initial commit of ebook 39735HEADmain

21 files changed, 50001 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/39735-8.txt b/39735-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48c1f28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16485 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh, by Lin-Le
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh
+       The History of the Ti-Ping Revolution (Volume II)
+
+Author: Lin-Le
+
+Release Date: May 19, 2012 [EBook #39735]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TI-PING TIEN-KWOH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Moti Ben-Ari and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    [Illustration: Chinese title]
+
+    TI-PING TIEN-KWOH;
+    THE HISTORY OF
+    THE TI-PING REVOLUTION,
+
+    INCLUDING
+    A Narrative of the Author's Personal Adventures.
+
+    BY
+    [Illustration: First character of author's Chinese name]
+    LIN-LE.
+
+   FORMERLY HONORARY OFFICER, CHUNG-WANG'S GUARDS; SPECIAL AGENT OF
+   THE TI-PING GENERAL-IN-CHIEF; AND LATE COMMANDER OF THE "LOYAL
+   AND FAITHFUL AUXILIARY LEGION."
+
+    VOLUME II.
+
+    LONDON:
+    DAY & SON (LIMITED), LITHOGRAPHERS & PUBLISHERS,
+    GATE STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS.
+    1866.
+
+
+
+
+    COX AND WYMAN,
+    ORIENTAL, CLASSICAL, AND GENERAL PRINTERS,
+    GREAT QUEEN STREET, LONDON, W.C.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF VOL. II.
+
+
+    CHAPTER XV.                                                     PAGE
+
+    Chinese Custom-houses.--Attempts at Extortion.--An
+    Adventure.--Ruse de Guerre.--Its Success.--Peace
+    Negotiations.--Their abrupt Termination.--The Plot thickens.--A
+    Companion in Misfortune.--Negotiations renewed.--Their
+    Failure.--Hostilities.--Critical Position.--Danger
+    increases.--Attempted Rescue.--The Mud Fort Mandarin.--His
+    Fate.--The Civil Mandarin.--Rescued at last.--The _Williamette_  425
+
+    CHAPTER XVI.
+
+    Hang-chow.--Ti-pings approach Shanghae.--Their Reception.--The
+    _Casus Belli._--The First Blow.--Filibuster Ward.--Admiral
+    Hope's Exploits.--Captures Hsiun-tang.--The
+    Consequences.--Hope's Policy condemned.--The real _Casus
+    Belli_.--Defence of Shanghae justified.--Inducements to oppose
+    the Ti-pings.--Official Reports.--Mr. Consul
+    Meadows.--Recognition of the Ti-pings.--The _Shanghae
+    Times_.--Mr. John's Report.--Edict of Religious
+    Toleration.--Report continued.--Mr. Muirhead's Report            445
+
+    CHAPTER XVII.
+
+    On Board the _Williamette_.--Blockade running.--Arrival at
+    Nankin.--Solemn Thanksgiving.--Domestic Arrangements.--Phillip's
+    Wife.--The Wooing.--The Dowry.--The Wedding.--Trade
+    established.--Imperialist Corruption.--Preparations for
+    leaving.--An Elopement.--The Journey.--The Surprise.--The
+    Repulse.--Arrival at Hang-chow.--Its capture.--The
+    Particulars.--Cum-ho.--The Chung-wang.--His mistaken Policy      475
+
+    CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+    Earl Russell's Despatch.--Its Effect.--"Taking the
+    Offensive."--Official Reports.--General Staveley.--Attacks the
+    Ti-pings.--General Ward.--Hope and Ward repulsed.--Che-poo
+    attacked.--Its Capture.--Loot Regulations.--Kah-ding
+    attacked.--Its Capture.--Ti-ping Loss.--Newspaper
+    Comments.--Tsing-poo besieged.--Inside the City.--Ti-ping
+    Losses.--Na-jaor besieged.--Cho-lin besieged.--Ti-ping
+    Bravery.--Cho-lin captured.--The Chung-wang.--Kah-ding
+    evacuated.--Consul Harvey's Despatch.--Despatch
+    reviewed.--Ningpo threatened.--Captain Dew at Ningpo.--His
+    Despatch.--The Reply.--Captain Dew's Rejoinder.--Preparation to
+    attack Ningpo.--Captain Dew's Inconsistency.--His
+    Ultimatum.--Official Despatches.--Ningpo attacked.--Ningpo
+    evacuated.--Newspaper Reports                                    498
+
+    CHAPTER XIX.
+
+    A Double Wedding.--Its Celebration.--The Honeymoon.--Its
+    Interruption.--Warlike Preparations.--Soong-kong
+    invested.--General Ching's Despatch.--Tsing-poo
+    recaptured.--Ti-ping Severity excused.--England's
+    Responsibility.--Curious Chinese Custom.--The Chung-wang's
+    Policy.--His Explanation.--The Ti-ping Court of Justice.--How
+    conducted.--Opium Smoking.--Its Effects.--Evidence
+    thereof.--Forbidden by Ti-ping Law.--Opium Trade                 539
+
+    CHAPTER XX.
+
+    Ti-ping Disasters.--The Vampyre Fleet.--Important Letters.--Mr.
+    Roberts's Case.--Mr. Consul Harvey.--Letters
+    continued.--Misrepresentations.--Anti-Ti-ping Meeting.--The
+    Sherrard Osborne Theory.--The Fleet Afloat.--The "Lay" and
+    "Osborne" Agreement.--The Fleet repudiated.--Pecuniary Loss to
+    England.--A Resumé.--General Burgevine.--Lieutenant Ridge.--Act
+    of Piracy.--A Tartar caught.--Exit of the Anglo-Chinese
+    Flotilla.--General Ward's Proceedings.--Progress of the
+    War.--Death of General Ward.--Captain Dew's Disgrace.--How
+    caused.--His Mode of Proceeding.--Its Effect upon
+    Trade.--Operations before Kah-ding.--"Wong-e-poo."--General
+    Burgevine dismissed from his Command.--Major Gordon takes
+    Command.--Sir F. Bruce's Despatches.--His Objections to Gordon's
+    Appointment.--Also to General Brown's Interference               562
+
+    CHAPTER XXI.
+
+    Personal Narrative continued.--Mr. Lobschied.--His Reception at
+    Nankin.--Press Publications.--Mr. Lobschied leaves
+    Nankin.--Operations before Tait-san.--The Assault.--Act of
+    Bravery.--Rout of the Imperialists.--Gordon's Art of
+    War.--Tait-san reinvested.--Siege of Tait-san.--Its
+    Capture.--Manchoo Atrocities.--Treatment of Ti-ping
+    Prisoners.--Mr. Sillar's Statement.--Quin-san
+    captured.--Gordon's Report.--Gordon reinforced.--The Chung-wang
+    recalled.--Critical Position of the Ti-pings.--The Chung-wang's
+    Retreat.--Difficulties encountered.--Reinforcements.--The Scene
+    of Battle.--Its Horrors.--Arrival at Nankin.--The Chung-wang's
+    Army.--General Attack.--The Repulse.--The Surprise.--The Night
+    Attack.--The Flight and Pursuit.--Death of Marie                 598
+
+    CHAPTER XXII.
+
+    On the Wong-poo River.--Ningpo Sam.--The _China_.--Her
+    Passengers.--The Ta-hoo Lake.--Its Scenery.--The Canals of
+    Central China.--General
+    Burgevine.--Soo-chow.--Deserters.--Burgevine suspected.--The
+    Americo-Ti-ping Legions.--Burgevine's Policy.--Colonel
+    Morton.--The Mo-wang.--Arrival of the Chung-wang.--The Loyal and
+    Faithful Auxiliary Legion.--How regulated.--Affair at
+    Wo-kong.--Recruiting.--Plan of Operations.--A _coup de
+    main_.--Arrangement.--Interruptions.--Postponed                  632
+
+    CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+    Renewed Attempt.--Its Success.--Narrow Escape.--British
+    Interference.--How explained.--Its Failure.--The _coup de main_
+    succeeds.--Groundless Alarm.--Route to Soo-chow.--Its
+    Difficulties.--Generous Conduct.--Arrival at
+    Wu-see.--Prize-Money.--Treachery.--Preparations for an
+    Attack.--Manoeuvring.--The Attack.--Warm Reception.--The Enemy
+    repulsed.--The Result.--Wu-see evacuated.--Return to
+    Shanghae.--Last Interview with the Chung-wang.--Manchoo
+    Cruelty.--Result of British Interference.--Evidence
+    thereof.--Newspaper Extracts.--Further Extracts.--England's
+    Policy.--Its Consequences.--Its Inconsistency.--Her Policy in
+    Japan.--Religious Character of the Ti-pings.--Their Christianity 658
+
+    CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+    Kar-sing-foo.--Christmas in Ti-pingdom.--Works of
+    Art.--Dangerous Companions.--Narrow Escape.--Retribution.--Adieu
+    to Ti-pingdom.--Mr. White's Case.--The Neutrality
+    Ordnance.--Order of July 9th, 1864.--Intended Return to
+    England.--Particulars of the Siege of Soo-chow.--Strength of the
+    Garrison.--The Assault described.--The Nar-wang's
+    Treachery.--Its Cause.--Major Gordon's Report.--The _Friend of
+    China_.--Gordon's Report continued.--Narrative by an
+    Eye-Witness.--The Soo-chow Tragedy.--Major Gordon.--His
+    Conduct.--Gordon's Letter to Sir F. Bruce.--Analysis
+    thereof.--Newspaper Extract.--Gordon's "Reasons"
+    refuted.--Analysis Continued.--Gordon's "Personal
+    Considerations."--His Motives explained.--Newspaper
+    Extracts.--Sir F. Bruce's Despatch.--Its Analysis.--Falsity of
+    Gordon's Statements.--How proved.--Extract from the
+    _Times_.--Deductions                                             694
+
+    CHAPTER XXV.
+
+    Operations Resumed.--Attack on Kin-tang.--The Battle of the
+    Brickbats.--Ti-ping Success.--Active
+    Operations.--Manoeuvring.--Hang-chow invested.--Fall of
+    Kar-sing-foo.--Gordon's Proceedings.--Chang-chow-foo.--Narrative
+    of the Siege.--Fall of Chang-chow.--The Foo-wang.--Manchoo
+    Cruelty.--Debate on the Chinese War.--Lord Palmerston's
+    Policy.--Its Errors.--Mr. Cobden's Policy.--Mr. Layard.--His
+    Inaccuracy.--Extracts from the Debate.--Result of Lord
+    Palmerston's Policy.--Fall of Nankin.--"Imperialist"
+    Account.--The Chung-wang's Capture.--Other Reports.--Digest of
+    Events.--The Chung-wang.--His Position in Nankin.--Events in the
+    City.--Newspaper Reports.--Doubts as to the Chung-wang's
+    Fate.--The Retreat from Nankin.--Newspaper Extracts.--The
+    Shi-wang's Proclamations.--Lee Shai-Yin's Address                743
+
+    CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+    Results of British Policy.--Its Effect on Trade.--The
+    Inspectorate System.--The Tien-tsin Treaty.--Present State of
+    China.--Rebellion in the Ascendant.--Proposed Remedy.--The
+    Mandarin Policy.--The Extradition Treaty.--The Mo-wang's
+    Case.--Its Injustice.--Its Illegality.--Burgevine's Case.--Our
+    Treatment by the Manchoos.--Russia's Policy in
+    China.--Contrasted with that of England.--Russian
+    Progress.--Statistics.--Acquisition of Territory by
+    Russia.--Her Approach to British India.--Russia's
+    Advantages.--Her Future Policy.--"Peking and the
+    Pekingese."--Its Author's
+    Misstatements.--Misquotations.--Examples thereof.--"Chinese
+    Miscellanies."--Ti-ping Movements.--The Future of the Ti-pings
+    Doubtful.--Latest Movements.--The Kan-wang.--Nien-fie
+    Victories.--Future Prospects.--Finis                             788
+
+
+    APPENDIX A.
+
+    Decalogue                                                        823
+    The Trimetrical Classic                                          827
+    Ode for Youth                                                    832
+
+    APPENDIX B.
+
+    Export of Tea and Silk from China                                838
+
+    APPENDIX C.
+
+    Memorandum of Ti-pings killed during the British Hostilities against
+    them                                                             840
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+    CHROMOLITHOGRAPHS.
+
+    Brought to Bay at the Mud Fort                    _to face page_ 440
+    A view in the inner apartments of the Chung-wang's
+    Palace--Miss Cum-ho and her two governesses             "        479
+    Interior of an Opium Smoking Saloon                     "        559
+    Imperialist attack on the River Forts at Nankin         "        629
+    View from the Summit of a Mountain in the Western
+    Tung-shan district on the Northern shore of the
+    Ta-hoo Lake, province of Keang-su                       "        637
+    Naval Engagement and Capture of Imperialist Gunboats
+    at Wu-see                                               "        675
+    Map, Present state of China                             "        794
+
+    WOOD ENGRAVINGS.
+
+    The Mud Fort Mandarin                                     _page_ 440
+    A View on the Journey to Soo-chow of a portion of country
+    near the City of Wu-se lately desolated by Imperialists.       " 657
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+    Chinese Custom-houses.--Attempts at Extortion.--An
+    Adventure.--Ruse de Guerre.--Its Success.--Peace
+    Negotiations.--Their abrupt Termination.--The Plot thickens.--A
+    Companion in Misfortune.--Negotiations renewed.--Their
+    Failure.--Hostilities.--Critical Position.--Danger
+    increases.--Attempted Rescue.--The Mud Fort Mandarin.--His
+    Fate.--The Civil Mandarin.--Rescued at last.--The _Williamette_.
+
+
+The route by which I returned to the broad expanse of "The Son of the
+Sea" was, if possible, more infested with so-called custom-houses than
+that by which I had reached Sin-ya-meu. Every two or three _le_ some
+wretched little bamboo-hut would make its appearance round a bend of the
+creek, with a long pole and a dirty white rag on the end, containing
+huge red and black characters, setting forth the official nature of the
+den. Then sundry opium-stupified, villanous-looking mandarin soldiers
+would rush from their pipes and gambling, catch up their rusty gingalls
+and long bamboo spears, and loudly call upon my Chinese captain to
+"soong mow" (let go the anchor), and pay a duty, or squeeze, into their
+dirty hands. Upon such occasions P---- and myself would be compelled to
+get on deck with our fowling-pieces, and drive the harpies off, when
+they would sullenly retire to their opium and cards, muttering curses
+upon the _Yang-quitzo_, and trusting for better prey next time.
+
+This sort of thing may seem very like smuggling, but it was really far
+from being so. The duty upon my cargo was levied at Sin-ya-meu, previous
+to embarkation, and was paid to the customs officials; and from that
+town to Kwa-chow the fifteen to twenty custom stations were every one
+of them charging in excess of the legal duty. Chinese have frequently
+informed me that the governor of a province lets these squeeze stations
+out to subordinate mandarins, who then farm them at discretion. The
+mandarins have _braves_ enough to enforce their extortion; all passing
+junks are stopped until payment is made; and if the aggrieved people
+should complain, their petition goes before the governor who thrives
+upon the system. This is one of the many forms of Government corruption
+throughout China; to many the extortionate _régime_ of the Manchoo must
+appear incredible, though it is a fact pretty widely known, even by
+those who are striving to uphold it.
+
+Although during our dinner a couple of _braves_ succeeded in getting on
+board from a squeeze barrier, which led to their tailor becoming
+acquainted with our shoemaker during the process of summary ejectment,
+myself and friend reached the great river without further mishap than an
+occasional exposure to the ill-aimed gingall balls of some of the
+baffled plunderers. At Kwa-chow, the entrance to the Grand Canal on the
+northern bank of the Yang-tze, we passed through a large fleet of
+Imperialist _Ti-mungs_, row-gunboats, and a big customs station; the
+officials evidently wished to squeeze us, but, I imagine, the vicinity
+of the treaty port Chin-kiang deterred them. Shooting into the yellow
+waters once more, a fair wind carried us bravely over the strong adverse
+current.
+
+Winter having now set in, and the north-east monsoon commenced to blow
+up the whole length of the Yang-tze-kiang, thus enabling vessels to sail
+against the tide very well, we made considerable progress on our way to
+Nankin before anchoring for the night. At daylight we were underweigh
+and sailing merrily along, myself and P---- keeping regular watch and
+watch--a course rendered necessary by the danger apprehended from the
+numerous Imperialist gunboats and fortified positions in the
+neighbourhood of Ti-pingdom.
+
+Till noon we carried the breeze, but the day becoming hot the wind fell,
+and so we were obliged to run close to the bank, land our crew with a
+mast-head rope, and slowly track up stream. Just before dusk a light
+breeze sprang up again, and getting the men on board we made sail to
+round the "Mud Port," situated on the extreme point of the elbow formed
+by the river at Nin-gan-shan. This fort, upon my passage down from
+Nankin, was held by the Ti-pings; upon this occasion, to my sorrow, I
+found the Imperialists in possession; its former garrison having
+betrayed their charge, and sold it to the enemy.
+
+We had barely rounded the point, making almost imperceptible headway,
+when the wind failed, and the tide, at this point very strong, began to
+carry us down stream. At this moment, five gunboats put off from the
+shore and pulled directly towards my vessel. Upon nearing her, they
+hailed and ordered us to anchor. I now perceived that they were
+Imperialists, and, from the flags displayed, that they were of the
+squeezing, or custom-house genus. P---- and myself immediately armed
+ourselves, and ordered the _lowder_ to hold on his course. The tide was
+fast drifting our vessel in to the bank, right under the guns of the
+fort, and directly the men in the gunboats perceived this, and saw only
+two foreigners on board, and that we mounted no guns, they surrounded us
+and opened fire.
+
+Our position was now decidedly unpleasant. We had drifted to within a
+few yards of the bank, the guns in the fort were manned, several more
+boats were putting off, filled with men, and the shore was lined with
+soldiers, placing their gingalls and matchlocks, and making ready to
+fire upon us. I well knew the unscrupulous nature of these plundering
+Imperialists, that our duty-receipts from Sin-ya-meu would not be
+regarded, and that they would most willingly cut our throats for the
+value of five dollars. With the force opposed to us, and no chance to
+make even a running fight, it would have been madness to have returned
+the gunboats' fire with our rifles and fowling-pieces; we therefore took
+it like lambs, and devoutly wished for a sudden puff of wind to waft us
+from our perilous situation. Not a breath, not the very gentlest zephyr
+came, excepting the wind caused by the shots that were flying all
+around, some of which, better aimed than the majority, were smashing
+into our poor old vessel, quite regardless of the consequences. The men
+on shore and the guns of the fort now opened fire; while the gunboats,
+finding we did not seem inclined to fight, appeared to be getting ready
+to board.
+
+At this critical juncture a fortunate thought came into my head. I had
+my old uniform on board, and the idea formed was to use it to personate
+a foreign official, and so endeavour to save our heads by giving the
+imps an impression as to our importance, and a dread of the consequences
+in case of molestation. Jumping into the cabin, I quickly reappeared
+with uniform and sword. My friend P---- also had some uniform he had
+worn in the Indian navy, so following my example, he dived into his
+chest and then rushed on deck gorgeous in brass-bound array. We were not
+a moment too soon with our device, for P---- had just got on deck when
+one of our Chinese sailors was knocked over by a shot, and the rest,
+taking fright, suddenly let go the anchor, and casting adrift the
+halyards of the sails, let them go by the run; after which they ran and
+hid themselves down below. I now hailed the nearest gunboat to come
+alongside, telling my interpreter to state that we were foreign
+officers, or mandarins, that we were followed by a man-of-war, and that
+we were sailing about in the junk for pleasure.
+
+When the _braves_ observed our uniform, and were invited to board, their
+hitherto noisy courage seemed to vanish, and they would not come.
+However, they ceased blazing their confounded guns at us, much to our
+satisfaction, for although Chinese shot, with a tremendous whistling by
+reason of its uneven casting, makes much more noise than effect, and
+generally performs parabolas of singular eccentricity, _some_ strike the
+object, especially when fired at a distance of only a few yards.
+
+Our vessel was anchored within 30 feet of the bank, we were therefore
+completely in the power of the imps, who mustered at least 600 strong at
+that place. I again hailed the gunboat containing the man I imagined to
+be the principal officer, to come alongside, and let me know what they
+wanted; but the fellows seemed suspicious of some trap, and continued to
+lay on their oars, all talking and yelling together at the top of their
+individual voices, each trying to make himself heard above every one
+else, in approved Chinese style.
+
+At last the mandarin in charge of the fort made his appearance on the
+bank, and after his attendants had shouted themselves hoarse, trying to
+make his orders heard above the din, the jabbering in the gunboats
+ceased, and the one I had hailed proceeded very slowly and cautiously to
+come alongside. She contained a couple of officers, whom we got on
+board, showing them our revolvers, and politely informing them, in pure
+mandarin dialect, that if their men followed them, we should be under
+the painful necessity of depositing a bullet or two in their yellow
+carcasses. This had the desired effect, and the fierce-looking _braves_
+were ordered to remain in their boats, much to their disgust, for their
+fingers, no doubt, were itching to handle the valuables of the "foreign
+devils."
+
+When we had seated the two officials in our cabin, an old number of the
+_Hong-Kong Daily Press_ was produced as our commission in the service of
+His Majesty the Emperor of America, while a Manchester rug, of the stars
+and stripes pattern, was displayed as our banner. To all this the
+Chinamen "chin-chin'd" with the greatest respect, but they still
+referred to the fact that our vessel carried a cargo, and declared their
+chief's intention to squeeze a certain amount of dollars out of us. The
+duty-passes we had received at Sin-ya-meu were then produced and the
+officers took them ashore to their superior. They soon returned, and
+requested me to accompany them to an interview with the head mandarin,
+stating that he was determined to have some money, which he chose to
+term "duty," for conscience' sake, I suppose, although it was certainly
+a most unmitigated attempt at robbery.
+
+Before landing, I made my conductors fully understand that, upon the
+slightest attempt at treachery I should shoot _them_. I took my revolver
+with me, and proceeded to the mandarin's presence, leaving P---- on
+board, to preserve our effects from the plundering propensities of the
+villanous mob into whose clutches we had fallen.
+
+My interpreter A-ling, our cook, Ganymede, and the _lowder_, accompanied
+me on shore as a retinue of state, somewhat suitable for the dignity of
+representatives of our supposed emperor. The _Daily Press_ was carefully
+carried in an old glove-box by A-ling, while the cook was deputed to
+carry our cards (in the shape of two labels from bottles of Bass's pale
+ale) to the mandarin; the boy carried presents, consisting of a couple
+of empty eau-de-cologne bottles, an _Illustrated London News_, and a box
+of damaged percussion caps; the _lowder_ brought up the rear with our
+(Manchester) banner streaming from a tall bamboo. Although the soldiers
+crowded round us they did not offer much annoyance; probably they were
+awed by our stately bearing and procession. We reached the Yamun
+(official residence), the pale-ale labels were duly delivered, and then
+we were ushered into the august presence of the cruel, sensual,
+dirty-looking mandarin, my followers imposingly taking up their position
+behind me. The _Daily Press_ was displayed by A-ling, who, clever fellow
+that he was, to show its importance, bent on one knee while presenting
+it.
+
+The display of the newspaper, the presents, and our uniform, seemed to
+make a decided impression upon the mandarin, and we should probably have
+been set free but for a _mal-à-propos_ circumstance that now occurred.
+I had sent the _lowder_ down to the beach, loudly ordering him to look
+out for the imaginary man-of-war steamer I gave our captors to
+understand was following me, and to report her approach whenever she
+came in sight. This had considerably subdued the mandarin's arrogant
+tone, for he was evidently not well up in foreign affairs, and
+provincial Chinese have a wonderful idea of the "fiery dragon ships" of
+the "foreign devils." He was just commencing a set apology for the
+mistake committed by his "ignorant _braves_," when in came our
+pig-headed _lowder_, or rather, into the apartment he was kicked by a
+couple of soldiers holding on to his tail, and most unmercifully
+thumping, kicking, and bumping him along from behind.
+
+It appeared that the wretch had got into conversation with some of the
+_braves_ on the beach; they had asked him where our vessel was bound,
+and he naïvely told them to Nankin, _the rebel capital_! They instantly
+seized and dragged him before the mandarin. The long-winded apology came
+to an abrupt termination, and the orator turned his attention to
+examining the miserable _lowder_ as to our connection with the Ti-pings.
+The stupid captain of our sailors now declared that he only _thought_ we
+were going to touch at Nankin _en route_, to make some demand upon the
+rebels with regard to the seizure of some foreign-owned junks. The
+mandarin at last ordered him to be taken into the fort, and dismissed us
+with an intimation that we must wait till the next morning to have a
+duty levied upon our cargo, and to adjust the whole affair.
+
+The _Daily Press_ was ceremoniously returned to the glove-box, the stars
+and stripes were rolled up, and we were escorted back to our vessel by
+the two officers. Upon getting on board, I found P---- all safe, and
+promenading the deck like a moving armory, with a rifle over his
+shoulder, a revolver and brace of horse-pistols in his belt, and a sword
+by his side; while four gunboats were chained fast alongside, the crews
+of which, with their heads poked over our bulwarks, were viciously
+eyeing the Cerberus who prevented them from indulging their natural
+propensities.
+
+I found our vessel thoroughly secured by the imps, who had taken every
+precaution to guard against a _coup-de-main_ upon our part. Chains were
+rove through each ring-bolt on our deck and fastened on board the
+gunboats, two of them being lashed on each side, full of armed men
+watchful and on the alert. A long chain was passed from our bows to the
+shore, and a number of matchlock men were encamped for the night right
+abreast. Even had it been possible to strike a sudden blow and release
+ourselves, as it was a dead calm they could have pulled after our vessel
+and blown her to pieces, if they could not have mustered courage to
+board us. There was nothing to do but to trust to the chapter of
+accidents for a way out of the difficulty, and, if necessary, to sell
+our lives dearly.
+
+It was a matter of considerable surprise to myself and friend that the
+Imperialists did not behave worse to us, for they neither yelled
+"Yang-quitzo," threw stones, nor seemed so anxious to attack us as the
+generality of Manchoo troops would have been. This we afterwards
+accounted for by the fact that they had formerly been Ti-pings, and had
+not quite forgotten that they had once been worshippers of Yesu, and had
+looked upon strangers from the West as "foreign brethren." Their chief
+had turned traitor to the Ti-ping cause, and betrayed the "Mud Fort" to
+the Manchoo, in consideration of retaining his own followers, receiving
+_carte blanche_ to squeeze all passing vessels, and being decorated with
+a mandarin button and feathers. They were a savage-looking set, these
+"Mud Fort" banditti, yet, bad as they seemed to be, were much better
+than the usual style of Imperialists; had we fallen into the hands of
+the latter we should have been treated with much indignity and violence,
+if not killed.
+
+We were aroused in the middle of the night by a tremendous hubbub, and,
+running on deck, found it was the Mud Fort people engaged seizing
+another unfortunate European vessel. Getting into our boat, I went on
+board, and found she was a _Ningpo Boat_, from Shanghae to Hankow, and
+that the only foreigner on board was an Englishman, to whom she
+belonged. The soldiers hauled his vessel close in to the bank a little
+below mine, and there made her fast in a similar manner. After talking
+over our mutual misfortune, we agreed that in the morning I should land,
+and endeavour to obtain our release; failing which, I was to get on
+board his craft with P----; we were then to man her guns (she carried
+two six-pounders), try to force both vessels adrift, and make a fight to
+escape.
+
+After a not particularly refreshing sleep, I again went on board the
+_Ningpo Boat_, to settle our plan for the last time, preparatory to
+putting it into execution. Upon returning to my own vessel, we carefully
+loaded all our firearms; I then concealed my own revolver and a long
+bowie knife under my uniform, took A-ling and our cook with me; the one
+carrying the _Daily Press_, and the other two more pale-ale labels; and
+proceeded on shore.
+
+The imps had at daylight cast off the chains wherewith they secured our
+vessel for the night; leaving, however, a couple of thick ropes
+fastening her to the bank by head and stern; these P---- had prepared an
+axe to cut in case of emergency. Our cabin was formed by a half-raised
+deckhouse aft, on the top of this a few bags of charcoal were placed, so
+as to form a sort of fortlet, inside which the arms, with a good supply
+of ammunition, were hidden; the ropes were laid ready, fore and aft, to
+make sail, and the _Ningpo Boat_ was hauled quite close to the bank, so
+as to enable me to get on board her in event of hostilities, while P----
+could pull to her in our boat.
+
+As I walked away from the bank, and observed P----ensconce himself among
+the bags of charcoal, my feelings were not of the most pleasant
+description. However, there was no choice of conduct; so, making the
+best of a bad affair, I proceeded straight for the den of the bandit
+chief, assuming a stolid, immovable sort of Dogberry officiality,
+peculiarly effective with the Chinese. Upon sending in our extemporized
+cards, and being admitted to the mandarin's state hall (a dirty
+apartment in a dirty house within the dirty fort), I was kept waiting
+till noon for the appearance, from among his many wives and opium pipes,
+of the owner.
+
+Meanwhile, a breeze had sprung up, and was gradually increasing; so
+that, although the delay proved rather discreditable as to my veracity
+about the expected man-of-war, a chance of escape was apparent. If we
+could not obtain our release by fair means, we might be able to get our
+vessels clear, make sail, and keep up a running fight.
+
+At length, half-stupified with opium, the mandarin made his appearance,
+the remaining part of his senses seemingly concentrated into a dull
+cunning sort of ferocity. His first act was to summon quite a number of
+armed soldiers to his Yamun, who stationed themselves in and about the
+building. Our wretched _lowder_ was then dragged forth, and presented a
+pitiable sight. He had been tortured by having his ankle joints crushed
+between logs of wood, and by placing smaller pieces between his fingers,
+which were then pressed together by several men, causing intense agony,
+and severely injuring the fingerbones. The torture had compelled him to
+divulge all he knew of our proceedings at Nankin, besides a great deal
+more which he did not know, but simply stated to anticipate the wish of
+his interrogators and another squeeze of the wooden bars, failing a
+satisfactory reply. He was now examined before me, and confessed that we
+had left Nankin, and were returning thither. The mandarin then declared
+that he must have 2,000 dollars, or else he would keep our vessel, and
+send us into the interior _as Ti-ping prisoners for execution_.
+
+For some time I argued against either proceeding, displaying the _Daily
+Press_, the duty-passes I had received at Sin-ya-meu, and endeavouring
+to convince the mandarin as to the serious consequences of exciting the
+anger of the Emperor of America by molesting either myself and friend,
+or the vessel seized during the night. At last, after the robber had
+lowered his demand to 1,000 dollars, and while the discussion was
+becoming very warm, a soldier brought a report to the mandarin, who
+instantly issued some order to an attendant officer. What the tenor of
+this might be I heard not, but my cook did, and it evidently alarmed
+him, for, exclaiming, "More bettah, go just now," he rushed out of the
+room and disappeared. A-ling immediately told the mandarin that he would
+pay his so-called custom-house authorities a sum of 500 dollars, and
+then, telling me not to stay any longer, left the Yamun, begging me to
+accompany him. Making a bow to the angered official plunderer, I
+leisurely walked forth, and, upon reaching the rear of the fort, quickly
+passed through the gate, just as he appeared in his doorway, and gave a
+sharp command to some of the attendant soldiers.
+
+Before I had turned the angle of the fort and got within sight of my
+vessel, half-a-dozen officers with drawn swords came running after me,
+calling upon me to stop and return with them to the mandarin. A-ling,
+stating he would run to the pseudo custom-house, a few hundred yards
+distant, and bring with him the officials to receive the squeeze of 500
+dollars that we had offered to pay, advised me to get on board as
+quickly as possible.
+
+I waited until my pursuers had reached to within a a few feet, and then,
+suddenly drawing my revolver, jumped towards them with it levelled to
+the foremost. They instantly turned tail and rushed back to the fort,
+while I ran down towards the beach, holding the revolver above my head
+to signalize P---- and the master of the _Ningpo Boat_ that danger was
+at hand.
+
+Ere I had reached more than half-way between the fort and the river, a
+tremendous outcry arose from the former, accompanied by the blowing of
+horns, the beating of gongs, and the noise of the Chinese drum. As I
+ran, I turned my head in the direction of the uproar and observed the
+mandarin, followed by a crowd of soldiery, rushing after me. Before I
+could gain the beach, to my surprise, I saw the _Ningpo Boat_ land some
+of her crew, cast off from the bank, and proceed to track up stream,
+thus breaking the terms of the agreement upon which I had landed, and
+cutting off my only chance of escape from the pursuing imps. When I did
+reach the river bank, every boat had been warned away by the shouts and
+gestures of the mob behind me, and the _Ningpo Boat_ was some distance
+off the shore, and fast tracking away.
+
+For a moment I gazed around, and found myself completely at the mercy of
+my pursuers; in front ran the swift current of the Yang-tze--behind came
+the savage yelling crowd of armed men.
+
+I had just time to notice P---- on the top of our cabin deck, rifle in
+hand, and hear him shout, while pointing to the receding _Ningpo Boat_:
+"The coward has made terms with them and deserted us--jump up in the
+boat on the beach; I will open fire on the imps if they attempt to seize
+you, and I'll get you off with our boat if I have a chance; the imps
+have stolen the oars, and our crew have stowed themselves away below!"
+
+The boat my friend referred to was a large one hauled up slantingly on
+the beach, one side touching the water of the river, and the other
+turned towards my pursuers. She stood some four or five feet off the
+ground; and climbing into her highest part, which was about level with
+the edge of the river bank before it shelved down into the narrow beach
+upon which she rested, I turned to face the enemy, after answering
+P----, and telling him not to fire until I gave him the signal to do so
+by commencing with my revolver.
+
+By this time the horde of banditti were within a few yards, armed in
+every fashion, and neither dressed as Imperialists nor Ti-pings, but
+clad in a multitude of colours. The whole garrison of the place seemed
+to be turned out, and with much gesticulation, and the usual terrifying
+yelling of Chinese soldiery, rushed along after their leader. Bamboo
+spears, gingalls, matchlocks, scythe-headed halberts, broad
+three-pronged pikes, and large knives, were waving all about, and beyond
+all I distinguished _the apparatus to which a prisoner is fastened when
+barbarously put to death by "cutting into a thousand pieces_."
+
+On they came, with their fiendish cry, "Tah! tah!" until right down to
+the edge of the bank, where they formed a tumultuous crowd, brandishing
+their arms, some opening their clothing and beating their breasts in
+defiance, but all arrested by my levelled revolver. The mandarin used
+his utmost exertions to urge them on, but one and all seemed disinclined
+to become the _first_ to draw a bullet from the six-shooter. The men who
+carried firearms in the front rank I sharply observed, and instantly
+took aim at any one who attempted to handle his weapon offensively.
+Meanwhile, upon either side, the men above and below my position got
+down on the beach, and gradually advanced towards me, while those not
+immediately covered by my revolver began firing their matchlocks.
+
+I now, for the first time in my life, _really_ experienced fear. In
+front and flank I saw nothing but a dense array of savage men thirsting
+to slay me; beyond them were a corps of executioners erecting their
+triangles in anticipation of having the cruel delight to slowly cut me
+into pieces; and when I gave a sidelong glance behind (I dared not
+attempt more, or the imps would have taken advantage and rushed forward)
+the deep and turbid river met my view.
+
+For a moment or two, during which the enemy might have cut down or
+seized me without my being able to pull trigger, I became quite
+nerveless, while an icy chill came over my heart and made me feel both
+sick and helpless. Fortunately, I soon rallied. It is unpleasant to
+mention such a fear as I had felt, much less to dwell upon it. Just as
+the events of my life seemed striving together in a confused jumble for
+the first place in a rapid mental panorama, my presence of mind
+returned. I felt a sudden glow of enthusiasm for the Ti-ping cause,
+through which I had got into the danger, and a determination to die, if
+death it was to be, in a manner worthy of an Englishman before a mob of
+Chinese.
+
+To this day I am surprised at the sudden revulsion of feeling I
+experienced. One moment I was powerless, trembling, and terrified; the
+next, I was keenly alive to every incident in the scene, collectedly
+watching each movement of my individual assailants, and confidently
+prepared for any result.
+
+At this moment P---- hailed me: "I have covered the mandarin; shall I
+shoot him? I can cut her" (our vessel) "adrift. Jump into the river and
+swim off, I will pick you up."
+
+A little sooner I should have done this, but now I was prepared to take
+advantage of the slightest chance of escape; the soldiers were still to
+be kept back by my revolver; a peaceful termination of the difficulty
+_might_ be obtained; but if I were to take to the water I should almost
+certainly be shot like a dog in it, even if I were not swept away and
+drowned by the swift current.
+
+I shouted to P----, "Hold on yet. I think I can keep them at bay
+myself." He had hitherto been supporting me with his rifle levelled at
+the mandarin. "Try and take me off with the boat."
+
+Although our vessel was lying some little distance above me and some 30
+feet from the bank, and although the oars had been stolen from our boat,
+P---- was a thorough sailor, and I trusted that he would find some means
+of dropping it down to me with a line. I did not think so without
+reason, for he replied to me:--
+
+"Look out, then! I am going to put down my rifle. I will drop the boat
+down to you; stand by to jump into her!"
+
+Meanwhile, the imps seemed striving to work themselves into a frenzy,
+when they would probably rush forward, receive my few shots, and
+overpower me by numbers. The mandarin kept running to his men and trying
+to make them point their matchlocks at me, but directly any one
+attempted to do so, my revolver barrel stared him full in the face.
+
+At last, I had the satisfaction to hear P----'s voice again:--
+
+"Stand by, old fellow," he hailed; "I am just going to shove the boat
+off from our inshore quarter with a line fast to her."
+
+Without daring to turn my head for a moment, I replied: "All right,
+shove her off, and hail me directly she comes close enough for a jump."
+
+The suspense of the next minute or two was very great, then I heard my
+friend shout: "Now, jump now if you can; I am covering the imps with my
+rifle."
+
+I gave a half glance over my shoulder, but, alas! the boat was too
+distant. The rope had tautened too soon, and she had been swept into a
+parallel line with our vessel, without reaching within twenty feet of my
+position. Hauling her alongside, P---- and As-sam, our boy, got into
+her, and shoving well off with a boat-hook, drifted down, endeavouring
+to grapple the boat I stood in. Again she fell short, and was swept out
+by the tide, amid a storm of bullets splashing all around her, from the
+men behind, from whose fire I was sheltered by the front rank, but who
+were easily able to shoot at the boat, and who managed to wound As-sam
+in the arm.
+
+P----, finding that without oars it was impossible to reach me with the
+boat, reluctantly returned on board to his former position behind the
+bags of charcoal, and there resumed his rifle. Just at the same time the
+mandarin, finding his soldiers afraid to break the ominous pause by
+attacking me and exposing their leaders to certain death, began to set
+the example himself. He was certainly a far braver man than any of his
+followers, for dashing forward, sword in hand, he got to the lowest end
+of the boat and clambered into her, although I could easily have shot
+him at any instant. Steadying himself, he began to advance towards me,
+along the gunnel of the boat, which was open amidships and had a decked
+bow and stern.
+
+[Illustration: THE MUD FORT MANDARIN.]
+
+It was now a most trying moment for me. The mandarin was already within
+nine or ten feet, and another second would bring him to striking
+distance. His life was entirely in my power; I could have shot him; but
+the _first_ blow was only wanted to break the treacherous calm, and
+cause the immediate slaughter of myself. I felt that my last chance of
+life depended upon delay; two more seconds would decide it one way or
+the other. The suspense of that smallest passage of time was
+indescribable; many days of intense excitement and danger seemed crowded
+into one moment. The short though terrible hesitation in my mind,
+whether to shoot the mandarin, fire the remaining barrels of the
+revolver at his followers, and then jump into the river and swim off, or
+to delay another second, so as to lose not the merest chance of saving
+my life, seemed to occupy an age of anxious and momentous thought. At
+this crisis P---- spoke to me again:
+
+[Illustration: London Published March 15^{th} 1866 by Day & Son,
+Limited, Lithog^{rs} Gate Str. Lincoln's Inn Fields
+Day & Son, Limited, Lith.
+BROUGHT TO BAY AT THE MUD FORT.]
+
+"Shoot the mandarin," he shouted. "I will cut the vessel adrift, sheer
+her in, and try to pick you up. If I cannot quite reach you, take to the
+water; you can easily get on board, and I'll protect you by opening fire
+on the imps."
+
+Rapidly glancing, as I fully expected for the last time, upon the clear
+blue sky above, the bright sun shining upon and making the earth _so_
+beautiful and attractive, and vividly recalling a far distant home and a
+loved mother for my latest earthly thought, I took steady aim at the
+mandarin's heart and pulled the trigger, shouting to P----, "Cut her
+adrift, and be sharp about it!"
+
+I naturally expected to hear the report of my pistol, and to see the
+mandarin fall, while the soldiers would rush forward to avenge his
+death. Although I am certain I gave the trigger a sufficient pull, the
+hammer never fell and the mandarin at the moment, when another step
+towards me would have brought his uplifted sword upon my head, suddenly
+lost his balance and fell from the narrow gunnel of the boat to the
+beach. I instantly hailed P---- to "hold on," and he returned to his
+former position to watch the progress of events.
+
+When the mandarin rolled on the beach, several of his officers seized
+him and dragged him up the bank, regardless of the struggles he made to
+return and attack me. Fortunately A-ling arrived upon the scene at this
+moment, and going to the mandarin, told him that he would go on board
+and bring the money required. While the leader of the robbers was being
+brought to his fort, A-ling was taken on board our vessel, after
+receiving my assent to procure the dollars from P----. Meanwhile the
+soldiers remained in the same position around myself, while I
+endeavoured to show them my indifference by producing a cigar and
+lighting it.
+
+After A-ling had paid the money into the coffers of the banditti, he
+came to me with two inferior officers, and getting the soldiers to fall
+back, induced me to descend from my position of vantage, believing all
+danger was over. Although at first they seemed quiet enough and retired
+from the boat, I had no sooner reached some little distance from it than
+they crowded round me. Suddenly, and before I could use my revolver, I
+was seized from behind by many hands, and while every incident of my
+life rushed with supernatural rapidity and minuteness of detail through
+my mind, I was forced upon my knees, when one of the soldiers raised a
+long and heavy sword to behead me.
+
+The steel flashed as it was raised above me, and commending myself to
+God, I shivered while for a fearful moment awaiting the blow. Again,
+however, I was saved from the very jaws of death. My would-be
+executioner was thrust aside, and I believe that I fainted for a second
+or two. I then found myself surrounded by a strange mandarin and his
+attendants, A-ling, my cook, and a few of the more kindly disposed among
+the robber band. A-ling informed me that the stranger was a "civil"
+mandarin who had just arrived from a neighbouring city; that he had
+happened to notice my gold band, and had opportunely rushed forward and
+rescued me. Thus for the first time the uniform had done me good.
+
+At first, after expressing my gratitude, I felt perfectly safe under the
+protection of the fresh arrival, for I knew that the rank and authority
+of a civil mandarin was far superior to that of a military one like the
+commandant of the Mud Fort. However, upon the people around me moving a
+little away, I saw three soldiers on the ground, two dead and one
+severely wounded; for it appeared that P----, upon observing my seizure,
+had opened fire on the crowd. It was now evening and the dusk was fast
+approaching, and it was evident that not a moment should be lost in
+getting away from the place. Two men had been killed, and their chief
+would undoubtedly endeavour to avenge their death. After giving the
+watch I wore as a memento to the mandarin who had so kindly saved me,
+and being supplied with a boat by him, I at last got safely on board
+with A-ling and the cook.
+
+My friend P---- had barely gripped me by the hand and congratulated me
+upon my escape, when we were startled by the blowing of the war-horns on
+shore, and the clang of gongs. While we were hard at work getting our
+vessel underweigh, the soldiers came rushing down to the beach again,
+waving their flags and arms about, planting their gingalls, and swearing
+vengeance for the death of their comrades. In a few minutes they opened
+a heavy fire upon us, while a number of them ran along the bank in the
+direction of a creek where their gunboats were moored.
+
+The wind had fallen comparatively light, and we would not have been able
+to escape from the smaller vessels of the enemy, when, to our great joy,
+a steamer rounded the bend of the river below, and came into full view.
+At this moment the gunboats were just shoving off from the shore, but
+directly they observed the steamship only a few miles distant they
+pulled up the creek again, while the men along the beach ceased firing
+and ran into the fort, doubtless believing that the approaching vessel
+was the man-of-war I had told them about.
+
+When the steamer had arrived pretty near, I signalized her, and saw that
+she was one of the American river boats. To my horror, when close
+alongside she hoisted the Imperialist flag, and I then knew her to be
+the _Williamette_, a vessel belonging to the Manchoo Government. When
+right abeam she stopped and sent a boat to my vessel. Fortunately she
+was manned with an American crew, and in consideration of the sum of 300
+dollars, her captain, whose name, singularly enough, happened to be
+Friend, Imperialist though he was, agreed to tow my vessel up to the
+Nankin forts.
+
+Before dark we had the satisfaction to bid adieu to the Mud Fort, as we
+ploughed up the fast rolling yellow waters astern of the _Williamette_.
+To our sorrow, however, we were just able to discern on the beach the
+execution of our _lowder_, who was dragged down and decapitated there
+before our eyes, while we were powerless to save the poor fellow.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+    Hang-chow.--Ti-pings approach Shanghae.--Their Reception.--The
+    _Casus Belli_.--The First Blow.--Fillibuster Ward.--Admiral
+    Hope's Exploits.--Captures Hsiun-tang.--The
+    Consequences.--Hope's Policy condemned.--The real _Casus
+    Belli_.--Defence of Shanghae justified.--Inducements to oppose
+    the Ti-pings.--Official Reports.--Mr. Consul
+    Meadows.--Recognition of the Ti-pings.--The _Shanghae
+    Times_.--Mr. John's Report.--Edict of Religious
+    Toleration.--Report continued.--Mr. Muirhead's Report.
+
+
+Hang-Chow, the provincial capital, was carried by assault upon the 29th
+of December. The Chinese part of the garrison, unable to endure the
+horrors of the close siege, after everything in the shape of food had
+been consumed, and even human flesh exposed for sale in the
+market-place, opened the gates of the outer city and surrendered to the
+Ti-pings. The Manchoo troops defended themselves to the last, neither
+giving nor accepting quarter, and when the walls of the inner city were
+carried by the victorious insurgents, the Tartar general, Luy, and a
+number of his men, sprang a mine and blew themselves up with their
+citadel.
+
+The capture of this important city and of the treaty port Ningpo having
+placed the Ti-pings in possession of the whole Che-kiang province, with
+the exception of Shanghae and a few miles around it, they resolved, upon
+the termination of the year, as previously agreed to, to follow up the
+enemy to this last stronghold.
+
+Although, before his unsuccessful trip to Nankin, Admiral Hope had
+seemed willing to treat with the Ti-pings, when he returned to Shanghae,
+after finding it impossible to again deceive them, his conduct
+underwent a marked change, as evinced by the eager way in which he
+sought the opportunity to indulge his warlike propensities. This
+opportunity was soon afforded him.
+
+Immediately upon the expiration of the year, Chung-wang, the Ti-ping
+Commander-in-Chief, moved an army towards Shanghae. No attack was made
+upon the city, but this force gradually occupied every position in the
+neighbourhood, till at length not an Imperialist soldier remained beyond
+gunshot range of its walls. The Ti-pings again manifested their
+extraordinary friendliness towards foreigners by not attacking the city,
+and with similar forbearance and moderation to that evinced upon their
+approach in 1860, endeavouring to open peaceable negotiation with the
+foreign authorities. The leaders of the different _corps d'armée_ sent
+in the usual nobly worded proclamations, relating to the oppression of
+the Manchoo and their own mission to free and Christianize China; the
+success hitherto vouchsafed to their cause by the "Heavenly Father"; the
+earnest desire to enter into friendly relations with the "foreign
+brethren"; their wish to continue all present trade and to open the
+whole country up, &c.
+
+Now, at this time the political position of England with regard to the
+rebellion was as follows. By the written guarantee of Sir George Bonham,
+by that of Admiral Hope, by that from the British representative at
+Ningpo, and by many other acts, her national honour was pledged to
+maintain a strict neutrality. The last orders to her officials in China
+were, as already quoted:--
+
+    "Her Majesty's Government desire to maintain ... neutrality
+    between the two contending parties;" save British subjects from
+    punishment, "but otherwise you should abstain from all
+    interference in the civil war."
+
+    [Dated, Foreign Office, August 8, 1861.]
+
+This was the standing order; the only later direction being Lord
+Russell's suggestion: "But it _might_ be expedient to defend the treaty
+ports _if_ the Chinese would consent not to use those ports for purposes
+of aggression."
+
+The way the British Consul, Admiral, and General, at Shanghae, abstained
+from all interference was by converting that city into the grand
+rendezvous of the Imperialist forces, and then helping them to defend
+the Chinese city by garrisoning it with British troops; by conveying
+Manchoo soldiery down the Yang-tze to Shanghae in English steamers; by
+supplying the Imperialists with artillery, &c., while strictly
+prohibiting any trade in the same articles with the other of the two
+"contending parties"; and by attacking the Ti-pings when they found that
+the Ti-pings would not attack them. That useful triumvirate--the sailor,
+the soldier, and the diplomatist--placed the following construction upon
+Lord Russell's ambiguous _ifs_ and _ands_. "It _might_ be expedient,"
+they singularly understood to mean, it was expedient; and "_if_ the
+Chinese, &c.," they converted into assisting and joining the Chinese
+"_to use_ those ports for purposes of aggression." Consequently, in
+direct violation of their public orders, but in conformity with the
+conduct I have just stated, they issued the following reply to the
+friendly overtures of the Ti-ping chiefs:--
+
+    "Whereas we, the Commanders of the French and British forces now
+    occupying the city and environs of Shanghae, have received
+    letters from Lion and Ho, persons styling themselves ...,
+    informing us that said Lion and Ho are intending to attack and
+    occupy Shanghae; and whereas we have no means of communicating
+    with the said Lion and Ho, or any of their people:--Therefore,
+    this is to give notice to whomsoever it may concern, that
+    Shanghae city and its environs, Woo-sung included, are at
+    present in the possession of the troops under our respective
+    commands, and that if Lion or Ho, or any persons claiming
+    fraternity with them, attempt to attack these places they will
+    do so at their peril."
+
+Even this was insufficient to effect the desired object, namely, to
+drive the Ti-pings to defiance, and force them to acts of retaliation.
+When, therefore, it became apparent that, notwithstanding all the aid
+afforded to the Imperialists, they could not succeed, and that
+eventually Shanghae must be given up to the revolutionists, or become
+annexed to France or England, the British Government threw off the mask,
+and prepared for open hostilities.
+
+Consul Medhurst, in a despatch to Admiral Hope, dated "Shanghae,
+February 19, 1862," states the grounds upon which the good faith and
+honour of England were to be openly violated.
+
+    "Granting, of course, that a _strictly neutral policy_ is at
+    present the only correct one, and that whatever is done in the
+    protection of this city and settlement must be undertaken with
+    _careful regard_ to that important axiom, it follows, I think,
+    that there are two points to be considered as bearing materially
+    on the present crisis. The first is, what resources we have in
+    the way of supplies for the city and settlement; and the second,
+    how far the present action of the Taepings so endangers those
+    supplies as to make it necessary for us to interfere with them
+    in our own defence."
+
+The falsity of this shallow pretence for war becomes at once apparent.
+In the first place, it was simply necessary to allow the Chinese city to
+revert peaceably to the Ti-pings, when the inhabitants as well as they
+would have had ample supplies. In the second place, the vast river and
+sea communication of Shanghae was entirely open (excepting the Wong-poo
+branch), while a fleet of some two hundred European steamers and ships
+and several thousand large native junks crowded the anchorage, and could
+easily have furnished a line of communication for any amount of
+supplies. Evidence is abundant to prove what a mere pretence this _casus
+belli_ was, but two reasons will be sufficient justification for so
+designating it. First. If the Ti-pings, by surrounding Shanghae,
+endangered its supplies, when they came with the most friendly feeling
+for Europeans, they would certainly, if driven to become enemies and to
+use the justifiable retaliation of enemies, have it in their power to
+utterly destroy those supplies by devastating the whole neighbouring
+country; therefore, in all human probability, an attack upon them would
+render imminent the very crisis to avoid which it was thought
+justifiable to violate a nation's pledges. Secondly. The following
+extract from Admiral Hope's despatch shows that he conceived that Consul
+Medhurst had not made a sufficient case. Upon the 21st of February,
+1862, the Admiral struck the first blow. Upon the evening of the same
+day, in his despatch to the Admiralty, he gave this reason for his open
+violation of his own and his Government's faith:--
+
+    "These proceedings" (movements of the Ti-pings) "have been
+    conducted at a distance much too close to be consistent with the
+    _respect due to the occupation of the town_ by French and
+    English forces, or to leave its supplies of provisions and
+    native trade _unaffected_."
+
+Is it to be supposed that any city could be captured or placed in a
+state of siege without native trade or supplies being affected, or is it
+to be argued that the Ti-pings should be crushed in consequence of the
+natural results of their patriotic struggle?
+
+The presence of the Ti-pings only "_affected_" the trade and supplies it
+seems; when, had they been so disposed, they might have stopped the
+entire, excepting what could have been obtained by water.
+
+The only thing that affected the supplies of Shanghae so far as
+Europeans and citizens were concerned, was the increase in the price,
+which was quickly raised by the provision-dealers, who are always ready
+to seize the smallest opportunity to make a little extra profit.
+Probably Admiral Hope saw this, and its damaging bearing upon his
+alleged _casus belli_; at all events, he thought fit to add another,
+though equally flimsy.
+
+    "The tract of country enclosed within the line BC, which this
+    village, with others in their" (Ti-pings) "possession, entirely
+    commanded, is that from which the supplies of Shanghae are
+    chiefly drawn, and its proximity to the Woo-sung river was such
+    as to afford the PROSPECT of the Chinese traffic, also material
+    to the support of the town, being seriously impeded, if not
+    altogether stopped; and for these reasons I considered the case
+    to be one calling for my interference."
+
+On these pretences war was made upon the Ti-pings. It will be noticed
+that nothing material has ever been _proved_ against the revolutionists,
+or urged as an established fact, sufficient to justify hostilities, or
+even a remonstrance. The British officials in China and the Government
+at home attempt to justify their course of action by mere conjecture as
+to what they might do, but never do we find a plain or straightforward
+accusation made against them for anything they _had done_.
+
+Admiral Hope, in his attack upon the Ti-pings, associated himself with
+one Ward, an American filibuster, in the service of the Manchoos.
+Previous to this, and to the Admiral's unsuccessful attempt to juggle
+the Ti-ping authorities into another agreement not to approach Shanghae,
+the said Ward was persecuted and reviled very fiercely; but no sooner
+did the Admiral and his colleagues think it necessary to pull in the
+same boat, than the Yankee filibuster became their pattern and ally. The
+whilom _rowdie_ companion of _ci-devant_ General Walker, of Nicaraguan
+memory, mercenary leader of a band of Anglo-Saxon freebooters in Manchoo
+pay, and sometime fugitive from English marines sent to weed his
+ruffians of their countrymen, suddenly became the friend and ally of the
+British and French Admirals, Generals, and Consuls. The surprise of Ward
+can only have been equalled by his gratification upon finding his very
+questionable presence, and still more doubtful pursuits, patronized and
+imitated. No doubt, at first, he felt considerably elated and vastly
+astonished at the idea of filibusting having become an honourable and
+recognised profession; but soon, poor fellow! a black, or rather green,
+shadow came across his uncertain dream of happiness and
+respectability--he became jealous of his friend Admiral Hope, whose
+talent and zeal for making war without declaring it or being authorized
+so to do by any Government, he found surpassed even his own.
+
+The village of Kao-kiau was garrisoned by a few hundred Ti-pings, and
+several thousand country people, who had just joined them, the whole
+mostly armed with bamboo spears. The force led against them by Admiral
+Hope comprised 350 British seamen with a six-pound rocket-tube, and
+about 600 disciplined Chinese, under Ward, besides which, the French
+Admiral, Protet, commanded 160 Frenchmen, with a couple of field-pieces.
+Of course, the ill-armed Ti-pings were unable to resist the European
+artillery and arms of precision, and were consequently driven from the
+village, with a loss of more than 100 men killed. This gallant exploit
+was safely performed by the Anglo-Franco contingent, who, completely out
+of range of the few wretched matchlocks of the Ti-pings, shot them down
+at their ease with rifles and artillery, with a loss to themselves of
+_only one_ French sailor, killed by a stray shot.
+
+This murderous and cowardly deed was quickly followed up by the gallant
+Admiral, who seemed unable to refrain from action, especially when it
+could be indulged with comparative safety.
+
+We have already noticed that one excuse Admiral Hope made to justify his
+broken faith was the probability that the Ti-pings might injure the
+supply of provisions. Strange to say, the Admiral did the very things he
+pretended the rebels might have done. At the capture of Kao-kiau all
+hands dispersed to loot whatever the Ti-pings had left behind; and,
+quoting from the official report of the affair, "Large stores of grain
+were discovered about the place, _the greater part of which were
+burned_."
+
+After the exploit of Kao-kiau, Admiral Hope, with a small party of
+seamen and Ward's filibusters, went roving about the country for a week
+in search of some one to fight. His warlike spirit was gratified at a
+place named Hsiau-tang, in the vicinity of Ming-hong (nearly twenty
+miles away from Shanghae), a fortified village occupied by several
+thousand Ti-pings. Directly he found this place in the way, an order
+was sent to Shanghae for reinforcements to attack it with. These having
+arrived, upon the 1st of March, 1862, the whole force, consisting of 750
+of Ward's disciplined Chinese, 350 British sailors and marines, and 35
+artillery-men, with four light howitzers, one field-piece, and some
+rocket-tubes, and 200 French, with two brass howitzers, moved forward to
+the attack. Again, as at Kao-kiau, the murderous work was executed, and
+the poorly-armed Ti-pings slaughtered with impunity. For more than an
+hour they bravely held their mud and brick entrenchments, but at last
+the crushing fire from the foreign artillery, and the sharp practice of
+the Enfield rifles, carried the day. After standing to their few
+gingalls to the last, amid a storm of shot and shell (all fresh from
+British arsenals and paid for by British tax-payers), they were driven
+from the lines of defence and through the village with immense
+slaughter. As they retreated from the rear, the shell from the
+irresistible foreign artillery "were thrown rapidly amongst them,
+committing fearful havoc. Numbers also fell under the fire from the
+rifles of the French and English sailors." In the centre of the village
+the rear guard made a gallant effort to repulse their pursuers, but they
+could not withstand the deadly volleys and bayonet charge of the
+marines; and although their bravest men fell in heaps, while many
+hand-to-hand conflicts took place, they were ultimately driven out with
+a loss of 1,000 killed and 300 taken prisoners, the English and French
+_not losing a single man_. A great massacre of the unfortunate
+non-combatants was perpetrated by the Imperialist soldiery, who actually
+forced very many of the living wounded into the flames of the burning
+village. In one official report it is stated:--
+
+    "The streets and houses presented an awful spectacle, the bodies
+    in some places lying in heaps; and the plain beyond the village
+    was strewed with those shot down in the flight."
+
+Another report states:--
+
+    "The rebels ran from the fortifications and came to a stand in
+    the main street.... Upon this, the field-piece from the
+    _Impérieuse_, in charge of Lieutenants Stuart and Richardson,
+    swept them down with grape and canister shot; after this their
+    retreat became a flight, when the party of marines and Chinese
+    detached to cut them off did considerable execution, some 900 or
+    1,000 having been killed and wounded."
+
+The same report concludes with this sentence:--
+
+    "After all was over, _the village was set on fire_,[1] and the
+    foreign troops embarked for Shanghae."
+
+What will those who falsely accuse the Ti-pings of devastating and
+destroying say to this? They have declared that the Christian patriots'
+"success in any locality is attended with its total destruction," &c.;
+but it appears that these totally destroyed places were reserved for
+Admiral Hope to burn down.
+
+As this history progresses we shall find that although the Admiral made
+the damaging effect which the presence of the Ti-pings _might_ have upon
+supplies one element of his _casus belli_, _he_ actually destroyed the
+very supply of grain which he dreaded might be affected by the rebels!
+
+There is a more serious matter to be deplored with regard to the
+numerous raids commenced and followed up by Admiral Hope, namely, the
+cruel slaughter of so many hundreds of his fellow-men. We have reviewed
+the unmeaning pretences invented by the Admiral and his co-adjutors, but
+even should it be admitted they were valid, is it possible any
+Englishman can be found willing to justify the massacre of thousands of
+human beings, because, although ever friendly to them, they affected the
+mercenary speculations of a few merchants? If, in order to maintain the
+immediate profit of their mercantile adventurers, any Englishman can
+attempt to justify or palliate these summary proceedings against the
+unfortunate Ti-pings, then I say, far better should that unholy traffic
+perish, cursed as it is by the slaughter of thousands of our
+fellow-creatures, whose blood has cried aloud to Heaven for vengeance
+upon their assailants.
+
+Even the pretence that the revolutionists would have injured our
+"commercial interests" falls to the ground by the testimony of the very
+merchants themselves, for the leading mercantile house in China, Messrs.
+Jardine, Matheson, & Co., in their business circular, dated "Kong-kong,
+27th February, 1862," referring to Admiral Hope's first massacre of
+Ti-pings, state:--
+
+    "During the interval that has elapsed since the date of our last
+    circular there is no particular change to notice in the state of
+    matters about Shanghae; but the policy the Allied Commanders are
+    adopting will, it is feared, lead to disastrous consequences....
+    _Our interests call for a strict neutrality_, but so far from
+    this course being pursued, our last advices report a combined
+    expedition of English and French marines and sailors in
+    conjunction with a force of Imperialists, commanded in person by
+    their respective Admirals, against a body of some 6,000 rebels,
+    which of course they defeated with great slaughter.... The whole
+    country being in the hands of the Taepings, should this
+    _suicidal_ policy be persisted in, must in the end materially
+    interfere with, if not ruin, all trade, as it cannot do
+    otherwise than exasperate a foe by no means to be despised."
+
+What stronger condemnation of the policy pursued against the Ti-pings
+can be made, coming, as it does, from the principal representative of
+the very class whose interests it was pretended necessary to protect?
+That this opinion of Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, & Co. was correct has at
+the present time been pretty well ascertained, for it did "in the end
+materially interfere with" trade, as the fall off of silk _after_ the
+expulsion of the Ti-pings from the producing district proves. This,
+however, was not occasioned, as that firm expected, by the exasperation
+of "a foe by no means to be despised," for the Ti-pings (with a
+Christian humanity far excelling that possessed by their _civilized_
+enemies) never retaliated either upon the trade (entirely in their
+power) or the lives of Europeans. The decrease of silk was caused
+entirely by the ruthless nature of the war carried by British officers
+and Imperialists into the once happy districts of Ti-ping-tien-kwo. The
+Ti-ping patriots were either fools or saints, for by their mad
+forbearance they suffered themselves to be driven from their former
+possessions with incalculable loss of life; whereas, a system of
+retaliation on their part would have endangered the entire trade of the
+district, and consequently have forced the enemy to relinquish
+hostilities which so conclusively endangered the prospect of our
+"commercial interests."
+
+As the first mercantile house in China considered the policy of the
+British Government "suicidal," we may safely pronounce the affected
+anxiety for commercial interests a shallow pretext. What then remains to
+constitute the real _casus belli_, unless it be "the temporary interest
+arising out of the indemnities," and the great revenue arising out of
+the vile opium traffic, the loss of which would have caused a deficit of
+many millions in the British treasury?
+
+The seeming inconsistency of allowing the Ti-pings to take Ningpo and
+yet defending Shanghae against them is easily explained. At the capture
+of the former city no British force was present, and although the seven
+days' grace so cunningly obtained from the Ti-ping leaders seems to have
+been employed in endeavouring to raise a sufficient force to oppose
+their entrance, this, in the shape of H.M.S. _Scout_ and several other
+vessels, arrived too late, having reached Ningpo some hours after its
+fall. Then, as Admiral Hope very wisely observed with regard to the
+policy of exasperating the Ti-pings, "We cannot afford to quarrel with
+them, as at any moment they _might_ stop the whole trade of Shanghae."
+Their wonderful forbearance had not at that time become assured;
+directly it was, hostilities were commenced. Before taking up the sword
+for good, it became necessary to try the temper of the Ti-pings. This
+Admiral Hope effectually did by his arrogance at Nankin; his "every
+obstruction" plan at Ningpo; his raids around Shanghae; an example
+followed by the British and French authorities by their unwarrantable
+notifications and defence of Shanghae Chinese city.
+
+There are, in fact, very many reasons by which the defence of Shanghae
+may be accounted for; but five of the most important will sufficiently
+illustrate the principle of the whole.
+
+Firstly. The British Government and its officials interfered in order to
+save the indemnity and opium trade, which the capture of Shanghae by the
+Ti-pings would have annihilated, and they were strongly supported by the
+opium merchants, who, by this vile traffic, made their largest profits.
+
+Secondly. A large number of the Shanghae foreign landholders approved of
+the defence of the city, because it enabled them to obtain fresh lots at
+their own prices from the Chinese proprietors. From the "minutes of a
+meeting of land-renters, held at the British Consulate, Shanghae,
+January 12, 1862," it appears that during a council of war with the
+Manchoo authorities of the Chinese city (all in accordance with the
+pledges of "strict neutrality," of course?)--
+
+    "The Taoutae undertook to do this also" (open a road to
+    facilitate military operations) "_by obliging the Chinese
+    renters interested to part with their land to the foreign
+    applicants whose names stood recorded first for purchase_."
+
+Thirdly. A certain proportion of traders having taken advantage of the
+Ti-ping movement to circulate unfounded reports as to its brigandage, in
+order to monopolize the trade by frightening outsiders away, naturally
+sanctioned the defence of Shanghae, as the capture of the city would
+have exposed the trick by proving the Ti-pings were not brigands and
+robbers.
+
+Fourthly. Many land and house speculators opposed the success of the
+insurgents for this reason. The foreign settlements in the vicinity of
+the Chinese city had become crowded with fugitives awaiting the firm
+establishment of Ti-ping jurisdiction in the interior; by numerous
+lawless Chinamen attracted by the shadow of foreign protection and the
+opportunity of establishing gambling hells and bagnios, _ad libitum_;
+and by the manifold parasites and hangers-on of the Imperial authority
+in its last stronghold. Therefore, while this state of affairs lasted,
+the land speculators made prodigious wealth by the letting of their
+property to the natives at almost fabulous rents, but the capture of the
+city by the Ti-pings would have altered all this. The vile manner in
+which many colossal fortunes have thus been obtained is lost sight of in
+England by the glitter of the ingots.
+
+Fifthly. A large proportion of partners in mercantile houses _upon the
+spot_, expected to make their fortunes and retire to their home in three
+years; but the occupation of Shanghae by the Ti-pings, and the natural
+effect of the civil war, must have interfered with the import trade and
+injured their immediate profits.
+
+Upon these grounds British faith was dishonoured and a murderous war
+waged against the unfortunate Ti-pings. Admiral Hope continued the work
+of destruction with his artillery and rifles from a safe distance, until
+his recall to England. Violation of good faith, misrepresentation, and
+partial aggression, became superseded by regular hostilities, carried on
+without any previous declaration of war, or even statement of grievance.
+What would such manner of warfare be denominated in Europe?
+
+Having reviewed the policy of the British Government, and the conduct of
+its officials in China, it may be well to notice a few reports upon the
+Ti-ping rebellion, well worthy of attention, even though ignored by the
+British Ministry. These testimonies prove that the Ti-pings have not
+been decimated because they were misunderstood by the British
+Government, but that the latter were as well acquainted with their
+Christianity, friendliness, political object, superiority to the
+Manchoos, and generally improved character, as the writer of this
+history, or the authors of the statements he quotes. Therefore, when the
+evil policy of those who authorized the unnecessary and unjustifiable
+hostilities upon the part of England shall become more generally
+admitted, they cannot palliate their wickedness by pleading ignorance of
+the true merits of the people. It is difficult to speak of this British
+interference in any but the most forcible and unmeasured terms of
+condemnation. Not a solitary excuse can be truly made for it; and when
+the selfishness of that policy is thoroughly appreciated (which is
+rapidly becoming the case), the atrocities committed by its sanction,
+and their consequences, will be looked back upon with grief and sadness
+by every loyal Englishman.
+
+The first and most important of the above-mentioned reports was made by
+Mr. Consul Meadows to Lord Russell. Mr. Meadows was better acquainted
+with the Ti-pings than any other English official in existence. He was
+the most talented in China, the most honourable and disinterested;
+therefore, it may be that his statements were not regarded, and that his
+presence at Shanghae became an inconvenience. This difficulty was soon
+surmounted by the removal of Mr. Meadows from Shanghae to New-chwang,
+very soon after his truthful and independent exposition of the Ti-ping
+rebellion, and by naming as his successor a Consul who was more pliable.
+
+The following despatch of Mr. Meadows bears date "February 19, 1861,"
+and is worthy of most attentive perusal:--
+
+    "CONSUL MEADOWS TO LORD J. RUSSELL.--(Received April 12.)
+
+    "Shanghae, February 19, 1861.
+
+    "British trade and British-India trade with this country, and
+    the revenues derived from the one and the other, are among the
+    most important of British interests abroad. A necessary
+    condition to the flourishing of these is the existence of
+    order--of security to life and property--in this country; and
+    the existence of this order and security, again, requires the
+    existence of a strong national government. These propositions
+    are so well established that I merely state them.
+
+    "But the hitherto existing Imperial Government, that of the
+    Manchoo or Ta-tsing dynasty, which was already becoming weak
+    from internal causes, has received its death-blows from the
+    external action, first of British arms alone, and now of British
+    and French combined. No strong national government now exists
+    anywhere; and in large, and to us very important, portions of
+    the country, anarchy and insecurity prevail.
+
+    "It becomes, therefore, of the utmost importance to look around
+    us for some other power in the nation to take its place. If we
+    find any such other power, we must not only not attack it, but
+    must earnestly desire its speedy growth. An adherence, not less
+    wise than just, to the principle of non-intervention, together
+    with the due observance of the treaties with the Ta-tsing
+    Government, should prevent our taking direct positive steps to
+    aid that growth; but assuredly it would be a most suicidal
+    course, as regards those large interests to which I have
+    pointed, first to achieve the destruction of the government we
+    find existing, and then to proceed to prevent any other from
+    coming into existence.
+
+    "Now we have such another power in the Taepings, and such
+    another government in the government which they have established
+    at Nanking.
+
+    "It has been, and by many is still, denied that the Taepings
+    have any regular government, or can be considered a political
+    power.
+
+    "For one moment I will grant this, but only in order to point
+    out that after maintaining themselves for eleven years in arms
+    in China, and for eight in the centre of the empire, the
+    Taepings are manifestly a power of some sort, and to ask--Are
+    we, because this power does not come up to all that is expected
+    of it, are we, therefore, gratuitously to attack it, and either
+    greatly lessen or altogether destroy its chances of ever
+    realizing those expectations? What else have we got to look to
+    for the re-establishment of a government having power to
+    preserve order?
+
+    "But I entirely deny that the Taepings have no regular
+    government, and have no claim to be considered a political
+    power.
+
+    "Ten years ago, almost immediately after they rose in arms, they
+    threw off the characteristics of local insurgents, and
+    proclaimed themselves the irreconcilable enemies of the Ta-tsing
+    dynasty. From that time to this they have never left us in doubt
+    of their object. It has always been the great one of making
+    themselves the heads of the first state in Asia, and the
+    governors of the largest people in the world. So much has been
+    established, not only by their own published manifestoes, but by
+    the official documents of their enemies.
+
+    "As to their manner of pursuing that object, whether it is such
+    as befits a power assuming to be political, it would too much
+    prolong even this letter to meet in detail all the objections
+    of those foreigners who declaim against them.
+
+    "Speaking generally, these objections may be classed under two
+    heads. First, those which are based on the application to this
+    region and its peoples, of arguments drawn from the state of
+    society and modes of political action of Western Europe, in
+    defiance of the fact that these arguments are wholly
+    inapplicable to a state of civilization and a polity so
+    different; and secondly, those which are applied in entire
+    disregard of the parallel transactions in Western Europe itself,
+    a disregard of obvious analogies, which can only be the result
+    of great ignorance or of wilful prejudice.
+
+    "Among the former, are nearly all the objections to their
+    military discipline, tactics, and strategy, and to their
+    administrative forms, whether of a civil or a military nature.
+
+    "Among the latter, are objections such as that they do not fix
+    themselves in the places they take; that they take them and then
+    leave them again, &c.
+
+    "The obvious rejoinder, drawn from the history of Western Europe
+    is, how often, during the great rebellion in England, were
+    important cities and strong places taken and evacuated or
+    retaken? Did that prove that the English noblemen and gentlemen
+    who first headed that rebellion were unfit to establish a
+    government? Did it prove that Cromwell was neither a general nor
+    an administrator? And when, ten years ago, the Italians left
+    Milan to be reoccupied by its former oppressors, after these had
+    been once expelled, and also allowed the foreign dynasties to
+    reinstate themselves in their principalities, did that prove
+    that the Italian party which aimed at expelling all these
+    foreigners was not a political power?
+
+    "A stock argument against the Taepings was drawn from their
+    destruction of the suburbs of the cities they occupied. This,
+    however, was finally silenced when, on the approach of the
+    Taepings to Shanghae a few months ago, the British and French
+    garrison in that city fired all its suburbs, not excepting the
+    densely peopled and commercially important suburb between the
+    city and the river.
+
+    "Then, again, ruthless and wanton slaughter, not only of the
+    foreign Manchoos, but of their Chinese countrymen, has been
+    urged against the Taepings as a proof that they were a mere gang
+    of robbers and murderers. But was there during the revolutionary
+    struggle in France no mutual killing of the opposing parties of
+    Frenchmen? I mention only the Reign of Terror, and the
+    'Noyades,' and, leaving it to your Lordship's memory to add
+    further illustrative transactions, I ask, do such
+    well-established historical facts prove that the revolutionary
+    party were merely a large gang of robbers and murderers, and not
+    a political power?
+
+    "While, however, considering it an established fact in the
+    history of the Taepings that they, on taking Nanking, put the
+    whole of the Manchoos to death, not sparing even the women and
+    children; and while thinking it highly probable that they will
+    treat in the same way any other of the military colonies of the
+    Tartar conquerors of their country that may fall into their
+    power, I have long ago arrived at the full conviction that the
+    tales of the slaughter committed by them on their own countrymen
+    are not only exaggerated, but very grossly exaggerated.
+
+    "My own experience has furnished me with an instructive example
+    of gross exaggeration of the kind. In the beginning of
+    September, 1853, when, not the Taepings, but the Triad Society
+    rebels, suddenly rose and seized the city of Shanghae, I was
+    travelling alone from Ningpo to Shanghae, _viâ_ Chapoo. It was
+    on reaching this latter place, about sixty miles from Shanghae,
+    that I first got the news from the crew of my own river-craft,
+    which had come there to meet me. The insurrection having broken
+    out just as they had left, they themselves could give no
+    particulars about it. But from other vessels, and from the local
+    merchants and officials, I learnt that there had been a fearful
+    slaughter in the city of Shanghae; that the streets were covered
+    with dead bodies and blood; that the foreigners and the rebels
+    had been fighting; and that the whole of the foreign community
+    had retired in the shipping outside of Woo-sung. So uniform and
+    consistent were these reports, and so certain did it appear that
+    I should be unable to pass Shanghae out to Woo-sung, that I set
+    about studying the Chinese maps, with a view of finding a
+    succession of river-passages by which I might, keeping some
+    twenty or thirty miles distant, make my way through the country
+    inside of it, and so out into the Great River, and down that to
+    the reported position of the foreign shipping. But before
+    undertaking so serious a circuit I, of course, determined to
+    approach nearer to Shanghae city. As I did so, I found the
+    prevalent reports less and less alarming; and at length, when
+    about twelve miles distant, ascertained the fact--one well known
+    here at the time--that there had been no fighting whatever with
+    the foreigners, and that, in the whole city the slaughter and
+    bloodshed was limited to the killing of one man. Yet the current
+    and fully-believed reports only sixty miles off were exactly
+    like those we have so often heard of the slaughter committed by
+    the Taepings. We know, from the experience of British troops
+    during the last twenty years, that much loss of life usually
+    ensues on the forcible occupation of Chinese cities from men
+    destroying their families, and then themselves; from women,
+    young and old, committing suicide; and from an unreasoning
+    terror, that drives people into deep canals or rivers, in vain
+    attempts to cross them. In these very ways several lives were
+    nearly lost, a few months back, in the Chinese portion of this
+    settlement before an alarm subsided which was caused by a sudden
+    outcry that the Taepings were entering it, none being at the
+    time within twenty miles' distance.
+
+    "From these habits of the Chinese, we may infer that there has
+    been, in the many populous cities occupied by the Taepings in
+    this province, much loss of life among women and children, as
+    well as grown men--non-combatants; and the inference is
+    supported by the fact of foreigners who having visited such
+    cities seeing in the canals many unwounded bodies. But that the
+    Taeping troops have directly put to death a greater proportion
+    of their non-combatant countrymen, or have even refused quarter
+    to the armed, to a greater extent than have done revolutionary
+    parties in the civil wars of England and France, is, I am fully
+    satisfied, a prejudiced repetition on the part of inimical
+    foreigners of the interested calumnies of the Ta-tsing party.
+
+    "Some time back it had become a good conclusion that in the
+    tracts of country occupied by the Taepings there must be greater
+    security for life and property than in those occupied by the
+    Ta-tsings. We knew that the Taepings had long given up that
+    system of universal conscription on which they acted in 1853,
+    and which then made their approach a source of peculiar terror.
+    We knew that they depended on voluntary enrolment for the
+    support of their fighting force, and that they were earnestly
+    endeavouring to get the inhabitants generally of hamlets and
+    open towns to remain at their usual occupations. This being the
+    case, it was plain that the Taepings could preserve the public
+    peace better than the Ta-tsings. For the bulk of the leading
+    officials among the former were themselves not only fighting
+    men, but about the best fighting men that they had; men who owed
+    their position to their military qualities. To them there could,
+    among their own party, be no open defiance. There might be
+    nothing of that military drill and tactics which characterize
+    European armies, but that discipline, which consists in strict
+    obedience to orders could not fail to be there. On the other
+    hand, the bulk of the leading Ta-tsing officials, the mandarins,
+    were about the most inactive and timid, the most unwarlike of
+    their party, and were, we knew, compelled to employ, as their
+    chief fighting men, the ex-pirates of the south-eastern
+    coast-land, who, with their followers, would not content
+    themselves with their official pay, but would also, in defiance
+    of the wishes of their weak employers, exact money from, or
+    plunder outright, the peaceable populations whom they were hired
+    to protect.
+
+    "These inferences have been amply confirmed by recent
+    unquestionable experiences. Mr. John, an English missionary of
+    education and intelligence, went two or three months ago from
+    Shanghae to Soo-chow, and thence to Nanking, where he stayed for
+    seven days. Mr. John put the question to the Taeping officials
+    why it was that the walled cities held by them were so entirely
+    deserted by their former populations of tradesmen, artificers,
+    &c. He received answers to the effect that those cities had been
+    transformed into fortresses, necessary to be held for the
+    reconquest of the country from the Manchoos; that having been
+    once deserted, no population was readmitted, as, under the guise
+    of tradesmen, &c., they might gradually be filled with hostile
+    forces; but that, as soon as their own progress advanced their
+    frontier to other points, they themselves would be anxious to
+    see these places repeopled by a peaceful population. In the mean
+    time they were doing their best to protect, in the hamlets,
+    villages, and open towns, all who choose to remain in them, in
+    quiet submission to the Taeping rule.
+
+    "Now these explanations and statements were fully supported by
+    the nature of the circumstances and by what Mr. John saw
+    himself. He was altogether about a month in the country held by
+    the Taepings. He traversed a tract of that country of about 120
+    miles in extent (Tsing-poo to Nanking), and travelled by night
+    as well as by day, quite unarmed, and never molested. He found
+    the country people quietly pursuing their usual occupations;
+    and--a proof of the understanding between them and their Taeping
+    rulers--saw the soldiers of the latter moving from place to
+    place in large bodies without inspiring terror, and in parties
+    of three or two without being assailed. At Soo-chow, both Mr.
+    John and a well-educated and observant Chinese who accompanied
+    him, and whom I questioned closely, saw the veritable landed
+    gentry coming in parties to give in to the civil governor their
+    adhesion to the Taeping dynasty.
+
+    "What, on the other hand, is the state of the country on this
+    side of the Ta-tsing lines? Not only do the exactions of the
+    mandarins for military objects equal any similar demands that
+    can be made by the Taepings, but piracy and robbery are well
+    known to be everywhere rife. During an excursion, in the end of
+    October, of some ninety miles up the Yang-tze, I had myself full
+    opportunity of observing the prevalence of piracy and the alarm
+    of the country people; and reports came constantly in, on all
+    sides, showing that the reign of lawless violence is rather
+    increasing than diminishing.
+
+    "It is impossible to say how much of China proper the Taepings
+    hold altogether, clear of Ta-tsing authorities or troops. But in
+    proof of their right to be considered a political power, we have
+    the fact that their armies are operating successfully up into
+    Shang-tung in the North, down into Kwang-tung and Kwang-se in the
+    South, and in Sze-chuen in the West, while nothing prevents
+    their penetrating to the sea in the East but the presence of the
+    foreign forces at Shanghae.
+
+    "On the religion of the Taepings little need here be said.
+    Viewed as a piece of contemporary history, the fact of the rise
+    and progress, in this old seat of Confucianism and Buddhism, of
+    the Bible-spreading Taeping Christianity--be its exact character
+    what it may--is one of the most interesting spectacles that the
+    annals of the human race present; and if the Taepings succeed in
+    becoming the rulers of the Chinese people, it will prove one of
+    the most momentous. A foreign official agent, whose nature or
+    the limited extent of whose information permits of his viewing
+    that spectacle with indifference, must surely be adjudged
+    mentally unfitted for the career he has chosen. But except as a
+    deeply interesting piece of contemporary history, we have
+    nothing to do with it. If we aid the Taepings on account of
+    their professed creed, we propagate religion by the sword; if we
+    attack them on account of it, we engage in a religious
+    persecution.
+
+    "One circumstance, which does not directly interest us, remains
+    to be considered; the disposition of the Taepings towards us. On
+    this point, the testimony is continuous, always consistent, and
+    remarkably satisfactory. On three or four occasions, on which
+    foreign war-vessels have, without any previous communication,
+    steamed right up to the river batteries of the Taeping fortified
+    places, they have exercised the right--a right inherent in every
+    belligerent power--of endeavouring to keep off a suspicious and,
+    for their means of defence, formidable force. But so soon as
+    they have been told that it was not the hired foreign steamers
+    of their Ta-tsing enemies, but the Government vessels of neutral
+    foreigners that were before them, they have in every instance at
+    once ceased firing. Their superior officers have fully explained
+    that if foreign neutral vessels would send small unarmed boats
+    in advance, they would not be fired at; and whenever this has
+    been done, they have kept faith. As for the white flag of truce,
+    it is simply absurd to suppose that that purely conventional
+    signal of the Western world can be known to the commander of
+    every Taeping battery. But the Taepings have a complete
+    justification for disregarding it, even if they knew it; they
+    are fighting with an enemy who would not hesitate an instant
+    about sending in his own foreign steamers to open fire or effect
+    a hostile landing, with a white flag or a British ensign flying
+    at each mast-head. In no one of the numerous cases of one or
+    more unarmed foreigners advancing to the Taeping outposts, since
+    I first landed at Nanking in April, 1853, up till the most
+    recent visits of Shanghae traders to Soo-chow, have they been
+    received otherwise than peacefully; while in several cases those
+    who have visited them as prejudiced unfriends have been
+    converted into well-wishers by the friendliness of their
+    reception.
+
+    "They appeared in force before Shanghae six months ago, but I
+    have good reasons for feeling satisfied that they were deluded
+    into so doing by certain foreigners who wished to bring on an
+    irremediable hostility between them and us, and who had held out
+    to them the hope that we should give up the place to them. They
+    fired a few ineffectual shots at the Chinese troops who were
+    mingled with the British on the walls, and who kept discharging
+    their matchlocks. But they did not fire at all where there were
+    only British in front of them, and not one of the foreign
+    soldiers received a wound, though a number of the Taepings were
+    killed by our fire. Lastly, during the half-year that has
+    elapsed since they retired, foreigners have been received at
+    their places, if not with the same hopeful cordiality, as
+    peacefully and as civilly as before.
+
+    "We have a long succession of irrefragable proofs that the
+    Taepings do earnestly desire friendly commercial relations with
+    us. The fact is so well known that inimical foreigners have been
+    constrained to endeavour, with a curiously blind ingenuity, to
+    turn it against them. 'All that is mere pretence,' it has been
+    argued; 'if they felt sure they were strong enough to attack us
+    with advantage, they would do it.' In reply, I ask if it be so,
+    in how far do the Taepings differ in that respect from the
+    Russians, French, and Americans? Is the peaceful and civil
+    reception the English get from these nations the result of pure
+    friendliness or of policy? Would they attack us if they felt
+    sure they could do so with advantage? What are our Channel
+    fleets, our fortifications, and our 150,000 volunteers for?
+
+    "A few years back the aid of a small British army and naval
+    squadron, operating along a portion of the Great River, could
+    perhaps have enabled the Manchoos to suppress this particular
+    Chinese rising against their rule; but now it would require a
+    large fleet of steamers, operating throughout some 1,500 to
+    2,000 miles of the Great River and its larger branches, and some
+    20,000 troops, operating in three or four complete small armies
+    in different parts of the tract of country mentioned above as
+    being more or less in the occupation of Taeping forces, and
+    which extends about 800 to 900 miles from north to south, and
+    1,000 to 1,100 from east to west. It would prove one of the most
+    troublesome and costly wars that England ever engaged in; costly
+    as regarded the direct outlay, and still more costly as regarded
+    the consequences to our trade; for the region in question is
+    that which, practically speaking, produces the whole of our tea
+    and silk exports, and which consumes the larger portion of our
+    manufactured imports; and the effect of our hostilities in it
+    would be to overspread it with anarchy and desolation."
+
+From this despatch it will be seen that every point upon which the
+British Government has based its hostilities against the Ti-pings is
+plainly disproved. The last paragraph may be regarded by some few
+bigoted pro-Imperialists as an exaggeration; but when they glance at the
+present state of China (1865), and see the Ti-pings still victoriously
+disputing the supremacy of the Manchoo, when they look upon the very
+diminished export of silk, and upon the rebellion rampant in every
+province of China, they can hardly dispute that a "large fleet of
+steamers" and 20,000 troops was correctly considered by Mr. Meadows
+necessary to suppress the revolution.
+
+As for the justice of the British intervention, it is hardly necessary
+to speak any further. The belligerent character of the Ti-ping rebellion
+was recognised immediately after its origin, simply because the British
+remained neutral towards a Power carrying on war, and moreover, from the
+fact that English representatives sought out and made guarantees of
+neutrality with the Ti-ping authorities. But, while openly recognising
+the belligerent rights of the revolutionists, the British Government has
+invariably evaded a strict interpretation of its professions, and given
+a tacit support to the Manchoos, thereby making themselves a party to
+the war, and constituting themselves the allies of the latter Power.
+
+The Ti-pings were fully entitled to equal rights with the Imperialists,
+whether upon the high seas, neutral waters, at the treaty ports, or
+elsewhere. They possessed a settled Government at Nankin, a vast
+territory, and _several_ ports; and such being the case, should, and had
+the British authorities acted honourably would, have enjoyed any and
+every privilege given or allowed to the other party in the civil war.
+When the Spanish colonies cast off their allegiance to Spain, when
+Brazil revolted against Portugal, when Texas seceded from Mexico, when
+Greece rebelled against its Turkish rulers, when the Southern States of
+America seceded from the Union, when Santo Domingo rose against Spain,
+when the Neapolitans revolted against their Government, in every one of
+these, and countless other cases, each belligerent as a matter of right
+received equal privileges from neutral Powers.
+
+Had England and other neutral Powers acted according to their own laws,
+they would have been bound to recognise the independence of the
+Ti-pings, for the utter inability of the ousted Manchoo Government to
+recover its authority within a reasonable time was apparent. More than
+this, it was universally admitted that the Tartars, if unassisted by
+foreigners, would be overthrown, and when such contingency became
+certain, England was dragged in to assist them. The excuse about danger
+to British lives and property from the occupation of the treaty ports by
+the insurgents is proved false by the capture of Shanghae in 1853, and
+the capture of Ningpo in 1861. The only other excuse of any moment is
+the "_might_ injure trade" one; but is that to be considered a
+sufficient justification? In all the cases of rebellion just cited,
+England remained neutral; why then has she been made to assume to
+herself, in China _only_, the right to interfere in internecine strife?
+Why not interfere in America for the sake of trade and to prevent
+so-called rebels from collecting duties? As principle has nothing to do
+with the policy pursued in China, why should it elsewhere? Or why may it
+not be boasted that England feared to interfere in America, and
+therefore refrained; but acted differently in China, having no fear.
+
+The _Shanghae Times_, a paper giving its general support to the
+Government, in its issue of March 15, 1862, thus describes the
+initiation of hostilities against the Ti-pings:--
+
+    "We believe that Admiral Hope is the first English officer of
+    the present century who has adopted the unsoldierly practice of
+    making war without having declared war. Having recognised the
+    Taepings as a Power, according to the usage of civilized
+    nations, he ought to have given them the alternative of retreat,
+    submission, or butchery, before commencing the latter. This he
+    did not. But as the Imperialists served him at Taku, he served
+    the Taepings at Ming-hong. Honourable men condemned the conduct
+    of the Imperial general at the Taku, and if the code of honour
+    has not changed since then, it has been _grossly_ violated in
+    the two recent attacks on the Taepings."
+
+We have in a former chapter noticed the false assertion of the British
+minister in China with regard to "all classes of observers" condemning
+the religion of the revolutionists, and his equally unfounded statement
+that the Revds. J. Edkins and Griffith John met with an "ungracious
+reception." The following reports by the Rev. G. John (of the London
+Missionary Society) will not only expose the truthlessness of Mr. Bruce,
+but also multiply proofs as to the Christianity of the Ti-pings, the
+evil policy of the British Government, and the astounding apathy of the
+missionary body at large.
+
+The Rev. Griffith John, in a report to the secretary of his society,
+dated "Shanghae, December 6, 1860," states:--
+
+    "They" (the Ti-pings) "have created a vacuum, not only in the
+    temples, but also in the hearts of the people, which remains to
+    be filled. This is the missionary's work--_a work that might be
+    done immediately, were it not for the unaccountable policy of
+    the representatives of foreign Powers at this port_. My
+    principal object in going has been fully realized.
+
+    "My object was to obtain from the chief an edict of religious
+    toleration. This I have obtained. It gives full permission to
+    missionaries of every persuasion to enter into and live in the
+    insurgents' territory, for the purpose of carrying on missionary
+    work. The phraseology, in some parts, is bombastic, and
+    therefore objectionable; but the simple meaning is full
+    toleration to all Christians, whether Protestant or Catholic. 'I
+    see that the missionaries are sincere and faithful men, and that
+    they do not count suffering with Christ anything; and because of
+    this I esteem them very highly.' Such are the words of the
+    edict. Then comes a command to the chief officers to issue
+    orders to all the (insurgent) brethren to treat the missionaries
+    well. I showed the edict at Su-cheu, and asked the chiefs if
+    they would help me to get a house, a chapel, &c. 'Yes,' said
+    they, 'you come, and it will be all right.' I send you the
+    original of this edict, written by the young prince himself, and
+    bearing the seal of his father, and I intend to furnish you with
+    a translation by the first opportunity. _I firmly believe that
+    God is uprooting idolatry in the land, through the insurgents,
+    and that He will by means of them_, in connection with the
+    foreign missionary, plant Christianity in its stead. Let the
+    prayers of our brethren in England be more fervent than ever in
+    behalf of China. If these men succeed, the days of idolatry are
+    numbered in the land. I am fully convinced that, should they
+    succeed to establish order within the boundary of the Keang-sú
+    province, it would be _nominally_ a Christian province before
+    the expiration of twenty years. The same observation will hold
+    good of all the other provinces."
+
+This is the edict referred to by Mr. John:--
+
+    "'EDICT OF RELIGIOUS TOLERATION,' BY THE CHIEF OF THE CHINESE
+    INSURGENTS.[2]
+
+    "'Having received the decree of my Heavenly Father (God), of my
+    Heavenly adopted Father (Christ), and of my Father (the
+    Celestial King), I command all the King's officers, both civil
+    and military, and all the Brethren, to be acquainted with it.
+    The true doctrine of my Father (God), and of my adopted Father
+    (Christ), is the religion of Heaven. The religion of Christ
+    (Protestant religion), and the religion of the Lord of Heaven
+    (Roman Catholic religion), are included in it. The whole world,
+    together with my father and myself, are one family. Those who
+    lovingly and harmoniously observe the regulations of the
+    heavenly religion are permitted to come and visit (us). Now,
+    from the _memorial_ presented to us by my uncles, Kan, Tsan,
+    Chung, and others, I learn that the foreign teacher G. John and
+    his friends, esteeming the Kingdom of Heaven, and reverencing
+    and believing in my Father (God), and my adopted Father
+    (Christ), to whom be thanks for the bestowment upon us of
+    authority, power, and wonders, of which those who are far and
+    near have reverentially heard--have come for the express purpose
+    of seeing the light, of beholding God and Christ, and of
+    requesting permission to spread abroad the true doctrine.
+    Seeing, however, that the present time is a time of war, and
+    that the soldiers are scattered abroad in every direction, I am
+    truly afraid that the missionaries might be injured by following
+    the rabble soldiery, and that thus serious consequence might
+    ensue. Still, I truly perceive that these (missionaries) are
+    sincere and faithful men, and that they count it nothing to
+    suffer with Christ; and because of this I esteem them very
+    highly.
+
+    "'Let the kings inform all the officers and others, that they
+    must all act lovingly and harmoniously towards these men, and by
+    no means engender contention and strife. Let all know, that the
+    Father (God), my adopted Father (Christ), my father and myself,
+    are one family; and let these men (missionaries) be treated
+    exceedingly well.
+
+    "'Respect this.'
+
+    "NOTE.--The Kan-wang told us that the chief is anxious that his
+    son should feel an interest in the propagation of the Gospel,
+    and therefore directed him to write it....
+
+    "The expressions 'to the light,' and 'behold Christ and God,'
+    are explained in the fact that Nanking is the Jerusalem of the
+    Celestial dynasty. I asked the Kan-wang if the above edict opens
+    up the whole of the insurgents' territory--Nanking not
+    excepted--to missionary operations. He replied that it does....
+
+    "Thus, then, the above throws open the whole of the insurgents'
+    territory to missionary work, so far as the insurgents
+    themselves are concerned. Here and there the phraseology is
+    objectionable; still, this point is quite clear: they have done
+    this not in ignorance, but with their eyes quite open to the
+    difference which exists between them and ourselves."
+
+In a letter, dated twelve days later than that already quoted from, Mr.
+John gives this reason for not going to live among the Ti-pings:--
+
+    "When I returned from Nankin I fully intended to go to live in
+    that city, if practicable; but after much thought, _and some
+    consultation with those who are in authority_, I have come to
+    the conclusion that it would be premature to do so just now....
+    The river, I am told on good authority, is to be opened at once,
+    and the ports of Han-kow and Kin-kiang are to become consular
+    ports. Another expedition is about to go up the river, and then
+    it will be determined what is to be done with the insurgents.
+    They may be treated as friends, or, on the other hand, as foes.
+    If not as friends, I AM CONVINCED THAT IT WILL BE OUR FAULT,
+    because they cherish the kindliest feeling towards us, in spite
+    of our conduct towards them when they visited Shanghae."
+
+We will conclude Mr. John's reports with three short extracts; the first
+of which clearly shows what good might have been effected by the British
+missionaries had they performed their duty; the second goes far to
+establish the superiority of the Ti-pings over the Manchoos.
+
+    1. "The insurgents are making rapid strides, and are determined,
+    as you will learn from my journal, to uproot idolatry in the
+    land, _and to plant Christianity in its room_. The former they
+    will do with a strong hand, and the latter will not be left
+    undone, _if the Churches and missionaries are alive to their
+    duty in reference to this great movement_."
+
+    2. "They have doubtless gross defects; but in every
+    respect--religious, political, social, &c.--they are centuries
+    ahead of the Imperialists, and I cannot but wish them God
+    speed."
+
+The third and last extract from Mr. John's reports is taken from one
+dated "February 2, 1861," and fully shadows forth what England has _now_
+been compelled to understand, and what every sensible person fully
+comprehended long since. Mr. John states:--
+
+    "It is fortunate for us that the Tartars have their hands full
+    just now, _as the value of the recent treaty rests solely on the
+    weakness of the existing dynasty_. The Tartars hate us with an
+    insatiable hatred, and would, in spite of the treaty, recommence
+    warlike operations to-morrow had they the power. To break faith
+    with the _barbarian_ is not crime but virtue, according to their
+    creed, if his humiliation and expulsion might thereby be
+    effected. From the Manchoos we have nothing to hope, but
+    everything to fear. They are sworn enemies to Christianity and
+    civilization, and they have set their iron faces determinedly
+    against both. They _can_ do but little at present. The wonderful
+    progress of the insurrection in the South, during the last
+    year, and the repeated defeats and the complete discomfiture of
+    the Tartar hosts in the North, have thoroughly undermined the
+    Manchoo power. It must fall. There is no power in China to
+    uphold it. The Kwang-si insurrection, on the other hand, must
+    triumph, _if foreign Powers do not interfere_. The Manchoos
+    might as well attempt to blow the sun out of the heavens as to
+    quench this flame which their folly and tyranny have kindled....
+
+    "The insurgents themselves are still determinately opposed to
+    idolatry in all its features. At their approach the idols
+    vanish, and the priests of Buddh and Tau disappear. The downfall
+    of idolatry in the land seems to be bound up with their success.
+    Never did China present such a spectacle to the Christian world.
+    Will the Church, _unfaithful to her Head and false to herself_,
+    as the depository of the blessings of light and life for the
+    world, look on with indifference? Shall the four hundred
+    millions of China remain in their state of darkness and death,
+    _because of the worldliness and deadness_ of the people of God?"
+
+To these questions the British Government appears to have returned an
+affirmative answer.
+
+A few extracts from a report of the Rev. W. Muirhead, in harmony with
+the testimonies of other missionaries, both as to the death-blow
+idolatry had received from the victorious arms of the Ti-pings, and the
+general knowledge of Christianity possessed by them, shall close our
+quoted evidence for the present. In the spring of 1861, Mr. Muirhead
+spent a month among the Ti-pings at Nankin, and while there was
+constantly engaged in preaching about the city, and thus describes his
+experience:--
+
+    "Going about sometimes for several hours a day, I have been
+    abundantly encouraged by the number and attention of the
+    audiences. It seems as if there were a foundation to go upon,
+    from the amount of religious knowledge diffused among the
+    people. There is a response, if not in their hearts, at least in
+    their thoughts, to the tidings of mercy. They are made familiar
+    at every step with the name and compassion of the Heavenly
+    Father, _by the unprecedented practice of recording the fact
+    over every door_. When, therefore, the same truths are announced
+    in their hearing by a foreign missionary, _they give a ready
+    assent, and express their cordial approval_. How different is
+    all this from our experience in Shanghae and elsewhere! There we
+    have a hard and strong ground to work upon; ignorance and
+    _opposition_ prevail in abundant measure. Here, on the part
+    both of the military and civilians, there _is_ knowledge, and
+    there _is_ appreciation of the truth to a certain extent, which
+    renders the spiritual enforcement of it a more easy and pleasant
+    duty."
+
+These extracts must naturally make one believe that the "all classes of
+observers," so cunningly invented by Mr. Bruce and his ministerial
+friends, consist of Mr. American Baptist Missionary Holmes.
+
+The Kan-wang, the missionaries' friend, having left the city while Mr.
+Muirhead was there, that event was mentioned in the following
+language:--
+
+    "In prospect of his going out, I had occasion some time ago to
+    allude to his constant dependence on God, and to urge upon him
+    the duty of earnest prayer. But in this I was anticipated by a
+    previous request of his own, when, after describing the trials
+    and difficulties of his situation, he said to me: '_Mr.
+    Muirhead, pray for me!_' He has need of our prayers, and I trust
+    his request will be attended to by many friends at home."
+
+Poor Kan-wang! The only prayers have been those devoutly entertained by
+opium traders and "indemnity" interested people for the destruction of
+him and his confederates.
+
+Of the Ti-ping women Mr. Muirhead states:--
+
+    "While walking along the streets, the number of females that are
+    seen on the way is rather a novelty. They are in general well
+    dressed, and of very respectable appearance. Many are riding on
+    horseback, others are walking, and most of them have large feet.
+    Not a few stop to hear our preaching, and always conduct
+    themselves with perfect propriety. _This is new, as compared
+    with the former course of things, and the whole reminds one
+    partly of home life._ It will be a blessing if the revolution
+    should tend to break up the system of female exclusion, hitherto
+    practised."
+
+We will conclude our extracts from Mr. Muirhead's report with the
+following interesting account of a conversation between himself and a
+young Ti-ping soldier:--
+
+    "And now a word or two, with regard to the character and
+    prospects of the movement. Those engaged in it speak not
+    boastfully, but calmly and confidently, of its success. They
+    acknowledge the difficulties in the way, yet believe in the Lord
+    God that they shall be established. They do not apprehend it
+    will be an easy thing to overcome their enemies; but fighting,
+    as they think, under the banners of the 'Heavenly Father' and
+    'Heavenly Brother,' they contemplate a happy issue as a matter
+    of course.
+
+    "As Kan-wang's followers were assembling in front of his palace,
+    a young man came upstairs. I asked him if he was going out to
+    join the army. He said yes. 'Was he not afraid of being wounded
+    or killed?' 'Oh, no,' he replied, 'the Heavenly Father will
+    befriend me.' 'Well, but suppose you should be killed, what
+    then?' 'Why, my soul will go to heaven.' 'How can you expect to
+    go to heaven? What merit have you to get there?' 'None, none in
+    myself. It is entirely through the merits of the Heavenly
+    Brother that this is to be done.' 'Who is the Heavenly Brother?'
+    'I am not very learned,' he said, 'and request instruction.' I
+    then began to tell him that He was the Son of the Heavenly
+    Father; but before I had finished the sentence, he replied
+    correctly. 'What great work did Christ do?' I asked. The young
+    man gave an explicit statement of the Saviour's work for
+    sinners, of his coming into the world, suffering and dying in
+    the room of sinful man, in order to redeem us from sin and
+    misery. I inquired if he believed all this. 'Assuredly,' was his
+    reply. 'When did you join the dynasty?' 'Last year.' 'Can you
+    read?' 'No.' 'Who instructed you in these things?' 'The
+    Tsan-wang.' 'What does he in the way of instructing his people?'
+    'He has daily service in his palace, and often preaches to them
+    alike at home and when engaged in the field.' 'What book does he
+    use?' 'He has a number belonging to the dynasty.' 'Do you know
+    the New Testament?' 'Yes, but cannot read it.' 'Can you repeat
+    the doxology of the Heavenly Father?' He went over it correctly.
+    It contains in simple language the fundamental tenets of
+    Christianity. 'Are there any special laws or commands connected
+    with the dynasty?' 'There are the ten commandments.' 'Repeat
+    them.' He went over a number of them, till he came to the sixth.
+    'Now,' I said, 'how is this command observed by you, seeing that
+    so much cruelty and wickedness are practised by your brethren
+    all around?' 'Oh,' he replied, 'in so far as fighting in the
+    open field is concerned, that is all fair play and cannot be
+    helped. It is not intended in the command.' 'No,' I remarked,
+    'that is not my meaning; but look at your brethren going
+    privately into the country and robbing and killing the innocent
+    people; what of that?' 'It is very bad, and such will only go to
+    hell.' 'What, notwithstanding their adherence to the dynasty,
+    and fighting under the same banners as yourself?' 'Yes, that is
+    no matter; when the laws of Christ and the Heavenly Father are
+    not attended to, these guilty individuals ought to die and go to
+    hell.' 'But is not this the case with a great number of your
+    adherents?' 'Alas! it is especially among our new recruits,
+    whose hearts are not impressed with the true doctrine.' 'In all
+    the public offices is care taken to instruct the soldiers and
+    civilians connected with them?' 'Yes, every man, woman, and
+    child of reasonable age in the capital, can repeat the doxology
+    of the Heavenly Father.' 'And what about those in the country?'
+    'Those who have short hair are not yet sufficiently taught, but
+    books are being distributed amongst them, in order that they may
+    learn those things."
+
+Can this be called a "blasphemous and immoral" basis of religion? If
+those who so designated it possessed but a tithe of the temporal
+practice and spiritual faith of this illiterate young Ti-ping, they
+would be happier men; but it must be admitted that their sentiments and
+actions hardly induce such a belief.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _Vide_ p. 6, "Further Papers relating to the Rebellion in China,
+1862."
+
+[2] "The original is written by the young prince, in the name of his
+father, on satin, with the vermilion pencil, and stamped with the seal
+of the Taeping-wang, the Celestial king."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+    On board the _Williamette_.--Blockade running.--Arrival at
+    Nankin.--Solemn Thanksgiving.--Domestic Arrangements.--Phillip's
+    Wife.--The Wooing.--The Dowry.--The Wedding.--Trade
+    established.--Imperialist Corruption.--Preparations for
+    leaving.--An Elopement.--The Journey.--The Surprise.--The
+    Repulse.--Arrival at Hang-chow.--Its capture.--The
+    particulars.--Cum-ho.--The Chung-wang.--His mistaken Policy.
+
+
+Thanks to the impish steamer _Williamette_, we escaped any further
+annoyance at the hands of her friends, for, according to agreement, she
+towed us past all the Imperialist positions. Although I had paid rather
+dear for this favour, the danger we had escaped at that atrocious Mud
+Fort, and those troubles we avoided by towing past the unscrupulous
+batteries and piratical squadrons of the enemy, made it well worth more.
+Had we sailed to Nankin, our nights would have been far from pleasant,
+sleep being rendered impossible from the unceasing watching for some
+hostile demonstration, and the excitement attendant on the several
+skirmishes which we must have had with the Manchoos.
+
+The worry and excitement of running the Nankin blockade can only be
+thoroughly appreciated by those who have experienced its perils. The
+Ti-ping adherents certainly found few pleasures to reward them, and
+their lot was very far indeed from being cast in pleasant places. Such
+dangers as myself and many others have endured while assisting the cause
+of these patriots have left an impression which even time cannot
+efface.
+
+Perchance, we are sailing peacefully and slowly along the broad
+Yang-tze, dreaming of home or philosophizing upon the spread of liberty
+and Christianity by our Ti-ping friends, when crash comes a discharge of
+artillery from some Manchoo fort, as the first intimation that we were
+within the meshes of those who would destroy all hope of improving China
+or of realizing our own dreams, with equal indifference. This danger
+passes over, and the wearied have sought for slumber, when those on
+their anxious watch suddenly discover a squadron of the sometime pirate
+_Ti-mungs_ hired to fight the battles of the Manchoo; and at the same
+instant those below are startled by the broadsides fired at their
+devoted vessel. After running the gauntlet of these heavily-armed
+vessels, the sleepers, with rifles by their side and revolvers under
+pillow, are subject to incessant disturbance from the attack of the
+centipede gunboats, as the latter pull from sly corners and creeks, in
+twos, tens, or twenties, and chase the passing ship, eager for the blood
+of those on board, or the pleasure of looting their effects.
+
+Many of the few Europeans who were engaged assisting the Ti-pings were
+captured and barbarously killed by the Imperialists; yet, in spite of
+these dangers, and the certain prospect of a cruel death if unfortunate
+enough to fall into their hands, every man willingly incurred them, with
+a full conviction that the cause was worthy of any risk or sacrifice.
+
+Some have been found daring enough to allege that personal profit was
+the motive which induced so many to incur suffering and danger in
+support of the Ti-pings. The absurdity of such a statement is made clear
+by the fact, that from 1860 to 1863 the principal supply of silk and tea
+was derived by the merchants of China from the Ti-pings, and that it was
+possible to carry on trade with the Imperialists with perfect safety,
+and with as large, if not larger, profit.
+
+The true reason why those engaged in assisting the Ti-pings preferred
+that course, with all its troubles and dangers, is that, having once met
+the revolutionists, the immense superiority of the latter to the
+Manchoos had enlisted their sympathies and active support. Money, of
+course, in many cases had a great deal to do with the transactions of
+those who _traded_ among the Ti-pings; but others, I am certain, were
+solely actuated by disinterested motives. He must, indeed, be a singular
+specimen of a man who could really know and experience the society of
+the Ti-pings, and not become a warm friend to them.
+
+The _Williamette_ was a powerful steamer, and on the evening of the day
+after she had taken us in tow, we had the satisfaction to be cast off
+right in the mouth of the Nankin creek, while the good ship continued on
+her way to Ngan-kin, whither she was bound with munitions of war freshly
+obtained from the British arsenals in China, to be expended in the
+slaughter of those who held England's pledge of strict neutrality.
+
+Upon bringing up in the creek, I landed and paid my friend the Sz-wang a
+visit. He gave me a hearty welcome, and immediately set his servants to
+prepare a regular feast for myself and friend. I could not refuse the
+kind hospitality of my worthy host, even impatient as I was to get into
+the city and see Marie, who, he assured me, was in perfect health and
+happiness, and a vast favourite among the ladies at the Ti-ping capital,
+at the same time astonishing me by saying that Phillip had been married
+since my departure from Nankin.
+
+At last, while the dinner was progressing, and the Sz-wang had for a
+moment been called away by a courier from the city, I left the table,
+and, assisted by his eldest nephew, who was a great friend of mine, I
+mounted one of his best horses and set off for Nankin, leaving my friend
+P. to excuse me and relate our adventures and the intentions of the
+so-called "foreign brethren" at Shanghae towards the Ti-pings; a point
+upon which the Sz-wang always felt the deepest anxiety.
+
+Upon reaching the Chung-wang's palace, I found a large number of chiefs
+assembled in the "Heavenly Hall," and all greatly elated by despatches
+just received from the Commander-in-Chief detailing the capture of the
+seaport Ningpo. Anxious as I naturally felt to meet my betrothed, I was
+yet obliged to join the chiefs in the solemn thanksgiving they were
+about offering to the Great Giver of all victory. Upon this occasion, as
+usual, whether after triumph or defeat, the Ti-pings attributed their
+important success entirely to the will of "The Heavenly Father." Their
+absorbing reliance upon God, because of their belief in the
+righteousness and Christianity of their cause has often startled me by
+its singular devotedness and simplicity. It was not only those who had
+been of the original "Society of the Worshippers of God" in Kwang-si,
+that were so fervent and hopeful, but all _bonâ fide_ Ti-pings, and even
+many among the latest recruits were equally inspired. It is a well-known
+fact that young boys, of twelve to fifteen years of age, are commonly
+the bravest soldiers and most daring spirits in the ranks of the Ti-ping
+soldiery. Formerly the very women fought by the side of their male
+relatives; at the present time they still undergo the hard dangers of
+the camp. Thus, upon consideration of all the facts bearing upon the
+motive and practice of the Ti-pings, it cannot be difficult to
+understand that some mighty inspiration has affected a large portion of
+the Chinese in a remarkably striking manner. Some term the cause and
+effect evil; others, not so self-conceited and hypercritical, say "it is
+good." By some the great Ti-ping revolution has been considered a
+religious fanaticism, an extensive leaguing together of banditti for the
+sake of plunder; the fact being that the only religious enthusiasm is to
+establish our Bible throughout China, and the only physical action an
+endeavour to liberate that vast empire from what even their worst
+opponents declare a hopelessly corrupt and oppressive Government!
+
+[Illustration:
+Day & Son, (Limited), Lith.
+A VIEW IN THE INNER APARTMENTS OF THE CHUNG WANG'S PALACE]
+
+When the thanksgiving prayers in the "Heavenly Hall" were brought to a
+conclusion, I soon found my way to the inner apartments, and had the
+happiness to find Marie looking, if possible, better and more handsome
+than ever. She was delighted with the kindness of the Ti-ping ladies,
+and particularly noticed their sincere piety and continual study of the
+Holy Scriptures. Before long her inseparable companion, Miss Cum-ho,
+appeared, and considerably amused us by her roundabout inquiries after
+my friend L., who, much to her satisfaction, I stated might be shortly
+expected.
+
+While taking a stroll in the garden, Marie informed me that during my
+absence she had been much annoyed by the importunate attentions of a
+young chief, the son of the Tsan-wang, one of the principal members of
+the Ti-ping Government. In fact, to so unpleasant an extent had his
+sudden passion carried him that, upon two occasions, his emissaries had
+attempted her abduction, the last attempt having taken place only a few
+evenings before my return, and while she was walking in the palace
+grounds alone. The young chief I knew by reputation as a wild and
+unscrupulous character, but his father was a most influential personage;
+therefore, though I might readily have avoided further trouble by
+representing the affair to the authorities, I decided to take Marie with
+me and join the Chung-wang at Hang-chow, rather than excite any bad
+feeling by making a public case when it could be avoided. Ti-ping
+justice was remarkably prompt and severe, and conviction of the chief
+would very likely have led to decapitation. Before putting my plan into
+execution, it was necessary to await the arrival of L. with our lorcha.
+
+In the evening I found Phillip with his wife waiting to see me in the
+old rooms at the back of the Chung-wang's palace. I had ample occasion
+to congratulate him upon his choice, for the lady was by no means
+wanting in personal beauty. She was a really fine girl, taller than the
+generality of Chinese women, with very pretty and regular features,
+light-complexioned and rosy-cheeked, and was quite black-eyed and
+long-haired enough to please the greatest brunette admirer; besides
+which she was fortunate enough to possess nice little feet, not deformed
+according to Imperialist Chinese taste. How Phillip met her, and how she
+became his wife, took place, as he informed me, in the following way:--
+
+A week or two after my departure from Nankin, intelligence was received
+of the capture of the city of Ngan-kin by the Imperialists, and the
+defeat of the Ying-wang, who had been prevented effecting its relief
+through the delay caused by his communication with the British
+expedition up the Yang-tze. Reinforcements having been ordered from
+Nankin to the north bank of the river, so as to co-operate in the
+Ying-wang's retreat, Phillip accompanied them, taking charge of the few
+pieces of artillery they carried.
+
+One day, while with the foremost of the advanced guard, he became
+engaged in an attack upon a fortified hamlet, which was obstinately
+defended by some Manchoo troops, who were assisted by the inhabitants.
+In such cases, of course, the Ti-pings treat the villagers as enemies,
+making prisoners of those who escape the battle, and seizing their
+effects.
+
+While driving the Imperialists out of the palace, Phillip received a
+slight though painful spear-wound in one of his hands, and, upon
+entering a house to obtain some water, he saw his future wife for the
+first time. The house was, apparently, one of the poorest in the
+village, and the young woman, with her aged father and a little
+servant-girl, constituted its only occupants. They were naturally much
+alarmed by the conflict raging about them, and while the timid daughter
+supplied him with a draught of water, her father threw himself at his
+knees, _ketowing_ and imploring protection.
+
+Phillip was considerably impressed by the charms of the celestial
+damsel, and with his brave though tender heart sincerely pitied her
+unprotected state, so he waited until the arrival of the main body of
+the forces; and then, after obtaining from the chief in command a
+protection _chop_, or paper, to affix to the door of the house, and
+thereby make it inviolate, he continued on the march, leaving father and
+daughter showering Chinese blessings upon his foreign head.
+
+My friend had not proceeded very far when he reflected that a great
+proportion of the rear guard (which in this case was a position of no
+moment) was composed of quite new levies, many of whom had been
+Imperialist _braves_, and had only lately been enlisted as Ti-pings, and
+who, probably, still retained the old propensities to excess and plunder
+strong within them. Thinking thus, and, I dare say, with a lively
+remembrance of the daughter's pretty face--her equal not being seen
+every day in China--he determined to ride back and protect the old man's
+house, if necessary, till the last of the force had passed through the
+village. During his return he had met a number of the recruits as
+prisoners for looting houses and robbing country people, the punishment
+for which would almost certainly be decapitation, and upon reaching the
+place he found many were plundering and destroying all they could lay
+hands on.
+
+Phillip had scarcely noticed this when the little girl he had seen at
+the house came running up to him, screaming and holding out her hands,
+and with the blood pouring from a large gash across her cheek.
+
+Fearing the worst, and blaming himself for not having made greater
+haste, he left one of his men to attend to the poor child, and galloped
+up to the house with the rest.
+
+The building was beginning to smoke where some of the marauders had just
+applied the torch, while, right across the threshold of his once happy
+home, the apparently lifeless body of the old man lay before my friend.
+Hearing the noise of voices inside the house, Phillip expecting at each
+step to come across the daughter's corpse, drew his revolver and
+entered. He arrived not a moment too soon, for, upon reaching the inner
+chamber, he found the poor girl struggling in the hands of several
+soldiers. The next instant and his pistol had effectually released her,
+when she rushed fainting and dishevelled to his arms. Carrying her to
+the outer apartment, he laid her on a couch, and then turned his
+attention to the father. The latter still lived, but death was evidently
+fast approaching as his life ebbed away from several ghastly wounds
+inflicted by the heavy knives of the ruthless murderers.
+
+The fire being extinguished by some of his men, Phillip got the poor old
+man moved into the house, and, assisted by the sorrow-stricken daughter,
+did all that was possible to save him. It was, however, soon apparent
+that his end was drawing near; he seemed quite sensible, though for some
+time unable to speak. At last, with a flickering revival before the
+total eclipse of life's lamp, he pointed with one nerveless hand to the
+wainscot, and ejaculated, "Tseen!--che-mo!" (Money!--take away the
+wood!) Upon going to the spot indicated, Phillip found a crevice in the
+panelling, and, using the blade of his sword, he managed to wrench away
+a large piece, exposing a hollow containing a small bundle tied up in
+blue Chinese cloth. While lifting this up he knew by its weight that it
+must contain gold, and when he placed it by the side of the dying man,
+the latter with difficulty managed to say "Gno--show--ne!"
+(I--give--you). Then, calling his daughter, he with a last effort
+stretched forth his arms, and, grasping her hand and that of the
+stranger from the far West, and feebly endeavouring to place them
+together, fell back, and in a little while expired.
+
+After a distressing scene with the bereaved girl, Phillip was compelled
+to order the interment, under a few inches of earth, of her father's
+body. Immediately afterwards it was necessary to set out for the now
+distant army, and when Phillip overtook it his future wife was with him,
+as her fate would have been certain had she remained alone at the
+desolated village, defenceless, with her gold and beauty, before the
+incursions of Imperialist or Ti-ping marauders. There were many Ti-ping
+women accompanying their husbands with the army, so the poor girl had
+some of her own sex to comfort her. The expedition was not long away
+from Nankin, and upon its return to the city, Phillip and the orphan
+were married in the Ti-ping church, thus accomplishing not only what
+they supposed to have been the wish of the dead father, but also what
+accorded with their mutual inclination.
+
+And so it was that my friend Phillip obtained a wife and a fortune with
+her, for that heavy little bundle contained more than sixty gold bars,
+each worth about 300 dollars. Phillip Bosse, or Boze, declared himself
+so satisfied with his wife, his present affairs, and the Ti-pings, that
+he vowed he would never leave them. He kept his word, for he died
+amongst the patriots, and as his relatives in Greece may never otherwise
+hear of his death, I give his name as I knew it; so that should this
+book ever fall into their hands, they may at least have the melancholy
+satisfaction to know where his body rests, and that he died like a
+gallant and noble-hearted man, serving a righteous and a great cause.
+
+A few days after my arrival at Nankin, my friend L. brought our lorcha
+safely into the creek, accompanied by three other vessels of the same
+class, the owners of which had availed themselves of the passes I had
+given them from the Chang-wang. Each craft was deeply laden with rice
+and other provisions. My own junk and lorcha, containing rice belonging
+to the Ti-ping Government, we left in charge of certain officials, and
+my friends all joined me in the city. Soon after the arrival of L.,
+several vessels came in from Shanghae to trade; these were succeeded by
+others, and a regular commerce sprang up and was continued for a year
+or two. In a few months the trade had become so great that it was quite
+common for more than thirty vessels (both foreign and Chinese-owned) to
+arrive in one day. The large supplies received by this line of
+communication were stored in the extensive Nankin granaries, and while
+these were always kept full, the residue was distributed through the
+town and villages of the district, the neighbouring country being much
+impoverished by the continual warfare raging around the Ti-ping capital.
+
+The fraudulent and corrupt revenue institutions of the Manchoo
+Government have long been notorious. The enormous extortion practised
+upon foreign trade until the wars with Great Britain compelled a more
+regular tariff, and the plundering squeeze stations scattered over every
+half-mile of Imperialist territory, each of which pilfer a sum from the
+unfortunate owner of all passing merchandise, be he a foreigner who
+ought to pass clear by virtue of the transit duty clauses of the treaty,
+or a Chinaman who is legitimate prey, have made China a vast system of
+independent official violence and rapacity.
+
+No wonder the naturally astute Chinese appear so particularly cunning
+and deceitful to Europeans! The possession of money is a sure attraction
+for the mandarin vultures; so that beyond the pale of the foreign
+settlements at the treaty ports, throughout the country, every native
+merchant and civilian is bred up to habits of mendacity, and
+particularly to conceal his real income and condition.
+
+The endless ramifications of the Manchoo administrative extend from each
+remote corner of China to the central power; and although every one of
+the myriad feelers sucking away at the substance of the nation (in the
+shape of mandarins, all appointed with merely nominal salary, but given
+_carte blanche_ to obtain emolument after sending an annual stipulated
+sum to the emperor), crams its individual self with spoil, the
+squeezing and contracting of the Manchoo canker feeds the insatiable
+core at Pekin. It is useless to think of curing or mitigating the evil,
+though some have vainly advocated doing so. The only remedy must
+necessarily be a change of dynasty, such as the Ti-pings would certainly
+have effected had they not been wickedly opposed by foreigners. Every
+branch of civil, military, social, political and religious organization
+has become so hopelessly corrupted since the Manchoo era, that any
+attempt to change or improve the deplorable results of their evil rule
+might be carried on _ad infinitum_, only to result in certain failure.
+But one course affords a prospect of cure and a consequent chance of
+happiness for China: that is, a radical change of Government.
+
+Let foreigners be righteous, and permit the native to expel the Tartar;
+and the Chinese, when ruled by Chinese, will become benefited by western
+civilization, and (if the Ti-ping should not become exterminated by
+British intervention) in all probability Christianized.
+
+In striking contrast to the excessively corrupt Imperialist customs, the
+Ti-ping revenue organization was just, regular, and simple. Throughout
+every part of Ti-ping-tien-kwoh but one custom-house was established at
+each town or village where trade was carried on. The rate of tariff has
+always been moderate, and the great advantage of the system consisted in
+being able to clear goods by one payment, upon which a pass would be
+given to take them free of further charge or hindrance to their
+destination. The Ti-ping Government deserved no little credit for the
+simplicity and effectiveness of their Board of Revenue, and it is mainly
+due to that branch of their administration that the valuable silk trade
+_increased_ and continued progressing so favourably during their
+possession of the producing districts.
+
+Not only can all who have traded at Nankin testify to the entire
+superiority of the Ti-ping custom-house, but many silk and tea merchants
+now revelling in England have to thank the admirable regulations and
+forbearance of the revolutionists for their well-lined pockets. Every
+customs establishment in the late Ti-ping territory was composed of a
+superintendent, several deputies, and a very efficient staff of
+surveyors, clerks, and weighers, and at places frequented by Europeans,
+one or more interpreters were always found. Rice and other grain were
+quite free of duty, and that upon dried and preserved provisions was
+very low. All other produce and general merchandise were moderately
+taxed, either by tariff or _ad valorem_. Such were the regulations,
+which were not (like the Imperialist maritime customs) simply binding
+upon foreign goods, but were applicable in an equal degree to the
+property of natives.
+
+Before putting into execution the design I had formed to depart suddenly
+from Nankin, D., an old friend of mine, arrived from Hankow, where he
+was established as the principal partner of a large mercantile firm. He
+brought several vessels to trade with the city, and he came to an
+arrangement by which he was to sail with Captain P., and another
+European as mate, in our lorcha _Anglo Ti-ping_, the latter to convoy
+his junks and our old one. D. was a perfect Chinese linguist, and to him
+I am indebted for much valuable information.
+
+I waited until P., in charge of the lorcha and her consorts, had sailed
+up the river to obtain cargoes of rice, edible oil, bacon, salt fish,
+and other articles of consumption, and then prepared to leave the city.
+
+During a few days I sent Phillip and L. into the country to buy some
+horses, and at last, together with our own, managed to muster fourteen
+strong animals, which were then stabled at a remote part of the city,
+close to the north-east gate. Since the return of my friend and
+companion L., we had successfully concealed his presence from the female
+part of the Chung-wang's household, with one exception, and by this
+_ruse_ he had obtained several interviews with the lady of his
+affections, the (according to his idea) incomparable Cum-ho. The result
+of these meetings soon transpired.
+
+At length the day came, the close of which was settled for our exit from
+Nankin. Six picked men, belonging to an artillery corps we had formed of
+some of the Chung-wang's troops, were selected to accompany myself and
+comrades. The horses were particularly attended to, and our weapons were
+well cleaned and then carefully loaded, for danger had warned us against
+the risk of rusty locks and carelessly charged fire-arms. When all had
+been arranged, L. informed me that he had determined to carry Cum-ho,
+who had agreed to elope with him, to Hang-chow, and so induce her father
+to sanction their marriage. I found it impossible to dissuade him from
+doing so, and he assured me that the lady's mind was equally decided;
+therefore, much as I feared the affair would injure our satisfactory and
+friendly relations with the Chung-wang, I had no choice but to accede.
+Cum-ho, in order to find an opportunity to join us, had paid a visit to
+the Ying-wang's ladies, and as their dwelling was close by, she was only
+accompanied by her own female attendant.
+
+Just when the shadows of evening were cast in long dark lines from the
+tall battlements and high pagodas of the city, we prepared to assemble
+at the appointed rendezvous. Phillip, with the six Ti-ping soldiers, I
+sent on to the stables, while L., with our boy As-sam, waited outside
+the Ying-wang's palace for Miss Cum-ho; and I, taking A-ling, my trusty
+interpreter, joined Marie in the Chung-wang's gardens. As the hour fixed
+upon for a general meet drew near, myself and party, each carrying a
+small quantity of baggage, left the gardens by a small door and
+proceeded to the somewhat distant stables. Upon reaching the rendezvous,
+I found Phillip had brought his wife with him, and also another horse
+for her use. We had not long to wait for L., who, with his fair runaway
+and her maid, arrived soon after myself. The horses were now led forth,
+and we, numbering fifteen persons, having mounted, the word was given to
+spur and away.
