon, &c. -From all these districts there is doubtless a considerable overflow of -birds each season on to the adjacent country, and into London, and some -of the large parks are well placed to attract these wanderers. - -In going into a more detailed account of the parks, it is not my -intention to furnish anything like a formal or guide-book description, -assigning a space to each, but, taking them as they come, singly, in -groups and chains, to touch or dwell only on those points that chiefly -concern us--their characters, comparative advantages, and their needs, -with regard to bird life. Beginning with the central parks and other -parks situated in the West district, we will then pass to the North-west -and North districts, and so on until the circle of the metropolis has -been completed. - - * * * * * - -The central parks, Kensington Gardens and Hyde Park, Green Park, and St. -James's Park, contain respectively 274, 360, 55, and 60 acres--in round -numbers 750 acres. Add to this Holland Park, the enclosed meadow-like -grounds adjoining Kensington Palace, Hyde Park Gardens, St. George's -burial-ground, and Buckingham Palace Gardens, and we get altogether a -total of about nine hundred to one thousand acres of almost continuous -green country, extending from High Street, Kensington, to Westminster. -This very large area (for to the eyes of the flying bird it must -appear as one) is favourably situated to attract and support a very -considerable amount of bird life. At its eastern extremity we see that -it is close to the river, along which birds are apt to travel; while -three miles and a half away, at its other end, it is again near the -Thames, where the river makes a great bend near Hammersmith, and not -very distant from the more or less green country about Acton. - -[Illustration: (Map of London)] - -There is no doubt that a majority of the summer visitants and wanderers -generally that appear in the central parks come through Holland Park, -as they are usually first observed in the shrubberies and trees at -Kensington Palace. Holland Park, owing to its privacy and fine old -trees, is a favourite resort of wild birds, and is indeed a better -sanctuary than any public park in London. From the palace shrubberies -the new-comers creep in along the Flower Walk, the Serpentine, and -finally by way of the Green Park to St. James's Park. But they do not -stay to breed, the place not being suitable for such a purpose. It is -possible that a few find nesting-places in Buckingham Palace Gardens, -and that others drift into Battersea Park. - -Another proof that these parks--so sadly mismanaged from the bird-lover's -point of view--are situated advantageously may be found in the fact -that three of the species which have established colonies in London -within the last few years (wood-pigeon, moorhen, and dabchick) first -formed settlements here, and from this centre have spread over the -entire metropolis, and now inhabit every park and open space where the -conditions are suited to their requirements. These three needed no -encouragement: the summer visitors do certainly need it, and at -Battersea, and in some other parks less than one fourth the size of -Hyde Park, they find it, and are occasionally able to rear their young. -Even the old residents, the sedentary species once common in the central -parks, find it hard to maintain their existence; they have died or are -dying out. The missel-thrush, nuthatch, tree-creeper, oxeye, spotted -woodpecker, and others vanished several years ago. The chaffinch was -reduced to a single pair within the last few years; this pair lingered -on for a year or a little over, then vanished. Last spring, 1897, a few -chaffinches returned, and their welcome song was heard in Kensington -Gardens until June. Not a greenfinch is to be seen, the commonest and -most prolific garden bird in England, so abundant that scores, nay -hundreds, may be bought any Sunday morning in the autumn at the -bird-dealers' shops in the slums of London, at about two pence per -bird, or even less. The wrens a few years ago were reduced to a single -pair, and had their nesting-place near the Albert Memorial; of the -pair I believe one bird now remains. Two, perhaps three, pairs of -hedge-sparrows inhabited Kensington Gardens during the summers of 1896 -and 1897, but I do not think they succeeded in rearing any young. Nor -did the one pair in St. James's Park hatch any eggs. In 1897 a pair -of spotted flycatchers bred in Kensington Gardens, and were the only -representatives of the summer visitors of the passerine order in all the -central parks. - -The robin has been declining for several years; a decade ago its sudden -little outburst of bright melody was a common autumn and winter sound in -some parts of the park, and in nearly all parts of Kensington Gardens. -This delightful sound became less and less each season, and unless -something is done will before many years cease altogether. The blue and -cole tits are also now a miserable remnant, and are restricted to the -gardens, where they may be seen, four or five together, on the high -elms or clinging to the pendent twigs of the birches. The blackbird and -song-thrush have also fallen very low; I do not believe that there are -more than two dozen of these common birds in all this area of seven -hundred and fifty acres. A larger number could be found in one corner of -Finsbury Park. Finsbury and Battersea could each send a dozen or two of -songsters as a gift to the royal West-end parks, and not miss their -music. - -Of all these vanishing species the thrush is most to be regretted, on -account of its beautiful, varied, and powerful voice, for in so noisy -an atmosphere as that of London loudness is a very great merit; also -because (in London) this bird sings very nearly all the year round. Even -at the present time how much these few remaining birds are to us! From -one to two decades ago it was possible on any calm mild day in winter -to listen to half a dozen thrushes singing at various points in the -gardens; now it is very rare to hear more than one, and during the -exceedingly mild winter of 1896-7 I never heard more than two. Even -these few birds make a wonderful difference. There is a miraculous -quality in their voice. In the best of many poems which the Poet -Laureate has addressed to this, his favourite bird, he sings: - - Hearing thee first, who pines or grieves - For vernal smiles and showers! - Thy voice is greener than the leaves, - And fresher than the flowers. - -Even here in mid-London the effect is the same, and a strange glory -fills the old ruined and deserted place. But, alas! 'tis but an -illusion, and is quickly gone. The tendency for many years past has -been towards a greater artificiality. It saves trouble and makes for -prettiness to cut down decaying trees. To take measures to prevent their -fall, to drape them with ivy and make them beautiful in decay, would -require some thought and care. It is not so long ago that Matthew Arnold -composed his 'Lines written in Kensington Gardens.' It seems but the -other day that he died; but how impossible it would be for anyone -to-day, at this spot, to experience the feeling which inspired those -matchless verses! - - In this lone, open glade I lie, - Screened by deep boughs on either hand; - And at its end, to stay the eye, - Those black-crown'd, red-boled pine-trees stand! - - Birds here make song, each bird has his, - Across the girdling city's hum. - How green under the boughs it is! - How thick the tremulous sheep-cries come! - - Sometimes a child will cross the glade - To take his nurse his broken toy; - Sometimes a thrush flit overhead - Deep in her unknown day's employ. - - Here at my feet what wonders pass, - What endless, active life is here! - What blowing daisies, fragrant grass! - An air-stirr'd forest, fresh and clear. - - · · · · · - - In the huge world, which roars hard by, - Be others happy if they can! - But in my helpless cradle I - Was breathed on by the rural Pan. - - · · · · · - - Calm soul of all things! Make it mine - To feel amid the city's jar, - That there abides a peace of thine, - Man did not make, and cannot mar. - - The will to neither strive nor cry, - The power to feel with others give! - Calm, calm me more! nor let me die - Before I have begun to live. - -In these vast gardens and parks, with large trees, shrubberies, wide -green spaces, and lakes, there should be ample room for many scores -of the delightful songsters that are now vanishing or have already -vanished. And much might be done, at a very small cost, to restore these -species, and to add others. - -One of the first and most important steps to be taken in order to make -the central parks a suitable home for wild birds, especially of the -songsters, both resident and migratory, that nest on or near the ground, -is the exclusion of the army of cats that hunt every night and all night -long in them. This subject will be discussed more fully in another -chapter. - -Proper breeding-places are also greatly wanted--close shrubberies and -rockeries such as we find at Battersea and Finsbury Parks. The existing -shrubberies give no proper shelter. In planting them the bird's need of -privacy was not considered; the space allowed to them is too small, the -species of plants that birds prefer to roost and nest in are too few. -It would make a wonderful difference if in place of so many unsuitable -exotic shrubs (especially of the ugly, dreary-looking rhododendron) we -had more of the always pleasing yew and holly; also furze and bramble; -with other native plants to be found in any country hedge, massed -together in that charming disorder which men as well as birds prefer, -although the gardeners do not know it. There are several spots in -Kensington Gardens where masses of evergreens would look well and would -form welcome refuges to scores of shy songsters. - -The more or less open ground north of the Flower Walk forms a deep -well-sheltered hollow, where it would be easy to create a small pond -with rushes and osiers growing in it, which would be very attractive to -the birds. It would be easy to make a spot in every park in London where -the sedge-warbler could breed. - -Another very much needed improvement is an island in the Serpentine, -which would serve to attract wild birds. The Serpentine is by a good -deal the largest of the artificial lakes of inner London, yet with the -exception of a couple of moorhens, and in winter a stray gull or two -seen flying over the water, it has no wild bird life, simply because -there is no spot where a wild bird can breed. The existing small island, -close to the north bank and the sub-rangers' village, is used by some of -the ducks to breed in. Something might be done to make this island more -attractive to birds. - -With one, perhaps two, exceptions, the comparatively large birds in the -central parks have been so fully written about in former chapters that -nothing more need be said of them in this place. It remains only to -speak of the owls in Kensington Gardens. - -It is certainly curious to find that in these gardens, where, as we have -seen, birds are not encouraged, two such species as the jackdaw and owl -are still resident, although long vanished from all their other old -haunts in London. Of so important a bird as the owl I should have -preferred to write at some length in one of the earlier chapters, but -there was very little to say, owing to its rarity and secrecy. Nor could -it be included in the chapters on recent colonists, since it is probable -that it has always been an inhabitant of Kensington Gardens, although -its existence there has not been noticed by those who have written -on the wild bird life of London. It is unfortunate that we have no -enjoyment of our owls: they hide from sight in the old hollow trees, -and when they occasionally exercise their voices at night we are not -there to hear them. Still, it is a pleasure to know that they are there, -and probably always have been there. It is certain that during the past -year both the brown and white owl have been living in the gardens, as -the night-watchers hear the widely different vocal performances of both -birds, and have also seen both species. Probably there are not more than -two birds of each kind. Owls have the habit of driving away their young, -and the stray white owls occasionally seen or heard in various parts of -London may be young birds driven from the gardens. Some time ago the -cries of a white owl were heard on several nights at Lambeth Palace, and -it was thought that the bird had made its home in the tower of Lambeth -Church, close by. In the autumn of 1896 a solitary white owl frequented -the trees at Buckhurst Hill. An ornithological friend told me that -he had seen an owl, probably the same bird, one evening flying over -the Serpentine; and on inquiring of some of the park people, I was -told that they knew nothing about an owl, but that a cockatoo had -mysteriously appeared every evening at dusk on one of the trees near -the under-ranger's lodge! After a few weeks it was seen no more. I fancy -that this owl had been expelled from the gardens by its parents. - - * * * * * - -Directly in line with the central and Holland parks, about a mile and a -quarter west of Holland Park, we have Ravenscourt Park--the last link of -a broken chain. To the birds that come and go it occupies the position -of a half-way house between the central parks and the country proper. -Unhappily West Kensington, which lies between Holland and Ravenscourt -Parks, is now quite covered with houses--a brand-new yet depressing -wilderness of red brick, without squares, gardens, boulevards, or -breathing spaces of any description whatsoever. Away on the right -hand and on the left a few small green spaces are found--on one hand -Shepherd's Bush Green, and on the other Brook Green, St. Paul's Schools -ornamental grounds, and Hammersmith Cemetery and Cricket Ground. But -from West Kensington it is far for children's feet to a spot of green -turf. - -Ravenscourt, though not large (32 acres), is very beautiful. With -Waterlow, Clissold, and Brockwell Parks it shares the distinction of -being a real park, centuries old; and despite the new features, the -gravelled paths, garden-beds, iron railings, &c., which had to be -introduced when it was opened to the public, it retains much of its -original park-like character. Its venerable elms, hornbeams, beeches, -cedars, and hawthorns are a very noble possession. To my mind this -indeed is the most beautiful park in London, or perhaps I should say -that it _would_ be the most beautiful if the buildings round it were not -so near and conspicuous. It may be that I am somewhat prejudiced in its -favour. I knew it when it was private, and the old image is very vivid -to memory; I lived for a long time beside it in sad days, when the -constant sight of such a green and shady wilderness from my window was a -great consolation. It was beautiful even in the cold, dark winter months -when it was a waste of snow, and when, despite the bitter weather, the -missel-thrush poured out its loud triumphant notes from the top of -a tall elm. In its spring and summer aspect it had a wild grace and -freshness, which made it unlike any other spot known to me in or near -London. The old manor house inside the park was seldom occupied; no -human figure was visible in the grounds; there were no paths, and all -things grew untended. The grass was everywhere long, and in spring lit -with colour of myriads of wild flowers; from dawn to dusk its shady -places were full of the melody of birds; exquisitely beautiful in its -dewy and flowery desolation, it was like a home of immemorial peace, the -one remnant of unadulterated nature in the metropolis. - -The alterations that had to be made in this park when the County Council -took it over produced in me an unpleasant shock; and the birds were also -seriously affected by the change. When the gates were thrown open, in -1888, and a noisy torrent of humanity poured in and spread itself over -their sweet sanctuary, they fled in alarm, and for a time the park was -almost birdless. The carrion crows, strange to say, stuck to their -nesting-tree, and by-and-by some of the deserters began to return, to -be followed by others, and now there is as much bird life as in the old -days. It is probable, however, that some of the summer visitors -have ceased to breed. At present we have the crow, wood-pigeon, -missel-thrush, chaffinch, wren, hedge-sparrow, and in the summer the -pied wagtail and spotted flycatcher and willow-wren. - -[Illustration: CORMORANTS AT ST. JAMES'S PARK] - - - - -CHAPTER X - -NORTH-WEST AND NORTH LONDON - - Open spaces on the border of West London--The Scrubs, Old Oak Common, - and Kensal Green Cemetery--North-west district--Paddington - Recreation Ground, Kilburn Park, and adjoining open spaces--Regent's - Park described--Attractive to birds, but not safe--Hampstead Heath: - its character and bird life--The ponds--A pair of moorhens--An - improvement suggested--North London districts--Highgate Woods, - Churchyard Bottom Wood, Waterlow Park, and Highgate Cemetery--Finsbury - Park--A paradise of thrushes--Clissold Park and Abney Park Cemetery. - - -Before proceeding to give a brief account of the parks and open spaces -of North-west and North London it is necessary to mention here a group -of open spaces just within the West district, on its northern border, -a mile and a half to two miles north of Ravenscourt Park. These are -Wormwood Scrubs, Little Wormwood Scrubs, Old Oak Common, and Kensal -Green Cemetery. As they contain altogether not far short of three -hundred acres, and are in close proximity, they might in time have been -thrown into one park. A large open space will be sadly needed in that -part of London before many years are passed, and it is certain that West -London cannot go on burying its dead much longer at Kensal Green. But it -is to be feared that the usual short-sighted policy will prevail with -regard to these spaces, and a good deal of the space known as Old Oak -Common has already been enclosed with barbed-wire fences, and it is now -said that the commoners' rights in this space have been extinguished. - -Beyond these spaces are Acton and Harlesden--a district where town and -country mix. - -From Wormwood Scrubs to Regent's Park it is three miles as the crow -flies--three miles of houses inhabited by a working-class population, -with no green spot except the Paddington Recreation Ground, which is -small (25 acres), and of little or no use to the thousands of poor -children in this vast parish, being too far from their homes. - -Crossing the line dividing the West from the North-west district near -Kensal Green, we find the following four not large open spaces in -Kilburn--Kensal Rise, Brondesbury Park (private), Paddington Cemetery, -and Kilburn or Queen's Park (30 acres). - -All this part of London is now being rapidly covered with houses, and -the one beautiful open space, with large old trees in it, is Brondesbury -Park. How sad to think that this fine park will probably be built over -within the next few years, and that the only public open space left -will be the Queen's Park--a dreary patch of stiff clay, where the -vegetation is stunted and looks tired of life. Even a few exceptionally -dirty-looking sparrows that inhabit it appear to find it a depressing -place. - -Two miles east of this melancholy spot is Regent's Park, which now forms -one continuous open space, under one direction, with Primrose Hill, and -contains altogether 473 acres. It is far and away the largest of the -inner London parks, its area exceeding that of Hyde Park by 112 acres. -Its large extent is but one of its advantages. Although not all free to -the public, it is all open to the birds, and the existence of several -more or less private enclosed areas is all in their favour. On its -south, east, and west sides this space has the brick wilderness of -London, an endless forest of chimneys defiling the air with their smoke; -but on the north side it touches a district where gardens abound, and -trees, shrubs, and luxuriant ivy and creepers give it a country-like -aspect. This pleasant green character is maintained until Hampstead -Heath and the country proper is reached, and over this rural stretch of -North-west London the birds come and go freely between the country and -Regent's Park. This large space should be exceedingly attractive to all -such birds as are not intolerant of a clay soil. There are extensive -green spaces, a good deal of wood, and numerous large shrubberies, -which are more suitable for birds to find shelter and breed in than -the shrubberies in the central parks. There is also a large piece of -ornamental water, with islands, and, better still, the Regent's Canal -running for a distance of nearly one mile through the park. The steeply -sloping banks on one side, clothed with rank grass and shrubs and -crowned with large unmutilated trees, give this water the appearance of -a river in the country, and it is, indeed, along the canal where birds -are always most abundant, and where the finest melody may be heard. All -these advantages should make Regent's Park as rich in varied bird life -as any open space in the metropolis. Unfortunately the birds are not -encouraged, and if this park was not so large, and so placed as to -be in some degree in touch with the country, it would be in the same -melancholy condition as Hyde Park. The species now found are the -blackbird and thrush, greenfinch (rare) and chaffinch, robin, dunnock, -and wren (the last very rare), and in summer two or three migrants are -added. But most of the birds find it hard to rear any young owing to the -birds'-nesting boys and loafers, who are not properly watched, and to -the cats that infest the shrubberies. Even by day cats have the liberty -of this park. Wood-pigeons come in numbers to feed in the early morning, -and a few pairs build nests, but as a rule their eggs are taken. Carrion -crows from North London visit the park on most days, and make occasional -incursions into the Zoological Gardens, where they are regarded with -very unfriendly feelings. They go there on the chance of picking up -a crumb or two dropped from the tables of the pampered captives; and -perhaps for a peep at the crow-house, where many corvines from many -lands may be seen turning their eyes skyward, uttering at the same time -a cry of recognition, to watch the sweeping flight of their passing -relatives, who 'mock them with their loss of liberty.' - -The water-birds (wild) are no better off in this park than the songsters -in the shrubberies, yet it could easily be made more attractive and safe -as a breeding-place. As it is, the dabchick seldom succeeds in hatching -eggs, and even the semi-domestic and easily satisfied moorhen finds it -hard to rear any young. - - * * * * * - -The other great green space in the North-west district is Hampstead -Heath, which contains, including Parliament Hill and other portions -acquired in recent years, 507 acres. On its outer border it touches the -country, in parts a very beautiful country; while on its opposite side -it abuts on London proper, forming on the south and south-east the -boundary of an unutterably dreary portion of the metropolis, a congeries -of large and densely-populated parishes--Kentish and Camden Towns, -Holloway, Highbury, Canonbury, Islington, Hoxton: thousands of acres of -houses, thousands of miles of streets, vast thoroughfares full of trams -and traffic and thunderous noises, interminable roads, respectable and -monotonous, and mean streets and squalid streets innumerable. Here, -then, we have a vast part of London, which is like the West-central and -East-central districts in that it is without any open space, except the -comparatively insignificant one of Highbury Fields. It is to the Heath -that the inhabitants of all this portion of London must go for fresh -air and verdure; but the distance is too great for most people, and the -visits are consequently made on Sundays and holidays in summer. Even -this restricted use they are able to make of 'London's playing ground,' -or 'Happy Hampstead,' as it is lovingly called, must have a highly -beneficial effect on the health, physical and moral, of the people. - -[Illustration: VIEW ON HAMPSTEAD HEATH] - -To come to the bird life of this largest of London's open spaces. Owing -to its very openness and large extent, which makes it impossible for the -constables to keep a watch on the visitors, especially on the gangs of -birds'-nesting boys and young men who make it a happy hunting-ground -during the spring and summer months, the Heath is in reality a -very unfavourable breeding-place for birds. Linnets, yellowhammers, -chaffinches, robins, several warblers, and other species nest every -year, but probably very rarely succeed in bringing up their young. -Birds are nevertheless numerous and in great variety: the large space -and its openness attract them, while all about the Heath large private -gardens, woods, and preserves exist, which are perfect sanctuaries for -most small birds and some large species. There is a small rookery on -some elm-trees at the side of the High Street; and another close to the -Heath, near Golder's Hill, on the late Sir Spencer Wells's property. And -in other private grounds the carrion crow, daw, wood-pigeon, stock-dove, -turtle-dove, white owl, and wood owl, green and lesser spotted -woodpecker still breed. The corncrake is occasionally heard. The -following small birds, summer visitors, breed on the Heath or in the -adjacent private grounds, especially in Lord Mansfield's beautiful -woods: wryneck and cuckoo, grasshopper-, sedge- and reed-warblers, -blackcap and garden warbler, both whitethroats, wood and willow wrens, -chiffchaff, redstart, stonechat, pied wagtail, tree-pipit, red-backed -shrike, spotted flycatcher, swallow, house martin, swift, and goldfinch. -Wheatears visit the Heath on passage; fieldfares may be seen on most -days throughout the winter, and occasionally red-wings; also the -redpole, siskin, and the grey wagtail. The resident small birds include -most of the species to be found in the county of Middlesex. The -bullfinch and the hawfinch are rare. - -My young friend, Mr. E. C. H. Moule, who is a keen observer, has very -kindly sent me his notes on the birds of Hampstead, made during a year's -residence on the edge of the Heath, and taking his list with my own, and -comparing them with the list made by Mr. Harting, published in Lobley's -'Hampstead Hill' in 1885, it appears that there have been very few -changes in the bird population of this district during the last decade. - -It would be difficult to make the Heath itself a safer breeding-place -for the birds, resident and migratory, that inhabit it. The only plan -would be to establish small sanctuaries at suitable spots. Unfortunately -these would have to be protected from the nest-robbers by spiked iron -railings, and that open wild appearance of the Heath, which is its -principal charm, would be spoiled. - -With the ponds something can be done. There are a good number of them, -large and small, some used for bathing in summer, and all for skating -in winter, but so far nothing has been done to make them attractive -to the birds; and it may be added that a few beds of rushes and other -aquatic plants for cover, which would make them suitable habitations for -several species of birds, would also greatly add to their beauty. How -little would have to be done to give life and variety to these somewhat -desolate-looking pieces of water, may be seen on the Heath itself. One -of the smallest is the Leg of Mutton Pond, on the West Heath, a rather -muddy pool where dogs are accustomed to bathe. At its narrow end it has -a small bed of bulrushes, which has been inhabited by a pair of moorhens -for several years past. They are very tame, and appear quite unconcerned -in the presence of people standing on the margin to gaze at and admire -them, and of the dogs barking and splashing about in the water a few -yards away. There is no wire netting to divide their own little domain -from the dogs' bathing place, and no railing on the bank. Yet here they -live all the year round very contentedly, and rear brood after brood of -young every summer. Here, as in other places, it has been observed that -the half-grown young birds assist their parents in building a second -nest and in rearing the new brood, and it has also been remarked that -when the young are fully grown the old birds drive them from the pond. -There is room for only one pair in that small patch of rushes, and they -know it. The driven-out young wander about in search of a suitable spot -to settle in, but find no place on the Heath. Probably some of them -spend the winter in Lord Mansfield's woods. A gentleman residing in the -neighbourhood told me that at the end of the short frost in January -1897, when the ice was melted, he saw one morning a large number of -moorhens, between thirty and forty, feeding in the meadow near the ponds -in Lord Mansfield's grounds. - -I have been told that no rushes have been planted on the Heath, and -nothing done to encourage wild birds to settle at the ponds, simply -because it has never occurred to anyone in authority, and no person -has ever suggested that it would be a good thing to do. Now that the -suggestion is made, let us hope that it will receive consideration. -I fancy that every lover of nature would agree that a pair or two of -quaint pretty moorhens; a pair of lively dabchicks, diving, uttering -that long, wild, bubbling cry that is so pleasant to hear, and building -their floating nest; and perhaps a sedge-warbler for ever playing on -that delightful little barrel-organ of his, would give more pleasure -than the pair of monotonous mute swans to be seen on some of the ponds, -looking very uncomfortable, much too big for such small sheets of water, -and altogether out of harmony with their surroundings. - -With the exception of this omission, the management of the Heath by the -County Council has so far been worthy of all praise. The trees recently -planted will add greatly to the beauty and value of this space, which -contains open ground enough for all the thousands that visit it in -summer to roam about and take their sun-bath. - - * * * * * - -Near the Heath, on its east side, in the North London district, we -have a group of four highly attractive open spaces. They are ranged in -pairs at some distance apart. One pair is Highgate Woods (70 acres) -and Churchyard Bottom Wood (52 acres), not yet open to the public; -the second pair is Waterlow Park (26 acres) and Highgate Cemetery -(40 acres). The two first have a special value in their rough, wild, -woodland character, wherein they differ from all other open spaces in -or near London. But although these spaces are both wildernesses, and so -close together as to be almost touching, they each have an individual -character. A very large portion of the space called Highgate Woods is -veritably a wood, very thick and copse-like, so that to turn aside from -the path is to plunge into a dense thicket of trees and saplings, where -a lover of solitude might spend a long summer's day without seeing a -human face. Owing to this thick growth it is impossible for the few -guardians of this space to keep a watch on the mischievous visitors, -with the result that in summer birds'-nesting goes on with impunity; the -evil, however, cannot well be remedied if the woods are to be left in -their present state. It would certainly greatly add to their charm if -such species as inhabit woods of this character were to be met with -here--the woodpeckers, the kestrel and sparrow-hawk and the owls, that -have not yet forsaken this part of London; and the vociferous jay, -shrieking with anger at being disturbed; and the hawfinch, with his -metallic clicking note; and the minute, arrow-shaped, long-tailed tits -that stream through the upper branches in a pretty procession. But -even the warmest friend to the birds would not like to see these woods -thinned and cut through with innumerable roads, and the place changed -from a wilderness to an artificial garden or show park. - -The adjoining Churchyard Bottom Wood is the wildest and most picturesque -spot in North London, with an uneven surface, hill and valley, a small -stream running through it, old unmutilated trees of many kinds scattered -about in groups and groves, and everywhere masses of bramble and furze. -It is quite unspoiled, in character a mixture of park and wild, rough -common, and wholly delightful. Indeed, it is believed to be a veritable -fragment--the only one left--of the primæval forest of Middlesex. - -It is earnestly to be hoped that the landscape gardener will not be -called in to prepare this place for the reception of the public--the -improver on nature, whose conventional mind is only concerned with a -fine show of fashionable blooms, whose highest standard is the pretty, -cloying artificiality of Kew Gardens. Let him loose here, and his first -efforts will be directed to the rooting up of the glorious old gorse -and bramble bushes, and the planting of exotic bushes in their place, -especially the monotonous rhododendron, that dreary plant the sight of -which oppresses us like a nightmare in almost every public park and -garden and open space in the metropolis. - -Waterlow Park, although small, is extremely interesting, and contains -a good amount of large well-grown timber; it is, in fact, one of the -real old parks which have been spared to us in London. It is indeed -a beautiful and refreshing spot, and being so small and so highly -popular, attracting crowds of people every day throughout the summer -months, it does not afford a very favourable breeding-place for birds. -Nevertheless, the number of songsters of various species is not small, -for it is not as if these had no place but the park to breed in; the -town in this district preserves something of its rural character, and -the bird population of the northern portion of Highgate is, like that of -Hampstead, abundant and varied. There is also the fact to be borne in -mind that Waterlow Park is one of two spaces that join, the park being -divided from the cemetery by a narrow lane or footpath. To the birds -these two spaces form one area. - -Of Highgate Cemetery it is only necessary to say, in passing, that its -'manifest destiny' is to be made one open space for the public with its -close neighbour; that from this spot you have the finest view of the -metropolis to be had from the northern heights; and when there are green -leaves in place of a forest of headstones, and a few large trees where -monstrous mausoleums and monuments of stone now oppress the earth, the -ground will form one of the most beautiful open spaces in London. - -There are two little lakes in Waterlow Park where some ornamental fowls -are kept, and of these lakes, or ponds, it may be said, as of the -Hampstead ponds, that they are too small for such a giant as the mute -swan. On the Thames and on large sheets of water the swan is a great -ornament, his stately form and whiteness being very attractive to the -eye. On the small ponds he is apt to get his plumage very dirty and to -be a mischievous bird. He requires space to move about and look well in, -and water-weeds to feed on. It is not strange to find that our small, -interesting, wild aquatic birds have not succeeded in colonising in this -park. - - * * * * * - -A mile and a half east of Waterlow Park there is the comparatively large -park, containing an area of 115 acres, which was foolishly misnamed -Finsbury Park by the Metropolitan Board of Works. It is the largest -and most important open space in North London, and with the exception -of that of Battersea is the best of all the newly-made parks of the -metropolis. It promises, indeed, to be a very fine place, but its -oldest trees have only been planted twenty-eight years, and have not yet -attained to a majestic size. There is one feature which will always to -some extent spoil the beauty of this spot--namely, the exceedingly long, -straight, monotonous Broad Walk, planted with black poplars, where the -trees are all uniform in size and trimmed to the same height from the -ground. Should it ever become necessary to cut down a large number of -trees in London for fuel, or for the construction of street defences, -or some other purpose, it is to be hoped that the opportunity will be -seized to get rid of this unsightly avenue. - -The best feature in this park is the very large extent of well-planted -shrubberies, and it is due to the shelter they afford that blackbirds -and thrushes are more abundant here than in any other open space in the -metropolis, not even excepting that paradise of birds, Battersea Park. -It is delightful to listen to such a volume of bird music as there is -here morning and evening in spring and summer. Even in December and -January, on a dull cold afternoon with a grey smoky mist obscuring -everything, a concert of thrushes may be heard in this park with more -voices in it than would be heard anywhere in the country. The birds are -fed and sheltered and protected when breeding, and they are consequently -abundant and happy. What makes all this music the more remarkable is the -noisiness of the neighbourhood. The park is surrounded by railway lines; -trains rush by with shrieks and earth-shaking thunder every few moments, -and the adjoining thoroughfare of Seven Sisters Road is full of the loud -noises of traffic. Here, more than anywhere in London, you are reminded -of Milton's description of the jarring and discordant grating sounds -at the opening of hell's gates; and one would imagine that in such an -atmosphere the birds would become crazed, and sing, if they sang at all, -'like sweet bells jangled, out of tune and harsh.' But all this noise -troubles them not at all; they sing as sweetly here, with voices just as -pure and rapturous, as in any quiet country lane or wood. - -[Illustration: DABCHICK FEEDING ITS YOUNG] - -The other most common wild birds are the robin, tits, starling, -dabchick, and moorhen. The chaffinch, greenfinch, hedge-sparrow, and -wren are less common. - - * * * * * - -Half a mile to the east of Finsbury Park we have Clissold Park (53 -acres), comparatively small but singularly attractive. This is one -of the old and true parks that have remained to London, and, like -Ravenscourt and Brockwell, it has an old manor house standing in it; -and this building, looking upon water and avenues of noble elms and -wide green spaces, gives it the appearance of a private domain rather -than a public place. Close by is Abney Park Cemetery, which is now so -crammed with corpses as to make it reasonable to indulge the hope that -before long it will be closed as a burial place, only to be re-opened as -a breathing space for the living. And as the distance which separates -these two spaces is not great, let us indulge the further hope that it -may be found possible to open a way between them to make them one park -of not less than about a hundred acres. - -Clissold Park is specially interesting to bird lovers in London on -account of the efforts of the superintendent and the park constables in -encouraging and protecting the bird life of the place. In writing of the -carrion crow, the jackdaw, and the little grebe, I have spoken of this -park, and shall have occasion to speak of it again in a future chapter. - -South of Clissold, with the exception of the strip of green called -Highbury Fields, there is no open space nearer than St. James's Park, -four miles distant. Highbury Fields (27 acres) was opened to the public -about twelve years ago, and although small and badly shaped, it is by -no means an unimportant 'lung' of North London. To the inhabitants of -Highbury, Canonbury, and Islington it is the nearest open space, and -though in so vast and populous an area, is a refreshing and pretty spot, -with good shrubberies and healthy well-grown young trees. A few years -ago a small rookery existed at the northern extremity of the ground, -where some old trees are still standing, but the birds have left, it is -said on account of the decay of their favourite tree. Skylarks also bred -here up to the time of the opening of the ground to the public. The only -wild birds at present, after the sparrows, are the starlings that come -in small flocks, and a few occasional visitors. A few years ago it was -proposed to make a pond: I fear that the matter has been forgotten, or -that all the good things there were to give have been bestowed on the -show parks, leaving nothing for poor Highbury and Islington. - - - - -CHAPTER XI - -EAST LONDON - - Condition of the East district--Large circular group of open - spaces--Hackney Downs and London Fields--Victoria Park with - Hackney Common--Smoky atmosphere--Bird life--Lakes--An improvement - suggested--Chaffinch fanciers--Hackney Marsh with North and - South Mill Fields--Unique character of the Marsh--White House - Fishery--The vanished sporting times--Anecdotes--Collection of - rare birds--A region of marshes--Wanstead Old Park--Woodland - character--Bird life--Heronry and rookery--A suggestion. - - -Judging solely from the map, with its sprinkling of green patches, one -might be led to suppose that East London is not worse off than other -metropolitan districts in the matter of open spaces. The truth is that -it is very much worse off; and it might almost be said that for the -mass of East-enders there are practically no breathing spaces in that -district. The population is about a million, the greatest portion of it -packed into the parishes which border on the river and the East Central -district; that is to say, on all that part of London which is most -destitute of open spaces. In all this poor and overcrowded part of the -East the tendency has been to get more and more housing-room out of the -ground, with the result that not only have the old gardens vanished but -even the mean back-yards have been built over, and houses densely packed -with inmates stand back to back, or with little workshops between. One -can but wonder that this deadly filling-up process has been permitted -to go on by the authorities. It is plain that the people who live in -such conditions, whose lives are passed in small stuffy rooms, with no -outside space but the foul-smelling narrow dusty streets, are more in -need of open spaces than the dwellers in other districts; yet to most of -them even Victoria Park is practically as distant, as inaccessible, as -Hyde Park, or Hampstead Heath, or the country proper. If once in many -days a man is able to get away for needed change and refreshment, he -finds it as easy to go to Epping Forest as to Victoria Park and Hackney -Marsh; but it is not on many days in the year, in some cases not on any -day, that he can take his wife and children. - - * * * * * - -The open spaces of the East district, which (excepting those distant -spaces situated on the borders of Epping Forest) are all near together -and form a large circular group, are Hackney Downs, London Fields, -Victoria Park with Hackney Common, and Hackney Marsh with South and -North Mill Fields--about 730 acres in all. These grounds, as we have -seen, are too distant to be of much benefit to the larger part of the -population, and, it may be added, they have not the same value as -breathing spaces as the parks and commons in other London districts. -Victoria Park does not refresh a man like Hampstead Heath, nor even like -Hyde Park. The atmosphere is not the same. You are not there out of the -smoke and smells and gloom of East London. The atmosphere of Hackney -Marsh is better, but the distance is greater, and the Marsh is not a -place where women and children can rest in the shade, since shade there -is none. - -To begin with the spaces nearest to the boundary line of North London: -we have the two isolated not large spaces of Hackney Downs (41 acres) -and London Fields (26 acres). These are green recreation grounds with -few trees or shrubs, where birds cannot breed and do not live. Hackney -Downs is, however, used as a feeding ground by a few thrushes and other -birds that inhabit some of the adjacent private gardens where there are -trees and shrubs. - -Victoria Park contains 244 acres, to which may be added the 20 acres -of Hackney Common, and is rather more than two-thirds as large as Hyde -Park. Having been in existence for upwards of twenty years, it is one of -the oldest of our new parks, and is important on account of its large -size, also because it is the only park in the most populous metropolitan -district. - -If it were possible to view it with the East-enders' eyes--eyes -accustomed to prospects so circumscribed and to so unlovely an aspect -of things--it might seem like a paradise, with its wide green spaces, -its groves and shrubberies, and lakes and wooded islands. To the -dwellers in West and South-west London it has a somewhat depressing -appearance, a something almost of gloom, as if Nature herself in -straying into such a region had put off her brilliance and freshness -to be more in tune with her human children. The air is always more or -less smoke-laden in that part. That forest of innumerable chimneys, -stretching away miles and miles over all that desolate overcrowded -district to the river, and the vast parishes of Rotherhithe, Bermondsey, -and Deptford beyond it, to the City and Islington and Kingsland on the -north side, dims the atmosphere with an everlasting cloud of smoke; and -Victoria Park is on most days under it. On account of this smokiness -of the air the trees, although of over twenty years' growth, are not -large--not nearly so large as the much younger trees in Battersea Park. -Trees and shrubs have a somewhat grimy appearance, and even the grass -is not so green as in other places. - -Among the recent bird-colonists of London, we find that the moorhen and -ringdove have established themselves here, but in very small numbers. -There are two good-sized lakes (besides a bathing-pond), and the islands -might be made very attractive to birds, both land and water. They are -planted with trees, the best grown in the park, but have no proper cover -for species that nest on the ground and in low bushes, and no rushes -or other aquatic plants on their edges. It is a wonder that even the -moorhens are able to rear any young. The lakes are much used for -boating, and this is said to be in the way of providing the birds with -proper refuges in and round the islands; but there is no lake in London -more used for boating exercise than that of Battersea, yet it has there -been found possible to give proper accommodation and protection to the -water-birds in the breeding season. - -It is melancholy to find that the songsters have been decreasing in this -park for some years past. Birds are perhaps of more value here than in -any other metropolitan open space. Thrushes, blackbirds, and chaffinches -are still not uncommon. The robin, titmouse, and dunnock are becoming -rare. The greenfinch and (I believe) the wren have vanished. The -decrease of the chaffinch is most regretted by the East-enders, who -have an extraordinary admiration for that bird. Bird fanciers are very -numerous in the East, and the gay chaffinch is to them the first of the -feathered race; in fact, it may be said that he is first and the others -nowhere. Now the value of the chaffinch to the bird fancier depends on -his song--on the bird's readiness to sing when his music is wanted, and -the qualities of his notes, their strength, spirit, and wildness. In -the captive state the song deteriorates unless the captive is frequently -made to hear and sing against a wild bird. At these musical contests -the caged bird catches and retains something of the fine passion and -brilliancy of his wild antagonist, and the more often he is given such a -lesson the better will it be for its owner, who may get twenty to fifty -shillings, and sometimes much more, for a good singer. Victoria Park -was the only accessible place to most of the East-enders who keep -chaffinches for singing-matches and for profit, to which their birds -could be taken to get the necessary practice. To this park they were -accustomed to come in considerable numbers, especially on Sunday -mornings in spring and summer. Even now, when the wild birds are so -greatly reduced in numbers, many chaffinch fanciers may be met with; -even on working days I have met as many as a dozen men slouching about -among the shrubberies, each with a small cage covered with a cotton -handkerchief or rag, in quest of a wild bird for his favourite to -challenge and sing against. They do not always succeed in finding their -wild bird, and when found he may not be a first-rate singer, or may -become alarmed and fly away; and as it is a far cry to Epping Forest -and the country, most of the men being very poor and having some -occupation which takes up most of their time, the decline of Victoria -Park as a training ground for their birds is a great loss to them. - -I have tried, but without success, to believe that there was something -more than the sporting or gambling spirit in the East-ender's passion -for the chaffinch. Is it not probable, I have asked myself, that this -short swift lyric, the musical cry of a heart overflowing with gladness, -yet with a ring of defiance in it, a challenge to every other chaffinch -within hearing, has some quality in it which stirs a human hearer too, -even an East-ender, more than any other bird sound, and suddenly wakes -that ancient wild nature that sleeps in us, the vanished sensations of -gladness and liberty? I am reluctantly compelled to answer that I think -not. The East-ender admires the chaffinch because he is a sporting -bird--a bird that affords good sport; just as the man who has been -accustomed to shoot starlings from traps has a peculiar fondness for -that species, and as the cock-fighter admires the gamecock above all -feathered creatures. Deprive the cock-fighter of his sport--the law -has not quite succeeded in taking it away yet--and the bird ceases to -attract him; its brilliant courage, the beauty of its shape, its scarlet -comb, shining red hackles and green sickle plumes, and its clarion voice -that proclaims in the dark silent hours that another day has dawned, all -go for nothing. - -It is unhappily necessary to say even more in derogation of the East-end -chaffinch fancier, who strikes one as nothing worse than a very quiet -inoffensive person, down on his luck, as he goes softly about among the -shrubberies with the little tied-up cage under his arm. He is not always -looking out for a wild chaffinch solely for the purpose of affording his -pet a little practice in the art of singing; he not unfrequently carries -a dummy chaffinch and a little bird-lime concealed about his person, and -is quick and cunning at setting up his wooden bird and limed twigs when -a wild bird appears and the park constable is out of sight. - -In some of the parks, where the wild birds are cared for, the men who -are found skulking about the shrubberies with cages in their hands are -very sharply ordered out. It is not so in Victoria Park, and this may -be the reason of the decrease in its wild bird life. - -In Victoria Park I have met with some amusing instances of the entire -absorption of the chaffinch votaries in their favourite bird, their -knowledge of and quickness in hearing and seeing him, and inability to -see and hear any other species. Thus, one man assured me that he had -never seen a robin in the park, that there were no robins there. Another -related as a very curious thing that he had seen a robin, red breast and -all, and had heard it sing! Yet you can see and hear a robin in Victoria -Park any day. - - * * * * * - -We now come to the famous Marsh. Victoria Park is in shape like a -somewhat gouty or swollen leg and foot, the leg cut off below the knee; -the broad toes of the foot point towards London Fields and the north, -the flat sole towards Bishopsgate Street, distant two miles; the upper -part of the severed leg almost touches the large space of Hackney Marsh. -The Marsh contains 337 acres; the adjoining North and South Mill Fields -23 and 34 acres respectively--the whole thus comprising an area of -nearly 400 acres. It was acquired by the London County Council for the -public in 1894, but before its acquisition the East-end public had the -use of it, and, no doubt, some right in it, as the owners of ponies and -donkeys were accustomed to keep their animals there. It was a kind of -no-man's-land in London, and it is indeed with the greatest bitterness -that the old frequenters of the Marsh of (to them) pleasant memories -recall the liberty they formerly enjoyed in following their own devices, -and compare it with the restrictions of the present time. There is no -liberty now, they complain. If a man sits down on the grass a policeman -will come and look at him to see if he is doing any damage. The County -Council have deprived the public of its ancient sacred rights. It must -be borne in mind that the 'public' spoken of by the discontented ones -means only a small section, and not the most reputable section, of the -very large population of East London. - -To those who know Hackney Marsh from having looked upon it from a -railway carriage window (and most of the dwellers in other districts -know it only in that way) it is but a green, flat, low piece of land, -bounded by buildings of some kind in the distance, a featureless space -over which the vision roams in vain in search of something to rest upon, -utterly devoid of interest, to be seen and straightway forgotten. Yet -I have experienced a pleasing sense of exhilaration here, a feeling -somewhat differing in character from that produced in me by any other -metropolitan open space. And this was not strange, for there is really -nothing like Hackney Marsh in London. Commons, indeed, of various -aspects we have in plenty, parks, too, natural, artificial, dreary, -pretty; and heaths, downs, woods, and wildernesses; but the Marsh alone -presents to the eyes a large expanse of absolutely flat grassy