+
+Upon reaching the city gate we were detained for a long while by the
+warder, in consequence of the late hour, although I had taken care to
+provide myself with the requisite pass from the proper authority to
+permit my egress or ingress at any time. At last the surly guardians of
+the portal turned out, shuffling their clothes about their backs with a
+style peculiar to the Chinese, who generally sleep quite naked, and have
+a curious way of drawing their arms from the sleeves of their clothing
+when dressed, and shrugging them up next their body. After the
+shuffling, stocking-pulling, and preliminary spitting (a great and
+indispensable habit with Chinamen), had partially subsided, the sleepy
+guards managed to draw back sundry huge wooden bars, to undo any amount
+of rusty locks and bolts, and then the massive doors creaked slowly
+open. While the gates of the city clanged together, we set off at a
+gallop for the road leading south, to reach which we turned westward and
+skirted a considerable part of the walls.
+
+Chinese horses, though small, are wonderfully strong and enduring, and
+it was not till the close of the day after our start that we came to a
+regular halt, and only then because our fair companions were fatigued.
+My literally fair readers need not take umbrage at this appellation, for
+yellow-tinted celestial and dusky Portuguese as they were, their beauty
+was undeniable, and their figures such that many a European dame might
+justly envy. The rough riding through the mountain-passes on the
+southern road from Nankin affected our hardy animals but very little;
+and when our camp was pitched for the night under the shelter of the
+wall of a ruined Buddhist temple, and they were picketed in a
+semi-circle around, they set to work cropping the short grass as
+leisurely as though they had just left the stable. We carried three
+tents with our baggage, and these were pitched; one for the women; one
+for my comrades, A-ling, and our boy; and the other for our six men.
+
+A large fire was lighted, and we had nearly finished the supper served
+up by As-sam, when crash came a volley of musketry among us, directed
+from the crest of a small hill directly fronting and overlooking our
+camp at a distance of some eighty or ninety yards. I had stupidly
+neglected to choose the other side of the wall for our resting-place. Of
+course, we instantly started to our feet and snatched up the arms at
+hand, and while the Ti-pings shortened in the tether of our horses,
+forming a close array of the well-trained, docile animals, fastened
+together head and tail, the rest of our party placed the women directly
+under the shelter of the living rampart. These measures were barely
+effected when a body of more than fifty horsemen dashed round the hill
+and charged upon our position. We had no difficulty in discovering them
+to be Ti-pings, and when they came closer we saw the Tsan-wang's son was
+at their head. Their first volley had fortunately been aimed far too
+high; it may be that, fearing to injure the woman he pursued, the chief
+had done this, trusting to cause an alarm, during which he might dash
+forward and carry off the prize. Our reply to the advancing party was
+not so bloodless as the commencement of their attack. My own comrades,
+and even A-ling and As-sam, were capital marksmen, while the six men had
+been selected for their approved courage and the well-known skill so
+peculiar to Chinese when properly instructed.
+
+Every man of our party was armed with either an Enfield or some other
+rifle (two being Sharp's breech-loaders), and all were able to use them
+with deadly accuracy; therefore, the number of the approaching foe gave
+us but little dread, especially as we saw they were armed only with
+short European-made double-barrelled guns and Chinese matchlocks. We
+waited until they had galloped to within twenty yards, but receiving
+only the war cry, "Tah! Tah!" in reply to our challenge, we then took
+steady aim, and commenced firing upon them by successive volleys from
+each half of our number. The affair was settled in a moment almost. The
+leader and half a dozen of his men, with twice that number of horses,
+were quickly rolling on the turf, for at that short distance the
+difficulty would have been to miss them with our rifles. When their
+charge was entirely repulsed we ceased firing, a dozen men came forward
+on foot and carried off their fallen comrades and chief, and then they
+all slowly disappeared in the direction of Nankin. During their advance
+they had kept up an irregular fire, which, with the exception of grazing
+the other arm of our boy, As-sam (one had been wounded at the Mud Fort),
+and shooting away the ear of one of our horses, did no damage.
+
+Upon the fortunate termination of the skirmish we dispatched the
+remainder of our supper, turned in for the night upon the opposite side
+of the wall, and kept three men on sentry till morning. Upon resuming
+our journey, we soon came to a rich and thickly-populated country, and
+during the next few days, while traversing the silk districts from end
+to end, along the eastern shore of the Ta-hoo lake, _viâ_ the city of
+Soo-chow, Kia-shing-foo, and the Grand Canal, I particularly noticed the
+vast improvement that had taken place since my first visit to Soo-chow
+some eight months ago. Everywhere around the traces of war (always
+excepting the demolished Buddhist temples) had disappeared before the
+progress of peace and plenty; and although I may be accused of
+exaggeration, I do not hesitate to affirm that the establishment of
+Ti-ping supremacy and administration over these, the most valuable
+districts of China, had restored them to prosperity and happiness in a
+shortness of time hitherto unparalleled in the case of either Chinese or
+any other civil war desolation.
+
+Although during my previous visit I had seen amply sufficient to
+undeceive me as to the wickedly false allegations of Ti-ping
+devastations, &c., still I was hardly prepared for the flourishing state
+in which I found the _settled_ territory of the revolutionists. I knew
+that the export of silk within the current year (1861) had already
+increased to upwards of 20,000 bales more than during the corresponding
+period of last year (when till May the districts were under Imperialist
+rule); but then I imagined the great increase might be due to the wish
+of holders to realize. I found, upon the contrary, that the improvement
+was entirely due to the Ti-ping occupation. In less than two years the
+districts under Ti-ping jurisdiction had produced silk representing a
+sum of not less than £3,000,000 per annum more than previously! At each
+of the many villages and at every peasant's cot, the happy-looking
+people were engaged tending their silkworms for winter, reeling the last
+cocoons, or tilling their fields.
+
+Great as the prosperity of the country seemed, there was something even
+more gratifying and interesting in the changed appearance and
+disposition of the people. All the unfavourable characteristics of the
+Manchoo-oppressed Chinese had vanished, and their natural character was
+manifested in a way which illustrated their candour, hospitality to
+foreigners, and native good temper.
+
+After a twelve days' journey, the later part of the time in large canal
+boats, we arrived within a day's march of Hang-chow. Leaving the water
+route, we disembarked our horses and set forward in the direction of the
+provincial capital, guided by the continual booming of heavy guns. Upon
+reaching the crest of some high ground, the city lay before us in the
+clear frosty air of a fine December morning. But, as we find the case
+every day, the beauty of nature was marred by the passions and strife of
+mankind. The extensive city was in flames in several quarters, and the
+dense columns of smoke shrouded as with a pall the slaughter taking
+place beneath. As we rode forward through the beautiful neighbouring
+country, we were enabled gradually to discern dark masses of troops
+rushing forward against the city amid the constant roar of artillery and
+the rattling crash of smaller arms. It was evident that we had arrived
+at the moment of a grand assault by the Ti-ping forces.
+
+As our soldiers each declared that the Chung-wang's head-quarters were
+to the west of the city, we made a considerable detour in that
+direction. We had not proceeded far when a disorderly crowd came in
+sight, hurrying away from the city. Directly they observed my party, the
+greater number turned off and precipitately fled in another line of
+retreat. As those who stood their ground were making ready with spears
+and gingalls to give us a warm reception, and as we were not out like a
+parcel of knights errant seeking adventure and fighting from pure love,
+we wisely followed those who ran away, and succeeded in catching one of
+the hindermost, to question as to the state of affairs in the city. At
+first the man was terribly frightened, and we could make nothing of him;
+then he became still more alarmed, and we found out all we wished. His
+fear was the usual one accompanying the flight of disorganized
+_undisciplined_ troops, which with Chinese becomes a wild panic; not
+because the men fear death, for no people can meet it with the stolidity
+and callousness with which they will suffer execution and torture, but
+from the simple fact that they are not sufficiently disciplined to know
+how to be killed in an orderly manner on the field of battle. They see a
+chance of escape, and on one taking it the whole follow like a flock of
+sheep.
+
+Having ascertained from our prisoner, who with his friends were all
+Imperialist soldiery from the garrison of Hang-chow, that the Ti-pings
+had just captured the city, we set him at liberty, and then galloped for
+the west gate. On the way we passed many fugitives fleeing in every
+direction. Upon reaching the rear of the Ti-ping lines of
+circumvallation, we found them almost denuded of troops, the few
+remaining being fully occupied in guarding prisoners. We soon found the
+Commander-in-Chief's head-quarters, but no Chung-wang was there. The
+scanty number of soldiers on guard were in a great state of excitement
+about the success of the siege, and we managed to elicit from them that
+the Chung-wang had entered the city with his whole force, and was now
+engaged attacking the Tartar quarter, an _imperium in imperio_, city
+within city, being protected by its own walls, and with a central
+citadel towering above all. Leaving the women in a house protected by
+the main guard, with the remainder of my party I rode towards the city.
+Upon entering by the nearest gate, we found the streets unoccupied,
+except by the bodies of the slain; but the noise of battle guided us to
+the spot where living men were busily engaged increasing the number of
+the dead and dying.
+
+Hang-chow, cut off from all communication with the outside world, every
+line of supply severed by the besiegers, and famine raging among the
+unfortunate garrison and inhabitants, fell to the investing army upon
+the 29th of December, 1861. Early on that day the Chung-wang had
+commenced a grand assault, conducted upon each gate of the city. After a
+fiercely contested fight, the assaulting columns having gained some
+advantages at the south and east gates, the Chinese portion of the
+defenders at those points surrendered, probably induced to take that
+step by the very short rations to which they had been reduced. When the
+gates had been given up, the Ti-ping troops poured into the city with
+such ardour that the Tartar bannermen were quickly driven within their
+inner defence. Hundreds of the miserable citizens of the provincial
+capital were starved to death during the siege, hundreds more, with
+their families, committed suicide. The nature of war in China has
+usually been so merciless, and the conduct of victorious troops at the
+capture of a city so outrageous, that in many cases during the civil
+war, and the wars with Great Britain, the people, probably imbued with a
+dread of these consequences, have committed wholesale suicide when they
+were not in the slightest danger of being molested.
+
+I managed to find the Chung-wang just in time to join the last attack
+upon the inner or Tartar city. The Commander-in-Chief, surrounded by his
+officers, received myself and friends with evident signs of
+satisfaction. His men had just been repulsed by the Manchoo troops, who
+were fighting with the greatest bravery and determination. The Ti-pings
+had eight or nine pieces of artillery turned against the wall of the
+inner city; but these were established in one position, firing point
+blank upon the rampart, so that when the assaulting parties moved
+forward the guns became useless. I instantly advised the Chung-wang to
+move two or three guns away upon each flank, so as to enfilade the
+parapet and protect the advance of his stormers. This was quickly done,
+and upon joining the leaders of the next assault, we had the
+satisfaction to find it successful. The Tartar bannermen retreated to
+the citadel in the centre of their city, fighting to the very last,
+assisted by their women, who fought with them like men, and one of whom
+inflicted a severe spear-wound upon Ling-ho, a Ti-ping general, when he
+would have saved her life. The greater portion of the Chinese troops
+garrisoning Hang-chow were captured, but the Manchoos fell almost to the
+last man. Their loss during the capture of the city was very great, and
+when at length they were driven into their citadel, Luy, their general,
+blew the remnant into the air, the entire Tartar force, men, women, and
+children, perishing in the ruins.
+
+After the capture of Hang-chow, the anti-Ti-pings, who were in the habit
+of howling over Ti-ping atrocities, though oblivious to those of the
+Manchoo, indulged their distorted though vivid imaginations by
+inveighing against such indiscriminate slaughter. It is true that a
+great loss of life occurred, but not a man fell except in battle,
+neither were any non-combatants killed except by starvation or their own
+hands. It is a singular fact that those who have been loudest to exclaim
+against Ti-ping cruelty, have always delighted in Imperialist
+barbarities and success, the words being synonymous.
+
+When the last note of conflict had died away, and the Chung-wang had
+fixed his head-quarters within the city, I broached the subject of his
+daughter's presence and her attachment to my friend. The time was
+propitious, for it was the moment of a great triumph, and I suppose it
+had put the Ti-ping generalissimo into an immensely good and benevolent
+frame of mind, for he simply expressed his intention to take her back to
+Nankin, and settle the affair upon our return to that city. In the
+evening Cum-ho waited upon her father, having taken up her quarters with
+the rest of our feminine fellow travellers in a house close to the large
+building occupied by himself and staff.
+
+On the morning of the first day of the new year, a large body of the
+army was dispatched in the direction of Shanghae, under the command of
+the Shi-wang, with orders to occupy every town and village up to the
+walls of that port, and then to open negotiations with the British and
+other authorities, who had so unjustly assumed to themselves the right
+of holding a Chinese city for the Manchoo against the Chinese patriots.
+During the next few weeks the Chung-wang busied himself establishing the
+different offices of Ti-ping Government in Hang-chow, and completing his
+plans for the occupation and retention of the remainder of the provinces
+of Kiang-su and Che-kiang. At length the Commander-in-Chief, seldom more
+than a month in any city (during his remarkably energetic and rapid
+conduct of the Ti-ping operations), took his departure for Nankin, there
+to mature further tactics as to the mode of prosecuting the war against
+the Manchoo, and also to consult with his king the Tien-wang, and
+receive further commands.
+
+I had ample opportunity to notice the exceeding popularity the
+Chung-wang had attained among the country people, for everywhere we
+passed they turned out to welcome his arrival, and all I questioned
+declared him to be a good and just man, who respected and protected the
+rights of the meanest peasant of the land. Many of the Ti-ping chiefs
+were popular with the civilians, some were disliked, all were considered
+better than the Manchoo, but none were so beloved as the Chung-wang.
+Before the troops had been marched towards Shanghae, a day of
+thanksgiving was held at Hang-chow; and although the motive of the
+Ti-ping is that of justice and Christianity, I could not help thinking
+of the similar practice among Europeans, who never fail to return thanks
+to God for triumph over their weaker brethren, whether their cause be
+righteous or quite the reverse.
+
+On our march to Nankin, the Chung-wang took a route which embraced all
+the principal cities captured during the last year, including Hoo-chow,
+Kar-shing-foo, Soo-chow, Wo-kong, Quin-san, Tat-san, &c., and at each
+thanksgivings were offered up for the late important success. About this
+time the Commander-in-Chief committed his first great error. His mistake
+consisted in breaking up a large proportion of his forces into garrisons
+for the numerous walled cities in Ti-ping possession, and in moving the
+rest of his troops to other quarters.[3] It is true, he had nothing to
+fear from the enemy, all their armies in the field (with the exception
+of those operating against the Ying-wang, on the line of the Yang-tze
+river, above Nankin) having been utterly dispersed; but no preparation
+whatever was made to resist the probable hostility of England and
+France, beyond such defence as the widely separated fortified towns
+might be able to make. This neglect, when the British scheme of
+intervention came into full play, proved fatal to the welfare of
+Ti-pingdom. City after city was captured in detail by British
+_artillery_ and troops; when, had the patriots only concentrated their
+numerous but greatly scattered forces, the result might have proved very
+different. I wearied myself, the Chung-wang, and many other chiefs, by
+continually representing the danger in case of foreign hostility (which
+I felt certain would be the result of Lord Elgin's policy in China), but
+the poor Ti-pings seemed infatuated, and resolutely refused to believe
+that the unbrotherly so-called "foreign brethren" entertained such
+perfectly unprovoked and cruel intentions. Fatally have they been
+undeceived! Deeply responsible have England and France become for the
+consequences!
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[3] This was, however, in accordance with the Tien-wang's orders.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+    Earl Russell's Despatch.--Its Effect.--"Taking the
+    Offensive."--Official Reports.--General Staveley.--Attacks the
+    Ti-pings.--General Ward.--Hope and Ward repulsed.--Che-poo
+    attacked.--Its Capture.--Loot Regulations.--Kah-ding
+    attacked.--Its Capture.--Ti-ping Loss.--Newspaper
+    Comments.--Tsing-poo besieged.--Inside the City.--Ti-ping
+    Losses.--Na-jaor besieged.--Cho-lin besieged.--Ti-ping
+    Bravery.--Cho-lin captured.--The Chung-wang.--Kah-ding
+    evacuated.--Consul Harvey's Despatch.--Despatch
+    reviewed.--Ningpo threatened.--Captain Dew at Ning-po.--His
+    Despatch.--The Reply.--Captain Dew's Rejoinder.--Preparation to
+    attack Ning-po.--Captain Dew's Inconsistency.--His
+    Ultimatum.--Official Despatches.--Ning-po attacked.--Ning-po
+    evacuated.--Newspaper Reports.
+
+
+After hostilities had been commenced by Admiral Hope, and upon hearing
+of the capture of Ningpo by the Ti-pings, Earl Russell endorsed the
+violation of British faith by approving the hostile maintenance of
+Shanghae and the other treaty ports against the Ti-ping belligerents, in
+the following despatch to the Admiralty, dated, "Foreign Office, March
+11, 1862":--
+
+    "I have, therefore, to signify to your Lordships the Queen's
+    commands that Vice-Admiral Hope should be instructed to defend
+    Shanghae, and to protect the other treaty ports not in the hands
+    of the rebels, so far as it is in the power of Her Majesty's
+    _naval forces_ to do so."
+
+Before, however, these instructions were received (they bearing date
+March 11, and occupying at least three months in reaching Mr. Bruce at
+Pekin, and being by him communicated to Admiral Hope at Shanghae), the
+war was carried far into the interior and thoroughly established,
+although, in the first instance, it had been pretended that the
+operations were only undertaken in defence of Shanghae.
+
+Mr. Bruce having stated his opinion by the following passage in a
+despatch, dated March 4, 1862:--"Shanghae is threatened, and its
+supplies cut off, and the insurgents will be emboldened by our
+passiveness and their success at Ningpo to press us still closer. I have
+stated to Sir J. Hope that, in my opinion, we are perfectly justified in
+taking the offensive against the insurgents;"--Lord Russell again
+approves of the disobedience of his former orders, by stating in a
+despatch, dated "Foreign Office, June 2, 1862:--"I have to convey to you
+my approval of the views expressed in your despatch of the 4th of March,
+with regard to the course to be pursued towards the Taepings." This
+sanction for the British authorities in China to take "the offensive"
+was, of course, tantamount to a declaration of war against the
+revolutionists; yet Earl Russell and his co-adjutors preferred working
+in secrecy, the approval of Parliament was not sought, neither did Her
+Majesty's Ministers ever deign to trouble themselves by announcing their
+policy. This, however, can hardly be a matter of surprise, considering
+that they had no _casus belli_ to set forward as a justification--the
+multitude of excuses sent home by those who violated solemn pledges in
+China no more constituting one than a number of petty faults would
+justify hanging a man in England.
+
+Admiral Hope having reported his breach of faith and neutrality by the
+murderous raid upon Kao-kiau, which he termed "certain _moral_ support;"
+and having requested the shadow of the Ministers' countenance and
+support in these words, "I therefore strongly recommend that the French
+and English commanders should be required by yourself and M. Bourboulon
+to free the country from the rebels within a line commencing at Kading
+on the Yang-tze above Woo-sung, through Tsing-poo to Sung-kong on the
+Woo-sung river, and thence across to a walled town opposite on the
+Yang-tze;" he received full approval from Mr. Bruce to continue as he
+had commenced, at his own goodwill and pleasure.
+
+In his despatch, authorizing the very course he had previously stated
+would be more calculated than any other "to lower our national
+reputation," Mr. Bruce, with his usual bad memory and inconsistent
+policy, states of Ti-pingdom and the people "that its sources are
+exhausted; that neither money nor supplies are to be drawn from the
+_deserts_ to which the provinces overrun by them are reduced;"
+completely oblivious of the "85,000 bales" of silk he had declared, only
+a few months previous, were drawn from the producing districts--the
+_deserts_ of his vivid though forgetful imagination.
+
+The report of the Admiral and the reply of the Minister each discuss the
+radius project shortly established against the Ti-ping belligerent only,
+and the further increase and support of Ward's and fresh legions of
+mercenaries. This is the first official mention of those now notorious
+schemes.
+
+When the Kao-kiau massacre, the radius plan, and the organization of
+foreign-disciplined filibustering corps, _à la_ Ward, were reported to
+him, Earl Russell again followed the path already laid out by his
+subordinates in China--a system of policy that could not be defended on
+principle, and still worse in execution.[4] The officials in China
+always acted directly against the spirit and letter of their _public_
+instructions; then reported what they had done, and obtained the
+sanction of the British Government.
+
+Admiral Hope, immediately upon receiving the support of Mr. Bruce,
+gathered together his well-armed sailors and marines, his big guns and
+his little guns, and, assisted by the French Admiral, Protet, and
+Brigadier-general Staveley in command of the British troops, eagerly
+continued "taking the offensive" against the badly-armed Ti-pings. The
+war upon those to whom England was pledged to observe neutrality--a war
+never stated to the British Parliament--and, moreover, a war never even
+declared to the Ti-pings themselves, was rapidly prosecuted. General
+Staveley having assumed chief command of the allied Anglo-Franco-Manchoo
+filibuster operations, did so entirely against the spirit of the orders
+of his Government, for not until some months later did the approval of
+Admiral Hope's conduct (bearing date, "Foreign Office, June 12, 1862")
+reach China, and even these instructions only referred to the _naval
+expeditions_, already authorized by the despatch of March 11, 1862.
+
+Mr. Bruce admits this in a despatch to General Staveley, dated "Pekin,
+April 23, 1862," although at the same time he prompts him to join the
+Admiral's raids. He thus states:--
+
+    "It is clear that, at that date, Her Majesty's Government had
+    not resolved on doing more than aiding in the defence of the
+    treaty ports by means of the naval forces on the station."
+
+Now, it is utterly impossible that Mr. Bruce can have received the
+instructions to _employ_ the naval force so soon as the 23rd of April.
+The first despatch of Lord Russell, authorizing Admiral Hope to defend
+the treaty ports against the Ti-pings bears date March 11, and has
+already been noticed; but even supposing it left England on the same
+day, it could not have reached Pekin when Admiral Hope and General
+Staveley had taken the offensive, and made incessant attacks upon every
+Ti-ping position within some thirty miles of Shanghae. The last
+instructions from Earl Russell were those suppositional ones, dated 7th
+September, 1861:--
+
+    "It _might_ be expedient to defend the treaty ports, _if_ the
+    Chinese Government would consent not to use them."
+
+Referring back to the only definite order of Her Majesty's Government at
+the time of the unparalleled breaches of neutrality, we find it to be
+that bearing date August 8, 1861:--
+
+    "Her Majesty's Government desire to maintain, as they have done
+    hitherto, _neutrality_ between the two contending parties in
+    China."
+
+Thus, it cannot fail to be seen that hostilities were established
+against the Ti-pings, not only in violation of the pledged faith of
+England, but also in direct opposition to the _public_ orders of her
+Government. Eventually the Government sanctioned and authorized a
+continuance of these raids, although they carefully avoided making any
+straightforward announcement of their policy. Their plan was always to
+approve the aggressive action of the officials in China, but never to
+order them publicly. The despatches approving General Staveley's
+unjustifiable attack upon innocent men respectively bear date--"Foreign
+Office, July 7, 1862," and "War Office, July 23." These documents,
+however, which take the odium and responsibility of the massacres from
+the active agents, and place them upon the British nation, could not
+have reached Pekin, and been communicated to the naval and military
+commanders at Shanghae, until late in September. We shall see what
+unauthorized and unnecessary hostilities were perpetrated previous to
+their arrival.
+
+General Staveley, having assumed the principal command of the raiding
+expeditions, finding that the friendly Ti-pings would not come and fight
+him, went to fight them. Upon the 3rd of April a strong force of 2,207
+British and French troops, with naval detachments under command of
+Admirals Hope and Protet, and thirteen pieces of artillery, moved out
+from Shanghae to continue "taking the offensive." The place doomed to
+destruction was a large, and for Chinese warfare, strong, entrenched
+Ti-ping camp at Wong-ka-dza, garrisoned by about 4,000 men. After a hot
+day's march, the whole force, including some hundreds of Imperialists
+dragging the guns, carrying portable bridges, extra loads of ammunition,
+and every requisite appliance of modern warfare, arrived at a deserted
+village within twelve miles from Shanghae, and about two from the
+Ti-ping camp. Here they encamped for the night. Early on the following
+morning the combined forces,[5] taking advantage of the cover afforded
+by a thick mist, moved on the position of the Ti-pings, establishing
+themselves within a few hundred yards of the defences just as the fog
+cleared away. The entrenched camp consisted of some ten or twelve
+stockades, each surrounded by a ditch, yet communicating with the
+others. The Ti-pings, as usual, waited for those they invariably looked
+upon as "foreign brethren" to take the offensive. They had not long to
+wait. Having taken up a position fairly within range of their Enfield
+rifles and artillery, but safely out of range of the useless gingalls
+and matchlocks of the Ti-pings, the "foreign brethren" opened a
+murderous fire upon the line of entrenchments. The devoted defenders
+replied as well they could, without artillery or effective fire-arms,
+and bravely held their stockades for nearly an hour, amid the storm of
+shrapnel-shell, rifle-balls, &c., poured in upon them with terrible
+effect. At length the irresistible foreign artillery drove them from the
+stockades with heavy loss, and played upon their retreating columns with
+deadly accuracy. During the attack and retreat the Ti-pings lost upwards
+of 600 killed and wounded (the wounded falling into the hands of the
+Imperialists were all put to death), while the allies had _one_ man
+killed and another wounded.
+
+Admiral Hope, who grounded his precious _casus belli_ upon the
+_possible_ destruction of supplies _by the Ti-pings_, states in his
+report of this and the following actions:--
+
+    "All these camps, which contained large quantities of rice
+    collected from the surrounding country, were burnt, AND THE
+    GRAIN DESTROYED."
+
+A few days before the attack upon Wong-ka-dza, H.M. gunboat _Flamer_
+attacked and destroyed a fleet of 300 Ti-ping boats, "_deeply laden with
+rice and live stock_." Who, then, proved to be the devastator and
+marauder; the uncivilized Chinese, or the civilized Christian? Yet the
+principal pretence given for attacking the Ti-pings was that they
+_might_ do what Admiral Hope and his colleagues so effectually _did_.
+
+After chasing the fugitives so long as the Enfield would reach them, the
+allied force gave up the pursuit, and retired to the village of Che-poo,
+where they had rested the previous night. Meanwhile, those who escaped
+from this slaughter met with another enemy, in the shape of a strong
+contingent of the filibuster Ward's disciplined Chinese. This ally of
+Admiral Hope, chagrined at having lost this opportunity, determined to
+attack another fortified camp with his own men. The position assigned to
+this respectable person during the first engagement was to cut off and
+kill the Ti-pings as they fled from the fire of the British and French
+artillery. Fortunately for those unoffending people he arrived too late.
+When he did honour his worthy friends with his presence, history telleth
+not whether they were tired, or engaged looting, or making merry; but
+certain it is that they let him make his attack unassisted, except by
+Admiral Hope.
+
+This PAR NOBILE, on valorous deeds intent, heedless alike of mud, heat,
+and fatigue, marched for several miles by intricate pathways, through
+creeks, ditches, and swampy paddy-fields, to the rebel camp near the
+village of Lu-ka-kong; and elated, doubtless, by the Admiral's narration
+of his chivalrous deeds at Wong-ka-dza, and assured by his loss of only
+one man, halted in front of the Ti-ping stockade.
+
+Drawing his mercenary sword, and brushing back the Yankee locks, General
+Ward gave the word to assault in a tone of assured victory. The
+disciplined Chinamen, led by their foreign officers, rushed forward
+bravely enough; but the Ti-pings had not been half destroyed by shot and
+shell; neither at that time had they lost their best troops in conflict
+with the British and French, nor the moral effect of their former
+triumphs. Consequently, after three attempts to storm the stockade, when
+five officers and seventy men were placed _hors de combat_, Admiral Hope
+advanced to call off the men, and was rewarded with a Ti-ping bullet
+lodged in the calf of his leg. Ward, having none of the resistless
+artillery to mow down the patriotic Ti-pings, found them more than a
+match for his men--disciplined, led by foreigners, and well armed as
+they were. A retreat was therefore sounded, and the British Admiral was
+ignominiously carried away upon a litter borne by sundry cursing
+Celestials.
+
+To avenge the glaring insult and audacity of those rebels who had dared
+to deposit a bullet in the calf of a leg of a British Admiral, who was
+doing his utmost to kill them, the next morning the allied forces
+brought their artillery to bear, and without a single casualty succeeded
+in driving the Ti-pings from this and several neighbouring
+entrenchments, killing some 300, and burning and destroying the large
+quantities of grain, as stated by Admiral Hope. Not only in this
+instance, but very many others, the allies acted with far more wanton
+destructiveness than ever the Ti-pings did.
+
+The next attack upon the Ti-pings by the gallant allies came off on the
+17th of April. Upon this occasion the redoubtable Admiral was unable to
+act, in consequence of his injured limb. The place at which the combined
+English, French, and mercenaries gathered fresh (Chinese) laurels, was
+the village of Che-poo, with its defences, situated about 18 miles S.E.
+of Shanghae. The attacking force mustered some 2,500 strong, with 14
+pieces of artillery, the whole commanded by General Staveley and Admiral
+Protet, assisted by Captain Borlase, R.N., and the filibuster Ward.[6]
+These troops were embarked in a flotilla of British and French gunboats,
+and carried up the Shanghae river, to cause as much devastation and
+bloodshed as they had already created elsewhere.
+
+It was a splendid morning, and the landscape seemed beautiful, as the
+troops, after landing in the neighbourhood of Chee-poo, marched forward
+on their mission. Through fields rich with the ungathered crops, which
+it was pretended the Ti-pings might devastate, over seven or eight miles
+of smiling and profusely-cultivated country they wound their way. Upon
+arriving within a mile of the village, they halted for their guns to
+come up, and rested preparatory to the coming attack.
+
+The guns having arrived, at 2 p.m. were in position, and opened a most
+destructive fire at 500 yards, and in half an hour the rebels were in
+full retreat. The poor fellows endeavoured to face the overwhelming hail
+of shot and shell; and, as one official report states, "returned a
+desultory fire, _but without doing any mischief_, while the allies made
+dreadful havoc amongst them." Driven from their works by the
+irresistible artillery, the Ti-pings retreated in three columns in the
+direction of the walled city, Chan-za, when, as the official report
+states, "the Royal artillery and naval guns were brought to bear upon
+the retreating mass with terrible effect." The loss of the Ti-pings, out
+of a total strength of less than 4,000, amounted to more than 600 killed
+and 300 taken prisoners, who were, of course, cruelly executed by the
+Manchoo mandarins; the allied loss was _nil_!
+
+The Ti-pings had not expected any attack upon that day, and when the
+camp was entered, their dinners were found smoking in the cups, while
+half-finished letters were lying on the chiefs' table.
+
+The report published in the _Shanghae Daily Shipping List_ states:--
+
+    "As the houses were _ransacked_, great quantities of valuable
+    jewels, gold, silver, dollars, and costly dresses were found,
+    which was fair (?) _loot_ to the officers and men. One
+    blue-jacket found 1,600 dollars, and several soldiers upwards of
+    500 each, while many picked up gold bangles, earrings, and other
+    ornaments and pearls set with precious stones. _It was a
+    glorious day of looting for everybody_, and we hear that one
+    party, who discovered the Ti-ping treasury chest with several
+    thousand dollars in it, after loading himself to his heart's
+    content, was obliged to give some of them away to lighten his
+    pockets, which were heavier than he could well bear--a marked
+    case of _l'embarras des richesses_. The rebel stud of ponies was
+    well supplied also, and many of the soldiers rode back with
+    their booty."
+
+All this _looting_ and butchery of unresisting men (it would be absurd
+to term the defence of the Ti-pings, resulting in one Englishman
+wounded, but hundreds of themselves killed--a resistance according to
+military _parlance_) was executed, we must particularly remember,
+because their cause, which had for its sole object expulsion of the
+foreign Manchoo and establishment of Christianity, _might_ interfere
+with British commercial interests, and that "temporary one arising out
+of the indemnities!"
+
+The _Shanghae Daily Shipping List_, just quoted from, was the paid
+official organ of the British Government, and when it stated the above,
+it may easily be imagined what the disgraceful scene really was. This
+journal, under a variety of style and title, has been repeatedly quoted
+in the Blue Books upon China, issued by Her Majesty's Government, as the
+opinion of the press in China. Its truthfulness may fairly be estimated
+from the following comparison of a statement which appeared in its
+columns upon the massacre at Wong-ka-dza, and another upon the one at
+Che-poo. Both places are situated in the same tract of country, and only
+a few miles apart. In its detail of the first affair, the official
+organ, speaking of the slaughter of the Ti-pings, terms it:--
+
+    "A just retaliation on those wretches who had made their smiling
+    land _a scene of misery and desolation_."
+
+Reporting the second affair, it states:--
+
+    "_The aspect of the country looked charming_, as the expedition
+    threaded its way among _cultivated fields covered with the green
+    crops_ sown by the industrious inhabitants."
+
+Like all other unscrupulous sources of opposition to the revolutionists,
+the _Shanghae Daily Shipping List_ is sufficiently condemned by its own
+words. It needeth not a partizan to advocate Ti-pingdom; any person not
+blinded by prejudice or dollars, and who will take the trouble to study
+both sides of the question with proverbial English fair-play, cannot
+fail to become favourably interested in the insurgents, simply through
+the rabid diatribes which prove the bigotry of opponents and the
+inadvertent contradictions which prove their falseness.
+
+In order to avoid quarrelling about the plunder, General Staveley and
+the Admirals entered into the following agreement with regard to the
+future freebooting exploits. Immediately after the heavily laden heroes,
+sailors, soldiers, marines, and all had deposited their _loot_ in safe
+quarters, the triumviri, in solemn conclave, assembled upon the 22nd of
+April, and made the following formal regulations:--
+
+    "Previous to the capture of Kah-ding and the other towns from
+    the rebels, proper arrangements shall be made ... to collect
+    whatever may be of value, in order to its fair distribution
+    amongst the troops, to whom the same is to be made known before
+    the commencement of the operations."
+
+Eager to try the merit of their regulated loot hunting, on the 27th of
+April, the allies again set forth to attack the Ti-pings. Upon this
+occasion their looting propensities were indulged in at the town of
+Kah-ding, situate about 30 miles to the N.W. of Shanghae. The allied
+force consisted of nearly 4,000 men, with 30 pieces of artillery,[7]
+assisted by an army of Imperialist _braves_, under the command of Le, a
+Chinese general.
+
+The advance guard of the allies having been arrested by two small
+stockades, defending the water approach to Kah-ding, upon the morning of
+the 29th, the artillery was brought into play and the defenders of the
+outwork driven back upon the city, losing some 50 men during their
+resistance and retreat, the European enemy following in rapid pursuit up
+to the walls of Kah-ding without a single casualty.
+
+The last day of April was spent by the allies in reconnoitering the city
+and landing the heavy guns, which had been brought in boats from
+Shanghae. Before dawn on the morning of May the 1st, the whole of the
+guns were in position, and the troops safely under cover in the ruined
+suburbs, ready to pick off the defenceless Ti-pings with their
+far-reaching rifles. The country traversed during the preceding days is
+thus spoken of in the _China Mail_, a paper bitterly hostile to the
+insurgents:--
+
+    "After marching along a good road, and through _a beautiful
+    country with fine thriving crops_, the troops reached the
+    southern suburb of Kah-ding."
+
+Daylight of the 1st of charming May was ushered in by the roar of a
+large park of foreign artillery. Kah-ding, although a walled town, was
+undefended with cannon, and its garrison of some 5,000 or 6,000 men
+were, for the most part, armed with bamboo spears. The European troops
+having invested three of the city gates, the fourth, the only way of
+retreat for the besieged, was watched by the Imperialist _braves_,
+commissioned to cut up the Ti-pings as they fled from the British and
+French artillery. To the concentrated and terrific fire of thirty pieces
+of large ordnance, the defenders of the city replied with a brisk though
+totally ineffective discharge of gingalls. The storm of iron poured upon
+them soon silenced their fire and drove them from the walls, and with a
+loss of several hundred, they fled from the town, cutting their way
+through the Imperialist troops, who watched their only line of retreat.
+In order to delay the storming of the city, and so afford time for its
+evacuation, a small body of the Ti-ping soldierly nobly remained and
+sacrificed themselves for their comrades. This devoted band, numbering
+about 130, held their post at the south gate, the principal point of
+attack, until the European stormers were on the walls, three little
+2-pound Chinese guns on the gate tower having been worked till the
+parapet, overthrown by the crushing fire of the siege train, fell upon
+and buried the gunners beneath the _débris_.
+
+Driven back by the overwhelming advance of the storming party, the
+heroic few retired to the north gate, through which the garrison had
+made their escape; here to a man they fell, while courageously placing
+themselves between the foe and their retreating comrades. The greater
+number of them were mere boys, and from the richness of their dress,
+evidently of good position among their friends. Three little fellows,
+each armed with a small matchlock, were seen by a friend of mine to rush
+forward directly a large shell would knock down a portion of the parapet
+and fire off their puny weapons at the foe. They were too small to reach
+the loop-holes, and so waited till the 32-pound shot of the besiegers
+made a hole for them to use. To avoid the deadly rifles they never used
+the same hole twice, but nevertheless were all killed, for my friend,
+when passing round the walls, found their bodies lying close together
+and crushed by a mass of fallen stonework.
+
+The _China Mail_, in its account of the assault, states:--
+
+    "The scene was now most picturesque. A shell had set fire to
+    part of the city close at hand; the early morning sun was
+    shining pleasantly upon the fields, _rich with ungathered
+    crops_, and the French band played as the troops scaled the
+    walls."
+
+The loss of the Ti-pings at the capture of Kah-ding was nearly 500
+killed in the city; 2,000 slaughtered while escaping from the murderous
+artillery, by the Manchoo troops under Le, who had the bodies mutilated,
+and offered to produce their ears to General Staveley; and about 1,000
+taken prisoners, who, although captured by the assistance of British
+soldiers, perished in the Manchoo execution shambles.
+
+The stolen property agreement proved very useful at the capture of
+Kan-ding, nearly 200,000 dollars' worth having been seized in that city
+without the loss of a single life to the brave allies.
+
+The _China Mail_, in its issue, "15th May, 1862," although mistakenly
+considering the Ti-ping revenue (obtained from taxation, silk, &c.) as
+"the poor people's property," very rightly condemns the wholesale system
+of brigandage practised by the allies. After referring to the
+"mercenary" and "sordid" nature of the intervention, it states:--
+
+    "There is another matter of regret, and that is, that while we
+    are stigmatizing the rebels as robbers and bandits, we should
+    take their treasures and divide it among ourselves."
+
+Again it continues:--
+
+    "It would be difficult to say which are the more shameless
+    robbers of the two, the Taepings who spoil the people, or the
+    English forces who retake the spoil and share it among
+    themselves, while those originally robbed are famishing in
+    Shanghae. It may well be questioned whether the whole history of
+    warfare can record a parallel example of forgetfulness, utter
+    forgetfulness, of all propriety to this loot-hunting game which
+    Admiral Hope is now engaged in. An expedition against the rebels
+    is now shown to be so harmless to those engaged in it that we
+    may expect to hear of gentlemen giving their wives and sisters a
+    picnic in front of the next town that is besieged, when we have
+    no doubt that much amusement could be had among the engineers
+    and artillery by allowing the girls to point the guns. And this
+    is the sort of warfare in which the heart of the jaded and
+    harassed soldier is to be cheered with _loot_!... There is every
+    reason to believe that England's chivalry is likely to be kept a
+    profound secret from the people of China so long as her affairs
+    are under the present guidance."
+
+Such is the opinion of a journal always hostile to the Ti-pings.
+
+Having loaded their boats with plunder, and placed a garrison of some
+500 European troops in Kah-ding, the British and French warriors
+returned to Shanghae and vain-gloriously displayed their evilly acquired
+riches about the rum-shops of that model settlement, while their worthy
+allies, the _braves_, made a gallant and triumphant entry, with
+trophies of Ti-ping heads, cruelly hacked from the men vanquished by
+British and French artillery. When these heads became unpleasant to
+parade about the foreign settlement, and the _loot_ became exhausted, or
+the allied commanders eager for more, the combined forces were mustered
+together for another desolating raid into a country that would have been
+happy and peaceful but for their wicked interference.
+
+The city of Tsing-poo, situated close upon 32 miles to the west of
+Shanghae, although falsely represented by officialdom as "in the
+neighbourhood," was next selected for sack and pillage.
+
+Starting from Shanghae in British gunboats (which, by the by, always
+returned towing long tiers of loot laden boats) upon the 7th of May, the
+expedition, after being placed in country boats about twenty miles up
+the river, arrived before Tsing-poo on the evening of the second day.
+
+General Staveley was Commander-in-chief, assisted by the French Admiral,
+while the English Admiral, in spite of his wound, was present as an
+admiring non-effective.
+
+The combined force comprised 2,613 British and French troops, with
+nearly forty pieces of artillery; about 1,800 of Ward's filibusters; and
+an Imperialist army of 5,000 to 7,000 men, under their general, Le.[8]
+Tsing-poo was garrisoned by some 4,000 Ti-pings, very few of whom
+escaped.
+
+Before daylight on the 12th of May, the besieging forces, with guns and
+ladders, covering and storming parties, were in position. They moved up
+silently in the dead of night and early morning, and were in their
+places by 4 a.m. Then came a short half-hour of the peculiar suspense
+before battle, while all those valiant British and French well-armed
+troops lay flat on their faces, safely under cover, and breathing not a
+word, for fear the doomed Ti-pings _might_ by a singular piece of good
+fortune manage to hurt some of them. By this time, however, the warm
+summer day was dawning, and the beleaguered garrison, discovering the
+formidable array against them, opened fire with the few small guns they
+possessed, sending their uneven roundshot whizzing over the heads of the
+crouching enemy.
+
+Almost at the same moment the besiegers opened fire from their numerous
+and overwhelming artillery. Armstrong guns, naval 32-pounders, French
+rifled guns and mortars (with one French 68-pounder, rifled piece,
+mounted on board a light draught gunboat) in breaching and enfilading
+batteries, commenced a terrific bombardment of the south gate and wall.
+
+The city, during the night, had been surrounded by the Chinese _braves_;
+no hope of escape presented itself, and the besieged fought as desperate
+men will fight for their lives. Amid the torrent of shells, shrapnel,
+Moorsom, conical, diaphragm, Armstrong, and other scientific engines of
+destruction crashing and continuously exploding among them, they bravely
+stood to their four or five 2-pounders, and resolutely manned their
+walls under the fearful and murderous fire. The poor Ti-pings, in order
+to protect themselves from the irresistible foreign shell, or "twice eye
+shot," as the Cantonese in their _pidgeon_ English term it, had built a
+sort of stockade all round the city wall; this, with the parapet, formed
+a passage, which was covered in with a beamed and tiled roof. Instead of
+affording safety to them, however, this work added to the
+destructiveness of the enemy's fire, though it would have been better
+for the doomed men to have been killed outright by British shot than be
+captured and tortured to death in the execution grounds of the Manchoos.
+A battery of four Armstrong guns enfilading the wall sent almost every
+shell through the roof, to burst between the parapet and stockade,
+thereby inflicting fearful havoc among the crowded defenders.
+
+After about an hour's bombardment, two practicable breaches were
+effected by the besiegers; the English and French storming parties then
+advanced, protected by strong covering parties, who kept up a deadly
+rifle fire on the besieged, while the field-pieces being dragged forward
+enfiladed the parapet and breaches, mowing them down by dozens as they
+courageously crowded behind their broken wall to repel the stormers. The
+two snake flags of the Chief were planted on the summit of the breach,
+while his bravest men surrounding him did their utmost to drive the
+assaulting column back. The carnage at this point was immense; the
+defenders no sooner rushed into view than withering volleys of musketry
+and a storm of grape and canister destroyed them. The principal Ti-ping
+chiefs were killed at the head of their men; still, a smart fire from
+jingalls was kept up till the stormers gained the top of the breach and
+effected a lodgement; and then, it is sufficient to say, the defenders
+were attacked with the British bayonet. Even when driven from the wall,
+several hundred of the Ti-ping soldiery rallied at its foot, and
+fruitlessly sacrificed themselves in attempting to expel the successful
+enemy.
+
+The Ti-pings lost upwards of 1,000 men in their obstinate defence, the
+Allies 2 killed and 10 wounded! About 2,000 were taken prisoners, the
+greater part of whom supplied the Shanghae execution ground, while the
+remnant of the garrison succeeded in cutting their way through the
+hostile lines. Not more than half of the prisoners were fighting men.
+
+Whether the most Christian and civilized allies had not obtained
+sufficient loot, or killed enough fellow-creatures to satisfy them, I am
+unable safely to state, but I opine that in neither particular were they
+satiated. At all events, after sacking Tsing-poo and delivering up their
+unfortunate captives to the tender mercies of the merciless
+Imperialists, General Staveley and his co-adjutors started off in quest
+of further glory, dollars, and Ti-pings. These noble crusaders at
+length came to the fortified village of Na-jaor, where one of the
+_triumviri_ met with his death.
+
+Na-jaor was simply a village, but a wall having been built around it, a
+small outwork erected, and the whole surrounded by dykes and dry
+ditches, with _chevaux de frize_ and pallisades between them, it would
+have been a difficult place to capture without artillery. The outwork
+mounted three small guns, and a few others were divided between the
+usual square flanking defences of a Chinese wall. The garrison of this
+place can scarcely have numbered 1,000, all told.
+
+The Armstrong guns and other artillery of the British and French opened
+fire and shelled the defenders out of the small redoubt, upon the
+afternoon of the 17th of May. While this was going on the garrison of
+the village made a spirited sortie, but, with only an armament of bamboo
+spears and rusty jingalls, were of course driven back with great loss.
+At last the fire of the besieged seemed silenced, while their wall was
+breached and crumbling in every direction. The stormers now rushed
+forward with their usual bravery, sword in hand and bayonet to the
+charge, to assault a Ti-ping post that had been thoroughly shelled for a
+couple of hours, and in which nought but a few frightened fugitives and
+the bodies of the slain were likely to be found. In the case of Na-jaor,
+however, there was more courage required than the attacking force
+imagined, for, instead of finding the walls deserted except by the
+killed and wounded, and the garrison in flight, they were suddenly faced
+by an ambuscade which had been concealed under comparative protection at
+the interior slope of the wall during the bombardment. The British and
+French were rushing forward at the double, their leading files had
+already reached the ditch at the foot of the rampart, when the Ti-pings,
+starting from their cover, remanned the walls and opened a sharp fire
+with jingalls, matchlocks, and the few European-made fire-arms which
+they possessed. Cheering vigorously, or rather yelling, the defenders
+maintained a well-directed fire for some little time, killing the French
+Admiral with a ball through his heart, and wounding about a dozen other
+of the assailants. The allies experienced a momentary check, but the
+whole resistless array of artillery having swept the walls with their
+iron tempest, the storming parties again rushed forward and succeeded in
+establishing themselves upon the walls before the defenders were able to
+re-man them. Then the work of slaughter was continued with the rifle,
+the unwieldy bamboos, with iron spikes at the ends, proving a worse than
+useless defence.
+
+Mercy seems never to have entered into the minds of those Christian
+warriors, who loudly inveighed against the Ti-pings as "bloodthirsty
+monsters," &c., &c.; for when victory crowned their unparalleled feats
+of arms, no effort to save the defenceless and unresisting fugitives was
+ever made, but while those who had thrown down their arms were vainly
+trying to hide or flee from the deadly rifle, or stood blocked in a
+gateway of the tower, the valorous conquerors calmly and easily
+continued to shoot them down so long as they remained within range.
+
+The total loss of the Allies at the capture of Na-jaor was, the French
+Admiral killed, and sixteen men wounded. The Ti-pings left dead at their
+posts, which they had _really_ bravely though fruitlessly striven to
+defend, upwards of 500 men, more than half their whole force. Directly
+the place was fairly in their possession the respectable victors
+dispersed in search of plunder; as one report has it, "looting parties
+were formed, the French looting one half and the English the other."
+
+The ill-gained spoil having been stowed away in the boats, the Allies
+marched on for the next Ti-ping position devoted to destruction, leaving
+a strong detachment in charge of Na-jaor. The place which had now
+attracted the cupidity, love of military _glory_, or some unknown
+sentiment of the Allies, was a small town named Cho-lin, situated about
+six miles from Na-jaor, 26 miles to the S.S.W. of Shanghae, and within
+two miles of the sea.
+
+Having arrived before Cho-lin during the night of May 18, the Allies
+began to establish their powerful batteries, and on the morning of the
+19th opened fire upon the town. The Ti-pings in garrison, some 2,000 or
+3,000 strong, replied to the best of their resources with a few pieces
+of immoveable Chinese artillery, jingalls, and matchlocks. At noon the
+besiegers ceased firing and refreshed themselves with _chow-chow_ and
+brandy. Meanwhile, a Ti-ping chief performed an act of the most daring
+courage with remarkable coolness and audacity. Having observed the
+occupation of the besiegers, this chief, leaving the town by the
+opposite side, made a circuit, and coming upon the rear of the enemy's
+position, calmly rode right through it with a few followers, satisfying
+himself as to their composition and numbers. "Everyone took him for an
+Imperialist and allowed him to pass on. When he got near the town he
+rode for his life, and got to his friends inside the city." So reported
+one of the officers engaged in the attack. Undaunted by the powerful
+artillery and formidable array of the European troops, the Ti-ping chief
+determined to hold and defend his trust against them, even although he
+must have been convinced that he had no effectual means by which he
+could repel or reply to their attack. The day passed on and with it the
+last hope of the beleaguered garrison, who scorned to take advantage of
+the opportunity to evacuate the town and save their lives.
+
+At daylight on the 20th all the Allies' guns, being in position, opened
+fire again, the Armstrong guns and field pieces sweeping the defenders
+from the walls, and the hoarsely-roaring 32's steadily firing to effect
+a breach. Storming, covering, and sharpshooting parties waited around
+the devoted place until the murderous shelling should subdue all
+opposition to their heroic advance. At length, two practicable breaches
+were effected, the enfilading batteries, established on either flank,
+poured their crushing _mitraille_ along the parapet, sweeping away every
+man who dared to show himself, and the assaulting column pushed forward
+to the breaches. The Ti-pings had in this case been able to maintain a
+small number of troops on the wall by means of some ingeniously
+contrived bomb-proofs. A few narrow pits were dug behind the parapet and
+covered in with planks overlaid with earth, under which some hundred or
+two found shelter. When the artillery ceased its fire as the stormers
+mounted the breach, these men made a desperate defence, while the rest
+of the garrison, emerging from their places of concealment, rushed to
+man the walls and assist them. But what could these miserably armed men
+effect against the hundreds of perfectly equipped Europeans pouring over
+their shattered walls? They fell bravely, disputing every inch of
+ground.
+
+The defenders driven from the ramparts or killed, the gallant Allies
+rushed through the small town, _indiscriminately massacring every man,
+woman, and child within its walls_. The Ti-pings had so earnestly
+endeavoured to shut out the besiegers that they had most effectually
+blocked themselves in, and were consequently butchered almost to a man.
+After the massacre was over, an officer of the force, writing to the
+_North China Herald_, stated, "Almost every house we entered contained
+dead and dying men."
+
+The _China Mail_, in its report of the affair, terms it: "A most
+indiscriminate carnage on the part of our Allies at the taking of
+Cho-lin." The _Overland Trade Report_, in its issue of June 10,
+states:--
+
+    "Since the death of Admiral Protet the French troops have been
+    behaving like fiends, killing indiscriminately men, women, and
+    children. Truth demands the confession that British sailors have
+    likewise been guilty of the commission of similar revolting
+    barbarities--not only on the Taepings, but upon the inoffensive
+    helpless country people. It is a most singular circumstance, but
+    no less strange than true, that the Taepings _have never yet
+    committed an act of retaliation_ upon any European who may have
+    fallen into their hands."
+
+Cho-lin captured and the _loot_ safely packed up, the conquerors, who
+only lost _one_ killed and four slightly wounded, proceeded to destroy
+the town itself.
+
+The correspondent of the _North China Herald_, in his report, says:--
+
+    "At two o'clock the order was given to set the city on fire,
+    which was executed with such rapidity that the Sikhs had hardly
+    time to get the ponies out of the town, and most of the last
+    collected had to be abandoned."
+
+The poor horses were admittedly roasted alive; but, when the writer goes
+on to state "a great many dead bodies" were left in the fired city, he
+forgets the wounded and "dying men" whom he found in "almost every
+house," and who no doubt perished in the flames.
+
+With the destruction of Cho-lin the murderous and desolating track of
+the British and French was for a time arrested. Hitherto, without
+exception, they had, in Mohawk Indian style, surprised and captured
+isolated towns and villages. Nothing but the garrisons of these places
+had opposed them. Upon the day of their last exploit, however,
+intelligence reached General Staveley that the Chung-wang, with a large
+army, had taken the field against him, and that Kah-ding was already
+invested, Tsing-poo threatened, and the Imperialist troops everywhere
+flying like chaff before the stormy wind. Hastily returning to Shanghae,
+the authenticity of these reports was at once confirmed by the abject
+state of terror in which the Manchoo authorities were plunged. It
+appeared that, during General Staveley's laurel-gathering exploits,
+nearly the whole available force of Imperialist troops had been
+concentrated upon Kah-ding, and, having moved upon the next Ti-ping
+city, Tat-seang, had been there totally defeated; the fugitives, a few
+hundred out of an army nearly 20,000 strong, having been chased about
+thirty miles, and into the village of Woo-sung under the protection of
+the Allies' artillery.
+
+In consequence of this, and the inability of the Manchoo authorities to
+even garrison the places captured from the patriots by the allied
+forces, General Staveley proceeded to the relief of Kah-ding with a
+strong force of British troops. Upon reaching the village of Na-zain, a
+few miles from the city, they were continually attacked by the Ti-ping
+force investing it. In all these attacks, however, the assailants were
+driven back by rifle and artillery fire with heavy loss, the English
+losing but _one_ Sepoy killed and four wounded. It now appearing that
+the Ti-pings were in the field in force, that the communications of
+Kah-ding were in their hands, and that the towns of Tsing-poo and
+Soon-kong were also invested, General Staveley decided upon evacuating
+Kah-ding; and, pending the arrival of reinforcements, discontinuing his
+raids upon the Ti-ping strongholds.
+
+We must now for a while turn to other quarters, and record the
+performance of another act of the Ti-ping drama. While the allied forces
+were violating their pledges, their orders, and the ordinary laws and
+usages of civilized or Christian men, the Ti-pings at Ningpo, as
+everywhere else, were scrupulously observing all their promises, and
+striving to enter into friendly and commercial relations with
+foreigners.
+
+It will be remembered that the withdrawal of British missionaries from
+Ningpo, upon the capture of that city by the Ti-pings, has already been
+noticed; also Mr. Consul Harvey's sinister reason: "This step will tend
+to simplify considerably our future relations with the Taepings at
+Ningpo." We will now proceed to notice what those "future relations"
+were.
+
+Mr. Consul Harvey having been requested by Mr. Bruce to report upon the
+character of the Ti-pings, and having been prompted even in the _public_
+despatches, forthwith indulged his feelings of hostility against those
+people. It is desirable to notice some of the more salient and
+characteristic features of the despatch of Mr. Harvey as briefly as
+possible.
+
+The despatch containing Mr. Harvey's exposition bears date March 20th,
+1862, some three months after the occupation of Ningpo by the Ti-pings,
+and _after_ hostilities had been established against them by Admiral
+Hope and his friends.
+
+Mr. Harvey states:--
+
+    "_Not one single step_[9] in the direction of a 'good
+    government' has been taken by the Taepings; _not any attempt_
+    made to organize a political body or commercial institutions;
+    _not a vestige, not a trace of anything_ approaching to order,
+    or regularity of action, or consistency of purpose, can be found
+    in any one of their public acts."
+
+In a despatch dated "Ningpo, December 31, 1861," he had stated as
+follows:--
+
+    "They _have_ even established a native custom-house, wherein
+    duties will be levied on the Chinese after ten days' grace....
+    It has been reported to me that the insurgents propose
+    establishing a foreign custom-house at this port, such being, it
+    is said, one of their favourite ideas, and forming part of their
+    programme in the capture of Ningpo."
+
+And again--
+
+    "The Taepings possess a regular embodied force, a draft from
+    which forms the nucleus of the body of men sent upon any special
+    service."
+
+Mr. Harvey, with an extraordinary self-complacent assumption of
+impartiality, proceeds to declare that he "judged of Taepingdom in sober
+sense and dispassionately," yet he concludes the same paragraph by
+stating that at Ningpo "the last three months had produced ruin,
+desolation, and the annihilation of _every_ vital principle in _all_
+that surrounds the presence, or lies under the bane, of the Taepings."
+Again, only a few lines further on, he says:--
+
+    "It is palpable that a party which, after ten years' full trial,
+    is found to produce _nothing_, and to destroy _everything_,
+    cannot pretend to last, or be admitted, even indirectly, into
+    the comity of nations."
+
+
+Now, as Mr. Bruce himself reports that "85,000 bales of silk" were
+obtained from people who "destroy everything," and as the Ti-pings did
+"pretend to last"--so much so, indeed, that British and French
+assistance to the Manchoos was necessary to save them from total
+destruction, Mr. Harvey's "sober sense," to say the least, seems very
+doubtful.
+
+The despatch under review is one of the most extraordinary series of
+contradictory terms ever produced, and really deserves a place in the
+British Museum or some old curiosity shop, as the "sober" creation of a
+person who takes remarkable care to assure his readers that he is
+perfectly "unbiassed." Within half a dozen lines of the last quoted
+passage Mr. Harvey audaciously protests:--"I repeat I have no bias one
+way or the other...." He then proceeds to state:--
+
+    "I have found in official dealings with them" (the Ti-ping
+    chiefs) "_a rough and blunt sort of honesty quite unexpected and
+    surprising_, after years of public intercourse with the Imperial
+    mandarins."
+
+Now, in the very next paragraph he speaks of them as--
+
+    "The naturally suspicious Taepings, who, amongst other
+    peculiarities, _possess a power of concealment and general
+    secresy quite wonderful_ to meet in China."
+
+Mr. Harvey attempts to prove the plundering propensities of the Ti-ping
+soldiery by the following invention:--
+
+    "On questioning decently-dressed Taeping soldiers as to how they
+    liked their profession, the reply has ever been the following:--
+
+    "'Why should I not like it? I help myself to everything I choose
+    to lay hands upon; and if interfered with, I just cut the man's
+    head off who so interferes.'"
+
+By the side of this we will just place Mr. Hewlett's report to Consul
+Harvey of his embassy to the Ti-pings at Yu-yaou, upon their advance to
+Ningpo:--
+
+    "We saw but few dead bodies about, and of those some were their
+    own men _who had been caught plundering and burning_."
+
+Endeavouring to vilify the social _régime_ of the Christian patriots,
+Mr. Harvey trusts to his inventive genius again, and writes:--
+
+    "Your Excellency is doubtless aware that marriage is strictly
+    forbidden amongst the Taepings, and forms, with opium-smoking, a
+    capital offence."
+
+Now, Mr. Harvey makes this false assertion in face of the "Proclamation
+by Tien-wang, establishing a scale according to which the number of
+wives are to be regulated in all ranks," as published in 1862, at page
+45, Blue Book upon "The Rebellion in China," and which commences--
+
+    "Formerly I made a decree as to the canon of marriages...."
+
+This unbiassed official winds up his sober and dispassionate effusion
+with a few equally temperate conclusions. For example--
+
+    "I now, therefore, take the liberty of declaring, once for all
+    (_and for ten years I have firmly adhered to, and been
+    consistent in, this opinion_), that the Taeping rebellion is the
+    greatest delusion as a political or popular movement, and the
+    Taeping doctrines the most gigantic and blasphemous imposition
+    as a creed, or ethics, that the world ever witnessed.... There
+    is nothing in past records so dark or so bad; such abominations
+    committed under the name of religion; such mock-heroic
+    buffoonery; such horrors accompanied by pantaloonery; and so
+    much flimsy web worked in the midst of blood and high tragical
+    events."
+
+If the "ten years" of obstinate adhesion to an opinion formed before
+anything was known of the Ti-pings, is Mr. Harvey's idea of "sober
+sense" and "no bias" (and he declares it is), we can easily believe that
+the "dispassionate" ruminations of so long a period destroyed what
+little reason and religion he may at one time have possessed. His
+partizanship even lays him open to the charge with which he has so
+falsely accused the Ti-pings when stating that their doctrines were "the
+most gigantic and blasphemous imposition," &c.; inasmuch as the Ti-ping
+doctrines are taken from our Bible, are in all essential particulars
+precisely similar to our own, and alone constitute their "creed, or
+ethics."
+
+Mr. Harvey terms himself "a sensible and reasoning Englishman," and
+proceeds to declare the revolution--
+
+    "A sanguinary raid, and an extended brigandage over the country,
+    burning, destroying, _and killing_ EVERYTHING _that has life in
+    it_."
+
+In a surprising manner, after a few sentences, he brings the dead to
+life:--
+
+    "They come, and the helpless inhabitants crouch down and submit.
+    They (the Taepings) go, and the people breathe again and
+    rejoice."
+
+"Tel maître, tel valet," it is said, and Mr. Harvey seems to have
+likened into Mr. Bruce amazingly. Mr. Bruce has stated, "every locality
+is totally destroyed by the Ti-pings." Mr. Harvey chimes in with the
+above, "killing everything," and "not a vestige" diatribes. Mr. Bruce,
+in a despatch dated "Pekin, April 10, 1862," inclosing Mr. Harvey's
+precious production to Earl Russell, states with regard to the
+Ti-pings:--
+
+    "NO commerce can co-exist with their presence, and NO specific
+    relations are possible with a horde of pirates and brigands, who
+    are allowed to commit every excess, while professing a nominal
+    allegiance to an ignorant and ferocious fanatic."
+
+Again, in a despatch dated "Pekin, April 18, 1862," Mr. Bruce states
+that their presence in any district is "accompanied by the _utter_
+destruction of the materials of trade."
+
+Singularly enough, General Staveley, although chief leader of the
+massacres of Ti-pings, in a despatch to the Secretary of State for War,
+dated "Shanghae, July 3, 1862," entirely and absolutely contradicts the
+imaginary devastations of Mr. Bruce and his Consul by the following
+statement:--
+
+    "Europeans continue to visit the rebel country _for purposes of
+    trade_, and are treated with civility; _large quantities of
+    silk_ have been brought into Shanghae during the last fortnight,
+    _and trade seems in a thriving state_."[10]
+
+
+Mr. Harvey concludes his judgment passed in "sober sense and
+dispassionately" by the following words:--
+
+    "Your Excellency may rest assured that we shall only arrive at a
+    correct appreciation of this movement, and do it thorough
+    justice, when it is treated by us as land piracy on an extensive
+    scale--piracy odious in the eyes of _all_ men--and, as such, to
+    be swept off the face of the earth by _every means_ within the
+    power of the Christian and civilized nations trading with this
+    vast empire."
+
+Such are the avowed sentiments of the man who protests that he has "no
+bias" or prejudice.
+
+Although the occupation of Ningpo by the Ti-pings actually increased the
+export trade, and although even Mr. Consul Harvey admitted that it was
+captured and held with "wonderful moderation;" still, when hostilities
+had become established by Admiral Hope and General Staveley, it was
+impossible either their designs could succeed while Ningpo was in
+Ti-ping possession, or the anomalous policy of holding Shanghae, and not
+Ningpo, be continued. Consequently, both to stop the supplies and
+munitions the Ti-pings obtained at the port, and to follow out the
+hostile policy settled upon, the British authorities determined upon
+driving them out of Ningpo on the first opportunity. As the scrupulous
+good conduct and friendliness of the revolutionists afforded no cause of
+hostility, it became necessary to invent one. How this was effected the
+following account will show.
+
+One day (the 22nd April, 1862), while giving a salute upon the return of
+the General Fang from Nankin, several shots appear to have been fired by
+some Ti-pings in the direction of the foreign settlement. It was
+thereupon _reported_ that these shots had killed a Chinaman or two in
+that location. This, however, seems very doubtful. At all events, the
+affair was immediately taken up by Captain Cragie, of H.M.S. _Ringdove_,
+who wrote to the Chiefs upon the subject, and received a completely
+satisfactory answer, stating--
+
+    "I beg to assure you that, as soon as I have discovered the
+    offenders, I will punish them very severely. I hope, then, that
+    you will think no more about the matter."[11]
+
+Upon the 26th of April Captain R. Dew, with H.M.S. _Encounter_, arrived
+at Ningpo from Shanghae, having been ordered there by Admiral Hope.
+Judging by the conduct of the Admiral at that time, and by the whole
+circumstances of the war upon the Ti-pings, it becomes morally certain
+that Captain Dew was dispatched with the reinforcement to Ningpo on
+purpose to drive them out. The day after his arrival (27th April, dates
+are important), Captain Dew wrote as follows to the Ti-ping generals in
+command of the city:--
+
+
+    "_Encounter_, Ningpo, April 27, 1862.
+
+    "Sir,--We have received from Commander Cragie your communication
+    regarding the _accidental_ discharge of bullets whilst firing a
+    salute ... as well as the communication from General Hwang. Both
+    these are _so satisfactory_, and tend so much to impress on us
+    your wish to maintain friendly relations with the English and
+    French, that we beg to inform you _that we shall not insist on
+    the demolition of the battery at the point_,[12] but we still do
+    that you remove the guns....
+
+    "We again inform you that it is the earnest wish of our Chiefs
+    to remain neutral[13] and on good terms with you at Ningpo. Till
+    the late acts, they had every reason to be satisfied with your
+    conduct, and you may rest assured that no breach of friendly
+    relations shall emanate from our side....
+
+    "(Signed) R. DEW."
+
+As Colonel Sykes, M.P., has very justly observed in his work, "The
+Ti-ping Rebellion in China," incredible as it may appear, the very day
+after the above letter was sent, which condoned all previous offences,
+and which expressed the most earnest wish to remain on friendly terms,
+Captain Dew, in oblivion of his promises, addressed the following letter
+to the Generals:--
+
+
+    "_Encounter_, Ningpo, April 28, 1862.
+
+    "Sir,--" (After mentioning the firing of musket balls during the
+    salute, he continues) "I have been sent here _with a
+    considerable force to demand apology_.... Having consulted with
+    the officers here in command, I have come to the conclusion that
+    the foreign settlement is now being seriously menaced by a large
+    battery in course of construction at a point outside the city
+    wall ... _so I have to request that you will cause it to be
+    immediately pulled down_, and that all guns now mounted on the
+    walls opposite our settlement, be removed as well. I am
+    requested by my Admiral to inform you that it would grieve him
+    much[14] to be obliged, by the hostile acts of your people, to
+    come into collision with them. He will be very sorry to resort
+    to force (?), as he has not the intention or wish to interfere
+    with the Imperialists and yourself at Ningpo, and if the former
+    should attack the city, _we should be entirely neutral, and will
+    not even allow the foreign settlement to harbour the
+    Imperialists_." (After threatening to destroy the battery and
+    capture Ningpo if the guns and fortifications were not removed
+    in "twenty-four hours," Captain Dew concludes with the following
+    passage:)
+
+    "When these, my _reasonable_ (?) demands, have been carried into
+    effect, I beg you will report them...."
+
+    "I have, &c.,
+    "(Signed) R. DEW."
+
+It is to be remembered that Captain Dew had received and accepted the
+"apology" on the 27th, and had replied by stating, "we shall _not_
+insist on the demolition of the battery." The renewal of the demands
+which had been formally abandoned on the previous day convinced the
+Ti-ping generals that Captain Dew was determined to quarrel with them.
+That officer knew perfectly well, as Colonel Sykes has forcibly
+expressed it, "that no human being with an ounce of militant blood in
+his veins would comply with such insulting demands."
+
+The Ti-ping generals, ever forbearing, and always truly earnest in their
+efforts to obtain the goodwill and friendship of the "foreign brethren,"
+made the following admirable reply to Captain Dew's grossly offensive
+despatch, and its readers will find every word truth and sound
+reason:--
+
+    (Précis.)
+
+    "Hwang, General, &c., Pang, General, &c., in official
+    communication with Captain R. Dew, R.N., H.M.S. _Encounter_:--In
+    reply to your letter requesting the removal of the battery and
+    guns, we would remark that ever since the capture of Ningpo,
+    both parties have been on most friendly and intimate terms. No
+    suspicions or dislikes; _we have done everything in our power to
+    protect your trade, and kept good faith in every respect_; have
+    always inquired into complaints made to us of our soldiers, and
+    even beheaded some men who broke into a foreign hong; _have
+    wished to keep a lasting peace with you, and have done all in
+    our power to that end_.
+
+    "The discharge of bullets in firing the salute the other day was
+    _quite accidental_;--have already taken steps towards punishing
+    offenders. With regard to the erection of a fort at the point,
+    _it is a precautionary measure that a proper regard for the
+    lives of our soldiers renders indispensable, and has nothing
+    whatever to do with foreigners_, as has been already stated to
+    Captain Montgomerie. It is now completed, and we cannot assent
+    to its removal; so also we cannot agree to the removal of the
+    guns from the walls. We have continually esteemed good faith and
+    right....
+
+    "With good faith and right feeling as the alpha and omega of
+    one's conduct, each party can afford to put up with one or two
+    trifling matters. With regard to that part of your letter having
+    reference to a probable outbreak of hostilities (we would inform
+    you) that we are not in the least concerned thereat [_lit._, we
+    are not apprehensive, nor do we take offence thereat]; _we could
+    not bear to break the oaths of friendship we have sworn_. We
+    cannot remove the fort or the guns; should you proceed
+    yourselves to move the same, then it is evident that you have
+    the intention of quarrelling with us. You can, if you please,
+    lead on your soldiers against this city; you can, if you please,
+    attack us; _we shall stand quietly on the defensive_ [_lit._, we
+    shall await the battle with hand in the cuff, _i.e._, we shall
+    not strike the first blow].... You still wish to be on friendly
+    terms with us; let, then, these dislikes and suspicions be
+    committed to the deep.... In any large army good or bad are to
+    be found; do not, therefore, let a small matter like this
+    occasion a breach of such a grand principle as amity. Good
+    fellowship would request you to give our argument your very best
+    consideration."
+
+The remainder of the despatch is irrelevant to the subject of the
+correspondence. It was received 29th April, 1862. If the Ti-pings had
+acted rather as angels than men, their rights would not have been
+respected. Captain Dew, neither satisfied by their arguments nor
+conciliated by their tone, addressed to them the following cartel:--
+
+    "_Encounter_, Ningpo, May 2, 1862.
+
+    "SIR,--We have the honour to inform you that your letter of the
+    29th ult., in reply to my demands for the insults offered to the
+    French and English flags, and in which you refuse to comply with
+    those very moderate demands,[15] have been forwarded to our
+    admirals. In the mean time, pending the decision of our chiefs,
+    I have moored the foreign ships two miles down the river, and
+    cut off communication with the city, and am, moreover, ordered
+    by our chiefs, in the event of the following demands not being
+    complied with, to prepare to blockade Ching-hae, and prevent all
+    foreign ships entering the river:--1. _An ample apology._ 2.
+    Removal of all guns from battery and walls opposite our ships.
+    3. That an officer shall be specially appointed, and that proper
+    measures, by means of guards, shall be taken to prevent anybody
+    whatever coming on the wall opposite the ships or into the
+    battery.--I have, &c.,
+
+    "(Signed)      R. DEW."
+
+This repeated attempt of Captain Dew to make the Ti-pings disarm
+themselves, and his attempt to ignore the apology he had already
+accepted in his letter to the chief dated 27th April, must afford
+convincing proof that a premeditated and organized arrangement to
+quarrel with the Ti-pings existed. The generals in command at Ningpo
+gave the following reply to Captain Dew. They declared the battery and
+guns necessary to defend the city against an attack by a fleet from the
+coast, which in fact appeared, commanded by the notorious pirate Apak,
+on the 7th May. They promised to remove all ammunition from the guns and
+to prevent armed men going on the ramparts, but, as Colonel Sykes says
+in his review of the affair, "Had the generals chucked the guns into the
+river there would have been some new demand." In their reply the
+generals state:--
+
+    "In reply to letter of 2nd inst., submitting three demands, we
+    beg to inform you that we have carefully examined its contents,
+    and that we will agree to those demands as far as we are able.
+    In reference to the first, our previous letter _has afforded
+    full explanations on that head_, how that it was the result of
+    an accidental discharge of bullets during the salute.... In
+    reference to the second point, demanding removal of guns, &c.,
+    _our former despatch has already explained that those guns are
+    meant as a precaution against an attack from Ting-hae_, that the
+    multitude of lives in the city that have to be taken care of
+    urgently demands.... We shall on no account fire the guns,
+    unless the imps attack us. Under the circumstances stated by
+    you, we agree to stop up the port-holes of all the guns bearing
+    on Keang-pih-gan, and to remove all the shot and powder from
+    thence, _so as to manifest to you our desire for lasting amity_.
+    Infer from the third point in your letter that you are afraid
+    that, if people are allowed on the wall, there will be some
+    lawless persons who will fire the guns by mistake. Far from
+    allowing anybody whatever to come on the walls, there are most
+    strict orders against allowing any one to go on the walls, not
+    only on those opposite to Keang-pih, but also all round the
+    city.... _We are inordinately desirous of remaining on good
+    terms with you_, and this is our reason for this distinct
+    statement." (Dated 3rd May, 1862.)
+
+Affairs remained in this position till the 7th of May, when Captain Dew
+wrote to Admiral Hope, stating that on the evening of the 5th, Consul
+Harvey received a communication from the late Manchoo Governor of
+Ningpo, to the effect that he was about to attack the city with a strong
+force, and requesting support from the English and French admirals. The
+same evening Captain Dew proceeded down the river, found the Imperialist
+fleet (consisting of the pirate Apak's vessels), and visited the
+Governor; again, on the following morning, Captain Dew visited that
+functionary, and the latter, accompanied by his pirate-admiral Apak,
+returned the visit. While closeted with Captain Dew, they made their
+arrangements for the forthcoming attack on Ningpo, and the former wrote
+to his senior officer:--
+
+    "So I told them that in consequence of the rebels refusing
+    certain demands we had made, I should have no objection to their
+    passing up, _but that they were not to open fire till well clear
+    of our men-of-war_."
+
+Now Captain Dew may flatter himself that this statement has hoodwinked
+the people of England, but unfortunately for his reputation, people
+judge a man by his actions. Instead of these piratical vessels keeping
+"well clear" of his ships, they proceeded to execute their part of the
+programme of attack by keeping _well foul_ of his men-of-war, according
+to previous arrangement.
+
+On May 9th, Consul Harvey reported to Mr. Bruce the movements of the
+Imperialist, or rather pirate fleet, under the notorious Apak, as
+follows:--
+
+    "Their fleet of junks is at the present moment _lying in front
+    of our settlement_, making preparations for an assault on
+    Ningpo."
+
+He then adds:--
+
+    "The Taoutae[16] Chang, with Commander-in-Chief Chin, came to
+    see me this morning (9th) at the Consulate, _in a private
+    manner_, and he informed Captain Dew and myself, that if no
+    unforeseen event happened, the Imperialist attack on Ningpo
+    would take place to-morrow morning _at daylight_."
+
+Now Captain Dew (as the representative of Great Britain) having made the
+following formal declaration in his despatch to the Ti-ping chiefs,
+dated April 28th,
+
+    "That he has not the intention or wish to interfere with the
+    Imperialists and yourself at Ningpo; and if the former should
+    attack the city, _we should be entirely neutral, and will not
+    even allow the foreign settlement to harbour the Imperialists_."
+
+And again, in his despatch dated April 27th:--
+
+    "You may rest assured that no breach of friendly relations shall
+    emanate from our  side"--
+
+He was bound to fulfil his pledges of neutrality. He was perfectly well
+aware that the city could not possibly reply to the fire of the Imperial
+fleet without endangering the men-of-war and foreign settlement. It was
+therefore his duty, as he himself expressed, "not to allow the foreign
+settlement to harbour the Imperialists," or, to have withdrawn the ships
+of war from the line of fire, as Admiral Hope had no "wish to
+interfere."
+
+Yet we find Consul Harvey stating that the pirate lorchas are "lying in
+front of our settlement, making preparations for an assault on Ningpo,"
+and Captain Dew not only authorized this proceeding but declared it a
+_casus belli_ should the Ti-pings venture to return their fire! There
+are, in fact, ample grounds for the statements in some of the China
+newspapers, and in many private letters, that the whole affair was
+arranged between the ex-Governor, the pirate Apak, Captain Dew, and Mr.
+Consul Harvey: and the idea seems strengthened by the fact that Mr.
+Harvey, in his letter to Mr. Bruce, dated May 9, terms the arrival of
+the piratical fleet "an extraordinary but fortunate coincidence, and
+that it was far too good an opportunity to be lost."
+
+Immediately _after_ his second interview with the ex-Governor and the
+pirate, Captain Dew and the French senior officer sent the following
+crafty and equivocal ultimatum to the Ti-ping chiefs, dated May 8th:--
+
+    "This is to inform you, on the part of the English and French
+    senior naval officers, that had you agreed to their demands, and
+    removed your guns from the walls, they should have felt bound in
+    honour to have acted up to their promise, and have prevented an
+    attack on you on the settlement side by Imperial forces, which
+    in countless numbers and heavily-armed ships advance to attack
+    you. We now inform you _that we maintain a perfect neutrality_,
+    BUT IF YOU FIRE THE GUNS OR MUSKETS FROM THE BATTERY OR WALLS
+    OPPOSITE THE SETTLEMENT ON THE ADVANCING IMPERIALISTS (thereby
+    endangering the lives of our men and people in the foreign
+    settlement), WE SHALL THEN FEEL IT OUR DUTY TO RETURN THE FIRE
+    AND BOMBARD THE CITY."
+
+This was equivalent to saying, "If you defend yourselves against the
+Imperialists we shall kill you;" for in firing upon the pirate vessels
+as they advanced from the foreign settlement and amongst the British
+men-of-war, these latter must inevitably have been endangered.
+
+The following extracts from official despatches and other memoranda will
+show how the British squadron joined the fleet of pirates in driving the
+Ti-pings out of Ningpo.
+
+On the 10th of May, Captain Dew wrote to Admiral Hope:--
+
+    "<sc>Sir</sc>,--I found it necessary to capture the city of Ningpo, and
+    drive the rebels out, under the following circumstances:--
+
+    "You are aware, Sir, that the rebel chiefs had been informed
+    that if they again fired, either on our ships or in the
+    _direction_ of the settlement, we should deem it a _casus
+    belli_. This morning at 10 a.m., the _Kestrel_, and French
+    vessels _Etoile_ and _Confucius_ were fired on by the Point
+    battery. I cleared for action in this ship, when a volley of
+    musketry was fired on us from the bastion abreast. The
+    undermentioned vessels, viz., _Encounter_, _Ringdove_,
+    _Kestrel_, and _Hardy_, with the _Etoile_ and _Confucius_,
+    French gunboats, now opened fire, with shell, on the walls and
+    batteries, which was replied to with much spirit from guns and
+    small arms."
+
+The despatch continues to this effect:--At noon the Ti-ping guns were
+silenced and practicable breaches effected. At two o'clock the city was
+stormed, and at five o'clock, all opposition having ceased, the
+ex-governor and his troops landed from their junks. Captain Dew gave
+them charge of the city, and re-embarked his men. We must now find out
+what had become of the ex-governor, his troops, and Apak's fleet during
+this time. Captain Dew carefully avoids stating whether they had made
+the attack _at daylight_, according to arrangement, or left him to play
+the bravo alone, for he does not mention _one word_ about his allies,
+until he hands over the city to them. Consul Harvey, however, in a
+despatch to Mr. Bruce, dated May the 16th, throws some light upon the
+subject; he states:--
+
+    "Shot and shell were poured into this large city with very
+    little intermission for a period of five hours _by the combined
+    fleet_, at the end of which time the walls were scaled, and the
+    Taeping forces were at once completely routed and dispersed."
+
+The only fleet was _eighty_ lorchas of the pirate Apak, the English and
+French aiding by six vessels only, a fact suppressed by Captain Dew.
+
+The final expulsion of the Ti-pings from Ningpo was thus effected:--
+
+Early on the morning of the 10th, the piratical fleet commenced the
+attack upon Ningpo, advancing from the foreign settlement and then
+manoeuvring round and round the British and French gunboats, firing at
+the Ti-pings when _between_ their line of fire and the foreign vessels.
+Captain Dew never attempted to enforce his pretended order for them to
+keep "well clear" of his vessels. For some time the Ti-pings bore this
+attack silently and without reply, doubtless trusting that Captain Dew
+would either move his vessels or make the pirates give them a clear
+berth. This, however, was not done, the intention being to compel the
+Ti-pings to open fire on the attacking fleet, when, as the latter were
+placed directly between the British and French men-of-war and the guns
+of the town, any shot must necessarily pass in the "direction" of those
+vessels, and thereby constitute the false _casus belli_ required, and
+eagerly watched for by Captain Dew with his vessels quite prepared and
+his guns loaded and ready.
+
+At last human nature could bear no more, and the Ti-pings opened a
+musketry fire upon the pirate lorchas, yet still with extraordinary
+forbearance, and such a desire to avoid endangering the foreign ships or
+settlement, that they did not make use of their artillery. It is
+perfectly certain that the Manchoo piratical fleet dared not have
+ventured to make their attack unless fully assured of foreign
+co-operation. That such assistance _was_ guaranteed and arranged has
+scarcely ever been doubted.
+
+Many of the Ti-ping soldiers had been killed by the fire of the pirate
+fleet before they replied with musketry. The very instant they did so,
+the British and French vessels came to the aid of their allies, and
+commenced bombarding the town. It is said that a couple of bullets from
+the volley fired upon a lorcha, which having just delivered her
+broadside was tacking under the stern of the _Kestrel_, struck the
+quarter of the latter vessel. This may have accidentally occurred; but
+it is, however, perfectly certain that the Ti-pings did not fire upon
+the foreign men-of-war, as stated by Captain Dew.
+
+The Ti-pings fought their battery against the overwhelming fire from the
+heavy pivot guns of the smaller vessels and the broadsides from the
+_Encounter_ until every gun was dismounted and the work knocked to
+pieces. When the British and French storming parties carried the walls
+of Ningpo, the defenders offered a determined resistance; but shell and
+Enfield rifles at last overcame it; though not until both the generals
+Hwang and Fang were severely wounded did they evacuate the city, leaving
+about 100 dead within and around the walls. The British loss was only 3
+killed and 23 wounded.
+
+Even Consul Harvey termed the conduct of the Ti-pings when they captured
+Ningpo "wonderfully moderate." What will the British public think of the
+following account of the behaviour of Captain Dew's allies when
+re-established in the city? Contrasting the events which followed the
+Ti-ping seizure of the city with those which occurred on its subsequent
+capture by the British and French, can any question arise as to which
+was the most civilized and merciful? The correspondent of the _China
+Mail_, under date the 22nd May, 1862, states:--
+
+    "The rebels retreated through the west gate--the pirates then
+    entered the city and began the work of destruction, and in a few
+    hours did more damage than the rebels did in the whole of the
+    five months that they had possession.... On _Sunday_ the
+    reinstated Taoutae was busy chopping off the heads of the
+    unlucky rebels that he caught, and otherwise torturing them. I
+    saw some fearful sights; such as a boy with his entrails cut
+    right out, from a great gash across the stomach, carried round
+    the back--a man with all the flesh torn off his ribs, leaving
+    them quite bare--a man whose heart had been torn out and his
+    head cut off; together with others equally revolting.... On
+    Monday the same scenes were enacting.... One of the principal
+    murderers and torturers of the poor fellows found in the city
+    was one A-fook, the _British Consul's_ boy or personal
+    attendant, who was dressed up in silks, and who, stuck upon a
+    pony, paraded the city with attendants, ordering them to execute
+    unfortunates, and issuing orders (which were actually obeyed) to
+    the English soldiers."
+
+Now it can safely be declared that the Ti-pings have _never_ committed
+similar atrocities to the above. They have, it is true, often killed
+large numbers at the capture of obstinately defended towns, but their
+prisoners were never tortured to death as their comrades, captured by
+British troops and then delivered up to the cruel Tartar mandarins, have
+been under the shadow of the Union Jack.
+
+The _China Overland Trade Report_ of October 14, 1862, states:--
+
+    "So much mystery and double-dealing has been practised by the
+    allies to wrest this port from the Taipings, and so little
+    regard for veracity pervades the official despatches regarding
+    their doings, that the truth is most difficult to arrive at, and
+    has certainly never yet been published.... The possession of
+    Ningpo by the Taipings was peculiarly adapted to thwart those
+    schemes for aiding and abetting the Imperial cause, which have
+    so peculiarly characterized the British minister. The Taipings
+    held the province, and it is evident that the possession of a
+    seaport would have enabled them not only to have deprived
+    Shanghae of the greater proportion of the customs duties,[17]
+    but to have diverted the same into their own exchequer. Now Mr.
+    Lay was acting Chinese ambassador in London, and the absorption
+    of these duties would have entirely frustrated the object of his
+    errand[18] and indeed have destroyed the main stay of the
+    Imperial cause. Besides, the possession of Ningpo would have
+    enabled the Taipings to have obtained all the munitions of war
+    which they stood so much in need of. It would have dispelled the
+    _illusion_ of their being inimical to foreign trade.... Admiral
+    Hope ... from some such cogent reasons as are above named, fell
+    into the British minister's views, and clearly resolved on the
+    recapture of the place by fair means or foul. The mode of
+    accomplishing this design reflects _indelible disgrace_ on
+    British prestige....
+
+    "Admiral Hope detached a portion of his fleet to Ningpo under
+    command of Captain Dew, of H.M.S. _Encounter_, clearly to act in
+    concert with this piratical squadron, with which daily
+    communications were established. The day before the Taoutae
+    arrived at Ningpo, the British ships had taken up their
+    stations, and had cleared for action. Captain Dew had opened a
+    correspondence with the Taiping chiefs, the drift of which was a
+    demand that they should remove a certain battery on some absurd
+    pretext, which they refused to do. The night prior to the
+    attack, a council of war was held on board the _Encounter_, and
+    a private note was seen by several Europeans at Ningpo, written
+    by a certain British official, which stated that the city would
+    be attacked the following morning. The pirate fleet arrived
+    accordingly, and proceeding in driblets _between_ the British
+    men-of-war and the city, opened fire. This could not possibly be
+    returned without directing the guns towards the men-of-war. The
+    result is known and need not be repeated."
+
+The _Hong-kong Daily Press_, in a long article upon the capture of
+Ningpo by the Anglo-Franco-Manchoo-piratical fleet, makes precisely
+similar statements to those quoted from the _Overland Trade Report_, and
+commences with the following paragraph:--
+
+    "There never was a falser, more unprovoked, or more
+    unjustifiable act than the taking of Ningpo by the allies from
+    the Taipings. It should, in fairness, be recorded _to the
+    eternal disgrace of Captain_ RODERIC DEW, _of H.M.S.
+    Encounter_."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] Lord Palmerston's Government had one great quality--it manfully
+supported its subordinate officials whether right or wrong; it is at
+least doubtful whether his successors will have courage to pursue the
+same policy.
+
+[5]
+    The forces consisted of:--
+    French, under Rear-Admiral Protet:--
+        Small-arm men and Marines; field-piece party and
+            4 guns                                               410
+    English, under Brigadier General Staveley:--
+        Royal Artillery, 6 guns                            78
+        5th Bombay N. I.                                  440
+        H.M. 99th Regiment                                 56
+        22nd Punjaub N. I.                                519
+      Under Captain Borlase, R.N.:--
+        Field-piece party, 3 guns                          45
+        H.M.S. _Pearl_ small-arm company                   60
+        Axe party                                          16
+      Under Captain Willes, R.N.:--
+        H.M.S. _Impérieuse_ small-arm company             189
+        Marines of Squadron                                94
+                                                          -----1,497
+    Disciplined Chinese of General Ward's legion                 300
+                                                               -----
+                        Total                                  2,207
+
+[6]
+    The force consisted of:--
+    British Naval Division, with 3 howitzers                     350
+    Royal Artillery, with 4 howitzers                             90
+    H.M. 99th Regiment                                            80
+    22nd Punjaub N. I.                                           400
+    5th Bombay N. I.                                             400
+    French Contingent, with 5 rifled guns and 2 field-pieces     700
+    Disciplined Chinese of Ward's legion                         400
+                                                               -----
+                        Total                                  2,420
+
+[7]
+    The allied force consisted of:--
+    British troops, under General Staveley:--
+          Royal Engineers                                         22
+          Royal Artillery, with 7 guns and 6 mortars             100
+          H.M. 31st Regiment                                     552
+          H.M. 99th and 67th Regiments                           280
+          5th Bombay N.I                                         350
+          22nd Punjaub N.I                                       350
+
+    French force, under Admiral Protet:--
+          Algerian Infantry, Chasseurs, Marines, and Seamen, with
+             8 guns                                              900
+
+    British Naval Division, under Captain Borlase, R.N.:--
+          Seamen and Marines, with 9 guns                        330
+    Ward's disciplined Chinese                                 1,000
+                                                               -----
+                        Total                                  3,884
+    Assisted by Imperialist troops under Manchoo General Le    5,000
+
+[8] _See_ Note, p. 509.
+
+[9] Italics are by the Author.
+
+[10] _Vide_ "Further Papers relating to the Rebellion in China," 1863,
+p. 43; Inclosure in No. 27; Brigadier-General Staveley to Sir C. Lewis.
+
+[11] This and all following extracts are taken from the Official
+Correspondence presented to both Houses of Parliament in Blue Book form.
+
+[12] Compare this with the next despatch of Captain Dew's.
+
+[13] These Chiefs were at the time conducting the murderous raids from
+Shanghae, already described.
+
+[14] Did it grieve the philanthropic Admiral "much," I wonder, to
+massacre them in his raids from Shanghae?
+
+[15] We may safely presume that Captain Dew was gibing the chiefs.
+
+[16] Governor of a city.
+
+[17] From these duties the indemnity for the war was being extracted.
+
+[18] The errand was to obtain the notorious Anglo-Chinese flotilla.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+    A Double Wedding.--Its Celebration.--The Honeymoon.--Its
+    Interruption.--Warlike Preparations.--Soong-kong
+    Invested.--General Ching's Despatch.--Tsing-poo
+    Recaptured.--Ti-ping Seventy Excused.--England's
+    Responsibility.--Curious Chinese Custom.--The Chung-wang's
+    Policy.--His Explanation.--The Ti-ping Court of Justice.--How
+    Conducted.--Opium Smoking.--Its Effects.--Evidence
+    thereof.--Forbidden by Ti-ping Law.--Opium Trade.
+
+
+Soon after our return to Nankin, the Chung-wang, having left the Shi,
+Mo, Ting, and other Wangs, in charge of the lately captured Shanghae and
+Hang-chow districts, despatched considerable reinforcements to the
+Ying-wang, on the northern side of the Yang-tze river, and to the
+Ti-ping positions along the southern bank. These troops quickly
+dispersed the Imperialist force supposed to be investing Nankin from the
+hills on the opposite side of the river, and recaptured many towns on
+the southern side.
+
+Meanwhile, at the Ti-ping capital, Marie became my wife, while my friend
+L. received the Chung-wang's youngest daughter in marriage. When
+Cum-ho's father ascertained the state of that young lady's affections,
+he sanctioned her union with L., although his better half made no little
+opposition at first, her ambitious mind being directed to the Mo-wang as
+a suitable son-in-law. This, however, she eventually accomplished by
+giving the chief her next eldest daughter as a wife. We were married
+according to the ritual of the Ti-ping church, but with the addition of
+using a ring, in conformity with the usage of our own. The Kan-wang's
+own chaplain, who was an ordained teacher of the London Missionary
+Society at Hong-kong, performed the ceremony.
+
+Since the arrival of the Kan-wang at Nankin, he had altered the Ti-ping
+marriage service so as to closely resemble that of the English church,
+to which he had been used when principal native instructor and catechist
+of the London Mission. Although by the laws of the state polygamy was
+allowed, the improvements introduced by the Prime Minister, in fact we
+may term them regulations, had almost abolished the custom, so that few
+among the people married more than one wife.
+
+Although L. and myself were married on the same day, and nearly at the
+same time, there was a vast difference between the style of the two
+ceremonies. Marie agreed with me in preferring a quiet solemnization,
+with only a few friends present; but L., taking to wife a chief's
+daughter, was obliged to undergo the usual pomp and festivity.
+
+After my own marriage had been concluded, preparations for that of my
+friend were made in the "Heavenly Hall" of the Chung-wang's palace. The
+Hall was decorated with flowers and a profusion of silken flags and
+streamers. Several large tables in a side chamber were loaded with
+bridal presents from friends, who, with all the household, were
+assembled to witness the ceremony. The Chung, Kan, Foo, and all the
+other Wangs present, wore their state robes and coronets, while the
+dresses of many of the ladies were still more beautiful and dazzling.
+Besides the Kan-wang's chaplain, the principal ecclesiastic in Nankin
+officiated, dressed in a splendid black silk garment broidered with gold
+and silver crosses, both of whom, attended by several priests, took up
+their position before the altar, which was decorated with large garlands
+of flowers.
+
+At last, when everything was ready, the bride, completely enveloped in a
+long white veil, was escorted to the Hall by nine young girls dressed
+in scarlet, and with red flowers in their hair. At the same time L., in
+the full costume of a Ti-ping chief of the "Woo" rank (to which he had
+been raised by the Chung-wang's wish), came to the right side of the
+altar attended by nine young chiefs. After the bridegroom and bride were
+united, the ceremony was concluded by a short service, nearly
+approaching to that of the Sabbath, and then, entering two magnificent
+sedans, they were conveyed to their new home (a house given them by the
+Chung-wang) by a vast and gorgeous cavalcade. The newly-married couple
+now entertained a number of guests to a festive meal in the principal
+hall of their house. Meanwhile, with my wife, I removed from the
+Chung-wang's palace and took up my abode with L., the house being
+divided between us.
+
+During several months, as it is, I presume, with nearly all
+newly-married people, we paid but little attention to the outside world,
+and, with the exception of the periodical arrival and departure of our
+friends D. and Captain P. with the vessels, and the addition of three
+Frenchmen, who had served in the French artillery at Shanghae, to our
+corps of the Chung-wang's army, but little occurred to divert us from
+our honeymoon. In the mean time the Commander-in-Chief was occupied
+making his plans for further operations against the Manchoo, with the
+intention of recapturing the towns and territory that had lately fallen
+into their possession, and making a movement against their capital,
+Pekin. Before, however, these tactics could be put into execution, news
+came from the Shanghae district of the hostilities commenced by the
+British and French, and of the consequent defeat of the Ti-ping local
+forces, and the capture of their cities and villages. Immediately,
+orders were sent recalling the reinforcements despatched to the
+Ying-wang, and the force operating along the southern bank of the
+Yang-tze, while from the garrisons of Nankin and other cities troops
+were concentrated upon Soo-chow.
+
+With natural reluctance I prepared to accompany the Chung-wang on his
+march to the threatened districts, accompanied by my friend, who felt
+how difficult it was to part with his youthful Ti-ping bride. Our
+feelings were not indeed to be envied when, upon a misty, heavily
+raining, and more than usually disagreeable Chinese morning in May,
+between the chilly hours of three and four, we set out on the march for
+Soo-chow. Even Phillip, although his honeymoon had terminated long
+before ours began, appeared to feel as gloomy as myself and L. upon
+parting with our wives.
+
+As we slowly rode through the high city portal, dimly lighted by the
+glare of lanterns and torches, the rain poured down in continuous
+streams, as though it never intended to cease again. Fortunately we had
+the promise of the rainbow, and I imagine the Chinese must have known it
+also, or the whole force might have become panic-stricken with the dread
+of another deluge. Splash, splash went our horses, and tramp, tramp came
+the soldiery, through the mud, the former drooping and the latter
+dripping. The tenacity, consistency, and otherwise sticky properties of
+Chinese mud, are really wonderful, and in wet weather cause the
+pedestrians' feet, to sound like a huge sucker suddenly torn from some
+sympathetic substance. The rain beating in our faces every now and then
+compelled us to close our eyes and risk their being picked out by the
+iron spikes on the ends of the bamboos carried by the surrounding
+spearmen. Every thing and animal presented a miserable and draggled
+appearance. The few trees in the neighbourhood of the city, dimly seen
+in the hazy grey of morning as we passed under their shadows, looked
+more like huge spectres outlined against the foggy background. The very
+houses presented a weird and desolate aspect as they became faintly
+visible through the heavy rain and dense atmosphere.
+
+A march of five days brought our forces to the city of Soo-chow, when
+preparations were immediately made to move the troops to the defence of
+the Ti-ping territory in the vicinity of Shanghae and Ningpo. The
+Tow-wang, with the principal part of his forces, had been recalled from
+the northern side of the Yang-tze, leaving the Ying-wang in command of
+the different positions still held. This contingent, with those from
+Nankin and Soo-chow, the Chung-wang's immediate command, and other
+detachments, composed an army of some 50,000 men. The Commander-in-Chief,
+a few days after his arrival at Soo-chow, moved forward in three columns
+to the threatened quarter. With my company of partly disciplined men and
+a few light pieces of artillery, I accompanied the division attached to
+the Chung-wang himself. Each of the other _corps d'armée_ were
+respectively commanded by the Mo and Tow Wangs.
+
+Marching rapidly upon the places lately captured by the allied
+Anglo-Franco-Manchoo forces, those garrisoned only by Imperialists were
+very quickly retaken. On Kah-ding and other cities held by the
+foreigners with their irresistible artillery, no direct assault was at
+first made. The Chung-wang's tactics were, circulating exaggerated
+rumours that with an immense force he was marching for Shanghae, and by
+continual mock attacks upon Kah-ding, Na-ziang, &c., with men carrying
+numberless flags, to harass the garrisons so as to compel them to
+abandon their positions. These tactics were entirely successful. General
+Staveley, and the other commanders, fearing for the safety of Shanghae
+and the fate of their detachments guarding the lately captured towns,
+evacuated all excepting Soong-kong, which was held in conjunction with
+the filibuster General Ward's disciplined Chinese.
+
+Having recaptured Kah-ding, the Chung-wang established his head-quarters
+at the city of Chang-za, some forty miles north-west of Shanghae, while
+his subordinate generals successively occupied the places evacuated by
+the allies. The brave Ling-ho, with his regiment of Honan guards, made a
+dashing attempt to carry Soong-kong by storm. Just at daylight on the
+morning of May the 30th, this gallant chief, with less than 1,500 men,
+made a desperate attack upon the north-east side of the city. So
+suddenly was the attempt made, that when the garrison had manned the
+walls, the scaling-ladders were actually planted against them. These
+ladders consisted simply of two long bamboos secured together at either
+end about two feet apart, the man to ascend being pushed up by men from
+below with another bamboo, while he assisted himself with the uprights.
+Soong-kong would certainly have been captured but for the circumstance
+of its being held by a strong detachment of the seamen and marines of
+Ward's dear and invaluable friend Admiral Hope, who, at the expense of
+the British tax-payers, instead of attending to his ships, chose to
+scour Chinese territory, hunting for Ti-pings wherever they were to be
+found. The first to man the walls of Soon-kong were the men of H.B.M.S.
+_Centaur_, who opened a heavy fire upon the assaulting column at a few
+yards' distance. In spite of this, Ling-ho led his men up their
+scaling-ladders, and was himself the first upon the wall, the second
+being the French commander of his regiment. Their gallantry, however,
+was unavailing, the deadly Enfield rifles and the showers of grape and
+canister crashing among the Ti-pings within half pistol-range proved
+irresistible. Ling-ho fell mortally wounded while striving with his
+usual surpassing courage to animate his men to follow him, and his brave
+French officer was killed by his side. This settled the action, and
+sorrowfully carrying off their wounded leader, the Ti-pings retired from
+the attack.
+
+During the next few days a part of the Chung-wang's division having
+arrived before the place, Soong-kong was closely invested. On the 2nd of
+June a large Imperialist force was driven out of some strong stockades
+they had erected close to the city, while one of the _Centaur's_ gigs
+and a dozen Chinese gunboats loaded with arms and ammunition were
+captured in a neighbouring creek. Seeing this, the whole British force,
+accompanied by a body of Ward's Chinese, made a powerful sortie, and
+succeeded in recapturing the gig and two or three of the gunboats, the
+rest being carried off by the Ti-pings. During the 3rd, 4th, and 5th of
+June, each day an attempt was made to storm the city, and outside the
+west gate a battery was erected, from which the besiegers opened fire in
+the morning, but upon every occasion it was effectually silenced by the
+superior fire of the British guns on the walls.
+
+The gig's crew and some other Europeans captured in the gunboats were
+not harmed by the Ti-pings, although, had the latter simply followed the
+law of retaliation, they would have met with the fate of the
+unfortunates who were delivered over to the Manchoo execution-grounds,
+after having fallen into the hands of British soldiers during the late
+freebooting raids of Admirals Hope and Protet, and General Staveley.
+
+I cannot do better than give a few extracts from the summons to
+surrender sent into Soong-kong by Ching, the chief in command of the
+besiegers. General Ching, after a preamble setting forth the object of
+the Ti-ping revolution, stated:--
+
+    "Now, having received our king's commands to hold the city of
+    Soo-chow, we had intended to remain there, and give the
+    Heavenly[19] soldiers rest, and not to take your place, not
+    imagining you would league with the foreigners and attack my
+    cities, forcing me to rise up and retake them. _For this
+    causeless misfortune, for this injury to the people, who then is
+    to blame?_ Had you not invaded my territories, I should not have
+    troubled you; _the people would have remained undisturbed._
+    Would not this have been better for both sides?
+
+    "Again, all the officers, both military and civil, all the
+    soldiers, too, and the people, are without exception Chinese;
+    and you eat the bread of the Tsing[20] dynasty, serving a
+    stranger....
+
+    "As for you, O foreign troops, you had best return to your
+    native country, as quickly as may be; _for, being a distinct
+    race_, AND SEEKING TRADE ONLY, _why should you contend with me,
+    or why should I be compelled to overcome you?_... If you are
+    resolved and will fight with me, I fear, indeed, your trade will
+    suffer."
+
+Upon the l0th of June the Mo-wang succeeded in recapturing Tsing-poo,
+the garrison of Ward's Chinese, a British force 600 strong, with six
+guns, evacuating the city _after almost completely destroying it by
+fire_! The filibuster officer (Colonel Forrester) in command of Ward's
+force having, in his hurry, forgotten to carry off some of his loot
+(gathered during the late successful campaign against the Ti-ping
+cities), ran back for it, and was captured by the Mo-wang's men just as
+he was rushing away loaded with sycee and dollars. This man, whom the
+Europeans captured at Soong-kong, as also eleven British seamen taken
+prisoners at the evacuation of Kah-ding by the allies, were all
+liberated by the Ti-pings. In vain I represented to the Chung-wang the
+policy of retaining them as hostages for any of his own chiefs who might
+fall into the hands of the enemy, and most probably be delivered over to
+the reeking execution-shambles at Shanghae and elsewhere. He would not
+retain them, but had them released, so as to exhibit his unalterable
+friendship for Europeans.
+
+I would not willingly screen a single fault upon the part of my Ti-ping
+friends; but, after viewing all events calmly, when many thousand miles
+away from aught that could bias or warp the judgment, I must confess
+that I can scarcely find the slightest grounds for censure upon any
+point.
+
+I had certainly intended to blame the Tow and Mo-wangs for the severity
+of their measures towards the people of those villages, which, upon the
+successful raids of the allied forces, had proved renegade, and had
+given in their allegiance to the Manchoo. But, consideration of the
+primary cause of the destruction of many Ti-ping cities and villages,
+and the subsequent devastation of some that had been left whole by the
+allies, conclusively fixes the guilty responsibility upon the latter, by
+reason of their wanton attack upon the Ti-ping territory. After the
+recapture of some places, people who had been well known as subjects of
+the Tien-wang were found with the shaved head (the badge of the Manchoo)
+and other strong and irrefragable proof of their traitorous conduct;
+many of these were decapitated, and their property confiscated. In like
+manner, some of the villages that had, with Chinese apathy, at once gone
+over to the Imperialists, were burned down, and the people compelled to
+labour as coolies. These measures may appear harsh; but, if events had
+occurred otherwise, and the Imperialists had occupied the position of
+the Ti-pings, fresh evidence would be given that there were prototypes
+of the notorious Yeh in every Manchoo official!
+
+The Shanghae district had been captured by the revolutionists; after
+that event, the people were gradually settling down to the new state of
+affairs, while those who had naturally fled from the shock of war were
+fast returning to their homes and giving in allegiance to the dominant
+power. In fact, so well were the lately disturbed departments recovering
+from the effect of the civil war, that in a short time they would
+certainly have attained the high state of prosperity enjoyed by the silk
+districts, then thoroughly settled under Ti-ping rule. The question as
+to the relative right of each belligerent has nothing to do with the
+present argument. Each party to the civil war had their own causes and
+reasons, and these certainly concerned no one but themselves. The simple
+question is this:--After the Ti-pings had proved their power to
+successfully dispute the Manchoo authority, and had wrested large tracts
+of land from their foreign yoke, who became responsible for again
+carrying the horrors of war, with its attendant misery and desolation,
+into a country which would otherwise have remained happy in its freedom,
+peaceful and nominally Christian? Who other than England?
+
+Upon the suppositional "mights" elsewhere described, Admiral Hope and
+his colleagues captured the cities and villages within a radius of
+thirty miles from Shanghae, burning and destroying (as proved in this
+work by the words of the Admiral himself) everywhere. These places were
+then captured a second time by the Ti-pings, and subsequently recaptured
+by the allies. Now, for the cruelties and devastations inflicted four
+times over by the sword of Asiatic warfare, in the words of the Ti-ping
+general long since in the presence of his God, I ask, "For this
+causeless misfortune, for this injury to the people, who then is to
+blame?"
+
+Plain it is to all who will judge fairly and honourably, that England is
+heavily responsible for the effects of the unprovoked hostilities
+carried by her soldiers and sailors into the Ti-ping dominions. Besides
+the more direct evil consequences of that most evil policy, there were
+others not so well known though closely connected with it. In the first
+place, few people are aware, or trouble themselves to reflect, that the
+wholesale destruction of grain and rice by the allies (as per Admiral
+Hope's despatches) led to the starvation of many thousands of the
+unfortunate country people. The Ti-ping system of Government is one of a
+paternal form (so favorite with the Chinese, but so seldom obtained),
+involving a community of interests upon the part of every subject.
+Consequent upon this, all rice crops and other descriptions of grain
+were gathered regularly into the state granaries, and from thence
+supplied to every person and family in the respective departments of the
+"Land divisions of the Ti-ping dynasty." Consequently, when the whole
+stores of food were destroyed in the districts ravaged by Admiral Hope
+and others, the miserable people had literally nothing to eat; so that,
+although the Ti-ping soldiery were killed in hundreds by the
+irresistible foreign artillery, the non-combatants perished by tens of
+thousands from famine.
+
+Then again: the only means of support for the large Ti-ping armies, the
+Government and administrative machinery, were precisely similar to those
+of other nations; that is to say, from direct and indirect taxation.
+Naturally, therefore, when England maintained the treaty ports against
+the Ti-pings, and when Admiral Hope invaded their territory, many
+valuable sources of revenue were cut off. If a nation, or organized body
+of people, possess neither settled territory nor regular revenue, they
+must plunder their neighbours in order to exist, and by this mode of
+reasoning it is evident that England is responsible for all plundering
+or brigandage committed by the Ti-pings when driven from their
+dominions, and defrauded of their just dues by her intervention. At the
+time, however, to which we have now arrived (summer of 1862), the
+revolutionists had not been expelled from the valuable silk, and a great
+proportion of the tea, districts, the revenue upon the productions of
+which exceeded £2,500,000 sterling per annum. Previous to their
+expulsion from these districts, the Ti-pings only acted as marauders
+when literally compelled to do so in order to save their own lives, and
+when any people in the world would have acted in the same manner. When
+driven back by the raids of Admiral Hope and General Staveley, the
+troops and people, rendered destitute, fell upon the nearest places to
+forage and subsist. Otherwise, the only plundering ever indulged in by
+Ti-ping soldiery was upon the _public_ property of the enemy. Private
+property, except in dire cases of necessity, was always respected: most
+especially were the troops careful to avoid injuring the standing crops
+of grain--a course of conduct which forcibly contrasts with the
+destruction of the cultivated fields of the unfortunate New Zealanders
+by English soldiers, and with the outrages committed by the forces of
+the Emperor of the French in Algeria! Most unjustly the Ti-pings have
+been represented as "hordes of banditti," "ruthless marauders," &c.; but
+these statements may invariably be traced to interested quarters. If a
+few examples of sack and pillage have been selected to blacken the
+character of the Ti-pings, are we to forget the names of Magdeburg,
+Badajos, and Ciudad Rodrigo? Are we not to remember the progress of the
+Federal General, Sheridan, through the Shenandoah Valley, as recorded in
+the columns of the _Times_ of the 30th March, 1865? "Burning houses and
+barns, he passed through the valley, and may boast of a destruction such
+as _no_ Asiatic chief ever surpassed!"
+
+When Admiral Hope ascertained that Soong-kong, the only remaining
+Manchoo place outside the walls of Shanghae, was seriously threatened by
+the Ti-ping forces, he sent up strong reinforcements to it, commanded by
+Captain Borlase, R.N. Upon this, the Chung-wang gave orders to abandon
+the siege; and, after placing strong garrisons in all the recaptured
+cities, returned with the rest of his forces to Nankin. During the march
+from Soo-chow to the capital, I became acquainted with a singular custom
+of the Chinese. We had just passed through a village, when we came upon
+a party of country people carrying a coffin to the burial-place. To the
+great surprise of myself and European comrades, instead of interring the
+corpse or building a grave over it, according to the usual Chinese
+customs, two forked wooden stakes were fixed in the ground, and the
+coffin placed upon them at either end. Upon inquiry, we were informed
+that the dead man had been killed by lightning, and that the common
+practice throughout the country was to dispose of the bodies of those
+who perished in such a manner by placing their coffin on stakes which
+would support them above the ground.
+
+Soon after reaching Nankin, the Chung-wang seriously turned his
+attention towards operating against the Manchoo forces further up the
+Yang-tze, whose successes, though unimportant when compared with the
+great Ti-ping victories in Che-kiang and Kiang-su, were yet becoming
+dangerous to the supremacy of the revolutionists in that part of China.
+When the Commander-in-Chief drew off all his troops from the Shanghae
+district, after having retaken all the places previously captured by the
+allies, he did so under the impression that neither England nor France
+would again make war upon the re-established Ti-ping territories. A man
+so noble-hearted, large-minded, and honourable, could not realize the
+determined hostility entertained against his cause, or credit the
+intention of Admiral Hope and General Staveley to resume active warfare
+upon the arrival of reinforcements from Tien-tsin and India; he
+therefore left garrisons amply sufficient to repel any effort of his
+natural enemies, but neglected the precaution of leaving in the district
+even a single _corps d'armée_, which would have frustrated the future
+triumphs of his unexpected foemen. It was certainly necessary that large
+additions should be made to the Ti-ping forces opposing the progress of
+the Imperialists from the upper waters of the Yang-tze towards the city
+of Nankin; still, this could have been thoroughly accomplished, and a
+field force of at least 50,000 men left in the neighbourhood of Shanghae
+at the same time. Had any such disposition been made, the easy success
+of the allies, during their next campaign, would have been exceedingly
+different; the disasters that subsequently befell the Ti-ping cause
+would never have taken place; while the standard of liberty and
+Christianity would now wave erect and triumphant.
+
+During the interval between our return to Nankin and the commencement of
+further military operations, I was frequently closeted with the Chung,
+Kan, and other chiefs, upon the discussion of political matters. On one
+occasion, at an interview with the Commander-in-Chief, my friend D----
+was present, and translated a certain speech, which was subsequently
+published in some of the Shanghae papers. He asked the Chung-wang "why
+he had ventured within the limits of Consular Ports;" and received this
+reply:--
+
+    "Why? Because foreigners have broken faith with us! The English
+    and Americans stipulated with us to remain strictly neutral in
+    regard to our war with the Manchoos. This agreement was kept on
+    their part by assisting, in every way they could, in the
+    collection of the very 'sinews of war' for the Imperialists;
+    allowing their subjects to enter the Manchoo employ, and at the
+    same time sending a man-of-war to force, at the cannon's mouth,
+    the return, and even punishment of the few foreigners who had
+    joined us! Was _this_ neutrality?
+
+    "This was not all: they actually, with their own Government
+    troops, _invaded_ our territory, and violated the most sacred
+    usages of war, by permitting, or not preventing, the Chinese
+    troops from committing the most atrocious barbarities. It has
+    been told us that, among foreigners, the proof of courage is
+    clemency towards the vanquished. But the torture inflicted
+    lately upon some of your helpless prisoners proves to us the
+    quality of your _neutrality_! Neutrality! Every few days we see
+    several Manchoo steam vessels, laden with munitions of war, all
+    to be expended to our destruction, passing under the very walls
+    of our capital, but flying the American flag! They are called by
+    foreigners the _Koong-foo-tze_ (Confucius), _Kee-me-et_
+    (Williamette), _An-te-lok_ (Antelope), etc. But for that flag we
+    would have sunk them hundreds of times. Is _this_ neutrality? Is
+    it not a most shameful perversion of the American nationality?
+    Is it not a vile trading--a base jobbery in the dignity and
+    honour of a noble people, who have never permitted their
+    officers to _openly_ violate our rights? Would not these great
+    foreign sovereigns blush to see the degradation of their flags,
+    perverted to such ends as private aggrandisement and infamous
+    prostitution?
+
+    "Moreover, as lords of our immense territory, we have a perfect
+    right to levy taxes on goods of natives passing through our
+    dominions; but by acts of gigantic fraud,[21] the foreign
+    consuls have given to native craft papers, and their national
+    flag, simply for a fee--thus robbing us of our revenues, in as
+    far as they _could_! Would any _other_ nation have borne these
+    outrages for years, as we have done, without making reprisal?
+    And we have been accused of relentless barbarity; of burning
+    towns, slaughtering the people, &c. Well, granted. It is the
+    hard necessity of war, which we would avoid if we could; but
+    knowing, as we do, the conduct of Napoleon in Europe, of the
+    British in India, &c., and the Americans in their own country,
+    we think such accusations come with a bad grace from
+    foreigners. The Ming dynasty was founded by a revolution such
+    as is now in progress; and we have never heard of a people who
+    expelled tyrants from their country who did not suffer both
+    offensively and defensively.
+
+    "That the foreign Powers are playing a game to suit their own
+    profit in China, is to us perfectly clear. When, some time ago,
+    we addressed their authorities on this subject (at the Consular
+    Ports), our communications were returned _unopened_. This
+    contemptible insult taught us that you foreigners" [the
+    translation of this part cannot be literally given, by reason of
+    the Chung-wang's use of idiomatic and figurative language, but
+    may best be expressed as follows:--] "thought our cause a
+    sinking one, or intended to make it so; and, like rats on
+    shipboard, you would desert--_not us, but your own professions
+    towards us_. Not long after, our capital was called, in a public
+    print, the 'City of Coolie Kings.' This title, which was meant
+    for a sneer, we thought the highest compliment possible: we are
+    indifferent as to what the Duke of Pa-le-chiau[22] thought of
+    the remark, or the Americans, whose capital might be called by
+    the same name with equal justice. It was easy to judge, from
+    these circumstances, and many others, at what value we could
+    esteem the lofty sentiments of honour, justice, and equity,
+    which foreigners professed towards the Chinese people. 1st. They
+    struck a nearly fatal blow to the Manchoo power; then, in
+    pretence of seeking the real good of the nation, they bolster up
+    the tottering _simulacrum_, and actively carry on operations
+    against us. They reform not one abuse of the Tartar Government,
+    and send for Captain Osborne's fleet![23] Will the most noble
+    Empress of England, the mother of her people, permit her brave
+    soldiers, and noble-minded naval officers, to serve under the
+    most cruel and corrupt Government officials in the world, and
+    furnish them with means to come to the Middle Kingdom, to crush
+    out at the cannon's mouth the last vestige of liberty, and
+    freedom of being governed, while professing our religion, as
+    seems to us most conformable to the sacred book (Bible)? We
+    cannot think so, though her officers have refused to receive our
+    communications!
+
+    "Will not one of you here present make it known to the
+    sovereigns of England and America, that by this conduct we can
+    only judge of them, and that it seems that they desire to
+    exterminate us. Of the French we have nothing to hope; _they_
+    have never professed any friendship for us! They (the French
+    Jesuits) materially assisted the Manchoos in getting possession
+    of the throne, for the sake of propagating a religion which
+    English missionaries have taught us to condemn. But, at least,
+    they have never deceived us by false professions!"
+
+Within two months after our return to Nankin, I became utterly
+prostrated by one of the forms of low fever prevalent in China. My
+illness was long in duration and slow in disappearing, even when
+recovery commenced. During many months I was confined to a sickbed, from
+whence, but for the tender and unremitting attentions of my wife, I
+should never have risen again. In the meanwhile my comrades had all left
+the city, having proceeded with another expedition against the Manchoo.
+
+Shih-ta-kae, the I-wang and brother of the Ti-ping king, had been
+recalled to the capital, and in the month of September, 1862, marched
+forth in command of an army destined to operate along the south bank of
+the Yang-tze. The Chung-wang, with a still larger army, crossed the
+river, and commenced a campaign having for its principal objects the
+recapture of Ngan-king and the capture of Pekin.
+
+While these armies are marching along their several routes, we will
+digress for a little and notice two subjects particularly favourable to
+the moral aspect of the Ti-ping revolution, though one of them has
+excited no little hostility to the great movement.
+
+The justice courts of Ti-pingdom form the theme of our first eulogy.
+These are invariably conducted with the strictest and most simple
+equity. The disgusting scenes, the inseparable concomitants of the
+Manchoo magisterial dwelling, or _yamun_,--such as the torture of
+litigants, criminals, and prisoners,--are entirely abolished. Defendant,
+plaintiff, and witness, are fairly confronted; but under the sway of the
+Tartar despotism either the one or the other is tortured if any party
+chooses to bribe the presiding mandarin; or, if none have the sense and
+means to sooth the majesty of justice with lumps of virgin sycee, the
+_whole_ are tortured by that impartial functionary. The infamous system
+of bribery is entirely unknown in a Ti-ping court of justice; _not one_
+form of torture is permitted by law,[24] and prisoners or litigants are
+afforded every facility to defend themselves consistent with justice. In
+no way can a rich and superior adversary obtain any unfair advantage
+over a poor man, none being convicted or punished but upon the clearest
+and most decisive proof of guilt.
+
+Ti-pingdom is one of the last places in the world likely to please a
+lawyer; plaintiff, defendant, and prisoner having to plead their own
+cases, which are then decided upon according to their respective merits
+by the presiding chief and his assistant officers. All trials are
+conducted more by the dictates of right and justice than the trammels of
+law, so that the glaring injustice frequently caused by European legal
+technicalities and quibbles is seldom committed.
+
+The Ti-pings have one very singular custom in connection with their
+"Judgment Halls." Two large drums are always kept hanging just inside
+the porch of the outer gate, and are at the use of any person who may
+consider himself aggrieved, or may wish to present a complaint, when he
+is at liberty to strike upon the drums and demand justice from the
+chief. A Ti-ping court of justice is generally a very imposing affair.
+The gorgeous dress of the chiefs, their numerous attendants and body
+guard, the many beautiful silken banners around the walls, and
+especially the brilliancy of colour, strongly impress the observer's
+imagination with an idea of what Europe must have been during its
+earlier career, when it delighted in the same barbaric splendour and
+feudal display.
+
+The second subject of our digression is the abolition of opium-smoking
+by the Ti-pings, which is almost the principal cause of the hostility
+the British Government and nearly all merchants who trade in the drug
+have hitherto entertained against the revolutionists. Although the
+arguments to prove the utterly health-destroying and mind-pervading
+effect of opium are many and incontrovertible, we may dispense with them
+and give a few facts to establish the value of the prohibition by the
+Ti-pings. In India, as well as in China, the unfortunate natives are
+thereby utterly destroyed. In a communication forwarded by General
+Alexander to Earl Shaftesbury (then Lord Ashley), from Mr. A. Sym, dated
+the 13th of March, 1840, the following passages occur:--
+
+    "The health and morals of the people suffer from the production
+    of opium. We are demoralizing our own subjects in India; one
+    half of the crime in the opium districts--murders, rapes, and
+    affrays--have their origin in opium-eating.... One opium
+    cultivator demoralizes a whole village. Thus thousands of our
+    fellow-subjects in India are oppressed, and their health and
+    morals destroyed, for the sake of this infernal opium trade. So
+    completely is the production of opium in the hands of the East
+    India Company[25] that not a single poppy can be grown in the
+    extent of their vast territories without either the permission
+    of the Government or an infraction of its laws. The grower of
+    the poppy derives only a bare subsistence for its cultivation,
+    and the difference between 250 rupees and 1,200 to 1,600 rupees
+    a chest goes to the Government, which exchanges the drug for
+    silver at the auction mart."
+
+This sort of thing has been continually on the increase since the above
+statements were written, and the opium trade has now reached an enormous
+extent, being fully equal to if not greater in value than either the
+silk or tea trade. While the price of opium has been steadily maintained
+or increased, that of western manufactures has gradually fallen off to
+one-third the former rates, although the latter trade has not largely
+increased, and that in opium has been more than doubled. The vast amount
+of specie drawn from China in payment of this deleterious drug is
+diverted from a more beneficial and righteous trade in British
+manufactures, or in the cultivation of cotton, which the East Indian
+districts now devoted to the poppy are so well adapted to produce. If
+Lancashire would only look abroad it might see a mode of easily
+increasing the British exports to China, till the eight or nine millions
+annually paid in cash for the produce of China were replaced by them,
+and the abolition of the opium trade had enabled the Chinese to barter
+for English manufactures to a greater extent. The amount of clear profit
+realized by the Indian Government upon the sale of opium is considerably
+upwards of £5,000,000 per annum,[26] being the difference between £25 a
+chest they give for it, and £115 they sell it at. The opium, upon
+reaching China, extracts from that country the vast amount of specie
+above mentioned, which would otherwise be expended on British produce.
+
+Only a few years ago the following evidence was adduced before the
+Select Committee of the House of Commons, on our commercial relations
+with China, by Mr. Montgomery Martin, who was Her Majesty's treasurer in
+India:--
+
+    "I inquired of the Taou-tae of Shanghae what would be the best
+    means of increasing our commerce with China, and his first
+    answer, in the presence of Captain Balfour, was:--'_Cease to
+    send us so much opium, and we shall be able to take your
+    manufactures._'... The true remedy for our deficient trade with
+    China is not to be found in the reduction of £1,000,000 to
+    £2,000,000 sterling of tea duties, but in perfect freedom of
+    intercourse with China; in facilities of access to the interior
+    of that vast country; and in the abolition of the pernicious
+    opium traffic, which absorbs £4,000,000 per annum, which would
+    be devoted to the purchase of British manufactures."
+
+Proofs of the immense injury the opium traffic inflicts upon British
+export trade to China might be multiplied _ad infinitum_. The drug not
+only destroys the moral and physical principles of those who connect
+themselves with it in any way, but it has been the direct cause of every
+war England has had with China. The following statement by Mr. Martin is
+so identical with what I would say myself that I cannot do better than
+quote it with the appreciation it so well deserves. It was adduced
+before the Committee of the House of Commons already referred to:--
+
+    "Minute 3491. In what respect do you think the trade injurious
+    to us in our relations with China?
+
+    "3492. Politically, with reference to our position with the
+    Government of China, had France, or America, or Russia, granted
+    us an island on their coast as a commercial station,[27] had
+    they prohibited the use of opium, believing it to be injurious,
+    we dare not, in that case, have made it a smoking-shop for the
+    empire; and I would not act to the Chinese Government in a
+    different manner than I would act to a Government in Europe.
+    Then, socially speaking, I believe it is the duty of this
+    Government to uphold moral principles and to disseminate
+    religious truth, and she cannot do that with one hand, while on
+    the other she is introducing into China an amount of opium which
+    furnishes 17 grains a day to each of 3,000,000 of people, and
+    which, in the language of Mr. Lay, Her Majesty's late consul at
+    Amoy, 'is ham-stringing the nation.' I think it is desolating
+    China, corrupting its Government, and bringing the fabric of
+    that extraordinary empire to a state of rapid dissolution.
+    Commercially speaking, it is injurious to us, because it
+    prevents the extension of our manufactures in China. Four or
+    five mercantile houses are engaged in the traffic, and derive a
+    large amount of revenue from it; _but the trade of England is
+    materially cramped by the extension of its consumption in China
+    to the extent of at least four million sterling a year_."
+
+Now, this truthful statement was made in the year 1857, since when the
+evils mentioned have increased to more than double their extent at that
+period. We will also examine the opinion of the Chinese themselves with
+regard to the introduction of opium into their country. Kinshan, one of
+the most celebrated of the _literati_ of China, has written on the
+subject, and how correctly all can affirm who know anything of
+opium-smoking in that empire. The following is his statement:--
+
+[Illustration:
+London. Published March 15^{th} 1866 by Day & Son, Limited Lithog^{rs}
+Gate Str. Lincoln's Inn Fields. Day & Son, Limited, Lith.
+INTERIOR OF AN OPIUM SMOKING SALOON.]
+
+    "Opium is a poisonous drug brought from foreign countries. At
+    first the smokers of it merely strive to follow the fashion of
+    the day, but in the sequel the poison takes effect, and the
+    habit becomes fixed. The sleeping smokers are like corpses--lean
+    and haggard as demons; such are the injuries it does to life; it
+    throws whole families into ruin, dissipates every kind of
+    property, and destroys man himself. There cannot be a greater
+    evil than this. 1st. It exhausts the animal spirits; hence the
+    youth who smoke will hasten the termination of their years. 2nd.
+    It wastes the flesh and blood; the faces of the weak who smoke
+    become black and cadaverous. 3rd. It dissipates every kind of
+    property. 4th. It renders the person ill-favoured--mucus flows
+    from his nostrils, and tears from his eyes. 5th. It promotes
+    obscenity. 6th. It discovers secrets. 7th. It violates laws.
+    8th. It attacks the vitals. 9th. It destroys life. When the
+    smoker has pawned everything in his possession, he will pawn his
+    wife and sell his daughters; such are the inevitable
+    consequences."