land, -without a bush, stick, or molehill to break its smooth surface. A mile -or a mile and a quarter away, according to the direction, you see an -irregular line of buildings forming the horizon, with perhaps a tapering -church spire and a tall factory chimney or two; and if this extent of -green waste seems not great, it should be borne in mind that a man -standing on a flat surface has naturally a very limited horizon, and -that a mile in this district of London is equal to two miles or more in -the country, owing to the blue haze which produces an illusive effect -of distance. Walking about this green level land in pleasant weather, I -have experienced in some degree the delightful sensation which is always -produced in us by a perfectly flat extensive surface, such as we find -in some parts of Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, and Norfolk. This is the -individual character and peculiar fascination of Hackney Marsh. And it -is possible that this feeling of liberty and ease, which mere flatness -and spaciousness give, was an element in the attraction which the Marsh -has always had for the East Londoner. - -Here on a windy day at the end of February I have been tempted to exclaim -(like a woman), 'What a picture I could make--if I only knew how to -paint!' The rains and floods and spring-like warmth of the winter of -1896-7 had made the grass look preternaturally green; the distant -buildings, ugly perhaps when viewed closely, at the distance of a mile, -or even half a mile, were looking strangely picturesque in the pale -smoky haze, changing, when the sun was obscured by a flying cloud and -again burst forth, from deep blue to bright pearly grey; and the tall -chimneys changed, too, from a darkness that was almost black to glowing -brick-red. The wind was so strong that it was a labour to walk against -it; but as I walked along the river I came on a solitary swan, and as -though alarmed he rose up and flew away before me with a very free -powerful flight in the face of the wind; but he flew low, and for a -distance of a quarter of a mile his white wings shining in the sun -looked wonderfully bright and beautiful against the vivid green expanse. -The swans in this part of the River Lea are the property of the Water -Company, but they fly about very freely, and are like wild birds. Larks, -too, were soaring to sing on that day in spite of the wind's violence; -first one fluttered up before me, then a second, then a third, and -by-and-by I had four high overhead within hearing at the same time. -It struck me as a great thing to hear four larks at one time in -a metropolitan open space, for the lark is fast dying out in the -neighbourhood of London. I greatly doubt if these birds on the Marsh -ever succeed in bringing off any young; but the large green space is -a great attraction, and it is probable that a few stragglers from the -country settle down every spring, and that the numbers are thus kept up. - -The skylark, starling, and sparrow are the only common resident species. -A kestrel hovering above the Marsh is a common sight, and lapwings at -certain times of the year are frequent visitors. The resident species -are indeed few, but there is no spot near London where anything like so -great a variety of waders and water-fowl appear during the autumn and -spring migrations, and in severe weather in winter. - -There is a great deal of running water in Hackney Marsh, and most of the -ground lies between two large currents--the East London Waterworks canal -on the west side and the sinuous River Lea on the other side. Midway in -its course over the Marsh the river divides, the lesser stream being -called Lead Mill Stream; lower down the currents reunite: thus the land -between forms a long, green, flat island. On this island stands the -White House, or White House Fishery, close to the bridge over the Lea, a -favourite house for anglers in the vanished days when the Lea was a good -river to fish in. The anglers have long forsaken it; but it is a pretty -place, standing alone and white on the green level land, surrounded -by its few scattered trees, with something of the air about it of a -remote country inn, very restful to London eyes. It is also a place of -memories, but these are not all of sweet or pleasant things. The White -House was the centre and headquarters of the Hackney Marsh sportsmen, -and the sports they followed were mostly of that description which, -albeit still permissible, are now generally regarded as somewhat brutal -and blackguardly in character. - -[Illustration: WHITE HOUSE FISHERY, HACKNEY MARSH] - -Rabbit coursing, or rabbit worrying, with terriers; and pigeon, -starling, and sparrow shooting from traps, were the favourite pastimes. -The crowds which gathered to witness these matches were not nice to -see and hear, nor were they representative of the people of any London -district; they were, in fact, largely composed of the lowest roughs -drawn from a population of a million souls--raucous-voiced, lawless, -obscene in their language, filthy in their persons, and vicious in their -habits. Yet you will find many persons, not of this evil description, -who lament that these doings on the Marsh have been abolished, so dear -is sport of some kind, involving the killing of animals, to the natural -man! Others rejoice at the change. One oldish man, who said that he had -known and loved the Marsh from boyhood, and had witnessed the sports -for very many years, assured me that only since the County Council had -taken this open space in hand was it possible for quiet and decent folks -to enjoy it. As to the wild bird shooting, he was glad that that too had -been done away with; men who spent their Sundays shooting at starlings, -larks, and passing pigeons were, he said, a rough lot of blackguards. -Two of his anecdotes are worth repeating. One Sunday morning when he was -on the Marsh a young sportsman succeeded in bringing down a pigeon which -was flying towards London. The bird when picked up was found to have a -card attached to its wing--not an unusual occurrence as homing birds -were often shot. On the card in this case was written the brief message, -'Mother is dead.' My informant said that it made him sick, but the young -sportsman was proud of his achievement. - -The other story was of a skylark that made its appearance three summers -ago in a vacant piece of ground adjoining Victoria Park. The bird had -perhaps escaped from a cage, and was a fine singer, and all day long it -could be heard as it flew high above the houses and the park pouring -out a continuous torrent of song. It attracted a good deal of attention, -and all the Hackney Marsh sportsmen who possessed guns were fired with -the desire to shoot it. Every Sunday morning some of them would get -into the field to watch their chance to fire at the bird as it rose or -returned to the ground; and this shooting went on, and the 'feathered -frenzy,' still untouched by a pellet, soared and sung, until cold -weather came, when it disappeared. - -To return to the White House. This has for the last ninety years been -in the possession of a family named Beresford, who have all had a taste -for collecting rare birds, and their collection, now split up and -distributed among the members of the family, shows that during the last -four or five decades Hackney Marsh has been visited by an astonishing -variety of wild birds. The chief prize is a cream-coloured courser, the -only specimen of this rare straggler from Asia ever obtained in the -neighbourhood of London. It was shot on the morning of October 19, 1858, -and the story is that a working man came full of excitement to the White -House to say that he had just seen a strange bird, looking like a piece -of whity-brown paper blowing about on the Marsh; whereupon the late Mr. -George Beresford took down his gun, went out, and secured the wanderer. - - * * * * * - -It may be seen on the map of London that Hackney Marsh lies in that -broad belt of low wet ground which forms the valley of the Lea, and cuts -obliquely through North-east and East London to the Thames at Bugsby's -Reach, as that part of the river between Woolwich and the Isle of Dogs -is beautifully named. Leyton Marsh, Hackney Marsh, Stratford Marsh, West -Ham Abbey Marsh, and Bromley Marsh are all portions of this low strip, -over and beyond which London has spread. This marshy valley is not -wholly built over; it contains a great deal of mud and water, and open -spaces more or less green; but on account of the number of factories, -gasworks, and noisy industries of various kinds, and of its foul and -smoky condition, it is not a home for wild bird life. - -Some distance beyond or east of this marshy belt--seven miles east of -St. Paul's in the City--there is Wanstead Park, or Wanstead Old Park, -and this is the last and outermost public open space and habitation of -wild birds belonging to East London to be described here. Epping Forest -(with Wanstead Flats), although quite close to Wanstead Park at its -nearest end, runs far into Essex, and lies in a perfectly rural district. -Wanstead Park itself may seem almost too distant from London to be -included here; but Wanstead village and Snaresbrook are all one, and -Snaresbrook and Leytonstone extend loving tentacles and clasp each other, -and Leytonstone clasps Leyton, and there is no break in spite of the mud -and water; and the only thing to be said is that east of the Lea it is -Bethnal Green mitigated or ruralised. - -'I was in despair for many days,' some old traveller has said, relating -his adventures in uninhabited and savage places, 'but at length, to my -great joy, I spied a gibbet, for I then knew that I was coming to a -civilised country.' In like manner, at Snaresbrook and Leytonstone many -things tell us that we are coming to, and are practically in, London. -But Wanstead Park itself, and the open country adjoining it, with its -fine old trees, and the River Roding, when the rains have filled it, -winding like a silver serpent across the green earth, is very rural and -beautiful and refreshing to the sight. - -The park (182 acres) is mostly a wood, unlike Highgate, Churchyard -Bottom, Wimbledon, or any other wood open to the public near London. It -has green spaces and a great deal of water (the lakes and the Roding, -which runs through it), and is very charming in its openness, its -perfect wildness, and the variety of sylvan scenery contained in it. As -might be supposed, this park is peculiarly rich in wild bird life, and -among the breeding species may be mentioned mallard and teal, ringdove -and turtle-dove, woodpecker, jay, hawfinch, and nightingale. But the -chief attraction is the very large rookery and heronry contained on one -of the two large wooded islands. It has sometimes happened when rooks -and herons have built on the same trees, or in the same wood, that they -have fallen out, and the herons have gone away in disgust to settle -elsewhere. At Wanstead no disastrous war has yet taken place, although -much quarrelling goes on. The heronry is probably very old, as in -1834 it was described as 'long established and very populous.' The -birds subsequently abandoned their old quarters on Heron Island and -established their heronry on Lincoln Island, and in recent years -they appear to have increased, the nests in 1896 numbering fifty or -fifty-one, and in 1897 forty-nine. - -In conclusion, I wish to suggest that it would be well to make Wanstead -Park as far as possible a sanctuary for all wild creatures. A perfect -sanctuary it could not very well be made--there are certain creatures -which must be kept down by killing. The lake, for instance, is infested -by pike--our crocodile, and Nature's chief executioner in these realms. -I doubt if the wild duck, teal, little grebe, and moorhen succeed in -rearing many young in this most dangerous water. Again, too many jays in -this limited space would probably make it very uncomfortable for the -other birds. Finally, the place swarms with rats, and as there are no -owls, stoats, and weasels to keep them down, man must kill or try to -kill them, badly helped by that most miserable of all his servants, the -ferret. - -But allowing that a perfect sanctuary is not possible, it would be better -to do away with the autumn and winter shooting. It is as great a delight -to see wild duck, snipe, ringdoves in numbers, and stray waders and -water-fowl as any other feathered creatures; and it is probable that if -guns were not fired here, or not fired too often, this well-sheltered -piece of wood and water would become the resort in winter of many -persecuted wild birds, and that they would here lose the excessive -wariness which makes it in most cases so difficult to observe them. - -A word must be added concerning the rook-shooting, which takes place -in May, when there are still a good many young herons in the nests. At -Wanstead I have been seriously told that the herons are mightily pleased -to witness the annual massacre of their unneighbourly black neighbours, -or their young. My own belief, after seeing the process, is that the -panic of terror into which the old herons are thrown may result some day -in the entire colony shifting its quarters into some quieter wood in -Essex; and that it would be well to adopt some other less dangerous -method of thinning the rooks, if they are too numerous, which is -doubtful. - -[Illustration: WANSTEAD OLD PARK: EARLY SPRING] - -For the rest, the Corporation are deserving of nothing but praise for -their management of this invaluable ground. Here is a bit of wild -woodland nature unspoiled by the improving spirit which makes for -prettiness in the Royal Parks and Kew Gardens and in too many of the -County Council's open spaces. The trees are not deprived of their lower -branches, nor otherwise mutilated, or cut down because they are aged -or decaying or draped in ivy; nor are the wind-chased yellow and russet -leaves that give a characteristic beauty and charm to the winter woodland -here swept up and removed like offensive objects; nor are the native -shrubs and evergreens rooted up to be replaced by that always ugly -inharmonious exotic, the rhododendron. - - - - -CHAPTER XII - -SOUTH-EAST LONDON - - General survey of South London--South-east London: its most populous - portion--Three small open spaces--Camberwell New Park--Southwark - Park--Kennington Park--Fine shrubberies--Greenwich Park and - Blackheath--A stately and depressing park--Mutilated trees--The - extreme East--Bostell Woods and Heath--Their peculiar charm--Woolwich - and Plumstead Commons--Hilly Fields--Peckham Rye and Park--A - remonstrance--Nunhead and Camberwell Cemeteries--Dulwich - Park--Brockwell Park--The rookery. - - -South London, comprising the whole of the metropolis on the -Surrey and Kent side of the Thames, is not here divided into two -districts--South-east and South-west--merely for convenience sake, -because it is too large to be dealt with in one chapter. Considered with -reference to its open spaces and to the physical geography of this part -of the metropolitan area, South London really comprises two districts -differing somewhat in character. - -Taking London to mean the whole of the area built upon and the outer -public open spaces that touch or abut on streets, or rows of houses, -we find that South London, from east to west, exceeds North London in -length, the distance from Plumstead and Bostell to Kew and Old Deer -Park being about nineteen miles as the crow flies. Not, however, as the -London crow flies when travelling up and down river between these two -points, as his custom is: following the Thames in its windings, his -journey each way would not be a less distance than twenty-seven to -twenty-eight miles. At the eastern end of South London we find that the -open spaces, from Bostell to Greenwich, lie near the river; that from -Greenwich the line of open spaces diverges wide from the river, and, -skirting the densely populated districts, extends southwards through a -hilly country to Brockwell and Sydenham. On the west side, or the other -half of South London (the South-west district), the open spaces are, -roughly speaking, ranged in a similar way; but they are more numerous, -larger, and extend for a much greater distance along the river--in fact, -from Richmond and Kew to Battersea Park. There the line ends, the other -open spaces being scattered about at a considerable distance from the -river. Thus we have, between the river on one side and the retreating -frontier line of open spaces on the other, a large densely-populated -district, containing few and small breathing-spaces, but not quite so -badly off in this respect as the most crowded portion of East London. - -The Post-Office line dividing the Southern districts cuts through this -populous part of South London, and has a hilly country on the left side -of the line and a comparatively flat country on the right or west side. -The west side is the district of large commons; on the east side the -open spaces are not so many nor, as a rule, so large, but in many ways -they are more interesting. - -All that follows in this chapter will relate to the open spaces on the -east side of the line. - - * * * * * - -The most densely populated portion of South-east London lies between -Greenwich and Kennington Oval, a distance of about four miles and a -half. This crowded part contains about twelve square miles of streets -and houses, and there are in it three open spaces called 'parks,' -but quite insignificant in size considering the needs of so vast a -population. These three spaces are Deptford Park, a small space of 17 -acres opened in 1897, Southwark Park, Kennington Park, and Myatt's -Fields; the last a small open space of fourteen acres, a gift of Mr. -William Minet to the public; formerly the property of one Myatt, a -fruit-grower, and the first to introduce and cultivate the now familiar -rhubarb in this country. - -Southwark Park (63 acres) is the only comparatively large breathing-place -easily accessible to the working-class population inhabiting Deptford, -Rotherhithe, and Bermondsey. - -How great the craving for a breath of fresh air and the sight of green -grass must be in such a district, when we find that this comparatively -small space has been visited on one day by upwards of 100,000 persons! -An almost incredible number when we consider that less than half the -space contained in the park is available for the people to walk on, -the rest being taken up by ornamental water, gardens, shrubberies, -enclosures for cricket, &c. The ground itself is badly shaped, being a -long narrow strip, with conspicuous houses on either hand, which wall -and shut you in and make the refreshing illusions of openness and -distance impossible. Even with a space of fifty or sixty acres, if it be -of a proper shape, and the surrounding houses not too high to be hidden -by trees, this effect of country-like openness and distance, which gives -to a London park its greatest charm and value, can be secured. Again, -this being a crowded industrial district full of 'works,' the atmosphere -is laden with smoke, and everything that meets the eye, even the leaves -and grass, is begrimed with soot. Yet in spite of all these drawbacks -Southwark Park is attractive; you admire it as you would a very dirty -child with a pretty face. The trees and shrubs have grown well, and -there is a lake and island, and ornamental water-fowl. The wild bird -life is composed of a multitude of sparrows and a very few blackbirds -and thrushes. It is interesting and useful to know that these two -species did not settle here themselves, but were introduced by a former -superintendent, and have continued to breed for some years. - -Kennington Park (19 acres) is less than a third the size of Southwark -Park; but though so small and far from other breathing-spaces, in the -midst of a populous district, it has a far fresher and prettier aspect -than the other. It resembles Highbury Fields more than any other open -space, but is better laid out and planted than the miniature North -London park. Indeed, Kennington Park is a surprise when first seen, as -it actually has larger and better-grown shrubberies than several of the -big parks. The shrubberies extend well all around the grounds, and have -an exceptionally fine appearance on account of the abundance of holly, -the most beautiful of our evergreens. With such a vegetation it is not -surprising to find that this small green spot can show a goodly number -of songsters. The blackbird, thrush, hedge-sparrow, and robin are here; -but it is hard for these birds to rear their broods, in the case of the -robin impossible I should say, on account of the Kennington cats. Here, -as in the neighbourhood of the other open spaces in London, the evening -cry of 'All out!' is to them an invitation to come in. - -Two things are needed to make Kennington Park everything that so small a -space might and should be: one is the effectual exclusion of the cats, -which at present keep down the best songsters; the other, a small pond -or two planted with rushes to attract the moorhens, and perhaps other -species. It may be added that the cost of making and maintaining a -small pond is less than that of the gardens that are now being made at -Kennington Park, and that the spectacle of a couple of moorhens occupied -with their domestic affairs in their little rushy house is infinitely -more interesting than a bed of flowers to those who seek refreshment in -our open spaces. - - * * * * * - -From these small spots of verdure in the densely-populated portion of -South-east London we must now pass to the larger open spaces in the -outer more rural parts of that extensive district. The more convenient -plan will be to describe those in the east part first--Greenwich, -Blackheath, and eastwards to Bostell Woods and Heath; then, leaving -the river, to go the round of the outer open spaces that lie west of -Woolwich. - -Greenwich Park and Blackheath together contain 452 acres; but although -side by side, with only a wall and gate to divide them, they are utterly -unlike in character, the so-called heath being nothing but a large green -space used as a recreation ground, where birds settle to feed but do -not live. Greenwich Park contains 185 acres, inclusive of the enclosed -grounds attached to the ranger's lodge, which are now open to the -public. But though not more than half the area of Hyde Park, it really -strikes one as being very large on account of the hilly broken surface -in parts and the large amount of old timber. This park has a curiously -aged and somewhat stately appearance, and so long as the back is kept -turned on the exceedingly dirty and ugly-looking refreshment building -which disgraces it, one cannot fail to be impressed. At the same time -I find that this really fine park, which I have known for many years, -invariably has a somewhat depressing effect on me. It may be that the -historical associations of Greenwich, from the effects of which even -those who concern themselves little with the past cannot wholly escape, -are partly the cause of the feeling. Its memories are of things -dreadful, and magnificent, and some almost ludicrous, but they are all -in some degree hateful. After all, perhaps the thoughts of a royal -wife-killing ruffian and tyrant, a dying boy king, and a fantastic -virgin queen, affect me less than the sight of the old lopped trees. -For there are not in all England such melancholy-looking trees as those -of Greenwich. You cannot get away from the sight of their sad mutilated -condition; and when you walk on and on, this way and that, looking from -tree to tree, to find them all lopped off at the same height from the -ground, you cannot help being depressed. You are told that they were -thus mutilated some twenty to twenty-five years ago to save them from -further decay! What should we say of the head physician of some big -hospital who should one day issue an order that all patients, indoor and -outdoor, should be subjected to the same treatment--that they should be -bled and salivated with mercury in the good old way, men, women, and -children, whatever their ailments might be? His science would be about -on a par with that of the authors of this hideous disfigurement of all -the trees in a large park--old and young, decayed and sound, Spanish -chestnut, oak, elm, beech, horse-chestnut, every one lopped at the same -height from the ground! We have seen in a former chapter what the effect -of this measure was on the nobler bird life of the park. - -Of all the crows that formerly inhabited Greenwich, a solitary pair of -jackdaws bred until recently in a hollow tree in the 'Wilderness,' but -have lately disappeared. The owls, too, which were seen from time to -time down to within about two years ago, appear to have left. The lesser -spotted woodpecker and tree-creeper are sometimes seen; nuthatches -are not uncommon; starlings are very numerous; robins, hedge-sparrows, -greenfinches, chaffinches, thrushes, and blackbirds are common. In -summer several migrants add variety to the bird life, and fieldfares may -always be seen in winter. In the gardens and private grounds of Lee, -Lewisham, and other neighbouring parishes small birds are more numerous -than in the park. - - * * * * * - -London (streets and houses) extends along or near the river about -five miles beyond Greenwich Park. Woolwich and Plumstead now form one -continuous populous district, still extending rows of new houses in all -available directions, and promising in time to become a new and not -very much better Deptford. Plumstead, being mostly new, reminds one -of a meaner West Kensington, with its rows on rows of small houses, -gardenless, all exactly alike, as if made in one mould, and coloured red -and yellow to suit the tenants' fancy. But at Plumstead, unlovely and -ignoble as it is in appearance, one has the pleasant thought that at -last here, on this side, one is at the very end of London, that the -country beyond and on either side is, albeit populous, purely rural. On -the left hand is the river; on the right of Plumstead is Shooter's Hill, -with green fields, hedges, woods, and preserves, and here some fine -views of the surrounding country may be obtained. Better still, just -beyond Plumstead is the hill which the builder can never spoil, for here -are Bostell Woods and Heath, the last of London's open spaces in this -direction. - -The hill is cut through by a deep road; on one side are the woods, -composed of tall fir-trees on the broad level top of the hill, and oak, -mixed in places with birch and holly, on the slopes; on the other side -of the road is the Heath, rough with gorse, bramble, ling, and bracken, -and some pretty patches of birch wood. From this open part there are -noble views of the Kent and Essex marshes, the river with its steely -bright sinuous band dividing the counties. - -[Illustration: BOSTELL HEATH AND WOODS] - -Woods and heath together have an area of 132 acres; but owing to the -large horizon, the broken surface, and the wild and varied character of -the woodland scenery, the