+
+To every word of the above statement, from my own personal experience, I
+can give the most unqualified assent. The following extract from a
+manifesto addressed by the distinguished Imperial Commissioner Lin to
+the Queen of England, with regard to the _forcible_ introduction of
+opium by British subjects, places the wrongly despised Chinaman in
+pleasing contrast with the opium trafficking European. Commissioner Lin
+said:--
+
+    "That in the ways of Heaven no partiality exists, and no
+    sanction is allowed to the injury of others for the advantage of
+    one's self--that there is not any great diversity (for where is
+    he who does not abhor death and seek life?), these are
+    acknowledged principles. Though not using opium one's self, to
+    venture, nevertheless, on the manufacture and sale of it, and
+    with it to seduce the simple folk of this land, is to seek one's
+    own livelihood by the exposure of others to death--to seek one's
+    own advantage by other men's injury; and such acts are utterly
+    abhorrent to the nature of men, and are utterly opposed to the
+    ways of Heaven."
+
+No wonder the Rev. Dr. Medhurst, one of the most experienced
+missionaries in China, has said: "Opium is demoralizing China, and
+become the greatest barrier to the introduction of Christianity which
+can be conceived of." And to prove this he states that almost the first
+reply of a native, when urged to believe in Christ, is, "Why do
+Christians bring us opium, and bring it directly in defiance of our
+laws? The evil drug has poisoned my son, has ruined my brother, and well
+nigh led me to barter my wife and children. Surely those who import
+such a deleterious substance, and injure me for the sake of gain, cannot
+wish me well or be in possession of a religion better than my own. Go
+first and persuade your own countrymen to relinquish this nefarious
+traffic, _and give me a prescription to correct this vile habit_,[28]
+and then I will listen to your exhortations on the subject of
+Christianity."
+
+Never has there been a viler or more utterly debasing institution upon
+earth than that of the opium-smoking dens in China. "Truly," as the Rev.
+E. B. Squire, formerly a missionary to that empire, once said, "it is an
+engine in Satan's hands, and a powerful one." It is necessary to
+remember that this same engine of wickedness and abomination has been
+systematically, and by the medium of several wars, forced upon China by
+the English nation and the produce of her Indian possessions.
+
+The very day that the monopoly of the China trade by the East India
+Company ceased, the British Government commenced forcing the opium
+traffic, by which means they brought about the first opium war. Although
+the drug destroyed by Commissioner Lin was surrendered up _according to
+agreement_ by H. B. Majesty's representative, Captain Elliot, yet its
+destruction was afterwards perverted into a _casus belli_. From that
+event may be dated a course of policy that all posterity will assuredly
+condemn, terminating as it did in the Chinese Government being compelled
+to legalize this nefarious trade.
+
+Opium has ever been made contraband by the Ti-ping law, its use being
+forbidden under penalty of death, and all cases of infraction being
+strictly visited with the punishment of decapitation. As opium has in
+every case been the primary cause of each war with China, and as it was
+universally known that the success of the Ti-pings would have utterly
+abolished the trade, it is by no means unfair or unreasonable to ascribe
+a great proportion of the hostility the revolutionists have experienced
+(from those bound by every other motive to be their warmest friends) to
+the same cause. It is indisputable that nearly all who became acquainted
+with the Ti-pings during the early part of their career, and even many
+who did not, entertained for them the most friendly feelings; but no
+sooner was it thoroughly understood that they were determined not to
+submit to the introduction of opium, when, in spite of their
+Christianity, &c., a strong party arose against them.
+
+In China it is quite notorious that one of the principal mercantile
+houses (Dent & Co.), after vainly endeavouring to establish an opium
+trade with the Ti-pings at Wuhu (a city some fifty miles above Nankin,
+on the Yang-tze River), by the means of their opium-ship _Nimrod_, which
+was stationed there for six months, and where I have myself seen her,
+did, after the failure of the attempt, become their most signal
+revilers, and use all the interest they possessed against them.
+
+Too many merchants, and, unfortunately, their national representatives
+interested in maintaining the great opium revenue, have, in China, by
+the blind pursuit of profit, sacrificed principle to lucre, heedless of
+the grievous consequences. It is no less unfortunate that many of those
+who are now designated "merchant princes" some years before made their
+capital by opium smuggling; equally deplorable is it that still their
+largest profits result from what by fire and sword has become the
+legalized trade. Such, however, is the case, and principally for this
+reason has it become popular to stifle the birth of freedom and
+Christianity in the opium-ruined Chinese nation.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[19] The title (Tien-ping) of the Ti-ping soldiery.
+
+[20] The Manchoo.
+
+[21] Perfectly true.
+
+[22] The French General in command during the Pekin campaign, who
+received this title from his emperor.
+
+[23] The proceedings to raise the "Vampyre" fleet in England were then
+nearly concluded, and were known to the Ti-pings.
+
+[24] The different methods of legal torture are numerated in the
+Imperialist code by hundreds.
+
+[25] The power has, of course, reverted to the Home Government since the
+Sepoy revolt.
+
+[26] By the last official return (1863-4) the export of opium from India
+to China is given as 42,621 chests, and the gross revenue derived
+therefrom, Rupees, 52,072,358.
+
+[27] Alluding to Hong-Kong.
+
+[28] These very words have frequently been addressed to myself by
+Chinese opium-smokers, and I fancy scarcely any European has been in
+China without having experienced the same.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+    Ti-ping Disasters.--The Vampyre Fleet.--Important Letters.--Mr.
+    Roberts's Case.--Mr. Consul Harvey.--Letters
+    continued.--Misrepresentations.--Anti-Ti-ping Meeting.--The
+    Sherrard Osborne Theory.--The Fleet Afloat.--The "Lay" and
+    "Osborne" Agreement.--The Fleet repudiated.--Pecuniary Loss to
+    England.--A Resumé.--General Burgevine.--Lieutenant Ridge.--Act
+    of Piracy.--A Tartar caught.--Exit of the Anglo-Chinese
+    Flotilla.--General Ward's Proceedings.--Progress of the
+    War.--Death of General Ward.--Captain Dew's Disgrace.--How
+    caused.--His Mode of Proceeding.--Its Effect upon
+    Trade.--Operations before Kah-ding.--"Wong-e-poo."--General
+    Burgevine dismissed from his Command.--Major Gordon takes
+    Command.--Sir F. Bruce's Despatches.--His Objections to Gordon's
+    Appointment.--Also to General Brown's Interference.
+
+
+During the absence of the Chung-wang on his campaign to the north, and
+while I was still confined by illness in Nankin, important events
+disastrous to the Ti-ping cause were occurring elsewhere. These events,
+which must be described before continuing my personal narrative,
+consisted of the organization of that extraordinary flotilla known in
+England as the _Anglo-Chinese_, but principally as the _Vampyre_ fleet
+in China; the resumption of hostilities against the Ti-pings by General
+Staveley and his colleagues; and the conversion of Ward's old
+mercenaries into a British contingent, besides the formation of several
+other similar legions both at Shanghae and Ningpo.
+
+The origin of the _Vampyre_ scheme to regenerate China by exterminating
+the Ti-pings, is as yet uncertain, although Mr. Lay (late Inspector
+General of Chinese Customs) in his pamphlet intituled "Our Interests in
+China," thus describes its first practical adoption:--"Threatened by Sir
+F. Bruce, 'that Her Majesty's Government will not go on protecting
+Shanghae for ever,' ... [Blue Book, 1863, pp. 13 and 67], and alarmed by
+the news of the loss of Ningpo, and of the advance of the Ti-pings upon
+Shanghae ... they (the Manchoo Government) saw that they must
+comply,[29] or perish.... The Prince Regent (Kung) accordingly declared
+himself ready to adopt any measure that Sir F. Bruce might advise. What
+was his bidding? 'Get foreign ships and engage foreign officers.'[30]
+'Procure us the ships and the officers,' was the rejoinder."
+
+Accordingly some one whom Mr. Lay terms "my _locum tenens_, Mr. Hart,"
+received from the Manchoo Government "a certain sum of money for
+transmission to England for the purchase of a steam fleet." Meanwhile
+arrangements were made between Mr. Lay and Captain Sherrard Osborne,
+R.N., by which that officer agreed to receive the _elevation_ to a
+Manchoo Admiralship. The British Government suspended the Foreign
+Enlistment Act, ignored the pledges of neutrality, and "at the Court at
+Windsor, the 30th day of August, 1862," passed an "Order in Council
+authorising the enlistment of officers and men, and the equipment and
+fitting-out of vessels of war for the service of the Emperor of China."
+
+Although fearing I may tire my readers, I cannot resist quoting from a
+small book of official letters under my hand in order to prove by most
+conclusive authoritative testimony the _false pretences_ upon which the
+raising of the flotilla and the enlistment of British subjects in the
+service of the barbarous Manchoo despotism was permitted in England. The
+letters have been lent to me by a distinguished Member of Parliament,
+and are written by one of the first Shanghae merchants to his brother, a
+member of the present Government. These letters have, I am informed,
+been submitted to various ministers; therefore, it may be concluded that
+in addition to the despatches of Consul Meadows, &c., the Government had
+ample means of becoming acquainted with the favourable characteristics
+of the unfortunate Ti-pings they have devoted to destruction.
+
+The letter I now propose quoting is written in reference to Earl
+Russell's speech in the debate upon China in the House of Lords on the
+2nd of July, 1862, and commences by stating "Earl Grey's view is far
+sounder than that of the Government." Passing over Earl Russell's
+preamble the letter states:--
+
+    "II. Earl Russell next propounds two questions:--
+
+    "_First._--Will the Ti-pings give us the same advantages which
+    the Government of China is bound to give us?
+
+    "_Second._--Can the Ti-pings form a Government with which
+    foreign Powers can treat?
+
+    "He argues a negative answer to these questions, and I take
+    issue with him on his argument as follows:--
+
+    "_First._--He alludes to the agreement made with the Ti-pings at
+    Nankin by Admiral Hope, restricting them to a limited distance
+    of thirty miles from Shanghae. The arrangement was made about
+    the end of 1860, and was generally understood at the time to be
+    limited to the space of one year. _The agreement was faithfully
+    kept for that time._ When Admiral Hope and Mr. Parkes went to
+    Nankin at the close of 1861,[31] they found the Ti-pings
+    stubborn, and, I believe, the latter would give no further
+    pledge, while Shanghae, under our protection, was made the
+    arsenal, mint, and storehouse of their opponents!... I believe
+    that the Ti-pings acted in good faith, as far as they knew, and
+    that _the accusation is fallacious_.
+
+
+    "Earl Russell, on the assumption of their want of faith,
+    proceeds to say:--'They approached very near to Shanghae. Junks
+    belonging to British owners were seized, the crews were
+    imprisoned, _one_ European was murdered, and every determination
+    was shown to interfere with the British _trade_ at that port.'
+
+    "This is a very sweeping sentence, and to a great extent
+    fallacious.
+
+    "'A. The Ti-pings certainly, early _this_ year, came in strong
+    force close to Shanghae. Their leaders sent in a note
+    immediately to the British and French authorities.... _All
+    negotiation was repudiated by our authorities._'
+
+    "Seeing that Shanghae was the centre, from which, under cover of
+    our flags, safe from harm, the Imperialists organized all their
+    plans, provided all the necessaries of war, and found a ready
+    treasury in the customs' revenue, it is not to be wondered at
+    that the Ti-pings were most anxious to get possession of a place
+    so important to the success of their cause; and it is scarcely
+    reasonable, in this view, to suppose that they ever intended to
+    pledge themselves in perpetuity, to allow such a state of
+    matters to continue.
+
+    "'B. Junks belonging to British owners were seized, and their
+    crews imprisoned.'
+
+    "This is so vague, that it is difficult to know what instances
+    are alluded to. Some boats, British owned, were, during last
+    season, stopped at the passes from the silk districts, in
+    possession of the rebels, _from their attempting to run the pass
+    without paying the usual toll_. I have never heard of any boat
+    being molested which stopped and paid the moderate duty exacted
+    by the _de facto_ power....
+
+    "'C. _One_ European was murdered.'
+
+    "To what case does this allude? Several Europeans have been
+    murdered. A Frenchman, named Salabelle, having imprudently gone
+    up the Yang-tze in a China boat with a lot of dollars, was
+    murdered by pirates in collusion with the boatmen. The Ti-pings
+    had nothing to do with that.
+
+    "Another man, in charge of a silk-boat, was attacked on his way
+    to Shanghae by a band of robbers. He was killed, but the robbers
+    turned out to be Imperial soldiers--not Ti-pings. I have not
+    heard of any European being so murdered by the Ti-pings. On the
+    contrary, both last year and this season, numbers of Europeans
+    have been engaged in the silk and green tea districts in
+    pursuance of their business, and have been perfectly welcome, on
+    paying the duty on their produce....
+
+    "'D. And every determination was shown to interfere with the
+    British trade at that port.'
+
+    "_This, to a person on the spot, is a most extraordinary
+    statement._ Both last year and this season the Ti-pings have had
+    possession of the entire silk district, and a great part of the
+    green tea district. Yet, for the year ending the 30th of June
+    last, we exported 75,000 bales of silk, and fully 50,000 bales
+    have come to market already of the new crop. What sterling money
+    do these 125,000 bales of silk represent? Take them at £80 per
+    bale, you have £10,000,000 sterling, or one-third of the
+    £30,000,000, which Earl Russell correctly states as about the
+    present annual value of the Shanghae trade. The Ti-pings might
+    have cut off nearly all this, had they been so inclined, but
+    they have allowed it all to come to market on payment of a
+    moderate duty. I have not the figures of the green teas by me at
+    this moment, but a very full supply was exported up to 30th June
+    last, a great part of which came from districts in possession of
+    the Ti-pings.
+
+    "Are these facts consistent with Earl Russell's assertions?
+
+    "I think they confute them altogether.... You are trying to
+    patch up a rotten Government, which will only get weaker for all
+    your efforts to mend it. Finally on this head, the Ti-pings have
+    all along professed anxiety to keep on friendly terms with us,
+    till our decided hostility, and harbouring of the Imperialists
+    at Shanghae, has made their wish impracticable. They are not
+    inimical to trade, as the facts above prove. They are not the
+    savages who would murder every European who goes among them on
+    peaceable pursuits, as many who have been among them could
+    prove; and I believe that if we could only give up the
+    unfortunate Imperialism we have espoused, we should find them
+    quite ready to give every facility of trade we have now, and to
+    restore this unlucky province to peace.
+
+    "_Second._ Earl Russell asks:--
+
+    "'Is there any chance, supposing the Ti-pings consented not to
+    annoy us any longer, and we made peace with them, that they
+    could form a regular government?--and upon this point we have
+    most convincing testimony.'
+
+    "Convincing testimony, indeed! Mr. Roberts[32] is the first....
+    Some time back Mr. Roberts went to join his former pupil at
+    Nankin. Whatever faults the chief might have, he was always most
+    kind to his former teacher. The reverend gentleman, however, was
+    alarmed one day, and left the place precipitately, and therefore
+    wrote a recantation of his former belief in Ti-pingdom. He could
+    not have been quite in his senses at the time, for the boy whom
+    he said was murdered before his eyes, was seen alive and well
+    afterwards....
+
+    "His opinion is not worth much.
+
+    "The next authority is Mr. Consul HARVEY of Ningpo."
+
+The writer of the letter deprecates the idea of using this gentleman's
+testimony in a grave debate, especially because it was permitted to
+overrule the opposite evidence adduced by the talented and trustworthy
+Mr. Consul Meadows. It is unnecessary to say more upon this subject than
+notice the fact that Mr. Meadows is a man of honour, of noble mind, and
+possesses a thorough knowledge of Ti-ping and Manchoo; Mr. Harvey
+is--Mr. Harvey!
+
+The letter continues:--
+
+    "On the strength of these valuable witnesses, Earl Russell
+    proceeds to say, 'It must therefore be clear to your lordships
+    that it is quite impossible anything like civil relations can be
+    established with the Ti-pings, or that they can govern the
+    Chinese empire, or conduct relations with foreign countries upon
+    the footing of amity upon which alone peace can be preserved.'
+
+    "Well, if their lordships are content to come to this conclusion
+    on this valuable evidence, they are very likely to find out
+    their mistake in doing so."
+
+After citing proof of the "very great system in their military
+department," the writer of the letter goes on to state with regard to
+the Ti-pings:--
+
+    "If men can thus conduct the details of a military department,
+    is it not probable that they have also the power of conducting
+    the details of a civil department, when the military necessity
+    is past? At Soo-chow, which the Ti-pings have now had for
+    eighteen months, the country people round about are now living
+    quietly enough, and carrying on their usual avocations....
+
+    "With regard to the attack at Ningpo, Earl Russell asserts that
+    the Ti-pings first fired on Captain Dew. The fact was, I
+    believe, that the pirate, 'Apak,' anchored his boats near the
+    English ships, so that in firing at 'Apak,' the shot from the
+    rebel batteries came close to, or over, the foreign ships. An
+    excuse for attack was wanted, this was enough, and the place was
+    taken.
+
+    "The Earl goes on to say, 'It appeared clear from this that
+    there was no chance of our being able to maintain any relations
+    of amity with the Ti-pings; and as they seemed determined to
+    destroy us, all that we could do was to protect our trade and
+    the lives of our merchants.'
+
+    "It is not to be expected that we can be on terms of amity while
+    we make Shanghae the arsenal of the Imperialists, and carry out
+    our intervention on the principle by which it has hitherto been
+    characterized.
+
+    "A most disgraceful affair took place the other day. Nine young
+    gentlemen, members of the Shanghae Mounted Volunteer Corps, went
+    out one afternoon with Captain BORLASE, of H.M. ship _Pearl_,
+    and a party of men, to reconnoitre. They came on a number of
+    Ti-pings, who on seeing the horses, immediately threw away their
+    arms, and ran off half naked. Captain Borlase gave the order to
+    pursue and _to give no quarter_.[33] These young gentlemen
+    accordingly amused themselves that afternoon in cold-blooded
+    murder, and their captain distinguished himself, it is said, by
+    the chivalrous action of killing a man lying badly wounded on
+    the ground. One of the number, a young friend of mine, I am glad
+    to say, refused to obey the order he received. I say that if
+    H.M.'s officers are to be permitted to give such brutal orders,
+    the sooner we cease to talk of Ti-ping cruelties and the
+    savageries of General Butler the better.... A cry has been _got
+    up_ about the cruelties of the Ti-pings, for want of a better
+    war-cry, and our people are taught to illustrate Christianity by
+    the perpetration of cruelties, considering our lights,
+    infinitely more atrocious. The conduct of the Ti-pings,
+    notwithstanding all the provocation they have received, towards
+    foreigners who have had to enter their lines on business,
+    contrasts in their favour with our conduct to them.
+
+    "From Captain Osborne's appointment, I infer that my friend Lay
+    has been entirely Imperialist in the advice he has given the
+    Government.
+
+    "I regret that Osborne should have taken such an appointment,
+    and that Government should have sanctioned it.
+
+    "I regret still more that Palmerston should be making what I
+    consider such a grave mistake on this question, and that is one
+    of the main reasons why I write these letters. Another is that I
+    am convinced our present policy will be detrimental alike to
+    British interests, and to the interests of the Chinese people."
+
+We have seen that Messrs. Jardine and Matheson pronounced the policy of
+their Government "suicidal." We have now noticed the important evidence
+of another of the principal merchants, in whose interest it was alleged
+to be necessary to slaughter the Ti-pings. The British Parliament was
+persuaded by fallacies, and the "Vampyre" fleet was made ready and sent
+to China, while the British people were led into the belief that it was
+organized merely to act against Chinese pirates, the Government organs
+representing the Ti-pings as "attempting to force a way to the sea
+coast, where they hope to take to the amphibious life a Chinaman always
+loves, and prowl at sea or penetrate the inner waters as necessity or
+opportunity may tempt or dictate." This, and innumerable similar
+fabrications, are perfectly astounding by the depth of their untruth and
+the total absence of any foundation. The above-quoted statement is only
+surpassed by another in the same article of the same newspaper:--"It is,
+however, _the people of China_ who have broken the force of the
+Ti-pings, and it is under the dread of their terrible reprisals that the
+Ti-pings are now attempting to force a way to the sea-coast"!!!
+
+This article, so horribly wicked in purpose and so thoroughly false in
+substance, was one of those written upon the grand meeting held at the
+rooms of the Royal Geological Society upon the subject of the
+"Anglo-Chinese flotilla." The leaders of the quasi-regenerating
+expedition here held forth to the scientific gentlemen of the Society,
+their friends, and sundry members of the Government. The speeches they
+made, their arguments, facts, and declared intentions, were equally
+reasonable and trustworthy as the statement in the newspaper article
+eulogising them, and which, by some most extraordinary perversity of
+knowledge, represented the bitter and ruthless warfare prosecuted by
+Admirals Hope and Protet, Generals Staveley and Brown, and others,
+against the Ti-pings, as "_the people of China_ who have broken the
+force of the Ti-pings." Certes, had such been the case, it required an
+astonishing quantity of British shot, shell, artillery, and men, to
+enable the Manchoo Government to occupy any single village or foot of
+land held by the "broken force!" And one can hardly discover the object
+of the flotilla if the "people of China" had already done the only thing
+for which it was being organized; for which Prince Kung was paying, and
+Mr. Lay, Captain Sherrard Osborne, and his men, receiving a goodly share
+of that Manchoo mintage. Five months later, this "broken force" was
+found to be so well able to convert its opponents into a similarly
+unpleasant state, that upon the 9th day of January, 1863, another order
+in counsel was passed, making it "lawful for all military officers in
+Her Majesty's service to enter into the military service of the Emperor
+of China."
+
+To resume the history of the "Vampyre" expedition. At the oratorical
+display of the civil leader and the naval chief, the Chancellor of the
+Exchequer (with a keen eye to the guarantee the flotilla might afford
+for the payment of the indemnities by China) was present to see, to
+hear, to judge, and to wind up in most affecting and impressive style by
+giving the well-paid, and doubtless well-deserving, adventurers his
+blessing.
+
+Mr. Lay, with a surprising theory for a questionable purpose, told the
+meeting that the great cause of the civil war in China was its crowded
+population, "which the productive power of the soil was not sufficient
+to maintain." Emigration of the Ti-pings (when he caught them) was his
+remedy. Now, how that clever, though it is just possible, mistaken
+gentleman, expected to forward the change of habitation with the
+Armstrong and Whitworth guns, and other deadly weapons of exceedingly
+killing power he was carefully providing, is by no means clear, unless,
+indeed, the emigration was to be eternal. Neither is it by any means
+easy to understand that if the production of the soil was not sufficient
+to maintain the natives, the distress could be alleviated by making it
+support, in addition, a large number of very expensive foreign officers
+and men, besides a costly fleet of steamers.
+
+Captain Sherrard Osborne then succeeded the would-be Dictator General of
+China, and with no less extraordinary principles than his civilian
+superior, made the astounding declarations:--1. "That his first duty in
+China would be to bear in mind that he was a member of the Geographical
+Society." 2. "That he was going to China to spread peace, and not to
+shed blood" (with his Armstrongs and &c.s). 3. "That his object was to
+teach the Chinese rather the duty of sparing than the art of killing"
+(singular that such pains were taken to procure the most effective
+armament England could furnish). 4. "And that he hoped to report that
+Nankin was taken without the loss of one life after the assault was
+over."
+
+1. As the _Daily News_ wrote at the time, "Though this may be very
+advantageous for Burlington House, it affords an adequate explanation of
+the way China is to benefit by his vaunted advent. Perhaps, however, it
+may be accepted as a proof of his being a philanthropic adventurer; that
+his first care will be to look after, not the interests of the Chinese
+Government, which pays him 3,000_l._ a year, but those of a society to
+whose funds he is called on to contribute."
+
+4. This naïve announcement is a startling one for the "pirate" dodge of
+the gallant captain's friends, and proves that the only motive, which,
+in fact, is admitted by all save a few bigots, was suppression of the
+Ti-ping revolution.
+
+Of Mr. Lay and his fighting-man, the _Daily News_ well said, "As these
+gentlemen seem to have the power of carrying on their scheme for the
+present, they will doubtless do so, but it is a mistake for them to
+depart from the policy of reserve which they have hitherto followed."
+
+In dire alarm and trouble, Prince Kung grasped at the offer of a fleet
+to save the Manchoo dynasty, as a drowning man will clutch at a straw.
+The British Government, wisely thinking that the fleet would guard the
+treaty ports against the Ti-pings, and thereby protect both the payment
+of the indemnity and the opium trade at the expense of the Chinese,
+quickly seized the opportunity it shadowed forth. The justice of their
+conduct is a very different matter, and it would be interesting indeed
+to know by what right the capture of Nankin was undertaken,--a city far
+in the interior of China, the owners of which only entreated the
+friendship of foreigners, while striving to throw off a foreign yoke and
+enjoy the blessing of the Christian faith and self-government.
+
+The worst part of the tale has now to be related. Upon the individual
+authority of Mr. Lay, the flotilla (consisting principally of British
+men-of-war) having struck the English flag, hoisted a green and yellow
+rag, and without commission or any authority to constitute them national
+ships of war, proceeded to the high seas in true pirate fashion. The
+laws of England were unscrupulously violated, her navy indelibly
+disgraced, and all who took share in the expedition perfectly fooled, by
+the _unofficial_ countenance of a Manchoo Prince, and the indecent haste
+of British ministers to comply with his ambiguous request for a fleet,
+in order to gratify their own ulterior motives.
+
+Prince Kung simply authorized Mr. Lay to buy a number of vessels, but
+those ships were despatched from England fully manned and armed, as
+though they had been duly commissioned, which was not, and never became,
+the case. Mr. Lay and Captain Osborne, between them, prepared an
+agreement (that being the authority and regulation upon which the crews
+were engaged, and merely a private understanding, strangely resembled
+the bond of a piratical organization), which, had it been carried into
+execution, would virtually have consigned the destinies and executive of
+China into their hands. These were the salient features of the
+agreement:--
+
+    "4. Osborne undertakes to act upon all orders of the Emperor
+    which may be conveyed direct to Lay; and Osborne engages not to
+    attend to any orders conveyed through any other channel.
+
+    "5. Lay, upon his part, engages to refuse to be the medium of
+    any orders of the reasonableness of which he is not satisfied."
+
+No wonder the Manchoo Government repudiated this pretty arrangement,
+fleet and all, when it arrived in China. There is, however,
+another reason to account for the ignominious failure of the
+"Vampyres,"--ignominious because they had neither right nor
+justification to be placed in the position of mercenaries, or to be
+subjected to dismissal by a barbarous court. The Imperialists were
+willing enough to receive a fleet upon _any_ terms when the success of
+the Ti-ping revolution was certain unless foreigners interfered; but
+when the "Vampyres" did arrive, the dread of the avenging Ti-ping no
+longer existed. By English troops and English officers in command of
+Chinese disciplined legions, the revolutionists had been driven back
+from Shanghae and Ningpo, and were still retreating before the shock of
+foreign arms. Mr. Lay and Captain Osborne came too late. They could not
+become the slaves of the Manchoo, neither could they constitute
+themselves his tyrants, and consequently Prince Kung repudiated all his
+obligations with characteristic treachery.
+
+When the flotilla reached China the Imperial Government endeavoured to
+place it under the command of the provincial authorities, and by this
+determination they effected its dissolution. Captain Osborne refused to
+lower himself into the position occupied by British officers in the
+neighbourhood of Shanghae and Ningpo--that of filibusters, subordinate
+to the _local_ authorities--but the Tartars had the best of the
+argument, for the precedent existed in the terms upon which the military
+had taken service with them; they were therefore justified in applying
+the same reasoning to make the navy of England subservient to their
+inferior officials. Prince Kung and his colleagues were decided upon
+this point and the repudiation of other guarantees; Captain Osborne
+remained equally firm; consequently Mr. Lay lost his lucrative
+appointment as Inspector General of Chinese customs, Captain Osborne did
+not become a Manchoo Admiral, and the naval force of no nationality was
+sold, while the officers and men had to go back to where they came from.
+
+The Chancellor of the Exchequer's magniloquent benediction, in which he
+prophesied of "the day when its leaders would come back rich in
+professional fame, and bringing also with them fresh glory to their
+country," vanished and disappeared in thin air, thanks to the failure of
+the attempt to "spread peace" with rifled artillery. Mr. Lay, since his
+tardy appreciation of the Manchoo, in "Our Interests in China," thus
+describes the state of affairs which led to the failure of his
+regenerating scheme:--
+
+    "When I left China, the Emperor's Government, under the pressure
+    of necessity,[34] and with the beneficial terror established by
+    the allied foray to Pekin in 1860 fresh in their recollection,
+    was in the best of moods, willing to be guided," &c. "What did I
+    find on my return? The face of things was entirely changed.
+    There was the old insolent demeanour, the nonsensical language
+    of exclusion, the open mockery of all treaties, the declared
+    determination to yield nothing that could be evaded. In short,
+    all the ground gained by the treaty of 1858 had been frittered
+    away, and we were thrust back into the position we occupied
+    before the war--one of helpless remonstrance and impotent
+    menace."
+
+A pretty state of affairs truly! Re-established, too, by British
+politicians, who, by supporting the Manchoos, have perpetuated a system
+which the Ti-pings would have altered for ever.
+
+Time has already proved the truth of the above assertion by Mr. Lay;
+time will yet prove the bitter hatred the present dynasty of China
+entertains towards Great Britain, the nation which has frequently
+chastised them, forced them to break their own laws and receive the
+obnoxious opium, humbled them before their people and compelled them to
+eat the fruit of humility, and worse than all, originated the once
+irresistible Ti-ping revolution by the importation of Christianity. They
+would not be men did they forget the blows (not always justifiable) they
+have received; they would not be Manchoo did they forget to revenge
+themselves _when_ able.
+
+Financially considered, this Anglo-Manchoo expedition was rather a
+serious matter for the British Government. The only authentic estimate
+of the expenditure which is at present available shows that the portion
+consequent merely on the return of the flotilla when its services were
+rejected, amounted to 213,000 taels, or £71,000, which was advanced in
+the first instance from the Manchoo customs and subsequently refunded by
+England when receiving the quarterly payment of the Indemnity.
+
+Here is what Captain Osborne says:--
+
+    "Dire necessity made Pekin accept our aid in a form likely to be
+    beneficial to China and England. Reason or argument had nothing
+    to do with it, so far as the mandarins were concerned. Most
+    unexpectedly to them, our authorities repulsed the rebellion,
+    without taking any guarantees from Pekin for future behaviour.
+    The mandarins were at once rampant; they are not such fools as
+    to spend their revenue in maintaining order, if we Englishmen
+    will do it for nothing. The fear of rebellion is past. Lay, I,
+    and the force may return to England."
+
+With regard to the failure of the Osborne, Lay, and Gladstone theory, we
+can only say that it was deserved. Mr. Lay was dismissed from the
+service of the Manchoo, through the "Vampyre" embroglio. The many years
+that he had faithfully and energetically served them were lost sight of
+in the squabble arising from this unparalleled affair. He most likely
+was sincere in his efforts to regenerate Tartars; he has certainly been
+badly treated by them. Lay's motive in undertaking the notorious
+flotilla scheme seems to have been his philanthropical idea (brightened
+by the receipt of £5,000 a year), of regenerating China. Some people say
+he was a puppet in the hands of "taller men" behind, who worked the
+wires. Osborne's acceptance of the command without a commission may be
+ascribed to the erratic notions of that gallant officer, and _his_
+natural philanthropy.
+
+The arrival of the "Vampyre" fleet was hailed with general
+disapprobation upon the part of the foreign community at Shanghae; its
+flight, without spreading peace, with no less satisfaction. During the
+short time the would-be mercenaries--the cream of the British navy, as
+they were loudly proclaimed to be, by ultra-philo-Imperialist papers and
+people--remained at that port, they managed to create no little ill
+feeling against themselves. Although they possessed neither warrant nor
+Imperial authority for their position and action, they nevertheless had
+the audacity to constitute themselves into a sort of police by _land_
+and water. No business could be transacted on shore, no vessel move upon
+the waters of the harbour, or work its cargo, unmolested by their
+inquisition. Vessels were seized, and their crews imprisoned in irons,
+upon the merest suspicion that they might be destined to assist the
+Ti-pings; houses were broken into and searched throughout the British
+and American settlements for supposed Ti-ping refugees, by parties armed
+to the teeth. They took, however, particular care not to venture upon
+the French settlement, as the Gallic authorities had given their own
+police orders to arrest them if they went there; and, if they resisted,
+to shoot them. The whole place was thrown into a regular ferment and
+uproar by their proceedings.
+
+Just previous to the ignominious flight of the "cream of the British
+navy,"--which, by the way, possessed an extraordinary sympathy for
+another sort of cream peculiar to the Shanghae rum mills,--I happened to
+become personally acquainted with some of their piratical outrages,
+while visiting Shanghae for medical advice, and other reasons which will
+transpire by-and-by.
+
+General Burgevine, successor to Ward in command of the disciplined
+Chinese contingent, having been badly treated and cashiered by his
+Manchoo masters, had joined the Ti-pings at Soo-chow. At the time of my
+visit to Shanghae, Burgevine was supposed to be there also; and, using
+this as their pretext, the "Vampyres" made a descent upon the house of
+my friend, Mr. Tarrantt (Editor of the _Friend of China_), where we were
+passing the evening with a social party. The dwelling was situated in a
+compound, also containing the house of the American Marshal; and, while
+walking round the grounds with my friend and another gentleman, we were
+suddenly pounced upon in the dark by a party of "the cream of the
+British navy," hitherto concealed in the shrubbery. At the same moment
+other detachments rushed into the adjoining houses with a zeal and
+alacrity tending to prove what capital burglars they were becoming, and,
+making prisoners of all the men they could find, marched them up to the
+position we had already been conducted to, in the broad colonnade
+extending along the front of the American Marshal's house. It was very
+fortunate neither myself nor any of our company were armed, otherwise,
+from the suspicious and sudden circumstances under which they had made
+their appearance, we might very naturally have mistaken the men who
+sprang upon us for the assassins, or robbers, whom they so strongly
+resembled. The "Vampyres" were commanded by a Lieutenant Ridge, the most
+ungentlemanly and discourteous British officer it has ever fallen to my
+lot to meet.
+
+When our friends were all assembled under the guns of his men, he turned
+to the latter and distinctly gave them this order, at least in
+substance: "Now then, men, allow none of these gentlemen to leave this
+place; _if they attempt to do so, shoot them down_!" This spirited
+British officer then led off a party bristling with rifle, bayonet,
+cutlass, and revolver, himself with sword in hand and a huge "Deane and
+Adams" slung round his neck, and proceeded to tear up the flooring of
+Mr. Tarrantt's printing-office, in order to search for arms destined for
+the dreaded Ti-ping! Of course none were found. The man and his men then
+proceeded to the sanctum of the editor, and ransacked this and the
+adjoining rooms, emptying and breaking open boxes of letters, papers,
+and other editorial correspondence, leaving the whole scattered about
+the floor in a state of inextricable confusion, after their fruitless
+search for some trace of Burgevine or his doings.
+
+When this gallant exploit had been brought to a termination by the fact
+that no private place under lock and key remained to be broken into, the
+leader of the outrage turned his attention to the neighbouring mansion.
+Having rummaged every nook and corner from top to bottom with a
+fruitless result, excepting indeed a spoil of two old muskets, a
+fowling-piece in good order, and another without any barrels, which they
+carried off in triumph, the "Vampyres" released us from the
+unpleasantness of their presence and took themselves off, visibly
+disappointed at their want of success.
+
+Mrs. Pindar, the wife of the American Marshal, told us that Lieutenant
+Ridge had even penetrated into her bed-room and ransacked the drawers of
+her toilet table, &c. That Yankee lady accompanied him during his
+impertinent and unwarrantable intrusion, and assisted him by suggesting
+that he had better explore the chimney pots, have the carpets lifted to
+see whether Burgevine was hidden there, or perhaps he would like to
+search her pockets, &c. The "Vampyre" officer wore a uniform of unknown
+nationality, consisting of simple anchor buttons and a British naval
+badge with the crown cut off! When asked by Mr. Tarrantt for his
+authority, he produced an informal warrant from the British consul,
+which could only have been legally used by a consular constable. When
+this was explained to him, he agreed to the justice of the fact and
+pleaded orders from his commanding officer. He was thereupon asked for
+his commission, and he naïvely admitted he had none. He was next asked
+upon what authority his commanding officer was acting, and his reply
+was, upon Captain Sherrard Osborne's commission from the Emperor of
+China (this in ludicrously pompous language and manner). He was then
+asked whether he was aware that Captain Osborne did _not_ possess any
+such commission, and confessed that, although he believed the reverse,
+he thought the Commander-in-chief might have gone to Pekin to obtain it!
+The judicial proceedings that would have been instituted against the
+"Vampyres" but for their fortunate retreat from China, would almost
+certainly have found them guilty of unqualified piracy, not only in the
+case I have just described, but in several others equally outrageous.
+
+About this time, and while it was fully expected that the flotilla would
+shortly proceed to attack Nankin, the following squib appeared as an
+advertisement in the _Friend of China_:--
+
+    "WANTED:
+
+    "Several first-class ships, to convey several thousand rebels
+    from Nankin to Labuan.
+
+    "Apply to
+    "LAE, HORSEBORN, & CO."
+
+Many foreign merchant vessels were in the habit of flying long pennants
+from the main truck, a practice indulged in by some of the shipping at
+Shanghae. This proved offensive to the "Vampyre" officers, who chose to
+consider that it was an infringement of their _quasi_ right to the
+man-of-war emblem. They consequently amused themselves by boarding
+sundry easy-going Dutchmen, who, alarmed by their brass-bound appearance
+and peremptory orders to strike the obnoxious pennant, generally
+complied very quietly. Upon one occasion, however, while I was at
+Shanghae, the would-be Tartar martinets caught a Tartar of the implied
+characteristics, if not literal nationality.
+
+An American vessel with a particularly extensive pennant, which it was
+afterwards rumoured had been rigged up on purpose, happened to attract
+the "fe fi fo fum" sense of a "Vampyre" commander. Instantly a cutter
+was despatched with a lieutenant to humble the offending parties. The
+officer proceeded on board and ordered the chief mate to haul down the
+pennant. Mr. Mate immediately sang out, "Cook, bring a bucket of hot
+water aft," but before this could be brought, the "Vampyre" was over the
+gangway "like a streak of greased lightning," as the Yankee mate
+afterwards related to an admiring audience on shore, and shouting with
+might and main to his boat's crew: "Give way, men!" in order to escape
+the warm reception preparing for him.
+
+By such acts the "cream of the British navy" made few friends and many
+enemies, and the lament of few indeed accompanied their ignominious
+departure. During their stay some of the gallant tars deserted and went
+over to the enemy, and I cannot forget a very characteristic fact
+related by a friend of mine who was present. While passing a certain rum
+shop in the "model settlement" of Shanghae, my friend, with several
+companions, became mixed with a crowd of the tars, who were on leave,
+and had just issued from the shop. Willing to see a little of the sort
+of men represented as the _élite_ of the finest navy in the world, my
+friend got into conversation with a warrant officer, although the man
+and his companions had evidently been indulging their creamy
+propensities. The result was that when questioned as to their feelings
+for the service they had engaged in, the leader of the party made this
+exposition of principle: "D'ye see, my hearty, so long as we gets the
+dollars and can make a haul, d---- my toplights if we cares who we
+fights for, the himperor of Chiny or his hinemies the t'other longshore
+Chinymen."
+
+Organized upon principles of wrong and injustice, the Anglo-Chinese
+flotilla came to an unregretted, disreputable, and premature end. In the
+words of the same friend who communicated the above incident we will
+dismiss the subject: "Captain Sherrard Osborne, like Cæsar, may exclaim,
+'I came, I saw;' unlike Cæsar, 'I did _not_ conquer.' The fleet was
+equipped, set sail, arrived, and--was not wanted."
+
+We must now turn to survey events far more disastrous to the Ti-ping
+cause than the advent of the foreign vessels of war we have just
+finished with, although the fact of their arrival, connected with what
+we are about to notice, helped to produce the misfortunes.
+
+Soon after the Chung-wang had recaptured all the places formerly taken
+by the allies, and had returned to Nankin with the greater proportion of
+his troops, General Staveley, having received the desirable
+reinforcements of British troops from Tien-tsin and Hong-kong, resumed
+hostilities.
+
+Although Admiral Hope had respect enough for the usages of civilized
+nations to invent a _casus belli_ for the raids he first initiated,
+General Staveley proved himself to be above such petty considerations
+when they could be ignored with impunity, and therefore, upon
+commencing a fresh war against the Ti-pings, did not trouble himself to
+pretend that they might, could, would, or should do anything inimical to
+British interests. However much scrupulous people may think that an
+English general should have paid _some_ regard to the rules of civilized
+warfare, the gallant officer in question cannot at all events be charged
+with hypocrisy.
+
+During the month of August, 1862, the filibuster, General Ward, assisted
+by detachments of British and French troops, succeeded in taking several
+fortified villages from the Ti-pings and recapturing the city of
+Tsing-poo; the success of the operations being attributable to the large
+park of artillery always employed. After the fall of Tsing-poo, Ward
+moved off with the principal portion of his force into the Ningpo
+district, and joined a column already operating there. Since the
+atrocious expulsion of the Ti-pings from Ningpo by Captain R. Dew, R.N.,
+and his pirate ally, Apak, the advance of filibustering and piracy had
+made wonderful progress. Several contingents of disciplined Chinese were
+raised, the most important being an officially-authorized British legion
+and a similar French one, both entirely officered by foreigners,
+including English, American, French, and representatives of other
+nations. At first, these organizations consisted of about 1,500 men
+each, besides artillery-men to work the numerous heavy guns they were
+supplied with. In addition to these, and other bodies of foreign
+disciplined and officered mercenaries, Captain Dew devoted the entire
+service of the squadron under his command to their assistance and
+support, perfectly oblivious of the fact that he was a British officer,
+and that the ships prostituted by him to an infamous alliance with
+pirates and freebooters were the property of British tax-payers, who
+maintained them solely for the protection of their own interests.
+
+The British men-of-war, the Manchoo gunboats, the French vessels, the
+American, English, and French drilled filibusters, the Cantonese
+pirates, and Imperialist troops, all leagued themselves together in the
+war to exterminate the unfortunate Ti-pings, and _loot_ their cities. In
+spite of their numbers, their boundless supplies of every munition of
+war, their irresistible shell and artillery, and the co-operation of the
+friendly legions swarming from the grand depôt, Shanghae, these
+heterogeneous marauders found the "broken force" able to give them many
+hard knocks and many a severe repulse, although the _Times_ happened to
+think that "the people of China" had somehow converted the Ti-ping
+revolution into a crowd of fugitives running away from their mythical
+"terrible reprisals." This statement might do very well to excite the
+horror of pious people in England ready to believe anything dreadful;
+but the mercenaries banded together against the would-be freemen and
+Christians found that to break the force of the latter many a deadly
+encounter, and many a cunningly contrived Moorsom or shrapnel shell, was
+required. During a period of nearly twelve months, extending from
+August, 1862, to the middle of the summer, 1863, the horrors of Chinese
+warfare fluctuated backwards and forwards over what would otherwise have
+been one of the fairest parts of God's earth. The Ningpo and
+neighbouring districts possess a beauty and variety of scenery, added to
+a surpassing richness of production (tea, silk, cotton, &c.), second to
+none in the world. Yet a few experimental warriors and politicians have
+been permitted to create misery and ruin throughout this smiling land,
+and strew its plains with mouldering skeletons.
+
+The war conducted by Captain Dew and his colleagues raged furiously for
+many months. The cities of Tse-kie, Yu-yaou, Fung-wha, Shou-shing, &c.,
+were each taken, retaken, lost, and won, several times over, by the
+Allies and by their Ti-ping enemies, and were at last finally held by
+the former.
+
+To give any detailed account of the numerous actions fought within the
+Ningpo province would be impossible. With one exception they resembled
+those in the first campaign of Admiral Hope and General Staveley. The
+same great slaughter of the Ti-pings with the deadly artillery, to which
+they could make no reply; the same gallant efforts to repel the
+stormers, who rushed forward after the defenders had been thoroughly
+shelled for many hours; the exception being that few of the cities were
+carried by assault. It is, I believe, due to the fact that a great
+proportion of the Ti-ping soldiery about the Ningpo districts were
+Cantonese, or Kwang-si men, that nearly every attempt to storm the
+cities they held was repulsed. They were ultimately driven out of the
+province, and the cities were, almost without exception, evacuated,
+although the besiegers had been severely repulsed, being rendered
+untenable by the severance of their lines of supply and communication.
+
+There are two important episodes of Captain Dew's war which, from their
+influence upon future events, it is necessary to notice. The first is
+the death of General Ward; the second, the attack upon Shou-shing, in
+consequence of which Captain Dew was reprimanded by his superior officer
+and the British Government, and was thereby compelled to desist from
+actually participating in the further hostilities.
+
+General Ward, whatever his failings might have been, was a brave and
+determined man. He served his Manchoo employers only too well, and at
+the last, by closing a career of peril and fidelity with the sacrifice
+of his life, he sealed all faults with his death, and left those who
+cherished his memory to regret that he had not fallen in a worthier
+cause. While directing the second attack upon the small town of Tse-kie,
+some ten miles inland from Ningpo, on the 21st of September, 1862, Ward,
+the American filibuster, and the first foreigner to take military
+service under the Manchoo, was mortally wounded by a Ti-ping musket
+ball. This adventurer originated the force that finally was the
+principal instrument in driving the Ti-pings from the dominions they had
+established as "Ti-ping tien kwoh." By such apparently insignificant
+means does the Great Ruler of the Universe overthrow the efforts and
+establish the destinies of man! The death of Ward placed _Colonel_
+Burgevine, his immediate subordinate, in command of the force. Burgevine
+could not agree with the mandarins, was badly treated by them, resented
+their treatment, was dismissed from the command, and the old Ward force
+became transformed from a rowdy, filibustering, hired legion, into a
+regular contingent of British mercenaries.
+
+The disgrace of Dew, the Ti-ping slayer, came about in this wise:--The
+city of Shou-shing, distant more than _one hundred miles_ from Ningpo,
+was attacked by an Imperialist army, to which the Anglo-Chinese and
+Franco-Chinese contingents were attached. These forces were defeated
+with severe loss, including their French general, Le Brethon, who was
+killed before the city. A French captain of artillery, by name Tardife,
+succeeded to the command; Captain Dew joined forces with him, and
+together they proceeded to besiege the place, and to avenge the disgrace
+of their former defeat.
+
+Besides several field-pieces landed from the British men-of-war at
+Ningpo and a large park of howitzers and mortars belonging to the
+disciplined forces, Captain Dew provided them with a large 68-pounder
+lent to him for the occasion by General Staveley. Lieutenant Tinling, of
+the _Encounter_, with a party of seamen, had charge of this gun. On
+their march, the allies entered a large town, which the men thoroughly
+pillaged during two days; the consequence being, as it is written by one
+who was present, "that it was only after much trouble they could be got
+to move forward against Shou-shing. When they did so, at least 500 boats
+followed, each soldier having his own private _san-pan_, containing, and
+ready for more, _loot_. Many of the officers were almost as bad as the
+men, drinking and smoking, and taking hardly any care to maintain
+discipline." Here is a pretty description of the doings of those who
+were supposed to be protecting the country people from the "ruthless
+marauders!" The town referred to was not in Ti-ping possession, and all
+the looting was from the unfortunate inhabitants. Facts, that can be
+multiplied _ad infinitum_, exist to prove that the foreign intervention,
+and the manner and details thereof, seriously increased the anarchy,
+desolation, and loss of life, caused by the civil war previous to that
+event. The unavoidable devastations had passed away, peace had become
+established by the supremacy of the Ti-ping, when, alas!
+mercenary-minded Europeans wickedly deluged the peaceful districts with
+the blood of fresh victims, and causelessly maintained and prolonged the
+unmitigated ravages of war.
+
+Upon reaching the devoted city of Shou-shing,--which, in expectation,
+General Tardife had promised his freebooter following the pleasure of
+"forty-eight hours" to loot,--Captain Dew placed his big gun in
+position, and proceeded to make a hole in the wall, by which the
+respectable allies might get at the prizes within. Now it so happened
+that the Ti-pings were determined neither to part with their city, nor
+their private valuables. A great breach was made, a battalion of
+European ruffians, and the nondescript disciplined and Imperialist
+troops, rushed forward to take possession; but the defenders--who, to
+use the language of an eye-witness, "fought with admirable pluck in the
+breach, and exposed themselves freely"--drove them back with a loss of
+half the European brigade of Shanghae _rowdies_, half the officers of
+the disciplined contingents, and many men _hors de combat_. Almost at
+the same moment General Tardife was killed, and Lieutenant Tinling
+mortally wounded.
+
+The death of the last-mentioned gallant young officer, by drawing the
+attention of Admiral Kuper (on the station), and that of Parliament at
+home, to the subject, led to the disapproval of Captain Dew's
+disgraceful proceedings, and his removal from a part of China that he
+had contaminated by his presence. When brought to task for his
+participation in hostilities more than 100 miles from a treaty port, his
+shuffling excuse was "that I had gone to watch the proceedings, and
+prevent, if possible, any false step being taken by the Chinese
+disciplined force, which would at once have imperilled Ningpo." Well, it
+is an old saying that, if the blind lead the blind, both fall into the
+ditch; and this was undoubtedly realized by Captain Dew. The untrue
+statement about "any false step" being certain to imperil Ningpo,
+distant 100 miles, and protected by several strong cities directly on
+the way, is perfectly absurd; the crafty device was to avoid the censure
+he dreaded and deserved by frightening his superiors about the safety of
+Ningpo, which he pretended rested upon his exploits at Shou-shing.
+Admiral Kuper, however, states in a despatch to the Admiralty, "I have
+informed Captain Dew that ... I consider he exceeded his instructions,"
+and the Admiralty declares "that my Lords have desired the Rear-Admiral
+to inform Captain Dew that he exceeded his instructions." No wonder that
+the Chinese papers stated:--
+
+    "How Captain Dew, and all his crew, are allowed to do just what
+    they have a mind to, is more than we can tell. Clearly all the
+    people he slays he murders. He is violating every law, human and
+    divine, to an extent which cannot be overlooked."[35]
+
+It is a well-known fact that vast quantities of _loot_, and a money
+bonus from the Imperial authorities, almost invariably attended the
+capture of every Ti-ping city; and I have under my hand many apparently
+authentic statements in the press, accusing Captain Dew particularly,
+and others generally, of having been induced to carry on hostilities
+against the Ti-pings for "private aggrandisement," and from "far less
+disinterested motives than 'the love of glory.'" As for the effect the
+Dew war had upon trade, the following extract from a communication dated
+"Ningpo, March 28, 1863," and forwarded to H.B.M. Consul by a number of
+influential firms, will show:--"So great a panic exists among the
+natives on account of the lawless proceedings, that our trade is in a
+worse condition than when the rebels were in the neighbourhood!"
+
+Captain Dew attempted to shirk the responsibility of Lieutenant
+Tinling's death at a place where duty did not call him, although his
+commanding officer's orders did, by declaring that he (the Captain) was
+there as an "amateur!" Killing one's fellow man, even when
+conscience-bound by the plea of duty, is bad enough; but roving about,
+seeking whom to destroy, and slaughtering innocent men for pleasure, is
+somewhat different. We have seen that even the Government, which has
+approved every other proceeding, completely repudiated the unpardonable
+conduct of Captain Dew; we therefore say adieu to that officer, trusting
+there are few like him in the British service.
+
+It is now necessary to notice the last of the events referred to at the
+beginning of this chapter. Since the death of the lamented filibuster,
+various members of General Staveley's staff and command had been in a
+perfect state of ferment, intriguing for the command of the Ward force,
+which it was determined should be converted into a British contingent. A
+battalion of Chinese, wearing shoulder-straps with the badge "67,"
+drilled and officered by members of the British regiment of that number,
+and popularly known as Captain "Kingsley's force," was organized and
+raised to a strength of 1,000 men. Other corps, and some of Chinese
+artillery, were formed, while British officers were induced to accept
+various commands pertaining to the Ward force and its head quarters at
+the city of Soong-kong.
+
+After a series of preliminary operations, General Staveley effected the
+recapture of Kah-ding on the 24th of October, 1862. After a desperate
+defence, the Ti-pings were driven from the city with heavy loss.
+According to the safe _modus operandi_ acquired by experience, General
+Staveley shelled the defenders for some hours from 40 pieces of heavy
+artillery and mortars. The besieging army consisted of 5,500 disciplined
+troops, including about 3,000 British and French, and a large
+co-operating force of Imperialist _braves_ and soldiers. The Ti-pings,
+out of a garrison less than 5,000 strong, lost upwards of 1,500 men;
+while the allied loss amounted to 4 killed and 20 wounded. Soon after
+the capture of this city, the Ting-wang from Hang-chow, the Mo-wang from
+Soo-chow, and the Tow-wang from Hoo-chow, each commanding about 5,000
+men, were ordered by the Shi-wang (chief in authority over their
+districts) to attempt its recovery, and also that of Tsing-poo. This
+army was attacked by _General_ Burgevine's force, a column of 500
+British troops, some 10,000 Imperialists, and an artillery detachment
+with 20 guns. The Ti-pings had just intrenched themselves by the light
+field works usual among the Chinese, when they were engaged by the
+enemy. Unable to reply to the murderous artillery of the British and
+disciplined troops, they still held the position, although the shot and
+shell committed fearful havoc in their close ranks. At last, when the
+enemy had become tired of their shell practice, and imagined the
+Ti-pings were sufficiently decimated, a general assault was given. An
+episode in this transaction is worthy of notice.
+
+A division of the attacking army was led by one "Wong-e-poo," a young
+Chinese officer who had been promoted to a captaincy at the request of
+Admiral Hope, who had also presented him with a sword for conspicuous
+bravery during the raids he had lately conducted against the Ti-pings,
+and in which the officer had served as a sergeant of Ward's force. This
+gallant young Chinaman was the first to cross the line of
+intrenchments, and almost instantly fell mortally wounded; he then gave
+the sword to General Burgevine, whom he begged to keep it, and to give
+his young wife a few dollars to keep her from want--this was his last
+request. The Ti-pings, when driven from their slight defences, made a
+stand at a village just in the rear, and were three times brought back
+to the charge by a fine-spirited young chief, who was the Mo-wang's
+brother, and whose gallant bearing and handsome trappings attracted
+universal attention. At the last charge, Vincente, the late _General_
+Ward's _aide-de-camp_, spurred his horse into the Ti-ping ranks. Misled
+by the fact that he had separated himself from the enemy, and believing
+he came over as a friend, the chief unsuspiciously advanced towards him
+and held out his hand; the Manilla-man replied to his friendly gesture
+by shooting him dead, and then, singular to relate, managed to gallop
+back to the enemy in safety.
+
+After two hours' fighting, during which the artillery mowed them down by
+hundreds, the Ti-pings were driven out of the village, and, being then
+hemmed in against a wide creek, which they had only one small pontoon
+bridge to cross by, suffered terribly from the deadly fire of grape and
+canister shot during their retreat. Their loss in this disastrous action
+was 2,300 killed (600 bodies were counted in one portion of the
+intrenchments) and 700 prisoners, the latter being barbarously put to
+death by their captors.
+
+The frightful atrocities perpetrated upon the unfortunate Ti-pings by
+those into whose power they had fallen, even excelled the cruelties of
+the cruel Chinese and still more cruel Tartars. "How the Ti-pings were
+driven out of the Provinces of Kiangnan and Chekiang," from notes kept
+by an officer under Ward, Burgevine, Holland, and Gordon, is a lengthy
+narrative published in the _Friend of China_. The portion contained in
+the columns of that journal of April 25, 1865, describing the engagement
+just noticed, states:--"General Burgevine darkened the victory with a
+foul deed. The poor rebels who had been captured _were cruelly blown
+away from the guns_, to the delight of a few we will not mention, but to
+the disgust of the greater part of the officers." Who, after this, shall
+talk of _Ti-ping_ cruelties? The revolutionists had neither made war
+upon, injured, nor even insulted foreigners; yet the foreign officers,
+supported by the help of British troops, actually massacred their
+unoffending and helpless prisoners of war in cold blood! Perhaps
+_General_ Burgevine thought he was paying a graceful compliment to his
+British allies by imitating their deeds in India. No doubt some
+war-Christians think these latter proceedings exceedingly worthy and
+proper; however, the Ti-pings have never yet reached such a state of
+Christian civilization as to copy them.
+
+The allied loss was 5 killed and 15 wounded, including three Europeans!
+And this may be taken as a fair sample of all the succeeding battles
+with the British, French, and other disciplined and artillery-supplied
+forces. The Ti-pings have always done all that men of flesh and blood
+were capable of doing, but, without artillery to resist or reply to that
+overwhelming arm of the enemy (supplied freely from the British
+arsenals), their bravest and best fell to the iron storm, and the rest
+fled before it.
+
+Very shortly after the above action, _General_ Burgevine became the
+victim of the scheming carried on between the mandarins and those
+British officials who desired to establish the Ward force as an English
+contingent. Having taken a large amount of specie from the house of
+Ta-kee (the banker to the force, and in the service of the Imperial
+Government), which he had been compelled to seize, _nolens volens_, in
+order to satisfy his men, who were in an open state of mutiny for their
+arrears of pay--pay, too, that seems to have been purposely kept lying
+idle at Ta-kee's house, probably with the cunning idea it would act (as
+in reality it did) upon the force, and produce some outbreak that could
+be taken advantage of to disgrace Burgevine and replace him by a
+British officer--he was dismissed from his command and a reward offered
+for his head by the Manchoo governor, or Fu-tai, of the province. The
+excuse given by the Mandarins for this transaction was that Burgevine
+had disobeyed orders, resisted lawful authority, and seized the money.
+Some measure of this is very probably true; but whatever offence had
+been committed by him, the mandarins had themselves been the cause of it
+by their peculation, withholding the wages of the troops, and underhand
+intriguing. Probably the fact that Captain Holland, R.M., was installed
+as Burgevine's successor, may account for the events leading to the
+latter's dismissal.
+
+The Imperialist Mandarins were only too eager to fall into the views of
+those who assisted them; the command of the once despised filibustiers'
+force by Englishmen meant taking all the danger and responsibility of
+repelling the Ti-pings out of their own hands; consequently, availing
+themselves of the subserviency of British officers and authorities, they
+accepted Captain Holland as the commander of their disciplined troops,
+and the services of any others who were willing, and did not feel
+dishonoured by hiring themselves out to support such a cruel and corrupt
+cause. From this moment the active operations by British troops ceased,
+but Ward's old legion became a British contingent, and has continued one
+ever since. Backed up in all their operations against the Ti-pings by
+the presence of British troops to support them in case of reverse, and
+supplied with every munition of war, artillery, ships, &c. they
+required, the various mercenary legions infesting the neighbourhood of
+Shanghae and Ningpo have managed (with the assistance of the ordinary
+Chinese and Manchoo soldiers, who alone outnumbered those of Ti-ping
+tien kwoh) to terminate the allied operations by driving the
+revolutionists from their once happy territory.
+
+Soon after the command of the force had been assumed by Captain
+Holland, it met with the most severe defeat the Ti-pings have ever given
+it, and he resigned the appointment in disgust. The Order in Council
+permitting British officers to take military service with the Emperor of
+China having just reached Shanghae, Major Gordon, R.E., took command of
+the disciplined Chinese, and many other officers joined in the
+questionable service. From this time forth the British Government became
+committed to the success and responsibilities of the force; and for
+every atrocity perpetrated by the Imperialists, and for every life
+destroyed, are equally as much accountable as they were for the previous
+conduct of their own troops. Under such auspices, and with boundless
+supplies of all the material of war, similar necessaries being
+successfully prevented from reaching their antagonists, it is easy to
+appreciate the consequent course of events--continued triumph of the
+Anglo-Franco-Manchoo mercenaries, and repeated defeat of the Ti-pings,
+already much weakened by the loss of many of their best troops, and
+diminished in their prestige from the result of the raids headed by
+Admiral Hope and General Staveley.
+
+The worst feature attending the conversion of the mercenary legions into
+British auxiliaries, is the fact that Sir F. Bruce, the English Minister
+at Pekin, distinctly repudiated any such action; and yet his Government
+saw fit to sanction the arrangement when it was reported to them by
+Generals Staveley and Brown, who seem to have been foremost among the
+Shanghae local advocates of the system. _General_ Burgevine having
+proceeded to the Manchoo court at Pekin, stated his case, and was by
+them reinstated in his former command; receiving, also, the full
+approval of Sir F. Bruce. Upon his return to Shanghae, with an Imperial
+Commissioner to place him in position, the British generals and their
+colleagues in collusion with the Imperial authorities, disregarding the
+direct instructions of Sir F. Bruce, successfully opposed his
+reappointment, and managed to retain Major Gordon in command; by what
+means being best known to themselves.
+
+We will conclude our notice of the establishment of the Anglo-Manchoo
+contingent with a few facts proving the singular, if not sinister,
+circumstance, that Sir F. Bruce, although a virulent enemy of the
+Ti-pings, has always carefully avoided authorizing the employment of
+British officers against the insurgents; and, in fact, has invariably
+disapproved such measures, as well as the movement of British troops to
+support and succour the contingents when in difficulty.
+
+In a despatch to General Staveley, dated "Pekin, March 12, 1863,"[36]
+Sir F. Bruce, referring to the liberty granted to officers to enter the
+Chinese Imperial service, states:--"I should prefer that the military
+men employed by the Chinese Government should _not_ belong to the great
+treaty Powers;" and, with regard to British officers choosing to enter
+what the Press in China has termed "the disgusting service," he
+expresses the opinion that "they will then bear a Chinese, and not a
+British character." How _literally_ this belief has been fulfilled, the
+torture of Ti-ping prisoners captured by the Imperialists, the
+treacherous massacre of the prisoners at Soo-chow, and the great loss of
+life which occurred, after cities were captured, sufficiently prove.
+
+In a despatch dated "April 10,"[37] Sir F. Bruce expresses his wish to
+the same officer that Burgevine should be reinstated to the command of
+the Ward force, and, speaking "of the charges brought against him,"
+states: "I took occasion to examine them at length, and I am perfectly
+satisfied that General Burgevine acted from a regard to the interests
+confided to him, that he was sacrificed to an intrigue of some Chinese
+subordinate officers, and to the jealousy entertained by the Governor
+towards the Chinese drilled force." If the Minister had added the names
+of a few foreigners as being privy to the "intrigue," he would have hit
+upon the whole truth. The Governor was jealous of the force as a Chinese
+one managed by foreigners, and successfully plotted, with no little
+ingenuity and shrewdness, to make it a foreign force officered by
+Englishmen, and countenanced by British authorities, who accepted all
+the responsibility entailed.
+
+Upon the subject of Major Gordon's appointment to the coveted
+generalship of mercenaries, Sir F. Bruce, in a despatch to General
+Brown, dated "June 11," states:[38] "It is not expedient that British
+officers should command Chinese troops in the field against the
+insurgents, beyond the limits of the radius deemed necessary for the
+security of the ports where they are stationed.... I am further of
+opinion that, unless the force be properly constituted, and relieved
+from the necessity of obeying the orders of the local Government, it
+will do no real and permanent good; and that the officer who commands it
+will speedily find himself in a position which is neither compatible
+with his professional reputation, nor what is due to the character of a
+British officer. Under these circumstances, I must _decline_ accepting
+the responsibility of authorizing the employment of British officers
+beyond Shanghae.... I have informed the Chinese Government of my
+objections to the employment of British officers in the field."
+Singularly enough, every word prophesied by Sir F. Bruce came to pass;
+the force became an instrument of evil in the hands of local Mandarins,
+to be used for their individual purposes, and then got rid of; the
+officers found their honour tarnished by complicity in deeds of blood
+and treachery; some were disgusted, but the Commander retained his
+position until he was _compelled_ to break up the force by orders from
+his Government. In a despatch to Earl Russell, dated "October 13," Sir
+F. Bruce declares:[39] "It was reluctantly, and in deference to the
+naval and military authorities, that I consented to our assuming the
+responsibility of defending the thirty-mile radius round Shanghae, and I
+spared no effort to bring about an arrangement of Burgevine's dispute,
+so as to avoid the necessity of having to place an English officer at
+the head of the force destined to operate beyond the radius." Yet
+members of Lord Palmerston's Government have had the hardihood to
+declare that the operations against the Ti-pings _were approved_ by Sir
+F. Bruce.
+
+When Major Gordon's force was in danger, General Brown moved
+detachments of British troops to support him, and to garrison the
+captured towns and hold them against the Ti-pings. Sir F. Bruce, in a
+despatch upon the subject, dated "October 6,"[40] clearly condemns his
+conduct in these words:--"If officers go into the Chinese service, we
+are not entitled to facilitate their operations by moving men, or
+placing garrisons in towns beyond the radius for their support, further
+than we should be if the corps assisted were commanded by a Chinese
+general. We are _not_ entitled to lend them artillery, or men to work
+their guns _on any pretext_!" In the very teeth of these distinct
+instructions, General Brown persisted in every measure they condemn. It
+was the favourite _modus operandi_ over again--the military or naval
+authorities acting in direct violation of orders, the disobedience being
+ultimately endorsed by the Government, and the apparently disobedient
+receiving praise and C.B.'s by way of punishment.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[29] With the schemes of the Bruce, Wade, Lay, &c., politicians.
+
+[30] This is a startling contrast to what Mr. Bruce declared would be
+the "worst" course to pursue.
+
+[31] To completely prove the error of Lord Russell's assumption, and the
+slightness of its foundation, we will read the following extract from "A
+Memorandum, dated October 15, 1862, addressed to Rear-Admiral Kuper, by
+Vice-Admiral Sir J. Hope, on resigning the Command of the Station."
+[Blue Book, June, 1862, to February, 1863, p. 111.]
+
+"_The only question of real importance on which we are at variance with
+the rebels_, arose from their desire to possess themselves of Shanghae,
+and their capture of Ningpo, since retaken.
+
+"On my first visit to Nanking, ... I effected an agreement with them,
+_but limited to the year_, that they should not approach it within 100
+_li_ (thirty miles), _on the whole tolerably_ WELL KEPT _during that
+time_, but which they refused to renew on the occasion of my last
+visit."
+
+[32] Mr. Roberts, an American Baptist missionary already referred to in
+this work, joined the Ti-pings at Nankin about the end of October, 1860.
+Of all missionaries in China he was the least qualified for such a
+position. Intolerant and bigoted to the Baptist dogmas, irritable,
+peevish, inconsistent, and vacillating--a man singularly illiterate,
+without stability of character or pleasantness of manner--his presence
+at Nankin did far more harm than good. His objections to every other
+Church, and to every other denomination of dissent except his own, went
+far to give the Ti-pings a dread of that diversity of doctrine among the
+British and Americans which they had always looked upon with surprise,
+thinking, as they did, that God could not be well served by those who
+were always quarrelling about it. The circumstances attending the advent
+and career of Mr. Roberts among the Ti-pings I have avoided as a
+worthless episode, but, as the facts of his indecorous flight from
+Nankin have been misrepresented, I think it necessary to notice the
+subject. Mr. Roberts accepted temporal rank under the Ti-pings, and by
+his unwise dogmatical obstinacy frequently provoked unpleasant
+discussion. During a dispute with the Kan-wang, who had entertained him
+since his arrival, that chief had particular occasion to chastise a boy
+of the household. Mr. Roberts was so blinded by passion, the idea that
+Europeans would never know the reverse of his statement, or some other
+reason, that, in a paroxysm of rage, he fled from the city, and sought
+refuge on board H.M. gunboat _Renard_, which happened to be lying in the
+port. By some obliquity of vision best known to himself, Mr. Roberts
+mistook the stick used by the Kan-wang for a sword, and declared that
+his boy _had been_ brutally murdered. Not satisfied with this, although
+on the previous night he had retired to rest fully believing the
+surrounding people saints, the very next day, after his quarrel with the
+Kan-wang, he awoke to find them howling sinners. The many years that he
+had praised the Ti-pings as holy men were, by a moment of passion,
+forgotten, and within one day Mr. Roberts not only declared himself to
+have been deceived so long, but, for the act of one man, gave up the
+hundreds of thousands in the Ti-ping cause to fire and sword. We will
+just contrast the different statements of Mr. Roberts, one with the
+other, and then dismiss the subject.
+
+This is an extract from the first, made on board the _Renard_:--
+
+"Kan-wang, moved by his coolie elder brother--literally a coolie at
+Hong-kong--and the devil, without fear of God before his eyes, did on
+Monday, the 13th instant (January, 1862), come into the house in which I
+was living, _and with malice aforethought murder one of my servants with
+a large sword in his own hand, in my presence_, without a moment's
+warning or any just cause. _And after having slain my poor, harmless,
+helpless boy, he jumped on his head most fiend-like, and stamped it with
+his foot._"
+
+Now, at Canton, on the 3rd of April, 1862, when it was generally known
+that the above charge of murder was incorrect, Mr. Roberts retracted
+these words [Blue Book, 1862, p. 5], having reference to the Kan-wang's
+form of baptism:--
+
+"A miserable apostate, (?) polygamist, _and murderer, too_, to wish to
+administer an ordinance held sacred by those who practise it. What a
+sacrilege! But as to that boy, _I have since been told that he evinced
+indications of life after he was dragged out_, by one who saw him. But I
+think it would have been less cruel in Kan-wang to have smoothly cut off
+his head than to send him out even half killed, destitute, and naked, to
+freeze and starve to death. _Whether the boy was killed directly or not,
+I cannot esteem Kan-wang, and his elder brother, who prompted him to the
+wicked deed, less than murderers; and hence, in my judgment, they ought
+both to be treated as such._"
+
+In the pamphlet, "A Letter to the Bishop of Victoria, regarding the
+Religion of the Ti-ping Rebels," the author states, "Of course you now
+know that the story of that person's boy being murdered by the Kan-wang
+is a fabrication. 'The Kan-wang called on me,' said Mr. Roberts, when I
+asked him about the matter, 'and desired me to punish the boy. I told
+him I would first remonstrate with him; and then he, the Kan-wang's
+brother, dissatisfied with my answer, beat him, _as I thought_, to
+death.'"
+
+[33] This affair happened on the 25th of August, was reported to the
+Shanghae _Daily Shipping and Commercial News_ of the next day, and was
+widely known in China. A certain Mr. CHALONER ALABASTER, of the British
+consular service, is mentioned in connection with it.
+
+[34] From the success of the Ti-pings.
+
+[35] _China Overland Trade Report_, February 20, 1863.
+
+[36] Blue Book, China, No. 3, 1864, p. 68.
+
+[37] _Id._, p. 80.
+
+[38] Blue Book, No. 3, 1864, p. 96.
+
+[39] _Id._, p. 162.
+
+[40] Blue Book, No. 3, 1864, p. 163.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+    Personal Narrative continued.--Mr. Lobschied.--His Reception at
+    Nankin.--Press Publications.--Mr. Lobschied leaves
+    Nankin.--Operations before Tait-san.--The Assault.--Act of
+    Bravery.--Route of the Imperialists.--Gordon's Art of
+    War.--Tait-san reinvested.--Siege of Tait-san.--Its
+    Capture.--Manchoo Atrocities.--Treatment of Ti-ping
+    Prisoners.--Mr. Sillar's Statement.--Quin-san
+    captured.--Gordon's Report.--Gordon reinforced.--The Chung-wang
+    recalled.--Critical Position of the Ti-pings.--The Chung-wang's
+    Retreat.--Difficulties encountered.--Reinforcements.--The Scene
+    of Battle.--Its Horrors.--Arrival at Nankin.--The Chung-wang's
+    Army.--General attack.--The Repulse.--The Surprise.--The Night
+    Attack.--The Flight and Pursuit.--Death of Marie.
+
+
+When at last I became convalescent and able to leave my house in Nankin,
+for several reasons I determined to take a trip to Shanghae. My wife
+wished to see her relations there; I was anxious to ascertain the
+political and practical position of affairs; and, besides, there were
+many things to be done toward assisting the Ti-ping cause. The principal
+inducement for the trip was, however, the fact that my friends, D. and
+Captain P., had, upon their last voyage, brought me some letters from
+Chin-kiang (to where they had been forwarded by my agent at Shanghae),
+stating that the Rev. W. Lobschied, a distinguished missionary, was
+anxious to visit the Ti-ping capital. I at once decided to proceed to
+Shanghae and afford him every assistance by placing one of our vessels
+at his service for the journey to and from Nankin.
+
+During the last few months of my illness messengers had continually
+arrived from the head-quarters of the I- and Chung-wang's armies,
+reporting the uninterrupted successes of both. But at the same time
+intelligence was received of the second capture of Kah-ding and
+Tsing-poo, the capture of Fu-shan by the allies, and the treachery of
+the chief in command at the city of Chang-zu, who had accepted the large
+bribes offered by the enemy, and surrendered the city. Orders were
+consequently despatched to the I-wang's victorious army, already beyond
+the Po-yang lake, and that chief detached a considerable portion of it
+to return and protect the threatened districts. This force, at the time
+I left Nankin (early spring of 1863), was already besieging Chang-zu,
+having closely invested the city upon every side.
+
+Having embarked with my wife on board our lorcha, the _Anglo-Ti-ping_,
+we proceeded under sail to Chin-kiang, and then took passage in a
+steamer to Shanghae. A month after our arrival, every motive for the
+visit being accomplished, and the Rev. W. Lobschied having arranged to
+accompany me, we returned to Chin-kiang together, and then, getting on
+board the lorcha, made sail for Nankin. When half-way there I engaged a
+small steamer to tow us up to the forts, in order to oblige the
+missionary, who was averse to the delay the calm weather seemed likely
+to occasion.
+
+In a couple of days we were cast off at our destination, and I proceeded
+on shore with Mr. Lobschied, introducing him to the Sz-wang, who
+received him very kindly, and immediately sent word of his arrival to
+the Government inside the city. The next morning horses and attendants
+were in waiting to escort us to the Kan-wang's presence. Upon reaching
+the palace, Mr. Lobschied met with so warm and friendly a reception from
+the Kan-wang and many other chiefs, that I am quite sure he can never
+cease to remember it with pleasure, and at the same time with regret
+that he has not been more energetic or useful to what he knew full well
+was the cause of Christianity and righteousness. Many of the Ti-pings
+had known him at Canton in former days, when they had studied the
+wondrous truths of Scripture, and some, I believe, had been his own
+converts and pupils. These men were most anxious that he should stay
+among them, and earnestly entreated him to do so; but the Rev. W.
+Lobschied, as he informed me, had to attend to some appointment at
+Canton, and the wishes or whims of a young wife. Thus the last
+opportunity for a teacher of the Gospel to support the cause of
+Christianity in China was thrown away; my trouble lost (not that I cared
+for ought but the fact that it was not used to advantage when every
+opportunity was offered); and the visit of the last missionary who came
+to the Ti-ping capital, rendered utterly fruitless. Something did result
+from the visit in the shape of the following letter:--
+
+    "THE TAEPINGS.
+    "_A Visit to Nanking, and an Interview with the Kan-Wong._
+    "(To the Editor of the _Daily Press_, Hong Kong.)
+
+    "SIR.--The dreadful accounts given of the condition and
+    character of the rebels had long made me anxious to visit their
+    capital, and see for myself how far all that has been said of
+    them be true. There is a brisk trade carried on outside the city
+    of Nanking. The fields within the ancient wall were well
+    cultivated, as well as the country around; and wheat, barley,
+    and large beans, appeared to be there in abundance. The people
+    within the city _were certainly looking better than in any town
+    along the Yang-tse-kiang_. New shops and fine buildings were in
+    course of erection, and the people were in general well dressed.
+    The women moved about performing their daily work as they do
+    here in the South; aged persons were playing with their
+    grandchildren, and wheresoever I came I was treated with respect
+    and kindness. The kings, and particularly Kan-Wong, received me
+    with great kindness, and I felt that I was as safe in Nanking as
+    in any Chinese town I have ever visited. They were anxious to
+    know why England was so hostile against them. 'Have we ever
+    broken faith with foreigners? Have we ever retaliated the enmity
+    of England and France?' said Kan-Wong. 'If they force us to the
+    conclusion that we are to be treated as outlaws, then the day of
+    retribution will come! We are fighting in our own country, and
+    to rid ourselves of a foreign power, and woe to the stranger
+    who falls into our hands after the first shot has been fired
+    against Nanking.[41] We need not then take cities and hold them,
+    or allow foreigners to assist the Imperial imps in surrounding
+    us; we shall then move in one compact body, ravaging the country
+    and destroying trade.[42] We have not as yet sent men into the
+    foreign settlements to burn and destroy, but have strictly
+    prohibited such acts. Who can prevent us from committing such
+    acts, if we choose? And why should we not make the sojourn of
+    foreigners here intolerable, if they come to destroy us who
+    _would_ and _have_ opened to them every port we hold, and tried
+    to be friends with them? We will spare neither Hankow nor any
+    other place held by foreigners, who will then see the difference
+    between forbearance and determined hostility.' They told me that
+    they had _repeatedly_ applied to the foreign consuls, in order
+    to come to some arrangements, but all their communications had
+    been returned _unopened_, and no reply given. I was present at
+    their religious meetings, which are regularly held every morning
+    and evening, but would not join them until I knew what they were
+    doing. They sang a hymn; and having previously placed three cups
+    of tea on the table,[43] they knelt down, one of them[44]
+    reading or saying an appropriate prayer. There was _no worship
+    of Taiping-Wong_. Whilst sitting in the palace, there came
+    frequent orders for books on religious subjects, and, so far as
+    the Chinese care for religion, _these men sang and prayed with a
+    will and with apparent devotion_. As the Imperialists are going
+    to _restrict_ the development of trade on the Yang-tze-Kiang as
+    soon as _Osborn's_ fleet has come out, and as the rebels _are
+    willing to open the whole country to foreigners_, if they will
+    stretch out a friendly hand to them, everybody may judge for
+    himself which party will serve him best. China was conquered by
+    the help of Roman Catholic missionaries, and the Imperial House
+    has for 150 years been under their influence. So long as the
+    Emperors made use of them they prospered; and the moment they
+    expelled them from Pekin, misrule and effeminacy became the
+    order of the day. Sir Frederick Bruce will one day be recalled
+    to give an account of the _ruinous course of policy he has
+    advised his Government to adopt_, and foreign influence will at
+    last prevail in the council of the rebels. But whether that will
+    be upon the ruins of the silk and tea plantations, or upon the
+    graveyards of thousands of British subjects, we shall soon have
+    an opportunity of witnessing. As almost all the officers now in
+    the service of the Imperialists are on half-pay, _and receive
+    besides an enormous salary from the Chinese_, nobody need feel
+    any surprise at the strange doings of men worthy a more
+    honourable death.[45] And if _General_ Gordon does receive 1,200
+    taels per month from the Imperialists, and his half-pay as an
+    officer of the British army, where then is British neutrality?
+    The proclamation of the Queen is dust thrown into the eyes of
+    Europe and America. But more on this subject for the second mail
+    of this month.
+
+    "Yours respectfully,
+    "W. L.
+    "Hong Kong, 10th June, 1863."
+
+The Rev. W. Lobschied, by his departure from Nankin and return to the
+south of China, sacrificed a glorious opportunity of serving the cause
+of the Master whose word he came abroad to teach. Had he installed
+himself at the Ti-ping capital and proclaimed that fact, and then
+reported the favourable points of their sincere Christianity,
+friendliness to foreigners, desire for unrestricted commerce and
+intercourse with Europeans, and general moral and physical superiority,
+in _all_ the particulars for which the Chinese are condemned, he would
+most likely have been the means of arresting the interference of
+England, and purifying the religious errors of the only voluntary native
+worshippers of Jesus in Asia.
+
+Had Mr. Lobschied so acted, every mission society and ordained member of
+the Church of England would necessarily have supported him; this would
+simply have been their duty to God. Popular opinion, when fixed by the
+voice of a well-known divine, speaking the _truth_ from Nankin, and with
+all the authority of his presence among the revolutionists, and
+undoubted personal knowledge of them, would almost certainly have
+compelled the British Government to remain neutral.
+
+Unfortunately Mr. Lobschied had private business which possessed greater
+charms for him than this, although success was certain if the effort
+were made. The Manchoo-Imperialists, unassisted by foreign mercenaries,
+would have fled before the progress of Ti-ping tien kwoh like fine chaff
+before a gale of wind. The ultimate results would have been the sure
+establishment of Christianity, freedom, and modern civilization,
+throughout the vast Chinese empire.
+
+Private affairs overpowered all other considerations, and so, after a
+few days spent at Nankin, I placed the rev. gentleman on board a passing
+steamer and bid him adieu.
+
+Soon after my return to Nankin, reports of disaster to the Ti-ping
+forces in the Shanghae district were received; but previous to noticing
+these I must describe the complete defeat the Anglo-Manchoo legion
+experienced before the city of Tait-san.
+
+Shortly after being placed in command of the drilled force, Captain
+Holland was ordered by the Fu-tai, Le, Governor of the province, to
+advance upon Tait-san and wrest it from the Ti-pings. Burning to
+distinguish himself, and probably not averse to the _bonus_ it is
+believed the Fu-tai offered for the capture of the city, besides the
+prospect of much _loot_, the newly-fledged _general_ led forward his
+men.
+
+This expedition was accompanied by British volunteers, and the British
+officers belonging to the force, besides which General Staveley lent
+several large howitzers, the property of the English nation, to the
+commanding officer. Attached to _General_ Holland, as body-guard, was a
+motley brigade of European mercenaries, consisting of almost every
+nationality. The whole strength of the disciplined division inclusive
+was considerably over 3,000 men, with 22 pieces of heavy artillery,
+field-pieces, and mortars, supported by an army of 10,000 Imperialists.
+The legionaries, and a great proportion of the irregular troops, were
+well armed with English rifles and muskets, well equipped in every way,
+and supplied with abundance of ammunition.
+
+After driving the Ti-pings from several small outworks and tearing from
+a neighbouring village all its "doors, windows, tables, &c.," as one
+account states, the Imperialist forces took up a position under the
+walls of Tait-san. Of course the Ti-ping maligners, who followed upon
+the track of the allies, raven-like croaked forth from the destroyed
+village about the "ruthless devastation" of those "bloodthirsty
+monsters." They should have seen the village, or rather those who have
+been misled by their howling should have done so, _before_ the gallant
+Anglo-Manchoo forces stripped it of furniture and partially pulled down
+the houses. Undoubtedly many who have accused the Ti-pings of wanton
+devastation have unintentionally mistaken the ravages of their own
+friends for that of the people they condemned, though it is hard to
+believe that any one could credit such opinions, when, in every account
+of the Imperialist operations, the destruction of some Ti-ping city,
+village, or store of grain, is prominently set forth.
+
+Rows of stakes had been driven into the creeks by the Ti-pings, and the
+boats carrying the siege train of the enemy were delayed in their
+advance upon Tait-san until they could be pulled up. In spite of
+obstructions and a strong sortie made by the garrison, which was not
+repulsed without a sharp fight, the guns were landed during the night of
+the 13th of February, 1863, and placed in position.
+
+Early on the following morning the garrison received strong
+reinforcements from the Ti-ping army investing Chang-zu, distant less
+than twenty-five miles, which were welcomed with immense cheering.
+Shortly afterwards the besiegers opened fire from their numerous
+artillery.
+
+In about five hours a large and practicable breach was made in the city
+wall, and Captain, or rather _General_, Holland ordered the assault. Now
+it so happened that the defenders had wisely sheltered themselves from
+the deadly artillery fire to which they had only one or two small
+6-pounders to reply, and instead of recklessly exposing themselves in
+the usual Ti-ping style, had remained perfectly silent behind their
+defences.
+
+Led by a party of the body-guard and their European officers, the
+trained troops rushed gallantly forward to storm the city. At this
+moment the defenders suddenly manned the breach, and although fearfully
+thinned by the enfilading artillery fire, kept up a fusillade which told
+with terrible effect upon the dense masses of the enemy. A few crossed
+the moat by their bridges, only however to be shot down, and the whole
+division of stormers wavered and hesitated on the brink. A
+sergeant-major of the disciplined rifle regiment here performed an act
+of bravery that no European could have outdone. Seizing the colours of
+the regiment, Ward's old flag, he rushed to the front with it, and
+calling on the men to advance, stood there alone, a mark for the fire of
+the besieged. It is remarkable that, though six bullets pierced his
+clothes, not one injured him, or even cut his skin.
+
+Unable to advance against the shower of missiles directed from the
+breach and city walls, where even the little boys were stationed with
+heaps of bricks to throw upon them, the Imperialists fell back on their
+guns in confusion. _General_ Holland then ordered the artillery to the
+rear, and a rapid retreat commenced. This, however, they were not
+allowed to effect so easily, for the Ti-pings dragged a 6-pounder into
+the breach, where it was worked by some Europeans, and directed upon the
+men endeavouring to remove the siege guns, with deadly effect. At the
+same time the garrison sallied forth from two gates, while others rushed
+through the breach and attacked the enemy with vigour.
+
+For some time the rifles and 1st regiment of the British contingent,
+together with the European company, fought desperately to save the guns.
+Meanwhile the main Imperialist army was routed with much slaughter, and,
+with all the other regiments of disciplined troops, fled in every
+direction from the field. The troops who so gallantly protected the
+retreat of their comrades, managed also to save all the artillery,
+except two heavy 32-pounders and several light howitzers. Upon these
+guns the Ti-pings incessantly charged, and both sides lost heavily in
+killed and wounded. _General_ Holland had left the field, and it was
+entirely due to _Colonel_ Barclay and _Major_ Cooke, who jointly
+conducted the retreat, and well animated and kept their men together,
+that only a few pieces of artillery, instead of the whole park, were
+captured by the Ti-pings.
+
+Seeing that his men were falling thickly, and that they were in danger
+of being surrounded, Colonel Barclay abandoned the guns and made a
+pretty orderly retreat. The Ti-pings marked those guns for their
+especial prey, and concentrated on them such a hail of shot that no one
+could approach them from the hostile ranks and live. The enemy found
+that it would be impossible even to spike them without a terrible loss
+of life, and so left them uninjured as trophies for the victorious
+garrison of Tait-san.
+
+The day following their defeat only 1,500 of the British contingent
+mustered at their head-quarters, but stragglers shortly came dropping
+in. The same force lost 5 officers killed and 16 wounded. The
+co-operating Imperialist army was totally dispersed, and lost more than
+2,000 men _hors de combat_. The Ti-ping casualties were also very heavy,
+for the men had rushed gallantly into the breach under withering volleys
+from the disciplined and well-armed assailants, and at least 1,000 were
+killed and wounded during the defence and subsequent fighting.
+
+_General_ Holland, upon reaching Shanghae, resigned his command in
+disgust, and was superseded by one Major Gordon, of the Royal Engineers,
+a cold, calculating man, who possessed qualities far more conducive to
+successful operations against the Ti-pings than even brilliant and
+dashing generalship. His tactics were to destroy them from a distance
+by his long-range artillery, which was a thing to be done generally with
+perfect impunity, because the Ti-pings were almost entirely without
+cannon.
+
+The aim of the revolutionists is to get at close quarters with the
+enemy, and wherever they have been able to accomplish this, even the
+disciplined and foreign-officered troops have been beaten. Unfortunately
+they have seldom been able to effect their favourite manoeuvre against
+the latter, the overwhelming artillery and regular volleys of musketry
+sweeping away every attempted formation of the Ti-ping troops long
+before it could be completed.
+
+_General_ Gordon having assumed command of the once despised
+mercenaries, that is to say, despised before the despisers were able to
+handle the loaves and fishes, he very wisely spent several months in
+thoroughly reorganizing his troops and raising his artillery to a
+strength and state of efficiency perfectly irresistible by the Ti-pings.
+During this period, besides the officers of the force, numerous
+drill-instructors were supplied by the British general at Shanghae, so
+that Gordon's, Kingsley's, Cooke's, and other legions, soon became
+formidable both as to numbers, armament, and discipline, _à l'Anglais_.
+
+The first operations directed by Gordon were against Fu-shan and the
+beleaguered city of Chang-zu, the former of which was captured and the
+latter relieved, the Ti-pings losing some 1,200 men; Gordon's force, 2
+killed and 3 wounded! These relative casualties afford a fair sample of
+the usual result of nearly every engagement. The immense loss of life
+upon the Ti-ping side during the years 1862-3-4, and part of the
+present, may easily be imagined, and will be found stated in detail in
+the approximate table at the end of this volume,[46] which has been
+compiled principally from official sources. Gordon, in his own report of
+the operations above referred to, states: "The number of guns was
+terrific, and although after every shot the rebels would fire from one
+or two loop-holes, it was evident they had no chance." The position
+exposed to this "terrific" fire was simply a few open stockades,
+undefended by artillery.
+
+At this time Gordon's force mustered, all told, about 5,000 men;
+Kingsley's, 1,000; Cooke's, 1,500; and the Franco-Manchoo contingents,
+commanded respectively by _Generals_ D'Aguibelle, Giquel, and Bonnefoi,
+from 3,000 to 4,000. Subsequently other legions and artillery corps
+attached to the irregular Imperial troops, about 2,500 in all, were
+formed and commanded by _Colonels_ Bailey, Howard, Rhode, &c., while the
+total force of trained Chinese generally maintained the relative
+strength here given, viz., 14,000.
+
+The disaster to the Ti-pings in the vicinity of Shanghae, the report of
+which, as mentioned before their victory at Tait-san, reached Nankin
+shortly after my return, consisted in their loss of the former city, and
+the still more important one of Quin-san, after a desperate and gallant
+defence at each.
+
+General Brown, Commander-in-Chief of H. B. Majesty's forces in China,
+having, by every description of help and assistance, placed Gordon's
+troops in a state of complete effectiveness, the latter once more moved
+upon the devoted city of Tait-san.
+
+Upon this occasion Gordon was supplied with a heavy siege train,
+including 8-inch howitzers and large mortars, _all belonging to the
+British army_; while General Brown sent a force of 550 men (including
+detachments of Royal Artillery, H. M. 31st regiment, Belooches, and B.
+N. I.) to look after his guns and take care that his _protégé_ should
+not suffer a similar defeat to that experienced by _General_ Holland. In
+fact, General Brown maintained a large force at Shanghae for the express
+purpose of assisting the Imperialists, supplying them with artillery and
+men to garrison the cities they captured.
+
+The capture of Tait-san is one of the most desperate encounters on the
+records of the Anglo-Manchoo forces.
+
+In addition to the trained troops, Sing, a Manchoo general, joined in
+the attack with 5,000 to 7,000 men. The strength of the garrison was not
+less than 4,000, including little boys, who, according to the usual
+custom, were stationed with heaps of stones to throw upon the
+assailants.
+
+After shelling the Ti-pings from their outworks, Gordon arrived under
+the walls of Tait-san on the 2nd of May, 1863. In his report to _General
+Brown_, Gordon states:--"About noon fire was opened from two guns, and
+by degrees more guns were brought into action, till at 2 p.m. every gun
+and mortar was in action, _the troops being under cover_. As the
+defences got dilapidated the guns were advanced, and at 4.30 p.m. the
+boats were moved up and the assault commenced. The rebels swarmed to the
+breach, and for ten to twelve minutes a hand-to-hand contest took place,
+canister being fired into the breach from this side of the ditch, and a
+heavy musketry fire kept up."
+
+From this statement we find that after crumbling the ancient city walls
+to dust, and pouring in the tremendous fire of his numerous artillery
+for four hours and a half, his own men being in perfect safety, while
+the unfortunate defenders were torn to pieces by the storm of shot and
+shell to which they could make no reply, _General_ Gordon at last
+ordered the assault. This, however, was gallantly repulsed by the brave
+garrison, who, though almost decimated by the murderous artillery,
+despite the hail of "canister" from enfilading batteries and the "heavy
+musketry fire" poured upon them by the adverse covering parties, rushed
+into the wide-spread ruins of the breach and drove the assailants back
+in a desperate hand-to-hand encounter.
+
+Rallied by their officers, the division of stormers again returned to
+the assault, only, however, to be met with equal determination by the
+Ti-pings, who again successfully repulsed them.
+
+_General_ Gordon now placed his men under cover, inflicting heavy loss
+upon the defenders of the breach by pouring continual discharges of
+grape and canister shot into their dense ranks. For some time this
+artillery practice was resumed; a fresh storming party was then told
+off, and the breach again attacked with much bravery, and again defended
+with equal courage. The trained troops wavered and were nearly driven
+back a third time, but being reinforced by fresh men, rallied, and
+finally carried the breach. This, however, was not effected until the
+commandant of the city had been severely wounded, and a great proportion
+of his officers killed or disabled. The Ti-pings then gave way and
+escaped, carrying off many of their wounded, with their wives and
+children, through the gates at the other side of the town. The snake
+flags of Tsah, the commandant, remained in the breach until the summit
+was in possession of the enemy, when they were carried off in safety.
+
+The Imperialists were assisted by the steamer _Hyson_ in their attack
+upon Tait-san, which vessel caused no little alarm to the garrison by
+steaming along the creeks encircling the city, and throwing heavy shell
+among them, besides seriously menacing their line of retreat. Another
+great help to the besiegers consisted in the presence of the British
+_corps de réserve_, stationed at the village of Wy-con-sin close by, and
+which the Ti-pings fully expected would attack them should the
+disciplined Chinese be defeated.
+
+The loss of the Anglo-Manchoo force upon this occasion was about two
+hundred; the Ti-pings, soldiery and civilians, killed in action, or
+afterwards caught by the Imperialists and cruelly put to death, cannot
+have been less than two thousand.
+
+At Tait-san, as at Kah-ding, Tsing-poo, and every other city wrested
+from the Ti-pings either before or subsequently, the capture was
+followed by the perpetration of most revolting barbarities by the
+Imperial troops and Mandarins, whenever the attention of the British
+officers who assisted them to capture the places was withdrawn.
+_General_ Gordon and the commanding officers of other contingents saved
+some of the Ti-ping prisoners who had been captured; but for the
+destruction of many thousands of innocent men, including country people,
+non-combatant inhabitants of the cities, and women and children, they
+are criminally responsible.
+
+Upon the first capture of Kah-ding by the British forces, when General
+Staveley's _humane_ disposition led him to station the Imperialist
+troops so as to intercept the flight of the garrison from his artillery
+fire, the following scenes were enacted, as appears by a letter from the
+Rev. Mr. Lobschied, published in the _Hong Kong Daily Press_ of June
+28th:--
+
+    "A small gate being the only issue through which the women and
+    children could escape from their _deliverers_, they rushed upon
+    the wall, and threw themselves down a great height, rather than
+    fall into the hands of the combined forces. Those that were
+    immediately killed were lucky enough; for they were saved from
+    the sufferings that awaited the survivors. Whilst looting and
+    killing was going on within the walls, until darkness threw her
+    veil over the scenes of horror, several hundreds of men, women,
+    and children, whose only crime was that of being citizens of
+    Kah-ding when taken by the rebels, were lying outside the city
+    walls with broken limbs, helpless, and parched with thirst. When
+    morning arrived, a few gentlemen passed outside the wall through
+    the narrow gate, in order to take a retrospect of the field of
+    action. What did they see? The Imperialists, having become aware
+    of the large number of sufferers outside the wall, had resorted
+    thither long before the rising of the sun, were just stripping
+    the poor people, and cutting off their heads, which they would
+    take with them as trophies of their victory, when the two
+    gentlemen (one of whom was an officer) happened to disturb
+    them."
+
+The unfortunate people above referred to were a portion of those
+massacred by the troops of the Chinese general Le, the same worthy who,
+when reporting to General Staveley his execution of the duties assigned
+him, offered to produce the left ears of 1,300 rebels.
+
+At Tait-san similar atrocities were committed by the forces of Sing, the
+Manchoo commander. Hundreds of civilians were killed for the sake of
+their heads, and some prisoners were actually taken to the camp of the
+British _corps de réserve_, formed in conjunction with an Imperialist
+one, and there cruelly tortured to death. The execution of seven victims
+in particular is fully attested by Dr. Murtagh,[47] 22nd B. N. I.; other
+"eye-witnesses," including the Bishop of Victoria, have personally
+assured me of their positive knowledge as to this and other atrocities
+more revolting, and upon a more extensive scale, that have been
+inflicted upon Ti-pings captured by means of the British alliance with
+the Manchoo. The following is an extract from a letter published in most
+of the Shanghae papers, and vouched for as being true by Dr. Murtagh:--
+
+    EXTRACT FROM THE "NORTH CHINA HERALD" OF JUNE 13, 1863.
+    _Treatment of Ti-ping Prisoners._
+    (To the Editor of the _Daily Shipping and Commercial News_.)
+
+    "... About 11 o'clock a.m. on the day following the capture of
+    Tait-san (_Sunday_, May 3rd), seven prisoners were brought into
+    the Imperialist camp near Wy-con-sin; being stripped perfectly
+    nude, they were each tied to a stake, and tortured with the most
+    refined cruelty. Arrows appeared to have been forcibly driven
+    into various parts of their bodies, from whence issued copious
+    streams of blood. This mode of torture falling short of
+    satiating the demoniacal spirit of their tormentors, recourse
+    was had to other means. Strips of flesh were cut, or rather
+    hacked (judging from the appearance presented, the instrument
+    seemed too blunt to cut), from different parts of their bodies,
+    which, hanging by a small portion of skin, presented an
+    appearance truly horrible....
+
+    "For hours these wretched beings writhed in agony. About sunset
+    they were led forth more dead than alive by a brutal
+    executioner, who, sword in hand, thirsting to imbrue his hand in
+    blood, seemed the very incarnation of a fiend. Seizing his
+    unfortunate victims, he exultingly dragged them forth, mocking
+    and insulting them, and then, by hewing, hacking, and using a
+    sawing motion, he succeeded eventually in putting an end to
+    their sufferings by partially severing the head from the body.
+    Such are the bare facts, which can, if necessary, be fully
+    substantiated by other eye-witnesses....
+
+    "(Signed) AN EYE-WITNESS."
+
+As further evidence of the atrocities which were committed in these
+fearful times, the following letter will speak emphatically. It was
+written at the time, and addressed to the editor of the _Shanghae
+Recorder_, by Mr. J. C. Sillar, a merchant of high position, by whose
+permission it is now published:--
+
+    "NO MORE MURDERS.
+    "(To the Editor of the _Shanghae Recorder_.)
+
+    "SIR,--A gentleman who was present at the capture of Tsingpo
+    informed me that he held the heads of fourteen women with his
+    own hands while their throats, which had been cut by the English
+    or French soldiers (perhaps both) were being sewn up. There were
+    many more, but he held the heads of fourteen with his own hands.
+
+    "I trust that, in the event of the capture of Kading, steps may
+    be taken to prevent such atrocities either by our own men or the
+    'disciplined Chinese.'
+
+    "Your obedient servant,
+    "J. C. SILLAR.
+    "Shanghae, October 18, 1862."
+
+    "The women stated that their throats had been cut by the English
+    soldiers; but, upon being asked to identify them, pointed to the
+    French.
+
+    "J. C. S."
+
+Placing the Manchoo, Sing, in charge of Tait-san, _General_ Gordon moved
+forward to reconnoitre Quin-san, the next Ti-ping city in the direction
+of Soo-chow, the provincial capital. After establishing a large
+Imperialist army in a stockaded position close to its walls, he returned
+with his own force to Soong-kong, the head-quarters, for the purpose of
+obtaining from General Brown, at Shanghae, further supplies of H. B.
+Majesty's shot and shell, preparatory to bombarding the city. When all
+the necessary munitions of war had been received from the British
+arsenals, Gordon returned to his allies outside the east gate of
+Quin-san.
+
+The garrison, upon the arrival of Gordon's troops, sallied forth upon
+them in strong force, but after a desperate attempt to come to close
+quarters were driven back by the artillery with much loss. Now,
+unfortunately for the Ti-pings, the scientific knowledge of their enemy
+led him to investigate the strategic and defensive position of Quin-san
+with unmistakable perception of its weak points. He quickly discovered
+that the place was so situated as to possess but one line of retreat or
+supply, in consequence of the numerous small lakes, Imperialist
+outposts, and broad creeks in every other direction. Consequently,
+instead of directly attacking the city, Gordon moved his army, supported
+by the steamer _Hyson_ and a large fleet of well-armed gunboats, against
+its only line of communication, a road constructed along the bank of a
+wide creek leading to Soo-chow. This movement was no sooner perceived by
+the garrison of Quin-san, than, finding their position rendered
+perfectly untenable, they commenced to evacuate the city as fast as
+possible. Refugees from Tait-san and the surrounding country had
+increased the number of inhabitants considerably, and, as at many places
+their only line of retreat was but a few feet broad, with deep creeks on
+either side, and continual narrow bridges spanning the numerous canals
+intersecting the country with a perfect maze of water, their escape from
+the city occupied the entire day, and their long thin line stretched for
+miles along this narrow road. The rush of the panic-stricken people was
+so great that the Ti-ping troops became inextricably mingled with and
+confused among them.
+
+A few miles from Quin-san the _Hyson_ and the gunboats came upon the
+fugitives where their line of retreat was intersected by the creek, up
+which the vessels were advancing; their progress, however, was for some
+time arrested by a couple of stockades, into which a few soldiers
+managed to throw themselves, and by an obstruction presented by a strong
+row of stakes driven firmly across the creek. During the delay, the
+_Hyson's_ European officers amused themselves by an incessant fire of
+grape and canister poured among the helpless people seeking to escape
+almost in front of the muzzle of her 32-pounder bow gun. Gordon, in his
+report to General Brown,[48] after noticing the "well-cultivated"
+appearance of the country, states that the _Hyson_ continued this
+murderous work for "over three hours," at the expiration of which time
+he arrived with his troops and drove the defenders from their stockades.
+Immediately upon this, the _Hyson_, as Gordon states, "overhauled the
+rebels and followed them slowly up. The creek was positively jammed up
+with their boats, and at the bridge at Edin the crush was awful." Now,
+how those who directed the fire of shell and _mitraille_ from the
+_Hyson_ managed to avoid injuring the women and children, who
+constituted a great proportion of the people contained in the boats,
+does not appear.
+
+When the unfortunates had been leisurely followed up and ceaselessly
+attacked until they reached the vicinity of Soo-chow, and the protection
+afforded by its garrison, the steamer turned about and slowly ran back.
+The report, continuing from this point, states:--
+
+    "All this time rebel stragglers had been dropping into the
+    Soochow road from all parts, and the _Hyson_ had to _continue
+    her work_ all the way back, sometimes being so close on masses
+    of rebels that she had to resort to some measure to get clear of
+    them, and so adopted the novel expedient of using her steam
+    whistle, which, singular as it may appear, had the desired
+    effect.... Mounted men would try and gallop by the steamer not
+    six yards from her; others positively rode or tried to ride past
+    when she was alongside the road. _The grape and canister must
+    have told fearfully, owing to their numbers._... We had not
+    ceased shelling until 2.30 _a.m._"
+
+At least nine-tenths of the wretched people who thus perished under the
+orders of _General_ Gordon--who, by the way, seems to have become very
+quickly imbued with the "Chinese character" prophesied by the British
+minister at Pekin--were non-combatants. The manner in which British
+officers dealt destruction to their victims during _twenty hours_, with
+absolute impunity to themselves, would be too revolting to be credible,
+but for its plain avowal by Major Gordon, R.E., himself. This almost
+unparalleled proceeding is merely the prototype of many other atrocities
+perpetrated by the Anglo-Manchoo legion and its Imperialist allies.
+During all the operations against the Ti-pings, and all the terrible
+consequences following the fall of their cities, can Major Gordon say
+how many were peaceful inhabitants, whose only fault was the fact that
+they were inmates of a town captured and held by the revolutionists?
+Fully nine-tenths of the Ti-ping killed and wounded, so vain-gloriously,
+were only guilty of submission to the _de facto_ Power; the remainder
+were _bonâ fide_ Ti-ping soldiers, whose only crime was their endeavour
+to expel the foreign and oppressive dynasty, and to establish the
+Christian faith, the persecution of the first converts to which caused
+their revolution.
+
+Thousands of the people who fled before the ceaseless shelling from the
+_Hyson_ had never seen a steamer before; even the few who had, like all
+Chinese, were greatly awed by the supposed qualities of the "fiery
+dragon ship;" thus, the shrieking of the steam whistle, the dashing
+noise of her paddles, the flaming appearance of her funnel, and the
+fearful effect of her artillery fire, must have thrown them into the
+wildest consternation. Other steam gunboats, similar to the _Hyson_,
+were shortly added to the flotilla attached to Gordon's force, and ever
+afterwards their appearance threw the Ti-pings into confusion, and
+proved more effective than a great army in the field. The dread inspired
+by the steamers was always fatal to every Ti-ping position they
+attacked, and not without cause. They were each protected by iron
+mantlets, proof against musketry fire, which was all they had to resist,
+and carried a heavy bow gun and another at the stern. If the garrison
+of any stockade attempted to resist them, their artillery soon battered
+down the defences or shelled the defenders, and then came a massacre
+similar to that attending the evacuation of Quin-san. The whole country
+between Shanghae and Soo-chow is low, marshy, and cut up by innumerable
+creeks, canals, dykes, and lakes, the only roads being a few narrow
+causeways built along the sides of the principal creeks; therefore,
+whenever the garrison of a stockade was driven out, their only line of
+retreat was along the bank of a creek, up which a steamer could follow
+them for miles, and pour in deadly discharges of grape and canister at a
+distance of only a few feet.
+
+It has been estimated that the Ti-ping loss during the evacuation of
+Quin-san and the subsequent route was not less than 3,000. Gordon's
+force lost 2 killed and 5 drowned!
+
+Having noticed the particulars of the disastrous loss of Tait-san and
+Quin-san, we must now come to the still more unfortunate effect caused
+by the receipt of the intelligence at Nankin, and the further report
+that the ships of the Anglo-Chinese or "Vampyre" flotilla were arriving
+at Shanghae.
+
+These events took place in the month of May, 1863, and immediately the
+Ti-ping Government heard of them, couriers were despatched in hot haste
+after the Chung-wang, recalling his army to the capital. At this time
+the Commander-in-Chief had advanced about four hundred miles in the
+direction of Pekin, having captured many cities from the enemy, and
+completely defeated several large Manchoo armies, one led by the
+Imperialist Prince Sung-wang, or San-ko-lin-sin, as he is known to
+Europeans. Upon receipt of the orders from Nankin, the Chung-wang was
+compelled to forsake all the important advantages he had gained, and
+derive no benefit from the series of victories he had achieved, by
+abandoning every captured position and precipitately returning to the
+capital.
+
+The Ti-ping forces had quite lately reached a fertile part of the
+country, where they were recruiting and gradually recovering from the
+hardships endured throughout the previous march. From the edge of the
+river Yang-tze, in the vicinity where the army first crossed from
+Nankin, throughout a naturally sterile country, for a distance of more
+than three hundred miles, the retreating Imperialists had devastated
+everything far and near, so as to stay the advance of the Ti-pings by
+the deadly medium of famine. Every rice-field, farm, and plantation were
+destroyed and made a desert waste, so that not the smallest article of
+food could be obtained. Fortunately the Chung-wang's commissariat was
+well supplied, so his troops were able to traverse the desolated regions
+without very much suffering, and by quick movements to limit the
+devastation to an extent of three hundred miles.
+
+At the time, however, when the Chung-wang received his orders to return
+to Nankin, the supplies of his army had become well nigh exhausted, and
+the urgent tone of the despatches made an immediate retreat so
+imperative, that no delay to gather in the standing crops or otherwise
+collect a sufficient quantity of provisions was possible.
+
+Besides the fall of Tait-san, Quin-san, &c., and the presence of several
+"Vampyre" ships at Shanghae, where others were momentarily arriving,
+other dangers menaced the Ti-pings; namely, either the destruction of
+their best army by starvation, or the prevention of its retreat to
+Nankin, by the immense fleet of Imperialist gunboats threatening the
+city.
+
+Since the fall of Ngan-king (towards the close of the year 1861), the
+Imperialists had gradually approached along both banks of the river,
+until at last they managed to capture every place up to the walls of
+Nankin. This result was accomplished entirely by the presence of the
+well-equipped and innumerable flotilla of row-galleys, just at the
+period the Ti-ping Government was alarmed by the loss of Tait-san and
+Quin-san. But though the revolutionists were unable to dispute the
+supremacy on the great river, simply because they were entirely
+destitute of war vessels, they held the country within five miles of the
+water for a considerable distance above Nankin on the south bank of the
+Yang-tze.
+
+The army commanded by the Chung-wang consisted principally of veteran
+troops, natives of the south of China, who originally joined the
+movement, and was by far the best in the Ti-ping service. Its strength
+of fighting men was not less than 50,000, while numberless refugees,
+prisoners, coolies, and others, far more than doubled those figures.
+
+From the intelligence conveyed in his despatches, the General knew at
+once that only one course--an instant retreat by forced marches--was
+possible, either to save his army from destruction, or succour the
+hardly-pressed garrisons of the cities of the silk district. Gathering
+all the rice at hand, though it was quite unripe, and foraging
+everything that could be used as food, though a full treasury could have
+supplied them with suitable provisions had such been available in
+sufficient quantity, the army broke ground and commenced its disastrous
+return to Nankin. The supplies soon proved inadequate to last one half
+the distance to be traversed; consequently, this retreat proved more
+terribly destructive to the army than a dozen bad defeats would have
+been. The latter part of the forced marches these starving men had to
+perform led through desert places and low marshy ground; and, to add to
+the horrors of their situation, the Yang-tze having considerably
+overflowed its banks, the low country for a great distance inland was
+completely flooded. Through this, and many a weary mile of bamboo swamp,
+had the exhausted and starving Ti-pings to force their way.
+
+Whenever a piece of firmer ground was reached, it could only be passed
+after defeating the Manchoo troops in occupation, who, well supplied
+with food, clothing, and boats, swarmed around the perishing and
+retreating army in thousands, now that it could be done with impunity.
+As the unfortunate Ti-pings approached nearer and nearer to the bank of
+the river, their sufferings (if possible) became increased. Frequently
+they came to places totally impassable except by swimming, and at such
+they had to cross exposed to the attacks of numerous squadrons of
+Imperialist gunboats, stationed at every available position to cut off
+or harass their retreat. Can anything more dreadful than the state of
+these unhappy patriots be imagined? For nearly a month they had
+subsisted entirely upon the grass of the fields, the green tops of
+bamboo, and the bodies of the dead!--while their march lay through the
+mazes of dense bamboo jungle, and swamps of mud and water--frequently of
+a depth which prevented fording. During the whole of this fearful
+retreat, their rear, front, and flanks were incessantly harassed by the
+attacks of the cowardly and bloodthirsty enemy, who cruelly murdered
+hundreds of exhausted men, whom they were quite unable to withstand in
+fair fight. Thousands perished in this manner, and thousands more were
+horribly suffocated in the morasses, or drowned among the swamps. Who is
+responsible for all this misery and loss of life? It was _caused_
+entirely through British intervention, and the material aid given to the
+Manchoo. At last the leading division of the army made its appearance
+opposite Nankin, and then arose the difficulty of transporting it across
+the river.
+
+During several days preceding the arrival of the remnant of the
+Chung-wang's troops, the enemy had maintained an incessant attack upon
+the batteries and forts commanding the passage of the river, and had
+particularly concentrated their efforts against a large fort on the
+opposite side, the capture of which would have placed the whole north
+bank in their hands, and would also have cut off all retreat. About a
+week previous, the _Anglo-Ti-ping_, with my old craft and three junks,
+had run the Imperial blockade and safely arrived at the Nankin creek,
+each heavily laden with rice and other provisions. My friend D---- had
+caught a passing steamer, and proceeded on to Shanghae upon business.
+P---- remained with the lorcha, and I joined him on board, taking my
+wife with me, as the Sz-wang and principal chiefs in the city had
+requested me to assist in the defence of the river forts. Directly the
+Imperialists became aware of the near approach of the Chung-wang's army,
+they began their attacks upon the fort on the other side of the river.
+This work, Kew-fu-chew, as the Ti-pings named it, was directly opposite
+the batteries (at the entrance of the creek) which extended along the
+edge of the river, on the narrow strip of land forming the outer bank of
+the creek until it turned inland towards the city. These batteries
+mounted a number of heavy guns; though, as nearly all were of Chinese
+make--huge, unwieldy masses of iron, bigger than an English 68, but with
+the bore of only a 4 or 6-pounder--few were moveable or manageable. As a
+rule, until taught by Europeans, the Chinese are wretched artillerists,
+their guns being usually lashed firm in one position, from which they
+can neither be moved by the muzzle radius, nor breech-elevating
+principle; so that, be the object far or near, the guns are fired at the
+same range in every case. Among the many useless guns, the appearance of
+which had far more to do with frightening away the enemy than their
+effectiveness, I at last found five or six that were really
+serviceable--including an English naval 32-pounder, one 18-pounder, a
+large French cannon, and several fine brass Chinese guns. As there
+happened to be nearly thirty European and American trading vessels at
+the port, I managed to raise a corps of about twenty-five volunteers to
+work the artillery. My own lorcha carried two beautiful pivot-guns
+amidships, which proved of no little use during the different actions.
+
+Regularly at daylight every morning the enemy would commence their
+attack upon Kew-fu-chew, and the smaller forts above the Sz-wang's
+position. Their plan of battle was well formed and very picturesque in
+appearance; successive squadrons of gunboats would sail down and engage
+the fort, delivering their fire; and then, filling away before a fair
+wind, returning to their position up the river. These vessels were
+assisted by others co-operating from below the Ti-ping lines; all being
+profusely decorated with gaudy flags, and propelled by numerous oars on
+either side.
+
+The whole scene of battle formed a never-to-be-forgotten spectacle. The
+gallant appearance of the innumerable gunboats tacking down stream, and
+opening fire, one after the other, in regular order; some crossing in
+every direction, and others running back dead before the wind, with
+their broad and prettily-cut lateen sails stretching out on either side
+like a pair of snowy wings; the incessant roar of the cannonade; the
+flash of the guns; the curling smoke, at first dense and impenetrable,
+and then dissolving into thin wreaths, gracefully circling round the
+rigging and the white sails; the steady reply from the flag-covered
+forts, now enveloped in clouds of sulphurous vapour, anon standing forth
+clear and sharply defined against the dark background formed by the
+waving bamboo; the peaceful current of the noble Yang-tze river--here
+narrowed to a point less than 1,800 yards across, though stretching far
+and wide immediately beyond on either side; the grim embattled walls of
+Nankin, towering over the plain a few miles distant; mountains of
+fantastic shape on every side--some near, impending and majestic;
+others, cloud-capped and dimly visible in the distance; the cheer and
+cry of battle mingling with the echo of artillery--all combined,
+produced an effect truly grand and imposing.
+
+At last the garrison of Kew-fu-chew reported that the leading columns of
+the Chung-wang's army were in sight; upon which further reinforcements
+were instantly thrown into all the forts, while every boat was made
+ready for the purpose of transporting the approaching troops across the
+river. Even when they had arrived within sight of their capital, the
+sufferings of the unfortunate people were not completed until they had
+endured much more loss by the assaults of the enemy. Upon the arrival of
+the famished and emaciated troops at the brink of the river, they were
+saluted with one continuous cannonade from the gunboats that now found
+ample opportunities of slaughtering them as they crowded the bank for a
+distance of nearly two miles. With incredible fortitude they maintained
+their position, and did not flinch backward by the least perceptible
+movement; and, in the face of the terrible fire poured into their dense
+masses at point-blank range (mostly from _English_ guns), proceeded to
+the work of embarkation as steadily as their weakened condition would
+permit.
+
+Directly the first detachment appeared on the beach, I sailed over to
+help them with all my vessels, and getting a dozen Europeans on board
+the lorcha, worked her against the enemy with considerable effect. The
+fearful sights that met my gaze upon every part of the shore I shall
+never forget. Very many of the weakest men, totally unable to assist
+themselves further, were left to die within sight of the goal for which
+they had striven so hard and suffered so greatly, their number being so
+large that their comrades were not sufficient to help, or get them over
+the river in the presence of the enemy. The horrible "thud" of the
+cannon shot crashing continuously among the living skeletons, so densely
+packed at places that they were swept off by the river, into which they
+were forced by the pressure from behind; the perfect immobility with
+which they confronted the death hurled upon them from more than a
+thousand gunboats; and the slow effort the exhausted survivors made to
+extricate themselves from the mangled bodies of their stricken comrades,
+were scenes awful to contemplate. It was dreadful to watch day after day
+during the time occupied in getting the remnant of that once splendid
+army across the river, with but little means to succour them, the lanes
+cut through the helpless multitude on the beach by the merciless fire of
+the enemy; all so passively endured. The gaunt, starved forms, and wild
+staring eyes of those who had laid themselves down to die, haunted me
+for many a future night.
+
+Frequently during the passage of the river, some small boat, with its
+scarcely living freight, would be drifted away from the protection of
+the Nankin batteries by the strength of the tide, the overcrowded boat
+being too heavily laden to be moved quickly enough by the weakened arms
+of the rowers. Whenever such an event took place, the mandarin boats
+would dart upon their defenceless prey, and immediately chop off the
+heads of all on board in the most brutal manner, throwing the bodies of
+the victims into the river within sight of their comrades, who were
+totally unable to assist them. In these cases the poor fellows struggled
+and fought against their murderers with the energy of despair, as
+desperately as their enfeebled condition would permit; but this was of
+little avail, for nearly all their fire-arms were rendered useless, the
+powder being saturated with water, while they were far too weak to wield
+other weapons effectively.
+
+I received the Chung-wang on board my vessel, and carried him to the
+Nankin side, when he had seen the greater part of his surviving troops
+safely across the river. My comrade, L----, was with him, also the
+Sardinian officer of the late Ling-ho's regiment; but I never saw my
+brave lieutenant, Phillip Bosse, again: he had fallen at the head of the
+Chung-wang's guards, while gallantly protecting the retreat of the main
+body.
+
+Upon the twelfth day all who could be saved were across the Yang-tze,
+and under the friendly shadow of the Nankin walls, whilst, on the other
+side of the river, none remained but the garrison of the fort and the
+numerous bodies of those who had perished of hunger or had been
+slaughtered by the enemy. At last all seemed laid in the sleep of death,
+until some poor wretch would suddenly crawl to the brink of the desired
+water, and then fall into the swift current either to quench his burning
+thirst or terminate his agony.
+
+Even now the bleached skeletons of many thousands of these unfortunate
+victims to British intervention may be seen in the positions in which
+they fell, waiting for the hand of decay to obliterate the last sad
+trace of their existence.
+
+The Chung-wang's army had formed the best and bravest part of the whole
+Ti-ping forces; in fact, his troops were the _élite_ of the whole
+military organization, being principally composed of veterans who had
+joined the cause from its infancy, and to whom defeat was really
+unknown. A great proportion of the original nucleus of the revolution
+was included in its ranks, consisting of the men from Kwang-tung,
+Kwang-si, and the Miau-tze, who, inspired with the religious enthusiasm
+so conducive to the wonderful success which attended the earlier stages
+of the Ti-ping movement, and imbued with that spirit of chivalry which
+defied all obstacles, dreaded no dangers, and endured cruel torture,
+became the true champions of the great religious and political Chinese
+revolution. Unless Christendom chooses to deny the theory that Asia is
+to be Christianized by a process similar to the manner in which it was
+itself converted from Heathenism, it is impossible to dispute the fact
+that Hung-sui-tshuen and his followers have commenced a work that shall
+never perish nor be forgotten. The very fact that the leaders of the
+Ti-ping movement, from the first day of its existence, forced their
+tenets upon the sage contempt of the literati, the general repugnance of
+the people, and the well-known hatred of the innumerable Manchoo
+employés, proves most convincingly that it was a holy element which
+animated those chiefs and their followers, and which induced them to
+forsake the theories of their ancient and deeply venerated sages, to
+rely upon the help and attributes of an Eternal Judge.
+
+Unfortunately, by the disastrous retreat to Nankin, the Ti-pings lost
+the greater proportion of those adherents whose religious fervour has
+induced me to compare them to the heroes and champions of the early
+Christian Church. There are doubtless those who, from their self-erected
+pinnacle of righteousness, will prove sceptics as to the reality of
+Ti-ping Christianity; but I trust all who have had the patience to
+accompany me through this history will consider that point effectually
+proved in favour of the revolutionists.
+
+The remnant of the Chung-wang's army scarcely amounted to 15,000
+effective men, and from this number reinforcements had to be thrown into
+Nankin, Soo-chow, Chang-chow, Wu-sie, and other cities menaced by the
+enemy; consequently, when the General-in-Chief proceeded to the
+districts invaded by the Anglo-Franco-Manchoo mercenaries in the
+neighbourhood of Soo-chow, he was not accompanied by more than 7,000
+troops; yet with this small force he managed to keep the overwhelming
+numbers of the enemy for some time at bay, to control and reassure many
+garrisons wavering in loyalty, and to protect a great extent of
+frontier. Had his once splendid army been intact and serviceable, the
+Imperialists and their allies would have to tell a very different tale
+to that of the expulsion of the Ti-pings from their former territory.
+
+On the day succeeding the passage of the last surviving troops across
+the river, the enemy seemed determined to vent his wrath at their escape
+by a general attack upon all the fortifications. From early morning the
+assailants had swarmed down in countless gunboats, covering the whole
+expanse of the Yang-tze, and completely hiding the fort of Kew-fu-chew
+from our view by the dense clouds of smoke proceeding from their
+ceaseless bombardment. The adverse flotilla in the neighbourhood of
+Nankin was closely estimated at a strength of 3,000 gunboats of all
+sizes, some carrying only one light gun in the bow, others mounting four
+or five rather heavy cannon.
+
+The Imperialists maintained their attack with much vigour and
+determination until late at night. Throughout the day we were unable to
+do much harm to them, their vessels being nearly always perfectly
+concealed by smoke, so that our guns could only be pointed at chance
+range. The roar from nearly 2,000 pieces of artillery was terrific and
+deafening beyond description. As night closed in we were enabled to make
+much better practice from our batteries by noticing the flashes of the
+enemy's guns, and aiming in the direction indicated. At about 10 p.m.
+our fire proved so effective that the whole fleet relinquished the
+attack and retreated both up and down the river. Owing to the vast
+number of gunboats which were crowded together in the comparatively
+small space between the Nankin batteries and the fort opposite, our fire
+must have inflicted severe loss, yet they persisted in the engagement
+with a courage I have never before or afterwards seen equalled by troops
+of the Manchoo Government.
+
+In spite of this resolute attack, the Ti-pings garrisoning the
+fortifications were singularly indifferent, and laughed to scorn the
+idea that the _Ya-mun-qui_ (Mandarin-palace devils, as they delighted to
+call them) could ever capture any outwork of Nankin. When I remonstrated
+with the old Kung-wang about the negligent guard at night, he replied:
+"I have held these forts for twelve years, and, unless Tien-voo deserts
+me, shall hold them twelve years more, so far as the 'Imps' are
+concerned." That very night, or rather morning, he found occasion to
+regret his overweening confidence.
+
+The lurid glare of battle during the early night, the thunder of
+artillery, the crashing of shot, the fiery track of the arrow-headed
+rockets, followed by the occasional explosion of a gunboat, the whole
+din and prospect of tumult, had died away, and been replaced by the
+deathlike calm of a beautiful summer's night. Dirty, begrimed with
+powder, and fatigued with labour and excitement, my party of European
+volunteers, L---- (who had remained on board our lorcha), Captain P----,
+and myself, took advantage of the quiet interval and retired to rest.
+Unfortunately for us, the deceitful calm proved doubly treacherous.
+
+Tap, tap, went the bamboo signals of the solitary sentinels around the
+forts under whose shadow our vessel rode silently at anchor; tum, tum,
+sounded the drums of the guards ensconced in the little look-out houses
+perched along the walls; and at last these monotonous echoes, sharply
+distinguished from out the surrounding stillness, proved irresistibly
+somniferous; gradually they became fainter and less frequent, and then
+ceased altogether.
+
+How long our sleep lasted I do not know, but suddenly I was aroused by
+the crashing roar of artillery seemingly right alongside our vessel. At
+the same moment I heard my friends start up in the adjoining cabin, and
+together we rushed on deck.
+
+Daylight was just dawning, but it was not required to enlighten the
+scenes taking place around. The water, neighbouring shore, and forts,
+were illuminated by the red glare of war. Above and below on the river;
+outside the batteries; on the broad arm of the Yang-tze, running past
+the Nankin creek and forming Tasohea Island; everywhere, in fact, the
+gunboats of the enemy were upon us in countless numbers; while the vivid
+and repeated flashes of their artillery made the air alive with bright
+coruscations. Early on the morning of June 28, 1863, the Imperialists
+made their daring and partially successful _coup de main_. In dense
+lines, completely covering the broad expanse of the river, they had
+pulled rapidly down stream; running the gauntlet of the stronger forts
+held by the Sze and Kung Wangs, and making the weaker ones just
+beyond the entrance of the Nankin creek the object of their attack. Each
+gunboat maintained a very quick fire of cannon, heavy gingals, rockets,
+fire-arrows, and every description of missile known in China, many of
+which took effect among the light-built houses inside the larger forts.
+On the other hand, the Ti-pings were entirely taken by surprise; the
+guns of the river forts were not loaded, and, being heavy, could not be
+quickly enough worked, or sufficiently depressed to obtain more than a
+couple of rounds before the last division of the enemy had swept past,
+the first having run by, and entered the channel between Tasohea Island
+and the mainland, almost before the alarm was given. The few shots that
+were delivered inflicted great havoc among the closely-packed gunboats
+right under the muzzles of the heavy artillery in the Kung-wang's fort;
+and the yellow waters of the mighty Yang-tze engulphed many a shattered
+man and vessel, while pieces of wreck were strewed upon the surface, and
+swiftly borne away to excite the wonder of distant villagers on the
+banks of the rapid river.
+
+[Illustration:
+DAY & SON (LIMITED) LITH.
+IMPERIALIST ATTACK ON THE RIVER FORTS AT NANKIN]
+
+When off Theodolite Point, hundreds of the war-boats pulled inside the
+island, and made a dash upon the small forts on the mainland, and the
+foreign trading vessels anchored in the channel; while many soldiers,
+landing from others, captured the works on the end of the island,
+killing man, woman, and child, as the affrighted people rushed from
+their houses and attempted to escape. The small forts, being surrounded
+by overwhelming numbers, were quickly taken and then set on fire. Three
+large war-junks defending the mouth of the Nankin creek were also fired
+by the enemy, before their crews were fairly awake or had time to
+deliver a second broadside. At this moment I rushed on deck with my
+comrades. Our lorcha was lying close astern of the last _Ti-mung_, or
+war-junk, and many European craft were at anchor closer to Tasohea
+Island, and nearer to the main river; some of these I saw boarded by
+the Imperialists, who instantly murdered the few Europeans, plundered
+the vessels, and then set them on fire.
+
+I saw at a glance that nothing but instant flight could save our lives,
+if it were not already too late. The gunboats were everywhere around,
+firing away indiscriminately in all directions. Fortunately our old junk
+was fast alongside the lorcha, which was far too heavy to escape from
+smaller craft; so abandoning the latter, containing all our property and
+nearly everything we had in the world, with my wife and friends I went
+on board the lighter vessel. We then cut her adrift and tried to escape
+down the channel. The land on each side being occupied by hostile
+troops, and the upper part of the channel leading into the river being
+crowded with their war-boats, it was the only course open.
+
+At the moment we shoved off and left the _Anglo-Ti-ping_ to her fate,
+several gunboats boarded her from the opposite side, while others poured
+a terrible fire into our old junk, whose decks were covered with
+grape-shot, which had fallen harmless, from the hurried loading of our
+assailants.
+
+While all around seemed a mass of fire and flame, the daylight obscured
+by the dense pall of smoke above, the earth shaken by the ceaseless
+cannonade below, and while the fiery track of rockets, accompanied by
+their hissing sound, and the "wheep" of the shot whistling everywhere
+about, kept up the jubilee of war and destruction, we had drifted with
+the tide a few cables' length away from the lorcha, and made sail to the
+light though freshening breeze that offered our only chance of escape.
+
+A squall of wind was parting the heavy volume of smoke and fire, and
+coming towards us, when a number of gunboats appeared in full chase,
+keeping up a very heavy fire, the crew of the nearest throwing
+stink-pots, with which they managed to ignite our mainsail. I was just
+turning to my dear wife to hurry her below, when a volley of musketry
+was poured in by the troops on board the attacking vessels. I saw my
+faithful friend and companion, L----, fall to the deck, but almost at
+the same moment, struck by a spent ball, I became senseless.
+
+I know not what period may have elapsed, but when at length I was
+restored to consciousness, it was but to realize the exquisite
+bitterness of my loss. Close to where my best and long-proved friend had
+fallen, lay the lifeless form of my well-loved wife, pierced by a flight
+of bullets.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[41] Alluding to _Admiral_ Sherrard Osborne's 'Vampyre' fleet.
+
+[42] Since the loss of Nankin, and all their former cities, through
+British hostility, this has resulted to a certain extent only; for
+still, with wonderful forbearance, the Ti-pings have not begun to ravage
+the country, their moderation in the neighbourhood of Amoy, where they
+now are in force, being well known.
+
+[43] In honour of the Holy Trinity.
+
+[44] The officiating priest.
+
+[45] It is hardly to be understood how dishonourable men are "worthy a
+more honourable death."
+
+[46] Table of Ti-ping loss of life.
+
+[47] _Vide_ pp. 126 and 108, Blue Book on China, No. 3, 1864, for Dr.
+Murtagh's letter, and the attestation by Bishop Boone and the Bishop of
+Victoria of the statements of two other eye-witnesses.
+
+[48] _Vide_ Blue Book on China, No. 3, 1864 p. 111.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+    On the Wong-poo River.--Ningpo Sam.--The _China_.--Her
+    passengers.--The Ta-hoo Lake.--Its Scenery.--The Canals of
+    Central China.--General
+    Burgevine.--Soo-chow.--Deserters.--Burgevine suspected.--The
+    Americo-Ti-ping Legions.--Burgevine's policy.--Colonel
+    Morton.--The Mo-wang.--Arrival of the Chung-wang.--The Loyal and
+    Faithful Auxiliary Legion.--How regulated.--Affair at
+    Wo-kong.--Recruiting.--Plan of Operations.--A _coup de
+    main_.--Arrangement.--Interruptions.--Postponed.
+
+
+Towards the close of a fine October day in 1863, an ordinary Shanghae
+_san-pan_, or passage-boat, might have been seen slowly sculling
+up-stream against the ebbing tide of the Wong-poo river, and carefully
+hugging the bank opposite to the foreign settlements. Besides the hardy
+Chinese owner (working away with a big oar over the stern, and rejoicing
+in the euphonical cognomen "Ningpo Sam"), the boat was occupied by two
+foreigners, seated under the arched mat cover. One seemed to be of
+Anglo-Saxon race; the other, by his dusky skin, long moustache, and
+jet-black hair, a native of the East Indies.
+
+To a close observer there was something suspicious in the management of
+the _san-pan_ and the movements of the people on board. All passing
+craft were carefully avoided, and whenever a European ship on the river,
+or European dwelling on the shore, was approached, down came the outside
+mat from the cover, screening the front of the boat, and completely
+hiding the two passengers inside. If the observer had been near enough,
+he might have been further edified by hearing sundry energetic
+expressions addressed by the irritable foreigners to "Ningpo Sam,"
+whenever that stolid individual did not sheer his boat sufficiently far
+from strange vessels to preserve their incognito.
+
+As the shades of evening fell upon the shipping on the river and the
+trees on the shore, the strength of the tide gradually relaxed, and the
+_san-pan_ proceeded much more rapidly on her course. The see-saw rocking
+from side to side became less vigorous and unpleasant as the arms of the
+sculler were tired, and at last, when a point nearly three miles above
+Shanghae had been reached, "Ningpo Sam" ran his boat into the bank,
+threw down the heavy _yulo_, or oar, and emphatically declared his
+determination not to proceed any further until he had satisfied the
+cravings of his inner man with the _chow-chow_ (to "che fan"--eat
+rice--as he said), bubbling over a little cooking stove in the
+stern-sheets.
+
+The Chinese are an obstinate people; some are essentially mulish, and
+"Ningpo Sam" seemed to be of the latter order; consequently his
+passengers very wisely produced a large hamper, and hauling bottles of
+beer, with a cold fowl, _et cæteras_, from its innermost depths, were
+soon busily engaged eating and drinking. By the time the hamper had been
+repacked night had closed in, but still the boatman's capacious jaws
+went "munch, munch." Meanwhile the dark-hued passenger, having lighted a
+cigar, was taking a fisherman's quarter-deck walk--that is to the extent
+of two steps and overboard--on the small fore-part of the _san-pan_. The
+second traveller reclined on the thwartship seat, and seemed absorbed
+with his own reflections, plainly not of the most happy tenor. He was
+far from being displeased when his companion aroused him by exclaiming:
+
+"Jump up, sir; jump up; the steamer is coming!" and then shouting to the
+Chinaman, still feeding in the stern, "Yulo, yulo, Sam!"
+
+Sam, however, did not seem at all inclined to obey the summons; upon the
+contrary, he jerked the rice into his mouth and handled his chopsticks
+more vigorously than ever, spluttering out at intervals "Hi-ya!--how
+can?--my--wantchee chow-chow--no can yulo--just--now; by-em-by--finish
+chow-chow--can--do."
+
+Upon the termination of this cool reply, the European passenger passed
+to the after-part of the boat, and with the assistance of a stout cane,
+succeeded in making "Ningpo Sam" forsake gorging and resume his oar,
+much to that worthy's disgust, who, for some time, gave vent to his
+outraged feelings by a low-toned muttering of choice Ningpo
+"Billingsgate," which, however, excited not the smallest attention from
+the abused parties, who were intent upon the approaching steamer.
+
+When the steamer had arrived quite near, the Indian produced a bright
+bull's-eye lantern and displayed it for a few moments. This was answered
+by a light shown over the vessel's side, and by the stoppage of her
+engines. The _san-pan_ was then sculled alongside, and her passengers
+taken on board. Directly the baggage had been received, the ship went on
+ahead at full speed, while "Ningpo Sam" and his boat disappeared in the
+distance, his gratified expectations finding vent in the following
+adieu: "Chin-chin, ga-la! _Numbah one_, massa; mi too much thankee you."
+
+Soon the loud protestations of gratitude died away in the distance, and
+the only sound which disturbed the stillness of the cool night air was
+the regular beat of the screw propeller, as the small steamer steadily
+proceeded on her course.
+
+The little steamer was named the _China_, belonged to Messrs. H---- &
+Co., of Shanghae, and was employed in the silk trade. This valuable
+branch of commerce was wholly in the hands of the Ti-pings, and
+unrestricted until their expulsion from the producing districts, when
+the Imperial Manchoo mandarins closed the interior to foreigners, and
+the trading of steamers or other vessels was entirely prohibited.[49]
+
+The passengers who so mysteriously embarked themselves were on their way
+to Soo-chow. One was _General_ Burgevine's _aide-de-camp_, the other
+being myself. Burgevine had quite lately put into execution his plan to
+join the revolutionists, and was established at the large city of
+Soo-chow in command of ninety to one hundred Europeans, and a batallion
+of 1,000 Ti-pings, placed under his orders to be drilled according to
+foreign tactics, and officered by their instructors. Burgevine's _aide_
+was proceeding to join his master. I was anxious to ascertain the
+principles and practical worth of the newly-formed Americo-Ti-ping
+contingent, and also to rejoin the Chung-wang.
+
+The voyage of the _China_ terminated at the town of Nan-zing, situated
+almost in the centre of the silk district; and here she remained while
+the Chinese supercargo went into the country with many thousands of
+dollars to purchase silk; the regions under Ti-ping rule being so safe
+to travel, that all the vast amount of specie (from 8 to 10 millions
+sterling per annum) used during each season was carried about the
+country simply under the protection of the Chinese _shroff_, employed by
+the firm to whom the money belonged.
+
+Having obtained a fine large boat from the Governor of Nan-zing--a most
+friendly and courteous chief--I proceeded with my companion on our way
+to Soo-chow. Although the direct distance was not much over fifty miles,
+in consequence of the capture of Quin-san, and another city named
+Wo-kong, by the enemy, the approaches to Soo-chow from the east and
+south were not available; so that we were obliged to cross the great
+Ta-hoo Lake, and reach the provincial capital by making a considerable
+_détour_ to the west. The Ta-hoo, though so extensive that from its
+centre no land but the highest mountains can be seen, has nowhere more
+than an average depth of twelve feet; and in many parts its waters are
+so encumbered with floating weeds and interwoven stems of tough aquatic
+plants growing from the bottom, that navigation is impossible. The lake,
+similar to every piece of water in China, swarms with fish; thereby
+affording constant employment to numerous congregations of fishermen.
+These men, like their brethren of the sea-coast, clan together, and are
+by no means averse to a little piracy upon a favourable occasion; we
+were consequently compelled to keep a sharp look-out while passing
+through the lake; and, when at anchor during the second night, at least
+fifty miles from land, we were under the necessity of firing into a
+number of boats that bore right down upon us in a very suspicious
+manner. My Indian comrade had three cases of rifles, and one of
+revolvers, which he was taking to Soo-chow for his master's force, and
+of these we had loaded a sufficient number to repel any attack, unless
+made by overwhelming numbers; therefore, when the advancing boats were
+suddenly received by thirty or forty shots fired within as many seconds,
+they quickly "topped their booms" and sheered off.
+
+The scenery of the Ta-hoo is inconceivably grand and varied. Mountains
+rise to a wondrous height; limestone rocks--worn into the most grotesque
+shapes--project into the clear waters of the lake; valleys of great
+beauty intersect the densely wooded hills and jagged sterile mountains;
+while murmuring rivulets sweep past secluded villages, on their journey
+to the broad, though shallow, waters of the lake. One of the most
+beautiful and romantic regions in all China is that extent of country
+situated to the north-east, north, and north-west of the Ta-hoo. Being
+of a mountainous nature, it is termed by the Chinese "Tung-shan," or the
+Eastern Hills. After sailing past the three largest islands on the lake,
+famous for producing the finest silk in the empire, we reached the most
+easterly part of the Tung-ting district. This had long been celebrated
+for the splendour of its mandarin palaces and heathen temples; but, when
+I visited the once-admired locality, its glories had departed, for the
+grand edifices of Tartar magnate and Pagan god were alike levelled with
+the dust; the Ti-ping was the dominant power, and its iconoclasm and
+hatred of the Manchoo had been practically manifested by the destruction
+of the monumental buildings, alike degrading to the patriotism and the
+religion of the nation. The villages and isolated cottages which studded
+the picturesque valleys still remained; and, by their life and
+prosperity, offered a striking contrast to the desolation of palace and
+temple.
+
+[Illustration: London, Published March 15^{th} 1866 by Day & Son,
+Limited Lithog^{rs} Gate Str, Lincoln's Inn Fields.
+Day & Son, Limited, Lith.
+VIEW FROM THE SUMMIT OF A MOUNTAIN IN THE WESTERN TUNG-SHAN DISTRICT ON
+THE NORTHERN SHORE OF THE TA-HOO LAKE, PROVINCE OF KEANG-SU]
+
+Passing on to the Western Tung-shan district, we reached the wildest and
+most imposing region I have seen, either in China or any other part of
+the world. Far removed from the noisy haunts of men, and peopled with
+but a few solitary hamlets, it reposed in its romantic beauty,
+undisturbed save by the voice of Nature, and undefiled by the hand of
+man. Drawing our boat on to a long sandy beach, I wandered through the
+wild and lonely region for some hours with my dark companion, who I
+found could appreciate Nature's beauties more truly than many with a
+whiter skin. I rambled through the silent valleys and almost
+impenetrable forests of the Tung-shan, impressed with the solemn feeling
+that I trod where mortal foot had not fallen before. The landscape was
+most varied in its nature: massive mountains, peaceful valleys; wild and
+desolate cliffs; foaming cataracts, and then the calm and shaded waters
+of the lake; while the waving of the thick forest, the verdant and
+feathery bamboos; the water-lilies stretching wide on the surface of
+the lake; the wild orange-trees, and sweetly-perfumed shrubs and flowers
+blooming around, completed an almost unrivalled picture. After leaving
+this exquisite scenery, and just before entering the creek by which we
+were to reach Soo-chow, we passed underneath a great natural arch of
+rock, projecting some 90 feet into the lake, with a height of nearly
+150, and joined to a second small arch on the outside.
+
+This singular formation of rock lies on the border of the Ta-hoo, about
+forty miles to the north-west of Soo-chow, and is an object particularly
+noticed in the legendary lore of the superstitious natives.
+
+After leaving the lake, our journey lay through a complete network of
+those interminable creeks, lagoons, and canals intersecting the whole of
+south and central China. Some were broad and river-like, spanned by
+handsome, many-arched bridges, the banks covered with fine houses and
+regular pathways; others were narrow, tortuous, almost hidden by rank
+vegetation and long drooping osiers, and crossed by bridges composed of
+a rough slab of granite laid horizontally upon the ends of two upright
+blocks, and elevated scarcely six feet from the water. Wherever we
+passed, the country people complained bitterly of the foreign soldiers
+(meaning Gordon's, D'Aguibelle's, and other mercenary legions) coming to
+fight the Ti-pings; they were all long-haired and happy under the new
+_régime_; they were naturally averse to lose their heads because the
+British Government chose to support the oppressive and merciless
+Manchoo; and many of the finest grain-producing districts having been
+captured by the allied Anglo-Franco-Manchoo forces, together with a
+number of the principal Ti-ping granaries, a vast influx of destitute
+refugees added considerably to the daily increasing distress caused by
+the scarcity and exorbitant price of food.
+
+When at last, after threading miles of creek and canal, I reached
+Soo-chow, I found that I had arrived at the moment of an important
+crisis--no less an event, indeed, than the dissolution of the
+short-lived Americo-Ti-ping contingent. This, however, was a matter of
+no surprise to me, as I had never placed the slightest faith in the
+composition and motives of the force, nor felt the least hope from its
+formation. Burgevine, its originator and commander, like Gordon, the
+uncommissioned _General_ of the Anglo-Manchoo force, was essentially a
+mercenary and filibuster; the only principle of either seems to have
+been an absorbing selfishness and care for personal interest, doubtless
+a very natural sentiment upon the part of the cosmopolitan adventurer,
+but not a trait to be admired in the character of the British officer.
+Such a principle, when supported by the material power of the British
+Government, succeeded very well with those who allied themselves with
+the Manchoo, simply because the latter were treacherous, thoroughly
+mercenary, hated foreigners with a bitter intensity, and would naturally
+enough have suspected any _apparently_ disinterested assistance, as a
+means of rendering any of them liable to distasteful obligations. The
+British authorities took particular care to prevent any mistake with
+regard to their motives, for they always stated that they were solely
+interfering in their own interest, so the Manchoo rejoicingly obtained a
+large revenue from the foreign merchants, and then handed back a portion
+to pay the British indemnity, which has proved the salvation of their
+dynasty, by in a great measure causing the alliance against the Ti-ping.
+
+Upon reaching the west gate of Soo-chow, we were very kindly welcomed by
+the guard, and were furnished with an escort to the commandant's palace.
+The city I found to be strongly garrisoned by veteran troops; new
+flanking stone works were being built against the outer face of the high
+walls; handsome buildings were being erected inside; provisions were
+very plentiful; the soldiery and civilians seemed in high spirits, and
+quite ridiculed the idea of losing their city; in fact, excepting the
+distant report of artillery, Soo-chow had no more the aspect of a
+besieged place than London has at the present moment, neither did its
+capture by the enemy thundering at its defences seem even probable.
+
+When we arrived at the commandant Mo-wang's palace, a number of wounded
+Europeans belonging to Burgevine's contingent were being carried inside.
+These men proved to be the survivors of a series of accidents that had
+occurred two days previously, when the whole force, accompanied by a
+division of Ti-pings under the Chung-wang, and the little steamer
+_Ka-joor_, which Burgevine had seized from the Imperialists and carried
+off to Soo-chow, had attacked a position of the enemy established about
+twenty miles to the east of the city. The expedition was at first
+successful, having turned the flank of the Imperialist stockades and
+captured a flotilla of twenty-six large gunboats; but, almost
+immediately afterwards, by the carelessness--some say drunkenness--of
+the Europeans working the _Ka-joor's_ pivot-gun, her magazine was
+ignited, the explosion blowing the fore part of the vessel to pieces,
+and badly wounding several of the crew.
+
+Soon after this catastrophe, _General_ Burgevine landed a battery from
+the gunboats accompanying him (the principal way of communication being
+by water), and opened fire on the stockades, held by a force of
+disciplined Anglo-Manchoo mercenaries commanded by _Colonel_ Rhode,[50]
+and a number of Imperialist _braves_. The enemy were just being driven
+out of their intrenchments, and a storming party advancing to take them,
+when the largest of the prizes--a gunboat, full of powder, shells, &c.,
+and mounting six cannon, and in which the wounded from the steamer had
+been placed--blew up; the fire from her explosion communicating with
+four more of the captured vessels, they were also blown to pieces,
+killing outright twelve, and dangerously wounding seventeen of the sixty
+or seventy Europeans present. These disasters were caused by the free
+use of the liquors taken from the wreck of the _Ka-joor_--officers and
+men alike indulging, and the whole affair forcibly illustrating the
+_rowdy_, disorderly nature of the Americo-Ti-ping legion. It is stated,
+and not without strong reason, that Burgevine himself was in a state of
+intoxication; still he has this excuse--the pain and debilitating effect
+produced by an old and terrible wound (received in the service of the
+ungrateful Manchoo), rendered the use of stimulants necessary.
+
+After the accidents we have just noticed, the attack upon the
+Imperialist position was abandoned, and the force retired upon Soo-chow,
+carrying off the wounded and the remainder of the prizes.
+
+As the Mo-wang was outside the city, and Burgevine had not returned with
+the wounded men, I proceeded to one of the gates with a party of the
+latter's officers, in order to go to the front of the Ti-ping outworks,
+where it was expected they would be found. When we had arrived at the
+gate, however, we were not allowed to pass by the soldiers on guard.
+This was the first intimation I received that affairs were going wrong
+with the auxiliary force, and that the Ti-pings were suspicious of their
+foreign allies. At night, it appeared, they were not without reason for
+their want of confidence, for, after Burgevine and the Mo-wang had
+returned, _Colonel_ Morton, the second in command of the contingent, was
+reported absent against orders, with all the Europeans outside the city.
+When this fact was ascertained, Burgevine and the officers with him
+seemed certain that the absentees had gone over to the enemy; in fact, I
+soon understood that the intention for the whole force to desert had
+been on the _tapis_ for some little time, only Morton and his companions
+had, however, taken the opportunity to get clear themselves and leave
+their co-adjutors in the lurch.
+
+Previous to this report I had obtained an interview with the Mo-wang,
+and then dined with him. He informed me that the Chung-wang was encamped
+with an army outside the city; he also gave me to understand the nature
+of his suspicions against Burgevine, in all of which I entirely agreed
+with him. After explaining the caution rendered necessary in all
+dealings with foreigners, because of the treachery and bad faith with
+which they had always acted towards the Ti-pings--as particularly
+exemplified by the English breaches of guaranteed neutrality,
+non-observance of the pledge to prevent Manchoo expeditions equipping at
+Shanghae, capture of Ningpo by the British, French, and piratical
+flotilla, &c.--he proceeded to specify his reasons for dissatisfaction
+with the foreign contingent.
+
+In the first place, he spoke about the extraordinary conduct of
+Burgevine himself, who, he declared, had made numerous promises, none of
+which had been fulfilled. That officer had guaranteed to obtain men,
+arms, and co-operation from Shanghae; large sums of money had been
+supplied for the purpose, but the only return had been many cases of
+brandy, brought by him after several visits to that city, and with which
+both officers and men were made incapable. All the money had been
+squandered or mysteriously lost, and not a single musket had been shown
+for the large expenditure. Then it appeared that Burgevine and many of
+his officers continued to wear the uniform of the Ward force, which they
+had only left shortly before joining the Ti-pings; while, to place
+themselves in a still more suspicious position, they made a practice of
+visiting at night their old friends in the hostile lines occupied by
+Gordon's troops. This conduct made the chiefs distrust the loyalty of
+their auxiliaries and fear some organized treachery. Another ground of
+suspicion was the fact that Burgevine kept his men aloof and distinct
+from the people he came to serve, at the same time striving to induce
+the chiefs to sanction his formation of an independent force. This was
+certainly a bad way to gain the confidence of men so often deceived by
+foreigners, so accustomed to community of interests, and so much imbued
+with the religious and patriotic enthusiasm of their cause. Moreover,
+the Ti-ping leaders had quickly penetrated the selfish and mercenary
+motives of their unsatisfactory allies, and naturally felt but little
+faith in their services; neither were they mean enough to desire the
+support of such ignoble assistance, nor pander to it after the style of
+their more unscrupulous antagonists.
+
+Regardless of all principles of honour and chivalry, directly the
+Americo-Ti-ping legionaries found that they could not reckon upon
+external support, large pay, and much booty, they were not a little
+disappointed; having no heart in the service they had suddenly adopted,
+they became discontented and anxious to desert a failing cause for some
+more congenial and _profitable_ employment. _They_ were certainly not
+Quixotic enough to fight for honour, glory, or the freedom and religious
+liberty of a vast empire without some substantial pecuniary recompense.
+
+Out of a strength of 125 Europeans, not more than twenty were of any use
+to the revolutionists; these few comprised men who were able to drill
+and organize a disciplined force, and others who were good artillerists;
+the remainder being sailors and vagrants, totally unacquainted with the
+smell of powder, and not so useful in the field as the worst coolie
+spearmen of the Ti-ping army; these facts were also inimical to the
+existence of the force.
+
+When, added to the circumstances just reviewed, the paroxysms of
+temporary insanity (during an attack of which he wounded one of his best
+officers), or the natural extravagance and obliquity of character of the
+commanding officer himself, and the dissensions among his subordinates,
+are considered, the failure of Burgevine's enterprise is fully accounted
+for.[51]
+
+In the evening, after Morton's absence had been reported, the Mo-wang,
+accompanied by several of his chiefs, proceeded to Burgevine's quarters
+and spent several hours in conversation with him. I was present during
+this interview, and was favourably impressed by the magnanimous and
+friendly temper of the commandant, who, despite the ample provocation he
+had received from the suspicious and unsatisfactory conduct of the
+auxiliaries, declared his intention to supply them with money on the
+succeeding day, and to make any arrangements which would tend to
+harmonize, gratify, or prosper the future welfare of the force. That
+these promises would have been faithfully executed by the Mo-wang,
+Burgevine has himself testified.
+
+After the departure of the commandant, Burgevine, with some of his
+favourite officers, talked over their proposed desertion from the
+Ti-pings, as a long-arranged and premeditated affair, their motive for
+this determination being the fact that their present service did not
+seem likely to prove so easy and advantageous as they had expected. In
+the course of conversation the _General_ personally informed me that his
+intention had been to raise a large body of disciplined and well-armed
+Ti-pings, and then to convert them into an independent force, acting
+upon his private account; that is to say, he joined the revolution with
+the intention of ultimately deserting it, and proceeding upon a career
+of filibusting through China. This wild scheme he also mentioned to
+_General_ Gordon, of the Imperialist mercenaries, proposing that they
+should mutually desert their colours, join forces, and commence a system
+of independent conquest. Whether this and other equally extravagant
+notions were caused by mental derangement, consequent upon the effects
+of his wound and the stimulants he used, or may be attributed to his
+natural character, seems doubtful; but whatever may have been the cause
+of _General_ Burgevine's reckless conduct, it is quite certain that he
+sacrificed a splendid opportunity to insure the success of the Ti-ping
+revolution. Had he at first heartily espoused the movement, and
+unreservedly amalgamated his men with its members, he would infallibly
+have obtained the confidence of the chiefs. He could then have organized
+a disciplined and foreign-officered force far superior in material to
+the Imperialist auxiliary legions, and these latter were the only forces
+of the enemy that the Ti-pings had the slightest occasion to dread.
+
+On the morning of the day succeeding my arrival at Soo-chow,
+intelligence came into the city to the effect that, at about 4.30 a.m.,
+_Colonel_ Morton had deserted with the detachment of Europeans under his
+command, and gone over to the enemy, Morton shooting two soldiers of an
+outlying picket who came to warn him of his vicinity to the Imperialist
+lines. By this act of cowardly treachery, deserting his own colleagues
+and the wounded in the city, he placed them in much jeopardy, and caused
+the Mo-wang to feel very great exasperation, and strongly to suspect
+further treachery from the remainder of the contingent. However, he
+proved himself to be a more noble-minded and merciful man than any of
+the traitors left behind imagined, by offering free passes and boats to
+any and all who might wish to leave the city; at the same time he
+expressed great disgust and contempt at the mean, dastardly conduct of
+Morton and his followers, because he had always made the fact public,
+that any foreigner wishing to leave Soo-chow had simply to express the
+desire, when everything necessary in the way of boats, passes, &c.,
+would be furnished to the confines of the Ti-ping territory.
+
+When the fact of _Colonel_ Morton's desertion became established, I must
+confess that, well as I thought I understood the noble character of the
+Ti-ping chiefs, I feared the remainder of the traitors might meet with
+condign punishment. In consequence, I at once sought an audience with
+the Mo-wang, and having obtained it, requested that he would not wreak
+any vengeance upon Burgevine and his companions. To my surprise,
+although the inferior chiefs and officers were greatly excited about the
+treachery of their foreign allies, the commandant instantly gave me to
+understand that my fear was groundless. "Puh pa! puh pa!" (do not fear,
+do not fear), he said. "These men joined me willingly and with clean
+faces" (_i.e._ honour); "they can leave if they wish to do so, in like
+manner; but if they sneak away to the Imps, they will lose face, and so
+shall I."
+
+Just at this moment Burgevine's interpreter came into the hall and
+informed the Mo-wang that he was commissioned to ask liberty for the
+remainder of the force to depart from the city and return to Shanghae.
+The chief readily professed his compliance with this request, but said
+that he could not definitively settle anything until the arrival of his
+superior, the Chung-wang, whom he expected in the city towards evening
+to consult upon the affair.
+
+Meanwhile, with the exception of a dozen who were old adherents of the
+Ti-ping king, the foreigners were in a great state of ferment, for they
+fully expected the momentary appearance of executioners to cut off their
+heads. Some were drinking _samshoo_ to encourage themselves; others
+proposed fortifying their quarters; while a few of the boldest advocated
+sallying forth and attempting to force their way out of the city. The
+groans of more than twenty wounded men, some horribly burnt by the late
+explosion of the steamer and the gunboats, rendered pathetic an
+otherwise ridiculous scene.
+
+Early in the evening the Chung-wang arrived, escorted by 1,000 men of
+his body-guard, and at once proceeded to a council with the Mo-wang and
+other chiefs. When their deliberations were concluded, I presented
+myself to the Chung-wang, who, together with the Sze, Le, and Foo-wangs
+(they having accompanied him from Nankin), received me with great
+manifestations of pleasure, having all concluded that I had been killed
+at the disastrous loss of the outer Nankin forts. I have hitherto
+forgotten to mention that my faithful interpreter, A-ling, was still
+with me. He also met with a very kind reception from the chiefs, for
+they appreciated his services, and knew that he was warmly attached to
+their cause.
+
+Immediately upon my arrival at Soo-chow, I had determined, if possible,
+to raise another body of Europeans, with whom to form a disciplined
+Ti-ping force, for I saw that the dissolution of Burgevine's legion was
+near at hand. Still, after the irritation the chiefs must have felt at
+the treachery of their present foreign auxiliaries, I could not think
+the time appropriate to submit the subject to them. I was pleasantly
+surprised when, during the course of the evening, the Chung-wang
+proposed that I should undertake the very work I was myself anxious to
+perform. He stated that his confidence had never been placed in
+Burgevine, and he expressed much satisfaction at the prospect of the
+early departure of that leader of mercenaries with his men.
+
+About this period the small steamers attached to _General_ Gordon's
+force were being used with great success in the daily attacks upon the
+Ti-ping stockades outside Soo-chow; consequently, the Chung-wang
+proposed that I should not only endeavour to raise a contingent of
+disciplined troops, but a flotilla of two or three steamers to operate
+with them. He also expressed a great desire to capture Gordon's vessels,
+upon which I told A-ling to obtain a separate commission to cut out any
+of them I might find an opportunity to seize. The Chung-wang made a
+practice never to sleep inside the walls of any beleaguered city, his
+tactics being to relieve them by an army of co-operation under his own
+command. It may be that he pursued such a plan as a safeguard against
+treachery; but whatever the cause, he was always to be found encamped
+outside. As the night advanced, he therefore made ready to leave
+Soo-chow, after passing an edict and signing a special commission
+written for me by his own secretary.[52] As I was well known to four or
+five of the Wangs present, they were much pleased when I accepted the
+authority to raise a new force; and before we separated, they became
+quite enthusiastic about the anticipated results.
+
+The designation of the proposed contingent was decided by the
+Commander-in-Chief to be "the Loyal and Faithful Auxiliary Legion," a
+title closely assimilating to his own, Chung-sin-wang, which may be
+translated as the "Middle Heart Prince," _i.e._ the loyal or faithful
+prince. The terms of organization agreed upon were: the force to be
+commanded by myself, or any European I might see fit to appoint, and
+subject only to the orders of the Chung-wang. The Europeans engaged to
+be solely officers, two hundred in number, each captain of a company to
+receive 200 taels per mensem (nearly £70), others to be paid
+proportionately, and lodging found for all. Myself and principal
+officers to receive no pay, but serve as commissioned volunteers, a
+position which I had always maintained for myself. Two steam gunboats to
+be obtained, similar to the _Hyson_, in the service of the enemy; these
+to be attached to the land force, not to be used for any other purpose.
+The governorship of the first city recaptured from the enemy to be
+placed in my hands, while the revenue of the place would constitute a
+reserve fund for the legion (including pension to disabled men, expenses
+for sick and wounded, &c.), my own head to be pledged for the loyalty of
+the Europeans engaged, each of whom were to become "Ti-ping brethren,"
+and be entitled to every consideration as citizens.[53] The rules of
+European warfare to be strictly those of the legion, and, moreover, to
+be observed by any Ti-ping force acting in conjunction with it. Many
+other regulations were drawn up, but these are some of the principal.
+
+Upon the conclusion of the agreement to raise the Loyal and Faithful
+Auxiliary Legion, the Chung-wang left Soo-chow and proceeded to his
+intrenched camp nine miles distant. On the following day passes and
+boats were provided for Burgevine and the remainder of his men. Among
+the Europeans were twelve who had served in the Ti-ping army some time
+previous to the advent of Burgevine, but had been placed under his
+orders upon his arrival at Soo-chow. These men, and fifteen others, who
+were not quite so mercenary as their fugitive comrades, and felt more
+attachment to the cause, refused to desert their colours, and
+volunteered to remain under command of one _Captain_ Smith, formerly a
+brave non-commissioned officer of the British Marine Artillery. He was
+almost the only unwounded man on board Admiral Hope's flag-ship at the
+disastrous attack on the Peiho forts. The volunteers were all attached
+to the Mo-wang's command, but the Chung-wang promised that, upon the
+formation of the legion, they should, if required, become members, some
+of them being good artillery-men or drill-instructors.
+
+All these arrangements were carefully concealed from every European
+except myself, few of those in Soo-chow being at all trustworthy, and
+the few exceptions not being particularly attractive as objects of
+confidential communication. In consequence of the daily increasing
+strength of the forces besieging Soo-chow, time was precious and not to
+be wasted in commencing my undertaking; I therefore departed from the
+city on the third evening after my arrival, and proceeded to Shanghae as
+fast as possible, going part of the way in company with some of the late
+Americo-Ti-ping legion.
+
+We were enabled to travel by a much shorter route than that by which I
+had reached the city, in consequence of a great victory achieved within
+the last few days by a Ti-ping army before the walled town Wo-kong,
+which freed from the presence of the enemy a more direct road. The
+battle was fought against Imperialists unassisted by foreign artillery
+and disciplined troops, who were, therefore, according to the almost
+infallible rule in such cases, utterly defeated, and Wo-kong would have
+been recaptured in a very short time had not Gordon moved from Soo-chow
+to its defence, when artillery decided the unfair fortune of war against
+the Ti-pings. The force engaged had been brought up from Kar-sing-foo by
+the Chung-wang's orders, and should have formed a junction with another
+body of troops advancing from the city of Hoo-chow-foo, the combined
+forces being destined to operate against the left flank of the Soo-chow
+besiegers, while the Chung-wang himself acted against their right.
+Unfortunately, the impetuosity of the leader of the first division (the
+Yoong-wang) led him to commence hostilities before effecting a junction
+with his allies from Hoo-chow, and, although at first eminently
+successful, his rashness led to his subsequent defeat by Gordon's
+disciplined troops and artillery, and also to the repulse of the second
+division, each corps being compelled to fall back upon the cities from
+which they had advanced, and of which they constituted the garrisons.
+
+The heroic determination with which the Ti-pings disputed the
+irresistible odds the enemy possessed by their artillery may be seen by
+the following extract from "How the Taipings were driven out of the
+Provinces of Kiang-nan and Che-kiang. From Notes kept by an Officer
+under Ward, Burgevine, Holland, and Gordon."
+
+    "The rebels again attempted, from Kar-sing-foo and Ping-bong, to
+    capture Wo-kong. Again, therefore, a detachment was sent down
+    there, and they were driven back, while the artillery made
+    terrible havoc amongst them. But we must give them their due.
+    They fought this day like demons, advancing up to the muzzles of
+    the guns, where they of course met with death."--_Friend of
+    China_, June 27, 1865.
+
+Immediately upon reaching Shanghae I commenced engaging men for my
+force, and within a few days obtained about a dozen. These were all of
+good character and particularly promising for drill-instructors. Among
+them were seven non-commissioned officers, formerly of the French army:
+Major Moreno, of the Sardinian army, who had seen much service in Asia,
+Italy, and the Crimea; a Frenchman named Lavery or Labourais (once first
+sergeant of the 3rd Chasseurs d'Afrique), who had served the Ti-pings
+for more than a year, but had been carried off against his will by the
+deserters under _Colonel_ Morton; and my friend George White, who had
+lately been introduced to me as a Ti-ping well-wisher, though formerly a
+captain in the Franco-Chinese contingent at Ningpo, a service he had
+resigned in disgust. Besides these, I obtained the services of several
+men who had served their time in a British regiment and had received
+their discharges; while many others promised to join me as soon as they
+were able. This, for a beginning, was not so bad; and, to favour my
+object still more, Major Moreno obtained the guarantee of certain
+European ordnance officials to supply me with any quantity of war
+material. Their sudden desire to assist the Ti-pings was caused, I
+believe, entirely through jealousy of the British operations conducted
+by General Brown, _General_ Gordon, &c.; at all events, their aid would
+have proved substantial, for a sample case of French rifles and bayonets
+was escorted through Shanghae by French soldiers, and safely deposited
+with my colleague.
+
+Within two weeks I was enabled to send fourteen good men--all
+soldiers--under the command of Labourais, to Soo-chow, one of the
+number being a bugler of the French regiment stationed at Shanghae.
+Unfortunately, the last seven recruits left just one day too soon,
+thereby causing me no little trouble during the execution of an
+enterprise within twenty-four hours after their departure, and for which
+I was obliged to engage half a dozen strangers, who subsequently proved
+to be of worthless and disreputable character.
+
+Besides A-ling, who held a Ti-ping commission, I was accompanied from
+Soo-chow by two officers who had shaved their heads and assumed the
+Imperialist; their object being to assist me in capturing one of the
+enemy's steamers, if a chance offered, and to pilot us into the Ti-ping
+territory, while their presence would incontestably prove the
+belligerent nature of the act, should we be fortunate enough to cut out
+a vessel. These officers were provided with a special commission for the
+purpose.
+
+On the morning of the day following the departure of the last batch of
+the Loyal and Faithful Auxiliary Legion, an Imperialist war-steamer
+arrived from before Soo-chow, and anchored abreast of a training camp
+some two miles above Shanghae. A-ling had engaged two Canton men,
+members of the Triad Association, one of whom was always kept on the
+watch for such an arrival; consequently the steamer was scarcely
+anchored before I received information to that effect. I at once decided
+to attempt her capture. Major Moreno was to remain at Shanghae, where he
+was acquainted with many French officers who were willing to serve the
+revolutionists, and, as he spoke Hindoostanee perfectly well, he had
+managed to ingratiate himself with native officers of the 22nd B. N. I.
+and Beloochee regiment, some of whom had promised to join him; it was,
+therefore, agreed that he should continue his present work, and await
+the result of the capture of the steamer and the receipt of instructions
+from myself. I decided to take W---- as my comrade and lieutenant during
+the proposed operations. I had soon ascertained the firmness of his
+principles and the sincerity of his attachment to the Ti-ping cause, and
+therefore gave him a document, somewhat similar to my own special
+commission, which I had obtained from the Chung-wang for the purpose of
+duly authorizing whomever I might choose as my deputy and assistant.
+Major Moreno, who had held field rank in several armies, I wished to
+place in supreme military command of the legion (when raised), because
+his education as a soldier was complete, and it would have been
+difficult, if not impossible, to find a man so thoroughly qualified in
+China. Both W---- and Moreno were men of honour--far different from
+Gordon, D'Aguibelle, Cook, and the other mercenaries hired by the
+Manchoo--and willingly, as I did, tendered their gratuitous services in
+the Ti-ping cause. This coincided very agreeably with my intentions, and
+caused me to reflect how superior would have been a force so organized
+to the Imperialist legions constituted upon a basis of blood-money! We
+had sufficient means to live; we would not increase them by taking wages
+to kill our fellow-men, even though the British Government had given an
+example, by authorizing its naval and military officers to fight in the
+ranks of a barbarous Asiatic despot, and to take reward for so doing.
+
+As the Imperialist steamer was under orders to return to the front on
+the same day of her arrival at Shanghae, I had but little time to make
+my plans. One of the Canton men who had joined me was formerly employed
+on board our destined prize. I now sent him off in a boat with the view
+to ascertain the strength of her crew, whether steam was kept up ready
+for a start, how many Europeans were on board, &c. In a short time he
+returned with the favourable announcement that only two foreign officers
+were in charge, the others having gone ashore; also, that two of the
+quartermasters (Manilla-men) were absent, besides some of the Chinese
+soldiers.
+
+My followers were only six in number--W---- and the five Cantonese. It
+was my only chance to seize the vessel. Yet success seemed doubtful; but
+I knew full well that the boldness of a sudden enterprise would prove
+more effective than numbers, and felt sure that a well-managed surprise
+would give us an easy victory. The people of the steamer being at
+Shanghae, in the very heart of the Manchoo power, surrounded and
+protected by their British and French allies, would, I imagined, be too
+much astounded at the sudden attack by Ti-ping partisans to offer much
+resistance.
+
+Myself and comrade were soon ready for the attempt, our baggage being
+confined to a tooth-brush each, our revolvers, and a good-sized piece of
+soap; the Canton men took little besides their formidable short Chinese
+swords, and a supply of those huge double-barrelled pistols in which
+their countrymen delight.
+
+Proceeding to one of the Shanghae wharves, I engaged a boat, embarked
+with my men, and in a moment we were proceeding as fast as possible
+towards the vessel of the enemy.
+
+We started in broad daylight; in fact, but a short time after noon.
+About one o'clock we were close up to the steamer. Sculling against the
+ebb tide, our boat was slowly worked past the enemy, while, having
+observed all that could be seen from outside, I made arrangements to
+board. My plan was to drop alongside the steamer's bow, get on board
+with W----, and then engage the Europeans in conversation, until I
+decided upon the instant for our _coup de main_, which would be
+signalled to A-ling (who was to hold fast the boat and watch every
+movement) by a wave of my arm, who was then to rush on board with the
+other Cantonese. Myself, W----, and one man, were to seize and secure
+the two European officers; the other three, under A-ling's orders, were
+to overpower any resistance from the Chinese soldiers and crew, and then
+cut the vessel adrift; while their leader, who had been brought up as
+an engineer, and understood the duties of one, took charge of the
+engines and set them going ahead at full speed.
+
+Three of our men now hid themselves behind the mat cover of the boat.
+When we got alongside, A-ling and another held fast to the steamer in
+such a position that they could observe the movements of myself and
+W---- in the after part of the vessel. Proceeding from bow to stern, and
+looking fore and aft the deck, we were able to notice that the crew on
+board consisted of twelve or fourteen soldiers, one Manilla-man, six or
+eight Chinese--employed as firemen, &c.--and two Europeans. With my
+comrade I walked right up to the officers of the ship, and engaged in
+conversation with regard to my taking a passage to Quin-san with them.
+Their positions were respectively those of gunner and chief mate. They
+informed me that their trip to Shanghae was for the purpose of obtaining
+stores, and to deliver over to the Manchoo Governor several unfortunate
+Ti-ping chiefs, captured by them on the Ta-hoo Lake. This statement,
+given with a would-be air of conviction as to the glory and heroism of
+their achievement, made me quite determined to attempt the capture of
+the steamer at every risk, rather than lose a chance to prevent future
+acts of such cold-blooded atrocity. The flotilla, with which she had
+acted on the Ta-hoo, was commanded by one Macartney, formerly surgeon of
+Her Majesty's 99th regiment, but who left his honourable profession to
+take service under Li, the Manchoo Governor of the province. This man,
+having made prisoners of the chiefs, set off in the steamer for
+Shanghae, where he quickly sought the presence of his Asiatic master,
+delivering up to him the miserable Ti-pings, who suffered merciless
+torture and a cruel death, while this noble-minded Englishman felt no
+compunction at becoming the recipient of Manchoo patronage. A more
+dastardly act than thus giving over vanquished enemies to certain death
+I never heard of, though it was the ordinary practice of the Europeans
+in Imperialist pay. The case in question decided the fate of the
+steamer, and made the Imps pay dear enough for the satisfaction of
+torturing to death one or two helpless patriots.
+
+The narrators had just finished the history of their gallant exploit
+against unarmed boats, peaceable villages, and powerless captives, when
+I decided to make my attempt. I stood close to the mate, while W---- was
+ready at the side of the gunner; I had just waved my arm to A-ling, and
+turned to seize my man, when, fortunately casting a glance astern, I
+observed two boats making for the steamer, and scarcely fifty yards
+distant. Quickly giving A-ling the signal to retreat, I managed to avoid
+giving any alarm, or even to excite the least suspicion in the minds of
+our two interlocutors, who believed that I intended to proceed up
+country with them as correspondent for a certain paper. The nearest boat
+contained seven Manilla-men, including two quartermasters belonging to
+the vessel, and their friends; the other, the engineer, captain, and
+another European, who was engaged to take command upon reaching the
+lines before Soo-chow. It was, indeed, fortunate that I happened to
+notice the approaching boats before commencing operations; otherwise we
+would certainly have succumbed to numbers within a few minutes. When the
+captain arrived on board, I requested a passage to Quin-san. This was
+arranged, and I then took my departure.
+
+Having ascertained that the steamer would not leave until late at night,
+I fully determined to make another effort to capture her for the
+Ti-pings. I found that it was imperative, however, before making the
+attempt, to have some addition to the number of my followers. Besides
+the complement of four European officers, three Manilla-men
+quartermasters, twenty soldiers, and eight or nine other Chinese, it was
+expected that _General_ Doctor Macartney, with an _aide-de-camp_, and
+the intended future captain, would be present. Consequently, directly
+we reached the shore, W---- and myself proceeded to find a few Europeans
+whom we could engage for the service. Late in the evening we met at my
+house, and found that we could muster five recruits. The character of
+these men was far more than questionable; their social position was
+among the genus _rowdy_. However, we had not time to pick and choose; a
+reinforcement was essential to afford any prospect of a favourable issue
+to our enterprise; the _rowdies_ were therefore engaged on the spot,
+simply to assist in the capture of an Imperialist vessel, for which
+service myself and lieutenant guaranteed to pay them well. We would not
+have had them in our young legion.
+
+[Illustration: A VIEW ON THE JOURNEY TO SOO-CHOW, OF A PORTION OF
+COUNTRY NEAR THE CITY OF WU-SEE, LATELY DESOLATED BY IMPERIALISTS.
+_See_ p. 638.]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[49] In the _Friend of China_, March 10, 1865, and subsequent numbers,
+the following advertisement appears:--
+
+   "The Steamer _Donnington_.--The undersigned" (H. Evans), "_in
+   consequence of the determination of the provincial authorities
+   not to permit the navigation of inner waters for tradal purposes_
+   by vessels of the above class, being thus disappointed in the
+   purpose for which he had her constructed, is desirous of
+   disposing of her."
+
+This direct violation of the last treaty is one effect of the Manchoo
+restoration to power, by British means, in the Kiang-su province.
+
+[50] Now in the service of the Ti-pings.
+
+[51] In the mutual recriminations between the leaders of the force, upon
+their arrival at Shanghae, Captain Jones states (referring to
+Burgevine):--
+
+   "He further accuses us of trying to make out a good case against
+   him, thinking he would never return to Shanghae. To this I
+   answer, that he and I were the instigators of the defection from
+   the Ti-ping cause, for I confess I at once fell into his plans,
+   glad of the opportunity to escape from what appeared likely to
+   turn out _unprofitable_, and having, besides, for some time
+   before lost confidence in his capacity to command."--_Vide_ Blue
+   Book on China, No. 3 (1864), p. 179.
+
+[52] See Frontispiece.
+
+[53] The want of some such clause in Burgevine's arrangements originally
+excited the suspicion of the Ti-ping chiefs.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+    Renewed Attempt.--Its Success.--Narrow Escape.--British
+    Interference.--How explained.--Its Failure.--The _Coup de Main_
+    succeeds.--Groundless Alarm.--Route to Soo-chow.--Its
+    Difficulties.--Generous Conduct.--Arrival at
+    Wu-see.--Prize-Money.--Treachery.--Preparations for an
+    Attack.--Manoeuvering.--The Attack.--Warm Reception.--The Enemy
+    repulsed.--The Result.--Wu-see evacuated.--Return to
+    Shanghae.--Last Interview with the Chung-wang.--Manchoo
+    Cruelty.--Result of British Interference.--Evidence
+    thereof.--Newspaper Extracts.--Further Extracts.--England's
+    Policy.--Its Consequences.--Its Inconsistency.--Her Policy in
+    Japan.--Religious Character of the Ti-pings.--Their
+    Christianity.
+
+
+As the steamer was expected to get under weigh about 1 a.m., I started
+with my men a little before midnight. Upon this occasion the very
+elements seemed to favour our design. The tide ran slack; the moon,
+after shrouding herself within a bank of silvery-edged clouds, retired
+below the horizon to rest; while even the never-setting stars were
+partially hidden by the volume of damp, misty vapour hanging over the
+surface of the river, and almost concealing our two small boats.
+
+In little more than half an hour from the time we left the shore, we
+were right alongside our destined prize. With the exception of a sentry
+at each gangway, everything on board seemed silent and unprepared for an
+attack, although by the symptoms from the funnel and steam-pipe it was
+evident that the engines were in readiness. I decided to attempt cutting
+the vessel out immediately, as it seemed to me that her crew were
+probably turned in, and if so, not a moment should be lost in taking
+advantage of the opportunity, or they might be roused out to get under
+weigh, in which case we would hardly be able to effect the capture
+without loss of life.
+
+Dividing my followers equally between the two boats, one being under my
+lieutenant's charge, and assigning to each man his duty in the attack, I
+gave the word to pull alongside, my own party to board on the starboard
+bow, the others on the port.
+
+Another second and we were grappling at the sides of the steamer, and
+scrambling over her bulwarks, sword or pistol in hand. The Chinese
+sentinels on guard, and a Manilla-man who appeared on deck, were secured
+without either resistance or alarming those below. In fact, the
+Chinamen, directly they perceived the danger, seemed suddenly inspired
+with a strong determination to take no notice, but to be very diligent
+in marching up and down, and carefully employing themselves by intently
+gazing somewhere else. The calmness and attentive inattention with which
+they acted throughout the capture were really charming to behold. They
+betrayed neither surprise, fear, sympathy, _esprit de corps_, nor any
+other feeling. I then placed a guard over the hatches, set a party to
+slip the cable, and sent A-ling into the engine-room to get steam up;
+while, with four Europeans, I proceeded into the cabin and secured the
+officers. These comprised the intended captain, the mate, and the
+gunner, the others being still on shore. They submitted very quietly,
+gave up their arms, and were altogether too much confounded to attempt
+any resistance. Just as the vessel was entirely in our possession and I
+had given the order to go ahead full speed (the cable being slipped),
+the engineer came alongside in a _san-pan_, only to find himself a
+prisoner when he got on board. Directly the capture was accomplished, I
+produced the commission the Chung-wang had given for the purpose, and
+showed it to the senior officer of the steamer, informing him that we
+were Ti-ping partisans, and that we would endeavour to pass himself and
+brother captives from Soo-chow into Gordon's lines as prisoners of war.
+
+Meanwhile, steam had been got up by A-ling, and we were carried along in
+the direction of the Ti-ping territory as fast as possible. During the
+capture, one of the Manilla quartermasters had jumped overboard and swam
+towards the shore. Fearing that this man would raise the alarm and bring
+a swarm of Impish Manchoos down upon us, I was compelled to lose no time
+in making good our escape, otherwise I might have managed to capture
+something more than the one steamer. A few days afterwards I was much
+vexed by ascertaining that I might have taken Macartney prisoner, and
+with him a large sum of sycee destined to pay Gordon's mercenaries. It
+appeared, from the information given by the former officers of the
+steamer, when too late to take advantage of it, that the redoubtable
+_General_ was to come off in a boat with the dollars and be picked up
+abreast of the Fu-tai's camp. If I had known this on the same night, I
+could easily have taken measures to effect his capture. Aggravated by
+the infamous manner in which Macartney carried on hostilities against my
+friends, I would most assuredly have given him up to the Ti-pings, and
+he would have been justly punished for his cruelty to his unfortunate
+prisoners, if they had treated him by the strictest law of retaliation;
+but of this he would have been in little danger, the mad forbearance of
+the Ti-pings causing them to suicidally avoid the only means by which
+they might have saved themselves from slaughter by British means, viz.,
+by proclaiming, and by _executing_ the promise, that if any British help
+were given the Manchoo, either directly or indirectly, they would
+retaliate by destroying the silk and tea trade (totally in their power),
+and by generally making war upon British interests. As for the soundness
+of such policy upon the part of the revolutionists, it could not
+possibly have done them any injury, and it offered the only chance of
+arresting foreign hostility.
+
+Some hours after the capture of the steamer, the Manilla-man, as I
+expected at the time, made his way to the Fu-tai's camp and reported
+the circumstance. The Manchoo official had no sooner received the
+information than he sent off couriers to his very good servants and
+allies, the British authorities. Those devoted personages immediately
+made ready one of their national gunboats, and, placing a number of
+English soldiers on board, despatched her to overhaul and bring back the
+missing vessel to Shanghae.
+
+Naturally enough my readers may be inclined to wonder what business the
+British officials had to interfere with the capture of an Imperialist
+craft by the Ti-pings, they must therefore have an explanation.
+
+All the English admirals, generals, consuls, and others, who were
+fighting upon the side of the Manchoo, chose, with an amazing amount of
+injustice and arrogance, to assume that they and their disreputable
+allies were alone entitled to belligerent rights and privileges. Every
+act of their enemy was very indignantly branded as either atrociously
+piratical or a form of bloodthirsty brigandage. They alone were
+virtuous; they alone had any right to kill, burn, and otherwise destroy!
+In consequence of this very comfortable state of self-conceit, and in
+order to succour the dearly beloved Manchoo, some experimental warrior
+or statesman among the British officials, according to their enlightened
+_ex parte_ diplomacy, did me the honour to designate my humble exploit a
+piratical outrage. This of course justified their praiseworthy efforts
+to capture the scoundrel who dared to differ from their immaculate
+selves, by presuming to prefer and assist the rebels instead of the
+Imperialists. Besides, is not the vile pirate an enemy of all mankind?
+And who would be so oblivious of merit as not to do them reverence when
+they caught him? Unfortunately for their visionary laurels, though
+fortunately for the pirate, they did not succeed in catching him.
+
+Now, as even at the period referred to, the Ti-ping revolution included
+a population and a territory, the former at least equal in number, and
+the latter in extent, to the people and soil of England; and as they
+were not only recognised as a belligerent power, but as constituting the
+Government _de facto_ throughout the large tract of country under their
+control, I cannot understand how the military service of such a Power,
+with an army of several hundred thousand men in the field, and an
+organized administration ruling their possessions, was termed piracy and
+brigandage.
+
+I was not only duly commissioned by the Chung-wang, the proper Ti-ping
+authority, but also acted upon a special commission issued against the
+vessels of the enemy. If, therefore, the capture of the steamer could be
+termed an act of piracy, what should be the language used to express the
+raids and seizure of Ti-ping craft by Admiral Hope, Generals Staveley,
+Brown, Michel, &c.? when it is remembered that they performed such acts
+entirely without authority from their own Government or any one else.
+Some pirates might feel flattered by finding themselves in the same boat
+with such worthy people; but the author of this work begs most
+respectfully to decline the doubtful honour. There is another point
+connected with this employment of defamatory epithets. If I, holding
+authority direct from the Ti-ping Commander-in-Chief (whose acts were
+authorized by his king), were a pirate, then what can have been the
+_status_ of Major Gordon, R.E., the commander of the Anglo-Manchoo
+contingent, who held no commission whatever from Imperial authority, but
+was simply employed by a _local_ Chinese mandarin?
+
+The British gunboat did not overtake my party, though, if she had been
+handled a little smarter, it would have been an easy matter, for we lost
+our way several times among the labyrinth of creeks in the interior. If
+it had not been prevented by the delay from taking wrong courses
+(thereby affording time for the seizure of the vessel to be made known
+to the enemy before Soo-chow), and from the fact that only one of the
+men I had engaged at Shanghae could be depended upon, I should have
+proceeded straight through the Imperialist lines and made an attempt to
+seize one of their two other steamers. However, I was obliged to be
+contented with my single prize. She mounted a capital pivot 32-pounder
+in the bow, a good 12-pounder howitzer in the stern, was well provided
+with the best description of ammunition, and she would probably prove
+very serviceable in the defence of Soo-chow.
+
+In consequence of the impossibility of forcing a passage through the
+enemy's lines, it became necessary to follow some such route as that by
+which I had last reached Soo-chow, however difficult it might be to find
+a channel large enough to carry the steamer so great a distance.
+
+After losing our course for the last time, and very nearly steaming into
+Gordon's head-quarters at Quin-san, we managed to reach the first
+Ti-ping position at San-le-jow. Directly we appeared, or rather,
+directly the funnel became visible above the dense growth of rush and
+bamboo lining the banks of the creek, the garrison of the fort rushed to
+arms and made ready to defend themselves against the supposed and
+dreaded enemy. The terror inspired by the appearance of the small
+steam-vessels acting with the Imperialist mercenaries was at all times
+excessive. From a distance the helpless Ti-pings were generally mowed
+down with perfect impunity, and heavy artillery carried destruction
+throughout their ranks, while the ships, white painted and low in the
+water, were almost invisible, and were able to maintain their advantage
+by retreating or advancing whenever it was desirable, at the same time
+retaining a position from which shrapnel, Moorsom, and other infernally
+destructive, though ingeniously contrived shell, could be thrown with
+deadly accuracy.
+
+It was no wonder that as we suddenly hove in sight, with a volume of
+thick smoke puffing up from our high-pressure engines, the soldiers and
+civilians about San-le-jow were dreadfully alarmed. They were well
+aware that small mercy was ever shown by the "foreign brethren" in
+charge of the irresistible "hoo-lung paou-chwan," for, fighting or
+harmless, they were shot down whenever a gun could be brought to bear,
+and so long as the missiles could be made to reach them. The rowdy
+bravoes of the Imperialist flotilla being unacquainted with the
+principles of military honour, seemed to believe that their sole mission
+was to kill, burn, and destroy; as for extending mercy to those who were
+unable to resist their appliances of modern warfare, or treating the
+vanquished with magnanimity, they never entertained such ideas.
+
+Fortunately for the people we came upon so suddenly, the steamer was
+under Ti-ping colours; therefore, their alarm presented only the most
+ludicrous character, unaccompanied by the tragic and heretofore
+inseparable consequences of such an event. From their isolated cottages
+the poor villagers rushed forth, carrying the most valued of their
+homely effects; men, women, and children ran frantically in the
+direction of the fort; some were laden with agricultural implements (for
+even these were often destroyed by the victorious Imperialists); others
+with household goods; while here and there a few noble labourers were
+observed trudging along with their aged fathers or mothers on their
+backs. Whenever the edge of a canal was reached, without a moment's
+hesitation, the fugitives would plunge right into the water, and give
+cause for merriment by the wild efforts they made to regain dry land,
+often rolling back, and floundering helplessly through the soft mud.
+
+When I perceived the alarm our appearance had created, and that the
+soldiers were making ready to fire upon us with a few heavy gingalls
+mounted on their fort, I stopped our vessel's way and brought up
+alongside the bank, and then going ashore with A-ling, proceeded to the
+fort to satisfy the commandant as to our friendly character. When it was
+made known that we were in the Ti-ping service, the soldiers and people
+loudly professed their gratification. The chief was a bronzed and hardy
+veteran; and although his garrison did not muster nearly 100 men, he was
+quite determined to defend his post to the last, had we proved to be
+enemies. The answer he made when I asked him whether he would not have
+acted with discretion by retreating from the steamer if she had been
+still in Manchoo interest, closely resembled that given by a brave
+Ti-ping officer (who had charge of a most dangerous and exposed position
+near Ningpo) to a friend of mine, when the latter inquired why he did
+not abandon so precarious an outpost, which was nearly surrounded by the
+enemy; he replied, "Puh pa! laou Tien-ping tung shao" (No fear! an old
+Ti-ping soldier knows how to die).
+
+Passing through San-le-jow, we soon reached the small town of Pimbong,
+barely twenty-five miles distant from Soo-chow, and also situated on the
+Grand Canal. At this place we were very kindly received by the chief,
+who, after seeing my commission, supplied me with provisions, coals,
+firewood, and other necessaries. Pimbong was almost the last Ti-ping
+position in the neighbourhood, as immediately beyond came the lines of
+the enemy besieging Soo-chow. Here our pilots ceased to be of service,
+and the chief sent on board a man well acquainted with the country, to
+guide us through the largest creeks. After trying every channel
+branching off from the Grand Canal, and finding them all too small for
+the passage of the steamer, we were compelled to proceed on to
+Kar-sing-foo, a city nearly twenty miles from Pimbong. Had the creeks we
+explored been available, we could have reached Soo-chow by a _détour_ of
+not more than forty miles, but by going to Kar-sing the distance would
+be doubled at least.
+
+After a short run down the splendid Grand Canal, we came to off the
+city, and sent messengers to apprise the governor of our arrival. In a
+little while that functionary, who proved to be the Yoong-wang, visited
+the steamer in great state; he met me with much friendliness, and
+declared himself delighted with the acquisition of the vessel so well
+known and dreaded. Two Europeans were with the chief; they had formerly
+belonged to the Franco-Manchoo contingent; and as my lieutenant had
+known them to be of good character--one had been a captain in the
+force--I expressed my wish that they should join me, and the Yoong-wang
+very kindly consented.
+
+As time was precious for the success of my plans, we only remained a few
+hours at Kar-sing-foo, and then started away with a new pilot on board,
+who was instructed to take us to the largest creeks leading to the
+Ta-hoo Lake, which it would be necessary to cross in order to reach
+Soo-chow.
+
+From Pimbong everywhere we traversed a most beautiful country; and
+although, from the rumours of approaching war, the influx of fugitives,
+and the scarcity of provisions, no little distress was prevalent, the
+people were far more happy, prosperous, and improved than Imperialists
+ever have been, or seem likely to be.
+
+Directly we steamed away from Kar-sing our troubles began. Every creek
+we attempted to navigate proved either too small, or the bridges were
+too narrow and low for the steamer to pass them. After getting, perhaps,
+fifteen miles up a creek, and destroying several bridges by the way, the
+water would suddenly shallow to less than our draught, or the channel
+would narrow to less than our beam; of course, in such cases our only
+plan was to get back stern foremost and try some other canal.
+Fortunately the vessel was built of iron, so that her progress
+overland--for often we were obliged to pass a place not more than four
+feet deep, while the steamer drew five--did no further injury than
+bending or indenting her pliant sides.
+
+At last, after spending a week exploring the principal water
+communication of what seemed in every respect a free and Christian
+country, we approached the sea, and it was only when within fourteen
+miles of Hang-chow that we managed to find an available creek. Even to
+take advantage of it we were compelled to destroy many bridges; and,
+upon several occasions, clear the bottom of the channel, while the work
+of removing stakes and barriers was incessant. Had it not been for the
+willing assistance we received from the Ti-pings, we should never have
+been able to get through.
+
+Eventually, after a passage no one would ever have believed the steamer
+could have effected against so many obstacles, we arrived at the great
+city of Hoo-chow-foo, situated just at the southern end of the Ta-hoo.
+At this place the commandant, Tow-wang, and the Luk-wang--whose nephew,
+the Mo-wang, was commandant of Soo-chow--came out and received us in
+state. Upon leaving them, after having dined with the chiefs in the
+city, I managed to reach the Ta-hoo after knocking down an obstructive
+bridge with a few Moorsom shells. Before proceeding to cross the lake, I
+obtained a dozen good men from the chiefs, and put the paddle-wheels
+(which had become much dilapidated during the passage of the creeks) in
+good repair; for I knew that if _General_ Gordon, of the Manchoo
+mercenary service, had sufficient sense, he could easily intercept me
+with two, or even three, of the steamers attached to his force. However,
+fortunately for me, Gordon did not send his ships until too late; for
+had they overhauled their former consort, she would have fallen an easy
+prize, as I had not more than two or three Europeans and half a dozen
+Chinese on whom I could depend.
+
+As I understood there were only two channels by which Soo-chow could be
+reached from the lake by a vessel drawing so much water as the steamer,
+and as one of these--_viâ_ the Tung-shan hills and city of Wo-kong--was
+already in Impish hands, I adopted the only remaining course--a creek
+leading from the northern end of the Ta-hoo to the city of Wu-see; from
+whence, to Soo-chow, the Grand Canal afforded an easy passage.
+
+While stopping at a small Ti-ping position on the west side of the lake,
+I was much pleased by witnessing the kind behaviour of the soldiers to a
+number of destitute country people, who had fled from the advance of the
+Imperialists down the Yang-tze-kiang towards Nankin. There were not more
+than 150 soldiers at the station, and from their _own rations_, which
+consisted solely of rice and dried fish, they charitably relieved more
+than 500 starving people. This is no idle assertion, for the whole of my
+confederates were present, and saw the distribution of rice. I went over
+the five gunboats belonging to the troops, and found that their stores
+of food were nearly exhausted. The chief told me that, when all was
+used, he would be obliged to abandon the place, and leave the
+unfortunate people to starve. I supplied him with a couple of bags of
+rice, and then bade him farewell; although I have never seen him since,
+I have not forgotten his praiseworthy conduct. Who has ever seen an
+Imperialist official do the like?
+
+At length we found the creek leading to Wu-see, and on the same
+afternoon arrived at the city, greatly to the delight of the garrison,
+who were much harassed by a formidable flotilla operating against their
+lines of communication. Soon after our arrival, the commandant,
+Saou-wang, returned to the city with his army, having beaten the enemy
+after a sharp fight in the morning. The troops had marched upwards of
+forty miles to and from the battle-field, and directly they came to the
+creek encircling Wu-see, they threw down their arms on the bank, and
+plunged into the cooling water in dense masses, clothes and all; so that
+in a few minutes the surface was literally covered with them.
+
+The Saou-wang having informed me that the Commander-in-Chief was
+encamped at a place named Ma-tang-chiao--on the shore of the Ta-hoo,
+and a place of strategic importance--equidistant from Wu-see and
+Soo-chow, I at once requested him to despatch messengers to inform his
+superior of my arrival. While awaiting their return, the commandant set
+a number of men to work pulling down a very heavy stone bridge, which it
+was necessary to remove before the steamer could be taken into the Grand
+Canal. At this city I saw upwards of 6,000 poor people, who were
+supported by the garrison. They had been driven from their homes by the
+progress of the Anglo-Manchoos in the neighbourhood, and were perfectly
+destitute. Every day one of the principal officers of the city came to
+superintend the distribution of rice, and the ravenous manner in which
+the people struggled for their food was something fearful to
+contemplate, especially when it was considered that such great misery
+was caused entirely by the unjustifiable intervention of my countrymen.
+
+Upon this occasion I had not much time to notice the distress caused by
+the approach of the allied English and Manchoo devastators, messengers
+from the Chung-wang on the following morning bringing orders for me to
+proceed back into the Ta-hoo Lake, and take the steamer to
+Ma-tang-chiao. When I reached this place, the Chung-wang, attended by
+the Sz, Le, and several other Wangs, came on board, and appeared to be
+overjoyed with my successful enterprise and the appearance of the
+steamer. A-ling, the two Ti-ping officers, and the two Cantonese were
+instantly promoted; and the chiefs took off their own pearl ornaments to
+decorate them. The Chung-wang then took me ashore with him, and, upon
+reaching his head-quarters, confirmed my lieutenant's appointment, and
+declared that he would give 20,000 dollars prize-money for the capture
+of the steamer. This I considered amply sufficient for so small a
+service, and I determined to divide it equally among all who had
+assisted at the seizure--including the five rowdies who only came for
+money--besides giving a portion to some of the former crew, who had
+kept to their work and assisted me since the capture.
+
+The encampment was formed around a large straggling village; and the
+people, like those of the neighbouring hamlets, appeared more happy,
+better fed, and less depressed than those of more distant parts of
+Ti-pingdom. This was always the result of the Chung-wang's presence in
+any locality, for he was not only the most able general, but also the
+most talented organizer and pacificator among the chiefs.
+
+At Ma-tang-chiao the Chung-wang was concentrating an army of relief for
+Soo-chow; and, with the object of enabling the steamer to participate in
+the same movement, men were employed to remove several bridges and other
+obstructions on a creek by which she could reach the Grand Canal. This
+work was hardly commenced, when two or three fugitives, shortly followed
+by many others, from the suburbs of Soo-chow, arrived with the
+disastrous intelligence that the city was in the hands of the enemy. How
+it had fallen they could not say, further than by stating that it had
+not been captured by fighting, but by some treachery. The Chung-wang
+seemed much affected by the report, for Soo-chow was not only the most
+important and best fortified city, the most abundantly supplied and
+strongest garrisoned, but the commandant, Mo-wang, was his oldest and
+bravest brother in arms.
+
+Orders were at once given to break camp and march upon Wu-see; and while
+the troops were so engaged, I returned with the steamer to the same
+city. On the following day the bad news became confirmed by the arrival
+of some hundreds of the garrison of Soo-chow. These men stated that the
+second in command, Nar-wang, with several other principal chiefs, had
+assassinated the commandant and then surrendered the city to the enemy.
+A great number of the Mo-wang's men were massacred by the followers of
+the other leaders, who commanded about 20,000 troops, while the
+Cantonese portion of the garrison --some 5,000 strong, and unconnected
+with the treachery--were compelled to fight their way out of the city.
+These latter, having placed their wives and children in the centre,
+proceeded to force the west gate. Unable, however, to effect the narrow
+passage with their helpless families against the incessant attack by
+overwhelming numbers of Imperialist and renegade soldiery, they were
+driven to the horrible extreme of killing their own women and children
+to save them from the worse fate of degradation and torture, if captured
+by the enemy. Scarcely a third of the men succeeded in cutting their way
+through, and of these many were wounded, many were covered with the
+blood of their wives and little ones, while others had become raving
+maniacs.
+
+The Chinese nature, although apparently so apathetic, is yet capable of
+the wildest frenzy of passion; in fact, no people have a more
+paradoxical and anomalous character. It is a well-known fact that
+Chinese non-combatants will commit wholesale suicide upon the approach
+of enemies; but few Europeans would credit the fearful acts which the
+Soo-chow fugitives were driven in desperation to commit, or the frantic
+excitement leading to such deeds, and to the insanity of many of the
+perpetrators. I shall never forget the terrible appearance of the madmen
+stained with the blood of their own dearest relatives, whom they had
+themselves killed. They rushed into Wu-see at an immense speed, passed
+the city, and came to the encampment outside, and then, yelling,
+shouting, and crying, threw themselves, in paroxysms of grief and
+frenzy, on the ground before the Chung-wang. Several attempted to drown
+themselves in a neighbouring creek; and one, a young chief, stabbed
+himself to death before he could be prevented. The unfortunate men were
+at last secured and taken into the city.
+
+With the remnant of the Soo-chow garrison came seven Europeans. These
+men had been sent from the city to join my legion, by order of the
+Chung-wang, and having proceeded to Ma-tang-chiao, when they changed
+their route for Wu-see, they were overtaken by the fugitives, and came
+on with them. These seven men were not a portion of those whom I had
+sent from Shanghae; all the latter (with the exception of the brave
+Labourais, who was killed during a night attack on some stockades by the
+enemy only a few days previously) being within Soo-chow when that city
+was betrayed, and many of them there perishing. Three of the Europeans
+had straggled, and did not arrive for some days. Among the four who
+joined me were _Captain_ Smith, and an engineer (for the steamer) who
+had hitherto been employed casting shell, guns, and executing other
+important work at Soo-chow.
+
+As it was absolutely necessary for the increase and establishment of my
+legion that I should return to Shanghae, I wished to leave as soon as
+the Chung-wang reached Wu-see, particularly as both I and my lieutenant
+were in a very bad state of health, and urgently required medical
+assistance; but the Chung-wang having requested that I would join him in
+an attack upon the Imperialist force threatening Wu-see and
+Chang-chow-foo, I was obliged to defer leaving until after the battle.
+The enemy were intrenched in great strength within fifteen miles of
+Wu-see, and were assisted by a powerful flotilla of gunboats, which gave
+them entire command of the water communications of the city. It was to
+drive away or destroy this fleet that an attack was decided upon.
+
+At last all obstructions in the way of enabling the steamer--now named
+the _Ti-ping_, and flying the Chung-wang's standard--to participate in
+the engagement were removed; and I joined the Commander-in-Chief's
+consultation held before commencing operations on the following morning.
+One thousand men, composing the _élite_ of the Chung-wang's guards, and
+the first division of the Loyal and Faithful Auxiliary Legion, were
+placed under my orders, together with fifteen gunboats, which were to
+co-operate with the steamer. With this force I was ordered to attack
+the hostile flotilla, the Chung-wang himself disposing of his troops so
+as to prevent a junction between the enemy and their vessels. About
+midnight the army marched to take up its position, and at daylight I
+advanced with the steamer and gunboats, the men of my legion
+accompanying me in two divisions, one on each bank of the canal.
+
+The morning was thick and foggy, so that we were enabled to take up a
+position within cannon-range of the enemy without either attracting
+their attention or discerning them ourselves. The place I chose for a
+halt until the fog cleared away was at a large stone bridge, parallel to
+the Grand Canal, up which we were proceeding, and over a creek leading
+direct into a small lake, about a mile and a half distant, on which the
+enemy's flotilla was stationed.
+
+My plan of action was soon formed. I sent the gunboats in advance beyond
+the bridge, with orders to attack the enemy at the entrance of the lake,
+and then to retreat in confusion. By this manoeuvre I hoped to draw the
+hostile gunboats into the creek, when I should be able to attack them
+with the steamer to an advantage. On the creek not more than a dozen
+boats could form abreast and work their guns, but on the lake the whole
+number, estimated at 60 to 70, would be able to open a concentrated fire
+on our advance; and one well-aimed shot could sink the lightly-built
+_Ti-ping_, or pierce her boilers.
+
+Taking on board fifty picked men from the Cantonese musketeers of my
+legion, and making everything ready for action, I had the steamer moved
+close to the side of the bridge, where she lay perfectly concealed.
+
+Towards noon the weather began to clear, and our small squadron
+immediately pulled forward and opened fire on their opponents. The
+Imperialists, encouraged by their great superiority of numbers, soon
+advanced into the creek and gave chase as our gunboats retreated. By
+the time that they had reached half-way to the bridge, however, the day
+became quite clear, and observing our troops spread out in line of
+battle, they gave up any further pursuit.
+
+This was the moment for which I had been waiting. Sending forward my men
+on the shore at a run, I moved the steamer from her hidden position,
+passed under the bridge, and advanced upon the enemy at full speed,
+firing upon them with our 32-pounder, and warmly answered by their stern
+guns as they turned and pulled back to reach the lake, which they
+managed to do before we could close with them. As we approached the
+termination of the creek, we were saluted with a tremendous cannonade.
+The gunboats had formed in three divisions, one directly fronting the
+mouth of the creek, the others upon either flank, so that they were
+enabled to maintain a most powerful cross fire. I counted twenty-two
+vessels in the centre squadron, and twenty in each of the others. They
+were all fully manned with about 30 men in every boat, and each carried
+a bow-gun, from 6 to 18-pounder; a large swivel on either side, and a
+stern gun, a little smaller than that in the fore-part.
+
+Of course, my land force could be of no assistance on the lake, all
+their use being to accompany the steamer on either side of a creek, and
+prevent the enemy's troops closing upon her in such an indefensible
+position. Our fifteen gunboats were armed with such inferior artillery
+that they were altogether unable to cope with the hostile vessels, every
+one of which carried good English guns supplied by the British at
+Shanghae. I therefore ordered them to remain in the creek, but to
+advance and take charge of any boats we might capture.
+
+Directly we emerged from the creek, the enemy gallantly pulled towards
+us, decorated with innumerable flags, maintaining a very heavy fire,
+yelling terrifically, and deafening us with a tremendous beating of
+gongs and blowing of war-horns. Seeing that their only way of retreat
+was by a creek in the rear of their starboard squadron, I immediately
+attacked the centre, because, if successful, we should not only succeed
+in capturing two-thirds of the flotilla, but would render them unable to
+fire upon the steamer through danger of injuring themselves. While
+steaming up to obtain this position--necessarily at slow speed, because
+the lake was very shallow--showers of grape, roundshot, and every
+species of Chinese rocket and missile, came rushing all around and about
+our heads. Fortunately the _mitraille_ was fired too loosely, and the
+solid shot too badly aimed, to cause us much damage, while every
+discharge from our heavy gun, worked by _Captain_ Smith, proved very
+effective among the mass of boats, men, and flags. In a short time the
+central squadron gave way, and the crews, pulling close to the shore,
+began to desert their vessels. The port squadron, in danger of being cut
+off, took to flight and became mingled with the centre. Meanwhile, the
+starboard division pulled up the creek in its rear, and took up a
+position, from which it maintained a sharp fire over the low land,
+nearly every shot passing close to the steamer or striking her. Several
+times I turned away from the discomfited vessels to follow their
+consorts up the creek, but on each occasion, with obstinate courage, the
+enemy rallied, remanned their guns, and stuck to them until our return
+to the attack drove them ashore again.
+
+[Illustration:
+DAY & SON, (LIMITED) LITH.
+NAVAL ENGAGEMENT AND CAPTURE OF IMPERIALIST GUNBOATS AT WU-SEE.]
+
+Thrice did the crews of the gunboats resume the conflict. On their last
+attempt to turn the fortune of the day, they actually advanced upon us,
+loading and firing as fast as they could, keeping up a fearful yelling
+and beating of gongs, and evincing every determination to board. Had
+they only possessed sufficient confidence to persist in this attempt,
+they might easily have succeeded in overpowering us by numbers and
+capturing the steamer. Fortunately, however, directly the heavy
+discharges from our pivot gun--double-shotted with grape and
+canister--and the incessant musketry fire from the small-arm men
+stationed on our upper deck began to take effect upon them, they gave
+way and retreated to the shore. After the last repulse, my squadron of
+gunboats having arrived on the scene of conflict, their crews took
+charge of the deserted vessels of the enemy and began to tow them away.
+
+From their position on the creek, the starboard division of the
+Imperialist flotilla still maintained the action; so, abandoning the two
+others to our allies, we steamed after the still defiant squadron. In a
+few minutes a well-aimed shot from our 32-pounder sunk two of the
+gunboats, and eight others were captured. The remaining ten, after a
+short chase, were abandoned by their men, who escaped ashore, carrying
+with them, however, their small arms. At this moment I perceived that
+the creek was lined on either side by a cunningly-contrived breast-work,
+from behind which the gunboat _braves_ began to fire heavily upon us. At
+the same time large columns of Imperialist troops became visible, as, by
+sheer force of numbers, they pressed back the Chung-wang's divisions,
+and threatened to occupy the bank of the creek by which I had advanced
+the steamer, and which formed the only line of retreat to Wu-see.
+
+Before we could secure the last abandoned gunboats, a large number of
+musket-armed skirmishers were thrown into the intrenchments in our
+immediate vicinity. So heavy and effective became their volleys--every
+bullet striking some part of the steamer, riddling her light upper works
+through and through, and wounding many men, while we could neither reply
+with our heavy guns nor bring a rifle to bear upon the hidden foe--that
+we were compelled to save ourselves by precipitate flight, leaving the
+last captured vessels behind, and hurrying to the other creek at full
+speed, in order to avoid being intercepted by the advancing troops.
+Owing to the gallantry with which my land division held the enemy in
+check, we were able to effect our retreat, carrying off fifty-one
+gunboats as the substantial trophy of our victory, and capturing more
+than fifty of the Sung-wang's[54] flags.
+
+Upon reaching the bridge we were warmly congratulated by the Chung-wang,
+who at once declared he would give 200 dols. prize-money for each
+gunboat, which promise he scrupulously fulfilled. As the enemy continued
+to advance in line of battle, orders were given for a general attack,
+and I was despatched with the steamer to the city of Chang-chow-foo, to
+join in the co-operating movements being executed therefrom. We were too
+late to participate in them, for, upon reaching some outworks, about
+twelve miles from the city, our orders were countermanded, the
+Imperialists being defeated at every point, and the stockades from which
+they had menaced the two cities being in the hands of the Ti-pings.
+
+Our escape from the ambush into which we had fallen while pursuing the
+remnant of the Imperialist flotilla was something miraculous, for,
+although our casualties were only two Chinese killed, three Europeans
+slightly, my interpreter A-ling dangerously, and a dozen Chinese
+wounded, the steamer was pierced about her upper-works with countless
+bullets; so much so, indeed, that it was difficult to understand how
+every person on board had not been killed.
+
+Some days after our victory, a large Imperial force advanced from
+Soo-chow and proceeded to invest Wu-see. Upon one occasion they advanced
+close up to the walls, but were driven back by the shell we threw among
+them from the steamer. As the city was rendered untenable by the loss of
+Soo-chow and other places, the Chung-wang decided to evacuate it and
+retire upon Chang-chow-foo. Before executing this arrangement the
+Commander-in-Chief, in his capacity of Vicegerent to the Ti-ping king,
+TIEN-WANG, commissioned me to promulgate among foreigners the objects of
+the revolution; the wishes and opinions of its leaders; the treatment
+they had received from England; and all subjects relative thereto upon
+which I might be able to write. This event has been the sole origin,
+besides my own feelings in the cause, of the present work--"Tai Ping
+Tien Kwoh."
+
+My arrangements to return to Shanghae were soon made. _Captain_ Smith,
+together with the Ke-wang (one of the Commander-in Chief's high
+officers), I left in command of my legion so far as it was organized,
+including the steamer and captured gunboats. My lieutenant, who was too
+ill to remain on duty, the five rowdies, A-ling and his two Cantonese
+friends, were to accompany me. Those who remained were given their
+prize-money, but I refused to receive the share for the others until we
+should reach the city of Kar-sing-foo, because this place was on the
+limit of the Ti-ping territory in the direction of Shanghae, and I felt
+confident that, if they had time, the rowdies would quarrel over their
+money, and, probably, injure one another. It will be seen that my
+anticipations were not groundless.
+
+Thinking that the horrible Soo-chow treachery and massacre (the chiefs
+and their men who surrendered upon _General_ Gordon's _guarantee of
+conditions_ were put to death by the Manchoo colleague of the British
+officer) would surely occasion the British Government to withdraw its
+help from those whose sanguinary atrocities were not only dishonouring
+them by their participation as allies, but actually making them morally,
+if not materially, responsible; I set out for Shanghae under the
+impression that the Anglo-Manchoo alliance would cease, and the time
+prove favourable for advocating the Ti-ping cause and its claims upon
+all foreign, but especially British, sympathy.
+
+Having taken leave of the noble Chung-wang and his son Maou-lin, I left
+Wu-see with an escort of fifteen gunboats; at the same time the city was
+evacuated, and the Commander-in-Chief started with his troops for
+Chang-chow-foo, carrying with him the four Europeans captured on board
+the steamer, whom he promised to retain as prisoners of mine until the
+return of myself or my lieutenant. It has since been reported that the
+bodies of these four men were found some time afterwards near Wu-see,
+and Major Gordon of the R. E., in his notorious capacity of
+uncommissioned general to Manchoo Governor Le, took upon himself to
+report that the Chung-wang had roasted them to death, his only authority
+being the testimony of a demented "old woman," who declared that
+"Cantonese rebels" had killed them! If the Ti-pings did kill the four
+prisoners, the act was not only the first instance in which they have
+retaliated upon foreigners,[55] but was also the result of Major
+Gordon's treacherous capture of Soo-chow, for I should have sent the men
+over to his lines as exchanged prisoners of war if I had reached that
+city. It is, however, believed by all in China who are acquainted with
+the facts of the case, that the men fell into the hands of the
+Imperialists, and were put to death by them; and this seems to me a very
+likely affair (if they have been killed, for it is by no means certain),
+because the rear of the forces that retreated from Wu-see were closely
+pursued by the troops of Le, Futai. But my strongest reason for
+believing that the Ti-pings had no hand in killing them, if murdered
+they were, is the fact that the Chung-wang was personally pledged (to
+me) to keep them unharmed and properly cared for; and even Major Gordon
+cannot state that this celebrated chief ever broke his word, _or
+sanctioned a violation of his guarantees by associates_. Moreover, I
+particularly gave the Chung-wang to understand that my future services
+would depend very much upon finding my prisoners safe and sound at my
+return; besides, he could not possibly have had any motive to injure
+them, and thereby lose what he expected might prove valuable aid; and
+certainly, to judge by the kind treatment they received within Wu-see,
+he had no intention of doing so.
+
+At my last interview with the Chung-wang I shall never forget the
+speaking expression of his fine eyes, as I shook his hand for the last
+time and stepped back to take my final departure. His look seemed to
+express friendship and gratitude for what I had already done, doubt for
+the future, and a mutely pathetic request, imploring that I, too, would
+not desert him in his hour of need. This well-remembered glance created
+another bond between us which only death can obliterate, and which would
+alone have bound me to help the Chung-wang to the utmost of my ability.
+No wonder he seemed doubtful as to my future course, for the Ti-pings
+had never trusted a foreigner without being deceived, and they never
+experienced anything but insult or unprovoked injury from European
+officials!
+
+From Wu-see to Kar-sing-foo, _viâ_ the Ta-hoo Lake and Hoo-chow-foo, I
+was accompanied by the Shi-wang, a cousin of the Chung-wang, who had
+received instructions to facilitate my movements and make arrangements
+for my return, besides being commissioned to divert to the city of
+Hoo-chow the reinforcements on their way to Ma-tang-chiao. A few days
+after commencing our journey we fell in with a body of troops belonging
+to the Ting-wang's command at the provincial capital Hang-chow, who were
+proceeding to the appointed rendezvous; but the Shi-wang ordered them to
+Hoo-chow, where they afterwards proved very useful in maintaining
+communications with Nankin along the west shore of the Ta-hoo, _viâ_
+Chang-chow, Kin-tang, Li-yang, &c.
+
+After the evacuation of Wu-see by the Ti-ping troops, the city, of
+course, fell into Imperialist hands; when the wretches, in their usual
+style, commenced a general massacre of the unfortunate inhabitants, it
+being estimated that 6,000, at least, were put to death, their crime
+being the fact that they were found in a city which had been held by
+rebels! The poor people who had been daily supplied with food from the
+Ti-ping granaries were now starved to death, for charity is a virtue
+unknown to Manchoo mandarins. I was at Wu-see for several weeks, and
+during that period I went over the country for miles in every direction,
+finding everywhere the same frightful results of British
+intervention--in the devastation of the country by the allies, and the
+starvation of the unfortunate Ti-ping country people. During my return
+to Shanghae, every place I saw exhibited more or less misery; a painful
+contrast to the prosperity universally prevailing only a few months
+before, when the power and rule of the Tien-wang was unshaken. Upon
+leaving the Ti-ping territory, or rather upon passing the few strong
+cities they still occupied in proximity to the frontier, the desolation
+of the country was perfectly appalling. Even throughout those portions
+of the silk districts still untouched by the enemy, everything was in a
+state of turmoil, inactivity, and distress. The mulberry-trees and the
+silkworms, which require constant care, were but partially tended; in
+many parts they were neglected altogether; so that these facts, coupled
+to the wholesale massacre of the people by the Imperialists, fully
+account for the great decrease of silk _since_ the Ti-pings have been
+driven from the producing districts.
+
+My readers have already been shown the prosperous condition of the
+country entirely under Ti-ping control during the years 1860-1-2-3. We
+will now notice for the last time the effect of British support of the
+barbarous Manchoo.
+
+The change for the worse may be considered to have fairly commenced
+directly after the capture of the city of Quin-san by the Anglo-Manchoo
+forces. Since that event, entirely caused by British means, death and
+destruction have swept throughout the once free, Christian, and smiling
+land. I have wandered over mile after mile of the once happy Ti-ping
+districts (during the latter part of 1863 and beginning of 1864); I have
+passed through twenty and thirty villages in a day, and, horrible to
+relate, in almost every room of each house have found the unfortunate
+people starved, starving, or barely maintaining the embers of life by a
+fearful state of cannibalism, feeding on the dead bodies lying thick
+around them! I have seen this sight of unparalleled horror in large
+unwalled towns containing many hundred houses, and I frequently found as
+many as fifteen to twenty bodies in one dwelling, the great number being
+occasioned by refugees from places already occupied or threatened by
+Anglo-Imperialists. I have had the fearful consolation of resuscitating
+many of the miserable people for a short time by giving them all the
+rice I could obtain, though I was convinced it would only give them
+strength to undergo the pangs of starvation a second time. Some
+insensate patriots may accuse me of un-English feeling for my
+expressions against the policy of the _present_ British ministry; but
+would not any Englishman feel and write strongly upon witnessing such
+scenes as those I am describing, and which have been solely caused by
+the wicked use of England's strength? I denounce the policy pursued
+against the Ti-pings as being not only egregiously stupid and suicidal
+in theory and practice, but absolutely iniquitous in every result.
+Nothing could work greater harm on living mankind.
+
+From the few poor wretches I found able to speak, in most cases I
+gathered their expression of opinion "that it was through foreign
+soldiers coming to fight the Tien-ping (Ti-ping troops) that their
+distress had been occasioned." Some said that "they had come from places
+taken by the Kwan-ping (Imperialist troops), and reaching where I found
+them, could get nothing to eat, were unable to travel farther, and so
+had lain them down to die." Whenever I came to villages where the people
+were not yet reduced to the last stage of famine, mothers were offering
+their daughters to any one who would take them; but even this was
+unavailing! Although in other parts of China the young women would have
+been taken for evil purposes, in Ti-pingdom the laws strictly prohibited
+everything that was condemned as immoral, so they were left to starve if
+provisions were not supplied from better motives. These fearful scenes
+are so vividly impressed upon my memory that I am sorry I ever had the
+misfortune to witness them.
+
+The desolating sword of Asiatic warfare has been ruthlessly carried into
+provinces for years in the most flourishing condition under Ti-ping
+rule. Hundreds of once happy villages have been obliterated from the
+face of the earth they once adorned, while the decaying skeletons of
+their industrious and inoffensive people are thickly scattered
+throughout the surrounding country, changing into a vast Golgotha and
+desert what would otherwise have remained an earthly paradise.
+
+As many people would probably feel inclined to deny that the
+Anglo-Manchoo forces created the desolation I have described, because it
+has frequently been misrepresented by interested persons that the
+Ti-pings were the devastators, I have selected two or three statements
+which entirely corroborate my own.
+
+The following narrative was given by a gentleman who has comparatively
+lately traversed the silk districts in search of mulberry-trees and
+silkworms, in order to estimate the probable extent of the next silk
+crop, and the causes of the present great fall-off. It appeared in the
+_Friend of China_, Shanghae paper, of January 13, 1865, from which I
+quote:--
+
+    "When Burgevine went to Nankin, that time the country between it
+    and Soo-chow was a garden for loveliness. For eighteen _le_
+    (Chinese miles) along the canal, on either side, the banks were
+    lined with houses--the inhabitants busy as bees, and as thriving
+    as they had reason to expect to be. With the reversion of
+    Soo-chow to the Imperialists, these houses and numerous bridges
+    disappeared. For the whole eighteen _le_ there is not a
+    roof--the country around, as far as the eye can reach, is a
+    desert. The people have fled from the Imperialists as though
+    they dreaded them like wolves and tigers; nor man, nor woman,
+    nor child, nor beast of any description to be seen. Fowls,
+    ducks, pigs, buffaloes--no such thing to be got for love or
+    money.
+
+    "Twenty-seven _le_ from Soo-chow brought me to Soo-za-qua,
+    formerly a custom-house station, now the abode of part of the
+    residue of Gordon's force....
+
+    "The place is an oasis in the desert. For miles after leaving
+    it, indeed, all the way thence to Wu-see, the same barren,
+    weed-overgrown appearance meets the sight. Pheasants,
+    partridges, and a wild deer now and then, gave me plenty of
+    amusement for my fowling-piece. But the number of bleached
+    skeletons, skulls, or partially decayed dead bodies, is awful to
+    look at--to count them would be impossible--they literally cover
+    the ground for miles. As for traffic in boats, there was none;
+    trade is all gone. Wu-see is in ruins. Where they were going I
+    could not make out, perhaps the boatmen themselves did not know
+    beyond their next stage, but the number of soldiers passing up
+    in boats was legion, the contrast between them in their fat,
+    saucy appearance, and that of the meagre, starved-looking
+    wretches in the streets, being very striking. Before reaching
+    Wu-see I passed a camp of from 20,000 to 30,000
+    soldiers--impudent rascals, shouting after me, 'Yang-qui-tsze,
+    Yang-qui-tsze' (Foreign devil),[56] till I was tired of hearing
+    them; beckoning me to come on shore; waving spears and dashing
+    them out to show what they would do if they could. They have
+    evidently no love for Westerns, these Imperial Imps....
+
+    "On to Chang-chow-foo, for 95 _le_, still the same howling
+    desert, not a working soul to be seen. The depth and strength of
+    the weeds now are prodigious. Alack, for my search for
+    mulberry-trees! I could not see one. All are cut down, and if
+    wood at all were seen, it was borne by hungry-looking people,
+    propelled by soldiers who had impressed them into the
+    wood-cutting line. It was for such a state of things as this,
+    was it, that Gordon gave his talents? His reward would be a
+    sorry heart (?), could he only view the misery he has made. They
+    are perfectly rabid after firewood, these same Mandarin
+    soldiers, and cut down green wood and everything they meet. I
+    should say there must be from eight to twelve thousand men at
+    Tan-yang, which I next got to--Loo-tszeur, a village between
+    Chang-chow-foo and it, having disappeared to a brick; not a soul
+    to be seen, though they have established a custom-house station
+    about five _le_ from it.
+
+    "Tan-yang, a small city on the left bank of the canal, is almost
+    entirely deserted. Soldiers presenting here, as at the other
+    places, the same fat, saucy appearance I before noticed, some of
+    them wearing bangles, earrings, and jewels of value, while the
+    people around are clotheless and miserable, and how the poor
+    wretches live at all is a mystery. All that I saw them grubbing
+    at was a species of porridge, consisting of the _husks_ of
+    paddy, a mess one would not give a horse. Oh, the skulls again!
+    From Chang-chow-foo to Tan-yang the ground is literally white,
+    like snow, with skulls and bones. The massacre of the
+    unfortunate Taipings (inoffensive villagers, most likely) must
+    have been awful! Between Chang-chow-foo and Wu-see stands a
+    dilapidated pagoda, said to be 4,000 years old, and I went to
+    look at it. What was my surprise to find it crammed with dead
+    bodies, from which slices had been cut to eat as food!... I went
+    on for 45 _li_ beyond Tan-yang; the farther I went, the country
+    getting worse and worse, if it were possible for there to be a
+    difference when one description of 'bad' does for all, and I
+    began to think that my search for a mulberry-tree, _in what,
+    under the Taipings, was a splendid silk-producing country_, was
+    useless, and I had better turn back."
+
+Here we have the testimony of an impartial mercantile gentleman. Comment
+is needless. We will now turn to the evidence given by two of Gordon's
+own officers, men who were present during the operations against the
+Ti-pings, but who were ultimately honest enough to admit the truth. The
+following extracts are from a letter which appeared in the _Friend of
+China_, April 28, 1864:--
+
+    "TO THE EDITOR OF THE 'FRIEND OF CHINA.'
+
+    "SIR,--I read in the _North China Herald_ a letter from Gordon's
+    head-quarters, in which the writer says that the slaughter among
+    the rebels, after the capture of Hwa-soo, was terrible. Upwards
+    of 9,000 were taken prisoners, and of these it was estimated
+    6,000 were killed or drowned, principally by the Imperialists.
+    Further, that there is no doubt they would have killed ten times
+    that number if they had the chance to do so. Now, Sir, I do hope
+    there will be a stop put to such massacres, though I can but
+    believe that the writer of that article must be, what they call
+    in Australia, a _new chum_, for he cannot know much about the
+    treachery of the Imps, or he would not dwell so much on it. Why,
+    did not the Imperialists take rice, beans, wheat, and all other
+    kinds of grain out of Wu-see, even while those around were
+    starving; and as the old people came up to the gate to go
+    outside the city with their few catties of rice, were they not
+    stopped and their food taken from them, while, if they spoke
+    against it, they were bambooed? There was rice sufficient in
+    Soo-chow and Wu-see to keep the poor in the districts around for
+    many months; why, then, could not the Futai and other Mandarins
+    be made to relieve the poor in the surrounding country?
+
+    "At Chang-chow, again, in place of bambooing the poor when
+    begging for a few grains of that which was taken from them, why
+    were they left to die outside by starvation? I saw this, for I
+    was one of the officers engaged in the capture of Wu-see, and
+    other cities. From Wu-see we advanced towards Chang-chow, where,
+    at first, there were but few poor to be seen. After we had been
+    there a short time, however, there was a great number of them.
+    Why?--_Because the Imperialists had gained so much of the
+    country, and the poor had been robbed by them._ As for the
+    much-lauded Gordon's troops, do they not rob the country people
+    on the march? And if the disciplined troops do this with
+    impunity, what can you think if the non-disciplined do it? I
+    have seen beggars beheaded by these wretches in sheer
+    wantonness.
+
+    "The _Herald's_ correspondent writes within sight of the walls
+    of Chang-chow, and says, the starvation and cannibalism which
+    prevail are unrelieved by the fiends who have been the cause of
+    so much misery! The writer of that article little thinks the
+    Imperialists are the fiends, or he would not have written so. On
+    the other hand, parties who have travelled in the rebel
+    districts have seen the Taepings relieve their poor."
+
+Besides the above letter, the following appears in the issue of the same
+paper on the 31st of January, 1865:--
+
+    "TO THE EDITOR OF THE 'FRIEND OF CHINA.'
+    "Shanghae, 26th January, 1865.
+
+    "SIR,--I see you say in your 'apology' for rebels that the
+    destruction of the city of Quin-san was caused by the Taepings
+    on their evacuation of it. Such was not the case. The idol
+    temples and official quarters were destroyed or ransacked by
+    them; but the destruction of the dwelling-houses of the
+    inhabitants was the work of the Imperialists. I was one of the
+    first in the city after its evacuation by the Taepings, and what
+    I now state I saw with my own eyes. Indeed, it was, as you have
+    stated repeatedly, a practice with the Imperialists to burn all
+    which the Taepings left. Why they did so I can hardly tell,
+    further than that the men were encouraged to do it by their
+    native officers.
+
+    "I am, dear Sir, yours truly,
+    "LATE OF GORDON'S FORCE.
+
+    "P.S.--Ching and Le[57] were the grand devastators, and have to
+    be thanked for the bulk of the misery now so rampant all over
+    the country."
+
+As the Liberal Government has such a _penchant_ for interfering in the
+internal affairs of other nations, why has it not devoted its meddlesome
+talents to killing some one either in Denmark, America, Italy, Poland,
+or Mexico? Cynical people may well say that the Premier and his
+colleagues dared not more than bluster in these cases; that in the
+centre of China, in Japan, Ashantee, New Zealand, &c., they became very
+brave and officious because they could be so with impunity, and that
+such disgraceful, unprofitable, and inconsistent, if not imbecile
+policy, is either the expiring flashes of their administration or the
+greatness of England.
+
+Although it may be perfectly true that the Chancellor of the Exchequer
+and his _confrères_ in office have saved the opium trade and the China
+indemnity (probably also their places in office, by covering the
+expenses of the last China war, which would otherwise have made a
+serious cause of opposition), at the immaterial responsibility of the
+destruction of a few millions of Chinese and the devastation of some
+districts of China three or four times the size of England, of what
+benefit has the meddling policy proved to general commercial or
+mercenary interests? The silk trade, the most valuable with China, has
+fallen off exactly one half at the present date,[58] since the due
+effect of driving the Ti-pings from their dominions has transpired. The
+interior, free and open under the revolutionists, who earnestly desired
+the friendship of Europeans, has now been closed to freedom of trade or
+travel by the very Mandarins who have been reinstated to tyrannize over
+regions their oppression had otherwise lost to them for ever; while the
+old hatred of foreigners, persistent determination to evade treaty
+obligations, and the haughty, exclusive policy of the Manchoo has been
+resumed, since the hypocritical pretence of adopting a more friendly
+line of conduct, in order to obtain foreign assistance, has become no
+longer necessary, by the recoil of the Ti-ping revolt before British
+arms. Besides this, having broken the political power of the only
+movement in China which afforded a prospect of improving, pacifying, or
+Christianizing that vast empire, England has been the means of creating
+a general state of anarchy. The Ti-pings have simply retreated to the
+interior and the sea-coast province of Fu-keen, while in every other
+part of the empire the people, no longer able to look upon the great
+revolution as likely to overthrow the Manchoo, and being more than ever
+oppressed by their foreign rulers, are not only driven to discontent but
+open rebellion. Besides the Ti-ping revolution, there are at the present
+time three or four powerfully organized rebellions. The "Nien-fei," in
+the north; the "Honan Filchers," towards the west; and the so-called
+"Mohammedan rebels," in the central provinces. Elsewhere, the
+innumerable local insurrections have settled into a regular system of
+brigandism, because the discontented have no longer the opportunity or
+confidence to join the diminished forces of Ti-pingdom. These
+circumstances, added to the fact that the Imperialist Mandarins are now
+systematically enforcing at least five times the treaty-legalized
+transit duties upon merchandise, are not only greatly enhancing the
+price of foreign goods to the natives, but, of course, considerably
+limiting their consumption. The only staple article of trade which has
+not at present decreased in quantity is tea. Still the price has become
+higher in China, and the non-diminution of export is due to the fact
+that the Ti-pings evacuated their former tea districts and captured the
+famous Vu-e, or Bohea districts, which they held for some time, without
+much fighting. It would be impossible to say that, since the result of
+British hostilities against the revolutionists has transpired, our
+commerce with China was ever in a more stagnant, unprofitable, and
+generally unsatisfactory condition. So much for the mercenary interests,
+to aid which England has been unscrupulously dragged into a clandestine
+and grossly criminal war!
+
+Bad as the preceding effects of the foreign policy of the Palmerston
+Government undoubtedly are, there is yet another and a far worse
+consequence to be noticed. Before adverting to the most serious fact it
+is as well to epitomize the political action which has created it. It
+has been fondly imagined and fatally supposed by the Liberal ministers
+themselves, that they, _par excellence_, are the enlightened men of
+England, the only framers of philanthropical and progressive measures;
+and, in fact, that their glorious and never-to-be-forgotten
+place-holding is a Government of "peace, retrenchment, and reform." The
+doctrine of non-intervention having even been especially professed, and
+having been carried so far as to make a certain noble lord sacrifice his
+publicly and officially declared determination that "Denmark should not
+stand alone" in the event of certain contingencies, by leaving her to
+stand alone when those contingencies did come to pass, and then framing
+another set of probabilities, about the chivalrous deeds he would
+initiate if the King of Denmark were to be made a prisoner. Doubtless
+the admirers of that noble lord--who once made the astounding and
+statesmanlike discovery that "all children are born innocent,"
+especially those of his constituents, whose chubby "olive branches" were
+also discovered to be the best and most beautiful in England--considered
+their representative a marvellously proper man, and his bragging to
+fight and then retracting a very creditable proceeding, quite in
+accordance with the useful policy of non-intervention: yet, on the other
+hand, there are people who have the obstinacy to review this and similar
+affairs, and deduct therefrom, and observe the fact that in other parts
+of the world a very different policy has been enacted where it could be
+done with impunity, all of which affords sufficient evidence that the
+pretended adoption of a non-interfering policy is neither more nor less
+than an unprincipled truckling to strong powers, and an aggressive
+bullying of the weak.
+
+It is quite certain that, whether the rulers of China be Manchoo or
+Ti-ping, the vast industrial population would still produce tea, silk,
+and other commodities. Now, the professed motive for British intercourse
+with China is commercial--that is to say, to buy the above-mentioned
+articles, and sell the manufactures of the English markets--but not
+political; for meddlesome interference with the internal affairs of
+China would prove disadvantageous to both nations, and would certainly
+be well calculated to bring the Imperial authority into contempt, injure
+the Chinese organizations in an abortive attempt to substitute those for
+which they are not yet qualified, and simply foment the troubles already
+existing, by the natural consequences of injudicious and unnecessary
+meddling.
+
+But the British ministers, who would justify their broken pledges in
+Europe by an appeal to the doctrine of non-intervention, act upon a very
+different system towards China and Japan. They seem to make it their
+business, not only to advance trade in the Celestial Empire, but to
+concern themselves with its private and political disturbances, to judge
+between the Ti-ping and Manchoo, and then to settle the affair by
+destroying the one and bullying the other.
+
+In Japan they have attacked feudal chieftains as though no central
+Government existed in that country; and then, after degrading the
+Imperial authority in the eyes of the people, force has been used to
+compel the opening of ports to trade. Thus have British statesmen
+pursued the best course to increase the animosities already existing, to
+produce general anarchy, and to establish the violation of all
+principles of international law, which they are _compelled_ to observe
+in Europe. The most convincing fact with regard to the folly of
+interfering in China, is, that _until_ such idiotic, or rather wicked
+policy was commenced, the exports were largely on the increase, having
+risen from £9,014,310 in 1859, to £14,186,310 in 1863; while the
+consumption of British imports has decreased up to the same
+period--about which time the operations against the Ti-pings were
+exercising due effect--by more than half a million--£567,646. In 1863,
+the total value of British exports to China was £3,889,927--a sum less
+than the value of the exports to Brazil; yet for this comparatively
+paltry amount an enormous military expenditure has been maintained,
+whilst it is palpable, by the falling off of trade, that the policy has
+signally failed, and the number of persons who have perished through the
+mistake would make at least one life destroyed for every pound sterling.
+
+We now come to the most serious point with regard to the war against the
+Ti-pings. It is well known, and has never been denied, that throughout
+the country, under their control, the Bible was circulated not only with
+freedom, but gratuitously, by the Government established at Nankin.
+Besides this _unparalleled_ practice, the fact that they accepted the
+Word of God in its full integrity is also incontrovertible; and He has
+declared, "My Word shall not return unto me void." Furthermore, it is
+well known by all who have visited the Ti-pings in their cities and
+camps, that (so strict an interpretation have they placed upon the
+Commandments, &c.) they effectually prohibit not only the inveterate
+vices of the Chinese, and their heathen practices, but the evil
+indulgences which find full sway even in the most moral State of Europe.
+Their abolition of opium smoking; prostitution; the hitherto universal
+Chinese slave trade; the degraded Asiatic status of the women; the use
+of torture and bribery in courts of justice; the deformed small feet;
+the tail-wearing slave-badge of the men--these, and other facts proving
+their complete superiority to the hopelessly corrupt state of public and
+private life under the foreign rule of the Manchoo dynasty, we have
+already noticed. Let us ask, whence these great and glorious changes?
+Are they, as Lords Palmerston and Russell, and their correspondents upon
+anti-Ti-ping Chinese affairs, have repeatedly declared (when obliged to
+defend their un-English policy) the conduct of the Ti-pings to be, the
+natural acts of "bloodthirsty marauders," "locusts," "merciless
+brigands," "revolting impostors," "ferocious hordes of banditti," &c.?
+Or are they not rather the blessings bestowed by God upon people who, to
+the utmost of their power, and the sacrifice of their lives, have
+striven to follow His Word and Law? Man may change the public and
+outward forms of existence necessary for the body, but only God can
+alter the private and moral character necessary for the soul. There is a
+doctrine of original and natural sin; therefore it does appear
+presumptuous, if not profane, when people combine together against any
+vast movement in which the hand of God is visible--either in the
+supernatural or the presence of the Bible; especially as they believe
+that Divine interposition is necessary to convert and save the souls of
+all men, and as they have neither political nor national interest in the
+movement to even justify the worldly motives of their interference.
+
+Present ministers[59] and their followers may possibly ridicule the
+idea, in order to justify their policy towards China, that whatever the
+Ti-pings might or might not have been--even setting apart the fact of
+their Christianity--if they have been killed for the sake of British
+commerce (especially the vile opium trade, which they prohibited), every
+bale of silk and chest of tea brought into this land bears with it an
+endless curse; and that these, together with every article of British
+manufacture forced upon China, are defiled with the blood of the victims
+who have been slaughtered to prosper, forsooth! "our commercial
+institutions!" Man cannot serve both God and Mammon. The efforts of the
+British Government to worship the latter have failed most signally; but
+even had they succeeded in creating the most stupendous trade the world
+ever contained, do they believe that a righteous and eternal God has not
+witnessed the _means_, and that He who notes the fall of a small sparrow
+hath not recorded the murder of every human being, during their unholy
+crusade against the unfortunate Ti-pings?
+
+Throughout a vast extent of China the Bible became established; but now,
+through the assistance given by the British Government to the Manchoo,
+the people--even including the little lisping children--have been
+slaughtered, while the idols of Budha are re-erected, dominating for a
+season over the desecrated ashes of _our_ Bible.
+
+Nankin, the Ti-ping capital, has fallen, through British intervention,
+since my arrival in this country; the printing and circulation of the
+Holy Scriptures have therefore ceased, and the Ti-pings have become
+wanderers over the face of the earth they would otherwise have adorned.
+It is idle and unworthy to cavil at this dogma or that article of the
+Ti-ping creed: the revolutionists did their utmost to enter into the
+pale and brotherhood of Christendom. Truly and candidly speaking, the
+nation solely responsible for preventing so glorious a consummation,
+is--England.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[54] The late famous San-ko-lin-sin.
+
+[55] Some people have thought that the four men were executed as a
+retaliation for the murder of the Wangs at Soo-chow, because, naturally
+enough, the Ti-pings considered the Europeans present were responsible
+for the atrocities. The four prisoners were members of Gordon's force,
+and it is just possible that they may have been put to death by some of
+the Soo-chow refugees.
+
+[56] My reader will contrast this with the treatment Europeans received
+when these districts were in Ti-ping possession.
+
+[57] Ching and Le were the principal Imperialist generals; they were
+acting in co-operation with Gordon.
+
+[58] June 1865. See Appendix B.
+
+[59] Palmerston's Government.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+    Kar-sing-foo.--Christmas in Ti-pingdom.--Works of
+    Art.--Dangerous Companions.--Narrow Escape.--Retribution.--Adieu
+    to Ti-pingdom.--Mr. White's Case.--The Neutrality
+    Ordnance.--Order of July 9th, 1864.--Intended Return to
+    England.--Particulars of the Siege of Soo-chow.--Strength of the
+    Garrison.--The Assault Described.--The Nar-wang's
+    Treachery.--Its Cause.--Major Gordon's Report.--The _Friend of
+    China_.--Gordon's Report Continued.--Narrative by an
+    Eye-Witness.--The Soo-chow Tragedy.--Major Gordon.--His
+    Conduct.--Gordon's Letter to Sir F. Bruce.--Analysis
+    thereof.--Newspaper Extract.--Gordon's "Reasons"
+    Refuted.--Analysis Continued.--Gordon's "Personal
+    Consideration."--His Motives explained.--Newspaper
+    Extracts.--Sir F. Bruce's Despatch.--Its Analysis.--Falsity of
+    Gordon's Statements.--How Proved.--Extract from the _Times_.
+
+
+Upon reaching the city of Kar-sing-foo, I was kindly received by the
+governor, Yoong-wang, who gave us all quarters in the Wei-wang's palace.
+This latter chief had gallantly assisted in defeating the Anglo-Manchoo
+forces on their first attack upon Tait-san; he had been promoted for his
+services, and was celebrated as a brave leader; yet, singular to relate,
+he had gone over to the enemy with the city (Haining), to which he had
+been appointed governor only a few days before my arrival.
+
+Previous to the year 1860, treachery was a thing unknown among the
+Ti-pings. The baneful effect of British meddling had not been felt; they
+were successful, therefore the mercenary-minded did not find occasion to
+desert; neither was the number of chiefs so great as since the successes
+of 1860-61, nor the Tien-wang's appointment of them so imprudent.
+Latterly, however, the great extent of country and population included
+within the limits of Ti-pingdom rendered necessary the employment of a
+large number of civil and military officers; unfortunately, the king,
+having much secluded himself from the affairs of state to study
+religious matters, and being influenced by two or three of his
+non-military ministers, did not exercise sufficient care in selecting or
+controlling them. Thus, it came to pass that sometimes not only
+incompetent, but untrustworthy men were placed in high and important
+commands; and many of these new officials were neither animated by the
+patriotism, nor inspired with the religious fervour of the older chiefs.
+Self-aggrandizement was the motive of such men; and although some of
+them were brave soldiers, directly they found British hostility was
+making their cause a failing one, they did not scruple to change sides
+when they could obtain reward for doing so.
+
+At Kar-sing-foo the Shi-wang left me, after having made arrangements for
+my return either to that city or Hoo-chow-foo (where I had left the
+engineer and another man from Soo-chow for the purpose of making shell,
+casting guns, &c.), and then proceeded on his way to other places, in
+order to collect men and money with which to rejoin the Chung-wang at
+Chang-chow-foo.
+
+I found the country under the Yoong-wang's administration in a far
+better state than the desolate regions through which I had passed on my
+journey to his city, because the Imperialists and their allies had not
+yet attacked and ravaged the neighbourhood; although, before I started
+for Shanghae, they made their appearance.
+
+Christmas Day I spent at Kar-sing-foo. The Ti-pings keep the festival
+two days before we do; and, if possible, venerate it still more. I made
+the Yoong-wang a present upon the occasion, and passed the day very
+happily at his palace, where a grand dinner was given to all the chiefs
+in the city, after special services had been held in the Heavenly Hall.
+My friend W---- was present with me, and we mutually declared that we
+had never enjoyed a better Christmas in our lives. Upon the 25th the
+Yoong-wang sent his own cooks, attendants, plate, &c., and spread a
+magnificent dinner at my quarters for all the European and Chinese
+followers I had in the city.
+
+I found much to admire during my stay with the Yoong-wang. He was one of
+the best veteran Ti-ping leaders, and all his officers were stanch,
+trustworthy adherents of the cause. Of one Yu, who was a general of
+brigade, I became the particular friend, and dined with him nearly every
+day. This officer had charge of the artillery, and I gave him all the
+instruction I could in casting shell (which he had just commenced to
+do), making fusees, and sighting his guns. The organization within the
+city was so perfect that everything went like clockwork. Bars and bolts
+were not to be found; for thieves, beggars, or robbers were unknown in
+Kar-sing-foo. I felt a real happiness in living there, and was quite
+sorry when I took my departure. Here I found the most splendid building
+I have ever seen in China. It was a new palace, not quite finished, for
+the Ting-wang, governor-general of the province; and was a standing
+proof of the fact that the Ti-pings (had they been allowed to succeed by
+England) would have restored the arts of China, and especially the
+public works--all of which have fallen into decay since the era of the
+Manchoo. In general outline the palace resembled those I have already
+described as existing at Nankin, but every particle was far more
+beautiful and costly. Neither in China nor elsewhere have I ever seen
+such a magnificent work of complicated stone and wood carving. The
+gorgeous gilding and painting was, of course, in Chinese style; and
+though very effective and varied, too gaudy for European taste. The
+carved work was exquisite; I have stood for hours watching either the
+grotesque or the life-like representations. Many hundreds of sculptors,
+painters, and artisans were employed, at a very high rate of wages, upon
+the building; and I found that some of the former were the most
+celebrated professors of the two arts in China, and had been induced to
+come to Kar-sing from the most distant parts of the empire. From what I
+have seen of China, I do not believe such a building has been commenced
+for many hundred years.
+
+At last the Imperialists came to overthrow all Ti-ping improvement, they
+having succeeded in capturing Pimbong, the nearest town, with the help
+of one Major Baily and a powerful artillery corps, a few days before I
+left the city.
+
+Previous to setting out for Shanghae, I gave the rowdies their share of
+prize-money; and although I fully expected that they might cut each
+other's throats over the coin, I hardly expected the attack they made
+upon myself and lieutenant, whereby our lives were placed in danger. It
+seemed that they were aware that we were taking funds to use at
+Shanghae; and to three of them the temptation to possess themselves of
+the same became irresistible. Upon receiving their prize-money,
+furnished with passes I obtained for them, they set forth from the city;
+but, on reaching the suburbs, the afore-mentioned trio made a halt for
+the purpose of planning our murder, and mustering up courage to commit
+the deed by indulging in a copious supply of that ardent
+spirit--_samshoo_. At length, having cunningly waited until the
+Yoong-wang had gone outside the city with nearly all his men, in the
+direction of Pimbong, they returned upon their murderous mission.
+Fortunately for myself and W----, they went in on the way for another
+dose of _samshoo_, which made one of them helplessly intoxicated, but
+the other two had become brave enough to proceed on their errand without
+him. After obtaining admittance at one of the city gates, they came
+straight to the Yoong-wang's palace, where we were engaged with an
+interpreter and one of the chief's secretaries making up a communication
+I wished to send to the Chung-wang.
+
+A-ling, my own faithful interpreter and companion, was quite
+incapacitated by the injury he had received at Wu-see. Although standing
+directly between him and the enemy's fire when he was struck, the ball
+passed me and inflicted a severe wound on his left shoulder, passing
+round the back and lodging on the right shoulder blade. The poor fellow
+was carried with me to Kar-sing-foo, and suffered much torture from the
+Chinese doctors, who treated him by thrusting long strips of twisted
+paper into the wound, and screwing them round until the ball was
+reached. At last, however, a better doctor was found in the person of
+the Yoong-wang's own medical attendant, who cut down to the ball and
+extracted it, much to the patient's relief. A-ling was not sufficiently
+recovered to accompany me to Shanghae; he therefore remained at
+Kar-sing-foo, and from that day to the present I have never seen him
+again, nor probably ever shall, for I believe he was killed when the
+city subsequently fell into Imperialist hands.
+
+Directly our friends, the rowdies, came into the ante-room in which we
+were seated, they began to insult myself and lieutenant, knowing that
+the Yoong-wang was absent and could not arrest them, and that I could
+not do so either, as my few men were at the Wei-wang's palace in another
+part of the city. As they were no longer under my command, it was
+useless ordering them out of the place; I therefore sent an attendant to
+request the officer left in charge of the city to send a guard to remove
+them.
+
+At this moment the most forward of the two suddenly drew a revolver and
+fired it at W----'s head, immediately afterwards turning towards me.
+Through the smoke I could not see whether my lieutenant had been killed
+or not; but before the scoundrel could shoot me, I had lodged a bullet
+in his carcase. Almost at the same instant I heard another shot
+fired--as it afterwards proved to be, by W----, and saw that my
+assailant was unable to discharge his revolver, though evidently
+tugging at the trigger. The other rowdy was now advancing; and as his
+companion still endeavoured to fire at me, I was compelled to again use
+my own revolver in self-defence. The would-be murderer now fell dead,
+while his cowardly friend ran up presenting his pistol by the barrel,
+and crying, "Don't shoot, don't shoot!"
+
+I really did feel very much inclined to take vengeance upon the fellow,
+and my Cantonese (who now came up) would certainly have put him to
+death, had it not been for my lieutenant's request to leave him
+unharmed. As it was, the wretch seemed nearly frightened out of life,
+and it was singular how such a coward could have mustered up desperation
+enough to attempt murder; evidently, he depended upon the determination
+of his comrade; for, had he been at all resolute, we would assuredly
+have been killed. Upon examining the dead man's revolver, we found that
+although the powder had exploded, the bullet had never left the barrel,
+but had stuck just between it and the revolving chambers, thereby
+disabling the weapon, and probably saving our lives. We accounted for
+this singular circumstance by supposing the pistol must have been loaded
+a long time, and that the powder had consequently lost its strength.
+
+Upon the Yoong-wang's return, I fully intended to give up the surviving
+ruffian to be dealt with according to the law. Again my brave lieutenant
+begged him off, blindly and suicidally, as it afterwards appeared, for
+ultimately he lost his own life through the treacherous act of the
+wretch he spared. The name of the man who was killed was Hart, an
+Englishman; his dastardly companion was an American named William
+Thompson.
+
+I would here give a piece of advice to those who may have the misfortune
+to fall into the disreputable company of Yankee and cosmopolitan rowdies
+abroad. Act with quickness and decision, and you will defeat men who are
+mostly cowards at heart; but if you hesitate or endeavour to temporize,
+you are a dead man; for these murderous wretches will butcher a
+fellow-creature with less compunction than people generally feel at
+killing a fly. I have heard that the man Hart had murdered and robbed
+several Europeans in the silk districts, and I believe his Yankee
+confederate is now serving a long term of imprisonment for highway
+robbery. I engaged the five rowdies in the dark, and it has given me a
+caution against their _genus_ that will never be forgotten.
+
+The Yoong-wang having supplied me with a boat and guide, accompanied by
+W----, I bid adieu to Ti-pingdom and set out for the Imperialist
+territory and Shanghae. Between the outposts of the two belligerents I
+found a considerable tract of country entirely occupied by large bodies
+of banditti, who preyed alike upon Ti-ping or Imperialist. At one place
+we had a very narrow escape from falling into their hands, having to run
+the gauntlet of a large camp along the two banks of a narrow creek,
+which we successfully did amid a storm of bullets, not one, however,
+taking effect. These robbers were the wildest and most ferocious looking
+men I have ever seen, and it was said that they spared neither man,
+woman, nor child. Since my departure from China this sort of brigandage
+has become frequent in the country wrested from the Ti-pings.
+
+At last we reached Shanghae, after running past all the Imperialist
+stations at night, when our small canoe-like boat was not easily
+discerned. We at once placed ourselves under medical attendance, and for
+a few days remained perfectly quiet. Within a week, however, I was
+grieved to hear that my lieutenant had been seized and thrown into
+prison _by the British Consul_ for being in the service of the Ti-pings
+and having captured a Manchoo vessel, the ungrateful blackguard,
+Thompson, having given the information which led to his arrest.
+
+Englishmen should be aware of the gross injustice exercised by their
+authorities in all affairs connected with the Ti-pings, and no more
+striking example is to be found than in the case of Mr. White, who was
+sentenced to three years' imprisonment by the Consular Court for doing
+upon the side of the Ti-pings exactly what Admiral Hope, Generals
+Staveley, Michael, and Brown, and Major Gordon, Captain Stack, Dr.
+Macartney, &c., had done, and were doing, on the side of the Manchoo! He
+was actually condemned upon the ordinance of _neutrality_ of Sir John
+Bowring, the said ordinance being instituted in 1855, at Hong-kong, to
+compel British subjects to observe neutrality towards _both_ parties to
+the Chinese internecine war. This neutrality regulation had long been
+annulled by the acts of the above-mentioned gallant officers on behalf
+of the Manchoo, yet the Englishman who assisted the Ti-pings, and who
+was no more guilty of breaking the law than they were, was condemned by
+this broken and obsolete ordinance, and died (or rather, shall we say,
+was murdered; for confining a man dangerously ill in such a loathsome
+den was nothing else) a few days afterwards in his damp and comfortless
+dungeon! Is this British justice? How long have Englishmen understood
+"neutrality" to mean all help and military assistance to one
+belligerent, but open hostilities towards the other, and punishment of
+its allies? Had England remained neutral, or had she regularly declared
+war against the Ti-pings, there might be some grounds for prosecuting
+those who have assisted the latter; but as neither the one policy nor
+the other has been followed, it is no more right and just to punish
+those who have assisted the Ti-pings, than those who have assisted the
+Manchoo. The whole course of the hostilities against the Ti-pings was
+irregular and illegal, and certainly no one can deny that the British
+officers already referred to have committed a breach of neutrality quite
+as much as Mr. White did, even taking Sir John Bowring's ordinance as
+being in full force. The proof that this argument is correct may be
+gathered from the fact that when Colonel Sykes, M.P., and the Hon. Mr.
+Liddel, M.P., brought forward Mr. White's case in the House of Commons,
+the Government, in order to protect its agents from prosecution, _then_
+passed an Order in Council[60] _condoning the offences_ against
+neutrality of all those who had assisted the Imperialists, but not
+extending the same favour to those who had assisted the Ti-pings. A
+piece of more iniquitous and unfair legislature, or more opposed to
+English feeling, it would be impossible to find. Incredible as it may
+seem, the present state of the law by which British subjects are
+governed in China, viz., Sir John Bowring's ordinance of neutrality, is
+re-established, but _one half is declared null and void_, while the
+other is made executive by the Order in Council above mentioned, which
+acts both retrospectively and anticipatory! So that a law which can only
+exist, or be created, for application towards two belligerents, is here
+made _ex parte_, and exactly the reverse of what its denomination
+implies. The wording of this fraudulent document runs thus:--
+
+    "1. Nothing in the said ordinance, made and passed on the 17th
+    day January, 1855, shall extend or apply, or be deemed to have
+    extended or to have been applicable, to any British subject,
+    who, _at any time heretofore_, may have assisted, _or may
+    hereafter assist_, the Government of the Emperor of China....
+
+    "2. If any subject of Her Majesty ... shall ... levy war, or
+    take part in any operations of war against the Emperor of China
+    ... such person shall be liable to the several penalties
+    mentioned in the said ordinance of the 17th day of January,
+    1855."
+
+It is thus perfectly evident that the ostensible neutrality ordinance is
+literally an alliance with one of the two belligerents. The style and
+title are maintained to satisfy and hoodwink the House of Commons, to
+deceive them into believing that the Government is pursuing a neutral
+policy in China, while the clauses tacked to the old ordinance entirely
+change its every intention, and exclude the least particle of neutrality
+from its meaning.
+
+If Lords Palmerston and Russell are so destitute of allies in Europe
+that they cannot restrain themselves from rushing into alliance with the
+Manchoo Emperor of China (who certainly does not reciprocate their
+extraordinary ebullition of feeling, and who would take infinite delight
+in making mincemeat of his officious friends and all their countrymen),
+why do they not proclaim the stupendous and ever-memorable fact openly?
+Why do they seek the most opposite and roundabout way of effecting their
+object by employing chicanery and double dealing to convert an ordinance
+of neutrality into an importunate treaty of alliance; instead of raising
+themselves from their slough of shuffling and fraudulent means, by
+repudiating the false ordinance and duly announcing the barbarous
+Manchoo despot as their very good ally? Surely the noble lords have not
+been deterred from giving to the world their wonderful act of
+statesmanship, by doubting that the contented British public would
+accept the affair as an agreeable compensation for their questionable
+European policy? Perhaps, however, it is as well that they have
+preserved a discreet reticence, because the Emperor of China is no party
+to the alliance they have thrust upon him, and is particularly liable to
+issue an edict for the extermination of all foreign devils, the noble
+lords included, at any moment that may appear auspicious.
+
+The shameful Order in Council of July 9, 1864, is quite sufficient proof
+that the trial and condemnation of my unfortunate lieutenant was
+illegal; every British officer who committed a breach of neutrality by
+assisting the Imperialists was equally liable to prosecution. If the
+Cabinet Council had not, with oily complacency, justified the acts of
+their military subordinates in China _after_ they were committed to the
+policy (in fact, when the operations resulting from their illegal
+intervention had terminated), and _after_ Mr. White's death, the
+friends of the latter would undoubtedly have obtained heavy
+compensation.
+
+Besides the fact that my medical adviser ordered a change of climate,
+directly I became aware of my lieutenant's fate I determined to take a
+trip to England.
+
+Major Gordon, R.E., had retired with his whole force from active
+co-operation with the Imperialists since the Soo-chow treachery and
+massacre for which he was responsible. I therefore naturally concluded
+that he would not resume the position of tool to the sanguinary,
+faithless Mandarins, who had so completely dishonoured him. As a
+Christian, an Englishman, and a British officer, I did not think it
+possible he could himself wish to continue a participator in deeds of
+revolting barbarity, and I concluded that his Government would
+immediately recall him, and cease all active support of the bloodthirsty
+Manchoo. Although my latter supposition proved correct, the former was
+quite mistaken, as I found after my return to England. In consequence of
+these circumstances, and the fact that at Shanghae I was altogether
+unable to execute any of my projects for the service of the Ti-pings, I
+decided to abandon the sword for the pen, and to fulfil my instructions
+from the Ti-ping authorities by writing the present work, trusting that
+I should serve their cause by appealing to the sympathies of the British
+people, and hoping that foreign hostility would cease, in which case
+their ultimate success would be a certainty.