space seems practically unlimited: the sense -of freedom, which gives Hampstead Heath its principal charm and tonic -value, may be here experienced in even a greater degree than at that -favourite resort. To the dwellers in the north, west, and south-west of -London this wild spot is little known. From Paddington or Victoria you -can journey to the end of Surrey and to Hampshire more quickly and -with greater comfort than to Bostell Woods. To the very large and -increasing working population of Woolwich and Plumstead this space -is of incalculable value, and they delight in it. But this is a busy -people, and on most working days, especially in the late autumn, winter, -and early spring months, the visitor will often find himself out of -sight and sound of human beings; nor could the lover of nature and of -contemplation wish for a better place in which to roam about. Small -woodland birds are in great variety. Quietly moving about or seated -under the trees, you hear the delicate songs and various airy lisping -and tinkling sounds of tits of several species, of wren, tree-creeper, -goldcrest, nuthatch, lesser spotted woodpecker, robin, greenfinch and -chaffinch, and in winter the siskin and redpole. Listening to this -fairy-like musical prattle, or attending to your own thoughts, there is -but one thing, one sound, to break the illusion of remoteness from the -toiling crowded world of London--the report at intervals of a big -gun from the Arsenal, three miles away. Too far for the jarring and -shrieking sounds of machinery and the noisy toil of some sixteen to -eighteen thousand men perpetually engaged in the manufacture of arms to -reach the woods; but the dull, thunderous roar of the big gun travels -over wide leagues of country; and the hermit, startled out of his -meditations, is apt to wish with the poet that the old god of war -himself was dead, and rotting on his iron hills; or else that he would -make his hostile preparations with less noise. - -At the end of day, windless after wind, or with a clear sky after rain, -when the guns have ceased to boom, the woods are at their best. Then the -birds are most vocal, their voices purer, more spiritual, than at other -times. Then the level sun, that flatters all things, fills the dim -interior with a mystic light, a strange glory; and the oaks, green with -moss, are pillars of emerald, and the tall red-barked fir-trees are -pillars of fire. - -Some reader, remembering the exceeding foulness of London itself, and -the polluting cloud which it casts wide over the country, to this side -or that according as the wind blows, may imagine that no place in touch -with the East-end of the metropolis can be quite so fresh as I have -painted Bostell. But Nature's self-purifying power is very great. Those -who are well acquainted with outer London, within a radius of, say, ten -miles of Charing Cross, must know spots as fresh and unsullied as you -would find in the remote Quantocks; secluded bits of woodland where you -can spend hours out of sight and sound of human life, forgetting London -and the things that concern London, or by means of the mind's magic -changing them into something in harmony with your own mood and wholly -your own: - - Annihilating all that's made - To a green thought in a green shade. - -Bostell Woods is a favourite haunt of birds'-nesting boys and youths in -summer, and as it is quite impossible to keep an eye on their doings, -very few of the larger and rarer species are able to breed there; but in -the adjoining wooded grounds, belonging to Christ's Hospital, the jay, -magpie, white owl and brown owl still breed, and the nightingale is -common in summer. - - * * * * * - -Not far from Bostell we have the Plumstead and Woolwich Commons, together -an area of about 450 acres; but as these spaces are used solely as -recreation grounds, and are not attractive to birds, it is not necessary -to describe them. West and south-west of Greenwich, in that rural -portion of the South-east district through which our way now lies, the -first open space we come to is the Hilly Fields (45 acres) at Brockley; -a green hill with fine views from the summit, but not a habitation -of birds. A little farther on, with Nunhead Cemetery between, lies -Peckham Rye and Peckham Rye Park (113 acres). The Rye, or common, is a -wedge-shaped piece of ground used for recreation, and consequently not a -place where birds are found. From the narrow end of the ground a very -attractive prospect lies before the sight: the green wide space of the -Rye is seen to be bounded by a wood (the park), and beyond the wood are -green hills--Furze Hill, and One Tree, or Oak of Honor, Hill. The effect -of distance is produced by the trees and hills, and the scene is, for -this part of London, strikingly rural. The park at the broad extremity -of the Rye, I have said, has the appearance of a wood; and it is or was -a wood, or the well-preserved fragment of one, as perfect a transcript -of wild nature as could be found within four miles of Charing Cross. -This park was acquired for the public in 1891, and as the wildest -and best portion was enclosed with an iron fence to keep the public -out, some of us cherished the hope that the County Council meant to -preserve it in the exact condition in which they received it. There the -self-planted and never mutilated trees flourished in beautiful disorder, -their lower boughs mingling with the spreading luxuriant brambles; and -tree, bramble, and ivy were one with the wild grasses and woodland -blossoms among them. If, as tradition tells, King John hunted the wild -stag at Peckham, he could not have seen a fresher, lovelier bit of -nature than this. But, alas! the gardeners, who had all the rest of the -grounds to prettify and vulgarise and work their will on, could not keep -their hands off this precious spot; for some time past they have been -cutting away the wild growths, and digging and planting, until they have -well nigh spoiled it. - -There is no doubt that a vast majority of the inhabitants of London, -whose only glimpses of nature can be had in the public parks, prefer -that that nature should be as little spoiled as possible; that there -should be something of wildness in it, of Nature's own negligence. It is -infinitely more to them than that excessive smoothness and artificiality -of which we see so much. To exhibit flower-beds to those who crave for -nature is like placing a dish of Turkish Delight before a hungry man: -a bramble-bush, a bunch of nettles, would suit him better. And this -universal feeling and perpetual want of the Londoner should be more -considered by those who have charge of our open spaces. - -Small birds are abundant in Peckham Park, but there is no large species -except the now almost universal wood-pigeon. A few rooks, in 1895, and -again in 1896, tried to establish a rookery here, but have now gone -away. The resident songsters are the thrush, blackbird, robin, dunnock, -wren, tits, chaffinch, greenfinch, and starling. Among the blackbirds -there are, at the time of writing this chapter, two white individuals. - -Close to Peckham Rye and Park there are two large cemeteries--Nunhead on -one side and Camberwell Cemetery on the other. Both are on high ground; -the first (40 acres) is an extremely pretty spot, and has the finest -trees to be seen in any metropolitan burying-ground. From the highest -part of the ground an extensive and charming view may be had of the -comparatively rural district on the south side. Small birds, especially -in the winter months, are numerous in this cemetery, and it is pretty to -see the starlings in flocks, chaffinches, robins, and other small birds -sitting on the gravestones. - -Camberwell Cemetery is smaller and newer, and has but few trees, but -is on even higher ground, as it occupies a slope of the hill above the -park. If there is any metropolitan burying-ground where dead Londoners -find a post-mortem existence tolerable, it must, I imagine, be on this -spot; since by perching or sitting on their own tombstones they may -enjoy a wide view of South-east London--a pleasant prospect of mixed -town and country, of houses and trees, and tall church spires, and green -slopes of distant hills. - -It is to be hoped that when this horrible business of burying our dead -in London is brought to an end, Nunhead and Camberwell Cemeteries will -be made one large open space with Peckham Rye and Park. - -A mile from the Rye is Dulwich Park (72 acres); it is laid out more as a -garden than a park, and may be said to be one of the prettiest and least -interesting of the metropolitan open spaces. I mean 'prettiest' in the -sense in which gardeners and women use the word. It lies in the midst of -one of the most rural portions of South-east London, having on all sides -large private gardens, park-like grounds, and woods. The bird life in -this part is abundant, including in summer the blackcap, garden-warbler, -willow-wren, wood-wren, redstart, pied wagtail, tree pipit, and cuckoo. -The large birds commonly seen are the rook, carrion crow, daw, and -wood-pigeon. The park itself, being so much more artificial than the -adjacent grounds, has comparatively few birds. - - * * * * * - -A mile west of Dulwich Park, touching the line dividing the South-east -and South-west districts, is Brockwell Park (78 acres). Like Clissold -and Ravenscourt, this is one of the old private parks of London, with a -manor house in it, now used as a refreshment house. It is very open, -a beautiful green hill, from which there are extensive and some very -charming views. Knight's Hill, not yet built upon, is close by. The -elm-trees scattered all about the park are large and well grown, and -have a healthy look. On one part of the ground is a walled-round -delightful old garden--half orchard--the only garden containing -fruit-trees, roses, and old-fashioned herbs and flowers in any open -space in London. Another great attraction is--I fear we shall before -long have to say _was_--the rookery. Six years ago it was the most -populous rookery in or near London, and extended over the entire park, -there being few or no large trees without nests; but when the park was -opened to the public, in 1891, the birds went away, all excepting those -that occupied nests on the large trees at the main gate, which is within -a few yards of Herne Hill station. They were evidently so used to the -noise of the trains and traffic, and to the sight of people in the -thoroughfare on which they looked down, that the opening of the park -did not disturb them. Nevertheless this remnant of the old rookery -is becoming less populous each year. In the summer of 1896 I counted -thirty-five occupied nests; in 1897 there were only twenty nests. Just -now--February 1898--eight or ten pairs of birds are engaged in repairing -the old nests. - -[Illustration: THE ROOKERY, BROCKWELL PARK] - -It is very pleasant to find that here, at all events, very little (I -cannot say nothing) has so far been done to spoil the natural character -and charm of this park--one of the finest of London's open spaces. - - - - -CHAPTER XIII - -SOUTH-WEST LONDON - - Introductory remarks--Comparative large extent of public ground in - South-west London--Battersea Park--Character and popularity--Bird - life--Clapham Common: its present and past character--Wandsworth - Common--The yellowhammer--Tooting Common--Tooting Bec--Questionable - improvements--A passion for swans--Tooting Graveney--Streatham - Common--Bird life--Magpies--Rookery--Bishop's Park, - Fulham--A suggestion--Barn Elms Park--Barnes Common--A - burial-ground--Birds--Putney Heath, Lower Putney Common, and - Wimbledon Common--Description--Bird life--Rookeries--The - badger--Richmond Park--Its vast extent and character--Bird - life--Daws--Herons--The charm of large soaring birds--Kew - Gardens--List of birds--Unfavourable changes--The Queen's private - grounds. - - -In the foregoing chapters the arbitrary lines dividing the London postal -districts have not been always strictly kept to. Thus, the Green Park -and St. James's Park, which are in the South-west, were included in the -West district, simply because the central parks, with Holland Park, -form one group, or rather one chain of open spaces. In treating of the -South-west district it will again be found convenient to disregard the -line at some points, since, besides excluding the two parks just -named, I propose to include Kew Gardens, Richmond Park, and Wimbledon -Common--large spaces which lie for the most part outside of the -Post-Office boundary. These spaces do nevertheless form an integral part -of London as it has been defined for the purposes of this book: they -belong to the South-west district in the same way that Hampstead Heath -does to the North-west, Hackney Marsh and Wanstead Old Park to the East, -Plumstead and Bostell to the South-east. All these open spaces _touch_ -London, although they are not entirely cut off from the country. Again, -for the same reason which made me exclude Epping Forest, Ham Common, -&c., from the East district, I now exclude Hampton Court Park and Bushey -Park from the South-west. It might be said that Richmond Park is not -less rural than Bushey Park, or even than Epping Forest; that with -regard to their wild bird life all these big open spaces on the -borders of London are in the same category; but the line must be drawn -somewhere, and having made my rule I must keep to it. Doubtless before -many years the tide of buildings will have completely encircled and -flowed beyond the outermost open spaces described in this and the -preceding chapters. - -Within these limits we find that the South-west district, besides being -the least densely populated portion of London, is immeasurably better -off in open spaces than any other. There is, in fact, no comparison. The -following is a very rough statement of the amount of space open to the -public in each of the big districts, omitting the cemeteries, and all -gardens, squares, greens, recreation grounds, and all other open spaces -of less than ten acres in size. West London, _including_ Green Park and -St. James's Park, has about 1,500 acres. North London (North-west and -North districts), which has two very large spaces in Regent's Park and -Hampstead Heath, has about 1,300 acres. East London, excluding Epping -Forest, Wanstead Flats, and Ham Common, has less than 1,000 acres. -South-east London, 1,500 to 1,600 acres. South-west London has about -7,500 acres, or 2,200 acres more than all the other districts together. -This does not include Old Deer Park, which is not open to the public. -If we include Green, St. James's, Bushey, and Hampton Court Parks, the -South-west district would then have about 8,650 acres in large open -spaces. All the rest of London, with the whole vast space of Epping -Forest thrown in, would have 7,500, or 1,150 acres less than the -South-west district. - - * * * * * - -The large open spaces of South-west London, although more scattered -about than is the case in other metropolitan districts, do nevertheless -form more or less well-defined groups. Battersea Park is an exception: -it is the only open space in this district which has, so to speak, been -entirely remade, the digging and planting, which have been so vigorously -going on for several years past, having quite obliterated its original -character. Coming to speak of the open spaces in detail, I propose first -to describe this made park; to go next to the large commons south of -Battersea--Clapham, Wandsworth, Tooting, and Streatham; then, returning -to the river-side, to describe Bishop's Park, Fulham, and its near -neighbour, Barnes Common; and, finally, to go on to the large spaces at -Kew, Putney, Wimbledon, and Richmond. - - * * * * * - -Battersea Park (198 acres), formerly a marsh, has within the last few -years been transformed into the most popular open-air resort in the -metropolis. The attempt to please everybody usually ends in pleasing -nobody; at Battersea the dangerous experiment has been tried with -success; for no person would be so unreasonable as to look for that -peculiar charm of wildness, which still lingers in Bostell Heath and -Wimbledon Common, in a garden planted in a marsh close to the heart of -London. The ground has certainly been made the most of: the flat surface -has been thrown into mounds, dells, and other inequalities; there are -gardens and rockeries, large well-grown trees of many kinds, magnificent -shrubberies, and, best of all, a pretty winding lake, with an area -of about 16 acres, and large well-wooded islands on it. Besides the -attraction which the beautiful grounds, the variety of plants and of -ornamental water-fowl and other animals have for people generally, -crowds are drawn to this spot by the facilities afforded for recreations -of various kinds--boating, cycling, cricket, tennis, &c. This popularity -of Battersea is interesting to us incidentally when considering its wild -bird life, for it might be supposed that the number of people and the -incessant noise would drive away the shyer species, and that the birds -would be few. This is not the case: the wild bird life is actually far -more abundant and varied than in any other inner London park. Mere -numbers and noise of people appear to have little effect on birds so -long as they are protected. - -Battersea Park has a good position to attract birds passing through or -wandering about London, as these are apt to follow the river; and it -also has the advantage of being near the central parks, which, as we -have seen, serve as a kind of highway by which birds come into London -from the west side. In the park itself the lake and wooded islands, and -extensive shrubberies with dense masses of evergreen, tempt them to -build. But it must also be said, in justice, that the superintendent -of this park fully appreciates the value of the birds, and takes every -pains to encourage and protect them. A few years ago, when he came to -Battersea, there were about a dozen blackbirds; now as many as forty -have been counted feeding in the early morning on one lawn; and in -spring and summer, at about four o'clock every morning, there is such a -concert of thrushes and blackbirds, with many other bright voices, as -would be hard to match in any purely rural district. It is interesting -to know that the wren, which is dying out in other London parks, has -steadily increased at Battersea, and is now quite common. Robins and -hedge-sparrows are also more numerous than in our other open spaces. A -number of migrants are attracted to this spot every summer; of these the -pied wagtail, lesser whitethroat, reed-warbler, and cuckoo bred last -season. The larger birds are the wood-pigeon, moorhen, dabchick, and to -these the carrion crow may now be added as a breeding species. - - * * * * * - -Clapham Common (220 acres) is the nearest to central London of that -large, loose group of commons distinctive of the South-west district, -its distance from Battersea being a little over a mile, and from Charing -Cross about three miles and a half. Like Hackney Downs, it is a grassy -space, but flatter, and having the appearance of a piece of ground not -yet built upon it may be described as the least interesting open space -in the metropolis. To the smoke and dust breathing, close-crowded -inhabitants of Bethnal Green, which is not green nor of any other -colour found in nature, this expanse of grass, if they had it within -reach, would be an unspeakable boon, and seem to their weary eyes like -a field in paradise. But Clapham is not over-crowded; it is a place of -gardens full of fluttering leaves, and the exceeding monotony of its -open space, set round with conspicuous houses, must cause those who live -near it to sigh at the thought of its old vanished aspect when the small -boy Thomas Babington Macaulay roamed over its broken surface, among its -delightful poplar groves and furze and bramble bushes, or hid himself in -its grass-grown gravel-pits, the world forgetting, by his nurse forgot. -These grateful inequalities and roughnesses have been smoothed over, -and the ancient vegetation swept away like dead autumn leaves from -the velvet lawns and gravel walks of a trim suburban villa. When this -change was effected I do not know: probably a good while back. To the -Claphamites of the past the furze must have seemed an unregenerate bush, -and the bramble something worse, since its recurved thorns would remind -them of an exceedingly objectionable person's finger-nails. As for the -yellowhammer, that too gaily apparelled idle singer, who painted his -eggs with so strange a paint, it must indeed have been a relief to get -rid of him. - -At present Clapham Common is no place for birds. - - * * * * * - -Wandsworth Common (183 acres) is a very long strip of ground, -unfortunately very narrow, with long monotonous rows of red brick -houses, hideous in their uniformity, at its sides. Here there is no -attempt at disguise, no illusion of distance, no effect of openness -left: the cheap speculative builder has been permitted to spoil it all. -A railway line which cuts very nearly through the whole length of the -common still further detracts from its value as a breathing-space. The -broadest part of the ground at its western extremity has a good deal of -furze growing on it, and here the common joins an extensive piece of -ground, park-like in character, on which stands an extremely picturesque -old red brick house. When this green space is built upon Wandsworth will -lose the little that remains of its ancient beauty and freshness. - -Among the small birds still to be found here is the yellowhammer, and -it strikes one as very curious to hear his song in such a place. Why -does he stay? Is he tempted by the little bit of bread and no cheese -which satisfies his modest wants--the small fragments dropped by the -numberless children that play among the bushes after school hours? The -yellowhammer does not colonise with us; he goes and returns not, and -this is now the last spot in the metropolis within four miles and a half -of Charing Cross where he may still be found. He was cradled on the -common, and does not know that there are places on the earth where the -furze-bushes are unblackened by smoke, where at intervals of a few -minutes the earth is not shaken by trains that rush thundering and -shrieking, as if demented, into or out of Clapham Junction. - -I fear the yellowhammer will not long remain in such a pandemonium. The -people of Wandsworth are hardly deserving of such a bird. - - * * * * * - -Tooting Common is the general name for two commons--Tooting Bec and -Tooting Graveney, 144 and 66 acres respectively. A public road divides -them, but they form really one area. Tooting Bec has a fair amount of -gorse and bramble bushes scattered about, and a good many old trees, -mostly oak. The number of old trees gives this space something of a -park-like appearance, but it is not exhilarating; on the contrary, -its effect on the mind is rather depressing, on account of the perfect -flatness of the ground and the sadly decayed and smoke-blackened -condition of the trees. An 'improvement' of the late Metropolitan Board -of Works was the planting of a very long and very straight avenue of -fast-growing black poplars, and this belt of weed-like ungraceful trees, -out of keeping with everything, has made Tooting Bec positively ugly. - -Another improvement has been introduced by the County Council; this is -the usual small pond and the usual couple of big swans. The rage for -putting these huge birds in numberless small ponds and miniature lakes -can only proceed from a singular want of imagination on the part of the -park gardeners and park decorators employed by the Council; or we might -suppose that the Council have purchased a big job lot of swans, which -they are anxious to distribute about London. These dreary little ponds -might easily be made exceedingly interesting, if planted round with -willows and rushes and stocked with a few of the smaller pretty -ornamental water-fowl in place of their present big unsuitable -occupants. - -Tooting Graveney has a fresher, wilder aspect, and is a pleasanter place -than its sister common. Its surroundings, too, are far more rural, as -it has for neighbours Streatham Park and the wide green spaces of Furze -Down and Totterdown Fields. Tooting Graveney itself is in the condition -of the old Clapham Common as Macaulay knew it in his boyhood. Its surface -is rough with grass-grown mounds, old gravel-pits, and excavations, and -it is grown over with bushes of furze, bramble, and brier, and with -scattered birch-trees and old dwarf hawthorns, looking very pretty. Wild -birds are numerous, although probably few are able to rear any young -on the common. The missel-thrush, now very rare in London, breeds in -private grounds close by. - - * * * * * - -Streatham Common (66 acres) is the least as well as the outermost of the -group of large commons; it is but half the size of Clapham Common. But -though so much smaller than the others, it is the most interesting, -owing to the hilly nature of the ground and to the fine prospect to be -had of the country beyond. It forms a rather long strip, and from the -highest part at the upper end the vision ranges over the beautifully -wooded and hilly Surrey country to and beyond Epsom. This upper end of -the common is extremely pretty, overgrown with furze and bramble bushes, -and pleasantly shaded with trees at one side. Birds when breeding -cannot be protected on the common; the wild bird life is nevertheless -abundant and varied, on account of the large private grounds adjoining. -It is pleasant to sit here on a spring or summer day and watch the jays -that come to the trees overhead; like other London jays and the London -fieldfares, they are strangely tame compared with these birds in the -country. Out in the sunshine the skylark mounts up singing; and here, -too, may be heard the nightingale. He does not merely make a short stay -on his arrival in spring, as at some other spots in the suburbs, but -remains to breed. Yet here we are only six and a half miles from Charing -Cross. It is still more surprising to find the magpie at Streatham, -in the wooded grounds which join the common. Rooks are numerous at -Streatham, and their rookery close to Streatham Common station is a -singularly interesting one. It is on an avenue of tall elms which -formerly stood on open grass-land. A few years ago this land was built -over, rows of houses being erected on each side of and parallel with the -avenue, which now stands in the back gardens or yards, with the back -windows of the houses looking on it. But in spite of all these changes, -and the large human population gathered round them, the birds have -stuck to their rookery; and last summer (1897) there were about thirty -inhabited nests. - -[Illustration: NIGHTINGALE ON ITS NEST] - - * * * * * - -From Streatham we go back to the river, to a point about a mile and -a half west of Wandsworth Common, to Fulham Palace grounds on the -Middlesex side, and the open spaces at Barnes on the Surrey