+
+The emissaries of the Manchoo, and the hirelings of the slaves of the
+Manchoo, were not either intelligent or energetic enough to effect the
+capture of their humble servant, although they amused themselves by
+attempting to do so not only before but after his departure from China,
+by one of the overland mail steamers.
+
+Having brought the history of the Ti-ping revolution and my own
+adventures down to this period, all that now remains to be noticed are
+the events which have transpired since I sailed away from the Chinese
+land. Before, however, proceeding with them, it will be necessary to
+return to the fall of Soo-chow, and resume our chronicle from the
+occurrence of that tragedy.
+
+There is but little doubt that the Ti-pings would have been able to hold
+their own against the enemy, even taking into consideration all the
+foreign support the latter received, had the betrayal of Soo-chow never
+taken place. Although Nankin, as the capital and seat of the Tien-wang's
+Government, occupied the first political place, Soo-chow, in consequence
+of the extraordinary measures taken to strengthen it, and its central
+situation in the Ti-ping dominions, became the principal military
+position. The capital, though surrounded by the highest and most massive
+walls in China, and defended by some commanding fortifications, was
+situated on the extreme verge of the Ti-ping territory, and was the most
+assailable point, while its resources were far inferior to those of
+Soo-chow. Moreover, directly the latter city became invested by the
+Anglo-Manchoo forces, a powerful army was moved within its spacious
+walls, while the Chung-wang, with his own division, co-operated from the
+outside. These troops constituted the only Ti-ping army in the field at
+that time, all the remainder of the forces being employed, according to
+a mistaken defensive policy, in garrisoning the numerous walled cities
+throughout their kingdom--tactics ordered by the Tien-wang in opposition
+to the wishes of the Commander-in-Chief, and which ultimately led to the
+destruction of the greater number of the garrisons in detail, and the
+loss not only of Nankin, but all the former possessions of
+Ti-ping-tien-kwo.
+
+The siege of Soo-chow was prosecuted by an Imperialist army of from
+50,000 to 70,000 men, including _General_ Gordon's and other foreign
+contingents, altogether about 6,000 strong. At least 12,000 of the
+Imperial troops, under General Ching, were well armed with foreign
+muskets and rifles; they were partly disciplined, and constituted a very
+effective force, far superior to the usual class of Chinese soldiers.
+Attached both to the Anglo-Manchoo legions and ordinary troops, were
+many British officers, and, what was still more useful, a very large
+supply of every description of artillery. Three or four heavily armed
+and shallow steamers, together with a great fleet of Mandarin gunboats,
+were possessed by the besiegers. Besides all this array of strength in a
+bad cause, several detachments of _British troops_ were moved up from
+Shanghae, for the ostensible purpose of giving 'moral support' to the
+murderous intentions of the Manchoo, but, in reality, to afford succour
+in case the Ti-pings might defeat their assailants--a contingency far
+from improbable. The troops so fraudulently prostituted (fraudulent,
+because they were solely organized for the interests of the British
+taxpayer and not the Manchoo; prostituted, because yellow gold and
+mercenary motives caused their disgraceful employment) consisted of some
+companies of the Beloochee Regiment, sent to garrison Quin-san (about 14
+miles from Soo-chow), and a force of H. M. 67th Regiment, Royal
+Artillery, and 22nd B. N. I., commanded by Captain Murray, R.A. Not only
+were these troops sent to participate in Manchoo atrocities, but the
+British General (Brown) in command actually took upon himself _to lend_
+the Imperialists every available piece of artillery on the station, as
+though the same were his private property and did not belong to the
+British nation, whose trust he was abusing.
+
+To defend Soo-chow, the Ti-pings had a force of about 40,000 fighting
+men, including some 8,000 attached to the Chung-wang outside the city.
+About one third of these troops were the _élite_ of the service, while
+all the others were brave and veteran soldiers. Besides Mo-wang, who was
+commandant of the city, four or five other Wangs were present; the
+principal among them was the Nar-wang, who commanded more than half the
+troops in garrison, his military power being greater than that of the
+commandant, although he was placed under the orders of the latter.
+
+The Mo and Nar Wangs were the Commander-in-Chief's two principal and
+favourite generals. The former was a Kwang-si man, and had been the
+Chung-wang's companion in arms from the commencement of the revolution;
+the latter chief was a native of Hu-peh, and had joined the Ti-ping
+cause in the year 1854, since which he had been trained to military
+tactics by the Chung-wang. Both leaders were associated together in
+equal rank and command for nearly ten years, and it was always
+understood among the Ti-pings that they were not only bound together by
+the strongest ties of adopted brotherhood and friendship, but that they
+were equally attached to their renowned superior. Yet it will be seen
+that, in spite of the good influences and kindly associations by which
+the three were supposed to be governed, the Nar-wang was a man of evil
+nature, and small, treacherous mind.
+
+After very severe fighting, _General_ Gordon managed to effect the
+capture of all the stockades outside the walls of Soo-chow. This,
+however, was only accomplished after many a disastrous repulse, and a
+great loss of men and officers.
+
+The following account of the last assaults upon the fortifications
+outside the East Gate, which were defended by a few pieces of artillery,
+is copied from "How the Taepings were driven out of the Provinces of
+Kiang-nan and Che-kiang," and will be found to illustrate the bravery
+with which the garrison of Soo-chow struggled against irresistible
+odds:--
+
+    "On 27th November, after Major Gordon had all infantry (except
+    1st Regiment) and artillery assembled at Waiquedong, an order
+    was issued that a night attack should be made on the Low-mun
+    stockade, which formed the key to all other stockades on the
+    east side of Soo-chow.
+
+    "White turbans were served out to all soldiers, so as to be able
+    to distinguish them from the rebels, in case it should come to
+    a hand-to-hand fight. About one o'clock Major Gordon himself,
+    accompanied by Majors Howard and Williams, started with about
+    two companies of men towards the stockade, leaving the remainder
+    of the force behind already fallen in, so as to advance at a
+    given signal. Everything seemed quiet, and in fact all thought
+    the plan would succeed. After Gordon and his followers had been
+    advancing close to the stockade, they found everything quiet,
+    and no signs of the guards being aware of an attack. The
+    remainder of the force, therefore, received orders to advance,
+    while the advance guard had succeeded in climbing inside the
+    breast-work. Scarcely were all troops up to the front and a
+    portion of them crossing to reinforce Major Gordon, when the
+    rebels began to direct a fire of grape, canister, and musketry
+    on the force, which made every one shiver. The Quin-san
+    artillery responded vigorously, and it was a fine spectacle to
+    see fiery rockets and red-hot mortar shells going into the rebel
+    works. But the rebels stood it gallantly, and did not retreat an
+    inch. The whole line of stockade which the rebels held seemed
+    one line of fire, and here Major Gordon perceived that Chinese
+    are not fit to fight at night time, for all the begging and
+    encouraging of the European officers could not make the troops
+    try another attack; they seemed afraid of their own shadows. The
+    only chance left therefore was to try and shell the rebels out
+    of their position, and this was done till dawn of day, when
+    Major Gordon, seeing the rebels still resisting desperately, and
+    receiving thousands of reinforcements from the city, made good
+    his retreat, leaving numbers of killed and wounded on the field.
+    This was one of the most bloody fights the force encountered;
+    and, judging by what the Quin-san force lost this night, the
+    rebels must have lost tremendously. Still, the gallant fellows,
+    encouraged by their brave chiefs, held their position manfully
+    against a fire of about 20 guns, flying on them for about three
+    hours. The loss of the Quin-san force was as follows:--Captains
+    Wylie, 2nd Regt.; Christie, 4th Regt.; and Maule, 2nd Regt.;
+    Lieut. King, 2nd Regt., killed. Major Kirkham severely wounded
+    on the head; Lieut. Miok, 4th Regt., wounded in the shoulder;
+    Major Tapp, wounded in the leg; and several more slightly, with
+    about two hundred men killed and wounded. Major Gordon seeing
+    this night attack frustrated, determined to pay the rebels off
+    for it; and shortly after, on the 28th November, at night, all
+    guns, about 46 in number, were brought in position within about
+    700 yards of this formidable stockade, and the infantry was to
+    fall in near the guns at daylight on 29th of November, to make
+    another attack. The rebels were quite prepared for it, for no
+    sooner did they perceive all the artillery and infantry so near
+    their works, than they hoisted their red flag as a sign that
+    they meant to fight, and not give up this position so easy.
+    Precisely at eight o'clock the signal rocket went up, and at
+    once all guns sent forth their different missiles, some
+    directing their fire on the Low-mun stockade, others directing
+    their fire on the stockades lying to the right and left.
+
+    "The rebels seemed to preserve their ammunition, for but very
+    little fire was encountered at first. The 8-inch mortars were
+    playing havoc in the stockades, for every now and then houses,
+    boats, etc., would be blown up in the air, under the cheers of
+    the Imperialist soldiers, of whom thousands, under command of
+    General Ching, were present, to support Gordon's force. Le Futai
+    himself had taken up a place in rear, in one of the Imperial
+    stockades, so as to witness the spectacle. About eleven o'clock
+    the fire from both sides was furious, even the siege artillery
+    had advanced within about one hundred yards of the rebel works,
+    pouring forth grape at the rebels, who, however, inspirited by
+    their noble leader, the Mo-wang, in person, stood it like
+    European soldiers. The 5th Regiment, under Major Brennon, was
+    now ordered up, to storm the stockade on the extreme right, near
+    the Soo-chow creek, the most favourable point to cross the
+    ditch; but although this brave regiment advanced with cheers,
+    and some of the officers succeeded in crossing and trying to
+    climb up the breast-works, the rebels defended this point
+    desperately, and poured volley after volley of musketry into the
+    ranks, so that after about ten minutes' struggle the 5th
+    Regiment was obliged to retire, having lost several officers and
+    men. This attack having failed, the bombardment was renewed with
+    vigour, and orders given to the 3rd Regiment, under Major
+    Morton, to go to the extreme left, to make feint of attack, so
+    as to draw the attention of the rebels on that side. Gordon here
+    succeeded beautifully, for scarcely had Morton and his regiment
+    begun to engage the rebels on the left, when the Mo-wang, of
+    course anticipating a real attack on that place, ordered his
+    best men to defend it. Scarcely, however, had the Mo-wang's men
+    moved on, than Major Williams, of the 2nd Regiment, made a dash
+    at the place where Brennon had met with defeat, and not waiting
+    for bridges, but swimming the moat, followed by several officers
+    and men, succeeded in getting inside the breast-work, which no
+    sooner had the rebels perceived than the whole fled in confusion
+    into the Low-mun evacuating all the stockades along the east
+    side of the city, and leaving a good number killed and wounded
+    on the field. The stockades were soon occupied by Imperial
+    troops, and thus Gordon's force was within one hundred yards of
+    the city wall. The Quin-san force, however, paid dearly for this
+    victory, their loss being Lieutenant Jones (Artillery),
+    Lieutenant Williams, 5th Regiment; Captain Acgar, 4th Regiment,
+    killed. Captain Shaml'sffel lost both eyes; and several more
+    officers slightly wounded, with about 100 or 150 soldiers killed
+    and wounded. The ground around the stockades was as if it had
+    been ploughed by the shell, and no doubt the rebels deserve
+    credit for having defended the place so long against such
+    enormous artillery."
+
+Previous to the capture of the last outwork (the Low-mun stockade), and
+the day after the Anglo-Manchoos had experienced the severe defeat, in
+attempting to surprise the position at night, the Nar-wang secretly
+sent messengers into the besiegers' camp, and declared his wish to
+betray the city into their hands, requesting their co-operation to
+dispose of the Mo-wang, whose loyalty would be likely to defeat the
+proposed treachery.
+
+The motive for this defection at a time when the Imperialist successes
+had come to a stand-still, and when Gordon himself doubted his ability
+to capture Soo-chow, seems to have been caused by jealousy the Nar-wang
+entertained against his old friend and companion, the commandant of the
+city. Besides this, it is probable that the previous treachery of the
+Americo-Ti-ping, or Burgevine, force had affected the leading traitor
+and his evilly disposed associates, by giving them the idea that they
+might arrange terms with the enemy, by which they would not only be able
+to obtain security for their lives and property (and retire from the now
+ceaseless hostilities, if not desperate straits, to which the Ti-ping
+cause was driven), but also receive substantial rewards from the
+Manchoo.
+
+The Nar-wang's jealousy probably arose from the fact that the Mo-wang
+was placed over him, as governor of Soo-chow and its dependencies. That
+he entertained the most bitter animosity against his former friend and
+comrade is quite certain, for, in order to succeed with his treachery,
+he went to the dastardly extreme of assassinating him.
+
+We have now to notice the death of the gallant and noble Mo-wang, the
+fall of Soo-chow into Manchoo hands, and the various events connected
+therewith. These cannot be more effectually described than in the words
+of Major Gordon, R. E., and in a review of his report by the _Friend of
+China_,--about the oldest and most independent paper in the foreign
+settlements in that country.
+
+    "MEMO. (BY MAJOR GORDON, R.E.) ON THE EVENTS OCCURRING BETWEEN
+    THE 29TH NOVEMBER AND 7TH DECEMBER, 1863." PUBLISHED IN THE
+    "FRIEND OF CHINA," SATURDAY, 12TH DECEMBER, 1863.
+
+    "The morning after the failure of the attack by night on the
+    Low-mun stockades, General Ching came to me, and informed me
+    that Nar-wang, Ling-wang, Kong-wang, and Pe-wang, with
+    thirty-five Tien-chwangs[61] and their followers, had opened
+    negotiations with him for the coming over of their troops; that
+    these men composed their quarter of the garrison, and had
+    possession of four out of the six gates of Soo-chow, viz.,
+    She-mun, Tcha-mun, Tche-mun, and Low-mun; and that he had
+    entertained their views, and had already seen Kong-wang. He said
+    that they would have difficulty in disposing of Mo-wang, who was
+    averse to a surrender; but that, if we resumed our attack on the
+    Low-mun stockades, they would endeavour to shut him out of the
+    city. _I consented to the defection with a good deed of
+    pleasure_,[62] as I considered that, if the rebels fought, we
+    should lose heavily.
+
+    "On the night of the 28th November, Chung-wang arrived in the
+    city from Wusieh, and was present at the combat of the 29th. His
+    arrival made a change in the state of affairs, and the
+    disaffected were unable to carry out their intention of closing
+    the gates on Mo-wang. They, however, sent over three
+    Tien-chwangs on the night of the 30th November, and proposed to
+    remain neutral if we attacked the city, and would trust us not
+    to touch their men or horses; their men to be distinguished by
+    white turbans. These Tien-chwangs told us that Chung-wang, on
+    his return to the city after his defeat, had proposed to vacate
+    Nankin and Soo-chow, and for the whole Taeping force to go down
+    to Kwang-si; and, in fact, give up the cause.[63] The Mo-wang
+    was averse to this, and proposed to remain and fight it out. I
+    have since learned that he was most anxious to see me, and I
+    think to see what could be done. This I learnt from two
+    Frenchmen who came out after his death, of whom more hereafter.
+    The other Wangs did not meet the Chung-wang's views, as they
+    intended coming over. Chung-wang then left the city, and
+    proceeded to Wusieh. General Ching came to me on the 1st
+    December, and asked me if I would like to see Nar-wang. I said
+    no, unless it was necessary, and told Ching at the same time
+    that, if the Futai did not grant the Wangs sufficiently good
+    terms as to induce them to come over, _I thought our attack on
+    the city might be foiled_,[64] as we had lost heavily in
+    officers and men on the attack of 27th and 29th November; and a
+    little hitch with the bridge, which had to be seventy yards
+    long, might cause a repulse. I told Ching on the same day that I
+    could not see the necessity of my seeing Nar-wang. He, however,
+    pressed it, and I consented to meet him at the north gate that
+    evening. I accordingly went, and met Nar-wang in General Ching's
+    boat. His first words were 'that he wanted to obtain help from
+    me.' I answered that I was most happy to help him, and then I
+    told him that this proposal to remain neutral would be of no
+    avail, and that I could not accept it, as I should be only
+    deceiving him and his chief if I did so, inasmuch as, if the
+    city fell by assault, I could not, with an undisciplined force
+    such as the one I command, restrain them from looting every one;
+    and that, therefore, unless they could give a gate, it would be
+    better for them to fight, or else vacate the city. I then told
+    the Nar-wang what I thought of the Taeping prospects, and the
+    little chance of success. I said that I wanted to make the
+    Imperialists and rebels good friends (?); that, since the rise of
+    the rebellion, the Imperialists had much changed; and did not
+    dare, from fear of foreign Governments, to perpetrate cruelties
+    as heretofore (?). He said he would see with General Ching what
+    he could do about the city, and that he had no fear of Mo-wang
+    knowing of his having seen me, or of Chung-wang either; that he
+    had enough troops to keep both in check. I then left, and
+    General Ching told me the next day that Nar-wang had decided to
+    see the other Wangs, and to consult on the course of proceeding.
+    The next day, the 3rd December, General Ching told me that
+    Mo-wang had some idea of Nar-wang's negotiations, and wanted to
+    decapitate him, but that Nar-wang was prepared. Nar-wang also
+    sent out to tell General Ching that the other Wangs agreed to
+    come over, that he personally wanted no command, but merely
+    permission to retire to his home with his property; but that
+    some of the other Wangs wanted to get commands of different
+    sorts. He told me further that Nar-wang had some difficulty in
+    seizing Mo-wang. On the morning of the 4th December, General
+    Ching came to me, and told me that Nar-wang had determined and
+    agreed with him to get Mo-wang on the wall of the city, and to
+    throw him down and hand him over to us as a prisoner. I went to
+    General Ching, and told him I must have Mo-wang given over to
+    me; to which he acceded willingly, and in fact joyfully, as he
+    had known him in former days. I then went to the Futai, who was
+    out, but I saw a very high Civil Mandarin named Pow, who
+    undertook to tell the Futai that Mo-wang must be my prisoner. I
+    told him to tell the Futai that I would secure his not giving
+    any more trouble to China. I had not come back five minutes
+    before General Ching sent me over two Frenchmen, who had just
+    come into the lines. They told me that that afternoon, at 2
+    p.m., all the chiefs had been assembled in Mo-wang's palace, and
+    after a dinner, they had offered up prayers and adjourned to the
+    great court, and having put on their robes, crowns, &c., Mo-wang
+    mounted his throne and began an address, in which he stated
+    their difficulties, and expatiated on the fidelity of the
+    Kwang-si and Canton men. The other Wangs answered him; the
+    discussion got higher and higher, till Kong-wang got up and took
+    off his robe. Mo-wang asked him what he was doing, when
+    Kong-wang drew a dagger and stabbed Mo-wang in the neck.[65] The
+    Mo-wang fell over the table in front of the throne, and the
+    other Wangs seized him, and decapitated him in the entrance.
+    They then mounted their horses and rode off to their troops;
+    Mo-wang's head being sent to General Ching. Mo-wang's men and
+    the other troops looted the palace. There was no fighting in the
+    city till the morning of the 5th, when the Nar-wang's men had
+    some trouble with the Cantonese, and drove them out of the city,
+    killing some 50 or 60 of them. General Ching's men advanced, and
+    with a small body, took charge of the Low-mun, my men being kept
+    fallen in, as they were under stricter discipline than the
+    Imperialist soldiers are. On the night of the 4th December the
+    rebels all shaved their heads. I went to the Futai, and telling
+    him that it would not do to let my men remain idle, proposed to
+    him to march on Wusieh, if he would give the men compensation of
+    two months' pay, as they had received no reward since I had
+    taken the command. He objected to it, and I told him if he could
+    only promise, the matter could be settled well. He still
+    objected, and I then told him I should leave _his service_,[66]
+    and went myself to the city. The Imperialists had some men
+    straying about, but not many. I went straight to Nar-wang's
+    house, and saw him and all the Wangs. I asked him if all was
+    right. He said that everything was satisfactory, and appeared
+    quite secure. He had not seen Ching at the time. I went to
+    Mo-wang's palace, and the body was where it had fallen. I then
+    went out of the city, and arrived in time to see General Ching,
+    who came to me on the part of the Futai to arrange matters. It
+    was now 4 p.m. I told General Ching that I was helpless in the
+    matter. The colonels of regiments and the officers had little
+    authority over them unless they used the harshest means, which
+    they would not do in this question. General Ching offered one
+    month's pay, and the officers refused it. I told Ching that it
+    was not my intention to accept anything; but that I felt that
+    after the length of time the force had been fighting it was only
+    right the men who wished to leave should have the means of doing
+    so. Matters began to look bad, and I at last determined to make
+    the men accept the one month's pay, which I did with difficulty,
+    the men having made an attempt to march down on the Futai. I
+    then, at the _Futai's request_,[67] gave orders for the march to
+    Quin-san. Ching told me at this time that the Futai had written
+    to Pekin, and said that he had extended mercy to the Wangs and
+    the rebels. Next morning, after the troops had left, I started
+    for the city, sending the two steamers to Wu-lung-chiao to meet
+    me, as I expected to be able to retake the _Fire Fly_ easily
+    from information I had received from the letters in Mo-wang's
+    house, and from some Europeans who were with Mo-wang, and who
+    had escaped. I went to the Low-mun, and there learnt that
+    Nar-wang and the other Wangs and chiefs were to come out and see
+    the Futai at 12, noon, and that the city would then be given
+    over. I thought I had better see Nar-wang before I went out, so
+    I called at his palace, and took him aside and asked him if
+    everything was all right, and if he wanted me to do anything. He
+    said no; that everything was proper. I told him I was going to
+    the Tai-hu; and he said, 'Why not wait? I am coming to see you.'
+    I said it was important business, and that unless he
+    particularly wished it, or thought it necessary, I would not
+    stay. He said very good, and I left. He passed me on his way to
+    the Low-mun very soon after on horseback, with all the Wangs,
+    going, as I supposed, to the Futai. I went then to Mo-wang's
+    palace, and then to the east, or Low-mun, to while away the
+    time, till the steamers could get round from Wai-quai-dung to
+    Wu-lung-chow. From the top of the Low-mun I saw a large crowd of
+    people near Ching's stockades, and thought it was the ceremony
+    of submission going on. A few minutes after, perhaps 12.30 p.m.,
+    a large body of Imperial soldiers came up, and passing the gate,
+    rushed cheering into the city, as they generally do into vacated
+    stockades. I thought little of it, more than expressing my
+    disapprobation to some of them. They, however, went on pouring
+    in and firing off their muskets in the air and yelling. Ching
+    then came up, and looked rather pale. I asked him if the
+    interview was over, and if it had been satisfactory. He said
+    that Nar-wang had not been to the Futai at all. I said I had
+    seen him going with the others. He said no; that he could not
+    say for certain; but that he thought he had run away. I said I
+    could not make out what for, as I had just seen Nar-wang, and he
+    said everything was all right. I asked Ching if there was any
+    trouble. He said that Nar-wang had demanded the command of 2,000
+    men, and of half the city of Soo-chow, the division to be a
+    wall, and that the Futai had refused it, and also that he had
+    let some of Chung-wang's men in. _The latter part I knew to be
+    false, but, strange to say, I believed the former portion._ I
+    asked him where Nar-wang could go to. He said that he would not
+    go back to the rebels, but that he would go to some village and
+    settle there I thought the thing so strange that I asked Dr.
+    Macartney, who was by me, to go to Nar-wang's house, and to see
+    him, and tell him not to fear anything.[68] Ching then told me
+    that his men alone would be allowed in, and that there would be
+    no looting; and as I knew before that he had his men in good
+    discipline, I had no fear, and therefore rode round the wall
+    with him. He kept on firing vollies in the air, which I
+    remonstrated at, and could not make out the object. He said it
+    was merely to prevent Kwang-si men from doing anything to his
+    men while they were taking possession of the city. I became
+    uneasy about Nar-wang; and at the south, or Pou-mun, I left
+    General Ching and rode off to Nar-wang's palace. I got there at
+    dark, and found it had been gutted. I was then met by Nar-wang's
+    uncle, who asked me to come to his house. Being only with my
+    interpreter, I had no one to send for General Ching, or for my
+    troops; but the entreaties of this Tien-chwang being so great I
+    agreed to do so, and therefore went with Nar-wang's family to
+    his house. When I got there his men were all fallen in, and the
+    streets barricaded. I wanted to send my interpreter for
+    assistance, but they would not let him go. I therefore remained
+    till 2 a.m., keeping away the Imperial looting parties. At 2
+    a.m. I sent my interpreter and an Imperial soldier, who was with
+    my horse, to get the steamers round to Wai-quai-dung to make the
+    Futai answerable, and also sent for my body guard. After he had
+    started, the man who went with him came back and said he had
+    been beheaded by the Imperialists. I remained till 4 a.m., and
+    then went out to send orders to the steamers myself. _I was
+    taken by the Imperialists and detained an hour._ At last I got
+    to the Low-mun, and sent the body guard to the Nar-wang's house,
+    but it was too late, the Imperialists had entered and gutted it.
+    I then went to the Low-mun, and met there General Ching, to whom
+    I gave my opinion. He was most anxious to excuse himself, but I
+    did not listen to him. At this time I did not know that the
+    Wangs had been beheaded. I then went down to Ching's stockades,
+    and met Major Baily, commanding Ching's artillery there. He said
+    that General Ching was very much put out; that the Futai had
+    ordered him to execute the Wangs, and had given orders to the
+    troops to enter the city, that he had lost face, &c. Baily then
+    told me that he had Nar-wang's son, and brought him to me. I
+    refused any communication with General Ching, Nar-wang's son
+    came to my boat, and, pointing to the other side, said it was
+    there that the Wangs had been executed. I went over, and
+    recognised Kong-wang's, Nar-wang's, Sieh-wang's, and Sung-wang's
+    heads, but the body of Nar-wang was not to be seen, having been
+    buried. I took, at the son's request, Nar-wang's head. _The
+    bodies had been cut down the chest, and the wounds on the head
+    were most horrible, showing the brutality of the executioners._
+    I then was waiting for the steamers, as I had heard that there
+    were some high persons still in custody, and I thought that I
+    could frighten the Futai into giving them up. He, however, heard
+    of my arrival, and went off to the city. _I left him a note
+    telling him my opinion, and then moved off with the steamers to
+    Quin-san._[69] I received, just before leaving, a letter from
+    Futzu-quai, telling me that a chief had come over with 3,000 men
+    to my officer in command; and that he, the officer in command,
+    had received them. I sent orders to him to inform the chief of
+    the treachery, and to let him go with his men and arms, if he
+    liked, or else to bring his troops to Quin-san.
+
+    "This is a brief summary of the late events, _which will prove
+    to the Imperial Government a most fatal blow_. I imagine that
+    the Futai and General Ching arranged this matter, and know that
+    it is viewed by the mass of Mandarins with disgust.
+
+    "Nar-wang's son tells me that Chung-wang was willing to come
+    over; and that all the people in the silk districts are the
+    same; but how to come they know not. Is not this a time for
+    foreign governments to come forward and arrange the terms? The
+    power is in this force, if the authority from Pekin is given to
+    it to act under some _honest_ Chinaman. What is now to be feared
+    is that foreigners will join the rebels, and will thus cause the
+    war to linger on to the extermination of the unfortunate people
+    on whom the burden falls, and to the detriment of trade of
+    every sort. That the rebels really do not possess the qualities
+    of government cannot be doubted. They merely hold cities, and
+    let the villages govern themselves. The head chief may know
+    something of the Christian religion, but I will answer for it
+    that nine-tenths of the rebels have no real ideas on the
+    subject. It is sincerely to be hoped that the Government will
+    interfere at this time.[70]
+
+    "C. E. GORDON, Major Commanding.
+
+    "P.S. Prince F. de Wittgenstein was present at most of the above
+    occurrences, and can vouch for the correctness of the same."
+
+    "'THE FRIEND OF CHINA,' SATURDAY, OCT. 12, 1863.
+
+    "We publish to-day a document which we consider one of the most
+    remarkable that it has been our good or evil fortune to peruse
+    for many a day. Emanating as it does from a man of Gordon's
+    ability and position, we have been much more than disappointed.
+    How we have been so, let our readers judge.
+
+    "The exact position of the major is, it would appear, that of
+    Adjutant of Quin-san, though possessing less power than General
+    Ching, whose faculty of lying seems to have the wonderful power
+    (by attraction we suppose) of giving credence; though the major
+    tells us that he knew the rogue _was_ lying. We give the major's
+    own words, 'the latter part I _knew_ to be _false_; but, strange
+    to say, I believed the former portion.'
+
+    "This General Ching, this cowardly liar, it was who voted as the
+    right-hand man on all occasions concerning the conduct of
+    negotiating with the rebels. The major tells us that the Taeping
+    Wangs had opened negotiations with Ching for the surrender of at
+    least four gates of the city. We suppose this was before the
+    29th of November. On the 4th of December we learn of Ching's
+    being _joyful_ at the prospect of the Mo-wang falling into the
+    hands of Major Gordon, and on the same day we hear of his
+    reception of the unhappy Wang's head.
+
+    "Ching next appears as Envoy of the Futai 'to arrange matters,'
+    we suppose, for the surrender of the city. Here the major slips
+    out of the 'matter' by declaring himself 'helpless,' and this,
+    after he had assured the Nar-wang that he wanted to make the
+    Imperialists and Taepings friends, and only wanted possession of
+    'a gate' to prevent looting everybody.
+
+    "Major Gordon does not tell us _why_, at the 'supreme' moment of
+    the taking of Soo-chow, he was so anxious to get possession of
+    the _Fire Fly_. We beg to call our readers' attention to the
+    following statement:--'I thought I had better see Nar-wang
+    before I went out, so I called at his palace, and took him
+    aside, and asked him if everything was all right, and if he
+    wanted me to do anything. He said no; that everything was
+    proper. I told him I was going to the Tai-hu; and he said, "_Why
+    not_ wait? I am coming to see you at the meeting of the Wangs,"
+    as he _supposed_, at the Futai's.' Why was Major Gordon absent?
+    Why did he not make it his business to see that the assurances
+    which he had given to the Nar-wang were carried out?
+
+    "The major tells us that he got 'uneasy' when he found that
+    Nar-wang's palace had been gutted; however, his remaining till 4
+    o'clock next morning where he was (though why he did not go
+    himself for his body-guard instead of sending his servant he has
+    not told us) hardly seems to prove this assertion; but the
+    affair of his steamers being of so great a consequence, he sends
+    an assistant 'to send orders to them,' when he is taken and
+    detained by the Imperialists for an hour. (General Ching was, of
+    course, busy just at that moment, and Major Gordon's detention
+    was most opportune.) The screaming farce of General Ching's
+    losing face, and Major Gordon's refusal to have anything to do
+    with him, here opportunely follows the tragedy--(one likes to
+    laugh after the heavy business!). The idea of frightening the
+    Futai is nicely got over. The latter gentleman----_goes into the
+    city_, where, of course, he _couldn't_ be frightened! The major
+    takes a steamer and goes off to Quin-san.
+
+    "_Leaving a note_ for the Futai.
+
+    "Our readers have the major's letter before them, and they can
+    judge for themselves whether our analysis be correct or not. Our
+    own opinion is that the major--owing to his recent losses,
+    fearing a repulse if the city of Soo-chow had then been
+    attacked, and finding occasion of taking it himself by
+    treachery, and yet desiring to shield himself from the infamy of
+    such a transaction--would have acted precisely as he declares he
+    _has_ done.
+
+    "Though a considerable reader of history, our recollection does
+    not supply a parallel to the infamous treachery practised upon
+    the unsuspecting Taeping chiefs. The conduct of Pizarro, in
+    Peru, was nothing in comparison. One Inca, and a room full of
+    treasure, is a small affair when compared with the confiding
+    Princes of Soo-chow. Now, we ask all right-minded men to take
+    Major Gordon's statement to Nar-wang, which we quote
+    literally:--'I said that I wanted to make the Imperialists and
+    rebels good friends. That since the rise of the rebellion the
+    Imperialists had been much changed; and did not dare, from fear
+    of the foreign Governments, to perpetrate cruelties as
+    heretofore.' And compare his account of the atrocities committed
+    upon the Princes of Kong, Nar, Seih, and Sung.
+
+    "Our review of these facts is based upon Major Gordon's own
+    statements; and if he does not find means of extrication, we
+    have placed him upon a pinnacle of infamy whence he shall not
+    readily descend. From the moment Major Gordon first became
+    _particeps_ in the affair of the surrender with General Ching
+    (the very ideal of a Manchoo liar), he should have stood between
+    the Manchoo butcher of a Futai and his confiding victims, and,
+    as a true soldier (the soul of honour), yielding his life rather
+    than have exposed himself to the execration of all society as a
+    traitor of the deepest dye.
+
+    "Major Gordon will, no doubt, think us severe upon himself; but
+    we assure him that what we have said is by no means meant as a
+    personal attack. We are simply commenting upon his own statement
+    of what has lately occurred at Soo-chow. It may possibly be true
+    that he has been victimized by the liar, Ching, and the Futai.
+    We are half inclined to think such to be the case, considering
+    his simplicity in telling us, on the authority of the Nar-wang's
+    son, that 'Chung-wang was willing to come over, and that all the
+    people in the silk districts are the same.' He also tells us
+    that the 'rebels do not possess the qualities of government.'
+    That they actually allow 'villages to govern themselves;' and
+    that while the 'head chief _may_ know _something_ of the
+    Christian religion, nine-tenths of the rebels have no real ideas
+    on the subject.'
+
+    "We are rather astonished at Major Gordon's information as to
+    this point. We have been for many years in China. We have seen
+    the way in which the cherished temples and idols of the Manchoos
+    have been treated by the Taepings; and it is rather late in the
+    day to tell us what rebel 'ideas' are on the subject of the
+    Christian religion.
+
+    "In conclusion, Major Gordon hopes for the interference of the
+    'Government.' He means, of course, the _English_ Government. If
+    there were anything wanting to make Major Gordon contemptible in
+    the eyes of all Europe and America, it was this last phrase.
+    What! the English Government interfere to prop up the Manchoos
+    after the statement of what Major Gordon says has occurred at
+    Soo-chow! Major Gordon! We thought you not only an English
+    officer in Chinese employ, but we considered you an honourable
+    subject of our Sovereign, yet it seems you penned this sentence
+    after the atrocious perfidy of Soo-chow--'It is sincerely to be
+    hoped that the Government [English] will interfere at this
+    time.'
+
+    "If he had not added this last sentence we could have pardoned
+    Major Gordon everything. What! the Government of Englishmen to
+    sustain a Government which, by Major Gordon's own showing, is so
+    perfidious that we can make no possible comparison! There is no
+    Englishman in this or any other part of the world who will not
+    blush for Gordon, or the era in which it was found that an
+    Englishman advocated assistance for a Government which has
+    violated every treaty, and even the most sacred obligations
+    recognised among men.
+
+    "As for ourselves, we are not military adventurers, and,
+    perhaps, cannot understand how _any stratagem_ may be fair 'in
+    war as in love,' but we do hereby protest against a violation of
+    a solemn word of honour given. Major Gordon must clear himself,
+    or he will go down to posterity not only 'unhonoured and
+    unsung,' but as a wretch who sold blood to General Ching and the
+    present Futai of Kiang-nan.
+
+    "Major Gordon, in telling us that, or, in fact, asking the
+    question, viz., 'Is this not the time for foreign Governments to
+    come forward and arrange terms?' looks as though he fancied
+    foreign Governments _could_ entertain the idea of an honest
+    Chinaman under authority from Pekin. But in spite of the
+    testimony of the Prince Wittgenstein, or any other potentate, we
+    are inclined to believe that unfortunate Taepingdom has little
+    to learn from Manchoo morality, and still less from mercenary
+    soldiers, whose honour is bought and sold!"
+
+Some people may consider the article last quoted as too severe upon
+Gordon--perhaps they may change their opinion after perusing the
+following extracts from a narrative of a journey to Soo-chow, by the
+sub-editor of the _Friend of China_, soon after the great treachery. I
+prefer giving this authenticated description by an eye-witness, to
+narrating the facts myself, because I did not enter Soo-chow after its
+betrayal, and cannot, therefore, vouch for the subsequent massacre (and
+other disputed points) from my own personal observations, although
+otherwise I have the strongest proof that the reported atrocities were
+perpetrated:--
+
+    "TO SOO-CHOW AND BACK, VIA QUIN-SAN.
+
+    "After leaving Shanghae, our route (or creek) lay through a low,
+    flat country, intersected by canals innumerable in all
+    directions; the richest land in China, stretching away to the
+    very horizon, unbroken to view, except by countless graves,
+    commemorative arches, and heaps of ruins. The weather, though
+    superb, seemed oppressive, from the utter abandonment of the
+    country; not a soul was to be seen as far as the eye could
+    reach, and the endless fields of neglected and fallow ground
+    (once the garden of China) deepened that air of sadness which
+    winter always seems to wear in the country. Though ashore the
+    desolation is complete, not so on the water; Mandarin squeeze
+    stations have sprung up in all directions.
+
+    "At Wong-doo we were actually stopped, and 400 cash demanded
+    from our Louda. Our indignation getting the better of us, we did
+    then and there write our protest against thievery upon the
+    rogue's ribs; and in round, legible characters, too, we did all
+    we could to teach _this_ Manchoo robber that the higher the
+    squeeze, the less commerce, and the less commerce will certainly
+    produce less revenue. When will all Manchoos, Morrill tariff
+    men, &c., learn this lesson?
+
+    "There were, besides, a few wretches fishing by means of
+    cormorants (so often described that I will say nothing about
+    it), making up the sum total of population. At last, Quin-san
+    pagoda became visible; and after a short run over the country
+    (our boat following), we reached the city.
+
+    "Of course, we went to see the 'lion' of the place. He seemed to
+    be in a consumedly bad humour; but, nevertheless, granted us
+    passes for Soo-chow. Dropping metaphor, Major Gordon impressed
+    us as a very young man (say thirty) _without_ an 'old head on
+    his shoulders.' We suppose coolness is a quality which he
+    constantly displays on the field; he certainly displayed it in
+    his own house when we called upon him.
+
+    "On the 18th December, after a run of fifteen miles from
+    Quin-san, we reached the stockades outside the city of Soo-chow.
+    They had evidently been the scene of a fierce encounter.
+    Innumerable shot (solid) in their interiors told the tale of
+    carnage; and numerous unburied corpses were lying about in all
+    directions, in spite of the number which had been disposed of in
+    the creeks. As we drank our tea that evening, we studiously
+    avoided any remark on _this_ subject. Four or five miles more
+    brought us to the lofty walls of Soo-chow. Inside the gate
+    (Lo-mun) an immense stone wall and water-gate (as protecting the
+    outer bastion) will ever stand a monument of Taeping energy. Of
+    course, our first move was to see the 'lion' of Soo-chow, the
+    _in_-famous Futai. The palace of this magnate (the former Ya-mun
+    of the Chung-wang) really 'impressed' us as something worthy of
+    the 'Mings,' in which style it is erected.
+
+    "We have visited hundreds of such structures, but the Soo-chow
+    pagoda is certainly the finest we have ever seen. In ascending
+    we counted 220 steps, and judged the height to be from 150 to
+    170 feet from base to summit. It is nine stories high (as usual,
+    an odd number); but when we reached the top, the view there
+    presented well repaid our trouble. The vast city lay at our
+    feet--the Venice of China--intersected with hundreds of canals,
+    pagodas, and temples (in the tent-like style of the Chinese),
+    relieving the otherwise monotonous view of infinite tiled roofs.
+
+    "In many places the city was obscured by the burning of houses,
+    set on fire by the Imperialist soldiers.
+
+    "On the 19th December, having sent our cards before us, we
+    called upon General Ching. While waiting for his appearance, we
+    had time to examine a magnificent English clock (looted from
+    Mo-wang's palace), which formed the main ornament of the
+    'reception-hall.'
+
+    "Over the dial was a fountain of water (in glass), and under it
+    a pastoral scene, with moving figures of impossible shepherds
+    and shepherdesses, worthy of Arcadia--all moved by the
+    mechanical contrivances provided in the clock itself. At last
+    Ching entered, and at first took us for a second edition of
+    General Brown, for he immediately entered upon a defence of Le
+    Futai. After telling him who we really were, he suddenly became
+    so reserved that we beat a polite retreat (for the fate of the
+    Taeping-wangs had by no means faded from our memory).
+
+    "As it was still noon, we determined on a visit to the residence
+    of Chung-wang's secretary in the neighbourhood.
+
+    "On our arrival we found that the house had not only been
+    looted, but that the valuable furniture it contained had been
+    literally smashed to atoms by the Imperialist soldiery.
+
+    "In the rear we discovered a large hall, over the entrance of
+    which a rebel tablet still remained--'Teen-foo-dong'--'Hall of
+    the Heavenly Father.' But what really astonished us was to find
+    on the walls a complete set of elegant lithograph engravings,
+    which Roman Catholics are accustomed to call the 'stations,' a
+    series of pictures representing the sad journey of Jesus from
+    the house of Pilate to His place of execution.
+
+    "One of the pictures we became possessed of, and we shall ever
+    keep it as the most precious souvenir of our trip to Soo-chow;
+    for we think that the affecting story of Jesus' passion and
+    death was _appreciated_ by these _Missionary-forsaken_ patriots.
+
+    "It certainly shows that a high Taeping official loved to
+    contemplate the various scenes of that awful tragedy (for
+    principle's sake) over which the world, till the end of time,
+    shall weep the bitter tears of violated right and triumphant
+    wrong.
+
+    "_20th Dec._--The day being fine, we determined to have a look
+    at the steamers _Feillong_ and _Sycee_. A smart walk to the
+    Padi-cho gate brought us to the 'fifty-two arched bridge,' where
+    we saw the heavy artillery just outside.
+
+    "We looked with regret upon those splendid 'peace-makers,' that
+    _they_ should have been _loaned_ to the butcher of
+    Soo-chow--that _they_ should be the property of the British
+    Government--were thoughts upon which we need make no comment.
+
+    "Captain Baily in charge, and very creditably too! His
+    hospitality is the last pleasant impression we had of Soo-chow,
+    if we omit the feeling of relief we experienced when once
+    outside of its walls on our way to Shanghae.
+
+    "_21st Dec._--On learning (to our surprise) that the _locale_ of
+    the 'execution ground' was neither more nor less than the
+    court-yard of the '_Shing-s-tah_,' 'twin pagodas,' where the
+    unhappy rebels had paid with the forfeit of their lives for
+    trusting in the word of honour of their unprincipled assailants,
+    we determined on a trip thither. On our arrival, we examined
+    several most ancient tablets of stone, whence we gathered that
+    these pagodas were erected long anterior to the Ming dynasty
+    (_i.e._ reign of Tai Ching, dynasty of Sung); but we will not
+    detain our readers with antiquarian trifles. On entering the
+    court-yard (about half an acre) we found the ground _soaked_
+    with HUMAN BLOOD! the creek forming its drain was still (after
+    twenty days of slaughter) reddish with blood, as the officers
+    of Dr. Macartney's force can testify. The ground for three feet
+    deep stunk with blood (and the best blood of China); though the
+    weather, except at noonday, did not favour the corruption of
+    animal particles, Soo-chow being situated in lat. 31° 23' 25"
+    N., and long. 120° 25' E.; consequently of rather a warm climate
+    even in winter.
+
+    "Our Chinese informants told us that 30,000 rebels had been led
+    to these shambles, and executed. We had proofs enough to know
+    that the number was enormous; we have it on authority of an
+    European _eye-witness_ that this creek was so full of
+    decapitated rebels that the Mandarins employed boatmen to clean
+    it, by pushing the bodies with boat-hooks outside of the city
+    into the principal stream.
+
+    "We quitted the 'execution ground' (travellers will know it by
+    the 'twin towers'), faint at these horrible proofs of _human_
+    butchery which had met our view, and overcome with emotion. Was
+    it for _this_ that Englishmen fought? Was it for this that
+    English guns had been loaned by the representatives of the
+    British people? Was it for _this_ that the 'first nation of the
+    world' and the two _Scotchmen_, Gordon and Dr. Macartney, had
+    fought?
+
+    "Let the spirit of Robert Bruce forbid it! Let the noble sons of
+    Scotia contemn it; and all Christendom, in the name of ...
+    liberty, protest against the unspeakable perfidy, the horrible
+    treachery, and brutal butchery of Soo-chow!
+
+    "_22nd Dec._--Though the experiences of yesterday made us long
+    to leave Soo-chow, we determined to visit the ruins of Mo-wang's
+    palace; though completely burned, it had evidently covered an
+    immense area of several acres; huge bronzes half melted
+    obstructed the passage, and only a solitary drum stood sentinel
+    at the entrance.
+
+    "It was with a melancholy satisfaction that we gazed at the
+    wreck of his palace.
+
+    "Among so many traitors (his brother Wangs) he had been _true_
+    to his flag. He knew what Manchoo honour meant, and his death by
+    the hands of Taeping traitors is his eulogium. If his spirit
+    _can_ visit this world of ours, we must rejoice that the
+    Manchoos have not profited (even in money) by his destruction.
+
+    "If the infamous barbarity of the Futai _can_ be excused; if his
+    atrocious violation of justice and right can be pardoned; if
+    there is any possible Jesuitical ground of justification for his
+    immeasurable atrocities, it is this--he betrayed the betrayers
+    of their own cause: he was a traitor to traitors, and has broken
+    faith with the recreant Wangs.
+
+    "Depressed in spirit, we hurried from the ruins of Mo-wang's
+    palace to our boat, and instantly gave orders to our crew to get
+    under weigh for Shanghae.
+
+    "Hardly had we quitted the gate, when a letter was placed in our
+    hands by a trusty agent from Chung-wang, dated Kia-ching-foo;
+    what were our feelings in perusing it and finding these
+    words:--'You foreigners are like the Manchoos; you have no
+    honour! you have deceived us!' We, as a foreigner, felt all the
+    bitterness herein contained. We, a personal friend of his,
+    blushed for our nationality in being compared to perfidious
+    Manchoos!
+
+    "We candidly avow it, if we thought that the sword was really
+    stronger than the pen, we would have girded it on, and be one
+    more 'witness' to the glorious cause of liberty! We should like
+    to prove to the Taepings that European nations are not _all_
+    unprincipled liars, devoid of every virtue recognised by men,
+    and that sacred volume which teaches a morality of which one
+    would think they were ignorant. So much for our trip to Soo-choo
+    and back.
+
+    "S. E. F. O. C."
+
+The dreadful Soo-chow tragedy may be considered the terminating point of
+that unrighteous period of British policy commencing with the
+organization of the Anglo-Manchoo flotilla; the hiring out of Major
+Gordon and other officers; and the making of those infamous Orders in
+Council authorizing military and naval support of the Manchoo, while it
+has since been declared that an ordinance of neutrality was in force all
+the time! That the terrible result of their policy would have so far
+influenced the supposed Christian and civilized principles of those
+members of Lord Palmerston's Government who originated it, as to make
+them admit their mistake with worthy humility, and seek to rectify the
+wrong already done by an essay towards the much easier path of right, is
+very doubtful. However, the spirit of Englishmen could no longer be
+restrained, and the Government were driven to rescind their former
+Orders in Council (placing the forces of England at the evil disposal of
+the Manchoo) by the unanimous voice of the Parliamentary representatives
+of the people.
+
+Englishmen may thus flatter themselves that they have repudiated the
+atrocities which they had occasioned; but the very fact that their
+mistaken policy entirely caused such deplorable results, makes them
+morally responsible for the same. Still the national complicity _may_ be
+glossed over. The participation of the agents on the spot, and
+especially the principal, Gordon, cannot, by any stretch of imagination,
+be excused.
+
+If Major Gordon had resigned his employment in the service of the local
+servant of the Manchoo Government, he might, by thus immediately
+forsaking his brother generals when he became involved in their deeds of
+blood and treachery, have saved his honour from suspicion and his name
+from everlasting infamy. If he had possessed the least particle of
+self-respect, humanity, or Christian feeling, he could not possibly have
+followed any other course. Incredible as the fact must ever seem to
+right-minded Englishmen, Major Gordon, after craftily passing two months
+at Quin-san, still in command of the Anglo-Manchoo contingent, and still
+receiving his pay from his employer, resumed active service with those
+sanguinary monsters and consummate betrayers, General Ching and the
+Futai Le.
+
+Men judge by actions, but despise words. Gordon has _said_ that his
+disgust was something stupendous at the revolting barbarities
+perpetrated by his friends; yet the sentiment did not make him refuse
+their pay, neither did it prevent his return to participate in fresh
+atrocities within two months, nor shock him sufficiently to stay his
+early reconciliation with the blood-stained wretches who had smeared him
+with the same unfading and polluting mark. Of course, before returning
+to active service, the British officer induced his Manchoo master to
+indite a cunningly worded Chinese despatch, setting forth that he was
+not actually concerned in the massacre of the confiding Soo-chow
+victims. Naturally enough, to retain the services of Major Gordon (and
+the consequent assistance of the British Government), without which they
+would still have been powerless before the Ti-pings, the Manchoos,
+through Futai Le, verbosely declared all that was required. Shortly
+afterwards, besides resuming his employment, the major responded by
+writing an official letter, in which he forgot his former disgust, and
+had the singular audacity not only to exonerate the Futai from blame for
+his unparalleled atrocities, but to request Sir F. Bruce not to make any
+further complaint about the same[71]--events that had seriously stained
+the honour of Great Britain, and which only the most prompt and
+unqualified repudiation, together with entire cessation of further
+countenance and help to the Manchoo, could either erase from her
+scutcheon, or clear her policy from the imputation of complicity.
+
+Unfortunately for the reputation of Major Gordon, since his elevation to
+the position of General of Futai Le's Anglo mercenaries, he had been too
+much accustomed to intrigue and encouragement of treachery to have felt
+a proper indignation at the Soo-chow affair; and it is possible he might
+have had some knowledge of the planned perfidy before it was put into
+execution, and so was not sufficiently horrified to throw up his 1,200
+taels (£400) per month. Gordon's behaviour in the treachery of the
+Burgevine-Ti-ping legion is one specimen, and a very strong one too, of
+the conduct referred to. He induced the Europeans who went over to him
+to desert the Ti-ping cause by his promises of office, bribes, and safe
+conduct to Shanghae for such as were tired of fighting. Some mistaken
+individuals have ascribed this proceeding to the humane disposition of
+the man who condoned the ruthless massacre of his paroled prisoners, who
+assisted as a principal agent in the vast destruction of life and
+desolation of country during the unjustifiable British hostilities
+against the Ti-pings, and who never put himself to the trouble of saving
+the lives of those he assisted to vanquish. It must be a rather lax code
+of military honour which could reflect any _credit_ on Gordon for
+rewarding many of the traitors (mostly low American rowdies), by
+bestowing upon them various commands in his own force; and he--supposed
+to be an English officer and gentleman--with open arms receiving them as
+his messmates and brother officers: even less creditable is the fact
+that he obtained pecuniary reward for those whom he did not make his
+_friends_.
+
+The letter written to Sir F. Bruce by Gordon as a justification for his
+fresh alliance with the Futai Le, appears in the Parliamentary Papers,
+as noticed by the foot-note on the preceding page. This document is so
+important, as showing the character of Gordon's connection with the
+Imperialists, that I quote it in full, and then subject it to a close
+analysis.
+
+    "INCLOSURE 1 in No. 9.
+    "_Major Gordon, R.E., to Sir F. Bruce._
+    "Soo-chow, February 6, 1864.
+
+    "My dear Sir Frederick Bruce,--
+
+    Par. 1.--"_In consequence of the danger which will arise by my
+    delaying inaction with the force any longer in a state of
+    uncertainty, I have arranged with the Footae_ to issue a
+    proclamation (which he will send to you), clearing me of any
+    participation in the late execution of the Wangs, and have
+    determined to act immediately."
+
+    Par. 2.--"The reasons which actuate me are as follows:--_I know
+    of a certainty that Burgevine meditates a return to the rebels;
+    that there are upwards of 300 Europeans ready to join them, of
+    no character; and that the Footae will not accept another
+    British officer if I leave the service_, and therefore the
+    Government may have some foreigner put in, or else the force put
+    under men of Ward's and Burgevine's stamp, of whose action at
+    times we should never feel certain."
+
+    Par. 3.--"_I am aware that I am open to very grave censure for
+    the course I am about to pursue_; but in the absence of advice,
+    _and knowing as I do that the Peking authorities will support
+    the Footae in what he has done, I have made up my mind to run
+    the risk_. If I followed my own desire I should leave now, as I
+    have escaped unscathed and been wonderfully successful. _But the
+    rabble, called the Quin-san force, is a dangerous body_, and it
+    will be my duty to see that it is dissolved as quietly as
+    possible, and that, while in course of dissolution, it should
+    serve to benefit the Imperial Government."
+
+    Par. 4.--"_I do not apprehend the rebellion will last six months
+    longer if I take the field. It may take six years if I leave,
+    and the Government does not support the Imperialists._ I propose
+    to cut through the heart of the rebellion, and to divide it
+    into two parts by the capture of Ye-sing and Liyang."
+
+    Par. 5.--"If the course I am about to pursue meets your
+    approbation, I shall be glad to hear; but, if not, shall expect
+    to be well rebuked. However, _I know that I am not actuated by
+    personal considerations, but merely as I think will be most
+    conducive to the interests of our Government_.
+
+    "The Footae does not want the force to move against Nankin I
+    imagine, as Tseng-kwo-fan has the wish to capture it himself."
+
+    Par. 6.--"_The Footae, if he is to be believed, has some
+    extenuating circumstances in his favour, for his action_; and
+    although I feel deeply on the subject, I think that we can
+    scarcely expect the same discernment that we should from an
+    European governor.
+
+    "This letter will relieve you from any responsibility on this
+    matter, and thanking you very much for your kind letter, which I
+    will answer shortly, I am, &c.,
+
+    (Signed)      "C. G. GORDON."
+
+    Par. 7.--"P.S. _If you would let the matter drop_, and make me
+    responsible for my action in the matter, _I think it would be
+    more conducive to our good relations with the Pekin Government
+    than pressing them to punish or degrade the Footae_.
+
+    "C. G. G."
+
+    NOTE.--The parts of the letter in italics are those subjected to
+    review.
+
+_Analysis of Major Gordon's Letter._
+
+Par. 1. Now, with regard to this first premise, what right had Major
+Gordon to make a prospect of danger to the Imperialists a pretext to
+resume _friendship_ and _alliance_ with the faithless and barbarous
+wretches who had already implicated him in their revolting atrocities?
+Major Gordon's duty as a British officer, specially executing the policy
+of his Government, and leaving it responsible for his conduct, was
+simple and palpable. To avoid the deathless guilt of participation in
+the Soo-chow treachery and massacre, he should have repudiated both.
+What course did he pursue? He wrote and talked a great deal about
+disgust, indignation, horror, &c., but never took any _action_ to fulfil
+his otherwise worthless protestations. By the only part we find he
+really performed and did not merely talk, it appears that he actually
+had the unparalleled audacity, folly, or knavishness, to _arrange_
+terms with the Futai, although any intercourse, arrangement, or
+communication whatever, upon a friendly basis constituted a direct
+condonation and approval of the atrocities which would have made an
+unqualified separation from _all_ interests and future connection
+imperative to any man of honour, humanity, or Christian principle.
+
+Par. 2. The assertion that Gordon _knew for a certainty_ that Burgevine
+intended to rejoin the Ti-pings, is best controverted by the following
+extract from the _Friend of China_, Shanghae newspaper (issue of
+September 29, 1864), which, being one of the principal organs among a
+population of Europeans and Americans, scarcely numbering 2,000 souls,
+may be credited for being well informed upon affairs in their midst;
+moreover, the editor was personally acquainted with Burgevine, and was
+aware, equally with myself, that he entertained no enthusiasm for the
+Ti-ping cause.
+
+The article referred to states:--
+
+    "As for Gordon's assertion to Sir F. Bruce that he knew for a
+    certainty Burgevine meditated a return to the rebels, and that
+    upwards of 300 Europeans--[This estimate is supremely absurd.
+    During the whole time Burgevine was with the Ti-pings, and when
+    everything seemed to favour his enterprise, he could never
+    obtain more than one-third of 300 Europeans]--of no character,
+    intended to join him. This being written in February last, we
+    know for a greater certainty that, at that time, neither did
+    Burgevine meditate anything of the kind, nor were there
+    thirty--the tenth of 300--Europeans in this quarter available
+    for any such game. And though Gordon may have been under an
+    impression that he was writing truth when he made this
+    assertion, his common sense might have told him the thing was as
+    improbable as it has eventually proved incorrect. We say he
+    _may_ have been under an impression that he was writing truth.
+    We may not refrain, however, from saying we doubt it. Why,
+    Gordon knew as well as we did that the rebels never sought the
+    assistance of foreigners, did not care to see them in their
+    ranks, and were always jealous of them. Gordon knew right well,
+    moreover, that when Burgevine left Soo-chow he left the rebel
+    service for ever; that he was sick and disgusted with it; and if
+    ever he meditated anything afterwards, it was operation rather
+    as an independent buccaneer than as a Ti-ping general. The
+    assertion--yarn, wilful lie, or whatever it shall be called--did
+    very well, however, in the place it was intended for, viz.
+    Pekin, a place so far away from the scene of action, that there
+    was no possibility of contravening it at the time."
+
+Besides the facts--incontrovertible to those acquainted with the
+case--in the above refutation of Gordon's "reasons" for his fresh
+blood-alliance with that cold-blooded murderer, the Futai, another
+strong argument may be proved against his veracity:--
+
+1. We may be quite sure that the Ti-pings would never have accepted a
+second time the services of the man who had once betrayed them. From my
+own knowledge of the opinions entertained by the Chung-wang, I am quite
+assured on this point. 2. Then with respect to the probable action of
+Burgevine himself. Having deserted the Ti-ping cause before Soo-chow had
+fallen, and while its prospects were in vastly more favourable condition
+than at the period of Gordon's statement, he would, consequently, never
+be disposed to join when its circumstances had become desperate. 3. As
+for the "300 of no character," mercenaries would certainly not espouse a
+failing movement, which, in fact, had become still more "unprofitable"
+than when the Burgevine-Ti-ping legionaries ran away because, even at
+that time, they found no sufficient inducement to remain. These
+propositions cannot fail to damage the "reasons" given by Gordon,
+because they show that all common sense and reason points to an exactly
+opposite conclusion. Thus we find that logic reverses Gordon's
+"reasons," while facts entirely prove the falseness of his statements.
+The principal argument is the fact that Burgevine _did not_ join the
+Ti-ping, and the mythical "300" were never more heard about.
+
+Par. 3. This paragraph of Gordon's letter seems to contain about the
+most severe condemnation of his "reasons" that it would be possible to
+imagine. He states that "he is open to very grave censure for the
+course he was about to pursue," and that, "knowing the Pekin authorities
+will support the Futai in what he has done," he had made up his mind to
+"run the risk;" that is to say, he knew that the Manchoo Government
+would approve the treachery and massacre in which the Futai had involved
+him; yet such was his obliquity of principle that he actually used as a
+reason to resume the sanguinary alliance the very fact which should have
+made his separation from the Manchoo still more imperative.
+
+With regard to the ungenerous, if not treacherous, manner in which
+Gordon, behind their backs, termed his comrades "the rabble," it is well
+noticed in the quotation from the _Hong-Kong Daily Press_, at the end of
+this analysis.
+
+Par. 4. This section of the letter exhibits a very pretty ebullition of
+overweening self-conceit. If the writer takes the field again, the
+rebellion cannot last "six months;" without that mighty warrior's
+hostility, it would last "six years." Well, Bombastes did take the
+field, but the "rebellion" still flourishes. It will be seen that the
+blower of his own trumpet modestly puffs his value at only twelve times
+that of any other officer who might conduct the operations against the
+Ti-ping.
+
+Par. 5. Concerning this protestation of disinterested motives--"I know
+that I am not actuated by personal considerations"--I beg to refer my
+readers to the concluding paragraph of the analysis, when they will find
+that this statement is no less questionable than others by the same
+author. With regard to Gordon's excessive care of the "interests of our
+Government," and his declaration (in paragraph 2 of the letter), "that
+the Futai will not accept another British officer if I leave the
+service," the article in the _Friend of China_, already quoted,
+continues from where we left off:--"And just as likely to be true was
+the statement that the Futai would not accept another _British_ officer
+if he, Gordon, left the Chinese service. How did Gordon learn that fact,
+or that story? What can there be in _British_ officers that they should
+be so repugnant to the Deputy Viceroy? What Gordon really meant was:--If
+I leave, 'the Government' will not find such a faithful tool in any one
+else as they have found in me."
+
+Par. 6. In this part of the precious letter it is shamelessly declared
+that "the Futai has extenuating circumstances in his favour" for
+breaking faith and cruelly butchering the defenceless prisoners at
+Soo-chow, who solely surrendered upon the terms guaranteed by Gordon
+himself.
+
+Par. 7. This postscript makes a fitting conclusion to the bad principle
+and illogical reasoning of the letter we have reviewed. Gordon has the
+audacity to request that the "matter"--affecting not only his own
+character, for that is immaterial, but the honour of the British army
+and the fair fame of England herself--may be "let drop," and to opine
+that "good relations" should be maintained with the Pekin Government, by
+no longer expressing any indignation at the immeasurable disgrace
+reflected upon England by the revolting barbarities perpetrated by her
+very good Manchoo allies, through the aid, and in the actual presence,
+of British officers.
+
+Before concluding the analysis of Gordon's apology for resuming active
+operations with the Futai, it is necessary to make a few further
+observations. In the first place, it is quite impossible to deduce a
+sufficient cause from the three "reasons" by which he declares himself
+to have been actuated (paragraph No. 2). Even suppose we admit the
+allegations that Burgevine meditated a return to the rebels; that 300
+Europeans were ready to join him; and that the Futai would not have
+accepted another _British_ officer, to what conclusion do they lead us?
+Simply, that _if_ these suppositions became realized, the event might
+prove disastrous to the Manchoo. Now, as Gordon chose to make this his
+excuse for comfortably passing over the Soo-chow affair, and resuming
+active service, it is perfectly clear that (whether he intends to convey
+this meaning or not) he pursued such conduct in the interest of his
+Imperialist friends; and this reduces the three "reasons" into a plea of
+duty to the Manchoo. Moreover, from the independent action claimed
+throughout the letter, the writer does not attempt to justify himself by
+any pretence of duty to his own Government. British officers, and,
+indeed, all their countrymen, may well feel astonished and disgusted at
+the extraordinary reasoning of Gordon, who, though merely the hired
+mercenary of a _local_ Mandarin (Le Futai), and being totally without
+_status_ in the Imperialist service,[72] made his duty to the Manchoo,
+forsooth, a reason for condoning the atrocities in which they had
+already involved him, and justifying his future participation in deeds
+equally abhorrent to every civilized and Christian sentiment.
+
+We now come to the question as to the worth of this plea of duty. Either
+Gordon was the servant of the Manchoo Government or the British
+Government. When the English Commons compelled ministers to revoke the
+Order in Council authorizing the employment of British officers by the
+Manchoo, and to recall all so employed, _in consequence of the Soo-chow
+massacre_, Gordon, eventually, was withdrawn from service with the
+Futai. Now this proves that he was _bonâ fide_ the servant of the
+British Government, and not only destroys his implied plea of duty to
+the Government of China, but virtually disclaims any countenance or
+indorsement of his act in joining the Futai and resuming active
+operations subsequent to the Soo-chow tragedy. Thus it is palpable
+beyond any manner of doubt that the course Gordon pursued was _entirely_
+according to "personal considerations;" was at his own responsibility;
+and was neither in consonance with duty to his own Government nor that
+of the Manchoo.
+
+There are but three other motives which might be held to account for
+Gordon's conduct. The first would be, duty to his God--but this never
+has been attributed to him, and it would be gross blasphemy to do so;
+the second, philanthropy, has been professed both by himself and
+friends; the third, which is pecuniary, has been more frequently
+ascribed to him. The philanthropical motive will be controverted shortly
+when we come to a case in which it is attributed to him. With one
+exception (the _China Mail_), the whole European press of China lamented
+Gordon's connection with the Futai at Soo-chow; still more indignant
+were the channels of public opinion when they found that he quietly
+ignored the treacherous massacre by remaining at his post; and then
+rumours were not wanting with regard to the mercenary motives believed
+by many people to be the real cause of his return to active service.
+Major Gordon has not only brought himself into evil repute, but also the
+service of which he is so questionable a specimen. Take, for instance,
+the following extract from the _Friend of China_ (issue February 20,
+1864):--"If it be true that Major Gordon has again coalesced with Le
+Futai, he must not blame us if we judge of his motives according to the
+old maxim, 'actions speak louder than words.' It would seem that his
+late rejection of rewards from the hand of Kung was simply because of
+its having been too little for his acceptance, not too vile. His
+retirement to Quin-san was a safe dodge to quiet public opinion in
+regard to the Soo-chow massacre.... We hope that he has stipulated for
+tens of lacs of rupees. Why should a soldier of fortune not make a
+fortune? When the major returns to Scotland, will any of his 'canny'
+countrymen ask impertinent questions as to the source of the 'siller'?
+To be sure, military men who wear Queen Victoria's uniform may hem and
+haw, cough and look doubtful; but we assure the major that if one
+British officer can sell his sword, the others have no right to complain
+about the price.... Dollars cover every defect, and a wealthy soldier
+can afford to buy the respect which he cannot exact. Let the trade of
+murder flourish, as it always has done, and may Major Gordon fully enjoy
+all the wealth that the Manchoos can give, and that mental satisfaction
+which faithful servitude never fails to bring to those of integrity! Is
+not faithfulness bought and sold in 'Vanity Fair,' and should that not
+be looked for in the conduct of a--British soldier?"
+
+If this article were to be literally intended, it would probably
+indicate the principles of Gordon. It appears very unfair to judge him
+by the code of honour, civilized morality, and Christian doctrine, when
+he does not seem either to appreciate such restraints or conform to
+them; therefore it is possible that the press has been too severe when
+condemning acts that, in this case, may, perhaps, be rather virtuous
+than otherwise.
+
+We now bring the analysis of Gordon's "reasons" to a close by the
+following extract from the _Hong-kong Daily Press_ (October, 1864),
+which refers to paragraphs 2, 3, and 5 of the letter, and finishes by
+making a direct accusation of mercenary motives for his coalescence with
+the Futai:--
+
+    "We believe it is well known that had Gordon left, Macartney
+    would have succeeded. Certain it is that Macartney was an
+    applicant for the post when Gordon was nominated, and as he had
+    subsequently completely won the Futai's confidence, there can be
+    little doubt about the matter.
+
+    "It will be seen, therefore, that Gordon's pretexts are shallow
+    subterfuges, which will not stand the test of truth for one
+    moment. He admits he is open to grave censure, but he says,
+    'knowing as I do that the Pekin authorities will support the
+    Futai in what he has done, I have made up my mind to run the
+    risk.' That is a nice process of reasoning, certainly!
+
+    "He then turns round on his comrades--calls them a dangerous
+    rabble, 'which he will make it his duty to see dissolved as
+    quietly as possible, and that while in course of dissolution it
+    should serve to benefit the Imperial Government.'
+
+    "Apart from Gordon's unprincipled conduct with respect to the
+    perfidy of the Futai, and to the murder of the Wangs--conduct
+    which must heap disgrace on his name, and for ever prevent him
+    from looking an honest man in the face again--we doubt whether,
+    in the whole page of history, a parallel is to be found of a
+    victorious fortunate commander turning on his comrades in the
+    disgraceful, and we will add treacherous, manner in which Gordon
+    turns on the Quin-san force in the letter before us. Let the
+    reader remember the number of times Gordon had led the Quin-san
+    force to victory--how splendidly they behaved in the campaign
+    which Gordon was about to lead them through when he thus
+    treacherously denounced them! Whatever they were, they had made
+    him what he was; and bad as they might have been, we doubt
+    whether any one of them ever departed more directly from the
+    code of honour laid down by himself than Gordon did in rejoining
+    the Futai, or even whether any one of them so far betrayed his
+    comrades as Gordon does in the letter before us.
+
+    "A letter from Sir F. Bruce to Earl Russell, dated Pekin, 21st
+    March, encloses a letter from Mr. Hart, the Inspector of
+    Customs, to Sir Frederic, communicating the important fact that,
+    at the interview which Colonel Gordon had had with the Futai at
+    Soo-chow, about the beginning of February, he, Mr. Hart, acted
+    as interpreter between the two. The ostensible reason for Mr.
+    Hart thus acting was to enable the Futai to exculpate himself,
+    which, according to Mr. Hart, he most completely did. Why did
+    not Gordon mention this important circumstance in his letter to
+    Sir Frederic advising His Excellency that he had again taken the
+    field?[73] How came it that Mr. Acting-Consul Markham in his
+    letter to Sir Frederic announcing the reconciliation, was silent
+    on the point? How came it that General Brown was either ignorant
+    of, or suppressed the fact? How did the fact come to be kept so
+    secret from the public? Not a whisper nor a hint of Mr. Hart's
+    presence is to be detected in the despatches of these officers,
+    let alone the complete vindication of the Futai which that
+    gentleman avers was effected at the interview?
+
+    "The answer is plain. Mr. Hart is a man of good repute, of high
+    standing, and is a true and faithful servant. The Mandarins have
+    great faith in him, and his word goes a long way. If they sent
+    him to Gordon with an offer of 50,000 _taels_, the colonel might
+    be assured not only that the money would be placed to his credit
+    in any bank in London he might name, but that the transaction
+    would be kept an inviolable secret.
+
+    "There, reader, you have the clue to Gordon's sacrifice of
+    principle, and Mr. Hart's visit to Soo-chow."
+
+Before narrating the events subsequent to Gordon's return to active
+operations, and bringing the history of the Ti-ping revolution down to a
+close, it is necessary to review a despatch written by Sir F. Bruce, the
+British Minister in China. The document constitutes the only authority,
+or rather the only official approval, Gordon ever received for rejoining
+the Futai. It is necessary to notice the same, because, as it was an
+entirely conditional approval, and the conditions were _never_ observed,
+it naturally became null and void. It is, therefore, our duty to prove
+these facts, and thereby elucidate what might otherwise be held to
+remove the responsibility from Gordon, and, in fact, justify his
+conduct. The following despatch is the one in question, and it will be
+seen that it is the reply to Gordon's letter:--
+
+    "Pekin, March 12, 1864.
+
+    "Sir,--I have received your letter of the 6th of February,
+    stating the reasons that have led to your continuing operations
+    in concert with the Governor of Kiang-soo. I informed the
+    Chinese Government that I did not feel called upon to interfere
+    with the course you have taken, _but that my acquiescence was
+    founded on the passage in their despatch to me, which states_,
+    that in any future operations in which a foreign officer is
+    concerned the rules of warfare as practised among foreign
+    nations are to be observed, and that I should enclose you the
+    extract of that despatch for your guidance, and as containing
+    the arrangements agreed upon for the future. [1.]
+
+    "I have received the strongest assurance that it will be
+    strictly adhered to, and that the Governor Le is to be
+    instructed to that effect. I need not impress upon you how
+    essential it is that there should be no repetition of the
+    occurrence at Soo-chow.
+
+    "I fully appreciate the motives that led you, after the
+    correspondence that has taken place, to resume operations at
+    once, and to expose yourself thereby to hostile criticism. You
+    might have limited yourself to a statement of the reasons which
+    rendered the step expedient, and have thrown upon others the
+    onus of decision before committing yourself to any action.
+
+    "But you appear to have felt, as commander of a Chinese force,
+    and as the only person thoroughly acquainted with its
+    composition and with the dangers to which this force, if
+    indiscreetly handled, might give rise that the decision must be
+    based on your representations, and you therefore assumed its
+    responsibility.
+
+    "This honourable and manly conduct on your part entitles you to
+    a frank expression of my opinion on the subject.
+
+    "I think it due to you to state that my concurrence in the step
+    you have taken is founded in no small measure on my knowledge of
+    the high motives that have guided you while in command of the
+    Chinese force, _of the disinterested conduct you have observed
+    in pecuniary questions_, and of _the influence in favour of
+    humanity you exercised in rescuing Burgevine and his misguided
+    associates from Soo-chow_. [2.]
+
+    "I am aware of the perseverance with which, in the face of
+    serious obstacles and much discouragement, you have steadily
+    pursued the _pacification of the province of Kiang-soo_. _In
+    relieving it_ from being the battle-field of the insurrection,
+    and in restoring to its suffering inhabitants the enjoyment of
+    their homes and the uninterrupted exercise of their industry,
+    you may console yourself with the assurance that you are
+    rendering a service to true humanity as well as to great
+    material interest. [3.]
+
+    "It would be a serious calamity and addition to our
+    embarrassments in China were you compelled to leave your work
+    incomplete, and were a sudden dissolution or dispersion of the
+    Chinese force to lead to the recurrence of that state of danger
+    and anxiety from which, during the last two years, Shanghae has
+    suffered.
+
+    "Her Majesty's Government cannot be expected to garrison
+    Shanghae indefinitely, and tranquillity cannot be relied on
+    until a civil administration suited to Chinese ideas and habits
+    is firmly established in the province, and until the disorderly
+    and brigand elements which form the force of the Taeping
+    insurrection are either put down or so thoroughly repelled from
+    its frontiers as to leave that unfortunate province in peace.
+
+    "To the force under your command we must look for that result,
+    and to its efficiency and discipline your presence is
+    indispensable. In a body so composed a state of inactivity is
+    full of danger, and I approve your not awaiting the result of
+    the inquiry into the Futai's proceedings at Soo-chow, _provided
+    you take care that your efforts in favour of humanity are not in
+    future defeated by the Chinese authorities_.[74] [4.]
+
+    "I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,
+    "FREDERIC W. A. BRUCE.
+
+    "Major Gordon, R.E., &c."
+
+[1.] Now, here we have the _condition_ upon which Sir F. Bruce agreed to
+Gordon's action. Let us see how the condition has been observed. If my
+readers will take the trouble to turn back to the preceding chapter,
+they will find that the capture of Hwa-soo and Wu-see (as corroborated
+by the letter dated "April 28, 1864," from one of Gordon's own officers)
+was followed with a complete violation of Sir F. Bruce's conditional
+"acquiescence" by the wholesale massacre of the unfortunate Ti-pings.
+Furthermore, the following chapter will prove that at every city
+captured by Gordon and the Imperialists "the rules of warfare as
+practised among foreign nations" were _not_ observed, nor even pretended
+to be fulfilled according to the terms of the condition upon which
+Gordon's action was approved: the principal cases referred to will be
+found to be the capture of Kar-sing-foo, Hwa-soo, Chang-chow-foo, and
+Nankin.
+
+[2.] The preceding quotation from the _Hong-kong Daily Press_, and the
+description of Burgevine's hegira in Chapter XXII., sadly differ from
+Sir F. Bruce's "pecuniary" and "influence in favour of humanity"
+theories formed at Pekin upon evidence supplied by Gordon himself.
+Burgevine had actually _left_ Soo-chow before Gordon interfered.
+
+[3.] Readers of this history will at once perceive the falseness of
+these statements, Major Gordon having, in fact, not only _prevented_ the
+"pacification of the province of Kiang-soo" by the Ti-pings, but _made_
+it "the battle-field of insurrection" by his "steadily pursued"
+_invasions_ of the otherwise peaceful and settled Ti-ping territories.
+As for the hypocritical cant about "a service to true humanity," &c., I
+need only refer to the narrative of the journey to Soo-chow by the
+sub-editor of the _Friend of China_; the travels of the silk-merchant
+through the _pacified_ country; the letters from two of Gordon's own
+officers, &c.
+
+[4 and 1.] Combining the first and last paragraphs selected from the
+precious letter for review, we will briefly notice the facts proving in
+what manner Gordon fulfilled the proviso of Sir F. Bruce--"I approve
+your not awaiting the result of the inquiry into the Futai's
+proceedings at Soo-chow, PROVIDED you take care that _your efforts in
+favour of humanity_ are not in future defeated by the Chinese
+authorities." In Chapter XXIII., the letter from one of Gordon's
+officers contains the following statement relative to the capture of the
+village of Hwa-soo, subsequent to the reconciliation between the
+official Manchoo murderer and the British bravo, and also subsequent to
+the establishment of the conditions by Sir F. Bruce's despatch:--"The
+slaughter among the rebels _after_ the capture of Hwa-soo was terrible.
+Upwards of 9,000 were _taken prisoners_, and of _these_ it was estimated
+6,000 were killed or drowned, principally by the Imperialists." Now,
+Gordon himself commanded on this occasion, but he did not "take care"
+that "the rules of warfare as practised among foreign nations should be
+observed." This distinct violation of the British Minister's conditional
+sanction is alone sufficient to illustrate the fact that his _protégé's_
+conduct was contrary to his wish or intention, and, also, to withdraw
+his stipulated justification. Moreover, we shall find that, at every
+succeeding capture of a Ti-ping city the same barbarities were
+perpetrated, and the same indifference to his superior's instructions
+exhibited by Gordon, who stuck to his dear Imperialist friends with
+extraordinary devotion and tenacity, considering their sanguinary deeds
+and treacherous nature.
+
+The _Shanghae Recorder_ (a paper supporting the policy of the British
+Government in China, and their very good Manchoo allies), in its issue
+of March 31, 1864, thus narrates the capture of Kar-sing-foo by the
+Imperialist General Ching and Major Baily, one of Gordon's
+subordinates:--"As we expected, the usual horrible and revolting cruelty
+was exercised, after the _surrender_ of Kar-sing-foo, by Ching's troops.
+On entering the city they encountered no resistance, when the
+unfortunates (_all non-combatants_) found remaining were laden with
+loot, obliged to carry it out to the Imperial lines, and forthwith
+beheaded, as payment in full! Truly it is the cold-blooded butcheries
+which disgrace the Imperialist cause, and deaden every feeling except
+unmitigated disgust at their mode of warfare." The city had been
+evacuated by the troops.
+
+The _China Mail_ (describing the capture of the city of Chang-chow-foo)
+by Gordon's Anglo-Manchoo force and an army of his Imperial friends, in
+its issue of May 30, 1864, states:--"The two breaches were carried in a
+rush, and quarter was given _to only a few hundred men_ who had offered
+to surrender some weeks before." The families of the garrison and the
+other inhabitants of this large city numbered many thousand; but all,
+excepting the "few hundred men," were cruelly butchered in cold blood
+during several days.
+
+The _Times_, in its issue of September 28, 1864, in a leading article
+upon the fall of Nankin, states:--"What the cost of human life has been
+on this occasion we cannot yet calculate. It is plain that no mercy was
+extended, and although the treacherous deeds at Soo-chow must have acted
+as a warning to the European officers, the account of the European
+eye-witnesses makes it evident that the carnage was very great."
+According to my own private advices, the _Friend of China_ and other
+journals, the Ti-ping capital was evacuated; therefore, the unfortunates
+butchered by the Imperialists were, probably, the sick, wounded, and
+poor inhabitants who were unable to fly, or had not sufficient
+inducement to do so.
+
+With regard to Gordon's "influence in favour of humanity," can any man
+of ordinary mind understand these results as philanthropical: viz., the
+slaughter of thousands in the field; the cold-blooded massacre of
+thousands of helpless prisoners; and the death of even hundreds of
+thousands by starvation; the destruction of Christianity and free
+circulation of the Bible, as practised among the Ti-pings; and the
+re-establishment of Buddhism? Those who ascribe philanthropical motives
+to Gordon must entertain curious ideas as to the love of mankind, when
+they illustrate it by ravaging Ti-pingdom with fire and sword!
+
+Having now terminated the narrative of Gordon's reconciliation with the
+Futai, the next chapter will describe the subsequent events.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[60] This Order in Council was passed on the 9th July, 1864. See "Copy
+of all Ordinances relating to Neutrality in China," issued in return to
+an address of the House of Commons, dated May 30, 1864. (Colonel Sykes'
+motion.)
+
+[61] Tien-chwangs, colonels of regiments.
+
+[62] Italics are by the Author.
+
+[63] This the Chung-wang proposed, if the Tien-wang would authorise such
+policy. As for his having even thought of "giving up the cause," the
+assertion is equally false and absurd, which subsequent events have
+proved.
+
+[64] Here we have Gordon's reasons for approving the treachery.
+
+[65] It was a follower of the Nar-wang who first attacked the Mo-wang.
+
+[66] It will be seen that Gordon here admits he was not an Imperialist
+officer, but a _local_ Mandarin's.
+
+[67] This sinister statement, when combined with the fact that Gordon
+soon afterwards returned to companionship and active co-operation with
+General Ching and the Futai, regardless of his responsibility for the
+Soo-chow treachery and massacre, certainly affords some ground for the
+belief that the whole tragedy was previously arranged; that Gordon
+retired only while compelled to do so by the unanimous expression of
+indignation among all Europeans (General Brown and other authorities
+included); and that his future course he originally intended to follow
+whenever the universal excitement became somewhat abated, and public
+attention less directed towards himself. Whether this conclusion be
+correct or otherwise, Major Gordon and his Manchoo friends alone can
+say; but in either case the Englishman fully deserves the imputation.
+His first conduct occasioned and made him _particeps_ in the treachery;
+his last act condoned the atrocities at which he had pretended to be
+disgusted.
+
+[68] This statement is quite sufficient to make Gordon entirely
+responsible for every circumstance connected with the surrender of
+Soo-chow. He made all the assurances and guarantees, it appears, but
+never troubled himself to insure their observance, although he had
+complete power to do so.
+
+[69] Here is another extraordinary admission; for, though Gordon's
+honour was pledged to preserve the lives and property of the deceived
+traitors, he very coolly took himself off to Quin-san, without making
+the slightest exertion to save the unfortunate people who had trusted to
+his word as a British officer. Subsequent to this event hundreds and
+thousands of the betrayed garrison were cruelly put to death. Who is
+responsible for the massacre--the Manchoos, who followed their natural
+instincts and barbarous laws, or the British officer, who obtained the
+surrender, guaranteed the terms, and then quietly permitted the
+violation of his pledges?
+
+[70] This concluding paragraph is simply a tissue of mendacity and
+absurdity. Does the dishonoured officer intend to qualify the
+treacherous destruction of _his_ prisoners, by introducing the totally
+irrelevant opinion that they have no Government, or "real ideas" of
+Christianity?
+
+[71] See Inclosure 1 in No. 9, "Return to an Address of the Honourable
+House of Commons," dated July 1, 1864:--for "Copies of Communications
+which have passed between Sir F. Bruce and Colonel Gordon."
+
+[72] See "Our Interests in China," by H. Lay, C.B., late
+Inspector-General of Chinese Customs, pp. 37-41. This _exposé_ of
+British policy in China fully proves, together with Blue Book
+information, that Gordon never held any commission from the Emperor of
+China; that neither did he hold any commission from the local
+authorities, but, by serving without, was in reality a "filibuster."
+
+[73] It will be seen that Gordon's letter is dated from Soo-chow.
+
+[74] Italics by the Author.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+    Operations Resumed.--Attack on Kin-tang.--The Battle of the
+    Brickbats.--Ti-ping Success.--Active
+    Operations.--Manoeuvring.--Hang-chow Invested.--Fall of
+    Kar-sing-foo.--Gordon's Proceedings.--Chang-chow-foo.--Narrative
+    of the Siege.--Fall of Chang-chow.--The Foo-wang.--Manchoo
+    Cruelty.--Debate on the Chinese War.--Lord Palmerston's
+    Policy.--Its Errors.--Mr. Cobden's Policy.--Mr. Layard.--His
+    Inaccuracy.--Extracts from the Debate.--Result of Lord
+    Palmerston's Policy.--Fall of Nankin.--"Imperialist"
+    Account.--The Chung-wang's Capture.--Other Reports.--Digest of
+    Events.--The Chung-wang.--His Position in Nankin.--Events in the
+    City.--Newspaper Reports.--Doubts as to the Chung-wang's
+    Fate.--The Retreat from Nankin.--Newspaper Extracts.--The
+    Shi-wang's Proclamations.--Lee Shai-Yin's Address.
+
+
+Late in the month of February, 1864, the Futai's _General_, Gordon,
+resumed operations against the Ti-pings. Upon this occasion it appears
+that he acted entirely on his own responsibility, neither under the
+orders of his hitherto controller, General Brown (commanding H.B.
+Majesty's forces at Shanghae), nor the Futai. Consequently, the campaign
+to be noticed partook more strongly of filibustering than any of the
+preceding raids already described.
+
+The first movement the Anglo-Manchoo force made was directed against the
+walled city of Yih-sing, on the western shore of the Ta-hoo Lake, and
+about forty miles south-west of Wu-see. After a short engagement, the
+usual result of such operations occurred. The garrison, unable to resist
+the overwhelming artillery employed by Gordon, an arm newly replenished
+from the British arsenal at Shanghae before taking the field, was
+driven from the city with much loss; those who managed to escape
+retreating to Li-yang, the nearest walled town. Soon, however, they were
+followed up to this place, but the commandant having received orders to
+retire to another city, it was evacuated upon the appearance of the
+disciplined troops and their irresistible guns.
+
+The appearance of the country lately wrested from the Ti-pings is given
+as follows by one of Gordon's own officers (who was present during all
+operations) in his notes, "How the Taepings were driven out of the
+provinces of Kiang-nan and Che-kiang." Describing the march to Yih-sing,
+he states:--
+
+    "Some commissariat boats also went astray, causing the infantry
+    a few days' hunger, as scarcely any food could be obtained, the
+    country being all deserted and devastated. Seemingly it had not
+    been cultivated easily _after the Taepings lost possession_.
+    Hundreds of dead bodies were strewn along the roads, people who
+    died from starvation; and even the few who were yet alive,
+    watched one of their comrades dying, so as to obtain some food
+    off his dead body."[75]
+
+Sleep calmly and sweetly, ye China-rebel-subduing English politicians,
+and speak authoritatively as to the benefit of your intervention in the
+Chinese civil war, after reading this testimony from the hand of one of
+your mercenary tools! Is there a man so ill-"liberal" as to consider
+Lord Palmerston and colleagues are responsible for the results of their
+policy of interference towards the outlandish Chinamen? What do the
+starving Chinamen above mentioned say?
+
+Their easy successes seem to have made the victorious enemy too
+confident in their own prowess, and less cautious than heretofore.
+Leaving a garrison at Li-yang, and also a considerable portion of his
+artillery, Gordon next advanced upon Kin-tang, a small city to the
+north-west. Elated by his former triumphs, and believing that his
+appearance alone would cause the submission of all Ti-ping cities in the
+district, and place their long-haired people under the barber's razor,
+Gordon expected no resistance at Kin-tang, and was induced to think that
+the place would open its gates to receive him as a sort of "conquering
+hero" whenever he might choose to enter. It will be seen that he became
+the victim of misplaced confidence.
+
+Although, since my departure from China, and since the Ti-pings have
+been driven far inland, all information has been received from Chinese
+sources--false, exaggerated, and figurative--it seems pretty certain
+that the Chung-wang, after parting with me at Wu-see, placed the Shi and
+Foo Wangs in charge of the military position, while he proceeded to
+Nankin in order to confer with his king, the Tien-wang. Chang-chow-foo
+became the head-quarters of the Foo-wang, and it so happened that
+Kin-tang was similarly occupied by the Shi-wang (a general second only
+to the Commander-in-Chief in talent and capability), when Gordon arrived
+before its walls. Both cities were situated on the southern road from
+Nankin, and their retention was absolutely necessary to maintain either
+the communications of the capital, or insure the retreat of the
+garrison, should they be obliged to abandon their charge. In consequence
+of this the Chung-wang divided about 10,000 of the best Ti-ping troops
+between his two lieutenants for the express purpose of holding Kin-tang
+and Chang-chow, while another force was organized to co-operate in the
+field.
+
+The two Wangs had concentrated all their strength at Chang-chow when
+intelligence of Gordon's advance upon Kin-tang reached them. The
+Shi-wang, with a division of several thousand men, by forced marches,
+managed to throw himself into the city just before the enemy appeared.
+
+When the Anglo-Manchoo contingent arrived under the walls on the 20th of
+March, they summoned the place to surrender, but no reply was made, for
+the battlements were silent and deserted, neither soldier nor spear,
+nor sign of living occupation being visible. The gates were all fast
+closed, and although Gordon had been looking forward to enter peaceably,
+and when he had arrived could see neither trace of man nor prospect of
+opposition, something there must have been ominous and suspicious in the
+stillness reigning over the city, for he preferred battering the walls
+down to knocking at the gates and demanding admission. The heavy guns
+were moved up to within a few hundred yards; the boats, containing
+supplies, followed them by the creeks; and batteries were soon thrown
+up, still amidst the same profound and mysterious silence upon the part
+of the garrison. During the bombardment all the noise was on one side;
+nor flag, nor face, nor living thing could be observed about the
+encompassed battlements. After several hours' constant firing, a large
+and practicable breach was effected, and the 1st regiment of
+Anglo-Chinese ordered to storm the silent ramparts. The enemy came
+forward with a loud cheer, bearing with them bamboo bridges to throw
+across the moat, while the stormers were closely supported by portions
+of the 2nd and 5th regiments, who were allowed to enter the city ditch
+in their boats and cross unopposed. The short space between the moat and
+the foot of the breach was soon passed, and the storming column began to
+ascend. At this moment the hitherto invisible garrison appeared and
+broke their previous silence in a manner fatal to the assailants.
+Manning every available position, they threw such incessant showers of
+brickbats that the Imperialists, despite the gallant behaviour of their
+foreign officers, were unable to advance. The Ti-pings then rushed into
+the breach, and charging with their spears, drove them back in
+confusion. Three times the enemy turned to renew the struggle, but on
+each occasion were hurled back with loss, being quite unable to cope
+with the Ti-ping soldiers in a hand-to-hand combat. The breach was now
+played upon by the artillery, and the defenders driven back with great
+loss of life from the canister, grape, and shell. Gordon then ordered
+his Adjutant-General, Kirkham, to bring up fresh companies of the 2nd
+and 5th regiments, and himself to lead them forward to a second assault.
+Scarcely, however, had he given the order, when a jingall ball reached
+him at his almost secure distance and wounded him in the leg. _Colonel_
+Kirkham, with great bravery, led his men into the deadly breach, but
+when half-way up, fell severely wounded. Still, with courage worthy of a
+better cause, his men followed their officers only to be again charged
+by the valiant garrison and completely routed after a desperate conflict
+at close quarters. Again the murderous artillery swept away the
+defenders of the breach, and _Major_ Brown, Gordon's _aide-de-camp_,
+leading forward fresh columns, made a last desperate attempt to storm
+the yawning chasm. Again the disciplined Chinese and their foreign
+officers rushed upon the blood-stained ruins; but with dauntless and
+undiminished courage the Ti-pings again met them--spear to bayonet and
+firelock, and man to man. After a terrible struggle the assailants were
+finally driven off, and retreated upon Li-yang, with _Major_ Brown and
+all their commanding officers _hors-de-combat_. This action has been
+called "the Battle of the Brickbats," such missiles being the principal
+means of defence used by the garrison.
+
+The attack upon Kin-tang was the most severely contested action that the
+Anglo-Manchoo troops had ever fought. Their defeat is to be attributed
+to the fact that they were not assisted by an overwhelming park of
+artillery, which usually did all the fighting. If the Imperialists had
+not been supplied with British guns, men, and munitions of war, _ad
+libitum_, the Ti-pings would have been quite able to manage the
+disciplined legions. Gordon, in this assault, lost fourteen European
+officers and nearly one-seventh of the men engaged. The destruction
+amongst the defenders of Kin-tang must have been equally severe, not
+less than 600 having fallen.
+
+At this period the Ti-pings seem to have made a desperate effort to
+defeat the overwhelming numbers of the enemy encircling them on every
+quarter. At Nankin, Chang-chow-foo, and Kin-tang they managed to defeat
+the Imperialist forces almost on the same day at each place. The
+garrison of the capital having sallied forth in strength, defeated a
+portion of the great beleaguering army under Tseng-kwo-fan (Imperialist
+Commissioner and Governor-General of the two Kiang provinces) with much
+slaughter. Upon reaching Li-yang, after narrowly escaping being
+surrounded by the troops pursuing from Kin-tang, Gordon received
+intelligence the same evening that the garrison of Chang-chow had
+sallied out, completely routing the large investing force commanded by
+the Futai's brother, and following up the success by moving between
+Soo-chow and Shanghae, thereby threatening not only to recapture all the
+country lately wrested from Ti-ping rule, but isolate his division and
+more than counteract its operations by a powerful diversion upon
+Shanghae or Soo-chow.
+
+Leaving a strong detachment to garrison Li-yang, Gordon at once
+proceeded with the remainder of his force, and all the artillery, to
+operate against the Ti-pings from Chang-chow. On the 29th of March he
+came upon them at Hwa-soo, in the neighbourhood of the city of Chang-zu,
+about 35 miles north-east of Soo-chow. On the morning of the 30th,
+finding that the Ti-pings did not number more than 3,000, he ordered
+about 1,500 infantry to attack them, while he followed in the boats with
+the artillery, to give assistance if required. Again, as at Kin-tang,
+the Royal Engineer was completely out-generalled. The Foo and Shi Wangs
+were both consummate strategists, and at irregular warfare, when
+artillery was not employed against them, would easily have foiled Major
+Gordon.
+
+The Ti-pings continually gave way as the disciplined troops advanced;
+but they were manoeuvred so as to draw their pursuers into a position
+from which for a time they were themselves invisible, while a masked
+breast-work, ingeniously stretched across the end of the slight hollow,
+helped to conceal them. Barely had the retreating forces disappeared
+behind their slight intrenchment and the inequalities of the ground,
+when they were doubled back upon each flank so as to almost completely
+envelop the enemy. The Ti-pings were allowed to execute their manoeuvre
+thus easily through the incautious advance of their antagonists, for the
+latter halted in the very hollow to which they had been enticed,
+directly they lost sight of those whom they were pursuing. When next the
+Imperialists saw their opponents, it was in the form of a serried line,
+surrounding them upon every side except a small space in their rear, and
+charging them on front and both flanks. After a feeble resistance,
+during which they lost seven English officers and more than 200 men, the
+ranks of Gordon's force were broken, and the whole mercenary contingent
+fled from the field with precipitation.
+
+According to the published accounts of this engagement, the Ti-pings
+were commanded by the Foo-wang, "numbered about 3,000," and were "badly
+armed." It will thus be seen that, without artillery being brought to
+bear against them, they were quite able to cope hand to hand with the
+disciplined troops, officered by foreigners and well armed with musket
+and bayonet as the latter were, although poorly equipped with a small
+supply of jingalls, a few bad European firearms, and a majority of
+bamboo spears.
+
+During the spring of the year 1864, the Ti-pings struggled with
+desperate bravery against the odds opposed to them; and for some time it
+seemed very doubtful whether they would succeed or not. While Gordon and
+the Imperialist troops were being defeated in the northern districts of
+the Ti-ping territory, the Franco-Manchoo contingent and co-operating
+forces were meeting a similar fate in the south. Late in February the
+Imperialists besieging Hang-chow, the provincial capital of Che-kiang,
+were totally defeated by a sortie of the whole garrison. About the same
+time another large army was routed by a Ti-ping force in the
+neighbourhood of Fo-yang, a city not far from Hang-chow. Having
+recovered from their former repulse and obtained fresh supplies of
+British mercenaries and munitions of war, the Mandarins again proceeded
+to invest the provincial capital. On the 2nd of March the
+Franco-Chinese, commanded by _Generals_ D'Aiguebelle and Schodelana,
+attacked the above city, and after several hours' hard fighting,
+succeeded in capturing three forts on the south side; only, however, to
+be driven out by a desperate charge the Ti-pings made during the
+afternoon, with a loss of fourteen Europeans and more than a hundred
+men. On the 29th of the same month, the besiegers recommenced active
+operations. Supported by a strong body of Imperialists, the
+Franco-Chinese attacked and carried the outworks of the city a second
+time, the garrisons retiring within the walls after some hard fighting.
+The next day fire was opened upon the city from numerous siege
+artillery, and a practicable breach was soon effected. Again the
+Franco-Chinese, or more correctly speaking, Manchoos, led the assault,
+but met with such gallant resistance that they were driven back to their
+supports in confusion. Twice they bravely rallied, and twice they
+endeavoured to storm the breach, rendered impregnable by the brave
+hearts and ready hands defending it, and each time they were repulsed
+with great slaughter. At the close of the day the assault was given up,
+after a heavy loss of life, and a vast expenditure of British shot and
+shell without other result.
+
+Although Hang-chow could not be wrested from the Ti-pings by force of
+arms, a few days later it fell from external influences, having been
+rendered untenable through the capture of Kar-sing-foo by the enemy,
+whereby its supplies and lines of communication were cut off.
+
+About the same time that Gordon commenced his raid upon Yih-sing,
+Li-yang, and Kin-tang, Manchoo General Ching proceeded with a large army
+and an auxiliary force composed of detachments from the English
+contingent, to beleaguer the city of Kar-sing-foo, situated about midway
+between Soo-chow and Hang-chow, on the Grand Canal. Ching was the
+bravest native general engaged against the Ti-pings; he was a renegade
+from their cause, and we all know that such people make the most bitter
+enemies. He had already been defeated before the city, shortly after I
+had left it on my last return to Shanghae. Gordon's subordinate,
+_Colonel_ Bailey, had charge of the large siege train accompanying the
+army, and in a few hours after establishing his batteries, managed to
+effectively breach the walls of the doomed city. On rushed Ching's men
+and their allies, but their efforts were useless, for every assault
+failed; and Ching himself received a wound which, more than a month
+later, proved mortal. Some few days subsequent to this repulse, large
+reinforcements were received by the enemy, fresh breaches were made, and
+the small but devoted garrison was compelled to evacuate the place at
+night, having lost their gallant commander, Yoong-wang, and nearly
+two-thirds of their number. When the Imperialists at last entered, they
+put to the sword all the unfortunate non-combatants who had not fled the
+city,[76] sparing neither man, woman, nor child, during their cruel
+butchery of the unoffending inhabitants. Does Colonel Gordon, R.E., call
+this "observing the rules of warfare as practised among foreign
+nations," according to the proviso of Sir F. Bruce? Does Sir F. Bruce,
+after the massacres at Wu-see, Kar-sing, &c., still term Gordon's
+conduct "a service in favour of humanity"?
+
+After the loss of Kar-sing, Hang-chow was also evacuated, and the two
+garrisons retreated to the large city of Hoo-chow-foo. The fortune of
+war now set strongly against the Christian patriots. With a few
+memorable exceptions, they were everywhere defeated, through the British
+influence so cruelly brought to bear against them, for which they were
+always unprepared, and equally unable to resist.
+
+Having retired to Quin-san (the head-quarters of the Anglo-Manchoo
+contingent), after his defeat at Hwa-soo, Gordon was shortly joined by
+an Imperialist army of 15,000 men. A body of troops, commanded by
+officers of H.B. Majesty's 67th regiment, was also moved from Shanghae
+to support them. The Imperialists and the whole disciplined force,
+together with the latter's large park of artillery, now took the field
+again and moved upon the Foo-wang's position. The Ti-pings were still
+lightly intrenched at the village of Hwa-soo; they had been strongly
+reinforced by the Shi-wang, but were considerably hampered by a large
+number of country people who had fled from the enemy.
+
+On the 11th of April the Imperialists commenced their attack, but,
+warned by former defeats, they entirely depended upon their artillery,
+to which the Ti-pings had not a single gun to reply with. The
+over-matched defenders were at last shelled out of their open
+breast-works with great slaughter, and being outflanked by the
+disciplined and undisciplined enemy, were much cut up during their
+retreat, while a great number were made prisoners and savagely put to
+death, as described in Chapter XXIII. by the letter of an officer
+present, under the eyes of _General_ Gordon. The loss of the Ti-pings on
+this occasion was very heavy. Although the Shi and Foo Wangs succeeded
+in cutting their way through the enemy with their best troops, at least
+8,000 unfortunates, principally country people, were killed.
+
+Following up his success, Gordon pursued the retreating force to
+Chang-chow-foo. Meanwhile troops were being concentrated upon the same
+point from every quarter, so that within a few days the city was
+surrounded by an immense Imperialist army, which was estimated to exceed
+100,000 men. The Shi-wang having proceeded to Kin-tang, the garrison
+commanded by the Foo-wang cannot have consisted of more than 7,000 to
+8,000 effective soldiers, but at least 10,000 civilians, including all
+persons of any standing in the Chang-chow district, and who were Ti-ping
+subjects, or held civil office under the Tien-wang's Government, had
+sought refuge within the city walls, carrying with them their movable
+property and their families, whereby the number of non-combatants was
+more than doubled.
+
+Three times already had the Imperialists been completely routed before
+the city, and the siege raised by the gallant resistance of the
+garrison, although on two occasions the enemy were assisted by
+detachments of foreign artillery and disciplined troops. After much hard
+fighting the defenders were driven from all their outworks and strictly
+confined to the city walls, when the besiegers at once proceeded to
+effect several breaches. The following account of the subsequent efforts
+of Gordon and the Futai to storm the place is partly transcribed from
+the narrative of an officer engaged, and which was published in the
+_Shanghae Recorder_ of May 2, 1864.
+
+The Ti-pings having been driven from all their stockades and
+intrenchments to the west of the city, and these being occupied by a
+strong force of Imperial troops, Gordon moved round opposite the
+south-east angle, and commenced forming his siege batteries, while the
+Imperialists placed their guns on his left, facing the south of the
+city. A combined attack was arranged for the 27th of April, but as the
+Imperialist batteries were ready on the 24th, and the troops who had so
+often been defeated were eager to storm, and averse to relinquish their
+hope of taking the city, the Futai gave orders to open fire, and by
+three o'clock in the afternoon a capital breach was effected. The
+advance was sounded and the stormers pushed on steadily to the city
+ditch, but were there thrown into confusion by some defect in the
+bridges. At last, however, they scrambled across, and advancing through
+the stakes got to the foot of the breach, where they maintained
+themselves for a considerable time; but the defenders, notwithstanding a
+most destructive covering fire from the Imperialist guns and from a
+battery of Gordon's enfilading the _terre plein_, manned the breach and
+wall with great courage, regardless of life, and compelled the
+assailants to fall back with heavy loss. This ended the first day's
+assault.
+
+Gordon's guns having been put in position during the night, and a
+pontoon bridge laid down over the city ditch (the garrison was too weak
+to prevent the same by a sortie, and had not a single cannon to oppose
+its construction), at daybreak he opened fire, while the Imperialists'
+batteries did the same to knock away the barricades thrown up in their
+breach. Bang, bang, went the heavy guns, as quickly followed by the boom
+of bursting shell tearing up ponderous masses of the wall, and burying
+beneath them many of the defenders, while the smaller guns laid along
+the parapet right and left operated with deadly effect wherever the
+garrison appeared, or opened fire with their jingalls or musketry. By
+half-past twelve o'clock the new breach was rendered practicable, and
+the signal was given to the Imperialists to storm at the old one. On
+rushed the 4th Regiment of Anglo-Manchoo mercenaries, bravely led by
+_Colonel_ Howard, and forward came the Ti-pings to the breach,
+determined and daring, to be mowed down in heaps by the terrible
+covering fire of the artillery; but no sooner down than their place was
+filled by their followers rushing with unabated courage to the defence.
+In the words of the officer whose narrative we are making contribute to
+this history:--The edge of the city ditch was gained, and over went the
+4th Regiment's colours, accompanied by Colonel Howard, Captain Cane
+(R.A.), and Lieutenant Stackpole, and up the breach through a shower of
+missiles and fire-balls. Then came that deadly pause, the colours waving
+on the breach, defended by a few brave men. The defenders and assailants
+hesitated. They stood at bay for a moment. The "celestial" nature shrank
+from the dread conflict hand to hand. The officers attempted to break
+the spell: they pushed their men, they pulled them, they beat them with
+their swords, but in vain. The Ti-pings, fighting for life, sooner
+recovered their presence of mind, and every man discharged his missile
+on the heads of the assailants. The colours and their defenders were
+pushed off the wall down the breach, and had to retire over the bridge
+on their column. A murderous fire was poured from every loop-hole, men
+were falling fast, yet the attacking force stood its ground, but
+hesitated to advance to where it would have been comparatively safe,
+being too low for the aim of the besieged. The retire was now sounded,
+and the stormers fell back to cover.
+
+The Ti-pings suffered terribly from the superior arms of their
+assailants, and now that they had succeeded in repulsing them a second
+time, they were swept from the shattered walls by the artillery, which
+still continued to fire on them. At half-past two o'clock in the
+afternoon the enemy were ready at both points of attack for a
+simultaneous movement. Up went their signal rockets, a yell burst from
+the ranks of Gordon's force, which was taken up and carried along the
+Imperialist lines, and on came both storming parties at a rapid pace.
+The 3rd Regiment of the English contingent now made the assault, and
+their colours were borne up the breach by Captain Winstanley (H.M.'s
+67th Regiment), and other officers rallying around them and fighting
+hand to hand with the defenders. The Imperialists crossed their bridges,
+crowded at the foot of the other breach, and waved their flags about,
+but hesitated to mount it. With their bamboo spears, and undiminished
+courage, the brave garrison rushed to meet their well-armed enemy,
+while all who possessed firearms plied them diligently from the walls,
+and others kept up an incessant volley of brickbats from the heaps piled
+ready for use around the rampart, and which formed a principal means of
+defence. Still Gordon's troops maintained their position on the walls,
+and, if possible, began to increase the extent of their lodgment, whilst
+the Ti-pings were falling fast from the musketry of the enemy, which
+they had but small means to answer. At this critical moment the Foo-wang
+headed a last desperate charge in person. Leading forward all his
+unwounded men, this gallant chief inspired them with fresh ardour, while
+the efforts of the assailants began to flag. As one present stated: The
+contest every moment became more close, and was prolonged for at least
+twenty minutes. At length the stormers were driven from the ground they
+had gained, and hurled to the bottom of the breach. Several times they
+struggled to mount again, but every attempt was futile. The rear ranks
+of the enemy being under the fire from the wall, lost heavily in killed
+and wounded, while the front ranks, so desperately opposed, could not
+advance. The order to retire was now given, and the assaulting forces
+were withdrawn to cover, while their artillery again swept the breach
+with canister, shell, and grape, inflicting fearful havoc among the
+dauntless garrison of Chang-chow. During all this time the Imperialists
+had hurried on column after column to assault by their own breach, but
+none were able to effect a lodgment within the well-defended walls of
+the city. Every attack was repulsed with great slaughter upon both
+sides, and at last the bravest of the late General Ching's--he had died
+from the effects of a wound in the head received at Kar-sing--Mandarins
+advanced with his men, but though he passed the sticking point and got
+his colours partly into the breach, yet he too was brought to a stand
+and obliged to retire. The assault was now abandoned, and the besiegers
+carried off their killed and wounded, including 27 European officers,
+400 of the English contingent, and about 1,500 Imperialists.
+
+Although the Ti-pings were victorious, and had succeeded in defeating
+every attack upon the city, their triumph was only purchased by an awful
+sacrifice of life. When the stormers mounted the wall a fearful sight
+was before them. "Far as the eye could see, heaps upon heaps lay dead
+and mangled." During the different assaults at least one half the
+garrison were placed _hors-de-combat_, principally by the murderous fire
+of the enemy's artillery, which they were totally unable to countervail,
+having none to reply with. Chang-chow being completely surrounded by the
+vast Imperialist army, its fall, either by famine or the sword, was
+certain.
+
+Having established fresh batteries at a different part of the city, on
+the 11th of May the enemy succeeded in capturing it. Upon this occasion
+two immense breaches were made, while the incessant artillery fire, and
+the overwhelming rush of the enormously superior assailing force over
+the wide-spread ruins of the wall, quickly overpowered the last gallant
+resistance offered by the remnant of the garrison. A comparison of the
+casualties of the English contingent at each attack affords the best
+proof that the terrible results of the first had almost exterminated the
+defenders. At the first attack the contingent lost 27 officers and 400
+men; at the second, only 2 killed and 5 wounded! When the Imperialists
+poured through the two fresh breaches, the best and bravest of the
+remaining Ti-ping soldiers sacrificed themselves in the futile effort to
+repulse them, while their comrades, although fighting desperately to the
+last, were driven from the walls, and then through the streets of the
+city, still disputing the ground step by step. At last the few survivors
+were brought to bay in the commandant's palace. Throughout all the
+fighting the brave Foo-wang had been foremost in leading and encouraging
+his troops, and now, still unwounded, with several officers and a score
+or two of men, he made a last desperate stand in his own house. One by
+one his few followers--unable to conquer, but determined to die with
+their faces to the foe and their hands raised to the last in defence of
+their noble cause--fell around him, and then for a moment he fought
+alone against a host of assailants. Still he was not killed, for a price
+was fixed upon his capture alive. At length this dauntless chief, whose
+acquaintance I have valued, and whose elegist I am proud though grieved
+to have become, was overpowered by numbers and beaten to the ground,
+though not until many an enemy had fallen under his heavy sword. Even
+when disarmed and helpless in the grasp of the foe, he still struggled
+against a fate that would never have befallen him but for the
+unexpected, irresistible, and unrighteous military interference of
+England. One report of the capture of Chang-chow (_China Mail_, May 30)
+states:--"The chief (Foo-wang) of those who were in command of the city,
+fought in his palace to the last, and required ten men to bind his hands
+and secure him; and, when brought into the presence of the Futai,
+refused submission or to pay any respect to him, saying, 'Ah! were it
+not for the aid of the disciplined troops (under Gordon) he defied all
+the Futai's hosts to take the city from him.'" If the British army,
+arsenals, and navy had been thrown open to supply the young and vigorous
+revolution, instead of _wasting_ their help upon the corrupt and
+hopeless Manchoo, how great would the success and future results have
+been! With all the British assistance the Imperialists have barely been
+able to drive the Ti-pings from their cities and possessions in the
+provinces of Che-kiang and Kiang-nan, much less to suppress the great
+Christian and patriotic movement, or insure its final extinguishment.
+
+The Foo-wang was cruelly put to death by his merciless captors. "The two
+breaches were carried in a rush, and quarter was given _to only a few
+hundred men_;" so says the report above quoted from. How many days the
+triumphant Mandarins were engaged butchering the unfortunate inhabitants
+does not transpire; but, with the exception of the small number
+mentioned, the whole 12,000, besides the garrison, with their families,
+were massacred. Two years' provisions were found in the city, and this
+being stored in the Ti-ping granaries, was the entire produce of the
+district, and was the sole means destined to support the people during
+the ensuing season. The whole supply was seized by the Imperialists; and
+though previous to their success much misery had been caused by the
+general effect of the war, after their capture of the departmental city
+the entire department was starved; such being the usual result of
+Manchoo re-establishment in any locality, and particularly so at
+Chang-chow-foo, as proved by the letter of the first English-contingent
+officer in Chapter XXIII.
+
+We have now noticed four authenticated instances (the captures of
+Wu-see, Kar-sing-foo, Hwa-soo, and Chang-chow-foo), subsequent to
+Gordon's return to service, when the conditions upon which Sir F. Bruce
+gave his approval to that officer's action were violated by the
+wholesale massacre of the vanquished and prisoners. We may, therefore,
+while expressing boundless disgust at Colonel Gordon's persistent
+continuance in the Futai's service after each and every one of these
+atrocities, fairly presume that the astounding assertion as to his
+influence in favour of humanity--in spite of the eulogy by Mr.
+Montgomery Martin at a late "China dinner" in London, wherein he stated
+that the officer in question had done more _for_ the "civil cause" in
+China than all the bishops, merchants, and military put together--is not
+only negatived, but quite reversed.
+
+Soon after the capture of Chang-chow-foo, Colonel Gordon was compelled
+to withdraw from active military operations by the Order in Council,
+prohibiting further aid to the Manchoo. He managed, however, to continue
+acting contrary to the ordinance, by organizing camps of instruction
+and proceeding to Nankin in person, there to advise the besieging forces
+commanded by Tseng-kwo-fan.
+
+About the time the events noticed in this chapter were taking place in
+China, in England the energetic opposition of such men as Lord Naas,
+Colonel Sykes, Hon. Mr. Liddell, Mr. White, Messrs. Bright, Cobden, &c.,
+from their places in the House of Commons, drew attention to the
+subject, and will ever stand as a memorable protest against the criminal
+policy of the Government.
+
+During the second debate of the session on "British relations with
+China" (May 20, 1864), Mr. Baxter, M.P., very happily termed the policy
+of the Government "not a comedy of errors, but a tragedy of errors."
+Lord Palmerston, in this case, defended his policy by a very
+extraordinary argument, which it is singular that his opponents did not
+use to his confusion. Coming out as the advocate of intervention in
+foreign affairs, he stated, as a justification of his war against the
+Ti-pings:--
+
+    "We have interfered in other countries, and with great benefit
+    to those countries.... We interfered in the case of Greece, and
+    established the independence of the Greek state. We interfered
+    in the affairs of Belgium, and established it as an independent
+    state. We interfered in the case of Portugal, and enabled the
+    people of that country to obtain a free and parliamentary
+    constitution. (Hear, hear.) We interfered in the affairs of
+    Spain with equal success, and a similar result.... We interfered
+    in a great measure in those events which led to the Crimean
+    war.... We interfered in the affairs of China; and why? Because
+    our treaty rights _were_ endangered, and our national interests
+    _were_ at stake."
+
+Now, the noble Premier here cites a number of precedent cases;
+unfortunately, however, for his argument and acumen, on each occasion
+referred to, England, as worthily became her, interfered in the cause of
+an oppressed people; whereas, in the present case, he had been the
+active originator of an intervention diametrically the very opposite--a
+military interference _against_ the oppressed natives of China, who were
+striving to liberate _and Christianize_ their unfortunate country. If
+Lord Palmerston had interfered in the spirit of the cases which came so
+glibly to his voluble tongue, he would have interfered to support the
+Ti-pings--not to slaughter them.
+
+After striving to justify his policy by precedents which should have
+entirely reversed it, Lord Palmerston was equally unhappy in his faulty
+explanation of the reasons "why" he interfered in China. As the Hon. Mr.
+Liddell, M.P., well said in his speech after the Premier, "The noble
+Viscount said that the Government interfered because the treaty rights
+were in danger. He wanted to know in what single instance had our treaty
+rights or our trade been in danger? He had asked that question before,
+and he now repeated it. (Hear, hear.) He wished to know any instance in
+which either the property or the life of a British subject had been
+placed in danger?"
+
+Every member of the British Parliament, who questioned the China policy
+of the Government, has asked the same question. It has never been
+answered, because there is really not a single fact on which to base an
+answer. Colonel Sykes, M.P., has frequently defied and challenged the
+Government to cite one act ever committed by the Ti-pings prejudicial to
+British interests, and they have been quite unable to do so; for none
+are upon record.
+
+Those who have been interested enough to wade through the compiled
+portion of this work will, no doubt, at once perceive the truthlessness
+of Lord Palmerston's charge against the Ti-pings, viz., that they
+endangered the treaty rights and national interests of England. No
+particle of truth mingles with the unfounded charge; no tittle of proof
+has ever been produced to justify the undeclared hostilities perpetrated
+against a friendly people which were consequent on it.
+
+Besides this, the venerable Premier was no less unfortunate with each
+proposition he chose to base his arguments upon. To prove the cruelty
+of the Ti-pings, he stated:--
+
+    "A steamer, called the _Firefly_, was carried off, and four or
+    five men, who were upon the vessel, were roasted to death.
+
+    "Colonel Sykes.--'By whom?'
+
+    "Lord Palmerston.--'The Taepings.'
+
+    "Colonel Sykes.-'No, no!'"
+
+Now, by the above extract from the _Standard's_ report of the debate, we
+find that the Prime Minister's vivid imagination positively roasted the
+men whose fate has never yet been ascertained even in China. They are
+referred to in Chapter XXIV. of this work, but whether they are living
+or dead, and, if dead, how they were killed, are questions which have
+never yet been satisfactorily answered; and, from the mystery in which
+the fate of the unfortunate men is involved, probably never will be.
+
+Again, in a feeble effort to vaunt the duration and existence of the
+Manchoo dynasty, and, consequently, to make it appear that the Ti-pings
+were not striving to expel a foreign rule of comparatively modern
+establishment (which has never been entirely acknowledged nor submitted
+to, which has always been rebelled against, and which is still foreign
+to and hated by the Chinese), but, on the contrary, were simply rebels
+against an ancient and legitimate throne, Lord Palmerston made another
+very singular and important _mistake_. He tried to be satirical in
+commenting upon the excellent speech made by Mr. Baxter, M.P., who
+brought on the debate, by stating:--
+
+    "My hon. friend says he has studied the Blue Books, but I
+    apprehend that he has not equally studied the history of China.
+    He talks of the Imperial dynasty as having been recently
+    established over a conquered country; and, if I am not
+    misinformed, I think it has existed for nearly 500 years."
+
+Well, the noble Premier was misinformed, and very much so, too. The
+Manchoo Tartars invaded China A.D. 1644; they had not established
+themselves as its masters before the year 1683. It was, doubtless, very
+funny and gratifying to chaff a troublesome member out of countenance,
+but still there must be some people who expect the Chief Minister of the
+British Government to be pretty accurate in the statements he makes from
+his place in the House of Parliament.
+
+We will now notice a few incidents of the next, and last, debate on
+China; when the late Mr. Cobden, on the evening of May 31, 1864, rose to
+move in the House of Commons:--
+
+    "That, in the opinion of this House, the policy of
+    non-intervention, by force of arms, in the internal political
+    affairs of foreign countries, which we profess to observe in our
+    relations with the states of Europe and America, should be
+    observed in our intercourse with the Empire of China."
+
+Mr. Cobden, after making a truly magnificent and exhaustive speech, was
+replied to by Mr. Layard, the Under Secretary of State for Foreign
+Affairs. Out of the many distinguished Members who followed, only one,
+Mr. Gregson, supported the policy of the Government; and he, by faintest
+praise and three minutes' unmeaning talk, proved but a poor champion, if
+he did not make a worse case for his superiors.
+
+At the termination of the debate, Mr. Cobden withdrew his motion because
+Lord Palmerston distinctly avowed the failure and abandonment of his
+policy of intervention in China, and declared his intention to preserve
+an entirely neutral, defensive attitude in future.
+
+The faithlessness and falsehood induced by the evil course adopted by
+the British Government in persistently endeavouring to carry out Lord
+Palmerston's pertinacious, crotchety, unrighteous policy to force
+British trade upon China (which involved the necessity of crushing the
+Imperial power, and then that of the Ti-ping revolution which would have
+succeeded it, so that, in fact, the British Government could dictate its
+whims without fear of refusal or opposition) were singularly
+exemplified during the debate referred to.
+
+We have seen that in the preceding debate Lord Palmerston plainly and
+frankly declared:--
+
+    "We interfered in the affairs of China; and why?"
+
+Now, Mr. Layard, when replying to Mr. Cobden's speech, stated:--
+
+    "Her Majesty's Government had been accused of supporting the
+    Chinese" (Manchoo) "government against the Taipings. [Cries of
+    hear, hear!] _He had pointed out that such was not the
+    case._"--He then qualified this sentence by saying,--"Beyond our
+    preventing the Taepings entering the treaty ports FOR THE
+    PURPOSE OF DESTROYING THEM, a course which we were compelled to
+    take."
+
+First, Mr. Layard denies the interference declared by Lord Palmerston,
+and then he admits it, attempting to justify the policy by the sweeping
+assertion in capitals. Now, if the ministers were "compelled" to prevent
+the Ti-pings entering the treaty ports, how is it that they were allowed
+to capture and occupy the treaty port of Ningpo? And now, to impugn Mr.
+Layard's veracity, if the Ti-pings endeavoured to enter the treaty ports
+"FOR THE PURPOSE OF DESTROYING THEM," how is it that they held the city
+of Ningpo for many months and did not destroy the least particle of
+property within its walls?
+
+Mr. Layard's fault is a common one, only in an uncommon position. He
+knew that the policy of the Government was wrong, he knew that he was
+wrong himself, and besides occupying the pugnacious position of buffer
+or breakwater to the Foreign Office, he did not like to admit it. Poor
+Mr. Layard's situation must be an unpleasant one sometimes. He has
+unpleasant work to do. Undoubtedly he has an irritable temper and a
+sharp tongue, but it is rather unfortunate that he has a bad memory.
+After stating that her Majesty's Government had not been interfering,
+"such was not the case," beyond preventing the destruction of the
+treaty ports, and affirming, "the hon. gentleman the member for Montrose
+(Mr. Baxter), the other evening, after condemning the policy of the
+Government, concluded by expressing a wish, that the Government would
+continue to defend the treaty ports and protect British interests in
+China. _That was what the Government had been doing all along._" After
+thus expressing himself, Mr. Layard declared, "His hon. friend had
+really condemned a state of things in China _which no longer existed_."
+That is to say, Mr. Layard firstly stated that the hostilities waged
+against the Ti-pings were only to protect British interests; in fact,
+simply a defensive policy; and, secondly, he stated that such policy "no
+longer existed." Therefore, the natural deduction is that the British
+Government ceased to protect British interests at the treaty ports;
+such, however, was not and is not the case. The change that took place
+was the abandonment of the policy "of supporting the Chinese (Manchoo)
+Government against the Taepings," and the cessation of further
+aggressive military and naval operations against them. This was
+satisfactorily proved by the Premier's speech, who sadly contradicted
+his subordinate's defensive theory, as the following extracts from it
+will show:--
+
+    "Now, it is almost unnecessary, I think, for them" (the members
+    who had spoken against his policy) "to have expressed their
+    opinion with regard to the expedition of Captain Osborn, and the
+    employment of Major Gordon and others, because we have stated on
+    former occasions that those Orders in Council under which those
+    officers _were employed_" (by the Manchoo Government; how about
+    Mr. Layard's "such was not the case"?) "have been revoked....
+    Therefore that policy is at an end." (Now the following is a
+    plain avowal of what Mr. Cobden brought his motion against.) "I
+    think that we were perfectly justified in the steps we took,
+    because it is evident that the more we can contribute to the
+    _internal classification_ of China, the more the trade, which
+    everybody agrees is the main and principal object of our going
+    to China, the more that trade would flourish....
+
+    "If, by allowing a British subject _to enter into the service of
+    the Emperor_ _of China_,[77] we have been the means of
+    strengthening the hands of the Chinese Government, and enabling
+    them to put down in any degree or diminish the scope of that
+    rebellion, I say we should have been rendering not only a
+    service to China, but promoting those objects to which alone our
+    intercourse with China ought to be confined.[78] THOSE MEASURES
+    HAVE FAILED, and I am sorry for it."
+
+After this expression of opinion it is by no means surprising to find
+the Premier declaring a little further on, in the same speech: "I say it
+is the duty of this country to endeavour by _all the means_ in her power
+to extend her commerce." Under _these_ circumstances it is not difficult
+to account for the intervention in China, and while Englishmen, who have
+any respect for the principles of right and justice, may regret their
+late lamented statesman did not say, "by all the" righteous or
+legitimate "means in her power," they cannot fail to feel gratified that
+"those measures have failed," even though the originator of the
+measures, their late popular and jaunty minister, was "sorry for it."
+
+Those measures have failed! it is true. They have failed miserably; they
+have failed to work good, but not to do harm. England has derived no
+benefit from them, China has received much evil. The schemes to
+Anglicise the Chinese army, navy, and civil service have failed; the
+efforts to extinguish rebellion against the Manchoo allies of the
+British Government (after the last war had rendered them quite powerless
+and docile _for the time being_) have likewise signally failed, for
+rebellion is more rife than ever: but "those measures" have been
+famously successful in causing an enormous sacrifice of life, in
+injuring the cause of Christianity and civilization, and obstructing its
+progress in China for the present.
+
+The failure of Lord Palmerston's policy came all too late for
+rectifying the evil already perpetrated. Within two months of his public
+announcement that the measures of his administration had failed, Nankin,
+the capital and the political strength of the Ti-pings, fell into the
+hands of the Imperialists. Assisted, as we have described, by the
+powerful, though underhanded, British alliance, the Manchoo forces were
+enabled to capture or isolate every city beyond the capital. When
+Chang-chow-foo was taken by the Englishman Gordon, the neighbouring
+cities of Tan-yang, Kin-tang, &c., became untenable, and were
+consequently evacuated by their garrisons. Under command of
+Le-shih-seen, the Shi-wang (the Chung-wang's cousin, sometimes
+figuratively referred to as his "brother"), were also the troops from
+Hang-chow (capital of Che-kiang), Kar-sing-foo, Yih-shing, Li-yang, and
+many smaller places. Between these forces and Nankin the vast army
+commanded by the Imperialist Le-Futai now intervened, but their
+communication with the great city of Hoo-chow-foo, at the south of the
+Ta-hoo lake, and strongly garrisoned by several wangs, was still intact.
+
+Unable to advance against the superior forces of the enemy, much less to
+reach Nankin and endeavour to rescue it from the besieging army of
+Imperialists under Tseng-kwo-fan, at least 80,000 to 100,000 strong, the
+Shi-wang commenced what seems to have been a preconcerted retreat to the
+south. This occurred during the month of June.
+
+Shortly afterwards, on the 19th of July, 1864, Nankin reverted to
+Manchoo authority. Thus the city which had been the capital of the great
+Ti-ping revolution and the head-quarters of its Government during more
+than eleven years, and which throughout that period had defied the
+strongest efforts of the rulers of the greatest and most populous empire
+in the world, succumbed at last through the unjustifiable hostilities
+and crotchety, bullying, meddlesomeness of the British Government or
+some of its members.
+
+Again, soon after this overwhelming disaster, the Ti-ping forces at
+Hoo-chow-foo, after soundly beating their immediate adversaries,
+evacuated that city, and followed in the rear of the Shi-wang's army, if
+they did not join it during the nearly simultaneous retrograde movement.
+During the months of May, June, July, and August, 1864, the remnants of
+Ti-pingdom continued retreating to the southern provinces.
+
+We must now consider for a moment the loss of Nankin. Of the two other
+events--the retreat of the Shi-wang's army and the retreat from
+Hoo-chow--it is needless to say much, as these fugitives are well known
+to be safe, and at present advantageously disputing the enemy in the
+south of China.
+
+The only records of the fall of the Ti-ping capital are those of
+Imperialist origin, and the lying proclivities of the whole body of
+Manchoo officials are too well known to need comment.
+
+The following particulars are condensed from the Mandarin reports; they
+cannot be depended upon except to a very limited extent, and are,
+therefore, succeeded by a version I have deduced from almost every
+source of European information in China, comprising the Shanghae and
+Hong-kong press, and intelligence gathered for me by friends on the
+spot. Besides this, I have carefully traced the progress of events since
+the fall of Nankin till the present moment, and have found my former
+experience of much value in disentangling contradictory and confused
+statements.
+
+The Imperialist accounts of the capture of Nankin are to the following
+effect:--
+
+On the 17th of August news reached the besieging army that the Tien-wang
+had committed suicide by swallowing gold-leaf. The Imperialists now
+pushed on their works more rapidly than before, and on the 19th of the
+same month, having run an enormous mine under the north-east gate, they
+fired it, and completely destroyed a portion of the wall, about one
+hundred and twenty feet in length. It is also reported that 68,000
+pounds of powder were used in the explosion.
+
+The Imperialists stated that they lost 5,000 killed and wounded in the
+breach, but, as the _North China Market Report_ observed, "for this
+assertion there is not the slightest foundation, as on the day following
+the assault there remained no trace of a struggle." In similar style
+they declared that their losses while storming the Tien-wang's palace
+were immense, but, as the European journals say, "This assertion is in
+like manner utterly false. The gate must have been forced with little or
+no difficulty, or quietly given up, and the very citadel of Taepingdom
+was in the hands of the enemy."
+
+Now, after having poisoned the Ti-ping king with gold-leaf, the enemy
+very curiously burned him to death.
+
+Immediately after the capture of Nankin, Mr. Adkins, H.M. Consul at
+Chin-kiang, proceeded to the city on board M.M.S. _Slaney_, in order, as
+he expresses himself in his despatch to Earl Russell on the subject, "to
+congratulate the Chinese (Manchoo) Commander-in-Chief on the auspicious
+termination of his two years' siege." Well, the commander, or some of
+his followers, told the officious Mr. Adkins that when they made good
+their entrance into the city, "they found that the palace of the
+Tien-wang _had been burnt to the ground_."
+
+What about the "immense loss" of the other version, in which they do
+such heroic deeds to capture the palace?
+
+Mr. Adkins goes on to say "that the impostor (?) and his immediate
+attendants lie buried in its ruins."
+
+The victors also reported that they captured the Chung-wang a few days
+later, and also the Kan-wang when they entered the city, finding him in
+the Tien-wang's palace. Chung-wang, they say, managed to leave the city
+with a number of followers, but was captured three days later by a body
+of cavalry sent in pursuit: this was the account given to Mr. Adkins.
+Another Imperialist version states that the Ti-ping Commander-in-Chief
+was captured by _some villagers_ a few miles from the city, through
+having given up his own white horse (celebrated for great strength and
+fleetness) to his young prince, the Tien-wang's son, and having
+compelled him to mount it and escape when he saw that at least a portion
+of his party must be captured. Certainly this seems very characteristic
+of the Chung-wang's brave, loyal, and generous nature, but then it is
+the only incident in the whole narrative which bears the appearance of
+truth and probability. Besides the above two stories of his capture,
+when the enemy obtained possession of Hoo-chow-foo, they reported that
+they had caught the Chung-wang _there_, and from that place a head,
+stated to be the great rebel general's, was sent over the country as a
+warning to the people.
+
+As for the story of the Kan-wang's capture, there are several
+contradictory and apparently authentic statements: one by a certain
+Patrick Nellis, who personally saw the chief and talked with him at
+Hoo-chow (subsequent to the fall of Nankin), where it seems that he
+proceeded with an escort to communicate the loss or abandonment of the
+capital, and concert measures for the evacuation of Hoo-chow-foo as
+well.[79]
+
+Besides the above reports, others were promulgated by the Mandarins, in
+which they defeated different Ti-ping armies _en route_ for the south,
+killing thousands and tens of thousands of rebels and capturing many
+chiefs, among them the Shi-wang, who, singularly enough, still managed
+to be in command of the Ti-pings near Amoy, until within the last few
+months, when he retired to join other leaders farther inland.
+Confessions were produced which professed to be written by the penitent
+rebel leaders in their dungeons, while awaiting their turn to be
+disembowelled, or "cut into a thousand pieces"--a pleasing prospect, of
+course likely to make the destined victims suddenly feel inspired with
+love and respect for the benevolent Manchoos, whom they had so
+vigorously opposed all their lives! Among these seemingly fabricated
+confessions only one is worthy of any attention, and that is a lengthy
+composition, entitled, "The autographic deposition of Chung-wang, the
+faithful king, at his trial after the capture of Nankin." Were it not
+for the known mendacity of the Mandarins, and their particular addiction
+to forging documents of this sort in order to lessen the prestige of the
+revolution by representing its principal leaders as in their merciless
+power, there would be little doubt but that the one in question was
+genuine. In 1852, previous to the capture of Nankin by the Ti-pings, the
+Imperial authorities concocted an article they named the "Confession of
+Tien-teh," pretending that it was the deposition of the leader of the
+rebellion, whom they falsely declared was their prisoner. It is quite
+probable that the "Chung-wang's deposition" is of similar truthlessness,
+and was made up by some prisoner of note (who may have been pardoned in
+consequence), and the cunning writers attached to the Governor-General
+of the two Kiang, Tseng-kwo-fan. Still it must be admitted that many
+portions of the alleged deposition bear not only the impress of truth
+(in so far as historical events, data, &c., are concerned), but
+expressions closely resembling the well known sentiments of the great
+Ti-ping general; so that if, as we trust, he was not the author, some
+one pretty intimately acquainted with him must have been. However, some
+facts tending to support the theory (for there is no direct proof in any
+case except the Shi-wang's movements subsequent to the fall of Nankin)
+of the Chung-wang's escape, will be given in the course of our
+narrative.
+
+Having noticed the Imperialist reports, it is now necessary to give the
+following digest of the events referred to, and which may be depended
+upon as the only possible version to be derived from the existing and
+attainable sources of information:--
+
+It is known that when the Chung-wang became convinced England was
+determined to persist in prosecuting hostilities against his people, and
+likewise felt their inability to cope with the foreign power, he at once
+decided upon the best military movement under the circumstances--namely,
+an entire abandonment of all accessible possessions, and a retreat into
+the interior, where British hostility could not reach them, and where no
+Manchoo forces could either prevent their operations, restrain their
+consequent reinforcement, or impede their future progress.
+
+Before parting with the Chung-wang, I was myself present at several
+councils when the above plan was discussed, and unanimously agreed to by
+every chief present. But one impediment prevented the Commander-in-Chief
+from acting with his usual brilliancy of conception and wonderfully
+successful rapidity of execution; it was the Tien-wang, who refused even
+to listen to any proposal to abandon his capital.
+
+Different people will view this ruinous obstinacy of the Ti-ping king in
+various ways. Some will look upon it as sheer, downright folly; others,
+as the useless, fanatical sacrifice of a bigot; while some may consider
+that that great, heroic, noble-minded man, having once established the
+capital of his dominions and the centre of his religio-political
+movement at Nankin, did right and gloriously in meeting death rather
+than turning backwards on the grand path. If we ascribe to the Tien-wang
+motives partaking equally of the three traits--nobleness, fanaticism,
+and rashness--we shall probably be pretty near the truth.
+
+At all events, the Tien-wang passionately refused to entertain the only
+plan by which the existence of the Ti-ping power, and the perpetuation
+of his dynasty, seemed possible. All the court officers, cabinet
+ministers, and other high authorities of Nankin, were blindly
+subservient to the will of their king, and equally infatuated with his
+religious and temporal command. Besides, many of those about him were of
+the Hung family, and, being nearly related to their chief, not only
+followed implicitly his wishes, but jealously formed themselves into a
+clique about him, to the prejudice and exclusion of other more capable
+and independent officers. All the fighting Wangs were outside the
+capital, and incessantly engaged with the enemy; few troops were in
+garrison, while many thousands of helpless non-combatants daily
+diminished the stores of the failing granaries; and if the multitudinous
+besieging army, encamped and fortified all round the devoted city, had
+been animated with the slightest particle of courage or military spirit,
+they might easily have captured it many months before it eventually fell
+through starvation, or was evacuated by the troops.
+
+The Chung-wang, after his separation from myself at Wu-see, proceeded
+direct to Nankin _viâ_ Chang-chow-foo. His only object was to save the
+king and his own family (living with his aged mother, whom he loved with
+excessive filial tenderness), by inducing them to leave the untenable
+city. He, alone, proposed the unpalatable manoeuvre to the Tien-wang,
+whose severe displeasure he had already incurred, being punished in
+various ways--by deprivation of titles, refusal of audience, accusation
+of disloyalty, &c. How the time (December, 1863, to 19th July, 1864) was
+passed, from the arrival of the Chung-wang to the fall of the capital,
+unless the professed "autographic deposition" be true, or the garrison
+really abandoned the city and escaped, will probably never be known to
+history. Either, as the "deposition" states, the whole city petitioned
+against the departure of the renowned commander, or he personally
+elected to remain, rather than desert his king in the hour of death and
+darkness, even though such calamity might have been avoided but for the
+fatal perverseness of the monarch; perhaps both causes operated to
+confine him to useless inactivity within the walls of the doomed
+city--inevitably doomed, and encircled by the numberless siege works of
+the enemy as with a band of impenetrable steel.
+
+How the poor people, fated by the passive stubbornness of their rulers,
+must have gathered together round their great warrior, as men will rally
+about a tower of strength; how the unnumbered thousands of helpless
+non-combatants must have rejoiced at the presence of him whose very name
+was an army, a bulwark to his people, and a terror to the enemy; how
+bitterly must the brave, energetic soldier have grieved and chafed at
+the unnecessarily-incurred annihilation, and growing horrors of the
+siege, which should have been avoided; but, alas! how could one great
+man, without means, save a people, a sacred cause, and a city invested
+by 100,000 savage foemen?
+
+Loyalty and filial duty brought the "faithful prince" to Nankin; the
+same motives bound him there to await destruction, when his presence in
+the field--at the head of his own army, left under command of his
+cousin, the Shi-wang--would have proved invaluable, and would surely
+have placed the Ti-pings in a much better position than they occupied at
+the close of the year 1865.
+
+Nankin fell at last. All that is _positively_ known by Europeans--apart
+from false, garbled, and exaggerated Mandarin sources--may be summed up
+in few words:--Frightful privations were endured before the enemy took
+possession; and when the city was entered by Mr. Consul Adkins, and
+other gentlemen, the streets and houses were literally blocked up with
+the bodies of the dead, by far the greater portion having the appearance
+of death from starvation; and many being very far advanced in
+decomposition, proved that, long before the Imperialists found courage
+enough to blow an opening through the undefended walls, the unfortunate
+people had succumbed to famine faster than the living could bury the
+dead--in fact, it was evident that no such effort could have been
+successful from the numbers who had daily perished.
+
+Mr. Adkins, in his despatch to Earl Russell, places the number of people
+slaughtered by the Imperialists on their entry at 10,000; but other
+visitors state as many as 30,000, which is probably nearer the truth.
+
+It is also certain that many chiefs with their followers left Nankin in
+safety. A successor to the Mo-wang, assassinated at Soo-chow, having
+afterwards appeared at Hong-kong; the Yu and Hsieh Wangs (the latter
+being one of the Tien-wang's brothers, and always attached to the court)
+being heard of in Kiang-si at the head of an army; while the following
+extract from the narrative of one Patrick Nellis, already referred to,
+and which was made on affidavit before the British Consul at Shanghae,
+seems to prove that the Ti-ping prime minister escaped from Nankin, and
+such being the case, undoubtedly there are strong grounds to believe the
+military leaders did likewise. In the evidence sworn to, Nellis, after
+describing an engagement with the Imperialists, states:--
+
+    "On our return to Hoo-chow-foo, Kang-wang arrived from Nankin
+    with an escort. Great ceremonies were shown at his reception; he
+    did not look as if he had suffered any hardship...."
+
+In speaking of the evacuation of the city, Nellis makes the following
+statement:--
+
+    "Kan-wang spoke to me in English very slowly. He asked me what I
+    was. I said, 'an Englishman.' He said he had never met a good
+    foreigner, and asked me if I would go with him to Kiang-si. I
+    said I should be very glad if Tow-wang (Commandant of Hoo-chow)
+    would let me."
+
+This conversation took place more than a month after the fall of Nankin,
+and a few days before the abandonment of Hoo-chow-foo on the 28th
+August, 1864. Upon the strength of such facts the _Friend of China_ has
+steadily maintained that Nankin was abandoned by all but the poorest
+civilians when the Imperialists made their breach and marched through
+without opposition.
+
+Another circumstance damaging to the veracity of the Imperialist
+reports, is a statement (contained in one of the Mandarin's inspired
+"confessions,") purporting to be that of the Tien-wang's son (the heir
+to the throne). The young prince is made to state that his father
+"succumbed to sickness on the 24th of May, 1864;" but of this
+all-important event the "Chung-wang's deposition" makes no mention. Here
+is an inconsistency which at once proves either one or both the
+"confessions" false; because, if the Tien-wang had really died, the
+Chung-wang would have been at liberty to carry out his own views and
+abandon Nankin; whereas his professed "deposition" states that, to the
+day the city fell, he was unable to do so in consequence of the
+Tien-wang's opposition.
+
+The _Friend of China_ also states that a Mr. Butler, of Shanghae,
+actually witnessed the withdrawal of the garrison. Moreover, adding
+together the few spared by the enemy, those slain and those destroyed by
+famine, we should even then scarcely have the number of destitute
+people--labourers, coolies, and friendless non-combatants--who were
+relieved by the Chung-wang alone during the early part of the year 1864,
+when he kept a list of about 80,000 dependent upon his resources and
+charity. In 1863 rations were daily issued to upwards of 400,000 people.
+At the period now referred to, when the Chung-wang shut himself up in
+the beleaguered city, the population, inclusive, was certainly not less
+than a fifth of a million, and, probably, far exceeded that number;
+therefore, even supposing that one-half (which is a large estimate)
+perished, were slain, or made prisoners, during and at the termination
+of the siege, how can we account for the 100,000 remaining, unless we
+believe that they had previously managed to effect their retreat from
+the city?
+
+In the _Friend of China_, August 16, 1864, appears the following:--
+
+    "We are still assured by parties who have means of knowing, that
+    our first story of the evacuation of Nankin by its soldiery,
+    before the Imperialists sprung their mine and rushed in, was the
+    correct story; all those 30,000 massacred individuals told of by
+    the _Recorder_ (but _not_ mentioned at the Asiatic Society with
+    the "flushing of a pheasant") being inoffensive men, women, and
+    children.
+
+    "The Chung-wang, it is said, is not dead. He is at Hoo-chow-foo,
+    while the Tien-wang is still in the body."
+
+The strongest support of the Imperialist statement of the death of the
+Tien-wang, and the capture and subsequent execution of the Chung-wang,
+is the fact that, since the fall of Nankin, nothing whatever has been
+heard of them elsewhere. On the other hand, however, it was supposed
+that one or the other was commanding the forces in the interior, acting
+in Fu-keen in concert with the Shi-wang when he occupied the city of
+Chang-chow, near Amoy, from October, 1864, to May, 1865: and what seems
+to lend force to this supposition is that he appeared to be acting under
+the orders of some superior farther inland; the only chiefs of higher
+rank being the King and his son, the Chung, Kan, I (several years absent
+in Sz-chuen), and Si Wangs--the latter being a young man (son of the
+original Western King) attached to the court at Nankin, and totally
+without authority in military affairs. Upon the whole, it is quite
+possible that the Ti-ping King, his son and heir, Prime Minister, and
+General-in-Chief, may have met with the fate ascribed to them by the
+enemy; still there is no positive proof, and there are good grounds for
+supposing that some, if not all, are yet living and directing the
+Ti-ping movements.
+
+The siege of Hoo-chow-foo by the Imperialists was merely nominal, for,
+up to the abandonment of that city by the Ti-pings, they were never
+allowed within range of its walls, and were compelled to act almost
+entirely on the defensive, so repeated and vigorous were the attacks by
+the garrison and a corps of observation they had encamped outside the
+place on a neighbouring range of hills. Only a few days before the
+evacuation took place, the garrison succeeded in capturing a number of
+Imperialist stockades, several hundred gunboats, and three or four
+thousand men, besides inflicting heavy loss in killed and wounded; the
+Franco-Manchoo disciplined auxiliaries alone losing 6 officers and 800
+men. Very soon after this victory, the evacuation was effected with
+consummate skill, the enemy not discovering that the Ti-pings had flown
+until the day after. The number of troops forming the garrison and
+encampment was very considerable, 50,000 being the lowest estimate;[80]
+their line of retreat was either through the province of Fu-keen or
+Kiang-si, and their destination is even yet unknown, none of the chiefs
+from Hoo-chow having been recognised anywhere since. It is, however,
+pretty certain that they acted in concert with the forces led by the
+Shi-wang, though keeping an inland position, while the latter advanced
+to the sea-board at Amoy.
+
+The _Friend of China_, Sept. 8, 1864, under the heading,--"Another of
+the parties despatched by us a short time ago, to learn the real state
+of affairs about Hoo-chow-foo, has just returned,"--reports as
+follows:--
+
+    "The Chung-wang was in command up to the last.... Hoo-chow was
+    evacuated.... Three days afterwards--we repeat--three days
+    afterwards, Le Futai gallantly marched into the city with a
+    thundering noise; and then what did he? The gates were closed,
+    and then commenced a general sack, and the usual massacre of
+    innocent individuals.... A laughable story is told of the
+    _second_ capture of the Chung-wang here, at Hoo-chow; his
+    head--the veritable caput--with loud clamour of gongs, being
+    sent round to all the villages, that people might behold the
+    head of the arch traitor! Our reporter, wicked sceptic! loudly
+    declares that the head _said to be_ the Chung-wang's, truly sat
+    on the shoulders, a week ago, of a man whose highest grade in
+    life was that of a coolie!"
+
+In the month of October, 1864, the residents of Amoy were suddenly
+surprised to hear that a body of Ti-pings, about 10,000 strong, had
+surprised and captured the city of Chang-chow, barely twenty miles
+inland, and situated on a river emptying itself into the sea at the
+Treaty Port.
+
+From this reappearance of the Ti-pings close to a Treaty Port, we are
+enabled again to obtain some authentic records--many Europeans,
+including the British Consul, having visited them at Chang-chow. One
+English gentleman wrote the following account (which may be relied on as
+authentic) of his experiences to the _Daily Press_, and the same was
+reproduced in _The Overland China Trade Report_, 1st January, 1865:--
+
+    "A VISIT TO CHANG-CHOW.
+    "_To the Editor of the 'Daily Press,' Hong-kong._
+
+    "Sir,--As you appear desirous to obtain information regarding
+    the insurgents in this neighbourhood, I take leave to furnish
+    you with the following result of my personal observations, which
+    were derived in the course of a visit amongst them.
+
+    "The city and suburbs of Chang-chow are still occupied by the
+    Taeping insurgents. About three-fifths of the whole city is
+    burnt, and in the ruins may be seen the dead bodies of the late
+    inhabitants, uninjured except by fire; not a wound could I see
+    on any, which plainly shows, and as the rebels themselves
+    affirm, that the inhabitants set fire to their dwellings
+    themselves, and perished in them; having previously drugged
+    themselves with opium rather than fall into the hands of the
+    insurgents.
+
+    "Those portions of the city unburnt are occupied by the rebels,
+    but there are many streets of Hongs, the doors of which are
+    sealed up, uninhabited, and apparently full of merchandise. The
+    rebels appear to be very numerous; I should estimate them at
+    about 12,000; but they affirm themselves that they number
+    15,000. There are a great number of boys and youths among them,
+    but I saw no women. They are much sunburnt, thin, and haggard in
+    their appearance, and evidently have undergone much hardship
+    before they took this city. I was told by many of them that they
+    underwent extreme privations during their retreat from the
+    north; that food of any kind, at many places, could not be
+    obtained, on account of the country people being extremely
+    hostile, and destroying everything as soon as they heard that
+    the rebels were nearing them. That at several small towns on the
+    borders of the Provinces of Che-kiang and Fokien human flesh
+    was used for food; and that a peasant's body was retailed out at
+    80 cash per catty by the fortunate rebel who had killed him!
+
+    "The chief in command at Chan-chow is Tszle-wang,[81] brother to
+    Chung-wang. He was at Ningpo during its occupation by the
+    insurgents in 1862, and he commanded in the defence of that city
+    when he was attacked and driven out by the British naval force,
+    under Captain Dew. But he says he bears no animosity towards the
+    British on account of it, as he is aware that Captain Dew was
+    subsidized by the Chinese Government to retake Ningpo from the
+    rebels. He professes the profoundest respect for the British
+    nation for their bravery and power; and what he most ardently
+    wishes is to be on friendly terms with her; and all that he
+    requests is for her to act fairly up to her _professed
+    neutrality_ to both contending parties. He says that, should
+    they not succeed in conquering the Imperialists, he would be
+    most happy to see the country under British rule. He promised he
+    would not venture nearer to Amoy than Chang-chow (which is about
+    twenty miles distant), provided the Mandarins at Chau-bay, a
+    town situated on the river, about half way between Amoy and
+    Chau-chow, did not blockade the river, and cut off all native
+    trade and communication with them. That, in case they did, he
+    should be compelled to take Chau-bay. That he should on no
+    account attack Amoy, as he did not wish to have any rupture with
+    foreigners. That he was very sorry the trade of Amoy suffered on
+    account of their occupation of Chau-chow. That he would be only
+    too happy to open trade reciprocally with foreigners; and that
+    he would grant them every privilege and protection. That he was
+    willing to trade with them for any description of European goods
+    and native produce in return. Opium was not interdicted. He has
+    made a law to protect all native farmers and tradespeople, and
+    this has been already felt by the country people who have opened
+    a day market in one of the main streets of the south suburb;
+    and, from daylight to dark, until the gates are shut, every
+    description of native 'Chow-chow' is to be obtained. Tszle-wang
+    told me that the establishing of this market, though doing a
+    great deal of good to both parties, had led to many executions
+    of both rebels and country people--the former on account of
+    taking goods and not paying for them, and natives found in the
+    city setting fire to houses and plundering; who, when caught,
+    are taken before a rebel Mandarin, and, if found guilty,
+    executed; as no rebel, under penalty of death, can take the life
+    of any person, except in action. The rebels appear to be well
+    armed with rifles, revolvers, and muskets. The Imperial soldiers
+    in this respect are not to be compared to them, as their arms
+    consist entirely of native matchlocks, gingalls, and spears,
+    and not one in ten has even a matchlock; and they are a wretched
+    lot of ragged rabble. On the other side, the rebels are very
+    neatly dressed, more cleanly, and are drilled after European
+    tactics. There are some Europeans amongst them, but I had no
+    communication with them. They have entirely routed the
+    Imperialists in every engagement they have had with them; and on
+    the 2nd instant they came down on the Imperial lines 2,500
+    strong, the Imperial troops numbering 11,000; who have advanced
+    to within about five miles of the city, to endeavour to protect
+    the farmers, to gather in the standing crops of rice, which are
+    in great abundance for many miles around the city, and which the
+    rebels have gathered in and secured. The Imperials were encamped
+    on both sides of the Rim, but their greatest force was on the
+    right bank, behind a rugged hill, the inner extremity of which
+    was crossed at right angles by a valley, which could have been
+    easily protected by throwing up a few earthworks and mounting a
+    few guns in them. Their weak point they could not see; and the
+    rebels, taking advantage of the hilly ground in the
+    neighbourhood to advance under cover during daylight, and,
+    coming down the valley at dark, entered the Imperial camp about
+    eleven p.m., without any warning being given. The Imperials were
+    completely panic-struck; and having no retreat but by river,
+    rushed to their boats in such numbers that many of them were
+    swamped, and hundreds of soldiers drowned. Many of them ran and
+    hid themselves wherever they could, and among the latter was the
+    chief Mandarin in command. They offered little or no resistance;
+    and the rebels, after killing 1,000 and taking 450 prisoners,
+    destroying the camp equipage, returned to the city at daylight.
+    Tszle-wang told me that his plan of campaign would be next to
+    take the large and populous town of Tong-wah, and from thence
+    march upon the district city of Chin-chew in the spring. That
+    the amount of the whole rebel force in the province of Fokien
+    under his command fell little short of 50,000 men; and hoping to
+    increase it to 80,000 after the capture of Chin-chew, he should
+    then endeavour to open communication with the British
+    authorities, and arrange to take Foo-chow-foo.
+
+    "Tszle-wang appears to be a man of considerable calibre. He
+    appears, for a Chinaman, to be well up in foreign politics, and
+    conversant on many subjects that you generally find the Chinese
+    most ignorant on. He is affable and engaging in his manner, and
+    appears to treat those about him with kindness. He is thirty-one
+    years of age; short, stout, and well-made; his face is much
+    sunburnt, and complexion, say dark; any person might think he
+    was of Malay origin, as he has both the features and colour of a
+    Malay. That he is some strategist and has considerable military
+    tact must be acknowledged by the manner he took the city of
+    Chang-chow, before a rumour was even circulated of the rebels
+    being anywhere near the place, or intending to capture it; and
+    from the defeats the Imperial force has sustained in every
+    engagement they have had with him, although in numerical
+    strength the Imperial force has always been 3 or 4 to 1. I
+    should like to pay another visit to the insurgents, but all
+    foreigners are interdicted from visiting them, both by the
+    Consuls and Mandarin authorities; in fact, we are now not even
+    allowed to enter the river, which is only a mile and a half, and
+    nearly twenty miles from Chang-chow, on the usual shooting
+    excursions, wild fowl being very plentiful in the river, and
+    which is our only amusement at this season of the year. The
+    whole foreign community feel this to be very hard indeed, and
+    consider it to be very arbitrary on the part of the Consul, as
+    this place is extremely dull--no amusements whatever, our only
+    recreation being in a picnic or shooting excursion up the
+    river--but Mr. Pedder tries to make himself as unpopular as he
+    possibly can, and he has told the Mandarins that they can arrest
+    any foreigner they can find on the river under any circumstances
+    whatever, and the Mandarins have threatened to decapitate any
+    boatmen who may hire their boats to or take foreigners up the
+    river. I also hear that the British Consul some few days ago
+    issued a _warrant_ to search the private dwelling of an English
+    resident here for arms and munitions of war; and, if any were
+    found, to bring him prisoner to the Consulate; but, happily, his
+    suspicions were wrongly placed, as they found nothing of the
+    kind in the gentleman's house whatever. Has a British Consul
+    authority to search a gentleman's private dwelling whenever he
+    may please, and set spies to watch the movements of a person to
+    please the Chinese Mandarins? Really this is cringing or holding
+    the candle to the Celestials, and taking away the liberty of the
+    subject entirely; and if it goes any further, I cannot say how
+    it may end.
+
+    "Your obedient servant,
+    "VERITAS.
+    "Amoy, 14th December, 1864."
+
+In a subsequent letter, describing another visit to Chang-chew, the same
+writer states:--
+
+    "The rebel campaign is about to be carried on with vigour in
+    this quarter; of the 30,000 men collected in Chang-chow, not
+    one-fifth are required to garrison the city. I heard from
+    Tszle-wang myself that he should immediately detach 7,000, under
+    Tsi-wang, to assist in the capture of Tong-san, and another
+    force would be despatched simultaneously to attack Tong-wak and
+    Chin-chew. The rebels (Ti-pings) are in possession of six cities
+    in this part of the province of Fu-keen, and within a few days'
+    march. _The rebels told me that Tien-wang's son was at one of
+    the cities._"
+
+The violation of the Queen's Order in Council (commanding neutrality to
+be observed after the Soo-chow massacre) by the British Consuls in
+China, is well shown by the previous letter of "Veritas." Besides the
+partisan acts therein complained of, six or seven English steamers were
+hired to the Mandarins at Shanghae to carry Imperialist troops to Amoy.
+They did so, and were well paid for the affair; but is this neutrality?
+Moreover, every kind of war material was freely supplied to them, and
+British officers were allowed to command some of the Imperialist troops
+(_Colonel_ Kirkham, formerly with Gordon, and one _Captain_ Macdonald
+being particularly noticed), while all supplies for, or communication
+with, the Ti-pings were forbidden and attempted to be cut off; but,
+notwithstanding, munitions of war, and some Europeans (including
+_Colonel_ Rhode, Gordon's late Adjutant-General, and _Colonel_ Williams,
+who had commanded one of the Anglo-Manchoo regiments) managed to reach
+the revolutionists.
+
+Shortly after the capture of Chang-chew, the Shi-wang issued the
+following proclamations:--
+
+    "NOTIFICATION FROM THE TAIPING CHIEF AT CHANG-CHOW.
+
+    "Notification from His Royal Highness Lee, Shee-king and
+    Protector General, ordering the people to submit willingly and
+    to continue their occupations.
+
+    "Whereas agriculture is the chief of the occupations of mankind,
+    upon which people necessarily subsist, and whereas, since I rule
+    this city I have always informed the people everywhere that they
+    may continue their duties and occupations as usual--be it
+    therefore known that those who submit to this government are
+    called good people. Strict orders have been given to my officers
+    and soldiers not to make any disturbance among the inhabitants,
+    which orders you must have heard.
+
+    "But how is it that at present the fields are left uncultivated
+    and all agricultural business seems to be entirely neglected?
+    The plantations of sugar-cane are nearly ready for harvest, but
+    will spoil if not cut, and the grains and paddy are nearly
+    rotten, the reason of which we cannot comprehend. Probably the
+    raising of arms is the cause of it, of which the people stand in
+    awe, consequently they moved to their countries; or is the cause
+    that at the time of fighting they are afraid that they may be
+    implicated, that on this account they fled to other places? But
+    the benevolent and just army will not destroy the good people;
+    while they exterminate the wicked, they will not punish the
+    innocent.
+
+    "Now two villages on the south and north have already submitted,
+    they are settled as usual. You people should be diligent at all
+    times in trade and agriculture.
+
+    "Further, in the four villages of that place, the sugar-canes
+    may be converted into sugar and the grains be collected: if you
+    do not immediately return and resume your occupations, then how
+    will the people get their subsistence? Furthermore, the people
+    who fled away have not paid their taxes due, being thus ignorant
+    of the plan of seeking peace.
+
+    "I treat others with great liberality, and therefore again and
+    again issue these notifications, intimating to you that all
+    those who have fled away may quietly return to cut the
+    sugar-canes and collect the grains, and those who have not paid
+    their taxes must, with submissive mind, come and pay their
+    taxes. You must not cherish any doubt or hesitation, nor have a
+    different heart, otherwise you will too late repent what you
+    have done. I protect the people as children, and look upon them
+    as wounded; therefore, for more than a month since I have taken
+    possession of the place, I have never allowed a single soldier
+    or officer to go to any village to give trouble. Now all the
+    regulations have been arranged and the laws rectified, and
+    strict orders have also repeatedly been given to the army thus
+    treating you people bountifully and kindly. When the superior is
+    so affectionate, you inferiors should readily come and pay
+    tributes.
+
+    "After this notification has been issued, if those who have not
+    paid their taxes and still insist on their obstinacy by
+    disregarding it, troops will be raised to punish them in order
+    to warn those who are perverse and stubborn, without lenity.
+    Every one of you must obey this command and not disappoint me of
+    my affection to you.
+
+    "LEE-SHAI-YIN,
+    Shee-king, and Protector General of the Celestial Dynasty.
+
+    "Taiping Celestial Kingdom, 14th year, 19th moon, 30th day."
+    --_Daily Press._
+
+    "ADDRESS FROM THE TAIPING CHIEF AT CHANG-CHOW TO THE TREATY
+    POWERS.
+
+    "His Royal Highness Lee-Shai-yin, Shee-king and Imperial
+    Protector General of the Celestial Dynasty, to their
+    Excellencies the Plenipotentiaries of England, France, United
+    States, and the people of their respective countries.
+
+    "Since creation our Chinese Empire was first governed by
+    Shinnung, then by the Emperors Yaw and Shun, who afterwards
+    resigned their throne. Again the Emperors Tang and Mo attained to
+    their throne by force of arms; then Dynasties Chun, Han, Ngai,
+    and Tsiun transmitted their thrones to their respective
+    posterity, and were succeeded by the Dynasties Tang, Sung, Yune,
+    and Ming. It would be a matter of considerable difficulty, when
+    referring to the distant generations, to repeat them all, but as
+    a nation it had hitherto been in amity with all your various
+    nations, no distinct border having been marked out. I was born
+    late, and have not had the fortune to view these good prospects,
+    and to enjoy the administration of the benevolent Government, but
+    I have examined maps of the world, and studied the histories, and
+    I am happy to possess a thorough knowledge of them, and the
+    contents of which are as before me. For a man to guard a place,
+    the watchword is to remember the fact that when the lips are cut
+    off, the teeth will be endangered. To be in amity with adjacent
+    countries, and for one to keep intercourse with neighbouring
+    countries, it is essential not to forget the maxim of one large
+    nation serving another small one. Of the history of China in
+    counting back from the Dynasties of Ming and Yune, there have
+    been innumerable successive revolutions of kingdoms who
+    invariably paid tributes and presented precious stones to each
+    other when due, and who never encroached upon other's territory.
+    But the Tartars were of a different species, remarkable for their
+    ravenous disposition, and for this reason, the central kingdom
+    with the eastern provinces, in order to prevent their invasion,
+    built the great wall. Unfortunately, during the latter part of
+    the Ming Dynasty they were allowed to invade the interior, we
+    became their victim, and have since been disgraced by them for
+    these two centuries or more. Who then with common sense and
+    natural patriotism would not strike his breast and weep? Even
+    your various nations, in a practical point of view, are countries
+    and in relation as lip to teeth, would not fail, I think, to hate
+    them.
+
+    "Long had it been designed to raise the just standard, but in
+    consequence of their being few in China who would support the
+    movement, the design had for a time to be abandoned. Happily our
+    Heavenly Father the Almighty God did not desert the descendants
+    of Han (China), and hated the Tartars, and sent down my Lord who
+    settled at Kinling[82] as a basis of operations for more than ten
+    years, and during that period exterminated thousands and ten
+    thousands of Tartars. My Lord had always been in friendship with
+    the heroes and enterprising men of your various nations who
+    carried on their respective trades as usual. Further, the
+    provinces of Kwang, Cheh, Yu, and others have been opened, and
+    the ministers and people of various nations have travelled and
+    rambled, and trade has been carried on uninterruptedly as usual.
+    Is this not excellent? In obedience to my Lord's command I have
+    been ordered to extirpate and root out the Tartars. Recently I
+    attacked and took Chang-chow, where I encamped my soldiers.
+    Whilst there I was glad to hear that you were close by, and I
+    would ere this have sent a despatch to you, but various
+    difficulties were thrown in the way. I now write this and tell
+    the people of Tai-po-tsz of Cha-chow to present it for your
+    perusal, earnestly hoping that after reading, you will consider
+    the importance of lip-lost-and-teeth-endangered phrase, and
+    perceive the advantage of a large nation serving a small one;
+    that you will support our just movement by combining together to
+    put an end to the Tsing Dynasty, in order that the people may
+    live in happiness, and your various natives enjoy peace. The
+    doctrine of our Heavenly Father, the Almighty God, and of Jesus
+    Christ, teaches us that He is merciful, saving us, answering to
+    prayers and unselfish--all mankind should look to future and
+    believe in Christianity.
+
+    "Therefore, more than ten years before my Lord's accession to
+    the throne, he believed in Christianity, as his conduct would
+    show.
+
+    "He also received the Rev. Mr. Roberts, who preached the Gospel
+    to the Chinese who believed and praised with him to God. We have
+    welcomed your doctors, who cured many Chinese, and healed their
+    diseases. We all feel grateful for their merciful kindness, and
+    are under obligation for their favours. From this you will see
+    that your nations and our Chinese in a universal point of view
+    are as one. But the Tartars believe in Buddism, despise
+    Christianity, and turn a dead ear to its doctrine. It may be
+    argued that belief or disbelief rests with them, and they will
+    afterwards reap the fruit of their conduct. Well, why then do
+    they persecute Christian converts so that their lives are in
+    jeopardy? Therefore my Lord reluctantly took up arms, raised an
+    army, and coped with them. This has been going on for these more
+    than ten years, and through the mercy of our Heavenly Father,
+    the Almighty God, and Jesus Christ, and through the assistance
+    of your various nations, my Lord has taken many cities and
+    provinces, and killed many Tsing devils. Still to conquer and
+    subdue an empire of eighteen provinces, combined with a strong
+    army of Mongols and Chinese, who have ample munitions of war and
+    provisions, must be extremely difficult.
+
+    "Let us learn from the ancients as well as the moderns that to
+    lead an army to battle it is indispensable to have
+    reinforcements; and to establish a kingdom it is essential to
+    get assistance from the neighbouring countries. Your various
+    nations and China are at present like lip to teeth, and similar
+    to a large country serving a small one. Let me ask you that
+    before my Lord settled at Kiang-nan, could you get admittance
+    into the interior? Now you can ride from east to west and from
+    north to south, and the provinces of Hupeh and Ngan-hoin have
+    been opened to trade. If your various nations do not ally with
+    me to exterminate the Tsing Dynasty, and in case our force being
+    unable to cope with the Tartars, as we are deficient in naval
+    power, we shall be conquered, then the result of lip-lost and
+    teeth-endangered will soon follow. Therefore it is desirable
+    that your various nations should embrace this opportunity as
+    presented.
+
+    "If, on the other hand, your various nations, relying on the
+    omnipotence of our Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ, and acting
+    upon the doctrine of Christianity, will come to terms with us
+    for destroying the Tsing Dynasty, if you command your naval
+    armies and attack those places near the water, and whatever
+    cities, districts, ports, and passes you will have taken and
+    conquered by your force, you will be at liberty without the
+    least hinderance on my part to keep them, and whatever treasures
+    and food found therein, you will be at liberty to appropriate
+    them. And so I will attack on land, and whatever cities,
+    districts, and passes I conquer, and whatever treasures and food
+    I find, I will divide, giving one half to you, and all the
+    distant cities, ports, and marts will be surrendered to you.
+
+    "Thus having your naval armies, we can cross the ocean and
+    bestride the rivers without obstacle or hinderance. Our army, I
+    must confess, in its beginning is weak, and food is not
+    plentiful; and unless your various nations lend a hand to assist
+    me, the Tartars will be more ravenous and their ferociousness
+    will be greater, _and if once our army is subdued, they will as
+    a matter of course come upon your various nations_, when, it is
+    clear, you will be precluded from trading and travelling in the
+    provinces of Kiang, Kwang, Cheh, and Yu. I earnestly pray that
+    you will despatch your soldiers and co-operate with me to
+    exterminate the evil posterities, and that we all may obtain
+    advantages. Hoping you will comply with my views is my earnest
+    prayer.
+
+    "The statements I have made, though they are vulgar, I undertake
+    to swear before heaven that I will keep them. Let us write in
+    benevolence to accomplish our undertakings, then we shall make
+    peace with each other, trade with each other from generation to
+    generation, and enjoy together universal peace. Is this not the
+    best plan? The city of Chang has been and is a rich place, at
+    present both the soldiers and inhabitants are happy, trade is
+    flourishing, and treasures are plentiful. I also earnestly
+    request that you will convey merchandise and vessels containing
+    all kinds of foreign cargo, and the caps, powder, &c., which
+    will be sold immediately here. You have no occasion to fear that
+    some of my men will take them without paying for them. I will
+    make up the damages should they do so, and surely I will not
+    break my promise!
+
+    "On the day of this epistle reaching you, you will favour me
+    with a reply.
+
+    "With my best compliments to your gentlemen of your various
+    nations,
+
+    "I am your obedient servant,
+    LEE-SHAI-YIN,
+
+    "Shee-king, and Imperial Protector General of the Celestial
+    Dynasty
+    "Taiping Celestial Kingdom, 14th year, 10th moon, 1st day."
+    --_Daily Press._
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[75] See _Friend of China_, July 11, 1865.
+
+[76] See the account from _Shanghae Recorder_, at the end of the
+preceding chapter.
+
+[77] Referring to Colonel Gordon, Captain Osborn, R.N., and their
+subordinates.
+
+[78] Meaning the noble occupation of buying and selling; and that, too,
+at the point of the bayonet.
+
+[79] _Times_, January 12, 1865. _China Overland Trade Report_, 30th
+November, 1864.
+
+[80] The _Times_, October 26, 1864, in its China intelligence (under
+date, "Shanghae, September 4"), describing the evacuation of Hoo-chow,
+makes the following statement, which is a further proof of the total or
+partial escape of the Nankin garrison:--"The rebel force had been so
+greatly swollen by fugitives _from Nankin_ and other places, that it
+constituted quite a formidable army."
+
+[81] The writer of the letter has evidently made a confusion of the
+name, Le, and title, Shi, of the chief, for the following proclamations
+prove him to be the Shi or Shee Wang.
+
+[82] This must mean Nankin.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+    Results of British Policy.--Its Effect on Trade.--The
+    Inspectorate System.--The Tien-tsin Treaty.--Present State of
+    China.--Rebellion in the Ascendant.--Proposed Remedy.--The
+    Mandarin Policy.--The Extradition Treaty.--The Mo-wang's
+    Case.--Its Injustice.--Its Illegality.--Burgevine's Case.--Our
+    Treatment by the Manchoos.--Russia's Policy in
+    China.--Contrasted with that of England.--Russian
+    Progress.--Statistics.--Acquisition of Territory by Russia.--Her
+    Approach to British India.--Russia's Advantages.--Her Future
+    Policy.--"Peking and the Pekingese."--Its Author's
+    Misstatements.--Misquotations.--Examples thereof.--"Chinese
+    Miscellanies."--Ti-ping Movements.--The Future of the Ti-pings
+    Doubtful.--Latest Movements.--The Kan-wang.--Nien-fie
+    Victories.--Future Prospects.--Finis.
+
+
+Since Whig Ministers took it into their heads to become Manchoo
+Mandarins, the result may soon be told.
+
+The wars have all been undertaken for the purpose either of forcing
+trade--principally, if not wholly, that in opium--upon the Chinese, or
+else to chastise that people for endeavouring to put their own laws
+against opium smuggling into force, from the time of the _fracas_ with
+Commissioner Lin to the lorcha _Arrow_ pretext for the last war.
+
+The results of the late British policy in China are summed up generally
+in the following sectional review:--
+
+1. As for the vaunted treaty of Tien-tsin, _forced_ from unwilling
+Manchoos by the results of the "_Arrow_ war," it has greatly restricted
+trade along the coast of China, closed ports (such as Wan-chew,
+Tai-chew, Lam-quan, Hoc-kau, Chin-chew, &c.), which were virtually open
+to foreign trade, and by confining commerce to a few Treaty Ports,
+played exactly into the hands of the anti-foreign Mandarins. Upon this
+subject a capital article appears, from an old resident of many years'
+standing in China, in the _Overland Trade Report_, September 11, 1865,
+which, as the editor says, "contains the most able exposition of the
+defects of the treaty of Tien-tsin, of the pernicious results of the
+foreign inspectorate, and of the crusade carried on against foreign
+shipping visiting non-treaty ports, that we ever read." The article is
+long, but some of its salient points are to the following effect: Until
+the signing of the treaty of Tien-tsin, the whole coast-line, from
+Canton to Woo-sung, with all its intermediate ports, was virtually open
+to foreign trade! Foreign vessels of all nations were allowed and even
+encouraged by the local authorities to enter any port they chose, and
+were permitted to trade in any article, either native or foreign,
+without hindrance or molestation, provided they paid the lawful duties.
+
+The disadvantages to which British (and all foreign) trade is subjected
+by the treaty of Tien-tsin, and the establishment of the foreign
+inspectorate of Chinese Customs, are these:--
+
+1st. To pay nearly double as much duty on both imports and exports as
+native vessels or junks are charged.
+
+2nd. Heavy tonnage dues are enforced, consisting of 4 mace or 4·10 of a
+tael (6s. 8d.) per ton, every four months, instead of every six months
+as previous to the war; junks paying no tonnage dues!
+
+3rd. Interdicted from carrying or trading in _salt_, one of the
+principal articles of trade in all parts of China and Formosa. Likewise
+saltpetre, sulphur, alum, and some other articles of general commerce,
+on pain of confiscation of vessel. Junks allowed to carry or trade in
+any article either native or foreign!
+
+4th. Interdicted from entering any port on the coast of China, except
+those specified "open port" by the treaty, on pain of _confiscation_ of
+vessels and cargo. Junks free to enter any port or harbour either in
+China or foreign countries. What a contrast of advantages and
+disadvantages! Whereas, before the concoction of the Tien-tsin treaty,
+foreign vessels enjoyed equal privileges with native craft, they have
+since been placed at a discount by the execution of the retrogressive
+measures of that treaty so inimical to British interests. No doubt the
+astute Manchoo statesmen who acted for China during the negotiations
+gained many advantages over the representatives of England. They
+succeeded in obtaining terms which restricted trade, and limited foreign
+intercourse to a few ports; their latest act has been to follow this up
+(now that the dread of the Ti-ping is over and the Ta-ku forts in their
+hands again) by interdicting the employment of foreign vessels to carry
+goods on Chinese account even between treaty ports!
+
+2. The foreign inspectorate of Chinese Maritime Customs was a scheme
+effected by officials of Lord Elgin's embassy to China; its aim was to
+make sure of the indemnity by placing Englishmen in charge of the
+Imperial revenue, and to enable the squeezed Government to suppress
+rebellion by handing it over the remainder. Beautifully has the Pekin
+Cabinet responded by taking advantage of every opportunity to limit the
+rights of Englishmen, and resuming step by step its habits of repellance
+and exclusiveness!
+
+A very significant event has lately taken place, being the elevation of
+Tseng-kwo-fan, leader of the anti-foreign party, and sometime besieger
+of Nankin, to a position of unprecedented magnitude. This Mandarin has
+been appointed to the absolute civil and military control of all the
+officials and troops, whether Tartar or Chinese, in the three provinces
+of Chili, Shangtung, and Honan. Speaking of this appointment, the _China
+Overland Trade Report_, 12th August, 1865, states:--
+
+    "Lest it may be hoped by some that Tseng-kwo-fan is a man
+    adapted to the times, and likely to carry into effect salutary
+    reforms, it should be mentioned that he is the quintessence of
+    a Mandarin in the full acceptation of the term--corrupt and
+    venal to a degree, and perfectly indifferent to the welfare of
+    the country or the people. His anti-foreign tendencies form the
+    leading feature of his political creed, and there is good reason
+    to suppose that Prince Kung fully agrees with him.... The
+    influence he obtains in the empire will be irresistible, and
+    must insure success in whatever line of policy he may feel
+    inclined to pursue."
+
+Tseng-kwo-fan's rank is that of Commander-in-Chief and General Viceroy
+of the empire.
+
+The inspectorate system has placed a set of cosmopolitan mercenaries in
+a position not only to govern but to prey upon the whole foreign trade
+with China. They are ever upon the _qui vive_ to seize and confiscate
+the merchandise of their own countrymen, and have caused the effectual
+closing of every port on the coast of China, except those opened by
+treaty. Property that may be unprotected by every legal right, or may be
+placed (through the owner's ignorance of inspectorate forms) in such a
+position as to incur some of the vexatious penalties attaching to every
+infraction of rules almost daily issued by the European Commissioners of
+Customs, or their Mandarin colleagues, _ad libitum_, is eagerly pounced
+upon and appropriated. In fact, it may safely be said that, instead of
+benefiting foreigners and their trade, the scheme acts directly against
+their interests; that it places a number of European and American
+adventurers in a position to assist the Mandarins in taking every
+advantage of each flaw in the treaty, while at the same time
+constituting a capital shield behind which the still repulsive Manchoos
+can execute their anti-foreign plotting in safety.
+
+3. The hostilities against the Ti-pings were caused through the
+unrighteous policy established by the treaty of Tien-tsin, the foreign
+inspectorate of Customs, the extortion of indemnity for the war, and the
+protection of the vile opium trade. This policy has been a great
+success, in so far as arresting and beating backward the only portion
+of the multitudinous Chinese whose progress afforded a prospect of
+change for the better. It has, with still greater iniquity, warred
+against and prevented the spread of Christianity; destroyed many
+thousands and tens of thousands of those who professed that faith, and
+has stopped the circulation and printing of the Bible in its full
+integrity by the Ti-ping Government, besides having caused the
+re-establishment of idolatry on the ashes of the destroyed Book, and the
+wholesale slaughter of those who only begged for our friendship and
+instruction. Through the wicked intervention of England, the former
+territory of the Ti-pings has been wrested from them, and the bleached
+bones of the victims mark the country thick and close for hundreds of
+miles. The starvation, the horrors, have been fully described; and now
+it is reported from China that many of the solitudes created where once
+happy villages of Ti-pings were found, have become infested with beasts
+of prey--wolves, panthers, and tigers.
+
+As for having effected the slightest improvement in British relations
+with China, made the Manchoo authorities less unfriendly and illiberal,
+or rendered the least service to the general welfare of humanity, the
+past policy of the British Government has proved a lamentable failure.
+
+By unjustifiable meddling, England has thrown China into a state of
+general anarchy. The cruelty and excessive corruption of the Manchoo
+officials throughout the country have always been sufficiently great to
+cause local insurrections and different regular systems of rebellion;
+but it was only to the great Ti-ping revolution (which proved its power
+so superior to that of the Imperial Government as to threaten the rapid
+extermination of the latter, and compel the assistance of England to
+save it) that people could look for success, and eventual pacification
+of the empire. Well, these urgently required results have been prevented
+by the policy in question.
+
+Unable to depend upon the success of the Ti-ping movement, the
+disaffected Chinese have joined other rebellions, and at this day there
+are many desolating the country. In the north, a great amalgamation of
+the Yellow River rebels (an old organization, sometimes under allegiance
+to the Ti-ping king) or Nien-fie, with a force of Ti-pings, and a large
+body of Mohammedan rebels, has taken place. The army of this league is
+estimated at over 300,000 men; in the summer of 1865 they defeated the
+Tartar Generalissimo (of Pekin campaign memory) San-ko-lin-sin, who was
+afterwards killed by some country people with whom he sought a
+refuge--thus showing the state of feeling amongst the population. The
+northern rebels then seriously menaced Pekin itself, and at one time it
+was reported that they had captured the city; lately they seem to have
+moved more to the westward--probably to effect a junction with other
+revolutionists; but it is quite certain that the Imperialists are unable
+to subdue them.
+
+Besides the league, there are two other formidable rebellions raging in
+the north of China--the Mohammedan rebels, who defy the power of the
+Government in Shen-si, Shan-se, Kan-su, and other parts of the empire.
+To the south of these come the "Honan filchers," a horde of more than
+100,000 banditti, who maintain, as they have done for years, an
+independent existence in the Honan Province. Away to the west, the large
+Tartar province of E-li, four times as large as Great Britain, has been
+wrested from the Imperialists by a rising of Mahommedans.
+
+Along the western boundary general anarchy prevails: it would almost
+seem that as Russia advances into central Asia, the Mohammedans were
+moving towards China.
+
+In the great province of Sze-chuan, the Ti-pings under Shih-ta-kae, the
+I-wang, or his successor, are still in power. At Hankow (treaty port) in
+Hu-peh, and at Kew-kiang in Kiang-si, the Imperialist troops lately
+revolted and set up the standard of rebellion. In Ngan-whui serious
+disturbances have arisen. Farther south, in Kwei-chow, Yun-nan, and
+Kwang-si, the Miau-tze, or independent mountaineers, are steadily
+increasing in strength; in fact, every province of China is more or less
+the scene of formidable revolution or local revolt.
+
+The Ti-pings, in strong force, under the Shi-wang and other leaders, are
+making rapid progress on the borders of the provinces of Kwang-tung,
+Kiang-si, and Fu-keen, and the Imperialist troops seem totally unable to
+interfere with them.
+
+Referring to the distracted state of China, the _Overland China Mail_,
+June 29, 1865, truly states that "there must be something in the conduct
+of the Imperial Government, and of the local Mandarins, which provokes a
+strong feeling of resentment against their authority in all parts of the
+empire." Singularly enough, the same journal has always opposed the
+revolutionists who tried to alter a Government the people hate.
+
+The _Times_, in its Chinese intelligence of June 21, 1865, referring to
+the successes of the Nien-fie League, states:--
+
+    "So far as we can at present see, the Nien-fie insurrection is
+    likely to prove quite as formidable as was that of the Taepings.
+    Their leaders have substantial wrongs to avenge, and the people
+    themselves have been subjected to so many hardships at the hands
+    of the local Mandarins that the slightest spark is sufficient to
+    set the whole north of China in a blaze of rebellion."
+
+Those who have advocated interfering against such a movement as that of
+the Ti-pings, and supporting such a dynasty as that of the Manchoos,
+must have very curious reasons to plead for a justification--they have
+generally admitted the necessity for a change of government, and then
+amused themselves by resisting the change when offered.
+
+[Illustration: MAP OF CHINA _Showing the locality of the different
+rebellions in that Empire, the line of retreat taken by the Ti-pings
+from their settled territory, and their present position Spring of the
+year 1866._]
+
+The only policy which could have benefited China would have been, either
+an energetic protectorate established by England, and maintained with
+energy until the evil Government had been thoroughly and radically
+reformed in every branch; or, what would have been far better, the
+Chinese should have been left to themselves and allowed to choose their
+own rulers. If England had simply preserved her honour and remained
+neutral, China would have had a native, progressionist, and powerful
+Government at the present day. That huge empire has lasted more than
+2,000 years, and the only deterioration its constitution has suffered
+has been caused by the Tartar conquest. The resources of China are as
+great, the capacities of her people as vigorous, and the elements of her
+ancient civilization as durable as ever: once let the incubus of Manchoo
+maladministration be removed, that vast and intelligent people will
+rapidly establish a native Government which will inaugurate an era of
+progression and improvement. For some time the usurping dynasty has been
+tottering towards its fall; England would have done well to have avoided
+supporting the decayed and hopelessly corrupt fabric. She has served a
+dying despotism, too far gone to feel even gratitude for her assistance,
+and has repelled a young successor who wished ardently to become of the
+same brotherhood as herself!
+
+4. By her aggressive, meddling policy, England has alarmed the naturally
+suspicious and treacherous Manchoos. Making them feel towards the "outer
+barbarians" the passion of fear as well as hate, has, of course, only
+tended to make them more exclusive and repellant than ever. Every mail
+from China brings successive proof of the fact. Those who receive
+advices from the East cannot fail to notice such passages as the
+following:--
+
+The _Overland China Trade Report_, in its issue September 11, 1865,
+states:--
+
+    "Each succeeding mail takes some instance of Mandarin repellance
+    towards foreigners. There can be no doubt that this feeling is
+    the policy decided on by the Pekin Cabinet.... As bearing upon
+    this point, reference is called to a notification ... issued by
+    the Shanghae authorities, forbidding Chinese to hire foreign
+    vessels.... The hand of Tseng-kwo-fan, the leader of the
+    anti-foreign party, becoming visible in the present foreign
+    policy pursued...."
+
+The article then proceeds to notice the fact that the Mandarin policy of
+preventing the employment of foreign shipping, and encouraging that of
+native craft, simply tends to increase piracy by providing prey; and is
+further reprehensible because the Mandarins will not assist to suppress
+an evil which, were it not for the presence of British men-of-war, would
+destroy their entire maritime commerce. Mr. Hart, the Inspector General
+of Customs, endeavoured to induce the Imperial Government to allow
+Chinese to own vessels constructed after the foreign mode, but the
+hatred of foreign innovation, however beneficial, prevailed, and the
+authorities refused the much-desired boon.
+
+Another instance of Manchoo repellance is the withdrawal of the
+concession formerly granted to foreign vessels to visit the ports of the
+Island of Formosa.
+
+And again: the port of Wan-chew was open to foreign trade before the
+treaty of Tien-tsin, and became a place of much importance. Why it was
+not included in the list of open ports it is difficult to understand.
+The foreign representatives and merchants lately endeavoured to obtain
+the concession of having it opened to foreign trade, and for a time were
+encouraged by Prince Kung to believe that their request would be
+complied with. But since Tseng-kwo-fan has come to the front, the
+concession is rejected, and the idea abandoned.
+
+The notification referred to as prohibiting the employment of foreign
+vessels was issued by Lin, Imperial Commissioner, and acting Viceroy of
+Kiang-su, in which province Shanghae is situated. It seems to have
+proved very effectual, and very injurious to British shipping interest.
+
+The last mail from China brought the _Overland Trade Report_, dated
+"Hong-kong, October 15, 1865." It contains these lines:--"The
+repellance and anti-foreign tendencies of the Mandarins are becoming
+more broadly marked as each month advances."
+
+The _North China Market Report_ states "that the Chinese are rapidly
+learning to disregard the most important of the treaty stipulations." In
+fact, all sources of information are unanimous as to the hostile
+feelings of the Manchoo Government England has done so much to bolster
+up.
+
+Just six months have elapsed since the Colonial Government of Hong-kong
+perverted its powers by giving up an unfortunate refugee from Nankin to
+the sanguinary Imperialist Mandarins. After noticing the facts of the
+case, we will observe how the Manchoos responded to the officious and
+unwarrantable efforts of the Hong-kong rulers to execute the
+exterritoriality clause of the notorious treaty of Tien-tsin, the
+twenty-first article of which stipulates that, "if _criminal_ subjects
+of China shall take refuge in Hong-kong, or on board of British ships
+there, they shall, upon due requisition by the Chinese authorities, be
+searched for; and, _on proof of their guilt_, be delivered up."
+
+Acting upon the above clause, the Canton Mandarins, in the month of
+April, 1865, demanded from the Colonial Government the rendition of a
+certain Chinaman residing at the latter place, on the plea of his having
+been a pirate. The man demanded had been residing in Hong-kong since
+September, 1864, and the following facts transpired during the inquiry
+instituted. He had been a Ti-ping chief, known as the Mo-wang (probably
+a successor to the rank of the assassinated Commandant of Soo-chow);
+and, upon the evacuation of Nankin, had escaped and made his way to
+Hong-kong, with a considerable sum of money. As this became known to
+members of some secret societies established amongst the Chinese there,
+he was subjected to much extortion from people who threatened to
+denounce him to the Mandarins as a rebel unless he satisfied their
+demands. At last the persecution drove him to seek legal advice from
+some English lawyer, who told him that he was perfectly safe on British
+soil. Consequently, he defied his persecutors; and they, doubtless, to
+obtain reward from the Mandarins, fulfilled their threats. The principal
+Manchoo official at Canton, who was certain of promotion should he
+succeed in catching a rebel of such rank, forthwith demanded his
+rendition _as a pirate_.
+
+The man was seized and tried before the magistrates' court, where the
+above evidence was obtained. The proof of his piracy (although
+consisting of the testimony of only _one_ Chinese witness, _sent down
+specially by the Mandarins_) was considered sufficient; and,
+notwithstanding the protest of the counsel retained for the prisoner,
+the magistrate, under the direction of the law officers of the Crown,
+made out the requisite order for his rendition.
+
+The valuable account from which the facts of this case are taken[83]
+states:--
+
+    "On this being communicated to the Mo-wang, he made up his mind
+    to commit suicide, if possible, by jumping overboard on his
+    passage to Canton, knowing, as he did too well, the horrid fate
+    that there awaited him. When _handed over_ to the Chinese
+    officials, he begged to be released from the handcuffs; but one
+    of our civil officials (the man's name should be made public),
+    not in the police, would not permit this; and he was therefore
+    conveyed to Canton in the manacles of the Hong-kong police. On
+    his arrival there he was taken to prison, the next day brought
+    before the Mandarin, where he refused to plead, acknowledging
+    himself a Ti-ping chief: he was taken back to prison, and the
+    next day was executed in the way reserved for _political
+    offenders_, viz., he was tied to a cross, his cheeks then sliced
+    off, then the insides of his arms, thighs, &c., and finally
+    disembowelled while yet alive. This put beyond a doubt the real
+    cause of the demand for this man, and the real offence for which
+    he was wanted."
+
+Now, in this cruel case of rendition the Government of Hong-kong
+committed an act repugnant alike to humanity and the Christian
+principles of their countrymen, and which was not only entirely illegal,
+but grossly unjust.
+
+The Mo-wang was demanded and given up as a pirate. The only evidence
+against him was given by _one_ Chinaman, and tended to prove that the
+chief had once stopped a Chinese vessel, on board of which was the
+witness, endeavouring to run past the Ti-ping Custom House established
+at Nankin. The junk was confiscated by the Ti-ping authorities. Here we
+have the main point of the case. This was the only act charged against
+the Mo-wang. The only question is whether it was piracy. The Colonial
+authorities, true to the Mandarin-worshipping-and-Ti-ping-destroying
+policy, answered in the affirmative. Let us examine their decision.
+
+First. The Ti-pings had been recognised as belligerents; and, moreover,
+as an established power, by repeated acts upon the part of
+representatives of Great Britain (and other countries); how then could
+the seizure of a vessel of the enemy by the Mo-wang--a regularly
+commissioned officer of the Ti-ping Government--be construed into an act
+of piracy? Why, the United States of America would have stronger (though
+none the less unreasonable) grounds to demand from England the rendition
+of every ex-Confederate officer, as a pirate, who might be found within
+her jurisdiction! The decision of the Hong-kong authorities is clearly
+against the rights of the case and the law by which it was tried. But
+what conclusively proves this is the fact that the Mandarins demanded
+the Mo-wang as a pirate, but executed him as a _political offender_, and
+nothing else.
+
+Thus, it cannot fail to be seen that the unfortunate victim was not a
+pirate--the Hong-kong Solons gave him up as one.
+
+Secondly. The extradition treaty with China specially declares
+"_criminal_" offenders as those who may be given up, upon "_proof_ of
+guilt." The Mo-wang was not a criminal, therefore the Hong-kong
+authorities violated the law by giving him up as such.
+
+Thirdly. The treaty of Tien-tsin was not the law of Hong-kong,
+therefore the authorities had no legal right to render up even a
+criminal subject of China--how much less the innocent Mo-wang! As the
+Hong-kong _China Overland Trade Report_, May 30, 1865, truly states, in
+reviewing this atrocious affair:--"It would appear that the local
+authorities have not only read the treaty erroneously, but that they
+have no power whatever to meddle in the matter, no ordinance ever having
+been passed to enable them to take cognizance of offences under the
+Tien-tsin treaty....
+
+"The case of the St. Alban's raiders has elicited the fact that a treaty
+is not a statute, and cannot be adopted by a court of law without a
+statutory enactment. The Ashburton treaty was not the law of Canada,
+because the Government had neglected to legalize it by statute. So the
+Tien-tsin treaty is not the law in Hong-kong, because no ordinance has
+been passed to legalize it."
+
+The above three objections to the rendition of the Mo-wang pretty
+strongly prove that his death was a judicial murder by those who
+unlawfully gave him up to so frightful a doom. Another example of
+British malversation in China, and a further instance of persecution of
+the Ti-pings!
+
+It might at least have been expected when British officials exceeded
+their authority and so misapplied the exterritoriality clause of the
+treaty in order to oblige the Mandarins, that the latter would have
+responded. We will observe how they did so.
+
+Within _one month_ of the rendition of the Mo-wang, the Imperialists in
+the neighbourhood of Amoy captured the mercenary soldier, Burgevine
+(already noticed in these pages), an Englishman named Green, and a
+British East Indian subject, whilst endeavouring to join the Ti-pings at
+Chang-chew. These men had committed no crime, and were caught _before_
+having committed any political offence (any previous episode of
+Burgevine's life constituting another case, which did not concern the
+Englishman, Green). Even if they had succeeded in joining the
+revolutionists, and had afterwards been caught levying war against the
+Imperialists, their only offence would have been a political one, viz.,
+breach of neutrality, punishable by deportation from China or three
+months' imprisonment.
+
+The American Consul at Amoy, hearing of the seizure, demanded, as in
+this case he had a perfect right to do, the rendition of Burgevine,
+according to the terms of the exterritoriality clause of the treaty. The
+Mandarins refused to fulfil their obligations and give up the men. They
+carried them into the interior and murdered them by heavily ironing, and
+then drowning them, afterwards pretending that the three unfortunate
+prisoners had met their death by the capsize of a boat in which they
+were being conveyed across a river!
+
+Thus we see that immediately after a Chinese _political_ offender was
+illegally given up to the Manchoo Government by the authorities of
+Hong-kong, the Mandarins deliberately violated the exterritoriality
+stipulations of the treaty, by refusing to give up the three men whom
+they had seized before offence, on suspicion only, and by cruelly
+putting them to death.
+
+The last mail from China brings intelligence of the murder of three
+Europeans at the treaty port of Chin-kiang. Two (Messrs. Filleul and
+Pickernel) were Englishmen, and old friends of mine; the third, a Mr.
+Lewis, was an American. These men were set upon by Imperialist soldiers
+in the dead of the night, while sleeping, and cruelly murdered, without
+having given any offence, although another European had struck a
+Chinaman on the previous day. The murderers belonged to a disciplined
+contingent, commanded by a Mandarin named Kwo, a force which had been
+raised, officered, and equipped by British means!
+
+Besides the continual violation of the exterritoriality clause of the
+treaty, the Manchoos have lately displayed their growing disregard for
+their obligations and their increasing repugnance to foreigners in a
+variety of illiberal measures. To those which we have already noticed
+may be added the late blunt refusal of the Pekin Cabinet to allow the
+construction of a proposed Russian line of telegraph from Siberia to
+that city.
+
+Another very serious blow to British and Chinese interests has been the
+fruitless mission of Sir M. Stephenson. The Manchoo Government has
+pointedly refused to grant permission for the introduction or
+construction of railways, and the local authorities have obstructively
+prevented the formation of proposed experimental lines at Canton, and
+between Shanghae and Woo-sung, a distance of about fourteen miles.
+
+There is another case in point, which effectually proves the thorough
+impracticability of the Manchoos. A few months ago an enterprising
+Shanghae merchant, Mr. E. A. Reynolds, was public-spirited enough to
+erect a line of telegraph from Shanghae to the sea-coast. He made all
+arrangements, compensated various native landowners, and erected his
+posts, only to find them all chopped down again one fine morning. The
+Mandarins, when appealed to, insulted the British Consul, and refused to
+allow the erection of the telegraph, the alleged reason being that it
+interfered with Fung-shui--the spirit of geomancy, the air, or something
+else.
+
+Shortly before the above outrage, the Mandarins showed their gratitude
+for the assistance England had given them, by closing the whole of the
+silk districts and interior to steam communication or transit by
+foreigners, the same having been free and open under the rule of the
+Ti-pings, who encouraged the employment of steamers.
+
+Many other instances of Manchoo repugnance and hostility could be
+mentioned, but those noticed are sufficient for all purposes, and so we
+will close our review of _some_ of the results of British policy in
+China.
+
+After having examined the conduct of England, it may not be out of place
+to follow with a short sketch of Russian policy, which is daily becoming
+so closely connected with China, whilst the frontier of the great
+Muscovite Power is rapidly extending towards the Chinese and Indian
+empires in one direction, is peacefully established against Chinese
+territory in another, and is gradually annexing to herself vast portions
+of Chinese territory in the north.
+
+Although the Manchoos have always been hostile to British intercourse,
+"there is a system of European policy which they can and do appreciate,"
+as the _Standard_, August 28, 1865, well said. The substance of the
+article referred to so thoroughly expresses what I would say, that I
+cannot refrain from using it:--
+
+The Manchoos comprehend the spirit of Russia, and dwell at peace with
+that empire on her borders. Instead of a great wall, they are divided
+from their powerful neighbour by a wooden paling, and there has not been
+a shot fired between Russia and China, contiguous though they are,
+during the last fifty years. But what has been the course pursued by
+Russia with regard to that which is loosely and inaccurately termed the
+Ti-ping revolt? One of complete neutrality. We, however, from the coast,
+hoisted our flag in the war. We have taken an active and open part,
+declared against a tremendous national movement, and been virtually
+beaten off the Chinese soil and waters. Looking for results, it is
+impossible to find any, except that our name is hated by millions of
+people who desired to live and trade upon friendly terms with us. Our
+representative diplomacy at Pekin is a nullity, and there is every
+chance that, a change of dynasties intervening, we shall have to undo
+our Manchoo statesmanship, and comply with a very different set of
+political necessities in the East. Your Chinese are very intelligent
+fatalists; they rarely quarrel with facts; they are convinced, it may
+be, of the English fighting quality; but they can feel little respect
+for our wisdom when they see us standing in a baffled attitude between
+both their great parties, blundering and bewildered, with an enormous
+trade to foster, with prodigious future interests to foresee, and yet
+with a diplomacy which means neither peace nor war, which binds us to no
+intelligible line of conduct, and which has brought us to a condition
+wherein, through any accident, whether of Imperial or insurrectionary
+success, we may be called upon to defend our rights by force of arms.
+
+It is a fact no less singular than true, that the Russians, in
+contradistinction to all other Europeans, show a strong tendency to
+amalgamate with the higher races of Asia. In consequence of this, her
+rapid progress on the continent referred to partakes of the nature of
+absorption and not of conquest. The policy of Russia seems inseparable
+from continual increase of her already vast dominions. In every
+direction her frontier is determinately advanced, while thousands of
+strange people are submitting to her sway. In Europe she uses force to
+obtain any desirable locality; and although it is true that occasionally
+some obstinate or patriotic chief of Central Asia may dispute her
+advance, such obstructions would seem to form the exception to the
+general progress she is enabled to make rather by conciliation and
+clever seizure than by force of arms.
+
+If people have the audacity to use their eyes, and the unparalleled
+hardihood to discover the extraordinary increase of the Russian empire,
+there is a clique of venerable wiseacres who always think to annihilate
+them by the crushing denunciation, Russophobia! Now, these old
+gentlemen--it is presumed that they are rather decrepit--may call the
+knowledge of modern geography and the continual increase of Russia
+whatever gives them a little innocent amusement; but all the calling in
+the world cannot alter the fact.
+
+There are two questions which particularly concern England: is she
+content to halt on the forward path of nations, while Russia, by
+reclaiming the people of Asia, bids fair to rival her in every duty
+assumed by great civilized Powers? Is the meeting of the frontier lines
+of Russia and India, which, according to the regular increase of the
+Russian possessions in Central Asia, might be calculated almost to the
+day, likely to prove disastrous to British empire in the latter country?
+
+Other European Powers can afford to look on without being interested,
+for only England has so precious a jewel as Hindoostan. The first
+question may be passed over as merely bearing upon the advancement of
+abstract principles, or the propagation of Christian doctrine,
+philanthropy, and civilization; but the second is very different,
+relating as it does exclusively to the material and commercial interests
+of Great Britain. Before explaining how these may be affected by the
+future movements of Russia, or describing the present position of that
+Power in Central Asia, it will not be out of place to give a short
+sketch of Russian progress.
+
+At page 410, vol. ii., "MacGregor's Commercial Statistics," the
+following interesting calculations are given:--
+
+    "Russia contained--
+
+    At the accession of Peter I. in      1689   15,000,000 inhabitants.
+    At the accession of Catherine II. in 1762   25,000,000      "
+    At her death in                      1796   36,000,000      "
+    At the death of Alexander in         1825   58,000,000      "
+
+    "Her acquisitions from Sweden are greater than what remains of
+    that kingdom.
+
+    "Her acquisitions from Poland are nearly equal to the Austrian
+    empire.
+
+    "Her acquisitions from Turkey in Europe are of greater extent
+    than the Prussian dominions, exclusive of the Rhenish provinces.
+
+    "Her acquisitions from Turkey in Asia are nearly equal in
+    dimensions to the whole of the smaller states of Germany.
+
+    "Her acquisitions from Persia are equal in extent to England.
+
+    "Her acquisitions in Tartary have an area not inferior to that
+    of Turkey in Europe, Greece, Italy, and Spain."
+
+The valuable work quoted from was published in the year 1844. It
+proceeds to state:--
+
+    "The acquisitions she has made within the last sixty-four years
+    are equal in extent and importance to the whole empire she had
+    in Europe before that time.
+
+    "The Russian frontier has been advanced towards--
+
+    Berlin, Dresden, Munich, Vienna, and Paris      about 700 miles.
+    Constantinople                                   "    500  "
+    Stockholm                                        "    630  "
+    Teheran                                          "  1,000  "
+
+    "It is to be borne in mind that the Russian tariff _of
+    exclusion_ has been extended to all those acquisitions where
+    formerly British merchandise was freely sent."
+
+To the above may be added the Russian acquisitions in North America,
+which are nearly five times the extent of the British Isles.
+
+Her acquisitions from the Chinese empire, the river Amoor territory in
+Manchuria, are about equal in dimensions to England.
+
+Her acquisitions from independent Tartary since 1844 are more than four
+times greater in extent than the British Isles. The advance of the
+Russian frontier from Orenburg to Samarkand is about 800 miles.
+
+Every mail from India brings intelligence of further Russian progress or
+conquest. The position at which we have placed her is within 200 miles
+of Cabul, and 400 of Jellalabad and Cashmere. Nothing but the mountains
+of Cashmere and Cabul separate the Russians from British India. Foiled
+and driven back by the results of the Crimean war, Russia changed her
+line of aggression from facing directly through Turkey, Persia, and so
+to Hindoostan; but, by concentrating her forces upon and crushing poor
+Circassia (which might have been protected with almost more reason than
+Turkey was), she opened a direct passage to Persia upon the west of the
+Caspian Sea, whilst at the same time other legions were carrying her
+frontier line at a quick march through Tartary to the eastward. The
+command of the Bosphorus would have made the Black Sea a Russian lake,
+and the only assailable flank of a march into Persia would have been
+protected against the great naval Powers. That position has been _par
+force_ abandoned, but Russia has succeeded in obtaining another almost
+equally good. By her extraordinary efforts against Circassia she has at
+length managed to obtain the long-coveted Caucasian Mountains. These, in
+the hands of a comparatively small force, constitute an effectual
+barrier to any foreign offensive movement against her operations on, and
+to the eastward of, the Caspian Sea. Thus it is palpable that no
+European Power could in Europe, upon equal terms, or with a chance of
+success, oppose her designs on the southern and eastern portions of
+Asia. Meanwhile she is steadily possessing herself of the territory yet
+independent on the frontiers of India and Thibet. During the last few
+years she has successfully absorbed Khiva, the territories of the
+Kirghiz and Kalpak Tartars, the provinces of Turkestan, and the
+principal points of Kokan. The great cities of Tashkend and Samarkand
+are in Russian hands, and the last mail from India (December, 1865)
+announces that war has commenced between them and Bokhara--the last
+independent kingdom of Tartary. There is an old Muscovite prediction,
+which declares: "When the Russians shall have conquered Samarkand, and
+shall have returned to the cradle of their Tartar ancestors, there shall
+be but one rule in Asia, and the Mongols and Tartars united shall brave
+the whole world." Certainly this prophecy is in progress; it remains to
+be seen whether it will be accomplished.
+
+The last telegrams report that the Russians are within six miles of
+Bokhara, the capital of the country of that name, and that many
+thousands of workmen are engaged constructing their military roads
+through that kingdom. And where are these roads leading? In a direct
+line for the nearest portion of British India! Perhaps the Russians
+only wish to build summer-houses on the northern slopes of the mountains
+of Cashmere, though it is strange military roads and large bodies of
+troops are required for such a purpose. Perhaps they wish to get on the
+other side of these mountains,--time will show.
+
+Such is the present (December, 1865) position of Russia in Asia; but
+already there are signs indicative of a much farther progress. Already
+the people a little beyond her advancing frontier are in turmoil and
+confusion. Kashgar, Yarkend, and other portions of eastern Thibet,
+together with Cabul, being in anarchy, and waiting for the arrival of
+the pacificating, absorbing invader, whilst the great Mongolian province
+of I-li has thrown off its allegiance to the Emperor of China. Already
+the next nations are breaking up like fallow earth before the resistless
+ploughshare.
+
+The _Bombay Mail_ of December 13th states:--
+
+    "Many reports are current of commotions in the Affghan states
+    and along the Punjaub frontier.... The internal commotions in
+    Cabul continue.... An envoy from Kotan has arrived at
+    Cashmere.... The object of his visit is said to be to offer the
+    Empress of India the allegiance of Kotan, in return for an
+    assurance of protection from the Russians.... The inhabitants of
+    Soket, in the hills north of Jullunder, lately made an attack on
+    Mundi.... The country near Yarkand is reported to be in a state
+    of insurrection. It is conjectured that this manifestation of
+    revolt is an indication of _some greater power having instigated
+    it_, having for its object the creation of universal revolt, and
+    thus breaking the influence of China in these parts.
+
+    "An affray recently took place between the sepoys of the Jeypore
+    Rajah and the Rajah of Khetra, in which several lives were lost.
+    Government have called upon the former chief for explanations.
+
+    "Advices from the north-western frontier indicate the necessity
+    for being more than ever on the alert against the increasing
+    raids by various sects. Letters recently received report that
+    the Wahabee Moulvies at Sittana have been purchasing the favour
+    of the Akhoond of Swat, who was to stir up the tribes to a
+    united effort against the British.
+
+    "It is reported from Peshawur that the Afreedies are very
+    restless, and inclined to give trouble. This tribe occupies the
+    hills all along the western side of the Peshawur Valley, and
+    their territory interposes between the Peshawur and Kohat
+    districts. They can muster some 20,000 fighting men, all of them
+    as good soldiers as can be found on the frontier."
+
+It is quite plain to those who have studied the question, that Russian
+progress towards India and China is seriously affecting the material and
+commercial interests of Great Britain. For some years the Russians have
+successfully competed with British merchants in China. Although their
+trade has been carried on through a vast extent of territory, still the
+import of Russian woollen and other manufactured goods, _viâ_ Irkoutsk,
+Kiachta, and Mongolia, has been sufficient to suit and satisfy the
+market of Western, Northern, and Central China, besides Mongolia and
+Thibet. Every day increases this commerce, and makes it less expensive.
+Russia brings into the contest with England (whether it be commercial or
+military) overwhelming natural advantages. She is rapidly extending her
+railway and telegraphic lines throughout her Asiatic dominions; and
+these, besides serving to introduce the sciences, arts, and mechanical
+inventions of modern civilization, are being constructed for the
+conveyance of armies to the utmost limits of her empire. It is quite
+possible that, by the time the Russian frontier joins that of India,
+railway communication will be extended to the same point, and afford the
+opportunity of conveying large bodies of troops. Russia undoubtedly has
+a great future in Asia, and it is difficult to see how England can
+ultimately avoid yielding before the natural advantages that will be
+brought into the field against her--for that they will be so employed
+one cannot doubt; unless, indeed, there be some charm by which British
+interests are made sacred to her rival, and certainly the Russians are
+not likely to prefer a barren steppe of Tartary to a rich slice of
+India. As for the principle of the thing, the less said about that the
+better. Considering the manner in which England obtained her dominions
+in Hindoostan, the Russians have quite as much right to take them, if
+they can; and why should we flatter ourselves that they will not try
+when they become our neighbours, when we see them indiscriminately
+seizing all territories which lie in their way?
+
+It may be that we should rather rejoice at the position Russia is taking
+up against India and China; it may be that, even should the result prove
+injurious to us, it will not be felt till something like the lapse of
+another century; but these are grave questions, and it is quite within
+the bounds of probability that another few months may find us either
+defending our Indian possessions, or crushing internal dissension
+created by Russian intrigue amongst our coloured subjects.
+
+It is scarcely to be expected (except in the event of European war) that
+Russia will make any direct attack upon British India, but the very
+contrast of her method of conquest with ours will create disaffection
+amongst the excitable, fanatical, treacherous natives. Why this result
+should ensue is explained by the well-known fact that (probably from the
+admixture of Tartar blood) the Russians can amalgamate with Asiatics,
+while the English cannot. Englishmen may flatter themselves that British
+rule is adored in India, but all the flattery in the world cannot
+obliterate the remembrance of the terrible mutiny, which, considering
+the numbers that joined it who were not sepoys, might more appropriately
+be termed a rebellion. Unless we have thoroughly established our rule in
+the hearts of the people, we may be sure that the vicinity of Russian
+dependencies will cause trouble, because Asiatics will become
+Russianized far sooner than we can Anglicise them, and Russian
+influences are already at work in Affghanistan, if not also in
+Cashmere--whence disturbances were lately reported. In conclusion, on
+this subject, it may fairly be said that Russia is performing a great
+work, no doubt to the benefit of thousands of uncivilized nomades, and
+that her course is very likely to lead her into collision with British
+India. England cannot stop her if she would; but England _might have
+had_ a powerful friend and ally in the shape of a great Asiatic Power if
+she had not destroyed the Ti-pings who would have established it. By the
+wilful, unjustifiable, short-sighted policy of her Government, England
+has lost the glorious opportunity of helping to establish a vast
+Christian empire in Asia--a course the more impolitic because its
+reverse would not only have tended to raise a balance against the
+incessant encroachment of Russia in the East, but to create a strong
+friendly Power on the frontier of her own Indian possessions.
+
+One object for which the author has steadily laboured, and which has had
+no small share in causing the production of this work, is to counteract
+the gross amount of ignorant prejudice which has been excited against
+the Tipings through the medium of false reports in England. Persons
+either individually implicated, or credulous enough to believe the
+interested statements of those who have been concerned in slaughtering
+the Ti-pings, have been gratified at the diffusion of their opinions by
+sundry publications, journals, and magazines--patriotic, very, no doubt,
+but nevertheless either unscrupulous or gullible.
+
+Just to prove the utter worthlessness of the reports referred to, the
+following statements are selected from two new books ("Peking and the
+Pekingese," by Dr. Rennie; "Chinese Miscellanies," by Sir J. F. Davis);
+whilst it is also unhesitatingly affirmed that every similar effusion,
+having for its basis defamation of the Ti-pings, is equally
+untrustworthy, and as easily, if not more so, refuted.
+
+In the Dedication of the former of the two works to Sir F. Bruce, Dr.
+Rennie has sufficient power of imagination to term that official's
+vacillating and inane diplomacy--
+
+    "A policy auguring so _favourably_[84][1] for the future of
+    China."
+
+With a further combination of inaccuracy, adulation, and prejudice, Dr.
+Rennie proceeds to state:--
+
+    "And which, _having been mainly conducive to the extinction of
+    the Taeping rebellion_,[2] has already been attended with
+    results of the highest importance to the _cause of
+    humanity_."[3]
+
+[1] It is for those who peruse this work, and all who have other
+opportunities than such as Dr. Rennie gives to enlighten them, to judge
+whether the "policy" in question has proved "_favourable_" or the
+reverse.
+
+[2] As for the second passage, if Dr. Rennie means that the shuffling,
+spiritless, and vacillating conduct of Sir F. Bruce, marked by total
+want of energy and impartiality, conduced to a certain result, by means
+of having established no policy or principle of statesmanship whatever,
+he is right; but if he means that his patron advocated, advised, or
+countenanced the massacre of Ti-pings, he is labouring under some
+extraordinary delusion, and the words of him he tries to praise, but
+clearly misrepresents, prove it. Not only has the weather-vane of the
+political fancies of Sir F. Bruce never been blown to within many points
+of recommending direct intervention, but on the other hand he has
+_violently_ deprecated any such operation, as may be seen by referring
+to page 280, Chapter X., and many other parts of this work. The
+finishing blow, however, is given to Dr. Rennie's illusory though
+amusing panegyric, and his unfortunate premises are proved to be without
+foundation; by the well-known fact that the "extinction of the Taeping
+rebellion" has neither taken place, nor even seems likely to be, as
+appears by a telegram in the London papers (November 24, 1865), viz.:--
+
+    "Shanghae, October 9, 1865. The Taepings are reported to be
+    again appearing in large bodies."
+
+[3] With regard to Dr. Rennie's rodomontade about "_the cause of
+humanity_," as the Ti-pings are not yet _exterminated_, it is simply
+unmeaning; and all that can be said in its favour is, that it is
+correctly copied from the Blue Book (see p. 738, Chap. XXIV.).
+
+At the 89th page of "Peking and the Pekingese," Dr. Rennie endorses the
+following misrepresentations:--
+
+    "The Taepings who, Mr. Parkes states, endeavour to copy the most
+    objectionable traits in the Imperialist character (?), in
+    addition to which a sort of 'High life below stairs' farce is
+    enacted, embracing the most absurd assumptions of dignity, with
+    general licentiousness, blasphemy, and obscenity...."
+
+Then Dr. Rennie's ire becomes aroused at the thought of such wickedness,
+and the consciousness of moral rectitude filling him with a strange
+_cacoethes scribendi_, he abuses the Ti-ping Wang very cruelly, by
+declaring:--
+
+    "This lunatic monarch (for such he would really seem to be) is
+    waited on only by women, no males being allowed to approach him;
+    bigamy (?), with general immorality, is said to be the prevailing
+    institution of the Court of Nankin."
+
+Now the above statement is no less incorrect than absurd. The Tien-wang
+regularly held council with his ministers and chiefs. The insertion of
+the word "bigamy" suggests motives on the part of the writer, who, we
+may suppose, means polygamy. He not only forgets to blame his
+Imperialist friends for conforming to _the same custom of China_, but he
+must be ignorant of the fact that "bigamy" means the crime of marrying
+more than one woman _only_ in countries where the civil law makes such
+connection illegal. Not satisfied with thus abusing those he had never
+seen, Dr. Rennie proceeds to _mis_quote from Blue Books. He says, at the
+same page:--
+
+    "The following rhapsody has lately appeared, in the form of a
+    proclamation, from the Teen-wang."
+
+He then quotes a decree, issued on the 7th of March, 1861, to establish
+certain regulations in the civil department of the Ti-ping
+Government,--a translation of the same being given at page 44 (Inclosure
+6, in Number 11) of the Blue Book on China, presented to the British
+Parliament, "in pursuance of their address, dated April 8, 1862."
+
+The clause which either Dr. Rennie or his authority has altered, in the
+original and official translation, is as follows:--
+
+    "Thus, in addition to the perfect regulations, we have added six
+    more, making nine altogether. Do not go and turn your backs on
+    the Father, Brother, myself, and my son, who illuminate all
+    places, benevolently harmonizing them for a myriad myriad
+    generations...."
+
+The words "Father--Brother" are, in the Chinese text, _raised_ the usual
+number of spaces above "myself and my son," which at once properly
+represents the Divinity. Any unprejudiced mind would certainly
+understand the sentence as meaning that--"the Father, Brother, Myself,
+and my Son," in our respective spheres, benevolently harmonize all
+things. Dr. Rennie, however, tries to prove the blasphemous nature of
+the Ti-pings in the following manner:--At page 90, first volume of his
+work, he misquotes the clause of the proclamation referred to in this
+way:--
+
+    "Now do not in the least turn away your back upon Ya-ko-chum and
+    Yan (?)--God, Christ, myself, and son--who illuminate all places
+    AS ONE BODY POLITIC, benevolently harmonizing them for ten
+    thousand times ten thousand generations."
+
+Where does Dr. Rennie get the interpolation from? It is a totally
+un-Chinese expression, but a favourite term _with English diplomatists_.
+It appears a clever attempt to alter the sense of the proclamation, and
+brand the Ti-pings with the crime of blasphemy. There are other cases in
+which the author of "Peking and the Pekingese" goes out of his way to
+endorse second-hand opinions inimical to the Ti-pings; but as he does
+not attempt to corroborate them by any mention of his own experience, it
+is unnecessary to further notice such valueless statements; the
+misquotation exposed above, not only evidences how little reliance is
+to be placed on the clique of Ti-ping maligners, but forms a fitting
+conclusion to our acquaintance with a book which would have been more
+valuable had the author refrained from aspersing a political cause of
+which he knows literally nothing.
+
+The misrepresentation contained in "Chinese Miscellanies," though merely
+consisting of one sentence and a foot-note, is important and worthy of
+contradiction, because it is promulgated by Sir J. F. Davis. Speaking,
+in the preface, of the Governments of China and Japan, he states:--
+
+    "With all their faults they are, in their integral
+    characteristics, better than the _mock_ Christian[85] Taepings
+    of China...."
+
+As for the mockery of Christianity, perhaps the readers of "Ti-ping Tien
+Kwoh" may agree with its author in believing that it has been altogether
+upon the part of those who, like Sir J. Davis, have scoffed at, abused,
+and ridiculed the faith of the Ti-pings. Many millions of men do not
+establish a great revolution, and sacrifice their lives for a _mock_
+purpose, whatever Sir J. Davis may think to the contrary. If "it has
+been _plain from the first_" that the Ti-pings were no more like
+Christians than Mahomet was like a Jew, will the clever discoverer
+kindly explain the meaning of the statements of the Bishop of Victoria,
+Revs. Edkins, John, Medhurst, Muirhead, &c., referred to and quoted in
+this work?
+
+All that now remains to be noticed are the movements of the Ti-pings
+since capturing the city of Chang-chew, near Amoy, their present
+circumstances and position.
+
+After holding a large portion of the province of Fu-keen for about eight
+months, on the 16th of May, 1865, the Ti-pings evacuated the city of
+Chang-chew, and moved off to the westward.
+
+This proceeding took both Europeans and Imperialists completely by
+surprise; for, up to the day before the Shi-wang left Chang-chew, his
+outposts were five miles from the city, and the Manchoo forces had not
+ventured to attack them for a long time. The place was also strongly
+fortified and well-provisioned--so much so, indeed, that large stores of
+grain, &c., were left behind,--while the country to the west and south
+was entirely under the control of the Ti-pings.
+
+The explanation of the Shi-wang's sudden movement is due to the fact
+that eleven days afterwards he joined his forces with Hung-jin, the
+Kan-wang, at a distance of eighty or ninety miles inland.
+
+Of course, as usual, frightful accounts of Ti-ping atrocities on the
+march were concocted to harrow the feelings of those simple enough to
+believe them. It is fortunate that trustworthy evidence exists to prove
+that the Ti-pings have not yet become the "horde of banditti" England's
+policy has worked so hard to make them. The Rev. W. McGregor, English
+Presbyterian Missionary at Amoy (about fourteen miles from Chang-chew),
+in a letter dated 10th April, 1865, declares that, whilst conquering
+neighbouring parts of the province by expeditions issuing from
+Chang-chew,[86] "the Ti-pings had been guilty of no wanton destruction
+of property or slaughter of the people." Again, in another letter, dated
+26th May, 1865, after the revolutionists had retreated inland, he
+states:--
+
+    "Of course many stories are being put in circulation about the
+    cruelties of the Taepings when in possession of Chang-chew; but
+    it must be remembered that these come from Mandarin sources, and
+    thence through the foreign custom-house pass into circulation in
+    the foreign community, while a little investigation often shows
+    them to be quite unfounded. For example, it was reported that
+    the Taepings left Chang-chew a perfect shamble, having massacred
+    all the people that were of no use to take with them, and in
+    corroboration of this some of the foreign community were taken
+    up, and shown the city burning in several places, with numbers
+    of dead bodies lying about; but it has to be kept in mind that,
+    before this the Mandarin troops had been some days in the city,
+    and the remembrance of Soo-chow ought to teach Englishmen, at
+    least, how these days would be spent. The Chinese have a
+    technical term for a proclamation issued ordering soldiers to
+    desist from _indiscriminate_ slaughter and plunder, and I
+    casually got the information from my teacher (who has the means
+    of getting all news circulating in the Yamens), that Chang-chew
+    was in the hands of the Imperialists four or five days before
+    this proclamation was issued. The fact is, that, immediately on
+    the Taepings leaving, the people whom they left (they took a
+    large number with them as baggage-bearers, &c.), endeavoured to
+    escape from it as fast as possible; and we have information from
+    some who have escaped that, before the departure of the rebels
+    no slaughter took place. How the Imperialists have acted in
+    Chang-chew and the surrounding villages will be apparent from
+    the single fact that, since they entered the city, the soldiers
+    have been selling women at four dollars each. No evidence has
+    yet been produced that the Taepings have been guilty of such
+    atrocities as are implied in this statement. A short time ago,
+    in consequence of some disturbances in the Tung-au region, a
+    body of soldiers were detached from the Mandarin force, near
+    Chang-chew, who by their own account burnt over twenty villages
+    and massacred over 2,000 women and children, without meeting
+    with any resistance. They ultimately returned, in consequence of
+    the villagers, farther north, forming a combination for mutual
+    protection, and threatening to join the rebels. We have not
+    heard of an instance of the Taepings acting in such a manner."
+
+It is impossible to tell, at present, whether the Ti-pings may become a
+scourge to their country, or whether they will again rise into power and
+importance, and occupy their old position. But the fact must be
+carefully recorded that, in event of the former deplorable contingency,
+it is British interference which has made them what they are, and that
+it must be regarded as the original and responsible cause of all that is
+or may be objectionable. It is now placed beyond doubt that the Kan-wang
+is at the head of a great body of Ti-pings, although it is equally
+certain that other divisions not under his command exist in various
+directions; but, so long as he remains in authority, there need be
+little fear as to the deterioration of the movement. One fact in
+connection with the retreat from Chang-chew speaks volumes. It seems
+that when some missionaries visited the place immediately after the
+Ti-pings had fled, they made the interesting discovery described by Dr.
+Carnegie (medical missionary) in the following words:--
+
+   [87] "Only some two or three of the Christians have been heard of....
+   A native preacher is amongst the missing. An interesting fact,
+   however, remains to be told in connection with the rebels, and it
+   is this:--That whilst they gutted the heathen temples and utterly
+   demolished the many hundreds of idols with which these temples
+   were stored, they respected the Christian places of worship, and
+   in one of the chapels, where there is a scroll bearing these
+   words, 'The pure religion of Jesus,' some of them added
+   underneath, 'MAY IT SPREAD OVER THE WHOLE EARTH!'"
+
+As Colonel Sykes, M.P., truly observes in a letter upon the above
+subject, published in the _Star_, December 28th, 1865:--
+
+    "These two testimonies, standing unscathed in a desolated city,
+    will fall gratingly upon the memories of those who, with British
+    bayonets and British shot and shell, in violation of good faith
+    and in violation of a commanded neutrality, have aided a
+    Government, which has been characterized for its constant
+    perfidy and cruelty, to defeat a national party, in which, as we
+    see, was not only a germ of Christianity, of probable
+    development into a rich harvest, but which party also constantly
+    had manifested a desire to cultivate friendly relations with
+    foreigners, with a view to the introduction of Western science
+    and art, as contra-distinguished from the Imperial Government,
+    which stupidly and doggedly opposes itself to every proposition
+    for the establishment of railways, telegraphs, the steam
+    navigation of internal waters, and other useful objects."
+
+Since the evacuation of Chang-chew, but little information has been
+received regarding the movements and whereabouts of the Ti-pings. From
+the depositions of two foreigners (Mansfield and Baffey), it has been
+ascertained that the Kan-wang is in supreme command, nothing whatever
+being heard of the Tien or Chung Wangs. Besides the force from
+Chang-chew, and the main body with which it effected a junction, another
+division seems to have arrived from the city of Kia-ying-chow, in the
+province of Kiang-si, but it is not stated under what leader. The
+concentration of these troops was probably caused by the orders of the
+Kan-wang, who, it would seem, has since led them northward into
+Kiang-si. Whither they are marching is as yet unknown. It is quite
+possible that their intention is to join the Nien-fie in the northern
+provinces, who have again defeated the Imperialists under Tseng-kwo-fan,
+and seem to be moving in every direction in overwhelming numbers, while
+one body is especially reported as making a diversion to the south-west.
+
+The men, Mansfield and Baffey, were present at the junction of the
+Ti-ping forces. The latter, in his deposition, states: "The Kan-wang is
+about 35 years of age. He is the principal rebel-chief at the present
+moment.... When I left, the rebels were talking of retreating towards
+Kiang-si. They have great confidence in the Kan-wang. The latter is an
+exceedingly clever man, very fond of European ideas, but very
+distrustful of foreigners"--as well he may be.
+
+Between the Nien-fie league in the north and the Ti-pings in the south,
+it seems very probable the Manchoo dynasty will ultimately be
+overthrown. If the Imperialist forces are concentrated in the north, in
+all other quarters insurrection breaks out, and the Ti-pings rapidly
+increase their strength and conquests; and so, upon the other hand, when
+they move against the Ti-pings in the south, the Nien-fie, Mohamedan
+rebels, &c., gain numberless adherents, and capture city after city with
+impunity. Every mail brings some dim tidings of disaster to the Tartar
+cause England has been so wantonly led to support. It is extraordinary
+that while internal dangers are rapidly increasing, the Manchoos should
+be fulfilling their anti-foreign intentions when foreign help alone can
+save them. A late number of the _China Overland Trade Report_, dated
+Hong-kong, 31st December, 1865, states:-
+
+    "Since the late evacuation of the Taku forts much labour and
+    outlay have been expended in strengthening the fortifications;
+    in fact, it is said that when the plan adopted shall be carried
+    out, these forts will be impregnable except to iron-clads. The
+    proceeding is significant when taken in connection with the
+    anti-foreign policy known to be cherished."
+
+Intelligence from China, bearing date February 1st, 1866, announces a
+Ti-ping victory in the province of Fu-keen, the Imperialists losing
+their leader, Kwo-sun-liang. The Ti-pings have also recaptured the
+important city of Kia-ying-chow, which had been evacuated by the third
+division of the army, at present combined under the Kan-wang's command,
+before the junction was effected.
+
+At the same time further victorious progress of the Nien-fie is
+reported, and a large rebel force (supposed to be of that movement) has
+appeared within 30 miles of Hankow, the great commercial city and treaty
+port situated some 700 miles up the river Yang-tze-kiang. It would thus
+seem that a considerable division of the Nien-fie army has been detached
+on a rapid march to the south-west; at the same time the Ti-pings have
+moved to the north-west, and captured Kia-ying-chow, so that it is
+plain, if each force continues its advance, they will shortly meet,
+which is very likely their intention.
+
+What the consequences will be if the Ti-pings are fortunate and wise
+enough to effect a junction with the Nien-fie can scarcely admit of a
+doubt. Without foreign assistance the Imperialists are unable to cope
+with either of the great rebellions, how much less would they be able to
+resist the two combined! It only requires such an amalgamation of the
+two great parties in opposition to the Manchoo rule to cause the native
+population to rise _en masse_. Each mail brings tidings of fresh
+outbreaks in every part of the distracted empire, and it is ominous for
+the present dynasty that the literary class, the highest in China, are
+beginning to raise and lead local insurrection, as was the case in
+December, 1865, at the town of Chin-shan, only 65 miles from Shanghae, a
+part of the country just pacified by British swords!
+
+"The unfortunate have always been deserted and betrayed," and how much
+more by those who have guiltily made them unfortunate in the first
+place! It is therefore easy to understand the nature of the hostility
+which has been excited in England against the Ti-pings--against the only
+section of the people of China whom righteous men can look to as
+affording a prospect of forwarding the true interests and improvement of
+that vast and beautiful and incalculably rich country.
+
+It is bad to go to war at all; it is highly criminal to make war upon an
+unoffending neighbour; and it is enormous guilt to use hostilities for
+the purpose of subduing a free and happy people because they _might_
+interfere with our profits; but in what words can the double crime of
+waging war upon mercenary grounds against the cause of liberty and
+Christianity be expressed? Yet such, unfortunately, is the course which
+England has pursued by taking part against the Ti-pings.
+
+It is true there is yet some hope that the policy of the Cabinet of her
+late lamented statesman, Lord Palmerston, may prove a failure. The
+Chinese Christian patriots have still a chance of successfully defending
+themselves, and they have strong hope, for their chiefs have repeatedly
+said, "The Mings took a hundred years to found their dynasty, and
+possibly so may we, but most assuredly, sooner or later, we shall expel
+the Tartars and succeed, for the Heavenly Father is with us, and who can
+triumph against Him?"
+
+Let Englishmen therefore trust that their rulers will in future observe
+the neutrality they have once more professed, and not again wage an
+unrighteous war without even declaring it, and in violation of their
+official pledges. All men whose minds have a spark of philanthropy,
+civilization, or Christian faith, will wish their Chinese brothers God
+speed.
+
+Let us trust that, phoenix-like, the Ti-pings may rise from the ashes of
+their former glory and yet succeed in their great religio-political
+movement, that they may again print and widely circulate the Holy Bible,
+which, throughout all their former territory, British bayonets and
+Manchoo torches have for a time destroyed, and that England will not
+have to answer for the sin of crushing the first Christian movement in
+modern Asia, and the last apparent opportunity of Christianizing and
+liberating China.
+
+While looking forward hopefully to the future of the Ti-pings, because
+the cause of liberty is theirs, and the cause of the Gospel is theirs
+also, let it be remembered (as applying to the former phase) that a
+great man has said:--
+
+    "For freedom's battle once begun,
+    Bequeathed by bleeding sire to son,
+    Though baffled oft, is ever won."
+
+And let it be remembered (as applying to the latter phase) that the
+Ti-ping movement was originated through acceptation of the Gospel, and
+that to comfort those who are persecuted for Its sake, it is therein
+declared:--
+
+    "We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed; we are
+    perplexed, but not in despair.
+    "Persecuted, but not forsaken; cast down, but not destroyed."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[83] Published in the _Daily News_, August 8, 1865.
+
+[84] The italics are ours.
+
+[85] "It has been plain from the first, that they were no more like
+Christians than Mahomet was like a Jew" (p. iv).
+
+[86] Published in _The English Presbyterian Messenger_, July 1st and
+August 1, 1865.
+
+[87] See p. 13, "Occasional Paper," No. 10, dated July, 1865, issued
+with the Tenth Annual Report of the China Mission at Amoy and Swatow,
+1864-5.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+RELIGIOUS PUBLICATIONS WRITTEN BY THE TIEN-WANG HUNG-SIU-TSHUEN, AND
+USED BY THE TI-PINGS.
+
+
+DECALOGUE.
+THE TEN CELESTIAL COMMANDS WHICH ARE TO BE CONSTANTLY OBSERVED.
+
+
+THE FIRST COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT HONOUR AND WORSHIP THE GREAT GOD.
+
+_Remark._--The great God is the universal Father of all men, in every
+nation under heaven. Every man is produced and nourished by him: every
+man is also protected by him: every man ought, therefore, morning and
+evening, to honour and worship him, with acknowledgments of his
+goodness. It is a common saying, that Heaven produces, nourishes, and
+protects men. Also, that being provided with food we must not deceive
+Heaven. Therefore, whoever does not worship the great God breaks the
+commands of Heaven.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    Imperial Heaven, the Supreme God is the true Spirit (God):
+    Worship him every morning and evening, and you will be taken up;
+    You ought deeply to consider the ten celestial commands,
+    And not by your foolishness obscure the right principles of nature.
+
+
+THE SECOND COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT NOT WORSHIP CORRUPT SPIRITS (GODS).
+
+_Remark._--The great God says, Thou shalt have no other spirits (gods)
+beside me. Therefore all besides the great God are corrupt spirits
+(gods), deceiving and destroying mankind; they must on no account be
+worshipped: whoever worships the whole class of corrupt spirits (gods)
+offends against the commands of Heaven.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    Corrupt devils very easily delude the souls of men.
+    If you perversely believe in them, you will at last go down to hell.
+    We exhort you all, brave people, to awake from your lethargy,
+    And early make your peace with your exalted Heavenly Father.
+
+
+THE THIRD COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT NOT TAKE THE NAME OF THE GREAT GOD IN VAIN.
+
+_Remark._--The name of the great God is Jehovah, which men must not take
+in vain. Whoever takes God's name in vain, and rails against Heaven,
+offends against this command.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    Our exalted Heavenly Father is infinitely honourable;
+    Those who disobey and profane his name, seldom come to a good end.
+    If unacquainted with the true doctrine, you should be on your guard,
+    For those who wantonly blaspheme involve themselves in endless crime.
+
+
+THE FOURTH COMMAND.
+ON THE SEVENTH DAY, THE DAY OF WORSHIP, YOU SHOULD PRAISE THE GREAT GOD
+FOR HIS GOODNESS.
+
+_Remark._--In the beginning the great God made heaven and earth, land
+and sea, men and things, in six days; and having finished his works on
+the seventh day, he called it the day of rest (or Sabbath): therefore
+all the men of the world, who enjoy the blessing of the great God,
+should on every seventh day especially reverence and worship the great
+God, and praise him for his goodness.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    All the happiness enjoyed in the world comes from Heaven;
+    It is therefore reasonable that men should give thanks and sing;
+    At the daily morning and evening meal there should be thanksgiving,
+    But on the seventh day, the worship should be more intense.
+
+
+THE FIFTH COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT HONOUR THY FATHER AND THY MOTHER, THAT THY DAYS MAY BE
+PROLONGED.
+
+_Remark._--Whoever disobeys his parents breaks this command.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    History records that Shun honoured his parents to the end of his days,
+    Causing them to experience the intensest pleasure and delight:
+    August Heaven will abundantly reward all who act thus,
+    And do not disappoint the expectation of the authors of their being.
+
+
+THE SIXTH COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT NOT KILL OR INJURE MEN.
+
+_Remark._--He who kills another kills himself, and he who injures
+another injures himself. Whoever does either of these breaks the above
+command.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    The whole world is one family, and all men are brethren,
+    How can they be permitted to kill and destroy one another?
+    The outward form and the inward principle are both conferred by Heaven:
+    Allow every one, then, to enjoy the ease and comfort which he desires.
+
+
+THE SEVENTH COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT NOT COMMIT ADULTERY OR ANYTHING UNCLEAN.
+
+_Remark._--All the men in the world are brethren, and all the women in
+the world are sisters. Among the sons and daughters of the celestial
+hall the males are on one side and the females on the other, and are not
+allowed to intermix. Should either men or women practise lewdness they
+are considered outcasts, as having offended against one of the chief
+commands of Heaven. The casting of amorous glances, the harbouring of
+lustful imaginations, the smoking of foreign tobacco (opium), or the
+singing of libidinous songs must all be considered as breaches of this
+command.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    Lust and lewdness constitute the chief transgression,
+    Those who practise it become outcasts, and are the objects of pity.
+    If you wish to enjoy the substantial happiness of heaven,
+    It is necessary to deny yourself and earnestly cultivate virtue.
+
+
+THE EIGHTH COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT NOT ROB OR STEAL.
+
+_Remark._--Riches and poverty are determined by the great God; but
+whosoever robs or plunders the property of others transgresses this
+command.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    Rest contented with your station, however poor, and do not steal.
+    Robbery and violence are low and abandoned practices.
+    Those who injure others really injure themselves.
+    Let the noble-minded among you immediately reform.
+
+
+THE NINTH COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT NOT UTTER FALSEHOOD.
+
+_Remark._--All those who tell lies, and indulge in devilish deceits,
+with every kind of coarse and abandoned talk, offend against this
+command.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    Lying discourse and unfounded stories must all be abandoned.
+    Deceitful and wicked words are offences against Heaven.
+    Much talk will, in the end, bring evil on the speakers.
+    It is then much better to be cautious, and regulate one's own mind.
+
+
+THE TENTH COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT NOT CONCEIVE A COVETOUS DESIRE.
+
+_Remark._--When a man looks upon the beauty of another's wife and
+daughters with covetous desires, or when he regards the elegance of
+another man's possessions with covetous desires, or when he engages in
+gambling, he offends against this command.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    In your daily conduct do not harbour covetous desires.
+    When involved in the sea of lust the consequences are very serious.
+    The above injunctions were handed down on Mount Sinai;
+    And to this day the celestial commands retain all their force.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "NOTE.--The expression 'corrupt spirits' in the remarks upon the
+    second commandment, rendered by the translator 'gods,' refers
+    probably to the numerous malevolent spirits whom all uneducated
+    Chinese believe to have power over all things noxious to the
+    human race. The gods of thunder, lightning, wind, &c., are the
+    principal of these, but there are also hundreds of inferior
+    spirits whom poor householders believe to be abroad at night,
+    with power, if they so will, to spread pestilence, disaster, and
+    fire, and who consequently receive daily and nightly offerings
+    of prayer and incense from the timid and trembling poor, who
+    dread the exercise of their malevolence."--(_The Taepings in
+    China._)
+
+
+
+
+THE TRIMETRICAL CLASSIC.
+
+EACH LINE IN THE ORIGINAL CONTAINING THREE WORDS, AND EACH VERSE FOUR
+LINES.
+
+    The Great God
+    Made heaven and earth,
+    Both land and sea,
+    And all things therein.
+
+    In six days
+    He made the whole;
+    Man, the lord of all,
+    Was endowed with glory and honour.
+
+    Every seventh day worship,
+    In acknowledgment of Heaven's favour;
+    Let all under Heaven
+    Keep their hearts in reverence.
+
+    It is said that in former times
+    A foreign nation was commanded
+    To honour God;
+    The nation's name was Israel.
+
+    Their twelve tribes
+    Removed into Egypt;
+    Where God favoured them,
+    And their posterity increased.
+
+    Then a king arose
+    Into whose heart the devil entered;
+    He envied their prosperity,
+    And inflicted pain and misery.
+
+    Ordering the daughters to be preserved,
+    But not allowing the sons to live;
+    Their bondage was severe
+    And very difficult to bear.
+
+    The Great God
+    Viewed them with pity,
+    And commanded Moses
+    To return to his family.
+
+    He commanded Aaron
+    To go and meet Moses;
+    When both addressed the king,
+    And wrought divers miracles.
+
+    The king hardened his heart
+    And would not let them go;
+    Wherefore God was angry
+    And sent lice and locusts.
+
+    He also sent flies,
+    Together with frogs,
+    Which entered their palaces
+    And crept into their ovens.
+
+    When the king still refused,
+    The river was turned into blood!
+    And the water became bitter
+    Throughout all Egypt.
+
+    God sent boils and blains,
+    With pestilence and murrain;
+    He also sent hail,
+    Which was very grievous.
+
+    The king still refusing,
+    He slew their first-born;
+    When the King of Egypt
+    Had no resource,
+
+    But let them go
+    Out of his land;
+    The Great God
+    Upheld and sustained them.
+
+    By day in a cloud,
+    By night in a pillar of fire;
+    The Great God
+    Himself saved them.
+
+    The king hardened his heart,
+    And led his armies in pursuit;
+    But God was angry
+    And displayed his majesty.
+
+    Arrived at the Red Sea,
+    The waters were spread abroad;
+    The people of Israel
+    Were very much afraid.
+
+    The pursuers overtook them,
+    But God stayed their course;
+    He himself fought for them,
+    And the people had no trouble.
+
+    He caused the Red Sea
+    With its waters to divide;
+    To stand up as a wall,
+    That they might pass between.
+
+    The people of Israel
+    Marched with a steady step
+    As though on dry ground,
+    And thus saved their lives.
+
+    The pursuers attempting to cross,
+    Their wheels were taken off,
+    When the waters closed upon them,
+    And they were all drowned.
+
+    The Great God
+    Displayed his power,
+    And the people of Israel
+    Were all preserved.
+
+    When they came to the desert
+    They had nothing to eat;
+    But the Great God
+    Bade them not be afraid.
+
+    He sent down manna,
+    For each man a pint;
+    It was as sweet as honey,
+    And satisfied their appetites.
+
+    The people lusted much,
+    And wished to eat flesh,
+    When quails were sent
+    By the millions of bushels.
+
+    At the Mount Sinai
+    Miracles were displayed,
+    And Moses was commanded
+    To make tables of stone.
+
+    The Great God
+    Gave his celestial commands,
+    Amounting to ten precepts,
+    The breach of which would not be forgiven.
+
+    He himself wrote them,
+    And gave them to Moses;
+    The celestial law
+    Cannot be altered.
+
+    In after ages
+    It was sometimes disobeyed,
+    Through the devil's temptations
+    When men fell into misery.
+
+    But the Great God,
+    Out of pity to mankind,
+    Sent his first-born Son
+    To come down into the world.
+
+    His name is Jesus,
+    The Lord and Saviour of men,
+    Who redeems them from sin
+    By the endurance of extreme misery.
+
+    Upon the cross
+    They nailed his body,
+    Where he shed his precious blood
+    To save all mankind.
+
+    Three days after his death
+    He rose from the dead,
+    And during forty days
+    He discoursed on heavenly things.
+
+    When he was about to ascend,
+    He commanded his disciples
+    To communicate his gospel
+    And proclaim his revealed will.
+
+    Those who believe will be saved
+    And ascend to heaven;
+    But those who do not believe
+    Will be the first to be condemned.
+
+    Throughout the whole world
+    There is only one God,
+    The Great Lord and Ruler
+    Without a second.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    The Chinese in early ages
+    Were regarded by God;
+    Together with the foreign states
+    They walked in one way.
+
+    From the time of Pwan-koo,[88]
+    Down to the three dynasties,[89]
+    They honoured God,
+    As history records.
+
+    T'hang of the Shang dynasty,[90]
+    And Wan of the Chow,[91]
+    Honoured God
+    With the intensest feeling.
+
+    The inscription on T'hang's bathing-tub
+    Inculcated daily renovation of mind;
+    And God commanded him
+    To assume the government of the empire.
+
+    Wan was very respectful
+    And intelligently served God;
+    So that the people who submitted to him
+    Were two out of every three.
+
+    When Tsin obtained the empire[92]
+    He was infatuated with the genii,
+    And the nation has been deluded by the devil
+    For the last two thousand years.
+
+    Suen and Woo of the Han dynasty[93]
+    Both followed this bad example,
+    So that the mad rebellion increased
+    In imitation of Tsin's misrule.
+
+    When Woo arrived at old age,
+    He repented of his folly,
+    And lamented that from his youth up
+    He had always followed the wrong road.
+
+    Ming of the Han dynasty[94]
+    Welcomed the institutions of Buddha,
+    And set up temples and monasteries
+    To the great injury of the country.
+
+    But Hwang of the Sung dynasty
+    Was still more mad and infatuated,
+    For he changed the name of Shang-te (God)
+    Into that of Yuh-hwang (the pearly emperor).[95]
+
+    But the Great God
+    Is the supreme Lord
+    Over all the world,
+    The Great Father in heaven.
+
+    His name is most honourable,
+    To be handed down through distant ages;
+    Who was this Hwuy,
+    That he dared to alter it?
+
+    It was meet that this same Hwuy
+    Should be taken by the Tartars,
+    And together with his son
+    Perish in the northern desert.
+
+    From Hwuy of the Sung dynasty
+    Up to the present day,
+    For these seven hundred years
+    Men have sunk deeper and deeper in error.
+
+    With the doctrine of God
+    They have not been acquainted,
+    While the king of Hades
+    Has deluded them to the utmost.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    The Great God displays
+    Liberality deep as the sea;
+    But the devil has injured man
+    In a most outrageous manner.
+
+    God is therefore displeased
+    And has sent his Son[96]
+    With orders to come down into the world
+    Having first studied the classics.
+
+    In the Ting-yeu year (1837)
+    He was received up into Heaven,
+    Where the affairs of Heaven
+    Were clearly pointed out to him.
+
+    The great God
+    Personally instructed him,
+    Gave him odes and documents,
+    And communicated to him the true doctrine.
+
+    God also gave him a seal,
+    And conferred upon him a sword
+    Connected with authority
+    And majesty irresistible.
+
+    He bade him, together with the elder brother,
+    Namely Jesus,
+    To drive away impish fiends
+    With the co-oporation of angels.
+
+    There was one who looked on with envy,
+    Namely, the king of Hades,
+    Who displayed much malignity
+    And acted like a devilish serpent.
+
+    But the great God,
+    With a high hand,
+    Instructed his Son
+    To subdue this fiend,
+
+    And having conquered him,
+    To show him no favour;
+    And in spite of his envious eye
+    He damped all his courage.
+
+    Having overcome the fiend,
+    He returned to Heaven,
+    Where the great God
+    Gave him great authority.
+
+    The celestial mother was kind
+    And exceedingly gracious,
+    Beautiful and noble in the extreme,
+    Far beyond all compare.
+
+    The celestial elder brother's wife
+    Was virtuous and very considerate,
+    Constantly exhorting the elder brother
+    To do things deliberately.
+
+    The great God,
+    Out of love to mankind,
+    Again commissioned his Son
+    To come down into the world.
+
+    And when he sent him down,
+    He charged him not to be afraid;
+    I am with you, said he,
+    To superintend everything.
+
+    In the Mow-shin year (1848)
+    The Son was troubled and distressed,
+    When the great God
+    Appeared on his behalf.
+
+    Bringing Jesus with him,
+    They both came down into the world,
+    Where he instructed his Son
+    How to sustain the weight of government.
+
+    God has set up his Son
+    To endure for ever,
+    To defeat corrupt machinations
+    And to display majesty and authority.
+
+    Also to judge the world,
+    To divide the righteous from the wicked,
+    And consign them to the misery of hell,
+    Or bestow on them the joys of heaven.
+
+    Heaven manages everything,
+    Heaven sustains the whole;
+    Let all beneath the sky
+    Come and acknowledge the new monarch.
+
+    Little children,
+    Worship God,
+    Keep his commandments,
+    And do not disobey.
+
+    Let your minds be refined,
+    And be not depraved,
+    The great God
+    Constantly surveys you.
+
+    You must refine yourselves well,
+    And not be depraved:
+    Vice willingly practised
+    Is the first step to misery.
+
+    To insure a good end,
+    You must make a good beginning:
+    An error of a hair's breadth
+    May lead to a discrepancy of a thousand li.
+
+    Be careful about little things,
+    And watch the minute springs of action:
+    The great God
+    Is not to be deceived.
+
+    Little children,
+    Arouse your energies:
+    The laws of high heaven
+    Admit not of infraction.
+
+    Upon the good blessings descend,
+    And miseries on the wicked;
+    Those who obey Heaven are preserved,
+    And those who disobey perish.
+
+    The great God
+    Is a spiritual Father;
+    All things whatever
+    Depend on him.
+
+    The great God
+    Is the Father of our spirits:
+    Those who devoutly serve him
+    Will obtain blessings.
+
+    Those who obey the fathers of their flesh
+    Will enjoy longevity;
+    Those who requite their parents
+    Will certainly obtain happiness.
+
+    Do not practise lewdness,
+    Nor any uncleanness;
+    Do not tell lies,
+    Do not kill and slay.
+
+    Do not steal,
+    Do not covet:
+    The great God
+    Will strictly carry out his laws.
+
+    Those who obey Heaven's commands
+    Will enjoy celestial happiness;
+    Those who are grateful for divine favours
+    Will receive divine support.
+
+    Heaven blesses the good
+    And curses the bad:
+    Little children!
+    Maintain correct conduct.
+
+    The correct are men,
+    The corrupt are imps:
+    Little children!
+    Seek to avoid disgrace.
+
+    God loves the upright,
+    And he hates the vicious:
+    Little children!
+    Be careful to avoid error.
+
+    The great God
+    Sees everything;
+    If you wish to enjoy happiness,
+    Refine and correct yourselves.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[88] Pwan-koo, the first man, was, according to Chinese mythology, the
+offspring of Chaos, and the creator of the earth, sun, moon, and stars.
+
+[89] The period of the three dynasties began B.C. 2207, and ended B.C.
+247.
+
+[90] B.C. 1766.
+
+[91] B.C. 1121. Both these emperors (T'hang and Wan) are stated by Du
+Halde to have worshipped Heaven.
+
+[92] B.C. 247.
+
+[93] B.C. 74--A.D. 25.
+
+[94] A.D. 58. The emperor Ming, having heard that the true religion was
+to be found in the west, despatched (A.D. 66) ambassadors into Northern
+India, who, finding the majority of the people in that region to be
+worshippers of Fo, brought back with them several Bonzes in order to
+spread the faith; and thus Buddhism was introduced into China.
+
+[95] This emperor (Hwuy) was a firm believer in the superstitions of the
+Taouists. A.D. 1101--1126.
+
+[96] Hung-siu-tsuen.
+
+
+
+
+ODE FOR YOUTH.
+
+EACH LINE IN THE ORIGINAL CONTAINING FIVE WORDS, AND EACH VERSE FOUR
+LINES.
+
+
+ON THE WORSHIP OF GOD.
+
+    Let the true Spirit, the great God,
+    Be honoured and adored by all nations;
+    Let all the inhabitants of the world
+    Unite in his worship, morning and evening.
+
+    Above and below, look where you may,
+    All things are imbued with the Divine favour.
+    At the beginning, in six days,
+    All things were created, perfect and complete.
+
+    Whether circumcised or uncircumcised,
+    Who is not produced by God?
+    Reverently praise the Divine favour
+    And you will obtain eternal glory.
+
+
+ON REVERENCE FOR JESUS.
+
+    Jesus, his first-born Son,
+    Was in former times sent by God:
+    He willingly gave his life to redeem us from sin;
+    Of a truth his merits are pre-eminent.
+
+    His cross was hard to bear;
+    The sorrowing clouds obscured the sun.
+    The adorable Son, the honoured of heaven,
+    Died for you, the children of men.
+
+    After his resurrection he ascended to heaven;
+    Resplendent in glory, he wields authority supreme.
+    In him we know that we may trust
+    To secure salvation and ascend to Heaven.
+
+
+ON THE HONOUR DUE TO PARENTS.
+
+    As grain is stored against a day of need,
+    So men bring up children to tend their old age;
+    A filial son begets filial children,--
+    The recompense here is truly wonderful.
+
+    Do you ask how this our body
+    Is to attain to length of years?
+    Keep the fifth command, we say,
+    And honour and emolument will descend upon you.
+
+
+ON THE COURT.
+
+    The imperial court is an awe-inspiring spot,
+    Let those about it dread celestial majesty;
+    Life and death emanate from Heaven's son,
+    Let every officer avoid disobedience.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF THE SOVEREIGN.
+
+    When one man presides over the government,
+    All nations become settled and tranquillized:
+    When the sovereign grasps the sceptre of power,
+    Calumny and corruption sink and disappear.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF MINISTERS.
+
+    When the prince is upright, ministers are true;
+    When the sovereign is intelligent, ministers will be honest.
+    E and Chow are models worthy of imitation:
+    They acted uprightly and aided the government.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF FAMILIES.
+
+    The members of one family being intimately related,
+    They should live in joy and harmony;
+    When the feeling of concord unites the whole,
+    Blessings will descend upon them from above.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF A FATHER.
+
+    When the main beam is straight, the joists will be regular;
+    When a father is strict, his duty will be fulfilled:
+    Let him not provoke his children to wrath,
+    And a delightful harmony will pervade the dwelling.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF A MOTHER.
+
+    Ye mothers, beware of partiality,
+    But tenderly instruct your children in virtue;
+    When you are a fit example to your daughters,
+    The happy feeling will reach to the clouds.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF SONS.
+
+    Sons, be patterns to your wives;
+    Consider obedience to parents the chief duty;
+    Do not listen to the tattle of women,
+    And you will not be estranged from your own flesh.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF DAUGHTERS-IN-LAW.
+
+    Ye that are espoused into other families,
+    Be gentle and yielding, and your duty is fulfilled;
+    Do not quarrel with your sisters-in-law,
+    And thereby vex the old father and mother.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF ELDER BROTHERS.
+
+    Elder brothers, instruct your juniors;
+    Remember well your common parentage;
+    Should they commit a trifling fault,
+    Bear with it and treat them indulgently.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF YOUNGER BROTHERS.
+
+    Disparity in years is ordered by Heaven;
+    Duty to seniors consists in respect.
+    When younger brothers obey Heaven's dictates,
+    Happiness and honour will be their portion.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF ELDER SISTERS.
+
+    Elder sisters, instruct your younger sisters,
+    Study improvement and fit yourselves for Heaven.
+    Should you occasionally visit your former homes,
+    Get the little ones around you and tell them what is right.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF YOUNGER SISTERS.
+
+    Girls, obey your elder brothers and sisters,
+    Be obliging and avoid arrogance,
+    Carefully give yourselves to self-improvement,
+    And mind and keep the Ten Commandments.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF HUSBANDS.
+
+    Unbending firmness is natural to the man,
+    Love for a wife should be qualified by prudence;
+    And should the lioness roar,
+    Let not terror fill the mind.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF WIVES.
+
+    Women, be obedient to your three male relatives,
+    And do not disobey your lords:
+    When hens crow in the morning,
+    Sorrow may be expected in the family.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF ELDER BROTHERS' WIVES.
+
+    What is the duty of an elder brother's wife,
+    And what her most appropriate deportment?
+    Let her cheerfully harmonize with younger brothers' wives,
+    And she will never do amiss.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF YOUNGER BROTHERS' WIVES.
+
+    Younger brothers' wives should respect their elder brothers' wives,
+    In humility honouring their elder brothers;
+    In all things yielding to their senior sisters-in-law,
+    Which will result in harmony superior to music.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF THE MALE SEX.
+
+    Let every man have his own partner
+    And maintain the duties of the human relations
+    Firm and unbending; his duties lie from home,
+    But he should avoid such things as cause suspicion.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF THE FEMALE SEX.
+
+    The duty of woman is to maintain chastity;
+    She should shun proximity to the other sex;
+    Sober and decorous, she should keep at home:
+    Thus she can secure happiness and felicity.
+
+
+ON CONTRACTING MARRIAGES.
+
+    Marriages are the result of some relation in a former state
+    The disposal of which rests with Heaven.
+    When contracted, affection should flow in a continued stream,
+    And the association should be uninterrupted.
+
+
+ON MANAGING THE HEART.
+
+    For the purpose of controlling the whole body,
+    God has given to man an intelligent mind;
+    When the heart is correct, it becomes the true regulator
+    To which the senses and members are all obedient.
+
+
+ON MANAGING THE EYES.
+
+    The various corruptions first delude the eye;
+    But if the eye be correct, all evil will be avoided:
+    Let the pupil of the eye be sternly fixed,
+    And the light of the body will shine up to heaven.
+
+
+ON MANAGING THE EAR.
+
+    Whatever sounds assail my ear,
+    Let me listen to all in silence:
+    Deaf to the entrance of evil,
+    Pervious to good, in order to be eminently intelligent.
+
+
+ON MANAGING THE MOUTH.
+
+    The tongue is a prolific source of strife,
+    And a multitude of words leads to mischief;
+    Let me not be defiled by lying and corrupt discourse,
+    Careful and cautious, let reason be my guide.
+
+
+ON MANAGING THE HAND.
+
+    To cut off the hand whereby we are dragged to evil
+    Appears a determination worthy of high praise;
+    The duty of the hand is to manifest respect,
+    But for improper objects move not a finger.
+
+
+ON MANAGING THE FEET.
+
+    Let the feet walk in the path of rectitude,
+    And ever follow it, without treading awry;
+    For the countless by-paths of life
+    Lead only to mischief in the end.
+
+
+THE WAY TO GET TO HEAVEN.
+
+    Honour and disgrace come from a man's self;
+    But men should exert themselves
+    To keep the Ten Commandments,
+    And they will enjoy bliss in Heaven.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+EXPORT OF TEA AND SILK FROM CHINA,
+
+    _Showing the State of the Trade before, during, and after the
+    Occupation of the producing Districts by the Ti-pings._
+
+    [From the following Figures the Effect of their Presence upon
+    Commerce may be judged.]
+
+
+TOTAL EXPORTS during the Five Years immediately preceding the Outbreak
+of the Ti-ping Revolution.