side. - -Bishop's Park, Fulham, of which about 12 acres are free to the public, -is one of London's rare beauty-spots. A considerable portion of the -palace grounds is within the moat, and the moat, the noble old trees, -and wide green spaces, form an appropriate setting to the ancient -stately Bishop's Palace. The lamentable mistake has been made of placing -this open space in the control of the Fulham Vestry; and, as might -have been expected, they have been improving it in accordance with the -æsthetic ideas of the ordinary suburban tradesman, by cutting down the -old trees, planting rows of evergreens to hide the beautiful inner -grounds from view, and by erecting cast-iron painted fountains, shelters, -and other architectural freaks of a similar character. That the -inhabitants of Fulham can see unmoved this vulgarisation of so noble -and beautiful a remnant of the past--the spot in London which recalls -the moated Bishop's Palace at Wells--is really astonishing. - -To the bird-lover as well as to the student of history this is a place -of memories, for here in the time of Henry VIII. spoonbills and herons -built their nests on the old trees in the bishop's grounds. At the -present time there are some sweet songsters--thrush, blackbird, robin, -dunnock, wren, chaffinch, and a few summer visitants. Here, too, we find -the wood-pigeon, but not the 'ecclesiastical daw' or other distinguished -species, and, strange to say, no moat-hen in the large old moat. How -much more interesting this water would be, with its grass-grown banks -and ancient shade-giving trees, if it had a few feathered inhabitants! -Simply by lowering the banks at a few points and planting some reeds -and rushes, it would quickly attract those two very common and always -interesting London species, the moorhen and the little grebe. The -sedge-warbler, too, would perhaps come in time. - -I have been informed that London Bishops care for none of these things. - -Looking across the river from Fulham Palace grounds, an extensive -well-wooded space is seen on the south bank; this is Barn Elms Park, now -occupied by the Ranelagh Sporting Club. It is one of the best private -parks in London, with fine old elm-trees and a lake, and would be a -paradise of wild birds but for the shooting which goes on there and -scares them away. - -Close to Barn Elms is Barnes Common (100 acres), a pleasant open heath, -not all flat, grown with heather, and dotted with furze and bramble -bushes and a few trees. One of its attractions is Beverley Brook, which -rises near Malden, about eight miles away, and flows by Coombe Woods, -Wimbledon, through Richmond Park, and, finally, by Barnes Common to the -Thames: the brook and a very pretty green meadow separate the common -from Barn Elms Park. - -The London and South-Western Railway Company have been allowed to -appropriate a portion of this open space; but that indeed seems a very -small matter when we find that the parishes of Barnes and Putney have -established two cemeteries on the common, using a good many of its -scanty 100 acres for the purpose. What would be said if the Government -were to allow two cemeteries for the accommodation of the parishes -of Kensington and Paddington to be made in the middle of Kensington -Gardens? I fail to see that it is less an outrage to have turned a -portion of Barnes Common into hideous walled round Golgothas, with -mortuary chapels, the ground studded with grave-stones and filled with -putrefying corpses. It is devoutly to be hoped that before very long the -people of London will make the discovery that it rests with themselves -whether their house shall be put in order or not; and when that time -comes that these horrible forests of grave-stones and monuments to -the dead will be brushed away, and that such bodies as the Barnes -Conservators and the Fulham Vestry will for ever be deprived of the -powers they so lamentably misuse. - -It would be difficult for any bird, big or little, to rear its young on -a space so unprotected as this common; many birds, however, come to -it, attracted by its open heath-like character. Here the skylark and -yellowhammer may be heard, as well as the common resident songsters -found in other open spaces. The carrion crow is a constant visitor, and -very tame, knowing that he is safe. Beverley Brook has no aquatic birds -in it, but it would be easy to make a small rushy sanctuary in the -marshy borders, protected from mischievous persons, for the moorhen, -sedge-warbler, and other species. I have seen a small boy with an -earthworm at the end of a piece of thread pull out thirty to forty -minnows in as many minutes. Little grebes and kingfishers would not -want for food in such a place. - - * * * * * - -South and west of Barnes Common, London, as we progress, becomes -increasingly rural, with large private park-like grounds, until we -arrive at the open spaces of Putney Heath, Lower Putney Common, and -Wimbledon Common, which together form an area of 1,412 acres, or nearly -three times as large as Hampstead Heath. It seems only appropriate that -the most rural portion of the most rural district in London should -have so large an open space, and that in character this space should -be wilder and more refreshing to the spirit than any other in the -metropolis. It has the further advantage (from the point of view of the -residents) of not being too easy of access to the mass of the people. -This makes it 'select,' a semi-private recreation ground for the -residents, and a 'Happy Hampstead' to a limited number of cockneys of a -superior kind. Here the fascinating game of golf, excluded from other -public spaces, may be practised; and the golfer, arrayed like the poppies -of the cornfield and visible at a vast distance, strolls leisurely about -as his manner is, or stands motionless to watch the far flight of his -small ball, which will kill no one and hit no one, since strangers -moving about on the grounds are actually fewer than would be seen on -the links at Hayling, or even Minehead. - -It is a solitary place, and its solitariness is its principal charm. A -wide open heath, with some pretty patches of birch wood, stretches of -brown heather, dotted in places with furze-bushes like little black -islands; but on that part which is called Putney Heath furze and bramble -and brier grow thick and luxuriant. One may look far in some directions -and see no houses nor other sign of human occupancy to spoil the effect -of seclusion and wildness. Over all is the vast void sky and the -rapturous music of the skylark. - -At Wimbledon one has the idea of being at a considerable elevation; the -highest point is really only 300 feet above the sea level, but it is set -in a deep depression, and from some points the sight may range as far as -the hills about Guildford and Godalming. There are persons of sensitive -olfactories who affirm that when the wind blows from the south coast -they can smell the sea-salt in it. - -[Illustration: WIMBLEDON COMMON] - -But Wimbledon is not all open heath and common; it has also an extensive -wood, delightfully wild, the only large birch wood near the metropolis. -The missel-thrush, nuthatch, and tree-creeper breed here, and the jay -is common and tame; I have seen as many as six together. In this wood a -finer concert of nightingales may be heard in summer than at any other -place near London. In winter fieldfares and pewits are often seen. -Carrion crows from Coombe Woods and other breeding-places in the -neighbourhood are constantly seen on the common in pairs and small -parties, and are strangely familiar. Rooks, too, are extremely abundant. -Richmond Park is their roosting-place in winter, and there are numerous -rookeries, large and small, in the neighbourhood--at Sheen Gate, at -various points along the Kingston road, at Norbiton and Kingston, on -the estate of the late Madame Lyne Stevens, at Coombe Woods, and at -Wimbledon itself, in some large elms growing at the side of the High -Street on Sir Henry Peek's property. Concerning this rookery there is -an interesting fact to relate. About six years ago the experiment of -shooting the young rooks was tried, with the very best intentions, the -rookery being greatly prized. But these rooks were not accustomed to be -thinned down (for their own good) every summer, and they forsook the -trees. Everything was then done to entice them back; artificial nests -were constantly kept on the tree-tops, and in winter food in abundance -was placed for the birds; but though they came readily enough to regale -on bread and scraps they refused to settle until last spring (1897), -when they returned in a body and rebuilt the rookery. - -This book is mainly about birds, but I cannot help mentioning the fact -that in the wood at Wimbledon that rare and interesting mammal, the -badger, found at only one other spot on the borders of London, is -permitted to spend his hermit life in peace. - - Here, in solitude and shade, - Shambling, shuffling plantigrade, - Be thy courses undismayed. - -It may seem almost absurd in writing of a London wild animal to quote -from Bret Harte's ode to the great grizzly in the Western wilderness! -Nevertheless Wimbledon may be proud to possess even the poor little -quaint timid badger--cousin, a million times removed, to the mighty -bear, the truculent coward, as the poet says, with tiger claws on baby -feet, who has a giant's strength and is satisfied to prey on wasps' -nests. - -Recently, on one of the largest estates in England, in a part of the -country where the badger is now all but extinct, it was reported at the -big house that a pair of these animals had established themselves in the -forest, which, it may be mentioned, is very large--about eighteen miles -round. A grand campaign was at once organised, and a large number of men -and boys, armed with guns, spades, hatchets, pitchforks, and bludgeons, -and followed by many dogs, went out to the attack. Arrived at the den, -at the roots of a giant beech-tree, they set to work to dig the animals -out. It was a huge task, but there were many to help, and in the end the -badgers were found, old and young together, and killed. - -Let us imagine that when this business was proceeding with tremendous -excitement and noise of shouting men and barking dogs, some person -buried at that spot in old Palæolithic times had been raised up to view -the spectacle; that it had been explained to him that these hunters were -his own remote descendants; that one of them was a mighty nobleman, a -kind of chief or king, whose possessions extended on every side as far -as the eye could see; that the others were his followers who served and -obeyed him; and that they were all engaged in hunting and killing the -last badger, the most terrible wild beast left in the land! I think that -the old hunter, who, with his rude stone-headed spear had fought with -and overcome even mightier beasts than the grizzly bear, would have -emitted a strange and perhaps terrifying sound, a burst of primitive -laughter very shrill and prolonged, resembling the neigh of a wild -horse, or perhaps deep, from a deep chest, like the baying of a -bloodhound. - - * * * * * - -Richmond Park (2,470 acres) both in its vast extent and character -is unlike any other metropolitan open space. The noblest of the -breathing-spaces on our borders, it is also the most accessible, and -more or less well known to tens of thousands of persons; but it is -probably intimately known only to a few. Speaking for myself, I can say -that after having visited it occasionally for years, sometimes to spend -a whole day in it, sometimes to get lost in it, both in fine and foggy -weather, I do not know it so well as other large open spaces which have -not been visited more often. Any person well acquainted with the country -would probably find it easy at a moment's notice to name half a dozen -parks which have pleased him better than this one, on account of a -certain monotony in the scenery of Richmond, but in size it would -surpass most or all of them. So large is it that half a dozen such -London parks as Clissold, Waterlow, and Ravenscourt might easily be -hidden in one corner of it, where it would not be easy to find them. -There are roads running in various directions, and on most days many -persons may be seen on them, driving, riding, cycling, and walking; yet -they all may be got away from, and long hours spent out of sight and -hearing of human beings, in the most perfect solitude. This is the -greatest attraction of Richmond Park, and its best virtue. Strange to -say, this very quietude and solitariness produce a disturbing effect -on many Londoners. Alas for those who have so long existed apart from -Nature as to have become wholly estranged, who are troubled in mind at -her silence and austerity! To others this green desert is London's best -possession, a sacred place where those who have lost their strength may -find it again, and those who are distempered may recover their health. - -The largeness and quietness of Richmond, its old oak woods, water, and -wide open spaces, and its proximity to the river, have given it not only -an abundant but a nobler wild bird life than is found at any other point -so near to the centre of the metropolis. Here all the best songsters, -including the nightingale, may be heard. Wild duck and teal and a -few other water birds, rear their young in the ponds. Our two most -beautiful woodland birds, the green woodpecker and the jay, are common. -Rooks are numerous, especially in winter, when they congregate to roost. -Here, too, you may hear the carrion crow's 'voice of care.' Jackdaws -are certainly more plentiful than anywhere within one hundred miles of -London. One day I counted fifty in a flock, and saw them settle on the -trees; then going a little distance on I saw another flock numbering -about forty, and beyond this lot from another wood sounded the clamour -of a third flock. Even then I had probably not seen _all_ the Richmond -daws; perhaps not more than half the entire number, for I was assured by -a keeper that there were 'millions.' He was a very tall white-haired old -man with aquiline features and dark fierce eyes, and therefore must have -known what he was talking about. - -Best of all are the herons that breed in the park, and appear to be -increasing. One fine evening in February last I counted twenty together -at Sidmouth Wood. A multitude of rooks and daws had settled on the -tree-tops where the herons were; but after a few minutes they rose up -with a great noise, and were followed by the herons, who mounted high -above the black cawing crowd, looking very large and majestic against -the pale clear sky. It was the finest spectacle in wild bird life I had -ever seen so close to London. - -It is a great thing for Richmond to have the heron, which is no longer -common; and now that the kite, buzzard, and raven have been lost, it is -the only large soaring inland species which, once seen, appears as -an indispensable part of the landscape. Take it away, and the large -comparatively wild nature loses half its charm. - -In a former chapter I have endeavoured to show how great the æsthetic -value of the daw is to our cathedrals. The old dead builders of these -great temples owe perhaps as much to this bird as to the softening and -harmonising effects of time and weather. Again, every one must feel that -the effect of sublimity produced on us by our boldest cliffs is greatly -enhanced by the sea-fowl, soaring along the precipitous face of the -rocks, and peopling their ledges, tier above tier of birds, the highest, -seen from below, appearing as mere white specks. A similar effect is -produced by large soaring birds on any inland landscape; the horizon is -widened and the sky lifted to an immeasurable height. Some such idea as -this, of the indescribable charm of the large soaring bird, of its value -to the artistic eye in producing the effect of distance and vastness in -nature, was probably in our late lost artist-poet's mind when he painted -the following exquisite word-picture:-- - - High up and light are the clouds; and though the swallows flit - So high above the sunlit earth, they are well a part of it; - And so though high over them are the wings of the wandering hern, - In measureless depths above him doth the fair sky quiver and burn. - -Speaking for myself, without the 'wandering hern,' or buzzard, or other -large soaring species, the sky does not impress me with its height and -vastness; and without the sea-fowl the most tremendous sea-fronting -cliff is a wall which may be any height; and the noblest cathedral -without any jackdaws soaring and gamboling about its towers is apt to -seem little more than a great barn, or a Dissenting chapel on a gigantic -scale. - - * * * * * - -Kew Gardens, with the adjoining spaces of Old Deer Park and the Queen's -Private Grounds, comprising an area of about 600 acres, with a river -frontage of over two miles, is in even closer touch with London than its -near neighbour, Richmond Park. From the heart of the city two principal -thoroughfares run west, and, uniting on the farther side of Hammersmith, -extend with few breaks in the walls of brick and glass on either side to -Kew Bridge. The distance from the Mansion House to the bridge is about -ten miles, and the few remaining gaps in the westernmost portion of this -long busy way are now rapidly being filled up. What was formerly the -village of Kew is now an integral part of London the Monotonous, in -appearance just like other suburbs--Wormwood Scrubs, Kilburn, Muswell -Hill, Green Lanes, Dulwich, and Norwood. - -Kew Gardens (251 acres) is, or until very recently was, one of the three -or four spots on the borders of the metropolis most favoured by the -birds. They were attracted to it by its large size, the woodland -character of most of the ground, and its unrivalled position on the -river in the immediate vicinity of several other extensive open spaces. -The breeding place of most of the birds was in the Queen's Private -Grounds, a wedge of land between the Gardens and Old Deer Park, a -wilderness and perfect sanctuary for all wild creatures. In this green -wooded spot and the adjoining gardens the following species have -bred annually: missel-thrush, throstle, blackbird, redstart, robin, -nightingale, whitethroat, lesser whitethroat, blackcap, garden-warbler, -chiffchaff, willow-wren, wood-wren, sedge-warbler, dunnock, wren, great, -coal, blue, and long-tailed tits, nuthatch, tree-creeper, pied wagtail, -tree-pipit, spotted flycatcher, swallow, house-martin, greenfinch, -common sparrow, chaffinch, starling, jay, crow, swift, green and lesser -woodpecker, wryneck, cuckoo, pheasant, partridge, wood-pigeon, moorhen, -dabchick--in all forty-three species. Besides these there is good reason -to believe that the following six species have been breeders in the -Queen's grounds during recent years: goldcrest, marsh tit, goldfinch, -hawfinch, bullfinch, and magpie. - -This list will prove useful to London naturalists in the near future, as -many changes in the bird life of Kew may shortly be looked for. With the -opening of the Queen's grounds the partridge and pheasant will cease to -breed there; the crow is not now allowed to build in the gardens; the -nightingales have decreased to a very few birds during the last three or -four seasons; and last summer (1897) the wood-wren failed to put in -an appearance. To say that there will be other and greater changes is -unhappily only too safe a prophecy to make. For several years past -tree-felling has been vigorously prosecuted in the gardens to give them -a more open park-like appearance; new gravelled roads have been laid -down in all directions, and the policy generally has been that of the -landscape-gardener which makes for prettiness, with the result that the -aspect and character of this spot have been quite altered, and it is -fast becoming as unsuitable a breeding place for the summer warblers and -other shy woodland species as any royal west-end park. - -Up till two months ago, it was some consolation to those who grieved at -the changes in progress in Kew Gardens to think that the Queen's private -grounds adjoining were safe from the despoiler. This area is separated -from the gardens by nothing but a wire fence; one could walk the entire -breadth of the grounds with that untrimmed, exquisitely beautiful -wooded wilderness always in sight; many acres of noble trees--oak, ash, -elm, beech, hornbeam, and Spanish chestnut; a shady paradise, the old -trunks draped with ivy, or grey and emerald green with moss; masses of -bramble and brier, furze and holly, growing untouched beneath; the open -green spaces a sea of blue in spring with the enchanting blue of the -wild hyacinth. There was not anywhere on the borders of London--that -weary circuit of fifty miles--so fresh and perfect a transcript of wild -woodland nature as this, with the sole exception of Lord Mansfield's -private grounds at Hampstead. - -Unhappily just before the announcement was made early in 1898 that the -Queen had graciously decided to admit the public to this lovely ground, -a gang of labourers was sent in to grub up the undergrowth, to lop off -lower branches, and cut down many scores of the noblest old trees, with -the object apparently of bringing the place more into harmony with the -adjoining trim gardens. It is earnestly to be hoped that nothing further -will be done to ruin the most perfect beauty-spot that remains to -London. - -Here our survey ends. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV - -PROTECTION OF BIRDS IN THE PARKS - - Object of this book--Summary of facts contained in previous - chapters--An incidental result of changes in progress--Some degree - of protection in all the open spaces, efficient protection in - none--Mischievous visitors to the parks--Bird fanciers and - stealers--The destructive rough--The barbarians are few--Two - incidents at Clissold Park--Love of birds a common feeling of the - people. - - -The most serious portion of my work still remains to do. In the -introductory chapter I said that this was a book with a purpose, and, -as the reader knows from much that has gone before, the purpose is to -point out how the wild bird life we possess may be preserved, and how -it may be improved by the addition of other suitable species which would -greatly increase the attractiveness of the parks. - -Before going into this part of my subject it would be useful to briefly -summarise the main facts disclosed in the foregoing chapters. - -1. Many species formerly resident throughout the year in London have -quite died out; thus, in the present century the following large species -have been lost: raven, magpie, peregrine falcon, and kestrel. In very -recent years the following small resident species have disappeared from -inner London, but are still found in a few localities on the outskirts: -missel-thrush, nuthatch, tree-creeper, oxeye, and lesser spotted -woodpecker. - -2. Some resident species are reduced to small remnants and are confined -to one or to a very few spots; in this category we must place the rook, -the jackdaw, and the owl. - -3. Several other resident species, formerly common, have greatly -decreased in numbers, and in some of the open spaces appear to be dying -out. Among these are the thrush, blackbird, robin, wren, hedge-sparrow, -greenfinch, chaffinch, goldfinch, bullfinch, linnet, and lark. Two of -these species, thrush and blackbird, are now increasing in several of -the open spaces under the County Council, and here and there two or -three of the other species named are also increasing. - -[Illustration: CHAFFINCH] - -4. The decrease has been in most, but not all, of the old residents. So -far the carrion crow does not appear to have suffered. Two small birds, -sparrow and starling, have undoubtedly greatly increased. - -5. At the same time that some of the old residents have been decreasing -or dying out, a few other species have come in from the outside, and -have greatly increased--namely, the ringdove, moorhen, and dabchick. - -6. During the season when birds migrate, or shift their quarters, many -birds of various species drift into or pass through London: of these -some that are summer visitors bred regularly in London up to within a -few years ago. Of all these visitors it may be said that they have been -decreasing for several years past, and some of them no longer attempt -to breed in the inner London parks. At the same time, in a few favoured -localities these visitors do not show any falling off, and in one or two -of the open spaces they may be actually increasing. - -To sum up. For many years there have been constant changes going on -in the bird population, many species decreasing, a very few remaining -stationary, and a few new colonists appearing; but, generally speaking, -the losses greatly exceed the gains. - -One incidental result of all these changes, and of the variety of -conditions existing and the different degrees of protection given, is -that some of the open spaces are now distinguished by the possession of -species which are found in no other spot in the metropolis, or which -have elsewhere become exceedingly rare. Thus, Kensington Gardens alone, -of all the interior parks, possesses the owl and the jackdaw; St. -James's Park is distinguished by its large number of wood-pigeons and -its winter colonies of black-headed gulls; Battersea Park by its wrens -and variety of small delicate songsters, both resident and migratory, -and its vast congregation of starlings in late summer and early autumn; -Wandsworth Common by its yellowhammers; Gray's Inn Gardens and Brockwell -Park by their rookeries; Streatham by its nightingales, magpies, and -jays; Ravenscourt Park by its missel-thrushes; Finsbury Park by its -large numbers of thrushes and blackbirds. In Kew Gardens the tree-pipit, -pied wagtail, and wryneck are more common than elsewhere; Richmond -Park has its heronry and a vast multitude of daws; Wanstead has the -turtle-dove and hawfinch, and with its land and water birds of all -sizes, from the goldcrest to the heron, mallard, and rook, may claim to -possess in its narrow limits a more abundant and varied wild bird life -than any other metropolitan open space. - -The conclusion I have come to, after a careful study of the subject, is -that wild birds of all the species remaining to us, and many besides, -are very well able to thrive in London; that many species have been -and are being lost solely on account of the indifference of the park -authorities in the matter; that the comparative abundance and variety -of wild bird life in the different open spaces depends on the degree of -protection and encouragement the birds receive. And by encouragement I -mean the providing them with islands, shrubberies, and such cover as -they require when breeding. Thus, we see that in so vast a space as Hyde -Park, where there is practically no protection given and nothing done to -encourage wild birds, the songsters are few and are decreasing; while in -some comparatively small open spaces constantly thronged with visitors -the