+
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+    |  DATE OF EXPORT.   |     TEA.     | RAW SILK.|
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+    |                    |   Pounds.    |  Bales.  |
+    |  Year   1845-1846  |  57,580,000  |  18,600  |
+    |    "    1846-1847  |  53,360,000  |  19,000  |
+    |    "    1847-1848  |  47,690,000  |  21,377  |
+    |    "    1848-1849  |  47,240,000  |  17,228  |
+    |    "    1849-1850  |  53,960,000  |  16,134  |
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+
+_Remarks._--These returns are quoted by Col. Sykes, M.P., in his
+pamphlet on "The Progress of Trade with China, 1833-1860," and are
+copied from the _Friend of China_, which journal, then established at
+Canton, published a tabular form, showing the total exports (exclusive
+of Ningpo) from all Treaty Ports, 1843 to 1858.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TOTAL EXPORTS during the First Three Years of the Revolution, while the
+Ti-pings were steadily progressing northward.
+
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+    |  DATE OF EXPORT.   |     TEA.     | RAW SILK.|
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+    |                    |   Pounds.    |  Bales.  |
+    |  Year   1850-1851  |  64,020,000  |  22,143  |
+    |    "    1851-1852  |  65,130,000  |  23,040  |
+    |    "    1852-1853  |  72,900,000  |  25,571  |
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+
+_Remarks._--It will be seen that the progress of the rebellion did not
+interfere with trade, which continued steadily increasing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TOTAL EXPORTS from date of Capture of Nankin, and many producing
+Districts, by the Ti-pings, to 1859.
+
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+    |  DATE OF EXPORT.   |     TEA.     | RAW SILK.|
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+    |                    |   Pounds.    |  Bales.  |
+    |  Year   1853-1854  |  77,210,000  |  61,984  |
+    |    "    1854-1855  |  86,500,000  |  51,486  |
+    |    "    1855-1856  |  91,930,000  |  50,489  |
+    |    "    1856-1857  |  61,460,000  |  74,215  |
+    |    "    1857-1858  |  76,740,000  |  60,736  |
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+
+_Remarks._--It will be seen that the exports, although to a certain
+extent coming from, or passing through, Ti-ping territory, continued
+regularly increasing, especially in the case of the silk trade.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TOTAL EXPORTS during the Two Years preceding the Capture, of the entire
+Silk, and about half of the Tea, Districts.
+
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+    | DATE OF EXPORT. |     TEA.    |  RAW SILK. |
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+    |                 |    Pounds.  |   Bales.   |
+    | Year  1858-1859 |  65,789,792 |   81,136   |
+    |  "    1859-1860 |  85,938,493 |   69,137   |
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+
+_Remarks._--These returns are carefully copied from the bi-monthly
+issues of _The China Overland Trade Report_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TOTAL EXPORTS during the entire Occupation of the Silk Districts.
+
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+    | DATE OF EXPORT. |     TEA.    |  RAW SILK. |
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+    |                 |   Pounds.   |   Bales.   |
+    | Year  1860-1861 |  87,220,754 |   88,754   |
+    |  "    1861-1862 | 107,351,649 |   73,322   |
+    |  "    1862-1863 | 118,692,138 |   83,264   |
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+
+_Remarks._--The Ti-pings captured Soo-chow, the capital of the silk
+districts (and shortly after the _whole_ of that valuable country), in
+the month of May, 1860. It will be seen that, instead of injuring the
+silk trade, at the termination of the next business year--season
+1860-61, commencing June 1, 1860, and ending 31st May, 1861--they had
+_increased_ it to 88,754 bales, the greatest number ever exported from
+China in one year; to 73,322, season 1861-62; and 83,264, season
+1862-63; whilst the export of tea, mostly from regions in their
+possession, was raised from 66,000,000 pounds in 1860, to 119,000,000 in
+1863! These figures cover the period of entire occupation of the silk
+districts by the Ti-pings, and their occupation of the tea districts of
+Fy-chow, Taeping-hien, and others in the provinces of Ngan-whui,
+Che-kiang, Kiang-si, and Kiang-su, and extend to the end of May, 1863.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TOTAL EXPORTS _since_ the Ti-pings have been driven from the Silk
+Districts.
+
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+    | DATE OF EXPORT. |     TEA.    |  RAW SILK. |
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+    |                 |   Pounds.   |   Bales.   |
+    | Year  1863-1864 | 119,689,238 |   46,863   |
+    |  "    1864-1865 | 121,236,870 |   41,128   |
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+
+_Remarks._--These returns prove, better than any history or argument,
+who were the devastators of the former Ti-ping territory. While the
+revolutionists held and governed the valuable silk districts, that
+article was produced and exported in larger quantities than had ever
+been known before. After the British had made the producing districts
+the theatre of the war, and finally succeeded in driving the Ti-pings
+out, the supply of silk at once fell to half the export during the
+Ti-ping dominion, and the second year after to still less.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX C.
+
+MEMORANDUM OF TI-PINGS KILLED DURING THE BRITISH HOSTILITIES AGAINST
+THEM.
+
+
++----------------------+----------+---------------+---------+-------------+
+|                      |          |               | Number  |British, or  |
+|     Where Killed.    |   Date.  |By what Forces.| Killed. |Allied,      |
+|                      |          |               |         |Casualties.  |
++----------------------+----------+---------------+---------+-------------+
+|Before Shanghae,      |August,   |British and    |    300  |Nil.         |
+|while striving        |1860.     |French.        |         |             |
+|to peaceably          |          |               |         |             |
+|negotiate.            |          |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Near the city of      |December, |Ward's         |  2,000  |100 killed   |
+|Soong-kong (twenty    |1861.     |disciplined    |         |and          |
+|miles from Shanghae). |          |Contingent     |         |wounded.     |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At the capture of the |21st      |British and    |    150  |1 killed by  |
+|village Kao-kiau.     |February, |French.        |         |a stray shot.|
+|                      |1862.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|During the capture    |1st       |Ditto.         |  1,300  |Nil.         |
+|of stockades at       |March,    |               |         |             |
+|Ming-hong.            |1862.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At capture of         |4th       |Ditto.         |    600  |1 killed,    |
+|Wong-ka-dzu stockades.|April,    |               |         |1 wounded.   |
+|                      |1862.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Capture of the village|5th       |Admiral        |    300  |Nil.         |
+|of Lu-ka-kong.        |April,    |Hope's and     |         |             |
+|                      |1862.     |Ward's forces. |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At the village of     |17th      |British,       |    900  |Nil.         |
+|Che-poo.              |April,    |French,        |         |             |
+|                      |1862.     |and            |         |             |
+|                      |          |Ward's forces. |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At the capture of the |1st       |Allied British,|  3,500  |5 or 6       |
+|city of Kah-ding.     |May,      |French, and    |         |wounded.     |
+|                      |1862.     |Imperialists.  |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At the capture of the |12th      |Ditto.         |  2,500  |2 killed,    |
+|city of Tsing-poo.    |May,      |               |         |10 wounded.  |
+|                      |1862.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At the capture of the |17th      |British and    |    500  |French       |
+|village of Na-joor.   |May,      |French.        |         |admiral      |
+|                      |1862.     |               |         |killed, 16   |
+|                      |          |               |         |men wounded. |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At the capture of the |20th      |Ditto.         |  3,000  |1 killed,    |
+|town of Cho-lin.      |May,      |               |         |4 wounded.   |
+|                      |1862.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|During an engagement  |31st      |British naval  |    300  |1 killed,    |
+|near Kah-ding.        |May,      |& military     |         |4 wounded.   |
+|                      |1862.     |forces         |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Upon the expulsion of |10th      |British,       |    150  |3 killed,    |
+|the Ti-pings from     |May       |French,        |         |23 wounded.  |
+|Ningpo.               |1862.     |and piratical  |         |             |
+|                      |          |flotilla.      |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|During the recapture  |June,     |British,       |  5,000  |About 100,   |
+|of Kah-ding,          |July &    |French,        |         |all told.    |
+|Tsing-poo, Cho-lin,   |August,   |and            |         |             |
+|Chee-poo, &c., by     |1862.     |Imperialists.  |         |             |
+|the Ti-pings.         |          |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|During the operations |August,   |Force under    | 20,000  |About 2,000  |
+|in the Ningpo         |1862,     |Capt. R. Dew,  |         |or 3,000.    |
+|district, leading to  |to the    |R.N.,          |         |             |
+|the capture of        |end of    |Anglo-Manchoo, |         |             |
+|Tse-kie, Yu-yaon,     |1863.     |Franco-Manchoo,|         |             |
+|Fung-wha, Shou-sing,  |          |and Imperialist|         |             |
+|and other cities.     |          |troops.        |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At the second capture |24th      |British,       |  1,500  |4 killed,    |
+|of Kah-ding.          |October,  |French,        |         |20 wounded.  |
+|                      |1862.     |and            |         |             |
+|                      |          |Imperialists.  |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Engagement during     |November, |British, Ward's|  3,000  |5 killed,    |
+|Ti-ping attempt to    |1862      |force, and     |         |15 wounded.  |
+|recapture Kah-ding.   |          |Imperialists   |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|During the repulse of |14th      |Anglo-Manchoo  |  1,000  |2,500 killed |
+|the attack on Tait-san|February, |Contingent     |         |& wounded.   |
+|                      |1863      |and Imperial   |         |             |
+|                      |          |troops.        |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Capture of Fu-shan    |6th April,|Filibuster     |  1,200  |2 killed,    |
+|village, and relief of|1863      |_General_      |         |3 wounded.   |
+|Chang-zu              |          |Gordon's force.|         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Capture of the city of|2nd May,  |British,       |  2,000  |200 _hors de |
+|Tait-san              |1863      |Gordon's       |         |combat_.     |
+|                      |          |and Imperial   |         |             |
+|                      |          |forces.        |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Massacre of Ti-pings  |30th May, |The            |  3,000  |Gordon's     |
+|during their          |1863      |Anglo-Manchoo  |         |force,       |
+|evacuation  of the    |          |disciplined and|         |2 killed and |
+|city of Quin-san.     |          |foreign-       |         |5 drowned;   |
+|                      |          |officered      |         |Imperialist  |
+|                      |          |Contingent, and|         |loss, about  |
+|                      |          |an Imperialist |         |300.         |
+|                      |          |army.          |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|During the retreat of |June,     |Died of        | 40,000  |Loss of      |
+|the Chung-wang's army |1863      |starvation,    |         |Imperialist  |
+|from the northern     |          |made prisoners |         |troops, 2,000|
+|provinces; caused by  |          |and executed by|         |to 3,000.    |
+|the British           |          |Imperialists,  |         |             |
+|hostilities in the    |          |and killed in  |         |             |
+|neighbourhood of      |          |action.        |         |             |
+|Shanghae and Ningpo.  |          |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At the capture of     |29th      |Anglo-Manchoo  |    150  |1 killed, 15 |
+|Wo-kong city          |July,     |Contingent and |         |wounded.     |
+|                      |1863      |Imperialists   |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Engagements at        |5th, 6th, |Ditto.         |  1,000  |50 to 100.   |
+|Kah-poo.              |& 7th     |               |         |             |
+|                      |Aug.      |               |         |             |
+|                      |1863.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Engagements in the    |October,  |Ditto.         |  3,500  |About 200.   |
+|neighbourhood of      |1863.     |               |         |             |
+|Wo-kong.              |          |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Engagements before    |September,|English,       |  6,000  |About 2,000. |
+|Soo-chow, and capture |October,  |French, and    |         |             |
+|of stockades outside  |November, |other          |         |             |
+|the city.             |and       |disciplined    |         |             |
+|                      |December. |Contingents,   |         |             |
+|                      |          |assisted by a  |         |             |
+|                      |          |Imperialist    |         |             |
+|                      |          |army.          |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|The Soo-chow massacre |3rd       |Imperialists.  | 30,000  |Nil.         |
+|upon capture of the   |December, |               |Estimated|             |
+|city.                 |and       |               |by both  |             |
+|                      |subsequent|               |Imps. &  |             |
+|                      |days.     |               |Ti-Pings |             |
+|                      |          |               |at this  |             |
+|                      |          |               |No.      |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Engagements around    |November &|Ditto.         |  4,000  |5,000.       |
+|Wu-see and            |December. |               |         |             |
+|Chang-chow-foo        |          |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Upon occupation of    |12th      |Contingents and|  6,000  |Nil.         |
+|Wu-see (civilians put |December. |Imperialists   |         |             |
+|to death)             |          |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Capture of Yih-sing.  |3rd or 4th|English        |    500  |About a dozen|
+|                      |March,    |Contingent.    |         | casualties. |
+|                      |1864.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Defeat of Gordon's    |20th      |Ditto.         |    600  |About 150.   |
+|force before Kin-tang.|March,    |               |         |             |
+|                      |1864.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Defeat of Gordon's    |30th      |Ditto.         |    100  |About 207.   |
+|force at Hwa-soo.     |March,    |               |         |             |
+|                      |1864.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Assaults upon         |Jan.,     |English &      |  5,000  |Loss of      |
+|Hang-chow (capital of |Feb.; and |French         |         |Contingents, |
+|Che-kiang), capture of|Mar. 2nd, |Contingents,   |         |600;         |
+|Fo-yang, and other    |and 29th; |and several    |         |Imperialists,|
+|cities in the same    |April and |large          |         |3,000.       |
+|district.             |May, 1864.|Imperialist    |         |             |
+|                      |          |armies.        |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Massacre of           |End of    |Imperialists   |  7,000  |Loss of      |
+|non-combatants after  |March,    |and detachments|         |Imperilists  |
+|capture of            |1864.     |of English     |         |and          |
+|Kar-sing-foo.         |          |Contingent.    |         |detachment   |
+|                      |          |               |         |under _Col._ |
+|                      |          |               |         |Bailey during|
+|                      |          |               |         |the seige    |
+|                      |          |               |         |1,000.       |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Defeat of Ti-pings,   |11th      |Imperialists   |  8,000  |Loss of      |
+|and massacre of       |April,    |and English    |         |Allies, 100. |
+|prisoners, at the     |1864.     |Contingent     |         |             |
+|village of Hwa-soo.   |          |under Gordon.  |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Repulse of Imperialist|24th and  |Ditto.         |  3,500  |427 of       |
+|assaults upon         |25th      |               |         |Contingent,  |
+|Chang-chow-foo        |April,    |               |         |1,500        |
+|                      |1864.     |               |         |Imperialists.|
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Capture of Chang-chow,|11th May, |Ditto.         |About    |7 of         |
+|massacre of garrison  |1864.     |               | 20,000  |Contingent,  |
+|and inhabitants.      |          |               |         |300          |
+|                      |          |               |         |Imperialists.|
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|During the capture of |May to    |Principally    |About    |2,000 or     |
+|Tan-yang, Kin-tang,   |September,|Imperialists,  | 10,000  |3,000.       |
+|Ly-hong, and all other|1864      |assisted by all|         |             |
+|Ti-ping towns, besides|          |foreign        |         |             |
+|the districts in which|          |Contingents    |         |             |
+|they are situated,    |          |except         |         |             |
+|subsequent to the fall|          |Gordon's.      |         |             |
+|of Chang-chow-foo.    |          |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|During the siege of   |Ditto.    |Imperialists   | 70,000  | Nil.        |
+|Nankin about 70,000   |          |advised by     |         |             |
+|people perished from  |          |Gordon,        |         |             |
+|famine within its     |          |assisted by    |         |             |
+|walls.                |          |French         |         |             |
+|                      |          |officers.      |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Killed during the     |Ditto.    |Ditto.         | 10,000  |5,000 to     |
+|siege.                |          |               |         |10,000.      |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Massacred after the   |18th &    |    ..  ..     | 30,000  |Very small.  |
+|capture of the city.  |19th July,|               |         |             |
+|                      |and       |               |         |             |
+|                      |subsequent|               |         |             |
+|                      |days.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Killed during the     |January to|Imperialists   | 15,000  |9,000 to     |
+|siege and fall of     |September,|and French     |         |10,000.      |
+|Hoo-chow-foo.         |1864.     |Contingents.   |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|A rough estimate of   |August,   |Imperialists,  | 50,000  |Much less.   |
+|the number of people  |1860, to  |English, &     |         |             |
+|killed during all the |September,|French.        |         |             |
+|actions not recorded, |1864.     |               |         |             |
+|captures of villages, |          |               |         |             |
+|skirmishes, &c., which|          |               |         |             |
+|were innumerable.     |          |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|To the above may be   |  ..  ..  |    ..  ..     |2,500,000|             |
+|added _at least_      |          |               |         |             |
+|2,000,000 to 3,000,000|          |               |         |             |
+|people who perished   |          |               |         |             |
+|from the terrible     |          |               |         |             |
+|famine occasioned,    |          |               |         |             |
+|during the years 1863 |          |               |         |             |
+|and 4, by the allied  |          |               |         |             |
+|operations, whilst the|          |               |         |             |
+|Ti-pings were being   |          |               |         |             |
+|driven from their     |          |               |         |             |
+|territories, and the  |          |               |         |             |
+|whole country so      |          |               |         |             |
+|utterly desolated as  |          |               |         |             |
+|to be covered with the|          |               |         |             |
+|bodies of the starved |          |               |         |             |
+|and dying.            |          |               |         |             |
++----------------------+----------+---------------+---------+-------------+
+|    TOTAL NUMBER OF TI-PINGS KILLED AND          |2,872,550|             |
+|    DESTROYED BY THE BRITISH INTERVENTION        |         |             |
++-------------------------------------------------+---------+-------------+
+
+
+
+
+    COX AND WYMAN,
+    ORIENTAL, CLASSICAL, AND GENERAL PRINTERS,
+    GREAT QUEEN STREET, LONDON, W.C.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+Obvious punctuation errors repaired.
+
+Inconsistent transcription and hyphenation of Chinese names have not
+been changed.
+
+Hyphen removed: blood[-]thirsty (p. 704). gold[-]leaf (p. 769),
+gun[-]boat(s) (pp. 513, 706, 778), out[-]work (p. 510), pic[-]nic (p.
+512), re[-]cature/ed/ing (pp. 582, 583, 590, 820), re[-]manned (p. 516),
+re[-]taken (p. 584), round[-]about (p. 479), treaty port (p. 445),
+under[-]weigh (p. 426).
+
+Hyphen added: artillery[-]men (p. 452), breast[-]work (p. 749, 752),
+co[-]adjutor (p. 453), eye[-]witnesses (p. 741), half[-]way (p. 599),
+loop[-]hole (p. 608).
+
+Manilla-man/men used consistently instead of two words (pp. 653, 655,
+656) or one word (p. 591).
+
+The following variants appear and have not been changed: firearms and
+fire-arms, _li_ and _le_ (although _li_ is the more usual romanization
+of the Chinese measure of distance).
+
+P. 443: "griped" changed to "gripped" (had barely gripped me).
+
+P. 457: "poperty" changed to "property" (the letting of their property).
+
+P. 460: "adminstrator" changed to "administrator" (neither a general nor
+an administrator).
+
+P. 472: "and" added (between himself and a young Ti-ping soldier).
+
+P. 477: "prefered" changed to "preferred" (the Ti-pings preferred that
+course).
+
+PP. 484, 494: "Great Britian" changed to "Great Britain".
+
+P. 488: "detaind" changed to "detained" (we were detained for a long
+while).
+
+P. 508: "inadvertant" changed to "inadvertent" (inadvertent
+contradictions).
+
+P. 513: extra "a" removed (desolating raid into a country).
+
+P. 521: "infested" changed to "invested" (Soon-kong were also invested).
+
+P. 549: "administratve" changed to "administrative" (the Government and
+administrative machinery).
+
+P. 553: "simulocrum" changed to "simulacrum" (bolster up the tottering
+_simulacrum_).
+
+P. 557: "5,20,72,358" changed to "52,072,358".
+
+P. 565: Enumerated item "D" changed to "B".
+
+P. 571: "oratical" changed to "oratorical" (At the oratorical display).
+
+P. 571: "allevated" changed to "alleviated" (the distress could be
+alleviated).
+
+PP. 580, 582, 601: "Sherard" changed to "Sherrard" (Captain Sherrard
+Osborne).
+
+P. 605: "fusilade" changed to "fusillade" (kept up a fusillade).
+
+P. 608: "Subsquently" changed to "Subsequently" (Subsquently other
+legions).
+
+P. 613: "fourteeen" changed to "fourteen" (heads of fourteen women).
+
+P. 640: "Europeons" changed to "Europeans" (the Europeans working).
+
+PP. 655, 656, 660, 701: "Marcartney" changed to "Macartney" on the
+assumption that the person mentioned is Sir Halliday Macartney, KCMG,
+MD.
+
+P. 658: "Manoeuvring" changed to "Manoeuvering" in contents.
+
+P. 670: "become" changed to "became" (the bad news became confirmed).
+
+P. 689: "threefrom" changed to "therefrom" (and deduct threrefrom).
+
+P. 689: "agressive" changed to "aggressive" (aggressive bullying of the
+weak).
+
+P. 697: "Major Bailey" changed to "Major Baily".
+
+P. 705: "occurence" changed to "occurrence" (the occurrence of that
+tragedy).
+
+P. 709: "began" changed to "begun" (for scarcely had Morton and his
+regiment begun to engage).
+
+P. 713: "compensataion" changed to "compensation" (he would give the men
+compensation).
+
+P. 727: "knowng" changed to "knowing" (knowing as I do).
+
+P. 749: "deperate" changed to "desperate" (with desperate bravery).
+
+P. 799: "belligerants" changed to "belligerents" (had been recognised as
+belligerents).
+
+P. 805: added "in" (At the death of Alexander in).
+
+P. 806: "Mauchuria" changed to "Manchuria".
+
+P. 807: "territors" changed to "territories" (the territories of the
+Kirghiz).
+
+P. 828: "somtimes" changed to "sometimes" (It was sometimes disobeyed).
+
+P. 841 (last entry in table): "Imperilaists" changed to "Imperialists".
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh, by Lin-Le
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TI-PING TIEN-KWOH ***
+
+***** This file should be named 39735-8.txt or 39735-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/7/3/39735/
+
+Produced by Moti Ben-Ari and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive.)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
+  www.gutenberg.org/license.
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809
+North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email
+contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the
+Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit:  www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
diff --git a/39735-8.zip b/39735-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34c4e29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735-8.zip
diff --git a/39735-h.zip b/39735-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4187575
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735-h.zip
diff --git a/39735-h/39735-h.htm b/39735-h/39735-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25f8987
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735-h/39735-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,17015 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ -->
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of
+      Ti-ping Tien-kwoh; The History of the Ti-ping Revolution,
+      by Lin-Le (Augustus F. Lindley).
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+body {
+    margin-left: 10%;
+    margin-right: 10%;
+}
+
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
+    text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+p {
+    margin-top: .75em;
+    text-align: justify;
+    margin-bottom: .75em;
+}
+
+hr {
+    width: 33%;
+    margin-top: 2em;
+    margin-bottom: 2em;
+    margin-left: auto;
+    margin-right: auto;
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+table {
+    margin-left: auto;
+    margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+    /*  visibility: hidden;  */
+    position: absolute;
+    left: 92%;
+    font-size: smaller;
+    text-align: right;
+} /* page numbers */
+
+.blockquot {
+    margin-left: 5%;
+    margin-right: 10%;
+}
+
+.center   {text-align: center;}
+
+.right    {text-align: right;}
+
+.smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+.caption  {font-weight: bold;}
+
+/* Images */
+.figcenter   {
+    margin: auto;
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+/* Footnotes */
+.footnotes        {border: dashed 1px;}
+
+.footnote         {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+
+.footnote .label  {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;}
+
+.fnanchor {
+    vertical-align: super;
+    font-size: .8em;
+    text-decoration:
+    none;
+}
+
+/* Poetry */
+.poem {
+    margin-left:10%;
+    margin-right:10%;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+.tnote {
+  border: dashed 1px;
+  margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;
+  padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em;
+  padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;
+}
+
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh, by Lin-Le
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh
+       The History of the Ti-Ping Revolution (Volume II)
+
+Author: Lin-Le
+
+Release Date: May 19, 2012 [EBook #39735]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TI-PING TIEN-KWOH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Moti Ben-Ari and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/i001a.jpg" width="400" height="117" alt="&#22255;&#22825;&#24179;&#22826;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&#22255;&#22825;&#24179;&#22826;</span>
+</div>
+
+<h1>TI-PING TIEN-KWOH;<br />
+THE HISTORY OF THE TI-PING REVOLUTION,</h1>
+
+<div class="center">
+INCLUDING<br /><br />
+A Narrative of the Author's Personal Adventures.<br /><br />
+BY<br /><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;">
+<img src="images/i001b.jpg" width="100" height="81" alt="&#21774;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&#21774;</span>
+</div>
+
+<h2>LIN-LE.<br /><br /></h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+FORMERLY HONORARY OFFICER, CHUNG-WANG'S GUARDS; SPECIAL AGENT OF THE TI-PING<br />
+GENERAL-IN-CHIEF; AND LATE COMMANDER OF THE "LOYAL AND FAITHFUL<br />
+AUXILIARY LEGION."<br /><br />
+VOLUME II.<br /><br />
+LONDON:<br />
+DAY &amp; SON (LIMITED), LITHOGRAPHERS &amp; PUBLISHERS,<br />
+GATE STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS.<br />
+1866.
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+COX AND WYMAN,<br />
+ORIENTAL, CLASSICAL, AND GENERAL PRINTERS,<br />
+GREAT QUEEN STREET, LONDON, W.C.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CONTENTS OF VOL. II.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XV.</h3>
+<div class="right">PAGE</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Chinese Custom-houses.&mdash;Attempts at Extortion.&mdash;An
+Adventure.&mdash;Ruse de Guerre.&mdash;Its Success.&mdash;Peace
+Negotiations.&mdash;Their abrupt Termination.&mdash;The Plot thickens.&mdash;A
+Companion in Misfortune.&mdash;Negotiations renewed.&mdash;Their
+Failure.&mdash;Hostilities.&mdash;Critical Position.&mdash;Danger
+increases.&mdash;Attempted Rescue.&mdash;The Mud Fort Mandarin.&mdash;His
+Fate.&mdash;The Civil Mandarin.&mdash;Rescued at last.&mdash;The <i>Williamette</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="right"><a href="#Page_425">425</a></div>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XVI.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Hang-chow.&mdash;Ti-pings approach Shanghae.&mdash;Their Reception.&mdash;The
+<i>Casus Belli.</i>&mdash;The First Blow.&mdash;Filibuster Ward.&mdash;Admiral
+Hope's Exploits.&mdash;Captures Hsiun-tang.&mdash;The
+Consequences.&mdash;Hope's Policy condemned.&mdash;The real <i>Casus
+Belli</i>.&mdash;Defence of Shanghae justified.&mdash;Inducements to oppose
+the Ti-pings.&mdash;Official Reports.&mdash;Mr. Consul
+Meadows.&mdash;Recognition of the Ti-pings.&mdash;The <i>Shanghae
+Times</i>.&mdash;Mr. John's Report.&mdash;Edict of Religious
+Toleration.&mdash;Report continued.&mdash;Mr. Muirhead's Report</p></div>
+<div class="right"><a href="#Page_445">445</a></div>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XVII.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>On Board the <i>Williamette</i>.&mdash;Blockade running.&mdash;Arrival at
+Nankin.&mdash;Solemn Thanksgiving.&mdash;Domestic Arrangements.&mdash;Phillip's
+Wife.&mdash;The Wooing.&mdash;The Dowry.&mdash;The Wedding.&mdash;Trade
+established.&mdash;Imperialist Corruption.&mdash;Preparations for
+leaving.&mdash;An Elopement.&mdash;The Journey.&mdash;The Surprise.&mdash;The
+Repulse.&mdash;Arrival at Hang-chow.&mdash;Its capture.&mdash;The
+Particulars.&mdash;Cum-ho.&mdash;The Chung-wang.&mdash;His mistaken Policy</p></div>
+<div class="right"><a href="#Page_475">475</a></div>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XVIII.</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Earl Russell's Despatch.&mdash;Its Effect.&mdash;"Taking the
+Offensive."&mdash;Official Reports.&mdash;General Staveley.&mdash;Attacks the
+Ti-pings.&mdash;General Ward.&mdash;Hope and Ward repulsed.&mdash;Che-poo
+attacked.&mdash;Its Capture.&mdash;Loot Regulations.&mdash;Kah-ding
+attacked.&mdash;Its Capture.&mdash;Ti-ping Loss.&mdash;Newspaper
+Comments.&mdash;Tsing-poo besieged.&mdash;Inside the City.&mdash;Ti-ping
+Losses.&mdash;Na-jaor besieged.&mdash;Cho-lin besieged.&mdash;Ti-ping
+Bravery.&mdash;Cho-lin captured.&mdash;The Chung-wang.&mdash;Kah-ding
+evacuated.&mdash;Consul Harvey's Despatch.&mdash;Despatch
+reviewed.&mdash;Ningpo threatened.&mdash;Captain Dew at Ning-po.&mdash;His
+Despatch.&mdash;The Reply.&mdash;Captain Dew's Rejoinder.&mdash;Preparation to
+attack Ning-po.&mdash;Captain Dew's Inconsistency.&mdash;His
+Ultimatum.&mdash;Official Despatches.&mdash;Ning-po attacked.&mdash;Ning-po
+evacuated.&mdash;Newspaper Reports</p>
+</div>
+<div class="right"><a href="#Page_498">498</a></div>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XIX.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>A Double Wedding.&mdash;Its Celebration.&mdash;The Honeymoon.&mdash;Its
+Interruption.&mdash;Warlike Preparations.&mdash;Soong-kong
+invested.&mdash;General Ching's Despatch.&mdash;Tsing-poo
+recaptured.&mdash;Ti-ping Severity excused.&mdash;England's
+Responsibility.&mdash;Curious Chinese Custom.&mdash;The Chung-wang's
+Policy.&mdash;His Explanation.&mdash;The Ti-ping Court of Justice.&mdash;How
+conducted.&mdash;Opium Smoking.&mdash;Its Effects.&mdash;Evidence
+thereof.&mdash;Forbidden by Ti-ping Law.&mdash;Opium Trade</p>
+</div>
+<div class="right"><a href="#Page_539">539</a></div>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XX.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Ti-ping Disasters.&mdash;The Vampyre Fleet.&mdash;Important Letters.&mdash;Mr.
+Roberts's Case.&mdash;Mr. Consul Harvey.&mdash;Letters
+continued.&mdash;Misrepresentations.&mdash;Anti-Ti-ping Meeting.&mdash;The
+Sherrard Osborne Theory.&mdash;The Fleet Afloat.&mdash;The "Lay" and
+"Osborne" Agreement.&mdash;The Fleet repudiated.&mdash;Pecuniary Loss to
+England.&mdash;A Resumé.&mdash;General Burgevine.&mdash;Lieutenant Ridge.&mdash;Act
+of Piracy.&mdash;A Tartar caught.&mdash;Exit of the Anglo-Chinese
+Flotilla.&mdash;General Ward's Proceedings.&mdash;Progress of the
+War.&mdash;Death of General Ward.&mdash;Captain Dew's Disgrace.&mdash;How
+caused.&mdash;His Mode of Proceeding.&mdash;Its Effect upon
+Trade.&mdash;Operations before Kah-ding.&mdash;"Wong-e-poo."&mdash;General
+Burgevine dismissed from his Command.&mdash;Major Gordon takes
+Command.&mdash;Sir F. Bruce's Despatches.&mdash;His Objections to Gordon's
+Appointment.&mdash;Also to General Brown's Interference</p>
+</div>
+<div class="right"><a href="#Page_562">562</a></div>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XXI.</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Personal Narrative continued.&mdash;Mr. Lobschied.&mdash;His Reception at
+Nankin.&mdash;Press Publications.&mdash;Mr. Lobschied leaves
+Nankin.&mdash;Operations before Tait-san.&mdash;The Assault.&mdash;Act of
+Bravery.&mdash;Rout of the Imperialists.&mdash;Gordon's Art of
+War.&mdash;Tait-san reinvested.&mdash;Siege of Tait-san.&mdash;Its
+Capture.&mdash;Manchoo Atrocities.&mdash;Treatment of Ti-ping
+Prisoners.&mdash;Mr. Sillar's Statement.&mdash;Quin-san
+captured.&mdash;Gordon's Report.&mdash;Gordon reinforced.&mdash;The Chung-wang
+recalled.&mdash;Critical Position of the Ti-pings.&mdash;The Chung-wang's
+Retreat.&mdash;Difficulties encountered.&mdash;Reinforcements.&mdash;The Scene
+of Battle.&mdash;Its Horrors.&mdash;Arrival at Nankin.&mdash;The Chung-wang's
+Army.&mdash;General Attack.&mdash;The Repulse.&mdash;The Surprise.&mdash;The Night
+Attack.&mdash;The Flight and Pursuit.&mdash;Death of Marie</p>
+</div>
+<div class="right"><a href="#Page_598">598</a></div>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XXII.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>On the Wong-poo River.&mdash;Ningpo Sam.&mdash;The <i>China</i>.&mdash;Her
+Passengers.&mdash;The Ta-hoo Lake.&mdash;Its Scenery.&mdash;The Canals of
+Central China.&mdash;General
+Burgevine.&mdash;Soo-chow.&mdash;Deserters.&mdash;Burgevine suspected.&mdash;The
+Americo-Ti-ping Legions.&mdash;Burgevine's Policy.&mdash;Colonel
+Morton.&mdash;The Mo-wang.&mdash;Arrival of the Chung-wang.&mdash;The Loyal and
+Faithful Auxiliary Legion.&mdash;How regulated.&mdash;Affair at
+Wo-kong.&mdash;Recruiting.&mdash;Plan of Operations.&mdash;A <i>coup de
+main</i>.&mdash;Arrangement.&mdash;Interruptions.&mdash;Postponed</p>
+</div>
+<div class="right"><a href="#Page_632">632</a></div>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XXIII.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Renewed Attempt.&mdash;Its Success.&mdash;Narrow Escape.&mdash;British
+Interference.&mdash;How explained.&mdash;Its Failure.&mdash;The <i>coup de main</i>
+succeeds.&mdash;Groundless Alarm.&mdash;Route to Soo-chow.&mdash;Its
+Difficulties.&mdash;Generous Conduct.&mdash;Arrival at
+Wu-see.&mdash;Prize-Money.&mdash;Treachery.&mdash;Preparations for an
+Attack.&mdash;Man&oelig;uvring.&mdash;The Attack.&mdash;Warm Reception.&mdash;The
+Enemy repulsed.&mdash;The Result.&mdash;Wu-see evacuated.&mdash;Return to
+Shanghae.&mdash;Last Interview with the Chung-wang.&mdash;Manchoo
+Cruelty.&mdash;Result of British Interference.&mdash;Evidence
+thereof.&mdash;Newspaper Extracts.&mdash;Further Extracts.&mdash;England's
+Policy.&mdash;Its Consequences.&mdash;Its Inconsistency.&mdash;Her Policy in
+Japan.&mdash;Religious Character of the Ti-pings.&mdash;Their Christianity</p>
+</div>
+<div class="right"><a href="#Page_658">658</a></div>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XXIV.</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Kar-sing-foo.&mdash;Christmas in Ti-pingdom.&mdash;Works of
+Art.&mdash;Dangerous Companions.&mdash;Narrow Escape.&mdash;Retribution.&mdash;Adieu
+to Ti-pingdom.&mdash;Mr. White's Case.&mdash;The Neutrality
+Ordnance.&mdash;Order of July 9th, 1864.&mdash;Intended Return to
+England.&mdash;Particulars of the Siege of Soo-chow.&mdash;Strength of the
+Garrison.&mdash;The Assault described.&mdash;The Nar-wang's
+Treachery.&mdash;Its Cause.&mdash;Major Gordon's Report.&mdash;The <i>Friend of
+China</i>.&mdash;Gordon's Report continued.&mdash;Narrative by an
+Eye-Witness.&mdash;The Soo-chow Tragedy.&mdash;Major Gordon.&mdash;His
+Conduct.&mdash;Gordon's Letter to Sir F. Bruce.&mdash;Analysis
+thereof.&mdash;Newspaper Extract.&mdash;Gordon's "Reasons"
+refuted.&mdash;Analysis Continued.&mdash;Gordon's "Personal
+Considerations."&mdash;His Motives explained.&mdash;Newspaper
+Extracts.&mdash;Sir F. Bruce's Despatch.&mdash;Its Analysis.&mdash;Falsity of
+Gordon's Statements.&mdash;How proved.&mdash;Extract from the
+<i>Times</i>.&mdash;Deductions</p>
+</div>
+<div class="right"><a href="#Page_694">694</a></div>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XXV.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Operations Resumed.&mdash;Attack on Kin-tang.&mdash;The Battle of the
+Brickbats.&mdash;Ti-ping Success.&mdash;Active
+Operations.&mdash;Man&oelig;uvring.&mdash;Hang-chow invested.&mdash;Fall of
+Kar-sing-foo.&mdash;Gordon's Proceedings.&mdash;Chang-chow-foo.&mdash;Narrative
+of the Siege.&mdash;Fall of Chang-chow.&mdash;The Foo-wang.&mdash;Manchoo
+Cruelty.&mdash;Debate on the Chinese War.&mdash;Lord Palmerston's
+Policy.&mdash;Its Errors.&mdash;Mr. Cobden's Policy.&mdash;Mr. Layard.&mdash;His
+Inaccuracy.&mdash;Extracts from the Debate.&mdash;Result of Lord
+Palmerston's Policy.&mdash;Fall of Nankin.&mdash;"Imperialist"
+Account.&mdash;The Chung-wang's Capture.&mdash;Other Reports.&mdash;Digest of
+Events.&mdash;The Chung-wang.&mdash;His Position in Nankin.&mdash;Events in the
+City.&mdash;Newspaper Reports.&mdash;Doubts as to the Chung-wang's
+Fate.&mdash;The Retreat from Nankin.&mdash;Newspaper Extracts.&mdash;The
+Shi-wang's Proclamations.&mdash;Lee-Shai-Yin's Address</p>
+</div>
+<div class="right"><a href="#Page_743">743</a></div>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XXVI.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Results of British Policy.&mdash;Its Effect on Trade.&mdash;The
+Inspectorate System.&mdash;The Tien-tsin Treaty.&mdash;Present State of
+China.&mdash;Rebellion in the Ascendant.&mdash;Proposed Remedy.&mdash;The
+Mandarin Policy.&mdash;The Extradition Treaty.&mdash;The Mo-wang's
+Case.&mdash;Its Injustice.&mdash;Its Illegality.&mdash;Burgevine's Case.&mdash;Our
+Treatment by the Manchoos.&mdash;Russia's Policy in
+China.&mdash;Contrasted with that of England.&mdash;Russian
+Progress.&mdash;Statistics.&mdash;Acquisition <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span>of Territory by
+Russia.&mdash;Her Approach to British India.&mdash;Russia's
+Advantages.&mdash;Her Future Policy.&mdash;"Peking and the
+Pekingese."&mdash;Its Author's
+Misstatements.&mdash;Misquotations.&mdash;Examples thereof.&mdash;"Chinese
+Miscellanies."&mdash;Ti-ping Movements.&mdash;The Future of the Ti-pings
+Doubtful.&mdash;Latest Movements.&mdash;The Kan-wang.&mdash;Nien-fie
+Victories.&mdash;Future Prospects.&mdash;Finis</p>
+</div>
+<div class="right"><a href="#Page_788">788</a></div>
+
+
+<h3>APPENDIX A.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot">Decalogue</div>
+<div class="right"><a href="#Page_823">823</a></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">The Trimetrical Classic</div>
+<div class="right"><a href="#Page_827">827</a></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">Ode for Youth</div>
+<div class="right"><a href="#Page_832">832</a></div>
+
+
+<h3>APPENDIX B.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot">Export of Tea and Silk from China</div>
+<div class="right"><a href="#Page_838">838</a></div>
+
+
+<h3>APPENDIX C.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot">Memorandum of Ti-pings killed during the British Hostilities against them</div>
+<div class="right"><a href="#Page_840">840</a></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+
+<h3>CHROMOLITHOGRAPHS.</h3>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Brought to Bay at the Mud Fort</td><td align="center"><i>to face page</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_440">440</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">A view in the inner apartments of the Chung-wang's</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Palace&mdash;Miss Cum-ho and her two governesses</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_479">479</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior of an Opium Smoking Saloon</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_559">559</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Imperialist attack on the River Forts at Nankin</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_629">629</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">View from the Summit of a Mountain in the Western</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tung-shan district on the Northern shore of the</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ta-hoo Lake, province of Keang-su</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_637">637</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Naval Engagement and Capture of Imperialist Gunboats</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at Wu-see</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_675">675</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Map, Present state of China</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_794">794</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3>WOOD ENGRAVINGS.</h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">The Mud Fort Mandarin</td><td align="center"><i>page</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_440">440</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">A View on the Journey to Soo-chow of a portion of country&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;near the City of Wu-se lately desolated by Imperialists.</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_657">657</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[425]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XV.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Chinese Custom-houses.&mdash;Attempts at Extortion.&mdash;An
+Adventure.&mdash;Ruse de Guerre.&mdash;Its Success.&mdash;Peace
+Negotiations.&mdash;Their abrupt Termination.&mdash;The Plot thickens.&mdash;A
+Companion in Misfortune.&mdash;Negotiations renewed.&mdash;Their
+Failure.&mdash;Hostilities.&mdash;Critical Position.&mdash;Danger
+increases.&mdash;Attempted Rescue.&mdash;The Mud Fort Mandarin.&mdash;His
+Fate.&mdash;The Civil Mandarin.&mdash;Rescued at last.&mdash;The <i>Williamette</i>. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>The route by which I returned to the broad expanse of "The Son of the
+Sea" was, if possible, more infested with so-called custom-houses than
+that by which I had reached Sin-ya-meu. Every two or three <i>le</i> some
+wretched little bamboo-hut would make its appearance round a bend of the
+creek, with a long pole and a dirty white rag on the end, containing
+huge red and black characters, setting forth the official nature of the
+den. Then sundry opium-stupified, villanous-looking mandarin soldiers
+would rush from their pipes and gambling, catch up their rusty gingalls
+and long bamboo spears, and loudly call upon my Chinese captain to
+"soong mow" (let go the anchor), and pay a duty, or squeeze, into their
+dirty hands. Upon such occasions P&mdash;&mdash; and myself would be compelled to
+get on deck with our fowling-pieces, and drive the harpies off, when
+they would sullenly retire to their opium and cards, muttering curses
+upon the <i>Yang-quitzo</i>, and trusting for better prey next time.</p>
+
+<p>This sort of thing may seem very like smuggling, but it was really far
+from being so. The duty upon my cargo was levied at Sin-ya-meu, previous
+to embarkation, and was paid to the customs officials; and from that
+town to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[426]</a></span> Kwa-chow the fifteen to twenty custom stations were every one
+of them charging in excess of the legal duty. Chinese have frequently
+informed me that the governor of a province lets these squeeze stations
+out to subordinate mandarins, who then farm them at discretion. The
+mandarins have <i>braves</i> enough to enforce their extortion; all passing
+junks are stopped until payment is made; and if the aggrieved people
+should complain, their petition goes before the governor who thrives
+upon the system. This is one of the many forms of Government corruption
+throughout China; to many the extortionate <i>régime</i> of the Manchoo must
+appear incredible, though it is a fact pretty widely known, even by
+those who are striving to uphold it.</p>
+
+<p>Although during our dinner a couple of <i>braves</i> succeeded in getting on
+board from a squeeze barrier, which led to their tailor becoming
+acquainted with our shoemaker during the process of summary ejectment,
+myself and friend reached the great river without further mishap than an
+occasional exposure to the ill-aimed gingall balls of some of the
+baffled plunderers. At Kwa-chow, the entrance to the Grand Canal on the
+northern bank of the Yang-tze, we passed through a large fleet of
+Imperialist <i>Ti-mungs</i>, row-gunboats, and a big customs station; the
+officials evidently wished to squeeze us, but, I imagine, the vicinity
+of the treaty port Chin-kiang deterred them. Shooting into the yellow
+waters once more, a fair wind carried us bravely over the strong adverse
+current.</p>
+
+<p>Winter having now set in, and the north-east monsoon commenced to blow
+up the whole length of the Yang-tze-kiang, thus enabling vessels to sail
+against the tide very well, we made considerable progress on our way to
+Nankin before anchoring for the night. At daylight we were underweigh
+and sailing merrily along, myself and P&mdash;&mdash; keeping regular watch and
+watch&mdash;a course rendered necessary by the danger apprehended from the
+numerous Imperialist gunboats and fortified positions in the
+neighbourhood of Ti-pingdom.</p>
+
+<p>Till<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[427]</a></span> noon we carried the breeze, but the day becoming hot the wind fell,
+and so we were obliged to run close to the bank, land our crew with a
+mast-head rope, and slowly track up stream. Just before dusk a light
+breeze sprang up again, and getting the men on board we made sail to
+round the "Mud Port," situated on the extreme point of the elbow formed
+by the river at Nin-gan-shan. This fort, upon my passage down from
+Nankin, was held by the Ti-pings; upon this occasion, to my sorrow, I
+found the Imperialists in possession; its former garrison having
+betrayed their charge, and sold it to the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>We had barely rounded the point, making almost imperceptible headway,
+when the wind failed, and the tide, at this point very strong, began to
+carry us down stream. At this moment, five gunboats put off from the
+shore and pulled directly towards my vessel. Upon nearing her, they
+hailed and ordered us to anchor. I now perceived that they were
+Imperialists, and, from the flags displayed, that they were of the
+squeezing, or custom-house genus. P&mdash;&mdash; and myself immediately armed
+ourselves, and ordered the <i>lowder</i> to hold on his course. The tide was
+fast drifting our vessel in to the bank, right under the guns of the
+fort, and directly the men in the gunboats perceived this, and saw only
+two foreigners on board, and that we mounted no guns, they surrounded us
+and opened fire.</p>
+
+<p>Our position was now decidedly unpleasant. We had drifted to within a
+few yards of the bank, the guns in the fort were manned, several more
+boats were putting off, filled with men, and the shore was lined with
+soldiers, placing their gingalls and matchlocks, and making ready to
+fire upon us. I well knew the unscrupulous nature of these plundering
+Imperialists, that our duty-receipts from Sin-ya-meu would not be
+regarded, and that they would most willingly cut our throats for the
+value of five dollars. With the force opposed to us, and no chance to
+make even a running fight, it would have been madness to have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[428]</a></span> returned
+the gunboats' fire with our rifles and fowling-pieces; we therefore took
+it like lambs, and devoutly wished for a sudden puff of wind to waft us
+from our perilous situation. Not a breath, not the very gentlest zephyr
+came, excepting the wind caused by the shots that were flying all
+around, some of which, better aimed than the majority, were smashing
+into our poor old vessel, quite regardless of the consequences. The men
+on shore and the guns of the fort now opened fire; while the gunboats,
+finding we did not seem inclined to fight, appeared to be getting ready
+to board.</p>
+
+<p>At this critical juncture a fortunate thought came into my head. I had
+my old uniform on board, and the idea formed was to use it to personate
+a foreign official, and so endeavour to save our heads by giving the
+imps an impression as to our importance, and a dread of the consequences
+in case of molestation. Jumping into the cabin, I quickly reappeared
+with uniform and sword. My friend P&mdash;&mdash; also had some uniform he had
+worn in the Indian navy, so following my example, he dived into his
+chest and then rushed on deck gorgeous in brass-bound array. We were not
+a moment too soon with our device, for P&mdash;&mdash; had just got on deck when
+one of our Chinese sailors was knocked over by a shot, and the rest,
+taking fright, suddenly let go the anchor, and casting adrift the
+halyards of the sails, let them go by the run; after which they ran and
+hid themselves down below. I now hailed the nearest gunboat to come
+alongside, telling my interpreter to state that we were foreign
+officers, or mandarins, that we were followed by a man-of-war, and that
+we were sailing about in the junk for pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>When the <i>braves</i> observed our uniform, and were invited to board, their
+hitherto noisy courage seemed to vanish, and they would not come.
+However, they ceased blazing their confounded guns at us, much to our
+satisfaction, for although Chinese shot, with a tremendous whistling by
+reason of its uneven casting, makes much more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[429]</a></span> noise than effect, and
+generally performs parabolas of singular eccentricity, <i>some</i> strike the
+object, especially when fired at a distance of only a few yards.</p>
+
+<p>Our vessel was anchored within 30 feet of the bank, we were therefore
+completely in the power of the imps, who mustered at least 600 strong at
+that place. I again hailed the gunboat containing the man I imagined to
+be the principal officer, to come alongside, and let me know what they
+wanted; but the fellows seemed suspicious of some trap, and continued to
+lay on their oars, all talking and yelling together at the top of their
+individual voices, each trying to make himself heard above every one
+else, in approved Chinese style.</p>
+
+<p>At last the mandarin in charge of the fort made his appearance on the
+bank, and after his attendants had shouted themselves hoarse, trying to
+make his orders heard above the din, the jabbering in the gunboats
+ceased, and the one I had hailed proceeded very slowly and cautiously to
+come alongside. She contained a couple of officers, whom we got on
+board, showing them our revolvers, and politely informing them, in pure
+mandarin dialect, that if their men followed them, we should be under
+the painful necessity of depositing a bullet or two in their yellow
+carcasses. This had the desired effect, and the fierce-looking <i>braves</i>
+were ordered to remain in their boats, much to their disgust, for their
+fingers, no doubt, were itching to handle the valuables of the "foreign
+devils."</p>
+
+<p>When we had seated the two officials in our cabin, an old number of the
+<i>Hong-Kong Daily Press</i> was produced as our commission in the service of
+His Majesty the Emperor of America, while a Manchester rug, of the stars
+and stripes pattern, was displayed as our banner. To all this the
+Chinamen "chin-chin'd" with the greatest respect, but they still
+referred to the fact that our vessel carried a cargo, and declared their
+chief's intention to squeeze a certain amount of dollars out of us. The
+duty-passes we had received at Sin-ya-meu were then produced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[430]</a></span> and the
+officers took them ashore to their superior. They soon returned, and
+requested me to accompany them to an interview with the head mandarin,
+stating that he was determined to have some money, which he chose to
+term "duty," for conscience' sake, I suppose, although it was certainly
+a most unmitigated attempt at robbery.</p>
+
+<p>Before landing, I made my conductors fully understand that, upon the
+slightest attempt at treachery I should shoot <i>them</i>. I took my revolver
+with me, and proceeded to the mandarin's presence, leaving P&mdash;&mdash; on
+board, to preserve our effects from the plundering propensities of the
+villanous mob into whose clutches we had fallen.</p>
+
+<p>My interpreter A-ling, our cook, Ganymede, and the <i>lowder</i>, accompanied
+me on shore as a retinue of state, somewhat suitable for the dignity of
+representatives of our supposed emperor. The <i>Daily Press</i> was carefully
+carried in an old glove-box by A-ling, while the cook was deputed to
+carry our cards (in the shape of two labels from bottles of Bass's pale
+ale) to the mandarin; the boy carried presents, consisting of a couple
+of empty eau-de-cologne bottles, an <i>Illustrated London News</i>, and a box
+of damaged percussion caps; the <i>lowder</i> brought up the rear with our
+(Manchester) banner streaming from a tall bamboo. Although the soldiers
+crowded round us they did not offer much annoyance; probably they were
+awed by our stately bearing and procession. We reached the Yamun
+(official residence), the pale-ale labels were duly delivered, and then
+we were ushered into the august presence of the cruel, sensual,
+dirty-looking mandarin, my followers imposingly taking up their position
+behind me. The <i>Daily Press</i> was displayed by A-ling, who, clever fellow
+that he was, to show its importance, bent on one knee while presenting
+it.</p>
+
+<p>The display of the newspaper, the presents, and our uniform, seemed to
+make a decided impression upon the mandarin, and we should probably have
+been set free but for a <i>mal-à-propos</i> circumstance that now occurred.
+I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[431]</a></span> had sent the <i>lowder</i> down to the beach, loudly ordering him to look
+out for the imaginary man-of-war steamer I gave our captors to
+understand was following me, and to report her approach whenever she
+came in sight. This had considerably subdued the mandarin's arrogant
+tone, for he was evidently not well up in foreign affairs, and
+provincial Chinese have a wonderful idea of the "fiery dragon ships" of
+the "foreign devils." He was just commencing a set apology for the
+mistake committed by his "ignorant <i>braves</i>," when in came our
+pig-headed <i>lowder</i>, or rather, into the apartment he was kicked by a
+couple of soldiers holding on to his tail, and most unmercifully
+thumping, kicking, and bumping him along from behind.</p>
+
+<p>It appeared that the wretch had got into conversation with some of the
+<i>braves</i> on the beach; they had asked him where our vessel was bound,
+and he naïvely told them to Nankin, <i>the rebel capital</i>! They instantly
+seized and dragged him before the mandarin. The long-winded apology came
+to an abrupt termination, and the orator turned his attention to
+examining the miserable <i>lowder</i> as to our connection with the Ti-pings.
+The stupid captain of our sailors now declared that he only <i>thought</i> we
+were going to touch at Nankin <i>en route</i>, to make some demand upon the
+rebels with regard to the seizure of some foreign-owned junks. The
+mandarin at last ordered him to be taken into the fort, and dismissed us
+with an intimation that we must wait till the next morning to have a
+duty levied upon our cargo, and to adjust the whole affair.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Daily Press</i> was ceremoniously returned to the glove-box, the stars
+and stripes were rolled up, and we were escorted back to our vessel by
+the two officers. Upon getting on board, I found P&mdash;&mdash; all safe, and
+promenading the deck like a moving armory, with a rifle over his
+shoulder, a revolver and brace of horse-pistols in his belt, and a sword
+by his side; while four gunboats were chained fast alongside, the crews
+of which, with their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[432]</a></span> heads poked over our bulwarks, were viciously
+eyeing the Cerberus who prevented them from indulging their natural
+propensities.</p>
+
+<p>I found our vessel thoroughly secured by the imps, who had taken every
+precaution to guard against a <i>coup-de-main</i> upon our part. Chains were
+rove through each ring-bolt on our deck and fastened on board the
+gunboats, two of them being lashed on each side, full of armed men
+watchful and on the alert. A long chain was passed from our bows to the
+shore, and a number of matchlock men were encamped for the night right
+abreast. Even had it been possible to strike a sudden blow and release
+ourselves, as it was a dead calm they could have pulled after our vessel
+and blown her to pieces, if they could not have mustered courage to
+board us. There was nothing to do but to trust to the chapter of
+accidents for a way out of the difficulty, and, if necessary, to sell
+our lives dearly.</p>
+
+<p>It was a matter of considerable surprise to myself and friend that the
+Imperialists did not behave worse to us, for they neither yelled
+"Yang-quitzo," threw stones, nor seemed so anxious to attack us as the
+generality of Manchoo troops would have been. This we afterwards
+accounted for by the fact that they had formerly been Ti-pings, and had
+not quite forgotten that they had once been worshippers of Yesu, and had
+looked upon strangers from the West as "foreign brethren." Their chief
+had turned traitor to the Ti-ping cause, and betrayed the "Mud Fort" to
+the Manchoo, in consideration of retaining his own followers, receiving
+<i>carte blanche</i> to squeeze all passing vessels, and being decorated with
+a mandarin button and feathers. They were a savage-looking set, these
+"Mud Fort" banditti, yet, bad as they seemed to be, were much better
+than the usual style of Imperialists; had we fallen into the hands of
+the latter we should have been treated with much indignity and violence,
+if not killed.</p>
+
+<p>We were aroused in the middle of the night by a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[433]</a></span> tremendous hubbub, and,
+running on deck, found it was the Mud Fort people engaged seizing
+another unfortunate European vessel. Getting into our boat, I went on
+board, and found she was a <i>Ningpo Boat</i>, from Shanghae to Hankow, and
+that the only foreigner on board was an Englishman, to whom she
+belonged. The soldiers hauled his vessel close in to the bank a little
+below mine, and there made her fast in a similar manner. After talking
+over our mutual misfortune, we agreed that in the morning I should land,
+and endeavour to obtain our release; failing which, I was to get on
+board his craft with P&mdash;&mdash;; we were then to man her guns (she carried
+two six-pounders), try to force both vessels adrift, and make a fight to
+escape.</p>
+
+<p>After a not particularly refreshing sleep, I again went on board the
+<i>Ningpo Boat</i>, to settle our plan for the last time, preparatory to
+putting it into execution. Upon returning to my own vessel, we carefully
+loaded all our firearms; I then concealed my own revolver and a long
+bowie knife under my uniform, took A-ling and our cook with me; the one
+carrying the <i>Daily Press</i>, and the other two more pale-ale labels; and
+proceeded on shore.</p>
+
+<p>The imps had at daylight cast off the chains wherewith they secured our
+vessel for the night; leaving, however, a couple of thick ropes
+fastening her to the bank by head and stern; these P&mdash;&mdash; had prepared an
+axe to cut in case of emergency. Our cabin was formed by a half-raised
+deckhouse aft, on the top of this a few bags of charcoal were placed, so
+as to form a sort of fortlet, inside which the arms, with a good supply
+of ammunition, were hidden; the ropes were laid ready, fore and aft, to
+make sail, and the <i>Ningpo Boat</i> was hauled quite close to the bank, so
+as to enable me to get on board her in event of hostilities, while P&mdash;&mdash;
+could pull to her in our boat.</p>
+
+<p>As I walked away from the bank, and observed P&mdash;&mdash;ensconce himself among
+the bags of charcoal, my feelings were not of the most pleasant
+description. However,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[434]</a></span> there was no choice of conduct; so, making the
+best of a bad affair, I proceeded straight for the den of the bandit
+chief, assuming a stolid, immovable sort of Dogberry officiality,
+peculiarly effective with the Chinese. Upon sending in our extemporized
+cards, and being admitted to the mandarin's state hall (a dirty
+apartment in a dirty house within the dirty fort), I was kept waiting
+till noon for the appearance, from among his many wives and opium pipes,
+of the owner.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, a breeze had sprung up, and was gradually increasing; so
+that, although the delay proved rather discreditable as to my veracity
+about the expected man-of-war, a chance of escape was apparent. If we
+could not obtain our release by fair means, we might be able to get our
+vessels clear, make sail, and keep up a running fight.</p>
+
+<p>At length, half-stupified with opium, the mandarin made his appearance,
+the remaining part of his senses seemingly concentrated into a dull
+cunning sort of ferocity. His first act was to summon quite a number of
+armed soldiers to his Yamun, who stationed themselves in and about the
+building. Our wretched <i>lowder</i> was then dragged forth, and presented a
+pitiable sight. He had been tortured by having his ankle joints crushed
+between logs of wood, and by placing smaller pieces between his fingers,
+which were then pressed together by several men, causing intense agony,
+and severely injuring the fingerbones. The torture had compelled him to
+divulge all he knew of our proceedings at Nankin, besides a great deal
+more which he did not know, but simply stated to anticipate the wish of
+his interrogators and another squeeze of the wooden bars, failing a
+satisfactory reply. He was now examined before me, and confessed that we
+had left Nankin, and were returning thither. The mandarin then declared
+that he must have 2,000 dollars, or else he would keep our vessel, and
+send us into the interior <i>as Ti-ping prisoners for execution</i>.</p>
+
+<p>For some time I argued against either proceeding,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[435]</a></span> displaying the <i>Daily
+Press</i>, the duty-passes I had received at Sin-ya-meu, and endeavouring
+to convince the mandarin as to the serious consequences of exciting the
+anger of the Emperor of America by molesting either myself and friend,
+or the vessel seized during the night. At last, after the robber had
+lowered his demand to 1,000 dollars, and while the discussion was
+becoming very warm, a soldier brought a report to the mandarin, who
+instantly issued some order to an attendant officer. What the tenor of
+this might be I heard not, but my cook did, and it evidently alarmed
+him, for, exclaiming, "More bettah, go just now," he rushed out of the
+room and disappeared. A-ling immediately told the mandarin that he would
+pay his so-called custom-house authorities a sum of 500 dollars, and
+then, telling me not to stay any longer, left the Yamun, begging me to
+accompany him. Making a bow to the angered official plunderer, I
+leisurely walked forth, and, upon reaching the rear of the fort, quickly
+passed through the gate, just as he appeared in his doorway, and gave a
+sharp command to some of the attendant soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>Before I had turned the angle of the fort and got within sight of my
+vessel, half-a-dozen officers with drawn swords came running after me,
+calling upon me to stop and return with them to the mandarin. A-ling,
+stating he would run to the pseudo custom-house, a few hundred yards
+distant, and bring with him the officials to receive the squeeze of 500
+dollars that we had offered to pay, advised me to get on board as
+quickly as possible.</p>
+
+<p>I waited until my pursuers had reached to within a a few feet, and then,
+suddenly drawing my revolver, jumped towards them with it levelled to
+the foremost. They instantly turned tail and rushed back to the fort,
+while I ran down towards the beach, holding the revolver above my head
+to signalize P&mdash;&mdash; and the master of the <i>Ningpo Boat</i> that danger was
+at hand.</p>
+
+<p>Ere I had reached more than half-way between the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[436]</a></span> fort and the river, a
+tremendous outcry arose from the former, accompanied by the blowing of
+horns, the beating of gongs, and the noise of the Chinese drum. As I
+ran, I turned my head in the direction of the uproar and observed the
+mandarin, followed by a crowd of soldiery, rushing after me. Before I
+could gain the beach, to my surprise, I saw the <i>Ningpo Boat</i> land some
+of her crew, cast off from the bank, and proceed to track up stream,
+thus breaking the terms of the agreement upon which I had landed, and
+cutting off my only chance of escape from the pursuing imps. When I did
+reach the river bank, every boat had been warned away by the shouts and
+gestures of the mob behind me, and the <i>Ningpo Boat</i> was some distance
+off the shore, and fast tracking away.</p>
+
+<p>For a moment I gazed around, and found myself completely at the mercy of
+my pursuers; in front ran the swift current of the Yang-tze&mdash;behind came
+the savage yelling crowd of armed men.</p>
+
+<p>I had just time to notice P&mdash;&mdash; on the top of our cabin deck, rifle in
+hand, and hear him shout, while pointing to the receding <i>Ningpo Boat</i>:
+"The coward has made terms with them and deserted us&mdash;jump up in the
+boat on the beach; I will open fire on the imps if they attempt to seize
+you, and I'll get you off with our boat if I have a chance; the imps
+have stolen the oars, and our crew have stowed themselves away below!"</p>
+
+<p>The boat my friend referred to was a large one hauled up slantingly on
+the beach, one side touching the water of the river, and the other
+turned towards my pursuers. She stood some four or five feet off the
+ground; and climbing into her highest part, which was about level with
+the edge of the river bank before it shelved down into the narrow beach
+upon which she rested, I turned to face the enemy, after answering
+P&mdash;&mdash;, and telling him not to fire until I gave him the signal to do so
+by commencing with my revolver.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[437]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>By this time the horde of banditti were within a few yards, armed in
+every fashion, and neither dressed as Imperialists nor Ti-pings, but
+clad in a multitude of colours. The whole garrison of the place seemed
+to be turned out, and with much gesticulation, and the usual terrifying
+yelling of Chinese soldiery, rushed along after their leader. Bamboo
+spears, gingalls, matchlocks, scythe-headed halberts, broad
+three-pronged pikes, and large knives, were waving all about, and beyond
+all I distinguished <i>the apparatus to which a prisoner is fastened when
+barbarously put to death by "cutting into a thousand pieces</i>."</p>
+
+<p>On they came, with their fiendish cry, "Tah! tah!" until right down to
+the edge of the bank, where they formed a tumultuous crowd, brandishing
+their arms, some opening their clothing and beating their breasts in
+defiance, but all arrested by my levelled revolver. The mandarin used
+his utmost exertions to urge them on, but one and all seemed disinclined
+to become the <i>first</i> to draw a bullet from the six-shooter. The men who
+carried firearms in the front rank I sharply observed, and instantly
+took aim at any one who attempted to handle his weapon offensively.
+Meanwhile, upon either side, the men above and below my position got
+down on the beach, and gradually advanced towards me, while those not
+immediately covered by my revolver began firing their matchlocks.</p>
+
+<p>I now, for the first time in my life, <i>really</i> experienced fear. In
+front and flank I saw nothing but a dense array of savage men thirsting
+to slay me; beyond them were a corps of executioners erecting their
+triangles in anticipation of having the cruel delight to slowly cut me
+into pieces; and when I gave a sidelong glance behind (I dared not
+attempt more, or the imps would have taken advantage and rushed forward)
+the deep and turbid river met my view.</p>
+
+<p>For a moment or two, during which the enemy might have cut down or
+seized me without my being able to pull trigger, I became quite
+nerveless, while an icy chill came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[438]</a></span> over my heart and made me feel both
+sick and helpless. Fortunately, I soon rallied. It is unpleasant to
+mention such a fear as I had felt, much less to dwell upon it. Just as
+the events of my life seemed striving together in a confused jumble for
+the first place in a rapid mental panorama, my presence of mind
+returned. I felt a sudden glow of enthusiasm for the Ti-ping cause,
+through which I had got into the danger, and a determination to die, if
+death it was to be, in a manner worthy of an Englishman before a mob of
+Chinese.</p>
+
+<p>To this day I am surprised at the sudden revulsion of feeling I
+experienced. One moment I was powerless, trembling, and terrified; the
+next, I was keenly alive to every incident in the scene, collectedly
+watching each movement of my individual assailants, and confidently
+prepared for any result.</p>
+
+<p>At this moment P&mdash;&mdash; hailed me: "I have covered the mandarin; shall I
+shoot him? I can cut her" (our vessel) "adrift. Jump into the river and
+swim off, I will pick you up."</p>
+
+<p>A little sooner I should have done this, but now I was prepared to take
+advantage of the slightest chance of escape; the soldiers were still to
+be kept back by my revolver; a peaceful termination of the difficulty
+<i>might</i> be obtained; but if I were to take to the water I should almost
+certainly be shot like a dog in it, even if I were not swept away and
+drowned by the swift current.</p>
+
+<p>I shouted to P&mdash;&mdash;, "Hold on yet. I think I can keep them at bay
+myself." He had hitherto been supporting me with his rifle levelled at
+the mandarin. "Try and take me off with the boat."</p>
+
+<p>Although our vessel was lying some little distance above me and some 30
+feet from the bank, and although the oars had been stolen from our boat,
+P&mdash;&mdash; was a thorough sailor, and I trusted that he would find some means
+of dropping it down to me with a line. I did not think so without
+reason, for he replied to me:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[439]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Look out, then! I am going to put down my rifle. I will drop the boat
+down to you; stand by to jump into her!"</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, the imps seemed striving to work themselves into a frenzy,
+when they would probably rush forward, receive my few shots, and
+overpower me by numbers. The mandarin kept running to his men and trying
+to make them point their matchlocks at me, but directly any one
+attempted to do so, my revolver barrel stared him full in the face.</p>
+
+<p>At last, I had the satisfaction to hear P&mdash;&mdash;'s voice again:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Stand by, old fellow," he hailed; "I am just going to shove the boat
+off from our inshore quarter with a line fast to her."</p>
+
+<p>Without daring to turn my head for a moment, I replied: "All right,
+shove her off, and hail me directly she comes close enough for a jump."</p>
+
+<p>The suspense of the next minute or two was very great, then I heard my
+friend shout: "Now, jump now if you can; I am covering the imps with my
+rifle."</p>
+
+<p>I gave a half glance over my shoulder, but, alas! the boat was too
+distant. The rope had tautened too soon, and she had been swept into a
+parallel line with our vessel, without reaching within twenty feet of my
+position. Hauling her alongside, P&mdash;&mdash; and As-sam, our boy, got into
+her, and shoving well off with a boat-hook, drifted down, endeavouring
+to grapple the boat I stood in. Again she fell short, and was swept out
+by the tide, amid a storm of bullets splashing all around her, from the
+men behind, from whose fire I was sheltered by the front rank, but who
+were easily able to shoot at the boat, and who managed to wound As-sam
+in the arm.</p>
+
+<p>P&mdash;&mdash;, finding that without oars it was impossible to reach me with the
+boat, reluctantly returned on board to his former position behind the
+bags of charcoal, and there resumed his rifle. Just at the same time the
+mandarin,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[440]</a></span> finding his soldiers afraid to break the ominous pause by
+attacking me and exposing their leaders to certain death, began to set
+the example himself. He was certainly a far braver man than any of his
+followers, for dashing forward, sword in hand, he got to the lowest end
+of the boat and clambered into her, although I could easily have shot
+him at any instant. Steadying himself, he began to advance towards me,
+along the gunnel of the boat, which was open amidships and had a decked
+bow and stern.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i024.jpg" width="542" height="403" alt="THE MUD FORT MANDARIN." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><br />THE MUD FORT MANDARIN.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was now a most trying moment for me. The mandarin was already within
+nine or ten feet, and another second would bring him to striking
+distance. His life was entirely in my power; I could have shot him; but
+the <i>first</i> blow was only wanted to break the treacherous calm, and
+cause the immediate slaughter of myself. I felt that my last chance of
+life depended upon delay; two more seconds would decide it one way or
+the other. The suspense of that smallest passage of time was
+indescribable; many days of intense excitement and danger seemed crowded
+into one moment. The short though terrible hesitation in my mind,
+whether to shoot the mandarin, fire the remaining barrels of the
+revolver at his followers, and then jump into the river and swim off, or
+to delay another second, so as to lose not the merest chance of saving
+my life, seemed to occupy an age of anxious and momentous thought. At
+this crisis P&mdash;&mdash; spoke to me again:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 900px;">
+<img src="images/i025.jpg" width="900" height="524" alt="London Published March 15th 1866 by Day &amp; Son,
+Limited, Lithogrs Gate Str. Lincoln&#39;s Inn Fields
+Day &amp; Son, Limited, Lith.
+BROUGHT TO BAY AT THE MUD FORT." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><br />London Published March 15th 1866 by Day &amp; Son, Limited,<br />
+Lithogrs Gate Str. Lincoln&#39;s Inn Fields<br />
+Day &amp; Son, Limited, Lith.<br />
+BROUGHT TO BAY AT THE MUD FORT.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[441]</a></span></p><p>"Shoot the mandarin," he shouted. "I will cut the vessel adrift, sheer
+her in, and try to pick you up. If I cannot quite reach you, take to the
+water; you can easily get on board, and I'll protect you by opening fire
+on the imps."</p>
+
+<p>Rapidly glancing, as I fully expected for the last time, upon the clear
+blue sky above, the bright sun shining upon and making the earth <i>so</i>
+beautiful and attractive, and vividly recalling a far distant home and a
+loved mother for my latest earthly thought, I took steady aim at the
+mandarin's heart and pulled the trigger, shouting to P&mdash;&mdash;, "Cut her
+adrift, and be sharp about it!"</p>
+
+<p>I naturally expected to hear the report of my pistol, and to see the
+mandarin fall, while the soldiers would rush forward to avenge his
+death. Although I am certain I gave the trigger a sufficient pull, the
+hammer never fell and the mandarin at the moment, when another step
+towards me would have brought his uplifted sword upon my head, suddenly
+lost his balance and fell from the narrow gunnel of the boat to the
+beach. I instantly hailed P&mdash;&mdash; to "hold on," and he returned to his
+former position to watch the progress of events.</p>
+
+<p>When the mandarin rolled on the beach, several of his officers seized
+him and dragged him up the bank, regardless of the struggles he made to
+return and attack me. Fortunately A-ling arrived upon the scene at this
+moment, and going to the mandarin, told him that he would go on board
+and bring the money required. While the leader of the robbers was being
+brought to his fort, A-ling was taken on board our vessel, after
+receiving my assent to procure the dollars from P&mdash;&mdash;. Meanwhile the
+soldiers remained in the same position around myself, while I
+endeavoured to show them my indifference by producing a cigar and
+lighting it.</p>
+
+<p>After<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[442]</a></span> A-ling had paid the money into the coffers of the banditti, he
+came to me with two inferior officers, and getting the soldiers to fall
+back, induced me to descend from my position of vantage, believing all
+danger was over. Although at first they seemed quiet enough and retired
+from the boat, I had no sooner reached some little distance from it than
+they crowded round me. Suddenly, and before I could use my revolver, I
+was seized from behind by many hands, and while every incident of my
+life rushed with supernatural rapidity and minuteness of detail through
+my mind, I was forced upon my knees, when one of the soldiers raised a
+long and heavy sword to behead me.</p>
+
+<p>The steel flashed as it was raised above me, and commending myself to
+God, I shivered while for a fearful moment awaiting the blow. Again,
+however, I was saved from the very jaws of death. My would-be
+executioner was thrust aside, and I believe that I fainted for a second
+or two. I then found myself surrounded by a strange mandarin and his
+attendants, A-ling, my cook, and a few of the more kindly disposed among
+the robber band. A-ling informed me that the stranger was a "civil"
+mandarin who had just arrived from a neighbouring city; that he had
+happened to notice my gold band, and had opportunely rushed forward and
+rescued me. Thus for the first time the uniform had done me good.</p>
+
+<p>At first, after expressing my gratitude, I felt perfectly safe under the
+protection of the fresh arrival, for I knew that the rank and authority
+of a civil mandarin was far superior to that of a military one like the
+commandant of the Mud Fort. However, upon the people around me moving a
+little away, I saw three soldiers on the ground, two dead and one
+severely wounded; for it appeared that P&mdash;&mdash;, upon observing my seizure,
+had opened fire on the crowd. It was now evening and the dusk was fast
+approaching, and it was evident that not a moment should be lost in
+getting away from the place. Two men had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[443]</a></span> been killed, and their chief
+would undoubtedly endeavour to avenge their death. After giving the
+watch I wore as a memento to the mandarin who had so kindly saved me,
+and being supplied with a boat by him, I at last got safely on board
+with A-ling and the cook.</p>
+
+<p>My friend P&mdash;&mdash; had barely gripped me by the hand and congratulated me
+upon my escape, when we were startled by the blowing of the war-horns on
+shore, and the clang of gongs. While we were hard at work getting our
+vessel underweigh, the soldiers came rushing down to the beach again,
+waving their flags and arms about, planting their gingalls, and swearing
+vengeance for the death of their comrades. In a few minutes they opened
+a heavy fire upon us, while a number of them ran along the bank in the
+direction of a creek where their gunboats were moored.</p>
+
+<p>The wind had fallen comparatively light, and we would not have been able
+to escape from the smaller vessels of the enemy, when, to our great joy,
+a steamer rounded the bend of the river below, and came into full view.
+At this moment the gunboats were just shoving off from the shore, but
+directly they observed the steamship only a few miles distant they
+pulled up the creek again, while the men along the beach ceased firing
+and ran into the fort, doubtless believing that the approaching vessel
+was the man-of-war I had told them about.</p>
+
+<p>When the steamer had arrived pretty near, I signalized her, and saw that
+she was one of the American river boats. To my horror, when close
+alongside she hoisted the Imperialist flag, and I then knew her to be
+the <i>Williamette</i>, a vessel belonging to the Manchoo Government. When
+right abeam she stopped and sent a boat to my vessel. Fortunately she
+was manned with an American crew, and in consideration of the sum of 300
+dollars, her captain, whose name, singularly enough, happened to be
+Friend, Imperialist though he was, agreed to tow my vessel up to the
+Nankin forts.</p>
+
+<p>Before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[444]</a></span> dark we had the satisfaction to bid adieu to the Mud Fort, as we
+ploughed up the fast rolling yellow waters astern of the <i>Williamette</i>.
+To our sorrow, however, we were just able to discern on the beach the
+execution of our <i>lowder</i>, who was dragged down and decapitated there
+before our eyes, while we were powerless to save the poor fellow.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[445]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XVI.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Hang-chow.&mdash;Ti-pings approach Shanghae.&mdash;Their Reception.&mdash;The
+<i>Casus Belli</i>.&mdash;The First Blow.&mdash;Fillibuster Ward.&mdash;Admiral
+Hope's Exploits.&mdash;Captures Hsiun-tang.&mdash;The
+Consequences.&mdash;Hope's Policy condemned.&mdash;The real <i>Casus
+Belli</i>.&mdash;Defence of Shanghae justified.&mdash;Inducements to oppose
+the Ti-pings.&mdash;Official Reports.&mdash;Mr. Consul
+Meadows.&mdash;Recognition of the Ti-pings.&mdash;The <i>Shanghae
+Times</i>.&mdash;Mr. John's Report.&mdash;Edict of Religious
+Toleration.&mdash;Report continued.&mdash;Mr. Muirhead's Report. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>Hang-Chow, the provincial capital, was carried by assault upon the 29th
+of December. The Chinese part of the garrison, unable to endure the
+horrors of the close siege, after everything in the shape of food had
+been consumed, and even human flesh exposed for sale in the
+market-place, opened the gates of the outer city and surrendered to the
+Ti-pings. The Manchoo troops defended themselves to the last, neither
+giving nor accepting quarter, and when the walls of the inner city were
+carried by the victorious insurgents, the Tartar general, Luy, and a
+number of his men, sprang a mine and blew themselves up with their
+citadel.</p>
+
+<p>The capture of this important city and of the treaty port Ningpo having
+placed the Ti-pings in possession of the whole Che-kiang province, with
+the exception of Shanghae and a few miles around it, they resolved, upon
+the termination of the year, as previously agreed to, to follow up the
+enemy to this last stronghold.</p>
+
+<p>Although, before his unsuccessful trip to Nankin, Admiral Hope had
+seemed willing to treat with the Ti-pings, when he returned to Shanghae,
+after finding it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[446]</a></span> impossible to again deceive them, his conduct
+underwent a marked change, as evinced by the eager way in which he
+sought the opportunity to indulge his warlike propensities. This
+opportunity was soon afforded him.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately upon the expiration of the year, Chung-wang, the Ti-ping
+Commander-in-Chief, moved an army towards Shanghae. No attack was made
+upon the city, but this force gradually occupied every position in the
+neighbourhood, till at length not an Imperialist soldier remained beyond
+gunshot range of its walls. The Ti-pings again manifested their
+extraordinary friendliness towards foreigners by not attacking the city,
+and with similar forbearance and moderation to that evinced upon their
+approach in 1860, endeavouring to open peaceable negotiation with the
+foreign authorities. The leaders of the different <i>corps d'armée</i> sent
+in the usual nobly worded proclamations, relating to the oppression of
+the Manchoo and their own mission to free and Christianize China; the
+success hitherto vouchsafed to their cause by the "Heavenly Father"; the
+earnest desire to enter into friendly relations with the "foreign
+brethren"; their wish to continue all present trade and to open the
+whole country up, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Now, at this time the political position of England with regard to the
+rebellion was as follows. By the written guarantee of Sir George Bonham,
+by that of Admiral Hope, by that from the British representative at
+Ningpo, and by many other acts, her national honour was pledged to
+maintain a strict neutrality. The last orders to her officials in China
+were, as already quoted:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Her Majesty's Government desire to maintain ... neutrality
+between the two contending parties;" save British subjects from
+punishment, "but otherwise you should abstain from all
+interference in the civil war."</p>
+
+<p>[Dated, Foreign Office, August 8, 1861.] </p></div>
+
+<p>This was the standing order; the only later direction being Lord
+Russell's suggestion: "But it <i>might</i> be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[447]</a></span> expedient to defend the treaty
+ports <i>if</i> the Chinese would consent not to use those ports for purposes
+of aggression."</p>
+
+<p>The way the British Consul, Admiral, and General, at Shanghae, abstained
+from all interference was by converting that city into the grand
+rendezvous of the Imperialist forces, and then helping them to defend
+the Chinese city by garrisoning it with British troops; by conveying
+Manchoo soldiery down the Yang-tze to Shanghae in English steamers; by
+supplying the Imperialists with artillery, &amp;c., while strictly
+prohibiting any trade in the same articles with the other of the two
+"contending parties"; and by attacking the Ti-pings when they found that
+the Ti-pings would not attack them. That useful triumvirate&mdash;the sailor,
+the soldier, and the diplomatist&mdash;placed the following construction upon
+Lord Russell's ambiguous <i>ifs</i> and <i>ands</i>. "It <i>might</i> be expedient,"
+they singularly understood to mean, it was expedient; and "<i>if</i> the
+Chinese, &amp;c.," they converted into assisting and joining the Chinese
+"<i>to use</i> those ports for purposes of aggression." Consequently, in
+direct violation of their public orders, but in conformity with the
+conduct I have just stated, they issued the following reply to the
+friendly overtures of the Ti-ping chiefs:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Whereas we, the Commanders of the French and British forces now
+occupying the city and environs of Shanghae, have received
+letters from Lion and Ho, persons styling themselves ...,
+informing us that said Lion and Ho are intending to attack and
+occupy Shanghae; and whereas we have no means of communicating
+with the said Lion and Ho, or any of their people:&mdash;Therefore,
+this is to give notice to whomsoever it may concern, that
+Shanghae city and its environs, Woo-sung included, are at
+present in the possession of the troops under our respective
+commands, and that if Lion or Ho, or any persons claiming
+fraternity with them, attempt to attack these places they will
+do so at their peril." </p></div>
+
+<p>Even this was insufficient to effect the desired object, namely, to
+drive the Ti-pings to defiance, and force them to acts of retaliation.
+When, therefore, it became<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[448]</a></span> apparent that, notwithstanding all the aid
+afforded to the Imperialists, they could not succeed, and that
+eventually Shanghae must be given up to the revolutionists, or become
+annexed to France or England, the British Government threw off the mask,
+and prepared for open hostilities.</p>
+
+<p>Consul Medhurst, in a despatch to Admiral Hope, dated "Shanghae,
+February 19, 1862," states the grounds upon which the good faith and
+honour of England were to be openly violated.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Granting, of course, that a <i>strictly neutral policy</i> is at
+present the only correct one, and that whatever is done in the
+protection of this city and settlement must be undertaken with
+<i>careful regard</i> to that important axiom, it follows, I think,
+that there are two points to be considered as bearing materially
+on the present crisis. The first is, what resources we have in
+the way of supplies for the city and settlement; and the second,
+how far the present action of the Taepings so endangers those
+supplies as to make it necessary for us to interfere with them
+in our own defence." </p></div>
+
+<p>The falsity of this shallow pretence for war becomes at once apparent.
+In the first place, it was simply necessary to allow the Chinese city to
+revert peaceably to the Ti-pings, when the inhabitants as well as they
+would have had ample supplies. In the second place, the vast river and
+sea communication of Shanghae was entirely open (excepting the Wong-poo
+branch), while a fleet of some two hundred European steamers and ships
+and several thousand large native junks crowded the anchorage, and could
+easily have furnished a line of communication for any amount of
+supplies. Evidence is abundant to prove what a mere pretence this <i>casus
+belli</i> was, but two reasons will be sufficient justification for so
+designating it. First. If the Ti-pings, by surrounding Shanghae,
+endangered its supplies, when they came with the most friendly feeling
+for Europeans, they would certainly, if driven to become enemies and to
+use the justifiable retaliation of enemies, have it in their power to
+utterly destroy those supplies by devastating the whole neighbouring
+country; therefore,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[449]</a></span> in all human probability, an attack upon them would
+render imminent the very crisis to avoid which it was thought
+justifiable to violate a nation's pledges. Secondly. The following
+extract from Admiral Hope's despatch shows that he conceived that Consul
+Medhurst had not made a sufficient case. Upon the 21st of February,
+1862, the Admiral struck the first blow. Upon the evening of the same
+day, in his despatch to the Admiralty, he gave this reason for his open
+violation of his own and his Government's faith:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"These proceedings" (movements of the Ti-pings) "have been
+conducted at a distance much too close to be consistent with the
+<i>respect due to the occupation of the town</i> by French and
+English forces, or to leave its supplies of provisions and
+native trade <i>unaffected</i>." </p></div>
+
+<p>Is it to be supposed that any city could be captured or placed in a
+state of siege without native trade or supplies being affected, or is it
+to be argued that the Ti-pings should be crushed in consequence of the
+natural results of their patriotic struggle?</p>
+
+<p>The presence of the Ti-pings only "<i>affected</i>" the trade and supplies it
+seems; when, had they been so disposed, they might have stopped the
+entire, excepting what could have been obtained by water.</p>
+
+<p>The only thing that affected the supplies of Shanghae so far as
+Europeans and citizens were concerned, was the increase in the price,
+which was quickly raised by the provision-dealers, who are always ready
+to seize the smallest opportunity to make a little extra profit.
+Probably Admiral Hope saw this, and its damaging bearing upon his
+alleged <i>casus belli</i>; at all events, he thought fit to add another,
+though equally flimsy.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The tract of country enclosed within the line BC, which this
+village, with others in their" (Ti-pings) "possession, entirely
+commanded, is that from which the supplies of Shanghae are
+chiefly drawn, and its proximity to the Woo-sung river was such
+as to afford the <span class="smcap">PROSPECT</span> of the Chinese traffic, also material
+to the support of the town, being seriously impeded, if not
+altogether stopped; and for these reasons I considered the case
+to be one calling for my interference." </p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[450]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On these pretences war was made upon the Ti-pings. It will be noticed
+that nothing material has ever been <i>proved</i> against the revolutionists,
+or urged as an established fact, sufficient to justify hostilities, or
+even a remonstrance. The British officials in China and the Government
+at home attempt to justify their course of action by mere conjecture as
+to what they might do, but never do we find a plain or straightforward
+accusation made against them for anything they <i>had done</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Admiral Hope, in his attack upon the Ti-pings, associated himself with
+one Ward, an American filibuster, in the service of the Manchoos.
+Previous to this, and to the Admiral's unsuccessful attempt to juggle
+the Ti-ping authorities into another agreement not to approach Shanghae,
+the said Ward was persecuted and reviled very fiercely; but no sooner
+did the Admiral and his colleagues think it necessary to pull in the
+same boat, than the Yankee filibuster became their pattern and ally. The
+whilom <i>rowdie</i> companion of <i>ci-devant</i> General Walker, of Nicaraguan
+memory, mercenary leader of a band of Anglo-Saxon freebooters in Manchoo
+pay, and sometime fugitive from English marines sent to weed his
+ruffians of their countrymen, suddenly became the friend and ally of the
+British and French Admirals, Generals, and Consuls. The surprise of Ward
+can only have been equalled by his gratification upon finding his very
+questionable presence, and still more doubtful pursuits, patronized and
+imitated. No doubt, at first, he felt considerably elated and vastly
+astonished at the idea of filibusting having become an honourable and
+recognised profession; but soon, poor fellow! a black, or rather green,
+shadow came across his uncertain dream of happiness and
+respectability&mdash;he became jealous of his friend Admiral Hope, whose
+talent and zeal for making war without declaring it or being authorized
+so to do by any Government, he found surpassed even his own.</p>
+
+<p>The village of Kao-kiau was garrisoned by a few<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[451]</a></span> hundred Ti-pings, and
+several thousand country people, who had just joined them, the whole
+mostly armed with bamboo spears. The force led against them by Admiral
+Hope comprised 350 British seamen with a six-pound rocket-tube, and
+about 600 disciplined Chinese, under Ward, besides which, the French
+Admiral, Protet, commanded 160 Frenchmen, with a couple of field-pieces.
+Of course, the ill-armed Ti-pings were unable to resist the European
+artillery and arms of precision, and were consequently driven from the
+village, with a loss of more than 100 men killed. This gallant exploit
+was safely performed by the Anglo-Franco contingent, who, completely out
+of range of the few wretched matchlocks of the Ti-pings, shot them down
+at their ease with rifles and artillery, with a loss to themselves of
+<i>only one</i> French sailor, killed by a stray shot.</p>
+
+<p>This murderous and cowardly deed was quickly followed up by the gallant
+Admiral, who seemed unable to refrain from action, especially when it
+could be indulged with comparative safety.</p>
+
+<p>We have already noticed that one excuse Admiral Hope made to justify his
+broken faith was the probability that the Ti-pings might injure the
+supply of provisions. Strange to say, the Admiral did the very things he
+pretended the rebels might have done. At the capture of Kao-kiau all
+hands dispersed to loot whatever the Ti-pings had left behind; and,
+quoting from the official report of the affair, "Large stores of grain
+were discovered about the place, <i>the greater part of which were
+burned</i>."</p>
+
+<p>After the exploit of Kao-kiau, Admiral Hope, with a small party of
+seamen and Ward's filibusters, went roving about the country for a week
+in search of some one to fight. His warlike spirit was gratified at a
+place named Hsiau-tang, in the vicinity of Ming-hong (nearly twenty
+miles away from Shanghae), a fortified village occupied by several
+thousand Ti-pings. Directly he found this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">[452]</a></span> place in the way, an order
+was sent to Shanghae for reinforcements to attack it with. These having
+arrived, upon the 1st of March, 1862, the whole force, consisting of 750
+of Ward's disciplined Chinese, 350 British sailors and marines, and 35
+artillery-men, with four light howitzers, one field-piece, and some
+rocket-tubes, and 200 French, with two brass howitzers, moved forward to
+the attack. Again, as at Kao-kiau, the murderous work was executed, and
+the poorly-armed Ti-pings slaughtered with impunity. For more than an
+hour they bravely held their mud and brick entrenchments, but at last
+the crushing fire from the foreign artillery, and the sharp practice of
+the Enfield rifles, carried the day. After standing to their few
+gingalls to the last, amid a storm of shot and shell (all fresh from
+British arsenals and paid for by British tax-payers), they were driven
+from the lines of defence and through the village with immense
+slaughter. As they retreated from the rear, the shell from the
+irresistible foreign artillery "were thrown rapidly amongst them,
+committing fearful havoc. Numbers also fell under the fire from the
+rifles of the French and English sailors." In the centre of the village
+the rear guard made a gallant effort to repulse their pursuers, but they
+could not withstand the deadly volleys and bayonet charge of the
+marines; and although their bravest men fell in heaps, while many
+hand-to-hand conflicts took place, they were ultimately driven out with
+a loss of 1,000 killed and 300 taken prisoners, the English and French
+<i>not losing a single man</i>. A great massacre of the unfortunate
+non-combatants was perpetrated by the Imperialist soldiery, who actually
+forced very many of the living wounded into the flames of the burning
+village. In one official report it is stated:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The streets and houses presented an awful spectacle, the bodies
+in some places lying in heaps; and the plain beyond the village
+was strewed with those shot down in the flight." </p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[453]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Another report states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The rebels ran from the fortifications and came to a stand in
+the main street.... Upon this, the field-piece from the
+<i>Impérieuse</i>, in charge of Lieutenants Stuart and Richardson,
+swept them down with grape and canister shot; after this their
+retreat became a flight, when the party of marines and Chinese
+detached to cut them off did considerable execution, some 900 or
+1,000 having been killed and wounded." </p></div>
+
+<p>The same report concludes with this sentence:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"After all was over, <i>the village was set on fire</i>,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> and the
+foreign troops embarked for Shanghae." </p></div>
+
+<p>What will those who falsely accuse the Ti-pings of devastating and
+destroying say to this? They have declared that the Christian patriots'
+"success in any locality is attended with its total destruction," &amp;c.;
+but it appears that these totally destroyed places were reserved for
+Admiral Hope to burn down.</p>
+
+<p>As this history progresses we shall find that although the Admiral made
+the damaging effect which the presence of the Ti-pings <i>might</i> have upon
+supplies one element of his <i>casus belli</i>, <i>he</i> actually destroyed the
+very supply of grain which he dreaded might be affected by the rebels!</p>
+
+<p>There is a more serious matter to be deplored with regard to the
+numerous raids commenced and followed up by Admiral Hope, namely, the
+cruel slaughter of so many hundreds of his fellow-men. We have reviewed
+the unmeaning pretences invented by the Admiral and his co-adjutors, but
+even should it be admitted they were valid, is it possible any
+Englishman can be found willing to justify the massacre of thousands of
+human beings, because, although ever friendly to them, they affected the
+mercenary speculations of a few merchants? If, in order to maintain the
+immediate profit of their mercantile adventurers, any Englishman can
+attempt to justify or palliate these summary proceedings against the
+unfortunate Ti-pings, then I say, far better should that unholy traffic
+perish, cursed as it is by the slaughter of thousands of our
+fellow-creatures, whose blood has cried aloud to Heaven for vengeance
+upon their assailants. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">[454]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Even the pretence that the revolutionists would have injured our
+"commercial interests" falls to the ground by the testimony of the very
+merchants themselves, for the leading mercantile house in China, Messrs.
+Jardine, Matheson, &amp; Co., in their business circular, dated "Kong-kong,
+27th February, 1862," referring to Admiral Hope's first massacre of
+Ti-pings, state:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"During the interval that has elapsed since the date of our last
+circular there is no particular change to notice in the state of
+matters about Shanghae; but the policy the Allied Commanders are
+adopting will, it is feared, lead to disastrous consequences....
+<i>Our interests call for a strict neutrality</i>, but so far from
+this course being pursued, our last advices report a combined
+expedition of English and French marines and sailors in
+conjunction with a force of Imperialists, commanded in person by
+their respective Admirals, against a body of some 6,000 rebels,
+which of course they defeated with great slaughter.... The whole
+country being in the hands of the Taepings, should this
+<i>suicidal</i> policy be persisted in, must in the end materially
+interfere with, if not ruin, all trade, as it cannot do
+otherwise than exasperate a foe by no means to be despised." </p></div>
+
+<p>What stronger condemnation of the policy pursued against the Ti-pings
+can be made, coming, as it does, from the principal representative of
+the very class whose interests it was pretended necessary to protect?
+That this opinion of Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, &amp; Co. was correct has at
+the present time been pretty well ascertained, for it did "in the end
+materially interfere with" trade, as the fall off of silk <i>after</i> the
+expulsion of the Ti-pings from the producing district proves. This,
+however, was not occasioned, as that firm expected, by the exasperation
+of "a foe by no means to be despised," for the Ti-pings (with a
+Christian humanity far excelling that possessed by their <i>civilized</i>
+enemies) never retaliated either upon the trade (entirely in their
+power) or the lives<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">[455]</a></span> of Europeans. The decrease of silk was caused
+entirely by the ruthless nature of the war carried by British officers
+and Imperialists into the once happy districts of Ti-ping-tien-kwo. The
+Ti-ping patriots were either fools or saints, for by their mad
+forbearance they suffered themselves to be driven from their former
+possessions with incalculable loss of life; whereas, a system of
+retaliation on their part would have endangered the entire trade of the
+district, and consequently have forced the enemy to relinquish
+hostilities which so conclusively endangered the prospect of our
+"commercial interests."</p>
+
+<p>As the first mercantile house in China considered the policy of the
+British Government "suicidal," we may safely pronounce the affected
+anxiety for commercial interests a shallow pretext. What then remains to
+constitute the real <i>casus belli</i>, unless it be "the temporary interest
+arising out of the indemnities," and the great revenue arising out of
+the vile opium traffic, the loss of which would have caused a deficit of
+many millions in the British treasury?</p>
+
+<p>The seeming inconsistency of allowing the Ti-pings to take Ningpo and
+yet defending Shanghae against them is easily explained. At the capture
+of the former city no British force was present, and although the seven
+days' grace so cunningly obtained from the Ti-ping leaders seems to have
+been employed in endeavouring to raise a sufficient force to oppose
+their entrance, this, in the shape of H.M.S. <i>Scout</i> and several other
+vessels, arrived too late, having reached Ningpo some hours after its
+fall. Then, as Admiral Hope very wisely observed with regard to the
+policy of exasperating the Ti-pings, "We cannot afford to quarrel with
+them, as at any moment they <i>might</i> stop the whole trade of Shanghae."
+Their wonderful forbearance had not at that time become assured;
+directly it was, hostilities were commenced. Before taking up the sword
+for good, it became necessary to try the temper of the Ti-pings. This
+Admiral Hope effectually did by his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[456]</a></span> arrogance at Nankin; his "every
+obstruction" plan at Ningpo; his raids around Shanghae; an example
+followed by the British and French authorities by their unwarrantable
+notifications and defence of Shanghae Chinese city.</p>
+
+<p>There are, in fact, very many reasons by which the defence of Shanghae
+may be accounted for; but five of the most important will sufficiently
+illustrate the principle of the whole.</p>
+
+<p>Firstly. The British Government and its officials interfered in order to
+save the indemnity and opium trade, which the capture of Shanghae by the
+Ti-pings would have annihilated, and they were strongly supported by the
+opium merchants, who, by this vile traffic, made their largest profits.</p>
+
+<p>Secondly. A large number of the Shanghae foreign landholders approved of
+the defence of the city, because it enabled them to obtain fresh lots at
+their own prices from the Chinese proprietors. From the "minutes of a
+meeting of land-renters, held at the British Consulate, Shanghae,
+January 12, 1862," it appears that during a council of war with the
+Manchoo authorities of the Chinese city (all in accordance with the
+pledges of "strict neutrality," of course?)&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Taoutae undertook to do this also" (open a road to
+facilitate military operations) "<i>by obliging the Chinese
+renters interested to part with their land to the foreign
+applicants whose names stood recorded first for purchase</i>." </p></div>
+
+<p>Thirdly. A certain proportion of traders having taken advantage of the
+Ti-ping movement to circulate unfounded reports as to its brigandage, in
+order to monopolize the trade by frightening outsiders away, naturally
+sanctioned the defence of Shanghae, as the capture of the city would
+have exposed the trick by proving the Ti-pings were not brigands and
+robbers.</p>
+
+<p>Fourthly. Many land and house speculators opposed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">[457]</a></span> the success of the
+insurgents for this reason. The foreign settlements in the vicinity of
+the Chinese city had become crowded with fugitives awaiting the firm
+establishment of Ti-ping jurisdiction in the interior; by numerous
+lawless Chinamen attracted by the shadow of foreign protection and the
+opportunity of establishing gambling hells and bagnios, <i>ad libitum</i>;
+and by the manifold parasites and hangers-on of the Imperial authority
+in its last stronghold. Therefore, while this state of affairs lasted,
+the land speculators made prodigious wealth by the letting of their
+property to the natives at almost fabulous rents, but the capture of the
+city by the Ti-pings would have altered all this. The vile manner in
+which many colossal fortunes have thus been obtained is lost sight of in
+England by the glitter of the ingots.</p>
+
+<p>Fifthly. A large proportion of partners in mercantile houses <i>upon the
+spot</i>, expected to make their fortunes and retire to their home in three
+years; but the occupation of Shanghae by the Ti-pings, and the natural
+effect of the civil war, must have interfered with the import trade and
+injured their immediate profits.</p>
+
+<p>Upon these grounds British faith was dishonoured and a murderous war
+waged against the unfortunate Ti-pings. Admiral Hope continued the work
+of destruction with his artillery and rifles from a safe distance, until
+his recall to England. Violation of good faith, misrepresentation, and
+partial aggression, became superseded by regular hostilities, carried on
+without any previous declaration of war, or even statement of grievance.
+What would such manner of warfare be denominated in Europe?</p>
+
+<p>Having reviewed the policy of the British Government, and the conduct of
+its officials in China, it may be well to notice a few reports upon the
+Ti-ping rebellion, well worthy of attention, even though ignored by the
+British Ministry. These testimonies prove that the Ti-pings have not
+been decimated because they were misunderstood by the British
+Government, but that the latter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">[458]</a></span> were as well acquainted with their
+Christianity, friendliness, political object, superiority to the
+Manchoos, and generally improved character, as the writer of this
+history, or the authors of the statements he quotes. Therefore, when the
+evil policy of those who authorized the unnecessary and unjustifiable
+hostilities upon the part of England shall become more generally
+admitted, they cannot palliate their wickedness by pleading ignorance of
+the true merits of the people. It is difficult to speak of this British
+interference in any but the most forcible and unmeasured terms of
+condemnation. Not a solitary excuse can be truly made for it; and when
+the selfishness of that policy is thoroughly appreciated (which is
+rapidly becoming the case), the atrocities committed by its sanction,
+and their consequences, will be looked back upon with grief and sadness
+by every loyal Englishman.</p>
+
+<p>The first and most important of the above-mentioned reports was made by
+Mr. Consul Meadows to Lord Russell. Mr. Meadows was better acquainted
+with the Ti-pings than any other English official in existence. He was
+the most talented in China, the most honourable and disinterested;
+therefore, it may be that his statements were not regarded, and that his
+presence at Shanghae became an inconvenience. This difficulty was soon
+surmounted by the removal of Mr. Meadows from Shanghae to New-chwang,
+very soon after his truthful and independent exposition of the Ti-ping
+rebellion, and by naming as his successor a Consul who was more pliable.</p>
+
+<p>The following despatch of Mr. Meadows bears date "February 19, 1861,"
+and is worthy of most attentive perusal:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"CONSUL MEADOWS TO LORD J. RUSSELL.&mdash;(Received April 12.)</p>
+
+<div class="right">"Shanghae, February 19, 1861.<br /></div>
+
+<p>"British trade and British-India trade with this country, and
+the revenues derived from the one and the other, are among the
+most important of British interests abroad. A necessary
+condition to the flourishing of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">[459]</a></span>these is the existence of
+order&mdash;of security to life and property&mdash;in this country; and
+the existence of this order and security, again, requires the
+existence of a strong national government. These propositions
+are so well established that I merely state them.</p>
+
+<p>"But the hitherto existing Imperial Government, that of the
+Manchoo or Ta-tsing dynasty, which was already becoming weak
+from internal causes, has received its death-blows from the
+external action, first of British arms alone, and now of British
+and French combined. No strong national government now exists
+anywhere; and in large, and to us very important, portions of
+the country, anarchy and insecurity prevail.</p>
+
+<p>"It becomes, therefore, of the utmost importance to look around
+us for some other power in the nation to take its place. If we
+find any such other power, we must not only not attack it, but
+must earnestly desire its speedy growth. An adherence, not less
+wise than just, to the principle of non-intervention, together
+with the due observance of the treaties with the Ta-tsing
+Government, should prevent our taking direct positive steps to
+aid that growth; but assuredly it would be a most suicidal
+course, as regards those large interests to which I have
+pointed, first to achieve the destruction of the government we
+find existing, and then to proceed to prevent any other from
+coming into existence.</p>
+
+<p>"Now we have such another power in the Taepings, and such
+another government in the government which they have established
+at Nanking.</p>
+
+<p>"It has been, and by many is still, denied that the Taepings
+have any regular government, or can be considered a political
+power.</p>
+
+<p>"For one moment I will grant this, but only in order to point
+out that after maintaining themselves for eleven years in arms
+in China, and for eight in the centre of the empire, the
+Taepings are manifestly a power of some sort, and to ask&mdash;Are
+we, because this power does not come up to all that is expected
+of it, are we, therefore, gratuitously to attack it, and either
+greatly lessen or altogether destroy its chances of ever
+realizing those expectations? What else have we got to look to
+for the re-establishment of a government having power to
+preserve order?</p>
+
+<p>"But I entirely deny that the Taepings have no regular
+government, and have no claim to be considered a political
+power.</p>
+
+<p>"Ten years ago, almost immediately after they rose in arms, they
+threw off the characteristics of local insurgents, and
+proclaimed themselves the irreconcilable enemies of the Ta-tsing
+dynasty. From that time to this they have never left us in doubt
+of their object. It has always been the great one of making
+themselves the heads of the first state in Asia, and the
+governors of the largest people in the world. So much has been
+established, not only by their own published manifestoes, but by
+the official documents of their enemies.</p>
+
+<p>"As to their manner of pursuing that object, whether it is such
+as befits a power assuming to be political, it would too much
+prolong even <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">[460]</a></span>this letter to meet in detail all the objections
+of those foreigners who declaim against them.</p>
+
+<p>"Speaking generally, these objections may be classed under two
+heads. First, those which are based on the application to this
+region and its peoples, of arguments drawn from the state of
+society and modes of political action of Western Europe, in
+defiance of the fact that these arguments are wholly
+inapplicable to a state of civilization and a polity so
+different; and secondly, those which are applied in entire
+disregard of the parallel transactions in Western Europe itself,
+a disregard of obvious analogies, which can only be the result
+of great ignorance or of wilful prejudice.</p>
+
+<p>"Among the former, are nearly all the objections to their
+military discipline, tactics, and strategy, and to their
+administrative forms, whether of a civil or a military nature.</p>
+
+<p>"Among the latter, are objections such as that they do not fix
+themselves in the places they take; that they take them and then
+leave them again, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>"The obvious rejoinder, drawn from the history of Western Europe
+is, how often, during the great rebellion in England, were
+important cities and strong places taken and evacuated or
+retaken? Did that prove that the English noblemen and gentlemen
+who first headed that rebellion were unfit to establish a
+government? Did it prove that Cromwell was neither a general nor
+an administrator? And when, ten years ago, the Italians left
+Milan to be reoccupied by its former oppressors, after these had
+been once expelled, and also allowed the foreign dynasties to
+reinstate themselves in their principalities, did that prove
+that the Italian party which aimed at expelling all these
+foreigners was not a political power?</p>
+
+<p>"A stock argument against the Taepings was drawn from their
+destruction of the suburbs of the cities they occupied. This,
+however, was finally silenced when, on the approach of the
+Taepings to Shanghae a few months ago, the British and French
+garrison in that city fired all its suburbs, not excepting the
+densely peopled and commercially important suburb between the
+city and the river.</p>
+
+<p>"Then, again, ruthless and wanton slaughter, not only of the
+foreign Manchoos, but of their Chinese countrymen, has been
+urged against the Taepings as a proof that they were a mere gang
+of robbers and murderers. But was there during the revolutionary
+struggle in France no mutual killing of the opposing parties of
+Frenchmen? I mention only the Reign of Terror, and the
+'Noyades,' and, leaving it to your Lordship's memory to add
+further illustrative transactions, I ask, do such
+well-established historical facts prove that the revolutionary
+party were merely a large gang of robbers and murderers, and not
+a political power?</p>
+
+<p>"While, however, considering it an established fact in the
+history of the Taepings that they, on taking Nanking, put the
+whole of the Manchoos to death, not sparing even the women and
+children; and while thinking it <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[461]</a></span>highly probable that they will
+treat in the same way any other of the military colonies of the
+Tartar conquerors of their country that may fall into their
+power, I have long ago arrived at the full conviction that the
+tales of the slaughter committed by them on their own countrymen
+are not only exaggerated, but very grossly exaggerated.</p>
+
+<p>"My own experience has furnished me with an instructive example
+of gross exaggeration of the kind. In the beginning of
+September, 1853, when, not the Taepings, but the Triad Society
+rebels, suddenly rose and seized the city of Shanghae, I was
+travelling alone from Ningpo to Shanghae, <i>viâ</i> Chapoo. It was
+on reaching this latter place, about sixty miles from Shanghae,
+that I first got the news from the crew of my own river-craft,
+which had come there to meet me. The insurrection having broken
+out just as they had left, they themselves could give no
+particulars about it. But from other vessels, and from the local
+merchants and officials, I learnt that there had been a fearful
+slaughter in the city of Shanghae; that the streets were covered
+with dead bodies and blood; that the foreigners and the rebels
+had been fighting; and that the whole of the foreign community
+had retired in the shipping outside of Woo-sung. So uniform and
+consistent were these reports, and so certain did it appear that
+I should be unable to pass Shanghae out to Woo-sung, that I set
+about studying the Chinese maps, with a view of finding a
+succession of river-passages by which I might, keeping some
+twenty or thirty miles distant, make my way through the country
+inside of it, and so out into the Great River, and down that to
+the reported position of the foreign shipping. But before
+undertaking so serious a circuit I, of course, determined to
+approach nearer to Shanghae city. As I did so, I found the
+prevalent reports less and less alarming; and at length, when
+about twelve miles distant, ascertained the fact&mdash;one well known
+here at the time&mdash;that there had been no fighting whatever with
+the foreigners, and that, in the whole city the slaughter and
+bloodshed was limited to the killing of one man. Yet the current
+and fully-believed reports only sixty miles off were exactly
+like those we have so often heard of the slaughter committed by
+the Taepings. We know, from the experience of British troops
+during the last twenty years, that much loss of life usually
+ensues on the forcible occupation of Chinese cities from men
+destroying their families, and then themselves; from women,
+young and old, committing suicide; and from an unreasoning
+terror, that drives people into deep canals or rivers, in vain
+attempts to cross them. In these very ways several lives were
+nearly lost, a few months back, in the Chinese portion of this
+settlement before an alarm subsided which was caused by a sudden
+outcry that the Taepings were entering it, none being at the
+time within twenty miles' distance.</p>
+
+<p>"From these habits of the Chinese, we may infer that there has
+been, in the many populous cities occupied by the Taepings in
+this province, much loss of life among women and children, as
+well as grown men&mdash;non-combatants; <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[462]</a></span>and the inference is
+supported by the fact of foreigners who having visited such
+cities seeing in the canals many unwounded bodies. But that the
+Taeping troops have directly put to death a greater proportion
+of their non-combatant countrymen, or have even refused quarter
+to the armed, to a greater extent than have done revolutionary
+parties in the civil wars of England and France, is, I am fully
+satisfied, a prejudiced repetition on the part of inimical
+foreigners of the interested calumnies of the Ta-tsing party.</p>
+
+<p>"Some time back it had become a good conclusion that in the
+tracts of country occupied by the Taepings there must be greater
+security for life and property than in those occupied by the
+Ta-tsings. We knew that the Taepings had long given up that
+system of universal conscription on which they acted in 1853,
+and which then made their approach a source of peculiar terror.
+We knew that they depended on voluntary enrolment for the
+support of their fighting force, and that they were earnestly
+endeavouring to get the inhabitants generally of hamlets and
+open towns to remain at their usual occupations. This being the
+case, it was plain that the Taepings could preserve the public
+peace better than the Ta-tsings. For the bulk of the leading
+officials among the former were themselves not only fighting
+men, but about the best fighting men that they had; men who owed
+their position to their military qualities. To them there could,
+among their own party, be no open defiance. There might be
+nothing of that military drill and tactics which characterize
+European armies, but that discipline, which consists in strict
+obedience to orders could not fail to be there. On the other
+hand, the bulk of the leading Ta-tsing officials, the mandarins,
+were about the most inactive and timid, the most unwarlike of
+their party, and were, we knew, compelled to employ, as their
+chief fighting men, the ex-pirates of the south-eastern
+coast-land, who, with their followers, would not content
+themselves with their official pay, but would also, in defiance
+of the wishes of their weak employers, exact money from, or
+plunder outright, the peaceable populations whom they were hired
+to protect.</p>
+
+<p>"These inferences have been amply confirmed by recent
+unquestionable experiences. Mr. John, an English missionary of
+education and intelligence, went two or three months ago from
+Shanghae to Soo-chow, and thence to Nanking, where he stayed for
+seven days. Mr. John put the question to the Taeping officials
+why it was that the walled cities held by them were so entirely
+deserted by their former populations of tradesmen, artificers,
+&amp;c. He received answers to the effect that those cities had been
+transformed into fortresses, necessary to be held for the
+reconquest of the country from the Manchoos; that having been
+once deserted, no population was readmitted, as, under the guise
+of tradesmen, &amp;c., they might gradually be filled with hostile
+forces; but that, as soon as their own progress advanced their
+frontier to other points, they themselves would be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[463]</a></span>anxious to
+see these places repeopled by a peaceful population. In the mean
+time they were doing their best to protect, in the hamlets,
+villages, and open towns, all who choose to remain in them, in
+quiet submission to the Taeping rule.</p>
+
+<p>"Now these explanations and statements were fully supported by
+the nature of the circumstances and by what Mr. John saw
+himself. He was altogether about a month in the country held by
+the Taepings. He traversed a tract of that country of about 120
+miles in extent (Tsing-poo to Nanking), and travelled by night
+as well as by day, quite unarmed, and never molested. He found
+the country people quietly pursuing their usual occupations;
+and&mdash;a proof of the understanding between them and their Taeping
+rulers&mdash;saw the soldiers of the latter moving from place to
+place in large bodies without inspiring terror, and in parties
+of three or two without being assailed. At Soo-chow, both Mr.
+John and a well-educated and observant Chinese who accompanied
+him, and whom I questioned closely, saw the veritable landed
+gentry coming in parties to give in to the civil governor their
+adhesion to the Taeping dynasty.</p>
+
+<p>"What, on the other hand, is the state of the country on this
+side of the Ta-tsing lines? Not only do the exactions of the
+mandarins for military objects equal any similar demands that
+can be made by the Taepings, but piracy and robbery are well
+known to be everywhere rife. During an excursion, in the end of
+October, of some ninety miles up the Yang-tze, I had myself full
+opportunity of observing the prevalence of piracy and the alarm
+of the country people; and reports came constantly in, on all
+sides, showing that the reign of lawless violence is rather
+increasing than diminishing.</p>
+
+<p>"It is impossible to say how much of China proper the Taepings
+hold altogether, clear of Ta-tsing authorities or troops. But in
+proof of their right to be considered a political power, we have
+the fact that their armies are operating successfully up into
+Shang-tung in the North, down into Kwang-tung and Kwang-se in the
+South, and in Sze-chuen in the West, while nothing prevents
+their penetrating to the sea in the East but the presence of the
+foreign forces at Shanghae.</p>
+
+<p>"On the religion of the Taepings little need here be said.
+Viewed as a piece of contemporary history, the fact of the rise
+and progress, in this old seat of Confucianism and Buddhism, of
+the Bible-spreading Taeping Christianity&mdash;be its exact character
+what it may&mdash;is one of the most interesting spectacles that the
+annals of the human race present; and if the Taepings succeed in
+becoming the rulers of the Chinese people, it will prove one of
+the most momentous. A foreign official agent, whose nature or
+the limited extent of whose information permits of his viewing
+that spectacle with indifference, must surely be adjudged
+mentally unfitted for the career he has chosen. But except as a
+deeply interesting piece of contemporary history, we have
+nothing to do with it. If we aid the Taepings <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">[464]</a></span>on account of
+their professed creed, we propagate religion by the sword; if we
+attack them on account of it, we engage in a religious
+persecution.</p>
+
+<p>"One circumstance, which does not directly interest us, remains
+to be considered; the disposition of the Taepings towards us. On
+this point, the testimony is continuous, always consistent, and
+remarkably satisfactory. On three or four occasions, on which
+foreign war-vessels have, without any previous communication,
+steamed right up to the river batteries of the Taeping fortified
+places, they have exercised the right&mdash;a right inherent in every
+belligerent power&mdash;of endeavouring to keep off a suspicious and,
+for their means of defence, formidable force. But so soon as
+they have been told that it was not the hired foreign steamers
+of their Ta-tsing enemies, but the Government vessels of neutral
+foreigners that were before them, they have in every instance at
+once ceased firing. Their superior officers have fully explained
+that if foreign neutral vessels would send small unarmed boats
+in advance, they would not be fired at; and whenever this has
+been done, they have kept faith. As for the white flag of truce,
+it is simply absurd to suppose that that purely conventional
+signal of the Western world can be known to the commander of
+every Taeping battery. But the Taepings have a complete
+justification for disregarding it, even if they knew it; they
+are fighting with an enemy who would not hesitate an instant
+about sending in his own foreign steamers to open fire or effect
+a hostile landing, with a white flag or a British ensign flying
+at each mast-head. In no one of the numerous cases of one or
+more unarmed foreigners advancing to the Taeping outposts, since
+I first landed at Nanking in April, 1853, up till the most
+recent visits of Shanghae traders to Soo-chow, have they been
+received otherwise than peacefully; while in several cases those
+who have visited them as prejudiced unfriends have been
+converted into well-wishers by the friendliness of their
+reception.</p>
+
+<p>"They appeared in force before Shanghae six months ago, but I
+have good reasons for feeling satisfied that they were deluded
+into so doing by certain foreigners who wished to bring on an
+irremediable hostility between them and us, and who had held out
+to them the hope that we should give up the place to them. They
+fired a few ineffectual shots at the Chinese troops who were
+mingled with the British on the walls, and who kept discharging
+their matchlocks. But they did not fire at all where there were
+only British in front of them, and not one of the foreign
+soldiers received a wound, though a number of the Taepings were
+killed by our fire. Lastly, during the half-year that has
+elapsed since they retired, foreigners have been received at
+their places, if not with the same hopeful cordiality, as
+peacefully and as civilly as before.</p>
+
+<p>"We have a long succession of irrefragable proofs that the
+Taepings do earnestly desire friendly commercial relations with
+us. The fact is so well known that inimical foreigners have been
+constrained to endeavour, with <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[465]</a></span>a curiously blind ingenuity, to
+turn it against them. 'All that is mere pretence,' it has been
+argued; 'if they felt sure they were strong enough to attack us
+with advantage, they would do it.' In reply, I ask if it be so,
+in how far do the Taepings differ in that respect from the
+Russians, French, and Americans? Is the peaceful and civil
+reception the English get from these nations the result of pure
+friendliness or of policy? Would they attack us if they felt
+sure they could do so with advantage? What are our Channel
+fleets, our fortifications, and our 150,000 volunteers for?</p>
+
+<p>"A few years back the aid of a small British army and naval
+squadron, operating along a portion of the Great River, could
+perhaps have enabled the Manchoos to suppress this particular
+Chinese rising against their rule; but now it would require a
+large fleet of steamers, operating throughout some 1,500 to
+2,000 miles of the Great River and its larger branches, and some
+20,000 troops, operating in three or four complete small armies
+in different parts of the tract of country mentioned above as
+being more or less in the occupation of Taeping forces, and
+which extends about 800 to 900 miles from north to south, and
+1,000 to 1,100 from east to west. It would prove one of the most
+troublesome and costly wars that England ever engaged in; costly
+as regarded the direct outlay, and still more costly as regarded
+the consequences to our trade; for the region in question is
+that which, practically speaking, produces the whole of our tea
+and silk exports, and which consumes the larger portion of our
+manufactured imports; and the effect of our hostilities in it
+would be to overspread it with anarchy and desolation." </p></div>
+
+<p>From this despatch it will be seen that every point upon which the
+British Government has based its hostilities against the Ti-pings is
+plainly disproved. The last paragraph may be regarded by some few
+bigoted pro-Imperialists as an exaggeration; but when they glance at the
+present state of China (1865), and see the Ti-pings still victoriously
+disputing the supremacy of the Manchoo, when they look upon the very
+diminished export of silk, and upon the rebellion rampant in every
+province of China, they can hardly dispute that a "large fleet of
+steamers" and 20,000 troops was correctly considered by Mr. Meadows
+necessary to suppress the revolution.</p>
+
+<p>As for the justice of the British intervention, it is hardly necessary
+to speak any further. The belligerent character of the Ti-ping rebellion
+was recognised immediately after its origin, simply because the British<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[466]</a></span>
+remained neutral towards a Power carrying on war, and moreover, from the
+fact that English representatives sought out and made guarantees of
+neutrality with the Ti-ping authorities. But, while openly recognising
+the belligerent rights of the revolutionists, the British Government has
+invariably evaded a strict interpretation of its professions, and given
+a tacit support to the Manchoos, thereby making themselves a party to
+the war, and constituting themselves the allies of the latter Power.</p>
+
+<p>The Ti-pings were fully entitled to equal rights with the Imperialists,
+whether upon the high seas, neutral waters, at the treaty ports, or
+elsewhere. They possessed a settled Government at Nankin, a vast
+territory, and <i>several</i> ports; and such being the case, should, and had
+the British authorities acted honourably would, have enjoyed any and
+every privilege given or allowed to the other party in the civil war.
+When the Spanish colonies cast off their allegiance to Spain, when
+Brazil revolted against Portugal, when Texas seceded from Mexico, when
+Greece rebelled against its Turkish rulers, when the Southern States of
+America seceded from the Union, when Santo Domingo rose against Spain,
+when the Neapolitans revolted against their Government, in every one of
+these, and countless other cases, each belligerent as a matter of right
+received equal privileges from neutral Powers.</p>
+
+<p>Had England and other neutral Powers acted according to their own laws,
+they would have been bound to recognise the independence of the
+Ti-pings, for the utter inability of the ousted Manchoo Government to
+recover its authority within a reasonable time was apparent. More than
+this, it was universally admitted that the Tartars, if unassisted by
+foreigners, would be overthrown, and when such contingency became
+certain, England was dragged in to assist them. The excuse about danger
+to British lives and property from the occupation of the treaty ports by
+the insurgents is proved false by the capture of Shanghae in 1853, and
+the capture of Ningpo in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[467]</a></span> 1861. The only other excuse of any moment is
+the "<i>might</i> injure trade" one; but is that to be considered a
+sufficient justification? In all the cases of rebellion just cited,
+England remained neutral; why then has she been made to assume to
+herself, in China <i>only</i>, the right to interfere in internecine strife?
+Why not interfere in America for the sake of trade and to prevent
+so-called rebels from collecting duties? As principle has nothing to do
+with the policy pursued in China, why should it elsewhere? Or why may it
+not be boasted that England feared to interfere in America, and
+therefore refrained; but acted differently in China, having no fear.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Shanghae Times</i>, a paper giving its general support to the
+Government, in its issue of March 15, 1862, thus describes the
+initiation of hostilities against the Ti-pings:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We believe that Admiral Hope is the first English officer of
+the present century who has adopted the unsoldierly practice of
+making war without having declared war. Having recognised the
+Taepings as a Power, according to the usage of civilized
+nations, he ought to have given them the alternative of retreat,
+submission, or butchery, before commencing the latter. This he
+did not. But as the Imperialists served him at Taku, he served
+the Taepings at Ming-hong. Honourable men condemned the conduct
+of the Imperial general at the Taku, and if the code of honour
+has not changed since then, it has been <i>grossly</i> violated in
+the two recent attacks on the Taepings." </p></div>
+
+<p>We have in a former chapter noticed the false assertion of the British
+minister in China with regard to "all classes of observers" condemning
+the religion of the revolutionists, and his equally unfounded statement
+that the Revds. J. Edkins and Griffith John met with an "ungracious
+reception." The following reports by the Rev. G. John (of the London
+Missionary Society) will not only expose the truthlessness of Mr. Bruce,
+but also multiply proofs as to the Christianity of the Ti-pings, the
+evil policy of the British Government, and the astounding apathy of the
+missionary body at large.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[468]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Griffith John, in a report to the secretary of his society,
+dated "Shanghae, December 6, 1860," states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"They" (the Ti-pings) "have created a vacuum, not only in the
+temples, but also in the hearts of the people, which remains to
+be filled. This is the missionary's work&mdash;<i>a work that might be
+done immediately, were it not for the unaccountable policy of
+the representatives of foreign Powers at this port</i>. My
+principal object in going has been fully realized.</p>
+
+<p>"My object was to obtain from the chief an edict of religious
+toleration. This I have obtained. It gives full permission to
+missionaries of every persuasion to enter into and live in the
+insurgents' territory, for the purpose of carrying on missionary
+work. The phraseology, in some parts, is bombastic, and
+therefore objectionable; but the simple meaning is full
+toleration to all Christians, whether Protestant or Catholic. 'I
+see that the missionaries are sincere and faithful men, and that
+they do not count suffering with Christ anything; and because of
+this I esteem them very highly.' Such are the words of the
+edict. Then comes a command to the chief officers to issue
+orders to all the (insurgent) brethren to treat the missionaries
+well. I showed the edict at Su-cheu, and asked the chiefs if
+they would help me to get a house, a chapel, &amp;c. 'Yes,' said
+they, 'you come, and it will be all right.' I send you the
+original of this edict, written by the young prince himself, and
+bearing the seal of his father, and I intend to furnish you with
+a translation by the first opportunity. <i>I firmly believe that
+God is uprooting idolatry in the land, through the insurgents,
+and that He will by means of them</i>, in connection with the
+foreign missionary, plant Christianity in its stead. Let the
+prayers of our brethren in England be more fervent than ever in
+behalf of China. If these men succeed, the days of idolatry are
+numbered in the land. I am fully convinced that, should they
+succeed to establish order within the boundary of the Keang-sú
+province, it would be <i>nominally</i> a Christian province before
+the expiration of twenty years. The same observation will hold
+good of all the other provinces." </p></div>
+
+<p>This is the edict referred to by Mr. John:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"'EDICT OF RELIGIOUS TOLERATION,' BY THE CHIEF OF THE CHINESE
+INSURGENTS.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>"'Having received the decree of my Heavenly Father (God), of my
+Heavenly adopted Father (Christ), and of my Father (the
+Celestial King), I command all the King's officers, both civil
+and military, and all the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">[469]</a></span>Brethren, to be acquainted with it.
+The true doctrine of my Father (God), and of my adopted Father
+(Christ), is the religion of Heaven. The religion of Christ
+(Protestant religion), and the religion of the Lord of Heaven
+(Roman Catholic religion), are included in it. The whole world,
+together with my father and myself, are one family. Those who
+lovingly and harmoniously observe the regulations of the
+heavenly religion are permitted to come and visit (us). Now,
+from the <i>memorial</i> presented to us by my uncles, Kan, Tsan,
+Chung, and others, I learn that the foreign teacher G. John and
+his friends, esteeming the Kingdom of Heaven, and reverencing
+and believing in my Father (God), and my adopted Father
+(Christ), to whom be thanks for the bestowment upon us of
+authority, power, and wonders, of which those who are far and
+near have reverentially heard&mdash;have come for the express purpose
+of seeing the light, of beholding God and Christ, and of
+requesting permission to spread abroad the true doctrine.
+Seeing, however, that the present time is a time of war, and
+that the soldiers are scattered abroad in every direction, I am
+truly afraid that the missionaries might be injured by following
+the rabble soldiery, and that thus serious consequence might
+ensue. Still, I truly perceive that these (missionaries) are
+sincere and faithful men, and that they count it nothing to
+suffer with Christ; and because of this I esteem them very
+highly.</p>
+
+<p>"'Let the kings inform all the officers and others, that they
+must all act lovingly and harmoniously towards these men, and by
+no means engender contention and strife. Let all know, that the
+Father (God), my adopted Father (Christ), my father and myself,
+are one family; and let these men (missionaries) be treated
+exceedingly well.</p>
+
+<p>"'Respect this.'</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;The Kan-wang told us that the chief is anxious that his
+son should feel an interest in the propagation of the Gospel,
+and therefore directed him to write it....</p>
+
+<p>"The expressions 'to the light,' and 'behold Christ and God,'
+are explained in the fact that Nanking is the Jerusalem of the
+Celestial dynasty. I asked the Kan-wang if the above edict opens
+up the whole of the insurgents' territory&mdash;Nanking not
+excepted&mdash;to missionary operations. He replied that it does....</p>
+
+<p>"Thus, then, the above throws open the whole of the insurgents'
+territory to missionary work, so far as the insurgents
+themselves are concerned. Here and there the phraseology is
+objectionable; still, this point is quite clear: they have done
+this not in ignorance, but with their eyes quite open to the
+difference which exists between them and ourselves." </p></div>
+
+<p>In a letter, dated twelve days later than that already quoted from, Mr.
+John gives this reason for not going to live among the Ti-pings:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"When<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[470]</a></span> I returned from Nankin I fully intended to go to live in
+that city, if practicable; but after much thought, <i>and some
+consultation with those who are in authority</i>, I have come to
+the conclusion that it would be premature to do so just now....
+The river, I am told on good authority, is to be opened at once,
+and the ports of Han-kow and Kin-kiang are to become consular
+ports. Another expedition is about to go up the river, and then
+it will be determined what is to be done with the insurgents.