bird life is abundant and varied, and increasing. It should not -be, but certainly is, the case that it depends on the person who is in -charge of the open space whether anything shall be done to encourage the -birds; if he takes no interest in the matter those who are under him -will not concern themselves to save the birds. We have seen that veiled -bird-catching is permitted in some of the parks; park constables and -park labourers have also been allowed to take nests of thrushes and -other songsters containing young birds, for their own pleasure or to -dispose of to others. - -We have seen that the differences between park and park, with regard -to the abundance of bird life, are very great; but despite these -differences, which depend on the amount of encouragement and protection -given, consequently to a great extent on the personal feeling in the -matter of the superintendent, it must be said that sufficient protection -has not yet been given in any public space in London. All the open -spaces are alike infested by cats, the deadliest enemy of the birds -which are of most value--the resident species that sing most of the -year, and that nest in low bushes or close to the ground. And so long as -cats are allowed to range about the parks these species cannot be said -to be properly protected. This last point being of great importance will -be treated separately and fully in the next chapter; the rest of this -chapter will be occupied in discussing an enemy to the birds less -difficult to deal with--the mischievous individuals of our own species -who kill and capture birds and take their eggs and young. - -The damage done by the ordinary boy, who throws stones and cannot -resist the temptation to take a nest when he has the chance, is hardly -appreciable in the parks where there is any real desire on the part of -the superintendents and keepers to protect the birds. On some of the -large open spaces on the outskirts of London, such as Hampstead Heath -and the commons in the South-west district, the keepers are too few to -protect the nesting birds, and the eggs are very nearly all taken. A -much more serious injury is inflicted by the bird fancier from the -slums, who visits the parks with the object of stealing the birds, -adults and young, and by the worst kind of blackguard or rough, who -kills and smashes when he gets the chance solely for the pleasure of -destroying something which others value, or, to quote Bacon's phrase, -'because he can do no other.' - -As to the bird fancier who is a bird stealer, I have said enough in a -former chapter to show that he can very easily be got rid of where there -is any real desire to protect the birds. - -It remains to say something concerning the rough who delights in -destruction. That a man should find pleasure in stoning a valuable park -bird to death or in trampling down a flower-bed may seem an astonishing -thing, when we see that the objects destroyed are solely intended for -the people's pleasure, that they are paid for by the people, and are, in -a sense, the people's property. It may even seem inexplicable, since the -rough is a human being and must therefore have the social instinct. But -there is really no mystery in it; by inflicting injury on the community -he is after all only following other instincts common to man, which are -quite as strong and sometimes stronger than the social. He is prompted -by the hunting instinct, which is universal and doubtless in him is to -some extent perverted; also the love of adventure, since by doing wrong -he runs a certain risk, and wins a little glory of a low kind from his -associates and others who are of like mind with him; and finally, he -is actuated by the love of power, which in its degraded form finds a -measure of gratification in hurting others, or in depriving them of a -pleasure. - -But after all said, these injurious persons are in an exceedingly small, -an almost infinitesimal, minority, and the damage they do is little and -annually becomes less; so little is it where any vigilance is exercised, -that it would not have been worth while to write even these few -paragraphs but for the opportunity it gives me of returning to a subject -dwelt upon in the opening chapter; for this destructiveness on the -part of a few but serves the more fully to illustrate the contrary -spirit--the keen and kindly interest in the wild bird life of our open -spaces which is almost universal among the people. In the volume dealing -with East London, in his enormous work on the 'Life and Labour of the -People,' Mr. Charles Booth has the following significant passage: 'The -hordes of barbarians of whom we have heard, who, issuing from their -slums, will one day overwhelm modern civilisation, do not exist. -There are barbarians, but they are a handful, a small and decreasing -percentage, a disgrace but not a danger.' A more absolute confirmation -of the truth of these words than the general behaviour of the people who -visit the parks, even in the poorest and most congested districts, could -not be found. As a rule, when a small park is first opened in some -densely populated district, where no public open space previously -existed, the people rush in and act as if demented; they are like -children released from long confinement who go wild with the first -taste of liberty: they shout, climb trees, break off branches, pluck -the flowers; but all this is purely the result of a kind of mental -intoxication. They are not 'barbarians' or 'yahoos,' as they are -sometimes described by onlookers at the first opening of a new park; -they are nothing more than excited young people; the excitement passes, -and after a short time the damage ceases, and the place becomes so -orderly, and so seldom is any damage done, that the park could almost -be left to take care of itself. - -I am here tempted to relate two incidents which have occurred at -different times in one small open space--Clissold Park. Some tame rooks -were kept with the object of establishing a rookery (of which more in -a later chapter), and one day last year some young miscreants, who -subsequently made their escape, stoned three of the birds to death. The -second incident relates to a chaffinch and its nest. The nest was built -on a stunted half-dead thorn-bush, very low down and much exposed to -sight. Just at the time when the nest was being built some forty or -fifty labourers were called in and set to work to form a pond at this -very spot, and it was determined to leave a few yards of ground with the -thorn-bush standing on it as an island in the middle of the excavation. -When the digging began the first eggs had been laid in the nest, but in -spite of the crowd of men at work every day and all day long round the -bush, and the incessant noises of loud talking and of shovelling clay -into carts and shouting of carters to their horses, the birds did not -forsake their task; the eggs were all laid, sat on, the young duly -hatched and successfully reared amidst the tumult; and during all this -time the men engaged on the work were so jealous of the birds' safety -that they would not allow any of the numberless visitors to the park to -come near the bush to look closely at the nest. So long as the young -were in the nest the workmen were the chaffinch's bodyguard. - -[Illustration: NEST OF CHAFFINCH] - -Judging from personal knowledge of the people of London, I should -say that these workmen showed in their action the feeling which the -people have generally about the wild birds in the parks, and that the -rook-slayers mentioned above were rare exceptions, the small percentage -of ruffians which we always have to count with, just as we have to -count with lunatics and criminals. Doubtless some readers will disagree -with this conclusion. I know it is a common idea--one hears it often -enough--that love of birds is by no means a general feeling; that it -is, on the contrary, somewhat rare, and consequently that those who -experience it have some reason to be proud of their superiority. To my -mind all this is a pretty delusion; no one flatters himself that he is -in any special way a lover of sunshine and green flowery meadows and -running waters and shady trees; and I can only repeat here what I have -said before, that the delight in a wild bird is as common to all men as -the feeling that the sunshine is sweet and pleasant to behold. - -One word more may be added here. We--that is to say, our representatives -on the County Council--annually spend some thousands of pounds on -gardening, in laying out beds of brilliant tulips, geraniums, and other -gay flowers, but, with the exception of the cost of the little food -given to the birds in frosty weather in some of the parks, not one -pound, not one penny, has been spent directly on the birds; and yet -there is no doubt that the birds are more to most people than the -flowers; that a gorgeous bed of tulips that has cost a lot of money -is regarded by a majority of visitors with a very tepid feeling of -admiration compared with that which they experience at the sight or -sound, whether musical or not, of any wild bird. - - - - -CHAPTER XV - -THE CAT QUESTION - - The cat's unchangeable character--A check on the sparrows--Number - of sparrows in London--What becomes of the annual increase--No - natural check on the park sparrows--Cats in the parks--Story - of a cat at Battersea Park--Rabbits destroyed by cats in Hyde - Park--Number of cats in London--Ownerless cats--Their miserable - condition--How cats are made ownerless--How this evil may be - remedied--How to keep cats out of the parks. - - -As it will be necessary to show that, sooner or later, the cat question -will have to be dealt with in a manner not pleasant for the cats, it may -be well to say at once that I have no prejudice against this creature; -on the contrary, of all the lower animals that live with or near us -I admire him the most, because of his incorruptibility, his strict -adherence to the principle 'to thine own self be true.' He lives with -but not exactly in subjection to us. The coarser but more plastic dog we -can and we do in a sense unmake and remake. Not so with the cat, who -keeps to the terms of his ancient charter, in spite of all temptations -to allow of a few of the original lines being rubbed out and some new -ones written in their place. Old Æsop's celebrated apologue is as true -of to-day as of his own distant time; and thousands of years ago the -worshippers of Pasht who had tender hearts must have been scandalised at -their deity's way with a mouse. It would not, perhaps, be quite in order -to conclude this exordium without a reference to the poet's familiar -description of the cat as a 'harmless necessary' animal. The Elizabethan -was doubtless only thinking of rats and mice; in the London of to-day -the cat has another important use in keeping down the sparrows. But -for this check sparrows would quickly become an intolerable nuisance, -fluttering in crowds against our window-panes, crying incessantly for -crumbs, and distressing us with the spectacle of their semi-starved -condition. - -Much has already been said of the sparrow in this work, but the lives of -cat and sparrow are so interlaced in London that in speaking of one it -becomes necessary to say something of the other. Let us try to get -a little nearer to the subject of the connection between these two -creatures. When we consider the extreme abundance of the sparrow in -all favourable situations and his general diffusion over the entire -metropolis; that he inhabits thousands of miles of streets, often many -scores of birds to the mile; and that besides all the birds that breed -in houses others nest in trees and bushes in every garden, square, park, -and other open space, we cannot suppose that there are less than a -million of these birds. One day in April, while walking rapidly the -length of one walk in a London park I counted 118 nests. There could not -have been fewer than 1,000 nests in the whole park. The entire sparrow -population of London may be as much as two or three millions, or even -more. Putting it as low as one million, the increase of half a million -pairs, breeding say four times a year, and rearing at least twelve young -(they often rear double that number), we have an annual increase of six -millions. Most of this increase goes to the cats; for the cat is the -sparrow's sole enemy, but a really dangerous one only when the bird is -just out of the nest; for the young bird very soon becomes strong of -wing and alert in mind, and is thereafter comparatively safe from the -slayer of his kind. The first instinct of the young urban sparrow, once -he has been coaxed by his parents or impelled by something in him to -use his wings, is to fly feebly, or rather to flutter downwards to the -earth; and there, under a bush in a back garden, or behind a pillar, -or in an angle of the wall, or in the area, the cat is waiting. The -inexperienced birdling, surprised and probably frightened at a new and -strange sensation, trying to balance himself and to come down softly, -touches the ground and is struck by sudden death. I have seen successive -broods from one nest come forth, and bird by bird at odd times flutter -down in this way, seeking a safer spot to rest upon than the sloping -roof and narrow ledges and cornices on the walls, and finally touch the -earth only to be instantly destroyed. But here one interesting question -arises. How, if the facts are as stated, it may be asked, does it happen -that the young sparrow so frequently makes this fatal mistake, in spite -of his inherited knowledge? I believe the explanation is that the -sparrow is essentially a tree bird, notwithstanding his acquired habit -of sitting contentedly on buildings in towns. A percher by nature, he is -yet able to rub along for most of the time without a perch; but we see -that even in districts where trees are few and far between the sparrows' -meeting-place or 'chapel' is invariably a tree. The young sparrow has -not yet acquired this convenient habit of the adults; he is a tree -sparrow, incapable of sitting quietly, like the young swallow or martin, -on a roof or ledge to be fed there by the parent birds. His perching -feet must lay hold of something; and when he cannot, so to speak, anchor -himself he is ill at ease, even on the wide surface of a flat roof, and -fidgets and hops this way and that, possibly experiencing a sensation as -of falling or of being thrown off his stand. It is to escape from this -unsuitable flat surface that he flutters or flies off and comes down. -This happens when no tree stands conveniently near; when there is a tree -beneath or close by the young sparrow makes for it instinctively, as a -duckling to water; and if he succeeds in reaching it he shows at once -that he has found relief, and is content to remain where he is. It is -most interesting to watch a brood of young sparrows just out of the -nest settling down on the topmost twigs of a tree, which they have been -lucky enough to reach, and remaining there for hours at a stretch, -dozing secure in the sun and wind, even when the wind is strong enough -to rock the tree, and only opening their eyes and rousing themselves at -intervals on the appearance of one of the parent birds with food in its -bill. - -[Illustration: PARK SPARROWS] - -In a large majority of cases the London sparrow has no tree growing -conveniently near to the breeding hole, and the consequence is that an -incredible number of broods are lost. The parent birds, when a whole -brood has thus been snapped up, after a day or two of excitement -cheerfully set to work relining the old nest with a few straws, -feathers, and hairs. From March to August, some to October, they are -occupied with this business, and I do not think that more than two -young birds survive out of every dozen of all the sparrows that breed -in houses; for with the park birds the case is different. As it is, the -birds that escape their subtle enemy are more than enough to make good -the annual losses from all other causes. In the streets, back-yards, and -gardens an ailing sparrow is, like the inexperienced young bird, quickly -snapped up. In the parks at all seasons, but particularly in winter, -ailing sparrows are not very rare; occasionally a dead one is seen. - - The duck and the drake - Are there at his wake, - -but the cat comes not in the daylight hours to bury him. When the young -park sparrows flutter down from their high nests there is no enemy lying -in wait: they get their proper exercise, and in short flights over the -turf learn the use of their wings; in the evening they go back to their -hollow tree or inaccessible nest. When they are asleep in their safe -cradles the cats come on the scene to hunt in the shrubberies, to -capture the thrush, blackbird, robin, dunnock, and wren, and in fact -any bird that nests in low bushes or on the ground. The noisy clang -of the closing park gates is a sound well known to the cats in the -neighbourhood; no sooner is it heard than they begin to issue from areas -and other places where they have been waiting, and in some spots as many -as half a dozen to a dozen may be counted in as many minutes crossing -the road and entering the park at one spot. They can go in anywhere, -but cats that are neighbours and personally known to one another often -have the habit of going in at one place. All night long they are at -their merry games; you may sometimes see them scampering over the turf -playing with one another like wild rabbits, and in the breeding season -they sup on many an incubating bird caught on its eggs, and on many a -nest full of fledglings. In the early morning they are back at their -houses, if they are not of the homeless ones, innocently washing their -faces in the breakfast room, waiting for the customary caress and saucer -of cream. But these luxuries do not alter the animal's nature: his -'fearful symmetry' was for all time, the sinews of his heart cannot be -twisted in any other way, and his brain is as it came from the furnace. - -The following incident will serve to show the spirit that is in a London -cat. Some time ago it was discovered that a very big and a very black -one had established himself on an island in the lake at Battersea Park. -'Then he must have crossed over in a boat, as cats don't swim,' cried -the superintendent. On going to the place it was found that the cat -had killed and partly devoured one tufted duck and two sheldrakes. To -dispose of him a company of eighteen workmen and a good hunting dog were -sent over to the island. The cat, driven from his hiding-place in the -bushes, quickly ascended the tallest tree in his territory. A youth who -was a good climber went up after him, and the other men, armed with -stout sticks, gathered round the tree to receive the animal on his -coming down. The cat quickly made up his mind how to act: down he -swiftly came from branch to branch, and in less than two seconds was -frantically tearing about among the legs of his adversaries, and -bursting through the cordon was quickly in the water swimming for life. -Immediately there was a rush for the boats, but before the men could get -on to the water the cat had reached the shore and vanished in the thick -shrubbery. The men were then disposed in line like beaters and advanced, -but in the end the creature escaped from the park and was lost. This -animal deserves honourable mention on account of the splendid courage -and resource he displayed; but the injury he had caused and the -desperate and successful fight for life he made against such tremendous -odds show that cats ought not to be allowed in the parks. The loss of -the pair of sheldrakes is felt to be a serious one, and I agree that -when unpinioned the bird is very beautiful, and when it shows itself -flying over the ornamental waters of a park, I can admire it almost as -much as when seeing it on the coasts of Somerset or Northumberland. But -a blackcap, a nightingale, a kingfisher destroyed by cats in any park -would be as great or even a greater loss to London; and I may add that a -few days before writing this chapter, in the summer of 1897, the three -wild birds I have just named were to be seen at the very spot where the -sheldrakes were killed. - -So far as I know, the park cats can only be credited with one good deed. -Two or three years ago a number of rabbits were introduced into Hyde -Park, and quickly began to increase and multiply, as rabbits will. For -a time the cats respected them, being unaccustomed to see such animals, -and possibly thinking that they would be dangerous to tackle. But -they soon found out that these strangers were the natural prey of a -carnivore, and, beginning with the little ones, then going on to those -that were grown up, eventually devoured them all. Two big old buck -rabbits survived the others for a couple of months, but even these were -finally conquered and eaten. I for one am very glad at the result, for -it really seemed too ridiculous that our great national park should be -turned into a rabbit warren as well as a duck-breeding establishment. - -The extraordinary rapidity with which the rabbits were destroyed will -serve to give some idea of the numbers and destructiveness of the cats -that nightly make the open spaces of London their hunting grounds. How -many cats are there in London? Not a word that I am aware of has been -written on the subject, and as there is no tax on them there is no -possibility of finding out the exact truth. Nevertheless, in an indirect -way we may be able to get a proximate idea of their numbers. - -The number of dogs in London is supposed to be about two hundred -thousand; no doubt it is really greater, since many dogs escape the -tax. Cats in London are very much more numerous than dogs. Thus, in -the streets I know best, in the part of London where I live, there are -about eight cats to every dog; in some streets there are ten or twelve, -in others not more than six. If a census could be taken it would -probably show that the entire cat population does not fall short of -three-quarters of a million; but I may be wide of the mark in this -estimate, and should prefer at present to say that there are certainly -not less than half a million cats in London. Even this may seem an -astonishing number, since it is not usual for any house to have more -than one, and in a good many houses not one is kept. On the other hand -there is a vast population of ownerless cats. These cannot well be -called homeless since they all attach themselves to some house, which -they make their home, and to which they return as regularly as any wild -beast to its den or lair. Judging solely from my own observation, I -do not think that there can be less than from eighty thousand to one -hundred thousand of these ownerless cats in the metropolis. Let me take -the case of the house I live in. No cat is kept, yet from year's end to -year's end there are seldom less than three cats to make use of it, or -to make it their home. At all hours of the day they are to be seen in -the area, or on the doorsteps, or somewhere near; and at odd times they -go into the basement rooms--they get in at the windows, or at any door -that happens to be left open, and if not discovered spend the night in -the house. There are scores of houses in my immediate neighbourhood -which have no smell of valerian about them and are favoured in the same -way. - -It is not possible at all times of the year to distinguish these -ownerless or stray cats from those that have owners; but there are -seasons of scarcity for the outdoor animals during which they differ in -appearance from the others; and at such times, with some practice, one -may get an idea of the number of strays in his own neighbourhood. It is -in the winter, during long and severe frosts, that the ownerless ones -suffer most, and on a bright day in a walk of a quarter of a mile you -will sometimes see as many as a dozen of these poor wretches sunning -themselves on one side of the street. On coming close to one of these -cats he invariably looks at you with wide-open startled eyes, and so -long as you stand quietly regarding him he will keep this look. The -moment you speak kindly to him the alarm vanishes from his eyes, he -knows you for a friend, and is as ready as any starving human beggar -to tell you his miserable story. He mews piteously; but sometimes when -his mouth opens no sound issues from it--he is too feeble even to mew. -His fur has a harsher appearance than in other cats, the hairs stand -up like the puffed-out feathers of an owl, and hide his body's -excessive leanness; but when you lift him up you are astonished at his -lightness--he is like a wisp of straw in your hand. The marvel is that -when he has got to this pass he can still keep alive from day to day; -for in the bleak streets there is no food for him, and the people of the -houses he hangs about have hardened their hearts against him on account -of his thieving, or because if they give him an occasional scrap of food -he will never go away, and their only wish is to see the last of him. -Many of these stray cats get most of their food in dust-bins, into which -they slink whenever the door is left open for a few minutes. They find a -few scraps to keep them alive, and at rare intervals capture a mouse. -Sometimes they jump out when ashes are shot into their hiding-place; but -the cat who has got hardened merely shuts his eyes against the stinging -cloud, crouching in his corner, and is satisfied to remain for days -shut up in his dreary cell, finding it more tolerable than the wintry -streets and inhospitable areas. It is related of La Fontaine, the -fabulist, that he was passionately fond of strawberries, on account of -the effect which this fruit had in annually restoring him to comparative -health and some pleasure in life; and that during the winter and spring -his only wish was that the strawberry season when it came round again -would find him still living, since if it delayed its coming he would -lose all hope. In like manner these ownerless cats, if they have any -thought about their condition, must long for the change in the year that -will once more call forth the black-beetles in areas and basements, and -bring the young sparrows fluttering down from their inaccessible nests. - -How does it happen that there are so many of these strays in London? -For cats do not leave their homes of their own accord, except in rare -instances when they have been enticed or encouraged to take up their -quarters in some other neighbourhood. As a rule the animal prefers its -own home with poverty to abundance in a strange place. I believe that a -vast majority of these poor ones come from the houses or rooms inhabited -by the poor. Most persons are extremely reluctant to put kittens that -are not wanted to death. In the houses of the well-to-do the servants -are ordered to kill them; but the poor have no person to delegate the -dirty work to; and they have, moreover, a kindlier feeling for their -pet animals, owing to the fact that they live more with them in their -confined homes than is the case with the prosperous. The consequence is -that in very many cases not one of a litter is killed; they are mostly -given away to friends, and their friends' children are delighted to have -them as pets. The kitten amuses a child immensely with its playful ways, -and is loved for its pretty blue eyes full of fun and mischief and -wonder at everything. But when it grows up the charm vanishes, and it is -found that the cat is in the way; he is often on the common staircase -where there are perhaps other cats, and eventually he becomes a -nuisance. The poor are also often moving, and are not well able to take -their pet from place to place. It is decided to get rid of the cat, but -they do not kill it, nor would they like to see it killed by another; -it must be 'strayed'--that is to say, placed in a sack, taken for some -miles away from home at night and released in a strange place. - -Now this very painful condition of things ought not to continue, and my -only reason for going into the subject is to suggest a remedy. This is -that the metropolitan police be instructed to remove all stray cats and -send them to a lethal chamber provided for the purpose. The ownerless -cats, we have seen, do not roam about the town, but have a home, or at -all events a house, to which they attach themselves, and which they -refuse to leave, however inhospitably or even cruelly they may be -treated. On making some inquiries at houses in my own neighbourhood on -the subject, I find that most people are anxious to get rid of the stray -cats they may happen to have about the place, but are at a loss to know -how to do it. In some instances they succeed in straying them again, but -the cats are no better off than before, and the starving population is -not diminished. But it would be a simple way out of the difficulty if -they could have them removed by reporting them to the nearest policeman. -We have seen, as a result of the muzzling order imposed by the County -Council, that upwards of forty thousand unclaimed dogs have been -destroyed in the course of a year (1896), and the presumption is that -these dogs were little valued and not properly cared for by their -owners. The harvest of stray cats would probably not be less than sixty -or seventy thousand for the first year. - -To return to the parks. The question is how to exclude the hunting cats -that frequent them at night. I have conversed with perhaps a hundred -superintendents, inspectors, and keepers on the subject, and invariably -they say that it is impossible to exclude the cats, or that they do not -see how it is to be done. And yet in many parks they are always trying -to do it; they hunt them at night with dogs, they shoot them with rook -rifles, and they poison them: but all these measures produce no effect, -and are, moreover, employed with secrecy and with fear lest the -paragraph writer and public should find out, and an outcry be made. -It is plain that the cats can only be kept out by means of a suitable -fence, or net, or screen of wire. Rabbit wire netting is hardly -suitable, as it is unsightly and is not an efficient protection. The -most effectual form would be a plain wire fence in squares, the cross -wires tied to the uprights with wire thread, the top of the fence made -to curve outwards to prevent the animals from climbing over it. This -screen could be placed inside of the park railings at a distance of -about three or four feet from them. A fence or screen of this pattern -has a handsome appearance, but it is expensive, the cost being about -fourpence to fivepence the square foot. Probably some other cheaper and -equally effective wire protection could be designed. I have consulted -some of the large dealers in wire netting and fencing of all kinds, and -they tell me that a fence to keep out cats from parks has yet to be -invented. Very likely; at the same time there are probably very many -ingenious persons in England who would quickly invent what is wanted -if it was made worth their while. It simply comes to this: if the -park authorities really wish to keep out the cats they can do so at a -moderate cost, and it is not likely that even their worst critics would -venture to blame them for spending a few hundreds for such an object. - -We must look to the County Council to take the lead in this matter. It -is my conviction--there is much even now going on in some of the parks -to show how well founded it is--that once the chief destroyer of our -valuable birds is excluded, a great and rapid improvement in the -character of our bird population will ensue. The number of the species -we value most would be relatively larger. The change for the better -would come about without any direct encouragement and protection being -given; at the same time it would be an immense help if those who are in -charge of open spaces could be brought to see that wild bird life is -very much more to the people of London than all the pleasant and pretty -things in the way of bands of music, exotic flowers, and brick and stone -and metal ornaments, which they are providing at a very considerable -cost. - -[Illustration: STARLING AT HOME] - - - - -CHAPTER XVI - -BIRDS FOR LONDON - - Restoration of the rook--The Gray's Inn rookery--Suggestions--On - attracting rooks--Temple Gardens rookery--Attempt to establish a - rookery at Clissold Park--A new colony of daws--Hawks--Domestic - pigeons--An abuse--Stock-dove and turtle-dove--Ornamental water-fowl, - pinioned and unpinioned--Suggestions--Wild water-fowl in the - parks--Small birds for London--Missel-thrush--Nuthatch--Wren--Loudness - a merit--Summer visitants to London--Kingfisher--Hard-billed - birds--A use for the park sparrows--Natural checks--A sanctuary - described. - - -My purpose in this chapter is to make a few suggestions as to the -species which may be introduced or restored with a fair prospect of -success, and which would form a valuable addition to the metropolitan -wild bird life. The species to be mentioned here have very nearly all -been resident, some of them very common, in former years; most of them -survive on the borders of London, and some still linger in diminished -numbers in a few of the interior open spaces. - -Most persons would probably agree that of all the large birds that were -once common in London, the rook would be most welcome. In the chapter on -this bird I said that irretrievable disaster had overtaken the London -rookeries, that the birds had gone, or were going, never to return; -nevertheless, I believe that it would be possible, although certainly -not easy, to reintroduce them. We have not wholly lost the rook yet; -he is to be found in many places on our borders; and the continued -existence of the ancient colony at Gray's Inn is a proof that rooks can -live in London, and would doubtless be able to thrive in some of the -parks where there are large trees, and from which the birds would not -have to travel so far in search of food for their young. With regard to -the Gray's Inn rooks, which are greatly valued by the Benchers and by -very many others, I will venture to make a suggestion or two, which, if -acted on, may produce good results. Probably no bird from outside is -ever attracted to this colony, confined to so small an open space in the -very heart of London, and it is possible that through too much in-and-in -breeding for many generations, the birds have suffered a considerable -loss of vigour. It would be a very easy matter to infuse fresh blood -into it by substituting eggs from some country rookery for those in the -nests. This experiment would cost nothing; and it would also be worth -while to provide the birds with suitable provender, such as meal-worms, -at the season when the young are growing and require more food than the -parents are probably able to give them. - -No doubt some readers of this book will say at once that the -reintroduction of the rook into London is impossible, since even in the -rural districts, where all the conditions are favourable, it is found -extremely difficult to induce the birds to settle where they are wanted. -A year or two ago my friend Mr. Cunninghame Graham, writing from his -place in the north, told me that he had long desired to have rooks in -his trees, and that he had written to an eminent ornithologist, with -whom he was not personally acquainted, asking for advice in the matter. -The naturalist replied at some length, pointing out the fallacies of -Socialism as a political creed, but saying nothing about the rooks. -Probably he had nothing practical to write on the subject, but he might -at least have informed his correspondent that Mr. Hawker, the famous -parson of Morwenstow, had got his rooks by praying for them. He prayed -every day for three years, and his importunity was then rewarded by the -birds coming and settling on the very trees where they were wanted. - -We have an account of the curious origin of the Temple Gardens rookery, -one of the best known and most populous of the old London rookeries. In -the 'Zoologist,' vol. xxxvi. p. 196, Mr. Harting relates that it was -founded in Queen Anne's time by Sir Richard Northey, a famous lawyer at -that period, who brought the first birds from his estate at Epsom. A -bough was cut from a tree with a nest containing two young birds, and -conveyed in an open waggon to the Temple, and fixed in a tree in the -gardens. The old birds followed their young and fed them, and old -and young remained and bred in the same place. The following year a -magpie built in the gardens; her eggs were taken, and those of a rook -substituted; these in due course were hatched and the young when reared -became an addition to the colony. - -Professor Newton has said of this pleasant story that he would gladly -believe it if he could, and it has been discredited by the discovery -that a rookery existed at the Temple prior to Queen Anne's time. -Aubrey's statement, which has been quoted in disproof of the Northey -legend, is that the rooks built their nests there in the spring after -the plague, 1665. My inference is that the rookery was an old one, which -the birds abandoned during the plague, and afterwards reoccupied. We may -then suppose that later on the birds went away again for good; and that -Northey, knowing that a rookery had formerly existed at the Temple, -and inspired by a lawyer's very natural admiration for the grave, -black-coated, contentious bird, succeeded in restoring it in the manner -described. In any case, it is not probable that such a story would have -been told of the Temple rookery if the plan attributed to Northey had -not been successfully employed somewhere and somewhen. It is well worth -trying again. I should like very much to see the experiment made by Lord -Ilchester, who has long desired to see the rooks back in Holland Park; -he would not have to bring the young birds in their nests in open -waggons all the way from Melbury or Abbotsbury, as there are several -rookeries where young birds in the nests could be had within five or -six miles of Holland House. - -Another more promising plan is to get the young birds and rear them in -the park where they are wanted. This plan has already been recently -tried, not by any person of means, but by a humble park sergeant at -Clissold Park. Sergeant Kimber is an interesting man, and deserves to be -highly thought of by all bird-lovers in London; he has during most of -his life been a gamekeeper, but knows a great deal more about birds -and loves them better than most men who have that vocation. With the -permission of the County Council, he obtained about a dozen young rooks -from the country, some from Yorkshire and others from Wales; the birds -were placed in an enclosure with a good-sized tree growing in it with -branches drooping to the ground, so that they were able to ascend and -descend at pleasure. Unfortunately their wing feathers were cut, which -prevented them from learning to fly for about a year; even after two -years the survivors are still unable to fly as well as wild birds. Six -birds remained up to the spring of 1897; one only of these appeared -to be a male. This bird paired and a nest was built, but after its -completion the pair flew away together one morning to some open ground -on the outskirts of North London where they were accustomed to feed, and -never returned. Doubtless they had been shot by the sportsmen who still -infest the waste lands and marshes on that side of the metropolis. -Sergeant Kimber now thinks that it was a mistake to clip his rooks' -wings, and hopes to succeed better next time. - -This experiment with tame rooks has incidentally resulted in a gain to -the bird life of North London. In the aviary at Clissold Park a tame -female daw was kept; there she formed a very close friendship with a -parrot, who had the original way of manifesting, or perhaps I should say -dissembling, his love by pulling out her feathers. No doubt she was very -much enamoured of the green bird with his foreign ways and commanding -voice, as she was always at his side and never in the least resented his -ungentle treatment. The poor bird's breast was at last quite denuded -of its covering, and the whole plumage was in such a thin and ragged -condition that it was thought best to separate the friends, even at the -risk of breaking their hearts; accordingly the daw was taken away and -placed with the tame rooks. The rooks treated her very well, and in -their society she probably soon forgot her foreigner. And by-and-by a -wild daw was attracted to the tree and joined the company: this was a -male bird in fine plumage, and Sergeant Kimber conceived the idea that -it would be a good stroke to catch it and clip its wing-tips to prevent -it from going away. The wild daw was very cunning; by day he would -remain most of the time with the rooks and his ragged friend, but at -night he invariably retired to roost in some tall trees in another part -of the park. In spite of his cunning he was eventually caught and placed -on the rooks' tree with just the tips of his wings clipped. From that -time the two daws were inseparable, and their romantic attachment -promised to end in a lasting and happy union; but after a few weeks -a second wild daw, this time a female, was attracted to the tree and -joined the little community. This was a fine glossy bird, and no sooner -had she come than the male daw began to make up to her, coolly throwing -over his first love. By this time he had recovered his power of flight, -and after pairing with the new-comer the two went away to spend the -honeymoon and look for a suitable residence in the country. The ragged -daw lived on with the rooks for a few weeks longer, then she too -disappeared, being now able to fly. Three or four weeks later, to -everybody's astonishment, they all came back together accompanied by a -fourth bird, a male, with which the ragged one had paired. Somewhere -roaming about outside of London they had all met, and the ragged female -had probably persuaded them to forget past unpleasantnesses and return -to the park; at all events they all seemed very friendly and happy. -During the summer of 1897 both pairs bred, one in the upper part of the -tall spire of St. Mary's Church, Stoke Newington, which stands close to -the main entrance to the park; the other in a building close by. - -We see from this that wandering and apparently homeless daws often visit -London, and are quickly attracted by any tame unconfined bird of their -own species; and that where daws are wanted, an excellent plan is to use -a tame bird as a decoy. - -It is exceedingly improbable that any of the raptorial species which -formerly inhabited London--peregrine falcon, kestrel, and kite--will -ever return, but we could have these birds by rearing them by hand from -the nest, and allowing them to be unconfined. If well and regularly fed -they would remain where they were reared, or if they went away for a -season they would most probably return. It would be a great pleasure to -see them soaring above or about our buildings, and they would also be -useful in keeping down the domestic pigeons, which are now much too -numerous and are fast becoming a nuisance in some of the parks, where -they devour the food originally intended for the wood-pigeons. The -domestic pigeons have a pretty appearance at St. Paul's Cathedral, -Westminster Palace, and other large public buildings; in the grassy -parks they are out of place and do not look well; furthermore, when -we find most, if not all, of these park-haunting birds come from big -private houses in the neighbourhood, where they are bred for the table, -it is surprising that the park authorities should continue to feed them -at the public expense. Let us hope that this abuse will soon be put an -end to; also that it will be recognised by the authorities that it is a -mistake to keep dovecots in the public parks. - -The stock-dove could easily be introduced into London by placing its -eggs, which can be obtained at a trifling cost, under both the domestic -pigeon and wood-pigeon. It may be that the wood-pigeon would also prove -a suitable foster-parent to the turtle-dove. This species is a strict -migrant, but if bred in the parks it would no doubt come back annually -from its journeys abroad. In any case the experiment is well worth -trying. - - * * * * * - -Before going on to the small birds which may be introduced or encouraged -to settle, something need be said about the ornamental water-fowl of the -parks, which might be made more than they are to us, and put to a new -use. There is no doubt that just as one daw attracts other daws so do -these water-birds attract any of their wild relations which may be -passing at night. Mallards, widgeon, and teal, supposed to be wild -birds, have been known to appear in some of the parks to pair with -the park birds and remain to breed; in a few instances some of these -strangers have actually been captured by the keepers and pinioned to -prevent them from leaving. This was a great mistake; for assuming that -the birds really were wild, it is probable that after going away for the -winter they would have returned, and might even have brought some of -their wild fellows. I believe that our ornamental water-fowl ought never -to be pinioned except in the cases of a few rare exotic species. When -a bird is pinioned its chief beauty and greatest charm are lost; it is -then little more than a domestic bird, or a bird in a cage. Sheldrakes, -both common and ruddy, are infinitely more beautiful when flying than -when resting on the water; and all wild ducks are seen at their best -when, before alighting, they sweep along close to the surface, with -wings motionless and depressed, showing the bright beauty-spot. There -are, in fact, many unpinioned fowls on the park waters, and some of -these birds not only fly about their own ponds, but they occasionally -visit the waters of other parks, especially by night, and are well able -to find their way back to their own ponds. In some cases they make -prolonged visits to other parks. In one London park for the last three -years a number of tufted ducks (from eight to a dozen) have made their -appearance on the ornamental water each spring, and have remained until -the autumn, then disappeared; it is not known where they spend the -winter. In the same park a pair of pinioned ruddy sheldrakes were -kept. In April 1897 they were joined by a third bird, a drake, in very -beautiful plumage. After being two or three days in their company, he -attacked the pinioned drake with great fury and drove him off, and took -possession of the duck. The ornamental water of another park has been -visited at odd times by several Egyptian geese, sometimes appearing -regularly every morning and departing in the evening, at other times -making long stays; and I have heard of many other instances of the kind. - -[Illustration: MOORHEN AND CHICKS] - -There are many and good reasons for believing that water-fowl hatched -and reared in the parks would, if they went away for a period in autumn -and winter, return in spring to breed. A fair trial might be made by -giving the eggs of wild birds--widgeon, teal, gadwell, shoveller, and -other suitable British species, to the park ducks when breeding. In -this way a London race of each or of a few of these species might be -established; like our black-headed gulls, moorhens, and dabchicks, they -would be wild birds, although not shy, and they would certainly be -more beautiful and vigorous and give us more pleasure than their -pinioned relations. Coots hatched and reared by the moorhens would give -us another wild bird well suited to thrive in the park lakes; and I -will venture to add that we might even get the great crested grebe, by -placing its eggs in the dabchicks' nests. The breeding habits of these -two species are identical; they differ very considerably in size, but -there is not so great a disparity between little grebe and great grebe -as there is between the cuckoo and its foster-parent. - - * * * * * - -Of small birds, or songsters, it will not be necessary to mention more -than a few of the species which might be introduced with advantage, -since little can be done so long as the bird-killing cats are free of -the parks, and little will need to be done once the cats are excluded. -Such species as the robin and hedge-sparrow require protection when -breeding; they are now dying out for want of it, and will undoubtedly -increase again whenever the park authorities think proper to give it. - -The quickest and most effective plan to add to the number of our species -is to procure the eggs of suitable wild birds, to be hatched in the -nests of the park birds. Thus, the missel-thrush might easily be got -back by placing its eggs in the nests of blackbirds and thrushes. The -large size and handsome plumage of the missel-thrush, or storm-cock, his -dashing motions and loud winter song, would make him one of our most -attractive birds; and that he is well able to thrive in London we have -already seen. - -Another bird which no one is ever tired of seeing and hearing, and would -be a great acquisition, is the nuthatch; this species, although not -uncommon on the wooded borders of London and in some of the outlying -parks, would no doubt have to be introduced by man. The nuthatch is -a difficult bird to manage, on account of its violent temper and -impatience of confinement; but it is possible that the starling, which, -like the nuthatch, breeds in hollow trees, and feeds its young on much -the same kind of food, might make a suitable foster-parent. At all -events, the experiment is worth trying. It should be easy to procure its -eggs, as the bird is very common in many well-timbered parks and open -oak woods within a short distance of London. There are, I imagine, few -small birds more fitted to give pleasure to Londoners than the nuthatch, -on account of his quaint figure and pretty plumage, his sprightliness -and amusing squirrel-like movements on a trunk or branch of a tree. -Though not strictly a songster, his various clear penetrative call-notes -are very delightful to hear; and he is most loquacious in late winter -and early spring, when bird-voices are few. Furthermore, of wild birds -that may be taught to come to us for food he is one of the quickest to -learn, and will follow his feeder, or come at call, and deftly catch the -nuts and crusts and fragments of any kind that are thrown to him. - -Two other small birds with loud bright voices--both London species, but -now very nearly vanished, as we have seen--are the oxeye and wren. I -think the best plan with regard to these two--and the same plan might -be tried with the nuthatch in the event of the starling's failure as a -foster-parent--would be to catch the young birds shortly after leaving -the nest, and release them as soon as possible in the parks. All these -three have the habit of roosting in families, old and young together, in -a hole or other sheltered place; and if taken at night and released the -following day where they were wanted, they would probably soon adapt -themselves to their new surroundings. - -The wren, indeed, appears to have more adaptiveness than most birds, -being universal in the British Islands, and able to survive the cold and -scarcity of the long northern winters, even in the most bleak and barren -situations. That he is well able to thrive in London we know, in spite -of the fact that he has now all but vanished from most of our open -spaces; for we have seen that in one park, within two miles of Charing -Cross, where he is more encouraged and better protected than elsewhere, -he is actually increasing in number. He is a delightful little bird, a -very general favourite, and is a winter singer with a bright, beautiful, -lyrical song, wonderfully loud for so tiny a creature. I was never more -impressed with the loudness of its song than on one Sunday afternoon -in the spring of 1897 in Battersea Park. I was walking with the park -superintendent round the lake, listening for some new summer voice, but -for some time no bird sound reached us. Fifty or sixty boats full of -noisy rowers were on the water, and the walks were thronged with loudly -talking and laughing people, their numberless feet tramping on the -gravel paths producing a sound like that of a steam roller. My companion -exclaimed impatiently that it was impossible to hear a bird-note in so -much noise. He had scarcely spoken before a wren, quite fifty yards -away, somewhere on the island opposite to us, burst out singing, and his -bright lyric rang forth loud and clear and perfect above all that noise -of the holiday crowd. - -It would be extremely difficult, perhaps impossible, to introduce -by artificial means any of the summer visitants in the absence of -soft-billed birds to play the part of foster-parents. The hedge-sparrow, -the best bird for such a task, is too rare; should he increase again, -the case will be different. At the same time it may be said that the -better protection which alone would cause the hedge-sparrow and robin -to increase would also attract the migrants to breed in the parks. At -present, the summer songsters that come regularly to breed in various -spots on the borders of London are the following: whinchat, stonechat, -redstart, nightingale, whitethroat, lesser-whitethroat, blackcap, -garden warbler, chiffchaff, willow-wren, wood-wren, sedge-warbler, -reed-warbler, pied wagtail, and tree-pipit. All these species, excepting -the wood-wren, visit the open spaces of inner London on migration in -spring. The chats, redstart, and tree-pipit are much rarer than the -others; but of the fourteen species named, at least eight can be seen or -heard by any person who cares to spend two or three days in the parks, -to watch and listen to the birds, after the middle of April. This list -is limited to the species which I have no doubt would breed in the parks -if encouraged; the three species of swallows, the wheatear, yellow -wagtail, and other summer visitants are also seen in April in London, -but these are simply passing through. - -The kingfisher, singly and in pairs, has been a rather frequent visitor -to the parks during the last two years, and in some instances has made -a long stay: there is no doubt that the abundance of minnows in the -ornamental waters and the shelter of the wooded islands are a great -attraction. No instance of its attempting to breed has yet occurred, -but this may be due to the want of a suitable place to nest in. It is -possible that the noise of the Saturday and Sunday boating people in the -larger lakes, and the persecution of the sparrows, who hate him for his -brilliant dress, may drive him away; still, it would be a good plan to -construct an artificial bank or rockery, with breeding holes, on one of -the islands at a suitable place like Battersea. - -The hard-billed birds would no doubt be the easiest to introduce, owing -to the large number of sparrows that nest in the park trees, from which -the eggs could be taken and those of other species substituted; and if -by acting as foster-parents to other finches the sparrows would only be -breeding crows to pick their own eyes out, as the proverb says, so much -the better. Chaffinches and greenfinches have been successfully reared -by sparrows; and to these two other equally desirable species might be -added: yellowhammer, corn-bunting, reed-bunting, bullfinch, goldfinch, -and linnet. These are charming birds and good songsters; even the -corn-bunting, although generally belittled by its biographers, is, -compared with the sparrow, an accomplished musician. They are furthermore -all exceedingly hardy, and probably as well able to thrive in London -as the sparrow itself, although not so prolific and pushing as that -sometimes troublesome bird. It is, indeed, on account of their -hardiness that they, or those of them that have the best voices, are so -much sought after; for they will live and be lively, and sing, for a -period of ten or a dozen years, even in the miserable prison of a little -cage in which they are kept by those who love them. - -The excessive numbers of sparrows in the parks, where, as we have seen, -there is no natural check on their increase, is a question difficult to -deal with, and no remedy that is not somewhat unpleasant to think of has -yet been tried or suggested. In some of the parks the nests are pulled -down by the hundred; but where this plan is followed it is said to be of -little avail, owing to the energy and persistence of the birds in making -fresh nests. In other parks the birds are, or have been, netted at night -in the bushes, where they roost in crowds. Poisoning the sparrows has -also probably been tried; at all events, in one park I have found the -sparrows looking sick and languishing, and many dead birds lying about, -as if an epidemic had broken out among them; but as no signs of disease -could be detected in the birds outside the park, it could not very well -have been an epidemic. - -Now since all these methods, which, like the little spasmodic attempts -to kill the cats in some of the parks, are practised in secrecy and fear -lest the public should hear of them, have so far proved ineffectual, -would it not be best to take a lesson from Nature, and restore some of -the natural checks which we have taken away? Let us in the first place -make use of the park sparrows in establishing colonies of as many new or -greatly diminished species as possible; and when we have done this, let -us further introduce, in moderate numbers, such species as prey on small -birds and their eggs and young--peregrine falcon, kestrel, sparrow-hawk, -owl, crow, daw, magpie, and jay. - -However successful we may be in adding to the number of our songsters, -the sparrow will always be more numerous than all the other species -together, and on account of his abundance he will be more preyed upon; -furthermore, his big, conspicuous, slovenly nests will be more subject -to attack than the nests of other species. It has been shown that -millions of sparrows are yearly destroyed by cats in London; yet so -quickly are they snapped up by their subtle enemy that we really see -nothing or very little indeed of the process. The young birds flutter -out of their nests and drop lightly down, only to vanish like snowflakes -that fall on the water. Here we see that even in London, with but two -species to act upon, Nature, left a little to herself, has succeeded in -establishing something like that balance of forces and harmony which -exists everywhere in her own dominion. Would it not be better to leave -it to Nature in the parks, too, to do her own killing in her own swift -and secret manner? In streets and houses cats are of the greatest -service, doing for us, and unseen by us, that which we could not -effectually do for ourselves: in the parks their presence is injurious; -there we rather want Nature's feathered executioners, who are among her -most beautiful and interesting creatures. - -How effective and salutary her methods are, how beautiful in their -results, may be seen in such places as have been made sanctuaries for -all wild animals, innocent and rapacious. Even on the borders of London -we have such places, and perhaps it would be hard anywhere in the rural -districts to find a more perfect sanctuary in a small space than that of -Caen Wood, at Hampstead. Although at the side of the swarming Heath, it -is really wild, since for long years it has been free from the landscape -gardener with his pretty little conventions, and the gamekeeper and -henwife with their persecutions and playing at Providence among the -creatures. If it were possible for a man to climb to the top of one -of its noble old trees--a tall cedar, beech, or elm, with a girth -of sixteen to eighteen feet--he would look down and out upon London: -leagues upon leagues of houses, stretching away to the southern horizon, -with tall chimneys, towers, and spires innumerable appearing above the -brooding cloud of smoke. But the wood itself seems not to have been -touched by its sulphurous breath; within its green shade all is fresh -as in any leafy retreat a hundred miles from town. And here the wild -creatures find a refuge. Badgers--not one pair nor two, but a big -colony--have their huge subterraneous peaceful village in the centre of -the wood. The lodge-keeper's wife told me that one evening, seeing her -dog, as she imagined, trotting from her across the lawn, she called to -him and, angered at his disregard of her voice, ran after him for some -distance among the trees, and only when she was about to lay her hands -on him discovered that she was chasing a big badger. The badgers have -for neighbours stoats and weasels, carrion crows, jays, and owls. Even -in the daytime you will find the wood-owl dozing in the deep twilight of -a holly-bush growing in the shade of a huge oak or elm. High up on the -trees at least half a dozen pairs of carrion crows have their nests; and -occasionally all the birds gather at one spot and fill the entire wood -with their tremendous excited cries. A dozen of these birds, when they -let themselves go, will create a greater uproar than a hundred cawing -rooks. - -Here, too, the rabbit keeps his place in spite of so many enemies; and -to those named must be added the domestic cat. I myself have seen puss -returning to the house carrying a half-grown young rabbit to her kittens. - -The moorhen and wood-pigeon also flourish, and in a still greater degree -the missel-thrush, throstle, and blackbird. In this wood I have counted -forty-three breeding species; and not only is the variety great, but -many of our best songsters, residents and migrants, are so numerous that -at certain times in spring, when birds are most vocal, you may hear at -this spot as fine a concert of sweet voices as in any wood in England. - -Sanctuaries like that of Caen Wood the Metropolitan parks can never be. -Only in a few of the most favourably situated open spaces on the borders -of London could we have anything approaching to the richness and harmony -seen in this perfect transcript of wild nature. But it should be our -aim to have all the parks, even to the most central, as nearly like -sanctuaries as such small isolated urban spaces, inhabited by so limited -a number of species, may be made. - -[Illustration: DABCHICK'S FLOATING NEST: ST. JAMES'S PARK] - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHY - - - JENNINGS (JAMES): _Ornithologia; or, the Birds_; a poem in two parts, - with an introduction to their Natural History and copious notes. - Second edition, 8vo. London, 1829. - - TORRE (H. J.): 'A List of Birds found in Middlesex.' _The Naturalist_ - (Neville Wood's), vol. iii. p. 420. 8vo. London, 1838. - - HIBBERD (SHIRLEY): 'London Birds.' _Intellectual Observer_, vol. vii. - pp. 167-175. 8vo. London, 1865. - - POWER (F. D.): 'A List of Birds noticed in London during 1863-4.' - _Zoologist_, vol. xxiii. p. 9,727. London, 1865. - - HARTING (J. E.): _The Birds of Middlesex._ 8vo. London, 1866. - - ADAMS (A. LEITH): 'Birds of London.' _Field_, January 16 and 23. - London, 1875. - - HAMILTON (EDWARD): 'The Rooks and Rookeries of London, Past and - Present.' _Zoologist_, 3rd series, vol. ii. pp. 193-199. London, - 1878. - - NEWTON (ALFRED): 'Rooks and Rookeries of London.' _Zoologist_, vol. - ii. pp. 441-444. London, 1878. - - HAMILTON (EDWARD): 'The Birds of London, Past and Present, Residents - and Casuals.' _Zoologist_, vol. iii. pp. 273-291. London, 1879. - - PIGOTT (J. DIGBY): _London Birds and London Insects._ 8vo. London, - 1884. - - HARTING (J. E.): 'Bird Life in Kensington Gardens.' _Field_, January - 14, 1888. - - HARTING (J. E.): 'The Birds of Hampstead Hill,' in J. L. Lobley's - _Hampstead Hill_. 4to. London, 1889. - - HAMILTON (EDWARD): 'The Wild Birds of London.' _Murray's Magazine._ - London, May 1889. - - MILLER (CHRISTY): _Birds of Essex._ 8vo. London, 1890. - - TRISTRAM-VALENTINE (J. T.): _London Birds and Beasts._ With a Preface - by F. E. Beddard. 8vo. London, 1895. - - 'The Birds of London.' _Edinburgh Review._ London, January 1898. - - - - -INDEX - - - Abney Park Cemetery, 190 - - 'Afternoon tea,' sparrows at, 9 - - Albino daws, 64, 66 - - Anemones, decorative use of, by moorhens, 96 - - Arnold, Matthew, 'Lines written in Kensington Gardens,' 161 - - - Badger-hunt, a modern, 259 - - Badgers at Wimbledon, 258 - - -- a colony of, in Caen Wood, 327 - - Barn Elms Park, 253 - - Barnes Common, 253, 254 - - Battersea Park, moorhen's æsthetic nest in, 96 - - -- -- starlings congregating in, 139 - - -- -- making of, 240 - - -- -- bird life assisted in, 242 - - -- -- a spirited cat in, 291 - - Beverley Brook, 253, 255 - - Birds'-nesting, 175, 183, 230 - - Birds of London, changes among the, 5 - - -- -- -- recent additions to, 89, 94 - - -- -- -- passerine, 104 - - -- -- -- their disregard of noise, 188 - - -- -- -- encouragement of, 242, 275 - - Bishop's Park, Fulham, 251 - - -- -- bird life in, past and present, 252 - - Blackbirds in London, white, 64, 123 - - -- proportional numbers of, 122 - - Booth, Mr. Charles, as to 'roughs,' 279 - - Bostell Woods and Heath, 226 - - -- -- bird life in, 227, 230 - - Bread-eating by the crow, 45 - - -- by the gull, 148 - - Breeding places, need of, in central parks, 163, 179 - - Brockwell Park, 235 - - Buckhurst Hill, white owl at, 166 - - - Caen Wood, Nature's balance in, 326 - - Camberwell Cemetery, 233 - - Carrion crow, as domestic pet, 48 - - -- -- as mouser, 49 - - -- -- as practical joker, 50 - - Carrion crows in London, 32 - - -- -- mock battle of, 33 - - -- -- daily flight of, 42 - - -- -- modification of feeding habits, 44 - - -- -- picking food from the river, 46 - - -- -- visits of, to the Zoological Gardens, 175 - - Cat, a, on a Battersea island, 291 - - Cathedrals, æsthetic value of daws to, 53, 264 - - Cats, need of their exclusion from bird preserves, 163, 221, 276, 284 - - -- connection between sparrows and, 285 - - -- deliberate 'straying' of, 299 - - -- suggestion as to disposal of, 300 - - -- present attempts at exclusion of, from parks, 301 - - -- destruction of low-nesting birds by, 290 - - -- their numbers in London, 294 - - -- ownerless, 295 - - Cemeteries: - Kensal Green, 172 - Abney Park, 190 - established on Barnes Common, 254 - their future use, 171, 186, 234 - - Chaffinch, the, as songster, 12 - - -- its winter resorts, 144 - - -- its return to London, 158 - - -- from the bird-fancier's point of view, 197-200 - - -- care of nest of, at Clissold Park, 280 - - Changes in bird population, 5, 267, 273 - - Changes in habits of birds, 93 - - 'Chapel,' a sparrows', 114, 288 - - Checks, natural, to sparrow increase, 325 - - -- needed, on pigeon increase, 313 - - Churchyard Bottom Wood, 184 - - City, wood-pigeons nesting in the, 91 - - Clapham Common, 243 - - Clissold Park, crows formerly in, 45 - - -- -- hasty visit of daws to, 57 - - -- -- wood-pigeons in, 91 - - -- -- description of, 189 - - -- -- regard for bird life in, 190, 280 - - -- -- bird experiments in, 309 - - Corncrake, its occasional presence at Hampstead, 178 - - County Council, their aim in bird protection, 17 - - -- -- their management of Hampstead Heath, 182 - - -- -- their improvements in Hackney Marsh, 202-208 - - -- -- at Peckham Rye Park, 231 - - -- -- their swans, 247 - - -- -- suggested care of birds by, 282 - - -- -- suggested action of, as to stray cats, 302 - - Courser, cream-coloured, shot at Hackney, 209 - - Crows, species of, in London, 20, 29 - - - Dabchick, _see_ Grebe - - Darkness of London winter, birds affected by, 106 - - Decoys, action of tame birds as, 312, 314 - - Dogs, number of, as compared to cats, 294 - - -- number destroyed under the muzzling order, 300 - - Ducks of the Serpentine, 34 - - -- annual shooting of, 36 - - -- in Holland Park, domestic difficulties of, 40 - - -- terror of, on sight of crow, 41 - - Dulwich Park, bird life in, 234 - - - East-enders, their regard for the chaffinch, 197 - - East London, paucity of breathing spaces in, 192 - - Eggs, ducks', stolen from Kensington Gardens, 40 - - -- proposed substitution of, 306, 317, 318, 323 - - Egg-stealing by jackdaw, 61 - - Enfield, the 'Raven Tree' at, 25 - - Exotic shrubs, 17, 164, 185, 215 - - - Fence against cats, need of, 301 - - Fieldfares in London, 131, 178 - - Finsbury Park, 187 - - Flycatcher, spotted, at Ravenscourt Park, 170 - - -- -- in Kew Gardens, 267 - - Fowls, attack of, on marauding jackdaw, 61 - - Fuel-gatherers, 86 - - Fulham, former presence of spoonbills and herons at, 2, 252 - - -- Bishop's Park at, 251 - - - Geese, wild, flying over London, 132 - - Gray's Inn Gardens, rookery in, 70 - - -- -- -- destruction of kite's nest in, 121 - - -- -- -- suggestion as to rooks in, 305 - - Grebe, the little, as a London bird, 97 - - -- -- -- his nest, 99 - - -- -- -- defends his nest against swans, 100 - - -- -- -- in St. James's Park, 102 - - -- -- -- seasonal movements of, 137 - - -- -- -- at Kew, 267 - - -- -- -- as possible foster parents to crested grebe, 317 - - Greenwich Park, former rookery in, 77 - - -- -- indiscriminate tree-lopping in, 224 - - -- -- bird life in, 225 - - Gulls, black-headed, in London, 145 - - -- -- feeding on sprats, 148 - - - Hackney Downs, 194 - - -- Marsh, 201 - - -- -- cream-coloured courser shot at, 209 - - Hampstead, last of the magpies at, 22 - - -- nesting place of crow at, 43 - - -- Heath, 176 - - -- -- birds of, 178 - - Haws, wood-pigeons feeding on, 135 - - Hedge-sparrows, rarity of, in Kensington Gardens, 159 - - Herons, former nesting of, at Fulham, 2, 252 - - -- increase of, at Richmond, 263 - - Heronry at Wanstead, 212 - - Hibbert, the late Mr. Shirley, on robins in London, 124 - - -- -- -- -- -- on London birds, 152 - - Highbury Fields, 191 - - Highgate Cemetery, manifest destiny of, 186 - - -- Woods, characteristics of, 183 - - Holland Park, difficulties of ducks in, 39 - - -- -- as bird sanctuary, 157 - - Hyde Park, bird-feeders in, 15 - - -- -- destruction of ravens in, 25 - - -- -- decrease of birds in, 275 - - - Island refuges, need of, as sanctuaries, 164, 275 - - -- -- in Battersea Park, 242 - - - Jackdaw, a tame, 58 - - -- his egg-stealing avenged, 61 - - -- his parting visit, 63 - - -- at Clissold Park, 310 - - -- wild daws attracted by, 311 - - Jackdaws, their rarity in London, 52 - - -- as cathedral birds, 53, 264 - - -- colony of, at Kensington, 55 - - -- their relations with rooks, 56, 138 - - -- short visit of, to Clissold Park, 57 - - -- white, 63 - - -- abundance of, at Richmond, 262 - - Jay, its absence from the inner parks, 23 - - -- at Streatham, 250 - - -- at Wimbledon, 257 - - -- at Richmond, 263 - - -- at Kew, 267 - - 'Jenny,' the Tower raven, 29 - - - Kempshall, Mr., loaf-stealing crow observed by, 45 - - Kennington Park, 219 - - -- -- bird life in, 221 - - Kensington Gardens, raven in, 27 - - -- -- daws in, 55, 274 - - -- -- former rookery in, 77-82 - - -- -- a stranger's first view of, 78 - - -- -- destruction of trees in, 79-85 - - -- -- Matthew Arnold on, 161 - - -- -- owls in, 165, 274 - - Kestrels at Hackney Marsh, 206 - - Kew Gardens, 265 - - -- -- bird life in, 267 - - Kilburn, open spaces in, 172 - - Kimber, Sergeant, his experiments in Clissold Park, 309 - - Kingfisher in Battersea Park, 293 - - -- suggestion for encouragement of, 322 - - Kite, its former office as scavenger, 2 - - -- destruction of last nest of, 121 - - - Lambeth Palace, skylarks in grounds of, 144 - - -- -- white owl at, 166 - - Lea River, swans on the, 205 - - -- -- former fishing in the, 206 - - Leg of Mutton Pond, moorhens on the, 180 - - Lethal chamber suggested for cats, 300 - - 'London,' ambiguity of the term, 2 - - London, toleration of, by birds, 275 - - -- absorption of country by, 286 - - London districts: - East, 192 - North and North-west, 172 - South, 216 - South-east, 218 - South-west, 237 - West, 156 - - London fields, 194 - - Longevity of birds, 110, 324 - - - Macaulay, T. B., recollections of Clapham Common, 244 - - Magpie, rarity of, in London, 20 - - -- fate of last pair at Hampstead, 22 - - Mallard, imperfect domestication of, 38 - - -- nesting in trees, 39 - - Mansfield, Lord, birds in his grounds, 178, 181 - - Marsh lands by the Thames, 210 - - Melford, Mr. Mark, daws rescued by, 59 - - -- Mrs., her tame jackdaw, 59-63 - - Middlesex, remains of primæval forest of, 184 - - Migration, as seen in London, 129-133 - - Minet, Mr. William, Myatt's Fields given by, 219 - - Missel-thrush at Kew, 267 - - -- possible reintroduction of, 318 - - Moat, the, at Bishop's Park, Fulham, 251 - - Moat-hen, early name for moorhen, 94 - - Moorhens, the, in London, 94 - - -- decorative tastes of, 96 - - -- their dislike of dabchicks, 100 - - -- their autumnal movements, 138 - - -- on Hampstead Heath, 180 - - -- half-grown, as parent's assistants, 181 - - Moule, Mr. E. C. H., on the birds of Hampstead, 179 - - Mouser, the crow as, 49 - - Movements of London birds, diurnal, 38, 42, 145 - - -- -- -- -- seasonal, 129 _et supra_ - - Myatt's Fields, 219 - - - Nests in parks, &c., taking of, 276 - - Newton, Professor, as to the Temple Gardens rookery, 307 - - Night in Kensington Gardens, 38 - - Nightingale in Bostell Woods, 230 - - -- at Streatham, 250 - - -- increasing rarity of, 268 - - Northey, Sir R., rooks brought to Temple Gardens by, 307 - - Nunhead Cemetery, 233 - - Nuthatch, possible introduction of the, 318 - - - Offerings to mistress by tame rook, 74 - - Open spaces of London, 151, 171, 192, &c. - - -- -- comparative area of, in the several districts, 239 - - Owl, white, at Lambeth, 166 - - Owls, brown and white, in London, 4 - - -- -- -- -- in Kensington Gardens, 165, 274 - - -- -- -- -- at Hampstead, 178 - - -- -- -- -- at Bostell Woods, 230 - - Oxeye, disappearance of, from London, 158 - - -- possible reintroduction of, 319 - - - Parks, central, of London, 156 - - Partridge, the, at Kew, 267 - - Peacock feathers, use of, by moorhens, 96 - - Peckham Rye and Park, 230 - - -- -- bird life in, 232, 233 - - Pewit, the, at Wimbledon, 257 - - Pheasant, the, at Kew, 267 - - Phillips, Mr. M. B., his tame crow, 49 - - Pigeon, domestic, increase of, in London, 53 - - -- -- need of check on, 313 - - -- homing, shot on Hampstead Marsh, 208 - - Pike, destruction of water-fowl by, 213 - - Pinioning, 315 - - Plumstead, 225 - - Ponds, provision for bird life on, 180, 196 - - -- small, swans on, 247 - - Putney Heath, 255 - - - Queen's Park, Kilburn, 172 - - -- private grounds at Kew, 267 - - -- -- -- -- -- proposed opening of, 269 - - - Rabbits in Hyde Park, destruction of, by cats, 293 - - Ranelagh Sporting Club, 252 - - Raptorial birds, their possible reintroduction, 312, 325 - - Raven, bracelet stolen by, 26 - - Ravens, their former presence in London, 25 - - -- fate of the last pair, 25 - - -- duel in Regent's Park, 27 - - -- savagery towards their young, 127 - - Ravenscourt Park, 168 - - Regent's Park, 173 - - Richmond Park, 261 - - Ring, theft and restoration of, by rook, 75 - - Ringdove, _see_ Wood-pigeon - - Robins, growing scarceness of, 124, 159 - - -- their intolerant spirit, 126, 127 - - -- annual scattering of, 140 - - Roding, the river, 211 - - Rook, tame, curious customs of, 73-77 - - Rookery in Gray's Inn Gardens, 70 - - -- in Kensington Gardens, fate of, 77-84 - - Rookeries, 178, 212, 235, 250, 258 - - Rooks, daws joining a company of, 56, 138 - - -- approaching disappearance of, 70 - - -- their characteristics, 72 - - -- their winter roosting places, 138 - - -- at Richmond, 257 - - -- proposed reintroduction of, to London, 305, 309 - - Rook shooting, herons scared by, 214 - - -- -- not approved of by rooks, 258 - - 'Rough,' the, his hunting instincts, 278 - - - St. James's Park, little grebes nesting at, 98 - - -- -- -- as a winter bird resort, 147 - - Sanctuary for birds at Caen Wood, 326 - - Sanctuaries for birds, need of, 163, 179, 213 - - Scavengers, birds as, 2, 8, 24, 44, 46 - - Serpentine, suicide of raven in, 27 - - -- need of an island refuge in, 164 - - 'Shindies,' sparrows', 113 - - Shooting of ducks in Hyde Park, 37 - - Shrubs for parks, native preferable to exotic, 17, 164, 185, 215 - - Singing matches of chaffinches, 198 - - Skylark, 144, 205, 209, 257 - - Soaring birds, appreciation of height helped by, 53, 264 - - Soho Square, wood-pigeons nesting in, 91 - - Southwark Park, 219 - - -- -- bird life in, 220 - - Sparrow, a tame, 108 - - -- a love-sick, 112 - - Sparrows, companionship of, 7 - - -- their predominance, 105 - - -- intelligence, 107 - - -- domestic irregularities, 111 - - -- 'shindies,' 113 - - -- vesper song, 115 - - -- pugnacity of those at the Tower, 141 - - -- cats as check on increase of, 285, 325 - - -- naturally tree birds, 287 - - -- utilisation of, as foster-parents, 323 - - -- present attempts to check their number, 324 - - Species of birds lost to London, 197, 271 - - -- -- -- decrease of, 272 - - -- -- -- proposed restoration of, 304 - - Spoonbills, their former presence at Fulham, 2, 252 - - 'Sport,' fascination of, 199 - - Stables, Dr. Gordon, on domestic relations of sparrows, 111 - - Stanley, Bishop, on moorhens, 95 - - Starlings as London birds, 116 - - -- labour of, in feeding their young, 117, 120 - - -- variety of their notes, 119 - - -- autumnal gatherings of, 139 - - Stock-dove in London, 103 - - -- possibility of its reintroduction, 31 - - 'Straying' of cats, 299 - - Streatham Common, 248 - - -- -- bird life on, 250 - - Suburbs, abundance of birds in the, 155 - - Suggestion as to white daws, 66 - - -- as to water-fowl at Hampstead, 181 - - -- -- -- -- at Victoria Park, 196 - - -- as to pond at Kennington, 221 - - -- as to moat at Fulham, 252 - - -- as to care of bird life by County Council, 282 - - -- as to Gray's Inn rooks, 305 - - -- as to disposal of stray cats, 300 - - -- as to reintroduction of birds to London, 304 - - -- as to encouragement of kingfishers, 322 - - Summer visitants, their usual route, 157 - - -- -- at Hampstead, 178 - - -- -- at Battersea Park, 243 - - -- songsters in the suburbs, 321 - - Suspiciousness of sparrows, 107 - - Swallows as London visitors, 130 - - Swans and dabchicks, battle between, 100 - - -- their unsuitableness on small ponds, 186, 247 - - -- of the river Lea, 205 - - - Tame birds as decoys, 312, 314 - - Temple Gardens, origin of rookery in, 307 - - Thames, the, as hunting ground for crows, 46 - - Thrushes, growing scarceness of, 160 - - Tits, growing rarity of, 159 - - Tooting Bec, 246 - - -- Graveney, 248 - - Tower of London, ravens at the, 27 - - -- -- -- fieldfares on tree at, 132 - - -- -- -- fate of robin at, 141 - - Trap-shooting, sale of jackdaws for, 59 - - Trees, ducks nesting in, 39 - - -- destruction of, in Kensington Gardens, 79-84 - - -- old, due care of, 161 - - -- their growth stunted by smoke, 196 - - -- lopping of, at Greenwich, 224 - - -- rooks driven away by mutilation of, 71, 77, 81 - - Tristram-Valentine, the late Mr., on the starling in London, 126 - - -- on gulls in London, 145 - - Tuck, Mr. W. H., on the Kensington crows, 42 - - Turtle-dove, possible introduction of, 314 - - - Vesper songs of birds, 115 - - Victoria Park, 194, 195 - - -- -- singing lessons to chaffinches in, 198 - - Visitants, occasional, 29, 97, 138, 143-145 - - - Wandsworth Common, 245, 246 - - Wanstead Park, 210 - - -- -- bird life in, 212 - - Warblers in London, 143 - - -- at Hampstead, 178 - - -- in Bostell Woods, 228 - - Waterfowl, ornamental, relative value of, 34, 68 - - -- rare, visits of, to the parks, 97, 145, 314, 316 - - Waterlow Park, bird population of, 185 - - -- -- swans at, 186 - - Westbourne Park, wood-pigeons at coal deposit at, 91 - - West London, open spaces on borders of, 171 - - Wheatears on Hampstead Heath, 130, 178 - - White jackdaws, 64 - - -- ravens, 65 - - -- blackbirds, 123 - - White House Fishery, 206, 209 - - -- -- resort of Hackney 'sportsmen,' 207 - - Whiteness, black species most subject to vary into, 64 - - Willughby on white ravens, 65 - - Wimbledon Common, bird life on, 257 - - -- -- badgers at, 258 - - Woodpecker, green, at Hampstead, 263 - - -- -- at Kew, 267 - - -- lesser spotted, 178, 225, 267 - - -- spotted, disappearance of, 178 - - Wood-pigeons, their increase in London, 6, 89 - - -- recent arrival of, 90, 101 - - -- changes in their habits, 93 - - -- their autumnal exodus, 134 - - -- a singular habit of, 135 - - Wren, gradual disappearance of, 159 - - -- increase of, in Battersea Park, 243 - - -- strength of vocal powers, 320 - - -- goldcrest, at Kew, 267 - - Wryneck at Kew, 267, 274 - - - Yarrell on magpies in Kensington Gardens, 22 - - Yellowhammer at Hampstead Heath, 177 - - -- at Wandsworth Common, 246 - - -- at Barnes Common, 254 - - - Zoological Gardens, visits from crows to the, 176 - - - - -PRINTED BY -SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE -LONDON - - - - - * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber's note: - -Some illustrations have been relocated to fall between paragraphs -rather than within and to match the text better. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS IN LONDON*** - - -******* This file should be named 40334-8.txt or 40334-8.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/0/3/3/40334 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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