+They may be treated as friends, or, on the other hand, as foes.
+If not as friends, <span class="smcap">I am convinced that it will be our fault</span>,
+because they cherish the kindliest feeling towards us, in spite
+of our conduct towards them when they visited Shanghae."
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We will conclude Mr. John's reports with three short extracts; the first
+of which clearly shows what good might have been effected by the British
+missionaries had they performed their duty; the second goes far to
+establish the superiority of the Ti-pings over the Manchoos.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. "The insurgents are making rapid strides, and are determined,
+as you will learn from my journal, to uproot idolatry in the
+land, <i>and to plant Christianity in its room</i>. The former they
+will do with a strong hand, and the latter will not be left
+undone, <i>if the Churches and missionaries are alive to their
+duty in reference to this great movement</i>."</p>
+
+<p>2. "They have doubtless gross defects; but in every
+respect&mdash;religious, political, social, &amp;c.&mdash;they are centuries
+ahead of the Imperialists, and I cannot but wish them God
+speed." </p></div>
+
+<p>The third and last extract from Mr. John's reports is taken from one
+dated "February 2, 1861," and fully shadows forth what England has <i>now</i>
+been compelled to understand, and what every sensible person fully
+comprehended long since. Mr. John states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is fortunate for us that the Tartars have their hands full
+just now, <i>as the value of the recent treaty rests solely on the
+weakness of the existing dynasty</i>. The Tartars hate us with an
+insatiable hatred, and would, in spite of the treaty, recommence
+warlike operations to-morrow had they the power. To break faith
+with the <i>barbarian</i> is not crime but virtue, according to their
+creed, if his humiliation and expulsion might thereby be
+effected. From the Manchoos we have nothing to hope, but
+everything to fear. They are sworn enemies to Christianity and
+civilization, and they have set their iron faces determinedly
+against both. They <i>can</i> do but little at present. The wonderful
+progress of the insurrection in the South, during <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">[471]</a></span>the last
+year, and the repeated defeats and the complete discomfiture of
+the Tartar hosts in the North, have thoroughly undermined the
+Manchoo power. It must fall. There is no power in China to
+uphold it. The Kwang-si insurrection, on the other hand, must
+triumph, <i>if foreign Powers do not interfere</i>. The Manchoos
+might as well attempt to blow the sun out of the heavens as to
+quench this flame which their folly and tyranny have kindled....</p>
+
+<p>"The insurgents themselves are still determinately opposed to
+idolatry in all its features. At their approach the idols
+vanish, and the priests of Buddh and Tau disappear. The downfall
+of idolatry in the land seems to be bound up with their success.
+Never did China present such a spectacle to the Christian world.
+Will the Church, <i>unfaithful to her Head and false to herself</i>,
+as the depository of the blessings of light and life for the
+world, look on with indifference? Shall the four hundred
+millions of China remain in their state of darkness and death,
+<i>because of the worldliness and deadness</i> of the people of God?" </p></div>
+
+<p>To these questions the British Government appears to have returned an
+affirmative answer.</p>
+
+<p>A few extracts from a report of the Rev. W. Muirhead, in harmony with
+the testimonies of other missionaries, both as to the death-blow
+idolatry had received from the victorious arms of the Ti-pings, and the
+general knowledge of Christianity possessed by them, shall close our
+quoted evidence for the present. In the spring of 1861, Mr. Muirhead
+spent a month among the Ti-pings at Nankin, and while there was
+constantly engaged in preaching about the city, and thus describes his
+experience:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Going about sometimes for several hours a day, I have been
+abundantly encouraged by the number and attention of the
+audiences. It seems as if there were a foundation to go upon,
+from the amount of religious knowledge diffused among the
+people. There is a response, if not in their hearts, at least in
+their thoughts, to the tidings of mercy. They are made familiar
+at every step with the name and compassion of the Heavenly
+Father, <i>by the unprecedented practice of recording the fact
+over every door</i>. When, therefore, the same truths are announced
+in their hearing by a foreign missionary, <i>they give a ready
+assent, and express their cordial approval</i>. How different is
+all this from our experience in Shanghae and elsewhere! There we
+have a hard and strong ground to work upon; ignorance and
+<i>opposition</i> prevail in abundant measure. Here, on the part
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">[472]</a></span>both of the military and civilians, there <i>is</i> knowledge, and
+there <i>is</i> appreciation of the truth to a certain extent, which
+renders the spiritual enforcement of it a more easy and pleasant
+duty." </p></div>
+
+<p>These extracts must naturally make one believe that the "all classes of
+observers," so cunningly invented by Mr. Bruce and his ministerial
+friends, consist of Mr. American Baptist Missionary Holmes.</p>
+
+<p>The Kan-wang, the missionaries' friend, having left the city while Mr.
+Muirhead was there, that event was mentioned in the following
+language:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In prospect of his going out, I had occasion some time ago to
+allude to his constant dependence on God, and to urge upon him
+the duty of earnest prayer. But in this I was anticipated by a
+previous request of his own, when, after describing the trials
+and difficulties of his situation, he said to me: '<i>Mr.
+Muirhead, pray for me!</i>' He has need of our prayers, and I trust
+his request will be attended to by many friends at home." </p></div>
+
+<p>Poor Kan-wang! The only prayers have been those devoutly entertained by
+opium traders and "indemnity" interested people for the destruction of
+him and his confederates.</p>
+
+<p>Of the Ti-ping women Mr. Muirhead states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"While walking along the streets, the number of females that are
+seen on the way is rather a novelty. They are in general well
+dressed, and of very respectable appearance. Many are riding on
+horseback, others are walking, and most of them have large feet.
+Not a few stop to hear our preaching, and always conduct
+themselves with perfect propriety. <i>This is new, as compared
+with the former course of things, and the whole reminds one
+partly of home life.</i> It will be a blessing if the revolution
+should tend to break up the system of female exclusion, hitherto
+practised." </p></div>
+
+<p>We will conclude our extracts from Mr. Muirhead's report with the
+following interesting account of a conversation between himself and a
+young Ti-ping soldier:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"And now a word or two, with regard to the character and
+prospects of the movement. Those engaged in it speak not
+boastfully, but calmly and confidently, of its success. They
+acknowledge the difficulties in the way, yet believe in the Lord
+God that they shall be established. They do <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">[473]</a></span>not apprehend it
+will be an easy thing to overcome their enemies; but fighting,
+as they think, under the banners of the 'Heavenly Father' and
+'Heavenly Brother,' they contemplate a happy issue as a matter
+of course.</p>
+
+<p>"As Kan-wang's followers were assembling in front of his palace,
+a young man came upstairs. I asked him if he was going out to
+join the army. He said yes. 'Was he not afraid of being wounded
+or killed?' 'Oh, no,' he replied, 'the Heavenly Father will
+befriend me.' 'Well, but suppose you should be killed, what
+then?' 'Why, my soul will go to heaven.' 'How can you expect to
+go to heaven? What merit have you to get there?' 'None, none in
+myself. It is entirely through the merits of the Heavenly
+Brother that this is to be done.' 'Who is the Heavenly Brother?'
+'I am not very learned,' he said, 'and request instruction.' I
+then began to tell him that He was the Son of the Heavenly
+Father; but before I had finished the sentence, he replied
+correctly. 'What great work did Christ do?' I asked. The young
+man gave an explicit statement of the Saviour's work for
+sinners, of his coming into the world, suffering and dying in
+the room of sinful man, in order to redeem us from sin and
+misery. I inquired if he believed all this. 'Assuredly,' was his
+reply. 'When did you join the dynasty?' 'Last year.' 'Can you
+read?' 'No.' 'Who instructed you in these things?' 'The
+Tsan-wang.' 'What does he in the way of instructing his people?'
+'He has daily service in his palace, and often preaches to them
+alike at home and when engaged in the field.' 'What book does he
+use?' 'He has a number belonging to the dynasty.' 'Do you know
+the New Testament?' 'Yes, but cannot read it.' 'Can you repeat
+the doxology of the Heavenly Father?' He went over it correctly.
+It contains in simple language the fundamental tenets of
+Christianity. 'Are there any special laws or commands connected
+with the dynasty?' 'There are the ten commandments.' 'Repeat
+them.' He went over a number of them, till he came to the sixth.
+'Now,' I said, 'how is this command observed by you, seeing that
+so much cruelty and wickedness are practised by your brethren
+all around?' 'Oh,' he replied, 'in so far as fighting in the
+open field is concerned, that is all fair play and cannot be
+helped. It is not intended in the command.' 'No,' I remarked,
+'that is not my meaning; but look at your brethren going
+privately into the country and robbing and killing the innocent
+people; what of that?' 'It is very bad, and such will only go to
+hell.' 'What, notwithstanding their adherence to the dynasty,
+and fighting under the same banners as yourself?' 'Yes, that is
+no matter; when the laws of Christ and the Heavenly Father are
+not attended to, these guilty individuals ought to die and go to
+hell.' 'But is not this the case with a great number of your
+adherents?' 'Alas! it is especially among our new recruits,
+whose hearts are not impressed with the true doctrine.' 'In all
+the public offices is care taken to instruct the soldiers and
+civilians connected with them?' 'Yes, every man, woman, and
+child of reasonable age in the capital, can repeat the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">[474]</a></span>doxology
+of the Heavenly Father.' 'And what about those in the country?'
+'Those who have short hair are not yet sufficiently taught, but
+books are being distributed amongst them, in order that they may
+learn those things." </p></div>
+
+<p>Can this be called a "blasphemous and immoral" basis of religion? If
+those who so designated it possessed but a tithe of the temporal
+practice and spiritual faith of this illiterate young Ti-ping, they
+would be happier men; but it must be admitted that their sentiments and
+actions hardly induce such a belief.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>Vide</i> p. 6, "Further Papers relating to the Rebellion in
+China, 1862."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> "The original is written by the young prince, in the name
+of his father, on satin, with the vermilion pencil, and stamped with the
+seal of the Taeping-wang, the Celestial king."</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">[475]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XVII.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>On board the <i>Williamette</i>.&mdash;Blockade running.&mdash;Arrival at
+Nankin.&mdash;Solemn Thanksgiving.&mdash;Domestic Arrangements.&mdash;Phillip's
+Wife.&mdash;The Wooing.&mdash;The Dowry.&mdash;The Wedding.&mdash;Trade
+established.&mdash;Imperialist Corruption.&mdash;Preparations for
+leaving.&mdash;An Elopement.&mdash;The Journey.&mdash;The Surprise.&mdash;The
+Repulse.&mdash;Arrival at Hang-chow.&mdash;Its capture.&mdash;The
+particulars.&mdash;Cum-ho.&mdash;The Chung-wang.&mdash;His mistaken Policy. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>Thanks to the impish steamer <i>Williamette</i>, we escaped any further
+annoyance at the hands of her friends, for, according to agreement, she
+towed us past all the Imperialist positions. Although I had paid rather
+dear for this favour, the danger we had escaped at that atrocious Mud
+Fort, and those troubles we avoided by towing past the unscrupulous
+batteries and piratical squadrons of the enemy, made it well worth more.
+Had we sailed to Nankin, our nights would have been far from pleasant,
+sleep being rendered impossible from the unceasing watching for some
+hostile demonstration, and the excitement attendant on the several
+skirmishes which we must have had with the Manchoos.</p>
+
+<p>The worry and excitement of running the Nankin blockade can only be
+thoroughly appreciated by those who have experienced its perils. The
+Ti-ping adherents certainly found few pleasures to reward them, and
+their lot was very far indeed from being cast in pleasant places. Such
+dangers as myself and many others have endured while assisting the cause
+of these patriots have left an impression which even time cannot
+efface.</p>
+
+<p>Perchance,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">[476]</a></span> we are sailing peacefully and slowly along the broad
+Yang-tze, dreaming of home or philosophizing upon the spread of liberty
+and Christianity by our Ti-ping friends, when crash comes a discharge of
+artillery from some Manchoo fort, as the first intimation that we were
+within the meshes of those who would destroy all hope of improving China
+or of realizing our own dreams, with equal indifference. This danger
+passes over, and the wearied have sought for slumber, when those on
+their anxious watch suddenly discover a squadron of the sometime pirate
+<i>Ti-mungs</i> hired to fight the battles of the Manchoo; and at the same
+instant those below are startled by the broadsides fired at their
+devoted vessel. After running the gauntlet of these heavily-armed
+vessels, the sleepers, with rifles by their side and revolvers under
+pillow, are subject to incessant disturbance from the attack of the
+centipede gunboats, as the latter pull from sly corners and creeks, in
+twos, tens, or twenties, and chase the passing ship, eager for the blood
+of those on board, or the pleasure of looting their effects.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the few Europeans who were engaged assisting the Ti-pings were
+captured and barbarously killed by the Imperialists; yet, in spite of
+these dangers, and the certain prospect of a cruel death if unfortunate
+enough to fall into their hands, every man willingly incurred them, with
+a full conviction that the cause was worthy of any risk or sacrifice.</p>
+
+<p>Some have been found daring enough to allege that personal profit was
+the motive which induced so many to incur suffering and danger in
+support of the Ti-pings. The absurdity of such a statement is made clear
+by the fact, that from 1860 to 1863 the principal supply of silk and tea
+was derived by the merchants of China from the Ti-pings, and that it was
+possible to carry on trade with the Imperialists with perfect safety,
+and with as large, if not larger, profit.</p>
+
+<p>The true reason why those engaged in assisting the Ti-pings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">[477]</a></span> preferred
+that course, with all its troubles and dangers, is that, having once met
+the revolutionists, the immense superiority of the latter to the
+Manchoos had enlisted their sympathies and active support. Money, of
+course, in many cases had a great deal to do with the transactions of
+those who <i>traded</i> among the Ti-pings; but others, I am certain, were
+solely actuated by disinterested motives. He must, indeed, be a singular
+specimen of a man who could really know and experience the society of
+the Ti-pings, and not become a warm friend to them.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Williamette</i> was a powerful steamer, and on the evening of the day
+after she had taken us in tow, we had the satisfaction to be cast off
+right in the mouth of the Nankin creek, while the good ship continued on
+her way to Ngan-kin, whither she was bound with munitions of war freshly
+obtained from the British arsenals in China, to be expended in the
+slaughter of those who held England's pledge of strict neutrality.</p>
+
+<p>Upon bringing up in the creek, I landed and paid my friend the Sz-wang a
+visit. He gave me a hearty welcome, and immediately set his servants to
+prepare a regular feast for myself and friend. I could not refuse the
+kind hospitality of my worthy host, even impatient as I was to get into
+the city and see Marie, who, he assured me, was in perfect health and
+happiness, and a vast favourite among the ladies at the Ti-ping capital,
+at the same time astonishing me by saying that Phillip had been married
+since my departure from Nankin.</p>
+
+<p>At last, while the dinner was progressing, and the Sz-wang had for a
+moment been called away by a courier from the city, I left the table,
+and, assisted by his eldest nephew, who was a great friend of mine, I
+mounted one of his best horses and set off for Nankin, leaving my friend
+P. to excuse me and relate our adventures and the intentions of the
+so-called "foreign brethren" at Shanghae towards the Ti-pings; a point
+upon which the Sz-wang always felt the deepest anxiety.</p>
+
+<p>Upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">[478]</a></span> reaching the Chung-wang's palace, I found a large number of chiefs
+assembled in the "Heavenly Hall," and all greatly elated by despatches
+just received from the Commander-in-Chief detailing the capture of the
+seaport Ningpo. Anxious as I naturally felt to meet my betrothed, I was
+yet obliged to join the chiefs in the solemn thanksgiving they were
+about offering to the Great Giver of all victory. Upon this occasion, as
+usual, whether after triumph or defeat, the Ti-pings attributed their
+important success entirely to the will of "The Heavenly Father." Their
+absorbing reliance upon God, because of their belief in the
+righteousness and Christianity of their cause has often startled me by
+its singular devotedness and simplicity. It was not only those who had
+been of the original "Society of the Worshippers of God" in Kwang-si,
+that were so fervent and hopeful, but all <i>bonâ fide</i> Ti-pings, and even
+many among the latest recruits were equally inspired. It is a well-known
+fact that young boys, of twelve to fifteen years of age, are commonly
+the bravest soldiers and most daring spirits in the ranks of the Ti-ping
+soldiery. Formerly the very women fought by the side of their male
+relatives; at the present time they still undergo the hard dangers of
+the camp. Thus, upon consideration of all the facts bearing upon the
+motive and practice of the Ti-pings, it cannot be difficult to
+understand that some mighty inspiration has affected a large portion of
+the Chinese in a remarkably striking manner. Some term the cause and
+effect evil; others, not so self-conceited and hypercritical, say "it is
+good." By some the great Ti-ping revolution has been considered a
+religious fanaticism, an extensive leaguing together of banditti for the
+sake of plunder; the fact being that the only religious enthusiasm is to
+establish our Bible throughout China, and the only physical action an
+endeavour to liberate that vast empire from what even their worst
+opponents declare a hopelessly corrupt and oppressive Government!</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 900px;">
+<img src="images/i066.jpg" width="900" height="562" alt="Day &amp; Son, (Limited), Lith.
+A VIEW IN THE INNER APARTMENTS OF THE CHUNG WANG&#39;S PALACE" title="" />
+<span class="caption"><br />Day &amp; Son, (Limited), Lith.<br />
+A VIEW IN THE INNER APARTMENTS OF THE CHUNG WANG&#39;S PALACE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>When<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[479]</a></span> the thanksgiving prayers in the "Heavenly Hall" were brought to a
+conclusion, I soon found my way to the inner apartments, and had the
+happiness to find Marie looking, if possible, better and more handsome
+than ever. She was delighted with the kindness of the Ti-ping ladies,
+and particularly noticed their sincere piety and continual study of the
+Holy Scriptures. Before long her inseparable companion, Miss Cum-ho,
+appeared, and considerably amused us by her roundabout inquiries after
+my friend L., who, much to her satisfaction, I stated might be shortly
+expected.</p>
+
+<p>While taking a stroll in the garden, Marie informed me that during my
+absence she had been much annoyed by the importunate attentions of a
+young chief, the son of the Tsan-wang, one of the principal members of
+the Ti-ping Government. In fact, to so unpleasant an extent had his
+sudden passion carried him that, upon two occasions, his emissaries had
+attempted her abduction, the last attempt having taken place only a few
+evenings before my return, and while she was walking in the palace
+grounds alone. The young chief I knew by reputation as a wild and
+unscrupulous character, but his father was a most influential personage;
+therefore, though I might readily have avoided further trouble by
+representing the affair to the authorities, I decided to take Marie with
+me and join the Chung-wang at Hang-chow, rather than excite any bad
+feeling by making a public case when it could be avoided. Ti-ping
+justice was remarkably prompt and severe, and conviction of the chief
+would very likely have led to decapitation. Before putting my plan into
+execution, it was necessary to await the arrival of L. with our lorcha.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening I found Phillip with his wife waiting to see me in the
+old rooms at the back of the Chung-wang's palace. I had ample occasion
+to congratulate him upon his choice, for the lady was by no means
+wanting in personal beauty. She was a really fine girl, taller than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">[480]</a></span> the
+generality of Chinese women, with very pretty and regular features,
+light-complexioned and rosy-cheeked, and was quite black-eyed and
+long-haired enough to please the greatest brunette admirer; besides
+which she was fortunate enough to possess nice little feet, not deformed
+according to Imperialist Chinese taste. How Phillip met her, and how she
+became his wife, took place, as he informed me, in the following way:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>A week or two after my departure from Nankin, intelligence was received
+of the capture of the city of Ngan-kin by the Imperialists, and the
+defeat of the Ying-wang, who had been prevented effecting its relief
+through the delay caused by his communication with the British
+expedition up the Yang-tze. Reinforcements having been ordered from
+Nankin to the north bank of the river, so as to co-operate in the
+Ying-wang's retreat, Phillip accompanied them, taking charge of the few
+pieces of artillery they carried.</p>
+
+<p>One day, while with the foremost of the advanced guard, he became
+engaged in an attack upon a fortified hamlet, which was obstinately
+defended by some Manchoo troops, who were assisted by the inhabitants.
+In such cases, of course, the Ti-pings treat the villagers as enemies,
+making prisoners of those who escape the battle, and seizing their
+effects.</p>
+
+<p>While driving the Imperialists out of the palace, Phillip received a
+slight though painful spear-wound in one of his hands, and, upon
+entering a house to obtain some water, he saw his future wife for the
+first time. The house was, apparently, one of the poorest in the
+village, and the young woman, with her aged father and a little
+servant-girl, constituted its only occupants. They were naturally much
+alarmed by the conflict raging about them, and while the timid daughter
+supplied him with a draught of water, her father threw himself at his
+knees, <i>ketowing</i> and imploring protection.</p>
+
+<p>Phillip was considerably impressed by the charms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[481]</a></span> of the celestial
+damsel, and with his brave though tender heart sincerely pitied her
+unprotected state, so he waited until the arrival of the main body of
+the forces; and then, after obtaining from the chief in command a
+protection <i>chop</i>, or paper, to affix to the door of the house, and
+thereby make it inviolate, he continued on the march, leaving father and
+daughter showering Chinese blessings upon his foreign head.</p>
+
+<p>My friend had not proceeded very far when he reflected that a great
+proportion of the rear guard (which in this case was a position of no
+moment) was composed of quite new levies, many of whom had been
+Imperialist <i>braves</i>, and had only lately been enlisted as Ti-pings, and
+who, probably, still retained the old propensities to excess and plunder
+strong within them. Thinking thus, and, I dare say, with a lively
+remembrance of the daughter's pretty face&mdash;her equal not being seen
+every day in China&mdash;he determined to ride back and protect the old man's
+house, if necessary, till the last of the force had passed through the
+village. During his return he had met a number of the recruits as
+prisoners for looting houses and robbing country people, the punishment
+for which would almost certainly be decapitation, and upon reaching the
+place he found many were plundering and destroying all they could lay
+hands on.</p>
+
+<p>Phillip had scarcely noticed this when the little girl he had seen at
+the house came running up to him, screaming and holding out her hands,
+and with the blood pouring from a large gash across her cheek.</p>
+
+<p>Fearing the worst, and blaming himself for not having made greater
+haste, he left one of his men to attend to the poor child, and galloped
+up to the house with the rest.</p>
+
+<p>The building was beginning to smoke where some of the marauders had just
+applied the torch, while, right across the threshold of his once happy
+home, the apparently lifeless body of the old man lay before my friend.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">[482]</a></span>
+Hearing the noise of voices inside the house, Phillip expecting at each
+step to come across the daughter's corpse, drew his revolver and
+entered. He arrived not a moment too soon, for, upon reaching the inner
+chamber, he found the poor girl struggling in the hands of several
+soldiers. The next instant and his pistol had effectually released her,
+when she rushed fainting and dishevelled to his arms. Carrying her to
+the outer apartment, he laid her on a couch, and then turned his
+attention to the father. The latter still lived, but death was evidently
+fast approaching as his life ebbed away from several ghastly wounds
+inflicted by the heavy knives of the ruthless murderers.</p>
+
+<p>The fire being extinguished by some of his men, Phillip got the poor old
+man moved into the house, and, assisted by the sorrow-stricken daughter,
+did all that was possible to save him. It was, however, soon apparent
+that his end was drawing near; he seemed quite sensible, though for some
+time unable to speak. At last, with a flickering revival before the
+total eclipse of life's lamp, he pointed with one nerveless hand to the
+wainscot, and ejaculated, "Tseen!&mdash;che-mo!" (Money!&mdash;take away the
+wood!) Upon going to the spot indicated, Phillip found a crevice in the
+panelling, and, using the blade of his sword, he managed to wrench away
+a large piece, exposing a hollow containing a small bundle tied up in
+blue Chinese cloth. While lifting this up he knew by its weight that it
+must contain gold, and when he placed it by the side of the dying man,
+the latter with difficulty managed to say "Gno&mdash;show&mdash;ne!"
+(I&mdash;give&mdash;you). Then, calling his daughter, he with a last effort
+stretched forth his arms, and, grasping her hand and that of the
+stranger from the far West, and feebly endeavouring to place them
+together, fell back, and in a little while expired.</p>
+
+<p>After a distressing scene with the bereaved girl, Phillip was compelled
+to order the interment, under a few inches of earth, of her father's
+body. Immediately<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">[483]</a></span> afterwards it was necessary to set out for the now
+distant army, and when Phillip overtook it his future wife was with him,
+as her fate would have been certain had she remained alone at the
+desolated village, defenceless, with her gold and beauty, before the
+incursions of Imperialist or Ti-ping marauders. There were many Ti-ping
+women accompanying their husbands with the army, so the poor girl had
+some of her own sex to comfort her. The expedition was not long away
+from Nankin, and upon its return to the city, Phillip and the orphan
+were married in the Ti-ping church, thus accomplishing not only what
+they supposed to have been the wish of the dead father, but also what
+accorded with their mutual inclination.</p>
+
+<p>And so it was that my friend Phillip obtained a wife and a fortune with
+her, for that heavy little bundle contained more than sixty gold bars,
+each worth about 300 dollars. Phillip Bosse, or Boze, declared himself
+so satisfied with his wife, his present affairs, and the Ti-pings, that
+he vowed he would never leave them. He kept his word, for he died
+amongst the patriots, and as his relatives in Greece may never otherwise
+hear of his death, I give his name as I knew it; so that should this
+book ever fall into their hands, they may at least have the melancholy
+satisfaction to know where his body rests, and that he died like a
+gallant and noble-hearted man, serving a righteous and a great cause.</p>
+
+<p>A few days after my arrival at Nankin, my friend L. brought our lorcha
+safely into the creek, accompanied by three other vessels of the same
+class, the owners of which had availed themselves of the passes I had
+given them from the Chang-wang. Each craft was deeply laden with rice
+and other provisions. My own junk and lorcha, containing rice belonging
+to the Ti-ping Government, we left in charge of certain officials, and
+my friends all joined me in the city. Soon after the arrival of L.,
+several vessels came in from Shanghae to trade; these were succeeded by
+others, and a regular commerce<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">[484]</a></span> sprang up and was continued for a year
+or two. In a few months the trade had become so great that it was quite
+common for more than thirty vessels (both foreign and Chinese-owned) to
+arrive in one day. The large supplies received by this line of
+communication were stored in the extensive Nankin granaries, and while
+these were always kept full, the residue was distributed through the
+town and villages of the district, the neighbouring country being much
+impoverished by the continual warfare raging around the Ti-ping capital.</p>
+
+<p>The fraudulent and corrupt revenue institutions of the Manchoo
+Government have long been notorious. The enormous extortion practised
+upon foreign trade until the wars with Great Britain compelled a more
+regular tariff, and the plundering squeeze stations scattered over every
+half-mile of Imperialist territory, each of which pilfer a sum from the
+unfortunate owner of all passing merchandise, be he a foreigner who
+ought to pass clear by virtue of the transit duty clauses of the treaty,
+or a Chinaman who is legitimate prey, have made China a vast system of
+independent official violence and rapacity.</p>
+
+<p>No wonder the naturally astute Chinese appear so particularly cunning
+and deceitful to Europeans! The possession of money is a sure attraction
+for the mandarin vultures; so that beyond the pale of the foreign
+settlements at the treaty ports, throughout the country, every native
+merchant and civilian is bred up to habits of mendacity, and
+particularly to conceal his real income and condition.</p>
+
+<p>The endless ramifications of the Manchoo administrative extend from each
+remote corner of China to the central power; and although every one of
+the myriad feelers sucking away at the substance of the nation (in the
+shape of mandarins, all appointed with merely nominal salary, but given
+<i>carte blanche</i> to obtain emolument after sending an annual stipulated
+sum to the emperor), crams its individual self with spoil, the
+squeezing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">[485]</a></span> and contracting of the Manchoo canker feeds the insatiable
+core at Pekin. It is useless to think of curing or mitigating the evil,
+though some have vainly advocated doing so. The only remedy must
+necessarily be a change of dynasty, such as the Ti-pings would certainly
+have effected had they not been wickedly opposed by foreigners. Every
+branch of civil, military, social, political and religious organization
+has become so hopelessly corrupted since the Manchoo era, that any
+attempt to change or improve the deplorable results of their evil rule
+might be carried on <i>ad infinitum</i>, only to result in certain failure.
+But one course affords a prospect of cure and a consequent chance of
+happiness for China: that is, a radical change of Government.</p>
+
+<p>Let foreigners be righteous, and permit the native to expel the Tartar;
+and the Chinese, when ruled by Chinese, will become benefited by western
+civilization, and (if the Ti-ping should not become exterminated by
+British intervention) in all probability Christianized.</p>
+
+<p>In striking contrast to the excessively corrupt Imperialist customs, the
+Ti-ping revenue organization was just, regular, and simple. Throughout
+every part of Ti-ping-tien-kwoh but one custom-house was established at
+each town or village where trade was carried on. The rate of tariff has
+always been moderate, and the great advantage of the system consisted in
+being able to clear goods by one payment, upon which a pass would be
+given to take them free of further charge or hindrance to their
+destination. The Ti-ping Government deserved no little credit for the
+simplicity and effectiveness of their Board of Revenue, and it is mainly
+due to that branch of their administration that the valuable silk trade
+<i>increased</i> and continued progressing so favourably during their
+possession of the producing districts.</p>
+
+<p>Not only can all who have traded at Nankin testify to the entire
+superiority of the Ti-ping custom-house, but many silk and tea merchants
+now revelling in England<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[486]</a></span> have to thank the admirable regulations and
+forbearance of the revolutionists for their well-lined pockets. Every
+customs establishment in the late Ti-ping territory was composed of a
+superintendent, several deputies, and a very efficient staff of
+surveyors, clerks, and weighers, and at places frequented by Europeans,
+one or more interpreters were always found. Rice and other grain were
+quite free of duty, and that upon dried and preserved provisions was
+very low. All other produce and general merchandise were moderately
+taxed, either by tariff or <i>ad valorem</i>. Such were the regulations,
+which were not (like the Imperialist maritime customs) simply binding
+upon foreign goods, but were applicable in an equal degree to the
+property of natives.</p>
+
+<p>Before putting into execution the design I had formed to depart suddenly
+from Nankin, D., an old friend of mine, arrived from Hankow, where he
+was established as the principal partner of a large mercantile firm. He
+brought several vessels to trade with the city, and he came to an
+arrangement by which he was to sail with Captain P., and another
+European as mate, in our lorcha <i>Anglo Ti-ping</i>, the latter to convoy
+his junks and our old one. D. was a perfect Chinese linguist, and to him
+I am indebted for much valuable information.</p>
+
+<p>I waited until P., in charge of the lorcha and her consorts, had sailed
+up the river to obtain cargoes of rice, edible oil, bacon, salt fish,
+and other articles of consumption, and then prepared to leave the city.</p>
+
+<p>During a few days I sent Phillip and L. into the country to buy some
+horses, and at last, together with our own, managed to muster fourteen
+strong animals, which were then stabled at a remote part of the city,
+close to the north-east gate. Since the return of my friend and
+companion L., we had successfully concealed his presence from the female
+part of the Chung-wang's household, with one exception, and by this
+<i>ruse</i> he had obtained several interviews with the lady of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[487]</a></span>
+affections, the (according to his idea) incomparable Cum-ho. The result
+of these meetings soon transpired.</p>
+
+<p>At length the day came, the close of which was settled for our exit from
+Nankin. Six picked men, belonging to an artillery corps we had formed of
+some of the Chung-wang's troops, were selected to accompany myself and
+comrades. The horses were particularly attended to, and our weapons were
+well cleaned and then carefully loaded, for danger had warned us against
+the risk of rusty locks and carelessly charged fire-arms. When all had
+been arranged, L. informed me that he had determined to carry Cum-ho,
+who had agreed to elope with him, to Hang-chow, and so induce her father
+to sanction their marriage. I found it impossible to dissuade him from
+doing so, and he assured me that the lady's mind was equally decided;
+therefore, much as I feared the affair would injure our satisfactory and
+friendly relations with the Chung-wang, I had no choice but to accede.
+Cum-ho, in order to find an opportunity to join us, had paid a visit to
+the Ying-wang's ladies, and as their dwelling was close by, she was only
+accompanied by her own female attendant.</p>
+
+<p>Just when the shadows of evening were cast in long dark lines from the
+tall battlements and high pagodas of the city, we prepared to assemble
+at the appointed rendezvous. Phillip, with the six Ti-ping soldiers, I
+sent on to the stables, while L., with our boy As-sam, waited outside
+the Ying-wang's palace for Miss Cum-ho; and I, taking A-ling, my trusty
+interpreter, joined Marie in the Chung-wang's gardens. As the hour fixed
+upon for a general meet drew near, myself and party, each carrying a
+small quantity of baggage, left the gardens by a small door and
+proceeded to the somewhat distant stables. Upon reaching the rendezvous,
+I found Phillip had brought his wife with him, and also another horse
+for her use. We had not long to wait for L., who, with his fair runaway
+and her maid, arrived soon after myself.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[488]</a></span> The horses were now led forth,
+and we, numbering fifteen persons, having mounted, the word was given to
+spur and away.</p>
+
+<p>Upon reaching the city gate we were detained for a long while by the
+warder, in consequence of the late hour, although I had taken care to
+provide myself with the requisite pass from the proper authority to
+permit my egress or ingress at any time. At last the surly guardians of
+the portal turned out, shuffling their clothes about their backs with a
+style peculiar to the Chinese, who generally sleep quite naked, and have
+a curious way of drawing their arms from the sleeves of their clothing
+when dressed, and shrugging them up next their body. After the
+shuffling, stocking-pulling, and preliminary spitting (a great and
+indispensable habit with Chinamen), had partially subsided, the sleepy
+guards managed to draw back sundry huge wooden bars, to undo any amount
+of rusty locks and bolts, and then the massive doors creaked slowly
+open. While the gates of the city clanged together, we set off at a
+gallop for the road leading south, to reach which we turned westward and
+skirted a considerable part of the walls.</p>
+
+<p>Chinese horses, though small, are wonderfully strong and enduring, and
+it was not till the close of the day after our start that we came to a
+regular halt, and only then because our fair companions were fatigued.
+My literally fair readers need not take umbrage at this appellation, for
+yellow-tinted celestial and dusky Portuguese as they were, their beauty
+was undeniable, and their figures such that many a European dame might
+justly envy. The rough riding through the mountain-passes on the
+southern road from Nankin affected our hardy animals but very little;
+and when our camp was pitched for the night under the shelter of the
+wall of a ruined Buddhist temple, and they were picketed in a
+semi-circle around, they set to work cropping the short grass as
+leisurely as though they had just left the stable. We<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">[489]</a></span> carried three
+tents with our baggage, and these were pitched; one for the women; one
+for my comrades, A-ling, and our boy; and the other for our six men.</p>
+
+<p>A large fire was lighted, and we had nearly finished the supper served
+up by As-sam, when crash came a volley of musketry among us, directed
+from the crest of a small hill directly fronting and overlooking our
+camp at a distance of some eighty or ninety yards. I had stupidly
+neglected to choose the other side of the wall for our resting-place. Of
+course, we instantly started to our feet and snatched up the arms at
+hand, and while the Ti-pings shortened in the tether of our horses,
+forming a close array of the well-trained, docile animals, fastened
+together head and tail, the rest of our party placed the women directly
+under the shelter of the living rampart. These measures were barely
+effected when a body of more than fifty horsemen dashed round the hill
+and charged upon our position. We had no difficulty in discovering them
+to be Ti-pings, and when they came closer we saw the Tsan-wang's son was
+at their head. Their first volley had fortunately been aimed far too
+high; it may be that, fearing to injure the woman he pursued, the chief
+had done this, trusting to cause an alarm, during which he might dash
+forward and carry off the prize. Our reply to the advancing party was
+not so bloodless as the commencement of their attack. My own comrades,
+and even A-ling and As-sam, were capital marksmen, while the six men had
+been selected for their approved courage and the well-known skill so
+peculiar to Chinese when properly instructed.</p>
+
+<p>Every man of our party was armed with either an Enfield or some other
+rifle (two being Sharp's breech-loaders), and all were able to use them
+with deadly accuracy; therefore, the number of the approaching foe gave
+us but little dread, especially as we saw they were armed only with
+short European-made double-barrelled guns and Chinese matchlocks. We
+waited until they had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">[490]</a></span> galloped to within twenty yards, but receiving
+only the war cry, "Tah! Tah!" in reply to our challenge, we then took
+steady aim, and commenced firing upon them by successive volleys from
+each half of our number. The affair was settled in a moment almost. The
+leader and half a dozen of his men, with twice that number of horses,
+were quickly rolling on the turf, for at that short distance the
+difficulty would have been to miss them with our rifles. When their
+charge was entirely repulsed we ceased firing, a dozen men came forward
+on foot and carried off their fallen comrades and chief, and then they
+all slowly disappeared in the direction of Nankin. During their advance
+they had kept up an irregular fire, which, with the exception of grazing
+the other arm of our boy, As-sam (one had been wounded at the Mud Fort),
+and shooting away the ear of one of our horses, did no damage.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the fortunate termination of the skirmish we dispatched the
+remainder of our supper, turned in for the night upon the opposite side
+of the wall, and kept three men on sentry till morning. Upon resuming
+our journey, we soon came to a rich and thickly-populated country, and
+during the next few days, while traversing the silk districts from end
+to end, along the eastern shore of the Ta-hoo lake, <i>viâ</i> the city of
+Soo-chow, Kia-shing-foo, and the Grand Canal, I particularly noticed the
+vast improvement that had taken place since my first visit to Soo-chow
+some eight months ago. Everywhere around the traces of war (always
+excepting the demolished Buddhist temples) had disappeared before the
+progress of peace and plenty; and although I may be accused of
+exaggeration, I do not hesitate to affirm that the establishment of
+Ti-ping supremacy and administration over these, the most valuable
+districts of China, had restored them to prosperity and happiness in a
+shortness of time hitherto unparalleled in the case of either Chinese or
+any other civil war desolation.</p>
+
+<p>Although<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">[491]</a></span> during my previous visit I had seen amply sufficient to
+undeceive me as to the wickedly false allegations of Ti-ping
+devastations, &amp;c., still I was hardly prepared for the flourishing state
+in which I found the <i>settled</i> territory of the revolutionists. I knew
+that the export of silk within the current year (1861) had already
+increased to upwards of 20,000 bales more than during the corresponding
+period of last year (when till May the districts were under Imperialist
+rule); but then I imagined the great increase might be due to the wish
+of holders to realize. I found, upon the contrary, that the improvement
+was entirely due to the Ti-ping occupation. In less than two years the
+districts under Ti-ping jurisdiction had produced silk representing a
+sum of not less than £3,000,000 per annum more than previously! At each
+of the many villages and at every peasant's cot, the happy-looking
+people were engaged tending their silkworms for winter, reeling the last
+cocoons, or tilling their fields.</p>
+
+<p>Great as the prosperity of the country seemed, there was something even
+more gratifying and interesting in the changed appearance and
+disposition of the people. All the unfavourable characteristics of the
+Manchoo-oppressed Chinese had vanished, and their natural character was
+manifested in a way which illustrated their candour, hospitality to
+foreigners, and native good temper.</p>
+
+<p>After a twelve days' journey, the later part of the time in large canal
+boats, we arrived within a day's march of Hang-chow. Leaving the water
+route, we disembarked our horses and set forward in the direction of the
+provincial capital, guided by the continual booming of heavy guns. Upon
+reaching the crest of some high ground, the city lay before us in the
+clear frosty air of a fine December morning. But, as we find the case
+every day, the beauty of nature was marred by the passions and strife of
+mankind. The extensive city was in flames in several quarters, and the
+dense columns of smoke<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">[492]</a></span> shrouded as with a pall the slaughter taking
+place beneath. As we rode forward through the beautiful neighbouring
+country, we were enabled gradually to discern dark masses of troops
+rushing forward against the city amid the constant roar of artillery and
+the rattling crash of smaller arms. It was evident that we had arrived
+at the moment of a grand assault by the Ti-ping forces.</p>
+
+<p>As our soldiers each declared that the Chung-wang's head-quarters were
+to the west of the city, we made a considerable detour in that
+direction. We had not proceeded far when a disorderly crowd came in
+sight, hurrying away from the city. Directly they observed my party, the
+greater number turned off and precipitately fled in another line of
+retreat. As those who stood their ground were making ready with spears
+and gingalls to give us a warm reception, and as we were not out like a
+parcel of knights errant seeking adventure and fighting from pure love,
+we wisely followed those who ran away, and succeeded in catching one of
+the hindermost, to question as to the state of affairs in the city. At
+first the man was terribly frightened, and we could make nothing of him;
+then he became still more alarmed, and we found out all we wished. His
+fear was the usual one accompanying the flight of disorganized
+<i>undisciplined</i> troops, which with Chinese becomes a wild panic; not
+because the men fear death, for no people can meet it with the stolidity
+and callousness with which they will suffer execution and torture, but
+from the simple fact that they are not sufficiently disciplined to know
+how to be killed in an orderly manner on the field of battle. They see a
+chance of escape, and on one taking it the whole follow like a flock of
+sheep.</p>
+
+<p>Having ascertained from our prisoner, who with his friends were all
+Imperialist soldiery from the garrison of Hang-chow, that the Ti-pings
+had just captured the city, we set him at liberty, and then galloped for
+the west gate. On the way we passed many fugitives fleeing in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">[493]</a></span> every
+direction. Upon reaching the rear of the Ti-ping lines of
+circumvallation, we found them almost denuded of troops, the few
+remaining being fully occupied in guarding prisoners. We soon found the
+Commander-in-Chief's head-quarters, but no Chung-wang was there. The
+scanty number of soldiers on guard were in a great state of excitement
+about the success of the siege, and we managed to elicit from them that
+the Chung-wang had entered the city with his whole force, and was now
+engaged attacking the Tartar quarter, an <i>imperium in imperio</i>, city
+within city, being protected by its own walls, and with a central
+citadel towering above all. Leaving the women in a house protected by
+the main guard, with the remainder of my party I rode towards the city.
+Upon entering by the nearest gate, we found the streets unoccupied,
+except by the bodies of the slain; but the noise of battle guided us to
+the spot where living men were busily engaged increasing the number of
+the dead and dying.</p>
+
+<p>Hang-chow, cut off from all communication with the outside world, every
+line of supply severed by the besiegers, and famine raging among the
+unfortunate garrison and inhabitants, fell to the investing army upon
+the 29th of December, 1861. Early on that day the Chung-wang had
+commenced a grand assault, conducted upon each gate of the city. After a
+fiercely contested fight, the assaulting columns having gained some
+advantages at the south and east gates, the Chinese portion of the
+defenders at those points surrendered, probably induced to take that
+step by the very short rations to which they had been reduced. When the
+gates had been given up, the Ti-ping troops poured into the city with
+such ardour that the Tartar bannermen were quickly driven within their
+inner defence. Hundreds of the miserable citizens of the provincial
+capital were starved to death during the siege, hundreds more, with
+their families, committed suicide. The nature of war in China has
+usually been so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494">[494]</a></span> merciless, and the conduct of victorious troops at the
+capture of a city so outrageous, that in many cases during the civil
+war, and the wars with Great Britain, the people, probably imbued with a
+dread of these consequences, have committed wholesale suicide when they
+were not in the slightest danger of being molested.</p>
+
+<p>I managed to find the Chung-wang just in time to join the last attack
+upon the inner or Tartar city. The Commander-in-Chief, surrounded by his
+officers, received myself and friends with evident signs of
+satisfaction. His men had just been repulsed by the Manchoo troops, who
+were fighting with the greatest bravery and determination. The Ti-pings
+had eight or nine pieces of artillery turned against the wall of the
+inner city; but these were established in one position, firing point
+blank upon the rampart, so that when the assaulting parties moved
+forward the guns became useless. I instantly advised the Chung-wang to
+move two or three guns away upon each flank, so as to enfilade the
+parapet and protect the advance of his stormers. This was quickly done,
+and upon joining the leaders of the next assault, we had the
+satisfaction to find it successful. The Tartar bannermen retreated to
+the citadel in the centre of their city, fighting to the very last,
+assisted by their women, who fought with them like men, and one of whom
+inflicted a severe spear-wound upon Ling-ho, a Ti-ping general, when he
+would have saved her life. The greater portion of the Chinese troops
+garrisoning Hang-chow were captured, but the Manchoos fell almost to the
+last man. Their loss during the capture of the city was very great, and
+when at length they were driven into their citadel, Luy, their general,
+blew the remnant into the air, the entire Tartar force, men, women, and
+children, perishing in the ruins.</p>
+
+<p>After the capture of Hang-chow, the anti-Ti-pings, who were in the habit
+of howling over Ti-ping atrocities, though oblivious to those of the
+Manchoo, indulged their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_495" id="Page_495">[495]</a></span> distorted though vivid imaginations by
+inveighing against such indiscriminate slaughter. It is true that a
+great loss of life occurred, but not a man fell except in battle,
+neither were any non-combatants killed except by starvation or their own
+hands. It is a singular fact that those who have been loudest to exclaim
+against Ti-ping cruelty, have always delighted in Imperialist
+barbarities and success, the words being synonymous.</p>
+
+<p>When the last note of conflict had died away, and the Chung-wang had
+fixed his head-quarters within the city, I broached the subject of his
+daughter's presence and her attachment to my friend. The time was
+propitious, for it was the moment of a great triumph, and I suppose it
+had put the Ti-ping generalissimo into an immensely good and benevolent
+frame of mind, for he simply expressed his intention to take her back to
+Nankin, and settle the affair upon our return to that city. In the
+evening Cum-ho waited upon her father, having taken up her quarters with
+the rest of our feminine fellow travellers in a house close to the large
+building occupied by himself and staff.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the first day of the new year, a large body of the
+army was dispatched in the direction of Shanghae, under the command of
+the Shi-wang, with orders to occupy every town and village up to the
+walls of that port, and then to open negotiations with the British and
+other authorities, who had so unjustly assumed to themselves the right
+of holding a Chinese city for the Manchoo against the Chinese patriots.
+During the next few weeks the Chung-wang busied himself establishing the
+different offices of Ti-ping Government in Hang-chow, and completing his
+plans for the occupation and retention of the remainder of the provinces
+of Kiang-su and Che-kiang. At length the Commander-in-Chief, seldom more
+than a month in any city (during his remarkably energetic and rapid
+conduct of the Ti-ping operations), took his departure for Nankin, there
+to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496">[496]</a></span> mature further tactics as to the mode of prosecuting the war against
+the Manchoo, and also to consult with his king the Tien-wang, and
+receive further commands.</p>
+
+<p>I had ample opportunity to notice the exceeding popularity the
+Chung-wang had attained among the country people, for everywhere we
+passed they turned out to welcome his arrival, and all I questioned
+declared him to be a good and just man, who respected and protected the
+rights of the meanest peasant of the land. Many of the Ti-ping chiefs
+were popular with the civilians, some were disliked, all were considered
+better than the Manchoo, but none were so beloved as the Chung-wang.
+Before the troops had been marched towards Shanghae, a day of
+thanksgiving was held at Hang-chow; and although the motive of the
+Ti-ping is that of justice and Christianity, I could not help thinking
+of the similar practice among Europeans, who never fail to return thanks
+to God for triumph over their weaker brethren, whether their cause be
+righteous or quite the reverse.</p>
+
+<p>On our march to Nankin, the Chung-wang took a route which embraced all
+the principal cities captured during the last year, including Hoo-chow,
+Kar-shing-foo, Soo-chow, Wo-kong, Quin-san, Tat-san, &amp;c., and at each
+thanksgivings were offered up for the late important success. About this
+time the Commander-in-Chief committed his first great error. His mistake
+consisted in breaking up a large proportion of his forces into garrisons
+for the numerous walled cities in Ti-ping possession, and in moving the
+rest of his troops to other quarters.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> It is true, he had nothing to
+fear from the enemy, all their armies in the field (with the exception
+of those operating against the Ying-wang, on the line of the Yang-tze
+river, above Nankin) having been utterly dispersed; but no preparation
+whatever was made to resist the probable hostility of England and
+France, beyond <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[497]</a></span> such defence as the widely separated fortified towns
+might be able to make. This neglect, when the British scheme of
+intervention came into full play, proved fatal to the welfare of
+Ti-pingdom. City after city was captured in detail by British
+<i>artillery</i> and troops; when, had the patriots only concentrated their
+numerous but greatly scattered forces, the result might have proved very
+different. I wearied myself, the Chung-wang, and many other chiefs, by
+continually representing the danger in case of foreign hostility (which
+I felt certain would be the result of Lord Elgin's policy in China), but
+the poor Ti-pings seemed infatuated, and resolutely refused to believe
+that the unbrotherly so-called "foreign brethren" entertained such
+perfectly unprovoked and cruel intentions. Fatally have they been
+undeceived! Deeply responsible have England and France become for the
+consequences!</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> This was, however, in accordance with the Tien-wang's
+orders.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_498" id="Page_498">[498]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Earl Russell's Despatch.&mdash;Its Effect.&mdash;"Taking the
+Offensive."&mdash;Official Reports.&mdash;General Staveley.&mdash;Attacks the
+Ti-pings.&mdash;General Ward.&mdash;Hope and Ward repulsed.&mdash;Che-poo
+attacked.&mdash;Its Capture.&mdash;Loot Regulations.&mdash;Kah-ding
+attacked.&mdash;Its Capture.&mdash;Ti-ping Loss.&mdash;Newspaper
+Comments.&mdash;Tsing-poo besieged.&mdash;Inside the City.&mdash;Ti-ping
+Losses.&mdash;Na-jaor besieged.&mdash;Cho-lin besieged.&mdash;Ti-ping
+Bravery.&mdash;Cho-lin captured.&mdash;The Chung-wang.&mdash;Kah-ding
+evacuated.&mdash;Consul Harvey's Despatch.&mdash;Despatch
+reviewed.&mdash;Ning-po threatened.&mdash;Captain Dew at Ning-po.&mdash;His
+Despatch.&mdash;The Reply.&mdash;Captain Dew's Rejoinder.&mdash;Preparation to
+attack Ning-po.&mdash;Captain Dew's Inconsistency.&mdash;His
+Ultimatum.&mdash;Official Despatches.&mdash;Ning-po attacked.&mdash;Ningpo
+evacuated.&mdash;Newspaper Reports. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>After hostilities had been commenced by Admiral Hope, and upon hearing
+of the capture of Ningpo by the Ti-pings, Earl Russell endorsed the
+violation of British faith by approving the hostile maintenance of
+Shanghae and the other treaty ports against the Ti-ping belligerents, in
+the following despatch to the Admiralty, dated, "Foreign Office, March
+11, 1862":&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I have, therefore, to signify to your Lordships the Queen's
+commands that Vice-Admiral Hope should be instructed to defend
+Shanghae, and to protect the other treaty ports not in the hands
+of the rebels, so far as it is in the power of Her Majesty's
+<i>naval forces</i> to do so." </p></div>
+
+<p>Before, however, these instructions were received (they bearing date
+March 11, and occupying at least three months in reaching Mr. Bruce at
+Pekin, and being by him communicated to Admiral Hope at Shanghae), the
+war was carried far into the interior and thoroughly established,
+although, in the first instance, it had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499">[499]</a></span> pretended that the
+operations were only undertaken in defence of Shanghae.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bruce having stated his opinion by the following passage in a
+despatch, dated March 4, 1862:&mdash;"Shanghae is threatened, and its
+supplies cut off, and the insurgents will be emboldened by our
+passiveness and their success at Ningpo to press us still closer. I have
+stated to Sir J. Hope that, in my opinion, we are perfectly justified in
+taking the offensive against the insurgents;"&mdash;Lord Russell again
+approves of the disobedience of his former orders, by stating in a
+despatch, dated "Foreign Office, June 2, 1862:&mdash;"I have to convey to you
+my approval of the views expressed in your despatch of the 4th of March,
+with regard to the course to be pursued towards the Taepings." This
+sanction for the British authorities in China to take "the offensive"
+was, of course, tantamount to a declaration of war against the
+revolutionists; yet Earl Russell and his co-adjutors preferred working
+in secrecy, the approval of Parliament was not sought, neither did Her
+Majesty's Ministers ever deign to trouble themselves by announcing their
+policy. This, however, can hardly be a matter of surprise, considering
+that they had no <i>casus belli</i> to set forward as a justification&mdash;the
+multitude of excuses sent home by those who violated solemn pledges in
+China no more constituting one than a number of petty faults would
+justify hanging a man in England.</p>
+
+<p>Admiral Hope having reported his breach of faith and neutrality by the
+murderous raid upon Kao-kiau, which he termed "certain <i>moral</i> support;"
+and having requested the shadow of the Ministers' countenance and
+support in these words, "I therefore strongly recommend that the French
+and English commanders should be required by yourself and M. Bourboulon
+to free the country from the rebels within a line commencing at Kading
+on the Yang-tze above Woo-sung, through Tsing-poo to Sung-kong on the
+Woo-sung river, and thence across to a walled town opposite on the
+Yang-tze;" he received full approval<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500">[500]</a></span> from Mr. Bruce to continue as he
+had commenced, at his own goodwill and pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>In his despatch, authorizing the very course he had previously stated
+would be more calculated than any other "to lower our national
+reputation," Mr. Bruce, with his usual bad memory and inconsistent
+policy, states of Ti-pingdom and the people "that its sources are
+exhausted; that neither money nor supplies are to be drawn from the
+<i>deserts</i> to which the provinces overrun by them are reduced;"
+completely oblivious of the "85,000 bales" of silk he had declared, only
+a few months previous, were drawn from the producing districts&mdash;the
+<i>deserts</i> of his vivid though forgetful imagination.</p>
+
+<p>The report of the Admiral and the reply of the Minister each discuss the
+radius project shortly established against the Ti-ping belligerent only,
+and the further increase and support of Ward's and fresh legions of
+mercenaries. This is the first official mention of those now notorious
+schemes.</p>
+
+<p>When the Kao-kiau massacre, the radius plan, and the organization of
+foreign-disciplined filibustering corps, <i>à la</i> Ward, were reported to
+him, Earl Russell again followed the path already laid out by his
+subordinates in China&mdash;a system of policy that could not be defended on
+principle, and still worse in execution.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> The officials in China
+always acted directly against the spirit and letter of their <i>public</i>
+instructions; then reported what they had done, and obtained the
+sanction of the British Government.</p>
+
+<p>Admiral Hope, immediately upon receiving the support of Mr. Bruce,
+gathered together his well-armed sailors and marines, his big guns and
+his little guns, and, assisted by the French Admiral, Protet, and
+Brigadier-general Staveley in command of the British troops, eagerly
+continued "taking the offensive" against the badly-armed <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501">[501]</a></span>Ti-pings. The
+war upon those to whom England was pledged to observe neutrality&mdash;a war
+never stated to the British Parliament&mdash;and, moreover, a war never even
+declared to the Ti-pings themselves, was rapidly prosecuted. General
+Staveley having assumed chief command of the allied Anglo-Franco-Manchoo
+filibuster operations, did so entirely against the spirit of the orders
+of his Government, for not until some months later did the approval of
+Admiral Hope's conduct (bearing date, "Foreign Office, June 12, 1862")
+reach China, and even these instructions only referred to the <i>naval
+expeditions</i>, already authorized by the despatch of March 11, 1862.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bruce admits this in a despatch to General Staveley, dated "Pekin,
+April 23, 1862," although at the same time he prompts him to join the
+Admiral's raids. He thus states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is clear that, at that date, Her Majesty's Government had
+not resolved on doing more than aiding in the defence of the
+treaty ports by means of the naval forces on the station." </p></div>
+
+<p>Now, it is utterly impossible that Mr. Bruce can have received the
+instructions to <i>employ</i> the naval force so soon as the 23rd of April.
+The first despatch of Lord Russell, authorizing Admiral Hope to defend
+the treaty ports against the Ti-pings bears date March 11, and has
+already been noticed; but even supposing it left England on the same
+day, it could not have reached Pekin when Admiral Hope and General
+Staveley had taken the offensive, and made incessant attacks upon every
+Ti-ping position within some thirty miles of Shanghae. The last
+instructions from Earl Russell were those suppositional ones, dated 7th
+September, 1861:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It <i>might</i> be expedient to defend the treaty ports, <i>if</i> the
+Chinese Government would consent not to use them." </p></div>
+
+<p>Referring back to the only definite order of Her Majesty's Government at
+the time of the unparalleled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502">[502]</a></span> breaches of neutrality, we find it to be
+that bearing date August 8, 1861:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Her Majesty's Government desire to maintain, as they have done
+hitherto, <i>neutrality</i> between the two contending parties in
+China." </p></div>
+
+<p>Thus, it cannot fail to be seen that hostilities were established
+against the Ti-pings, not only in violation of the pledged faith of
+England, but also in direct opposition to the <i>public</i> orders of her
+Government. Eventually the Government sanctioned and authorized a
+continuance of these raids, although they carefully avoided making any
+straightforward announcement of their policy. Their plan was always to
+approve the aggressive action of the officials in China, but never to
+order them publicly. The despatches approving General Staveley's
+unjustifiable attack upon innocent men respectively bear date&mdash;"Foreign
+Office, July 7, 1862," and "War Office, July 23." These documents,
+however, which take the odium and responsibility of the massacres from
+the active agents, and place them upon the British nation, could not
+have reached Pekin, and been communicated to the naval and military
+commanders at Shanghae, until late in September. We shall see what
+unauthorized and unnecessary hostilities were perpetrated previous to
+their arrival.</p>
+
+<p>General Staveley, having assumed the principal command of the raiding
+expeditions, finding that the friendly Ti-pings would not come and fight
+him, went to fight them. Upon the 3rd of April a strong force of 2,207
+British and French troops, with naval detachments under command of
+Admirals Hope and Protet, and thirteen pieces of artillery, moved out
+from Shanghae to continue "taking the offensive." The place doomed to
+destruction was a large, and for Chinese warfare, strong, entrenched
+Ti-ping camp at Wong-ka-dza, garrisoned by about 4,000 men. After a hot
+day's march, the whole force, including some hundreds of Imperialists
+dragging the guns, carrying portable bridges, extra loads of ammunition,
+and every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_503" id="Page_503">[503]</a></span> requisite appliance of modern warfare, arrived at a deserted
+village within twelve miles from Shanghae, and about two from the
+Ti-ping camp. Here they encamped for the night. Early on the following
+morning the combined forces,<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> taking advantage of the cover afforded
+by a thick mist, moved on the position of the Ti-pings, establishing
+themselves within a few hundred yards of the defences just as the fog
+cleared away. The entrenched camp consisted of some ten or twelve
+stockades, each surrounded by a ditch, yet communicating with the
+others. The Ti-pings, as usual, waited for those they invariably looked
+upon as "foreign brethren" to take the offensive. They had not long to
+wait. Having taken up a position fairly within range of their Enfield
+rifles and artillery, but safely out of range of the useless gingalls
+and matchlocks of the Ti-pings, the "foreign brethren" opened a
+murderous fire upon the line of entrenchments. The devoted defenders
+replied as well they could, without artillery or effective fire-arms,
+and bravely held their stockades for nearly an hour, amid the storm of
+shrapnel-shell, rifle-balls, &amp;c., poured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504">[504]</a></span> in upon them with terrible
+effect. At length the irresistible foreign artillery drove them from the
+stockades with heavy loss, and played upon their retreating columns with
+deadly accuracy. During the attack and retreat the Ti-pings lost upwards
+of 600 killed and wounded (the wounded falling into the hands of the
+Imperialists were all put to death), while the allies had <i>one</i> man
+killed and another wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Admiral Hope, who grounded his precious <i>casus belli</i> upon the
+<i>possible</i> destruction of supplies <i>by the Ti-pings</i>, states in his
+report of this and the following actions:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"All these camps, which contained large quantities of rice
+collected from the surrounding country, were burnt, <span class="smcap">AND THE
+GRAIN DESTROYED</span>." </p></div>
+
+<p>A few days before the attack upon Wong-ka-dza, H.M. gunboat <i>Flamer</i>
+attacked and destroyed a fleet of 300 Ti-ping boats, "<i>deeply laden with
+rice and live stock</i>." Who, then, proved to be the devastator and
+marauder; the uncivilized Chinese, or the civilized Christian? Yet the
+principal pretence given for attacking the Ti-pings was that they
+<i>might</i> do what Admiral Hope and his colleagues so effectually <i>did</i>.</p>
+
+<p>After chasing the fugitives so long as the Enfield would reach them, the
+allied force gave up the pursuit, and retired to the village of Che-poo,
+where they had rested the previous night. Meanwhile, those who escaped
+from this slaughter met with another enemy, in the shape of a strong
+contingent of the filibuster Ward's disciplined Chinese. This ally of
+Admiral Hope, chagrined at having lost this opportunity, determined to
+attack another fortified camp with his own men. The position assigned to
+this respectable person during the first engagement was to cut off and
+kill the Ti-pings as they fled from the fire of the British and French
+artillery. Fortunately for those unoffending people he arrived too late.
+When he did honour his worthy friends with his presence, history telleth
+not whether they were tired, or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505">[505]</a></span> engaged looting, or making merry; but
+certain it is that they let him make his attack unassisted, except by
+Admiral Hope.</p>
+
+<p>This <span class="smcap">PAR NOBILE</span>, on valorous deeds intent, heedless alike of mud, heat,
+and fatigue, marched for several miles by intricate pathways, through
+creeks, ditches, and swampy paddy-fields, to the rebel camp near the
+village of Lu-ka-kong; and elated, doubtless, by the Admiral's narration
+of his chivalrous deeds at Wong-ka-dza, and assured by his loss of only
+one man, halted in front of the Ti-ping stockade.</p>
+
+<p>Drawing his mercenary sword, and brushing back the Yankee locks, General
+Ward gave the word to assault in a tone of assured victory. The
+disciplined Chinamen, led by their foreign officers, rushed forward
+bravely enough; but the Ti-pings had not been half destroyed by shot and
+shell; neither at that time had they lost their best troops in conflict
+with the British and French, nor the moral effect of their former
+triumphs. Consequently, after three attempts to storm the stockade, when
+five officers and seventy men were placed <i>hors de combat</i>, Admiral Hope
+advanced to call off the men, and was rewarded with a Ti-ping bullet
+lodged in the calf of his leg. Ward, having none of the resistless
+artillery to mow down the patriotic Ti-pings, found them more than a
+match for his men&mdash;disciplined, led by foreigners, and well armed as
+they were. A retreat was therefore sounded, and the British Admiral was
+ignominiously carried away upon a litter borne by sundry cursing
+Celestials.</p>
+
+<p>To avenge the glaring insult and audacity of those rebels who had dared
+to deposit a bullet in the calf of a leg of a British Admiral, who was
+doing his utmost to kill them, the next morning the allied forces
+brought their artillery to bear, and without a single casualty succeeded
+in driving the Ti-pings from this and several neighbouring
+entrenchments, killing some 300, and burning and destroying the large
+quantities of grain, as stated by Admiral Hope. Not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_506" id="Page_506">[506]</a></span> only in this
+instance, but very many others, the allies acted with far more wanton
+destructiveness than ever the Ti-pings did.</p>
+
+<p>The next attack upon the Ti-pings by the gallant allies came off on the
+17th of April. Upon this occasion the redoubtable Admiral was unable to
+act, in consequence of his injured limb. The place at which the combined
+English, French, and mercenaries gathered fresh (Chinese) laurels, was
+the village of Che-poo, with its defences, situated about 18 miles S.E.
+of Shanghae. The attacking force mustered some 2,500 strong, with 14
+pieces of artillery, the whole commanded by General Staveley and Admiral
+Protet, assisted by Captain Borlase, R.N., and the filibuster Ward.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
+These troops were embarked in a flotilla of British and French gunboats,
+and carried up the Shanghae river, to cause as much devastation and
+bloodshed as they had already created elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>It was a splendid morning, and the landscape seemed beautiful, as the
+troops, after landing in the neighbourhood of Chee-poo, marched forward
+on their mission. Through fields rich with the ungathered crops, which
+it was pretended the Ti-pings might devastate, over seven or eight miles
+of smiling and profusely-cultivated country they wound their way. Upon
+arriving within a mile of the village, they halted for their guns to
+come up, and rested preparatory to the coming attack.</p>
+
+<p>The guns having arrived, at 2 p.m. were in position,
+and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507">[507]</a></span> opened a most
+destructive fire at 500 yards, and in half an hour the rebels were in
+full retreat. The poor fellows endeavoured to face the overwhelming hail
+of shot and shell; and, as one official report states, "returned a
+desultory fire, <i>but without doing any mischief</i>, while the allies made
+dreadful havoc amongst them." Driven from their works by the
+irresistible artillery, the Ti-pings retreated in three columns in the
+direction of the walled city, Chan-za, when, as the official report
+states, "the Royal artillery and naval guns were brought to bear upon
+the retreating mass with terrible effect." The loss of the Ti-pings, out
+of a total strength of less than 4,000, amounted to more than 600 killed
+and 300 taken prisoners, who were, of course, cruelly executed by the
+Manchoo mandarins; the allied loss was <i>nil</i>!</p>
+
+<p>The Ti-pings had not expected any attack upon that day, and when the
+camp was entered, their dinners were found smoking in the cups, while
+half-finished letters were lying on the chiefs' table.</p>
+
+<p>The report published in the <i>Shanghae Daily Shipping List</i> states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"As the houses were <i>ransacked</i>, great quantities of valuable
+jewels, gold, silver, dollars, and costly dresses were found,
+which was fair (?) <i>loot</i> to the officers and men. One
+blue-jacket found 1,600 dollars, and several soldiers upwards of
+500 each, while many picked up gold bangles, earrings, and other
+ornaments and pearls set with precious stones. <i>It was a
+glorious day of looting for everybody</i>, and we hear that one
+party, who discovered the Ti-ping treasury chest with several
+thousand dollars in it, after loading himself to his heart's
+content, was obliged to give some of them away to lighten his
+pockets, which were heavier than he could well bear&mdash;a marked
+case of <i>l'embarras des richesses</i>. The rebel stud of ponies was
+well supplied also, and many of the soldiers rode back with
+their booty." </p></div>
+
+<p>All this <i>looting</i> and butchery of unresisting men (it would be absurd
+to term the defence of the Ti-pings, resulting in one Englishman
+wounded, but hundreds of themselves killed&mdash;a resistance according to
+military <i>parlance</i>) was executed, we must particularly remember,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_508" id="Page_508">[508]</a></span>
+because their cause, which had for its sole object expulsion of the
+foreign Manchoo and establishment of Christianity, <i>might</i> interfere
+with British commercial interests, and that "temporary one arising out
+of the indemnities!"</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Shanghae Daily Shipping List</i>, just quoted from, was the paid
+official organ of the British Government, and when it stated the above,
+it may easily be imagined what the disgraceful scene really was. This
+journal, under a variety of style and title, has been repeatedly quoted
+in the Blue Books upon China, issued by Her Majesty's Government, as the
+opinion of the press in China. Its truthfulness may fairly be estimated
+from the following comparison of a statement which appeared in its
+columns upon the massacre at Wong-ka-dza, and another upon the one at
+Che-poo. Both places are situated in the same tract of country, and only
+a few miles apart. In its detail of the first affair, the official
+organ, speaking of the slaughter of the Ti-pings, terms it:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"A just retaliation on those wretches who had made their smiling
+land <i>a scene of misery and desolation</i>." </p></div>
+
+<p>Reporting the second affair, it states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<i>The aspect of the country looked charming</i>, as the expedition
+threaded its way among <i>cultivated fields covered with the green
+crops</i> sown by the industrious inhabitants." </p></div>
+
+<p>Like all other unscrupulous sources of opposition to the revolutionists,
+the <i>Shanghae Daily Shipping List</i> is sufficiently condemned by its own
+words. It needeth not a partizan to advocate Ti-pingdom; any person not
+blinded by prejudice or dollars, and who will take the trouble to study
+both sides of the question with proverbial English fair-play, cannot
+fail to become favourably interested in the insurgents, simply through
+the rabid diatribes which prove the bigotry of opponents and the
+inadvertent contradictions which prove their falseness.</p>
+
+<p>In order to avoid quarrelling about the plunder, General Staveley and
+the Admirals entered into the following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_509" id="Page_509">[509]</a></span> agreement with regard to the
+future freebooting exploits. Immediately after the heavily laden heroes,
+sailors, soldiers, marines, and all had deposited their <i>loot</i> in safe
+quarters, the triumviri, in solemn conclave, assembled upon the 22nd of
+April, and made the following formal regulations:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Previous to the capture of Kah-ding and the other towns from
+the rebels, proper arrangements shall be made ... to collect
+whatever may be of value, in order to its fair distribution
+amongst the troops, to whom the same is to be made known before
+the commencement of the operations." </p></div>
+
+<p>Eager to try the merit of their regulated loot hunting, on the 27th of
+April, the allies again set forth to attack the Ti-pings. Upon this
+occasion their looting propensities were indulged in at the town of
+Kah-ding, situate about 30 miles to the N.W. of Shanghae. The allied
+force consisted of nearly 4,000 men, with 30 pieces of artillery,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>
+assisted by an army of Imperialist <i>braves</i>, under the command of Le, a
+Chinese general.</p>
+
+<p>The advance guard of the allies having been arrested by two small
+stockades, defending the water approach to Kah-ding, upon the morning of
+the 29th, the artillery was brought into play<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_510" id="Page_510">[510]</a></span> and the defenders of the
+outwork driven back upon the city, losing some 50 men during their
+resistance and retreat, the European enemy following in rapid pursuit up
+to the walls of Kah-ding without a single casualty.</p>
+
+<p>The last day of April was spent by the allies in reconnoitering the city
+and landing the heavy guns, which had been brought in boats from
+Shanghae. Before dawn on the morning of May the 1st, the whole of the
+guns were in position, and the troops safely under cover in the ruined
+suburbs, ready to pick off the defenceless Ti-pings with their
+far-reaching rifles. The country traversed during the preceding days is
+thus spoken of in the <i>China Mail</i>, a paper bitterly hostile to the
+insurgents:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"After marching along a good road, and through <i>a beautiful
+country with fine thriving crops</i>, the troops reached the
+southern suburb of Kah-ding." </p></div>
+
+<p>Daylight of the 1st of charming May was ushered in by the roar of a
+large park of foreign artillery. Kah-ding, although a walled town, was
+undefended with cannon, and its garrison of some 5,000 or 6,000 men
+were, for the most part, armed with bamboo spears. The European troops
+having invested three of the city gates, the fourth, the only way of
+retreat for the besieged, was watched by the Imperialist <i>braves</i>,
+commissioned to cut up the Ti-pings as they fled from the British and
+French artillery. To the concentrated and terrific fire of thirty pieces
+of large ordnance, the defenders of the city replied with a brisk though
+totally ineffective discharge of gingalls. The storm of iron poured upon
+them soon silenced their fire and drove them from the walls, and with a
+loss of several hundred, they fled from the town, cutting their way
+through the Imperialist troops, who watched their only line of retreat.
+In order to delay the storming of the city, and so afford time for its
+evacuation, a small body of the Ti-ping soldierly nobly remained and
+sacrificed themselves for their comrades. This devoted band, numbering
+about 130, held their post<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_511" id="Page_511">[511]</a></span> at the south gate, the principal point of
+attack, until the European stormers were on the walls, three little
+2-pound Chinese guns on the gate tower having been worked till the
+parapet, overthrown by the crushing fire of the siege train, fell upon
+and buried the gunners beneath the <i>débris</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Driven back by the overwhelming advance of the storming party, the
+heroic few retired to the north gate, through which the garrison had
+made their escape; here to a man they fell, while courageously placing
+themselves between the foe and their retreating comrades. The greater
+number of them were mere boys, and from the richness of their dress,
+evidently of good position among their friends. Three little fellows,
+each armed with a small matchlock, were seen by a friend of mine to rush
+forward directly a large shell would knock down a portion of the parapet
+and fire off their puny weapons at the foe. They were too small to reach
+the loop-holes, and so waited till the 32-pound shot of the besiegers
+made a hole for them to use. To avoid the deadly rifles they never used
+the same hole twice, but nevertheless were all killed, for my friend,
+when passing round the walls, found their bodies lying close together
+and crushed by a mass of fallen stonework.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>China Mail</i>, in its account of the assault, states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The scene was now most picturesque. A shell had set fire to
+part of the city close at hand; the early morning sun was
+shining pleasantly upon the fields, <i>rich with ungathered
+crops</i>, and the French band played as the troops scaled the
+walls." </p></div>
+
+<p>The loss of the Ti-pings at the capture of Kah-ding was nearly 500
+killed in the city; 2,000 slaughtered while escaping from the murderous
+artillery, by the Manchoo troops under Le, who had the bodies mutilated,
+and offered to produce their ears to General Staveley; and about 1,000
+taken prisoners, who, although captured by the assistance of British
+soldiers, perished in the Manchoo execution shambles.</p>
+
+<p>The stolen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512">[512]</a></span> property agreement proved very useful at the capture of
+Kan-ding, nearly 200,000 dollars' worth having been seized in that city
+without the loss of a single life to the brave allies.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>China Mail</i>, in its issue, "15th May, 1862," although mistakenly
+considering the Ti-ping revenue (obtained from taxation, silk, &amp;c.) as
+"the poor people's property," very rightly condemns the wholesale system
+of brigandage practised by the allies. After referring to the
+"mercenary" and "sordid" nature of the intervention, it states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"There is another matter of regret, and that is, that while we
+are stigmatizing the rebels as robbers and bandits, we should
+take their treasures and divide it among ourselves." </p></div>
+
+<p>Again it continues:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It would be difficult to say which are the more shameless
+robbers of the two, the Taepings who spoil the people, or the
+English forces who retake the spoil and share it among
+themselves, while those originally robbed are famishing in
+Shanghae. It may well be questioned whether the whole history of
+warfare can record a parallel example of forgetfulness, utter
+forgetfulness, of all propriety to this loot-hunting game which
+Admiral Hope is now engaged in. An expedition against the rebels
+is now shown to be so harmless to those engaged in it that we
+may expect to hear of gentlemen giving their wives and sisters a
+picnic in front of the next town that is besieged, when we have
+no doubt that much amusement could be had among the engineers
+and artillery by allowing the girls to point the guns. And this
+is the sort of warfare in which the heart of the jaded and
+harassed soldier is to be cheered with <i>loot</i>!... There is every
+reason to believe that England's chivalry is likely to be kept a
+profound secret from the people of China so long as her affairs
+are under the present guidance." </p></div>
+
+<p>Such is the opinion of a journal always hostile to the Ti-pings.</p>
+
+<p>Having loaded their boats with plunder, and placed a garrison of some
+500 European troops in Kah-ding, the British and French warriors
+returned to Shanghae and vain-gloriously displayed their evilly acquired
+riches about the rum-shops of that model settlement, while their worthy
+allies, the <i>braves</i>, made a gallant and triumphant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_513" id="Page_513">[513]</a></span> entry, with
+trophies of Ti-ping heads, cruelly hacked from the men vanquished by
+British and French artillery. When these heads became unpleasant to
+parade about the foreign settlement, and the <i>loot</i> became exhausted, or
+the allied commanders eager for more, the combined forces were mustered
+together for another desolating raid into a country that would have been
+happy and peaceful but for their wicked interference.</p>
+
+<p>The city of Tsing-poo, situated close upon 32 miles to the west of
+Shanghae, although falsely represented by officialdom as "in the
+neighbourhood," was next selected for sack and pillage.</p>
+
+<p>Starting from Shanghae in British gunboats (which, by the by, always
+returned towing long tiers of loot laden boats) upon the 7th of May, the
+expedition, after being placed in country boats about twenty miles up
+the river, arrived before Tsing-poo on the evening of the second day.</p>
+
+<p>General Staveley was Commander-in-chief, assisted by the French Admiral,
+while the English Admiral, in spite of his wound, was present as an
+admiring non-effective.</p>
+
+<p>The combined force comprised 2,613 British and French troops, with
+nearly forty pieces of artillery; about 1,800 of Ward's filibusters; and
+an Imperialist army of 5,000 to 7,000 men, under their general, Le.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>
+Tsing-poo was garrisoned by some 4,000 Ti-pings, very few of whom
+escaped.</p>
+
+<p>Before daylight on the 12th of May, the besieging forces, with guns and
+ladders, covering and storming parties, were in position. They moved up
+silently in the dead of night and early morning, and were in their
+places by 4 a.m. Then came a short half-hour of the peculiar suspense
+before battle, while all those valiant British and French well-armed
+troops lay flat on their faces, safely under cover, and breathing not a
+word, for fear the doomed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_514" id="Page_514">[514]</a></span> Ti-pings <i>might</i> by a singular piece of good
+fortune manage to hurt some of them. By this time, however, the warm
+summer day was dawning, and the beleaguered garrison, discovering the
+formidable array against them, opened fire with the few small guns they
+possessed, sending their uneven roundshot whizzing over the heads of the
+crouching enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Almost at the same moment the besiegers opened fire from their numerous
+and overwhelming artillery. Armstrong guns, naval 32-pounders, French
+rifled guns and mortars (with one French 68-pounder, rifled piece,
+mounted on board a light draught gunboat) in breaching and enfilading
+batteries, commenced a terrific bombardment of the south gate and wall.</p>
+
+<p>The city, during the night, had been surrounded by the Chinese <i>braves</i>;
+no hope of escape presented itself, and the besieged fought as desperate
+men will fight for their lives. Amid the torrent of shells, shrapnel,
+Moorsom, conical, diaphragm, Armstrong, and other scientific engines of
+destruction crashing and continuously exploding among them, they bravely
+stood to their four or five 2-pounders, and resolutely manned their
+walls under the fearful and murderous fire. The poor Ti-pings, in order
+to protect themselves from the irresistible foreign shell, or "twice eye
+shot," as the Cantonese in their <i>pidgeon</i> English term it, had built a
+sort of stockade all round the city wall; this, with the parapet, formed
+a passage, which was covered in with a beamed and tiled roof. Instead of
+affording safety to them, however, this work added to the
+destructiveness of the enemy's fire, though it would have been better
+for the doomed men to have been killed outright by British shot than be
+captured and tortured to death in the execution grounds of the Manchoos.
+A battery of four Armstrong guns enfilading the wall sent almost every
+shell through the roof, to burst between the parapet and stockade,
+thereby inflicting fearful havoc among the crowded defenders.</p>
+
+<p>After<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_515" id="Page_515">[515]</a></span> about an hour's bombardment, two practicable breaches were
+effected by the besiegers; the English and French storming parties then
+advanced, protected by strong covering parties, who kept up a deadly
+rifle fire on the besieged, while the field-pieces being dragged forward
+enfiladed the parapet and breaches, mowing them down by dozens as they
+courageously crowded behind their broken wall to repel the stormers. The
+two snake flags of the Chief were planted on the summit of the breach,
+while his bravest men surrounding him did their utmost to drive the
+assaulting column back. The carnage at this point was immense; the
+defenders no sooner rushed into view than withering volleys of musketry
+and a storm of grape and canister destroyed them. The principal Ti-ping
+chiefs were killed at the head of their men; still, a smart fire from
+jingalls was kept up till the stormers gained the top of the breach and
+effected a lodgement; and then, it is sufficient to say, the defenders
+were attacked with the British bayonet. Even when driven from the wall,
+several hundred of the Ti-ping soldiery rallied at its foot, and
+fruitlessly sacrificed themselves in attempting to expel the successful
+enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The Ti-pings lost upwards of 1,000 men in their obstinate defence, the
+Allies 2 killed and 10 wounded! About 2,000 were taken prisoners, the
+greater part of whom supplied the Shanghae execution ground, while the
+remnant of the garrison succeeded in cutting their way through the
+hostile lines. Not more than half of the prisoners were fighting men.</p>
+
+<p>Whether the most Christian and civilized allies had not obtained
+sufficient loot, or killed enough fellow-creatures to satisfy them, I am
+unable safely to state, but I opine that in neither particular were they
+satiated. At all events, after sacking Tsing-poo and delivering up their
+unfortunate captives to the tender mercies of the merciless
+Imperialists, General Staveley and his co-adjutors started off in quest
+of further glory, dollars, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_516" id="Page_516">[516]</a></span> Ti-pings. These noble crusaders at
+length came to the fortified village of Na-jaor, where one of the
+<i>triumviri</i> met with his death.</p>
+
+<p>Na-jaor was simply a village, but a wall having been built around it, a
+small outwork erected, and the whole surrounded by dykes and dry
+ditches, with <i>chevaux de frize</i> and pallisades between them, it would
+have been a difficult place to capture without artillery. The outwork
+mounted three small guns, and a few others were divided between the
+usual square flanking defences of a Chinese wall. The garrison of this
+place can scarcely have numbered 1,000, all told.</p>
+
+<p>The Armstrong guns and other artillery of the British and French opened
+fire and shelled the defenders out of the small redoubt, upon the
+afternoon of the 17th of May. While this was going on the garrison of
+the village made a spirited sortie, but, with only an armament of bamboo
+spears and rusty jingalls, were of course driven back with great loss.
+At last the fire of the besieged seemed silenced, while their wall was
+breached and crumbling in every direction. The stormers now rushed
+forward with their usual bravery, sword in hand and bayonet to the
+charge, to assault a Ti-ping post that had been thoroughly shelled for a
+couple of hours, and in which nought but a few frightened fugitives and
+the bodies of the slain were likely to be found. In the case of Na-jaor,
+however, there was more courage required than the attacking force
+imagined, for, instead of finding the walls deserted except by the
+killed and wounded, and the garrison in flight, they were suddenly faced
+by an ambuscade which had been concealed under comparative protection at
+the interior slope of the wall during the bombardment. The British and
+French were rushing forward at the double, their leading files had
+already reached the ditch at the foot of the rampart, when the Ti-pings,
+starting from their cover, remanned the walls and opened a sharp fire
+with jingalls, matchlocks, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_517" id="Page_517">[517]</a></span> the few European-made fire-arms which
+they possessed. Cheering vigorously, or rather yelling, the defenders
+maintained a well-directed fire for some little time, killing the French
+Admiral with a ball through his heart, and wounding about a dozen other
+of the assailants. The allies experienced a momentary check, but the
+whole resistless array of artillery having swept the walls with their
+iron tempest, the storming parties again rushed forward and succeeded in
+establishing themselves upon the walls before the defenders were able to
+re-man them. Then the work of slaughter was continued with the rifle,
+the unwieldy bamboos, with iron spikes at the ends, proving a worse than
+useless defence.</p>
+
+<p>Mercy seems never to have entered into the minds of those Christian
+warriors, who loudly inveighed against the Ti-pings as "bloodthirsty
+monsters," &amp;c., &amp;c.; for when victory crowned their unparalleled feats
+of arms, no effort to save the defenceless and unresisting fugitives was
+ever made, but while those who had thrown down their arms were vainly
+trying to hide or flee from the deadly rifle, or stood blocked in a
+gateway of the tower, the valorous conquerors calmly and easily
+continued to shoot them down so long as they remained within range.</p>
+
+<p>The total loss of the Allies at the capture of Na-jaor was, the French
+Admiral killed, and sixteen men wounded. The Ti-pings left dead at their
+posts, which they had <i>really</i> bravely though fruitlessly striven to
+defend, upwards of 500 men, more than half their whole force. Directly
+the place was fairly in their possession the respectable victors
+dispersed in search of plunder; as one report has it, "looting parties
+were formed, the French looting one half and the English the other."</p>
+
+<p>The ill-gained spoil having been stowed away in the boats, the Allies
+marched on for the next Ti-ping position devoted to destruction, leaving
+a strong detachment in charge of Na-jaor. The place which had now
+attracted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_518" id="Page_518">[518]</a></span> the cupidity, love of military <i>glory</i>, or some unknown
+sentiment of the Allies, was a small town named Cho-lin, situated about
+six miles from Na-jaor, 26 miles to the S.S.W. of Shanghae, and within
+two miles of the sea.</p>
+
+<p>Having arrived before Cho-lin during the night of May 18, the Allies
+began to establish their powerful batteries, and on the morning of the
+19th opened fire upon the town. The Ti-pings in garrison, some 2,000 or
+3,000 strong, replied to the best of their resources with a few pieces
+of immoveable Chinese artillery, jingalls, and matchlocks. At noon the
+besiegers ceased firing and refreshed themselves with <i>chow-chow</i> and
+brandy. Meanwhile, a Ti-ping chief performed an act of the most daring
+courage with remarkable coolness and audacity. Having observed the
+occupation of the besiegers, this chief, leaving the town by the
+opposite side, made a circuit, and coming upon the rear of the enemy's
+position, calmly rode right through it with a few followers, satisfying
+himself as to their composition and numbers. "Everyone took him for an
+Imperialist and allowed him to pass on. When he got near the town he
+rode for his life, and got to his friends inside the city." So reported
+one of the officers engaged in the attack. Undaunted by the powerful
+artillery and formidable array of the European troops, the Ti-ping chief
+determined to hold and defend his trust against them, even although he
+must have been convinced that he had no effectual means by which he
+could repel or reply to their attack. The day passed on and with it the
+last hope of the beleaguered garrison, who scorned to take advantage of
+the opportunity to evacuate the town and save their lives.</p>
+
+<p>At daylight on the 20th all the Allies' guns, being in position, opened
+fire again, the Armstrong guns and field pieces sweeping the defenders
+from the walls, and the hoarsely-roaring 32's steadily firing to effect
+a breach. Storming, covering, and sharpshooting parties waited around
+the devoted place until the murderous shelling<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_519" id="Page_519">[519]</a></span> should subdue all
+opposition to their heroic advance. At length, two practicable breaches
+were effected, the enfilading batteries, established on either flank,
+poured their crushing <i>mitraille</i> along the parapet, sweeping away every
+man who dared to show himself, and the assaulting column pushed forward
+to the breaches. The Ti-pings had in this case been able to maintain a
+small number of troops on the wall by means of some ingeniously
+contrived bomb-proofs. A few narrow pits were dug behind the parapet and
+covered in with planks overlaid with earth, under which some hundred or
+two found shelter. When the artillery ceased its fire as the stormers
+mounted the breach, these men made a desperate defence, while the rest
+of the garrison, emerging from their places of concealment, rushed to
+man the walls and assist them. But what could these miserably armed men
+effect against the hundreds of perfectly equipped Europeans pouring over
+their shattered walls? They fell bravely, disputing every inch of
+ground.</p>
+
+<p>The defenders driven from the ramparts or killed, the gallant Allies
+rushed through the small town, <i>indiscriminately massacring every man,
+woman, and child within its walls</i>. The Ti-pings had so earnestly
+endeavoured to shut out the besiegers that they had most effectually
+blocked themselves in, and were consequently butchered almost to a man.
+After the massacre was over, an officer of the force, writing to the
+<i>North China Herald</i>, stated, "Almost every house we entered contained
+dead and dying men."</p>
+
+<p>The <i>China Mail</i>, in its report of the affair, terms it: "A most
+indiscriminate carnage on the part of our Allies at the taking of
+Cho-lin." The <i>Overland Trade Report</i>, in its issue of June 10,
+states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Since the death of Admiral Protet the French troops have been
+behaving like fiends, killing indiscriminately men, women, and
+children. Truth demands the confession that British sailors have
+likewise been guilty of the commission of similar revolting
+barbarities&mdash;not only on the Taepings, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_520" id="Page_520">[520]</a></span>but upon the inoffensive
+helpless country people. It is a most singular circumstance, but
+no less strange than true, that the Taepings <i>have never yet
+committed an act of retaliation</i> upon any European who may have
+fallen into their hands." </p></div>
+
+<p>Cho-lin captured and the <i>loot</i> safely packed up, the conquerors, who
+only lost <i>one</i> killed and four slightly wounded, proceeded to destroy
+the town itself.</p>
+
+<p>The correspondent of the <i>North China Herald</i>, in his report, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"At two o'clock the order was given to set the city on fire,
+which was executed with such rapidity that the Sikhs had hardly
+time to get the ponies out of the town, and most of the last
+collected had to be abandoned." </p></div>
+
+<p>The poor horses were admittedly roasted alive; but, when the writer goes
+on to state "a great many dead bodies" were left in the fired city, he
+forgets the wounded and "dying men" whom he found in "almost every
+house," and who no doubt perished in the flames.</p>
+
+<p>With the destruction of Cho-lin the murderous and desolating track of
+the British and French was for a time arrested. Hitherto, without
+exception, they had, in Mohawk Indian style, surprised and captured
+isolated towns and villages. Nothing but the garrisons of these places
+had opposed them. Upon the day of their last exploit, however,
+intelligence reached General Staveley that the Chung-wang, with a large
+army, had taken the field against him, and that Kah-ding was already
+invested, Tsing-poo threatened, and the Imperialist troops everywhere
+flying like chaff before the stormy wind. Hastily returning to Shanghae,
+the authenticity of these reports was at once confirmed by the abject
+state of terror in which the Manchoo authorities were plunged. It
+appeared that, during General Staveley's laurel-gathering exploits,
+nearly the whole available force of Imperialist troops had been
+concentrated upon Kah-ding, and, having moved upon the next Ti-ping
+city, Tat-seang, had been there totally defeated; the fugitives, a few
+hundred out of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_521" id="Page_521">[521]</a></span> an army nearly 20,000 strong, having been chased about
+thirty miles, and into the village of Woo-sung under the protection of
+the Allies' artillery.</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of this, and the inability of the Manchoo authorities to
+even garrison the places captured from the patriots by the allied
+forces, General Staveley proceeded to the relief of Kah-ding with a
+strong force of British troops. Upon reaching the village of Na-zain, a
+few miles from the city, they were continually attacked by the Ti-ping
+force investing it. In all these attacks, however, the assailants were
+driven back by rifle and artillery fire with heavy loss, the English
+losing but <i>one</i> Sepoy killed and four wounded. It now appearing that
+the Ti-pings were in the field in force, that the communications of
+Kah-ding were in their hands, and that the towns of Tsing-poo and
+Soon-kong were also invested, General Staveley decided upon evacuating
+Kah-ding; and, pending the arrival of reinforcements, discontinuing his
+raids upon the Ti-ping strongholds.</p>
+
+<p>We must now for a while turn to other quarters, and record the
+performance of another act of the Ti-ping drama. While the allied forces
+were violating their pledges, their orders, and the ordinary laws and
+usages of civilized or Christian men, the Ti-pings at Ningpo, as
+everywhere else, were scrupulously observing all their promises, and
+striving to enter into friendly and commercial relations with
+foreigners.</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered that the withdrawal of British missionaries from
+Ningpo, upon the capture of that city by the Ti-pings, has already been
+noticed; also Mr. Consul Harvey's sinister reason: "This step will tend
+to simplify considerably our future relations with the Taepings at
+Ningpo." We will now proceed to notice what those "future relations"
+were.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Consul Harvey having been requested by Mr. Bruce to report upon the
+character of the Ti-pings, and having been prompted even in the <i>public</i>
+despatches,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_522" id="Page_522">[522]</a></span> forthwith indulged his feelings of hostility against those
+people. It is desirable to notice some of the more salient and
+characteristic features of the despatch of Mr. Harvey as briefly as
+possible.</p>
+
+<p>The despatch containing Mr. Harvey's exposition bears date March 20th,
+1862, some three months after the occupation of Ningpo by the Ti-pings,
+and <i>after</i> hostilities had been established against them by Admiral
+Hope and his friends.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Harvey states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<i>Not one single step</i><a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> in the direction of a 'good
+government' has been taken by the Taepings; <i>not any attempt</i>
+made to organize a political body or commercial institutions;
+<i>not a vestige, not a trace of anything</i> approaching to order,
+or regularity of action, or consistency of purpose, can be found
+in any one of their public acts." </p></div>
+
+<p>In a despatch dated "Ningpo, December 31, 1861," he had stated as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"They <i>have</i> even established a native custom-house, wherein
+duties will be levied on the Chinese after ten days' grace....
+It has been reported to me that the insurgents propose
+establishing a foreign custom-house at this port, such being, it
+is said, one of their favourite ideas, and forming part of their
+programme in the capture of Ningpo." </p></div>
+
+<p>And again&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Taepings possess a regular embodied force, a draft from
+which forms the nucleus of the body of men sent upon any special
+service." </p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Harvey, with an extraordinary self-complacent assumption of
+impartiality, proceeds to declare that he "judged of Taepingdom in sober
+sense and dispassionately," yet he concludes the same paragraph by
+stating that at Ningpo "the last three months had produced ruin,
+desolation, and the annihilation of <i>every</i> vital principle in <i>all</i>
+that surrounds the presence, or lies under the bane, of the Taepings."
+Again, only a few lines further on, he says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is palpable that a party which, after ten years' full trial,
+is found to produce <i>nothing</i>, and to destroy <i>everything</i>,
+cannot pretend to last, or be admitted, even indirectly, into
+the comity of nations." </p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_523" id="Page_523">[523]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Now, as Mr. Bruce himself reports that "85,000 bales of silk" were
+obtained from people who "destroy everything," and as the Ti-pings did
+"pretend to last"&mdash;so much so, indeed, that British and French
+assistance to the Manchoos was necessary to save them from total
+destruction, Mr. Harvey's "sober sense," to say the least, seems very
+doubtful.</p>
+
+<p>The despatch under review is one of the most extraordinary series of
+contradictory terms ever produced, and really deserves a place in the
+British Museum or some old curiosity shop, as the "sober" creation of a
+person who takes remarkable care to assure his readers that he is
+perfectly "unbiassed." Within half a dozen lines of the last quoted
+passage Mr. Harvey audaciously protests:&mdash;"I repeat I have no bias one
+way or the other...." He then proceeds to state:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I have found in official dealings with them" (the Ti-ping
+chiefs) "<i>a rough and blunt sort of honesty quite unexpected and
+surprising</i>, after years of public intercourse with the Imperial
+mandarins." </p></div>
+
+<p>Now, in the very next paragraph he speaks of them as&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The naturally suspicious Taepings, who, amongst other
+peculiarities, <i>possess a power of concealment and general
+secresy quite wonderful</i> to meet in China." </p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Harvey attempts to prove the plundering propensities of the Ti-ping
+soldiery by the following invention:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On questioning decently-dressed Taeping soldiers as to how they
+liked their profession, the reply has ever been the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'Why should I not like it? I help myself to everything I choose
+to lay hands upon; and if interfered with, I just cut the man's
+head off who so interferes.'" </p></div>
+
+<p>By the side of this we will just place Mr. Hewlett's report to Consul
+Harvey of his embassy to the Ti-pings at Yu-yaou, upon their advance to
+Ningpo:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We saw but few dead bodies about, and of those some were their
+own men <i>who had been caught plundering and burning</i>." </p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_524" id="Page_524">[524]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Endeavouring to vilify the social <i>régime</i> of the Christian patriots,
+Mr. Harvey trusts to his inventive genius again, and writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Your Excellency is doubtless aware that marriage is strictly
+forbidden amongst the Taepings, and forms, with opium-smoking, a
+capital offence." </p></div>
+
+<p>Now, Mr. Harvey makes this false assertion in face of the "Proclamation
+by Tien-wang, establishing a scale according to which the number of
+wives are to be regulated in all ranks," as published in 1862, at page
+45, Blue Book upon "The Rebellion in China," and which commences&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Formerly I made a decree as to the canon of marriages...." </p></div>
+
+<p>This unbiassed official winds up his sober and dispassionate effusion
+with a few equally temperate conclusions. For example&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I now, therefore, take the liberty of declaring, once for all
+(<i>and for ten years I have firmly adhered to, and been
+consistent in, this opinion</i>), that the Taeping rebellion is the
+greatest delusion as a political or popular movement, and the
+Taeping doctrines the most gigantic and blasphemous imposition
+as a creed, or ethics, that the world ever witnessed.... There
+is nothing in past records so dark or so bad; such abominations
+committed under the name of religion; such mock-heroic
+buffoonery; such horrors accompanied by pantaloonery; and so
+much flimsy web worked in the midst of blood and high tragical
+events." </p></div>
+
+<p>If the "ten years" of obstinate adhesion to an opinion formed before
+anything was known of the Ti-pings, is Mr. Harvey's idea of "sober
+sense" and "no bias" (and he declares it is), we can easily believe that
+the "dispassionate" ruminations of so long a period destroyed what
+little reason and religion he may at one time have possessed. His
+partizanship even lays him open to the charge with which he has so
+falsely accused the Ti-pings when stating that their doctrines were "the
+most gigantic and blasphemous imposition," &amp;c.; inasmuch as the Ti-ping
+doctrines are taken from our Bible, are in all essential particulars
+precisely similar to our own, and alone constitute their "creed, or
+ethics."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Harvey<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_525" id="Page_525">[525]</a></span> terms himself "a sensible and reasoning Englishman," and
+proceeds to declare the revolution&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"A sanguinary raid, and an extended brigandage over the country,
+burning, destroying, <i>and killing</i> <span class="smcap">EVERYTHING</span> <i>that has life in
+it</i>." </p></div>
+
+<p>In a surprising manner, after a few sentences, he brings the dead to
+life:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"They come, and the helpless inhabitants crouch down and submit.
+They (the Taepings) go, and the people breathe again and
+rejoice." </p></div>
+
+<p>"Tel maître, tel valet," it is said, and Mr. Harvey seems to have
+likened into Mr. Bruce amazingly. Mr. Bruce has stated, "every locality
+is totally destroyed by the Ti-pings." Mr. Harvey chimes in with the
+above, "killing everything," and "not a vestige" diatribes. Mr. Bruce,
+in a despatch dated "Pekin, April 10, 1862," inclosing Mr. Harvey's
+precious production to Earl Russell, states with regard to the
+Ti-pings:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">No</span> commerce can co-exist with their presence, and <span class="smcap">NO</span> specific
+relations are possible with a horde of pirates and brigands, who
+are allowed to commit every excess, while professing a nominal
+allegiance to an ignorant and ferocious fanatic." </p></div>
+
+<p>Again, in a despatch dated "Pekin, April 18, 1862," Mr. Bruce states
+that their presence in any district is "accompanied by the <i>utter</i>
+destruction of the materials of trade."</p>
+
+<p>Singularly enough, General Staveley, although chief leader of the
+massacres of Ti-pings, in a despatch to the Secretary of State for War,
+dated "Shanghae, July 3, 1862," entirely and absolutely contradicts the
+imaginary devastations of Mr. Bruce and his Consul by the following
+statement:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Europeans continue to visit the rebel country <i>for purposes of
+trade</i>, and are treated with civility; <i>large quantities of
+silk</i> have been brought into Shanghae during the last fortnight,
+<i>and trade seems in a thriving state</i>."<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> </p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Harvey<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_526" id="Page_526">[526]</a></span> concludes his judgment passed in "sober sense and
+dispassionately" by the following words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Your Excellency may rest assured that we shall only arrive at a
+correct appreciation of this movement, and do it thorough
+justice, when it is treated by us as land piracy on an extensive
+scale&mdash;piracy odious in the eyes of <i>all</i> men&mdash;and, as such, to
+be swept off the face of the earth by <i>every means</i> within the
+power of the Christian and civilized nations trading with this
+vast empire." </p></div>
+
+<p>Such are the avowed sentiments of the man who protests that he has "no
+bias" or prejudice.</p>
+
+<p>Although the occupation of Ningpo by the Ti-pings actually increased the
+export trade, and although even Mr. Consul Harvey admitted that it was
+captured and held with "wonderful moderation;" still, when hostilities
+had become established by Admiral Hope and General Staveley, it was
+impossible either their designs could succeed while Ningpo was in
+Ti-ping possession, or the anomalous policy of holding Shanghae, and not
+Ningpo, be continued. Consequently, both to stop the supplies and
+munitions the Ti-pings obtained at the port, and to follow out the
+hostile policy settled upon, the British authorities determined upon
+driving them out of Ningpo on the first opportunity. As the scrupulous
+good conduct and friendliness of the revolutionists afforded no cause of
+hostility, it became necessary to invent one. How this was effected the
+following account will show.</p>
+
+<p>One day (the 22nd April, 1862), while giving a salute upon the return of
+the General Fang from Nankin, several shots appear to have been fired by
+some Ti-pings in the direction of the foreign settlement. It was
+thereupon <i>reported</i> that these shots had killed a Chinaman or two in
+that location. This, however, seems very doubtful. At all events, the
+affair was immediately taken up by Captain Cragie, of H.M.S. <i>Ringdove</i>,
+who wrote to the Chiefs upon the subject, and received a completely
+satisfactory answer, stating&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"I beg to assure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_527" id="Page_527">[527]</a></span> you that, as soon as I have discovered the
+offenders, I will punish them very severely. I hope, then, that
+you will think no more about the matter."<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> </p></div>
+
+<p>Upon the 26th of April Captain R. Dew, with H.M.S. <i>Encounter</i>, arrived
+at Ningpo from Shanghae, having been ordered there by Admiral Hope.
+Judging by the conduct of the Admiral at that time, and by the whole
+circumstances of the war upon the Ti-pings, it becomes morally certain
+that Captain Dew was dispatched with the reinforcement to Ningpo on
+purpose to drive them out. The day after his arrival (27th April, dates
+are important), Captain Dew wrote as follows to the Ti-ping generals in
+command of the city:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="right">"<i>Encounter</i>, Ningpo, April 27, 1862.</div>
+
+<p>"Sir,&mdash;We have received from Commander Cragie your communication
+regarding the <i>accidental</i> discharge of bullets whilst firing a
+salute ... as well as the communication from General Hwang. Both
+these are <i>so satisfactory</i>, and tend so much to impress on us
+your wish to maintain friendly relations with the English and
+French, that we beg to inform you <i>that we shall not insist on
+the demolition of the battery at the point</i>,<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> but we still do
+that you remove the guns....</p>
+
+<p>"We again inform you that it is the earnest wish of our Chiefs
+to remain neutral<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> and on good terms with you at Ningpo. Till
+the late acts, they had every reason to be satisfied with your
+conduct, and you may rest assured that no breach of friendly
+relations shall emanate from our side....</p>
+
+<div class="right">"(Signed) <span class="smcap">R. Dew</span>."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>As Colonel Sykes, M.P., has very justly observed in his work, "The
+Ti-ping Rebellion in China," incredible as it may appear, the very day
+after the above letter was sent, which condoned all previous offences,
+and which expressed the most earnest wish to remain on friendly terms,
+Captain Dew,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_528" id="Page_528">[528]</a></span> in oblivion of his promises, addressed the following letter
+to the Generals:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="right">"<i>Encounter</i>, Ningpo, April 28, 1862.</div>
+
+<p>"Sir,&mdash;" (After mentioning the firing of musket balls during the
+salute, he continues) "I have been sent here <i>with a
+considerable force to demand apology</i>.... Having consulted with
+the officers here in command, I have come to the conclusion that
+the foreign settlement is now being seriously menaced by a large
+battery in course of construction at a point outside the city
+wall ... <i>so I have to request that you will cause it to be
+immediately pulled down</i>, and that all guns now mounted on the
+walls opposite our settlement, be removed as well. I am
+requested by my Admiral to inform you that it would grieve him
+much<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> to be obliged, by the hostile acts of your people, to
+come into collision with them. He will be very sorry to resort
+to force (?), as he has not the intention or wish to interfere
+with the Imperialists and yourself at Ningpo, and if the former
+should attack the city, <i>we should be entirely neutral, and will
+not even allow the foreign settlement to harbour the
+Imperialists</i>." (After threatening to destroy the battery and
+capture Ningpo if the guns and fortifications were not removed
+in "twenty-four hours," Captain Dew concludes with the following
+passage:)</p>
+
+<p>"When these, my <i>reasonable</i> (?) demands, have been carried into
+effect, I beg you will report them...."</p>
+
+<div class="right">
+"I have, &amp;c.,<br />
+"(Signed) <span class="smcap">R. Dew</span>."
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is to be remembered that Captain Dew had received and accepted the
+"apology" on the 27th, and had replied by stating, "we shall <i>not</i>
+insist on the demolition of the battery." The renewal of the demands
+which had been formally abandoned on the previous day convinced the
+Ti-ping generals that Captain Dew was determined to quarrel with them.
+That officer knew perfectly well, as Colonel Sykes has forcibly
+expressed it, "that no human being with an ounce of militant blood in
+his veins would comply with such insulting demands."</p>
+
+<p>The Ti-ping generals, ever forbearing, and always truly earnest in their
+efforts to obtain the goodwill and friendship of the "foreign brethren,"
+made the following admirable reply to Captain Dew's grossly offensive
+despatch, and its readers will find every word truth and sound
+reason:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_529" id="Page_529">[529]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="center">(Précis.)</div>
+
+<p>"Hwang, General, &amp;c., Pang, General, &amp;c., in official
+communication with Captain R. Dew, R.N., H.M.S. <i>Encounter</i>:&mdash;In
+reply to your letter requesting the removal of the battery and
+guns, we would remark that ever since the capture of Ningpo,
+both parties have been on most friendly and intimate terms. No
+suspicions or dislikes; <i>we have done everything in our power to
+protect your trade, and kept good faith in every respect</i>; have
+always inquired into complaints made to us of our soldiers, and
+even beheaded some men who broke into a foreign hong; <i>have
+wished to keep a lasting peace with you, and have done all in
+our power to that end</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"The discharge of bullets in firing the salute the other day was
+<i>quite accidental</i>;&mdash;have already taken steps towards punishing
+offenders. With regard to the erection of a fort at the point,
+<i>it is a precautionary measure that a proper regard for the
+lives of our soldiers renders indispensable, and has nothing
+whatever to do with foreigners</i>, as has been already stated to
+Captain Montgomerie. It is now completed, and we cannot assent
+to its removal; so also we cannot agree to the removal of the
+guns from the walls. We have continually esteemed good faith and
+right....</p>
+
+<p>"With good faith and right feeling as the alpha and omega of
+one's conduct, each party can afford to put up with one or two
+trifling matters. With regard to that part of your letter having
+reference to a probable outbreak of hostilities (we would inform
+you) that we are not in the least concerned thereat [<i>lit.</i>, we
+are not apprehensive, nor do we take offence thereat]; <i>we could
+not bear to break the oaths of friendship we have sworn</i>. We
+cannot remove the fort or the guns; should you proceed
+yourselves to move the same, then it is evident that you have
+the intention of quarrelling with us. You can, if you please,
+lead on your soldiers against this city; you can, if you please,
+attack us; <i>we shall stand quietly on the defensive</i> [<i>lit.</i>, we
+shall await the battle with hand in the cuff, <i>i.e.</i>, we shall
+not strike the first blow].... You still wish to be on friendly
+terms with us; let, then, these dislikes and suspicions be
+committed to the deep.... In any large army good or bad are to
+be found; do not, therefore, let a small matter like this
+occasion a breach of such a grand principle as amity. Good
+fellowship would request you to give our argument your very best
+consideration." </p></div>
+
+<p>The remainder of the despatch is irrelevant to the subject of the
+correspondence. It was received 29th April, 1862. If the Ti-pings had
+acted rather as angels than men, their rights would not have been
+respected.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_530" id="Page_530">[530]</a></span> Captain Dew, neither satisfied by their arguments nor
+conciliated by their tone, addressed to them the following cartel:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="right">"<i>Encounter</i>, Ningpo, May 2, 1862.</div>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,&mdash;We have the honour to inform you that your letter of the
+29th ult., in reply to my demands for the insults offered to the
+French and English flags, and in which you refuse to comply with
+those very moderate demands,<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> have been forwarded to our
+admirals. In the mean time, pending the decision of our chiefs,
+I have moored the foreign ships two miles down the river, and
+cut off communication with the city, and am, moreover, ordered
+by our chiefs, in the event of the following demands not being
+complied with, to prepare to blockade Ching-hae, and prevent all
+foreign ships entering the river:&mdash;1. <i>An ample apology.</i> 2.
+Removal of all guns from battery and walls opposite our ships.
+3. That an officer shall be specially appointed, and that proper
+measures, by means of guards, shall be taken to prevent anybody
+whatever coming on the wall opposite the ships or into the
+battery.&mdash;I have, &amp;c.,</p>
+
+<div class="right">"(Signed)      <span class="smcap">R. Dew.</span>"</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This repeated attempt of Captain Dew to make the Ti-pings disarm
+themselves, and his attempt to ignore the apology he had already
+accepted in his letter to the chief dated 27th April, must afford
+convincing proof that a premeditated and organized arrangement to
+quarrel with the Ti-pings existed. The generals in command at Ningpo
+gave the following reply to Captain Dew. They declared the battery and
+guns necessary to defend the city against an attack by a fleet from the
+coast, which in fact appeared, commanded by the notorious pirate Apak,
+on the 7th May. They promised to remove all ammunition from the guns and
+to prevent armed men going on the ramparts, but, as Colonel Sykes says
+in his review of the affair, "Had the generals chucked the guns into the
+river there would have been some new demand." In their reply the
+generals state:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"In reply to letter of 2nd inst., submitting three demands, we
+beg to inform you that we have carefully examined its contents,
+and that we will agree<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_531" id="Page_531">[531]</a></span> to those demands as far as we are able.
+In reference to the first, our previous letter <i>has afforded
+full explanations on that head</i>, how that it was the result of
+an accidental discharge of bullets during the salute.... In
+reference to the second point, demanding removal of guns, &amp;c.,
+<i>our former despatch has already explained that those guns are
+meant as a precaution against an attack from Ting-hae</i>, that the
+multitude of lives in the city that have to be taken care of
+urgently demands.... We shall on no account fire the guns,
+unless the imps attack us. Under the circumstances stated by
+you, we agree to stop up the port-holes of all the guns bearing
+on Keang-pih-gan, and to remove all the shot and powder from
+thence, <i>so as to manifest to you our desire for lasting amity</i>.
+Infer from the third point in your letter that you are afraid
+that, if people are allowed on the wall, there will be some
+lawless persons who will fire the guns by mistake. Far from
+allowing anybody whatever to come on the walls, there are most
+strict orders against allowing any one to go on the walls, not
+only on those opposite to Keang-pih, but also all round the
+city.... <i>We are inordinately desirous of remaining on good
+terms with you</i>, and this is our reason for this distinct
+statement." (Dated 3rd May, 1862.) </p></div>
+
+<p>Affairs remained in this position till the 7th of May, when Captain Dew
+wrote to Admiral Hope, stating that on the evening of the 5th, Consul
+Harvey received a communication from the late Manchoo Governor of
+Ningpo, to the effect that he was about to attack the city with a strong
+force, and requesting support from the English and French admirals. The
+same evening Captain Dew proceeded down the river, found the Imperialist
+fleet (consisting of the pirate Apak's vessels), and visited the
+Governor; again, on the following morning, Captain Dew visited that
+functionary, and the latter, accompanied by his pirate-admiral Apak,
+returned the visit. While closeted with Captain Dew, they made their
+arrangements for the forthcoming attack on Ningpo, and the former wrote
+to his senior officer:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"So I told them that in consequence of the rebels refusing
+certain demands we had made, I should have no objection to their
+passing up, <i>but that they were not to open fire till well clear
+of our men-of-war</i>." </p></div>
+
+<p>Now Captain Dew may flatter himself that this statement has hoodwinked
+the people of England, but unfortunately for his reputation, people
+judge a man by his actions.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_532" id="Page_532">[532]</a></span> Instead of these piratical vessels keeping
+"well clear" of his ships, they proceeded to execute their part of the
+programme of attack by keeping <i>well foul</i> of his men-of-war, according
+to previous arrangement.</p>
+
+<p>On May 9th, Consul Harvey reported to Mr. Bruce the movements of the
+Imperialist, or rather pirate fleet, under the notorious Apak, as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Their fleet of junks is at the present moment <i>lying in front
+of our settlement</i>, making preparations for an assault on
+Ningpo." </p></div>
+
+<p>He then adds:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Taoutae<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> Chang, with Commander-in-Chief Chin, came to
+see me this morning (9th) at the Consulate, <i>in a private
+manner</i>, and he informed Captain Dew and myself, that if no
+unforeseen event happened, the Imperialist attack on Ningpo
+would take place to-morrow morning <i>at daylight</i>." </p></div>
+
+<p>Now Captain Dew (as the representative of Great Britain) having made the
+following formal declaration in his despatch to the Ti-ping chiefs,
+dated April 28th,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"That he has not the intention or wish to interfere with the
+Imperialists and yourself at Ningpo; and if the former should
+attack the city, <i>we should be entirely neutral, and will not
+even allow the foreign settlement to harbour the Imperialists</i>." </p></div>
+
+<p>And again, in his despatch dated April 27th:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"You may rest assured that no breach of friendly relations shall
+emanate from our  side"&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<p>He was bound to fulfil his pledges of neutrality. He was perfectly well
+aware that the city could not possibly reply to the fire of the Imperial
+fleet without endangering the men-of-war and foreign settlement. It was
+therefore his duty, as he himself expressed, "not to allow the foreign
+settlement to harbour the Imperialists," or, to have withdrawn the ships
+of war from the line of fire, as Admiral Hope had no "wish to
+interfere."</p>
+
+<p>Yet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_533" id="Page_533">[533]</a></span> we find Consul Harvey stating that the pirate lorchas are "lying in
+front of our settlement, making preparations for an assault on Ningpo,"
+and Captain Dew not only authorized this proceeding but declared it a
+<i>casus belli</i> should the Ti-pings venture to return their fire! There
+are, in fact, ample grounds for the statements in some of the China
+newspapers, and in many private letters, that the whole affair was
+arranged between the ex-Governor, the pirate Apak, Captain Dew, and Mr.
+Consul Harvey: and the idea seems strengthened by the fact that Mr.
+Harvey, in his letter to Mr. Bruce, dated May 9, terms the arrival of
+the piratical fleet "an extraordinary but fortunate coincidence, and
+that it was far too good an opportunity to be lost."</p>
+
+<p>Immediately <i>after</i> his second interview with the ex-Governor and the
+pirate, Captain Dew and the French senior officer sent the following
+crafty and equivocal ultimatum to the Ti-ping chiefs, dated May 8th:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"This is to inform you, on the part of the English and French
+senior naval officers, that had you agreed to their demands, and
+removed your guns from the walls, they should have felt bound in
+honour to have acted up to their promise, and have prevented an
+attack on you on the settlement side by Imperial forces, which
+in countless numbers and heavily-armed ships advance to attack
+you. We now inform you <i>that we maintain a perfect neutrality</i>,
+<span class="smcap">but if you fire the guns or muskets from the battery or walls
+opposite the settlement on the advancing Imperialists</span> (thereby
+endangering the lives of our men and people in the foreign
+settlement), <span class="smcap">we shall then feel it our duty to return the fire
+and bombard the city</span>."</p></div>
+
+<p>This was equivalent to saying, "If you defend yourselves against the
+Imperialists we shall kill you;" for in firing upon the pirate vessels
+as they advanced from the foreign settlement and amongst the British
+men-of-war, these latter must inevitably have been endangered.</p>
+
+<p>The following extracts from official despatches and other memoranda will
+show how the British squadron joined the fleet of pirates in driving the
+Ti-pings out of Ningpo.</p>
+
+<p>On<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_534" id="Page_534">[534]</a></span> the 10th of May, Captain Dew wrote to Admiral Hope:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,&mdash;I found it necessary to capture the city of Ningpo, and
+drive the rebels out, under the following circumstances:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"You are aware, Sir, that the rebel chiefs had been informed
+that if they again fired, either on our ships or in the
+<i>direction</i> of the settlement, we should deem it a <i>casus
+belli</i>. This morning at 10 a.m., the <i>Kestrel</i>, and French
+vessels <i>Etoile</i> and <i>Confucius</i> were fired on by the Point
+battery. I cleared for action in this ship, when a volley of
+musketry was fired on us from the bastion abreast. The
+undermentioned vessels, viz., <i>Encounter</i>, <i>Ringdove</i>,
+<i>Kestrel</i>, and <i>Hardy</i>, with the <i>Etoile</i> and <i>Confucius</i>,
+French gunboats, now opened fire, with shell, on the walls and
+batteries, which was replied to with much spirit from guns and
+small arms." </p></div>
+
+<p>The despatch continues to this effect:&mdash;At noon the Ti-ping guns were
+silenced and practicable breaches effected. At two o'clock the city was
+stormed, and at five o'clock, all opposition having ceased, the
+ex-governor and his troops landed from their junks. Captain Dew gave
+them charge of the city, and re-embarked his men. We must now find out
+what had become of the ex-governor, his troops, and Apak's fleet during
+this time. Captain Dew carefully avoids stating whether they had made
+the attack <i>at daylight</i>, according to arrangement, or left him to play
+the bravo alone, for he does not mention <i>one word</i> about his allies,
+until he hands over the city to them. Consul Harvey, however, in a
+despatch to Mr. Bruce, dated May the 16th, throws some light upon the
+subject; he states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Shot and shell were poured into this large city with very
+little intermission for a period of five hours <i>by the combined
+fleet</i>, at the end of which time the walls were scaled, and the
+Taeping forces were at once completely routed and dispersed." </p></div>
+
+<p>The only fleet was <i>eighty</i> lorchas of the pirate Apak, the English and
+French aiding by six vessels only, a fact suppressed by Captain Dew.</p>
+
+<p>The final expulsion of the Ti-pings from Ningpo was thus effected:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Early on the morning of the 10th, the piratical fleet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_535" id="Page_535">[535]</a></span> commenced the
+attack upon Ningpo, advancing from the foreign settlement and then
+man&oelig;uvring round and round the British and French gunboats, firing
+at the Ti-pings when <i>between</i> their line of fire and the foreign
+vessels. Captain Dew never attempted to enforce his pretended order for
+them to keep "well clear" of his vessels. For some time the Ti-pings
+bore this attack silently and without reply, doubtless trusting that
+Captain Dew would either move his vessels or make the pirates give them
+a clear berth. This, however, was not done, the intention being to
+compel the Ti-pings to open fire on the attacking fleet, when, as the
+latter were placed directly between the British and French men-of-war
+and the guns of the town, any shot must necessarily pass in the
+"direction" of those vessels, and thereby constitute the false <i>casus
+belli</i> required, and eagerly watched for by Captain Dew with his vessels
+quite prepared and his guns loaded and ready.</p>
+
+<p>At last human nature could bear no more, and the Ti-pings opened a
+musketry fire upon the pirate lorchas, yet still with extraordinary
+forbearance, and such a desire to avoid endangering the foreign ships or
+settlement, that they did not make use of their artillery. It is
+perfectly certain that the Manchoo piratical fleet dared not have
+ventured to make their attack unless fully assured of foreign
+co-operation. That such assistance <i>was</i> guaranteed and arranged has
+scarcely ever been doubted.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the Ti-ping soldiers had been killed by the fire of the pirate
+fleet before they replied with musketry. The very instant they did so,
+the British and French vessels came to the aid of their allies, and
+commenced bombarding the town. It is said that a couple of bullets from
+the volley fired upon a lorcha, which having just delivered her
+broadside was tacking under the stern of the <i>Kestrel</i>, struck the
+quarter of the latter vessel. This may have accidentally occurred; but
+it is, however, perfectly certain that the Ti-pings did not fire upon
+the foreign men-of-war, as stated by Captain Dew.</p>
+
+<p>The Ti-pings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_536" id="Page_536">[536]</a></span> fought their battery against the overwhelming fire from the
+heavy pivot guns of the smaller vessels and the broadsides from the
+<i>Encounter</i> until every gun was dismounted and the work knocked to
+pieces. When the British and French storming parties carried the walls
+of Ningpo, the defenders offered a determined resistance; but shell and
+Enfield rifles at last overcame it; though not until both the generals
+Hwang and Fang were severely wounded did they evacuate the city, leaving
+about 100 dead within and around the walls. The British loss was only 3
+killed and 23 wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Even Consul Harvey termed the conduct of the Ti-pings when they captured
+Ningpo "wonderfully moderate." What will the British public think of the
+following account of the behaviour of Captain Dew's allies when
+re-established in the city? Contrasting the events which followed the
+Ti-ping seizure of the city with those which occurred on its subsequent
+capture by the British and French, can any question arise as to which
+was the most civilized and merciful? The correspondent of the <i>China
+Mail</i>, under date the 22nd May, 1862, states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The rebels retreated through the west gate&mdash;the pirates then
+entered the city and began the work of destruction, and in a few
+hours did more damage than the rebels did in the whole of the
+five months that they had possession.... On <i>Sunday</i> the
+reinstated Taoutae was busy chopping off the heads of the
+unlucky rebels that he caught, and otherwise torturing them. I
+saw some fearful sights; such as a boy with his entrails cut
+right out, from a great gash across the stomach, carried round
+the back&mdash;a man with all the flesh torn off his ribs, leaving
+them quite bare&mdash;a man whose heart had been torn out and his
+head cut off; together with others equally revolting.... On
+Monday the same scenes were enacting.... One of the principal
+murderers and torturers of the poor fellows found in the city
+was one A-fook, the <i>British Consul's</i> boy or personal
+attendant, who was dressed up in silks, and who, stuck upon a
+pony, paraded the city with attendants, ordering them to execute
+unfortunates, and issuing orders (which were actually obeyed) to
+the English soldiers." </p></div>
+
+<p>Now it can safely be declared that the Ti-pings have <i>never</i> committed
+similar atrocities to the above. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_537" id="Page_537">[537]</a></span> have, it is true, often killed
+large numbers at the capture of obstinately defended towns, but their
+prisoners were never tortured to death as their comrades, captured by
+British troops and then delivered up to the cruel Tartar mandarins, have
+been under the shadow of the Union Jack.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>China Overland Trade Report</i> of October 14, 1862, states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"So much mystery and double-dealing has been practised by the
+allies to wrest this port from the Taipings, and so little
+regard for veracity pervades the official despatches regarding
+their doings, that the truth is most difficult to arrive at, and
+has certainly never yet been published.... The possession of
+Ningpo by the Taipings was peculiarly adapted to thwart those
+schemes for aiding and abetting the Imperial cause, which have
+so peculiarly characterized the British minister. The Taipings
+held the province, and it is evident that the possession of a
+seaport would have enabled them not only to have deprived
+Shanghae of the greater proportion of the customs duties,<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>
+but to have diverted the same into their own exchequer. Now Mr.
+Lay was acting Chinese ambassador in London, and the absorption
+of these duties would have entirely frustrated the object of his
+errand<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> and indeed have destroyed the main stay of the
+Imperial cause. Besides, the possession of Ningpo would have
+enabled the Taipings to have obtained all the munitions of war
+which they stood so much in need of. It would have dispelled the
+<i>illusion</i> of their being inimical to foreign trade.... Admiral
+Hope ... from some such cogent reasons as are above named, fell
+into the British minister's views, and clearly resolved on the
+recapture of the place by fair means or foul. The mode of
+accomplishing this design reflects <i>indelible disgrace</i> on
+British prestige....</p>
+
+<p>"Admiral Hope detached a portion of his fleet to Ningpo under
+command of Captain Dew, of H.M.S. <i>Encounter</i>, clearly to act in
+concert with this piratical squadron, with which daily
+communications were established. The day before the Taoutae
+arrived at Ningpo, the British ships had taken up their
+stations, and had cleared for action. Captain Dew had opened a
+correspondence with the Taiping chiefs, the drift of which was a
+demand that they should remove a certain battery on some absurd
+pretext, which they refused to do. The night prior to the
+attack, a council of war was held on board the <i>Encounter</i>, and
+a private note was seen by several Europeans at Ningpo, written
+by a certain British official, which stated that the city would
+be attacked the following morning. The pirate fleet arrived
+accordingly, and proceeding in driblets <i>between</i> the British
+men-of-war and the city, opened fire. This could not possibly be
+returned without directing the guns towards the men-of-war. The
+result is known and need not be repeated." </p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_538" id="Page_538">[538]</a></span></p><p>The <i>Hong-kong Daily Press</i>, in a long article upon the capture of
+Ningpo by the Anglo-Franco-Manchoo-piratical fleet, makes precisely
+similar statements to those quoted from the <i>Overland Trade Report</i>, and
+commences with the following paragraph:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"There never was a falser, more unprovoked, or more
+unjustifiable act than the taking of Ningpo by the allies from
+the Taipings. It should, in fairness, be recorded <i>to the
+eternal disgrace of Captain</i> <span class="smcap">Roderic Dew</span>, <i>of H.M.S.
+Encounter</i>." </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>
+Lord Palmerston's Government had one great quality&mdash;it
+manfully supported its subordinate officials whether right or wrong; it
+is at least doubtful whether his successors will have courage to pursue
+the same policy.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>
+The forces consisted of:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">French, under Rear-Admiral Protet:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Small-arm men and Marines; field-piece party and&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4 guns</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">410</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">English, under Brigadier General Staveley:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Royal Artillery, 6 guns</td><td align="right">78</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5th Bombay N. I.</td><td align="right">440</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;H.M. 99th Regiment</td><td align="right">56</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;22nd Punjaub N. I.</td><td align="right">519</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Under Captain Borlase, R.N.:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Field-piece party, 3 guns</td><td align="right">45</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;H.M.S. <i>Pearl</i> small-arm company 60</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Axe party</td><td align="right">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Under Captain Willes, R.N.:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;H.M.S. <i>Impérieuse</i> small-arm company</td><td align="right">189</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Marines of Squadron</td><td align="right">94</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&mdash;&mdash;</td><td align="right">1,497</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Disciplined Chinese of General Ward's legion</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="right">&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2,207</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>
+The force consisted of:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">British Naval Division, with 3 howitzers</td><td align="right">350</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Royal Artillery, with 4 howitzers</td><td align="right">90</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">H.M. 99th Regiment</td><td align="right">80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">22nd Punjaub N. I.</td><td align="right">400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">5th Bombay N. I.</td><td align="right">400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">French Contingent, with 5 rifled guns and 2 field-pieces&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right">700</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Disciplined Chinese of Ward's legion</td><td align="right">400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total</td><td align="right">2,420</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>
+The allied force consisted of:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">British troops, under General Staveley:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Royal Engineers</td><td align="right">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Royal Artillery, with 7 guns and 6 mortars</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;H.M. 31st Regiment</td><td align="right">552</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;H.M. 99th and 67th Regiments</td><td align="right">280</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5th Bombay N.I</td><td align="right">350</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;22nd Punjaub N.I</td><td align="right">350</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">French force, under Admiral Protet:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Algerian Infantry, Chasseurs, Marines, and Seamen, with&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8 guns</td><td align="right">900</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">British Naval Division, under Captain Borlase, R.N.:&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Seamen and Marines, with 9 guns</td><td align="right">330</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ward's disciplined Chinese</td><td align="right">1,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">&mdash;&mdash;-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total</td><td align="right">3,884</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Assisted by Imperialist troops under Manchoo General Le</td><td align="right">5,000</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>See</i> Note, p. 509.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Italics are by the Author.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <i>Vide</i> "Further Papers relating to the Rebellion in
+China," 1863, p. 43; Inclosure in No. 27; Brigadier-General Staveley to
+Sir C. Lewis.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> This and all following extracts are taken from the
+Official Correspondence presented to both Houses of Parliament in Blue
+Book form.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Compare this with the next despatch of Captain Dew's.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> These Chiefs were at the time conducting the murderous
+raids from Shanghae, already described.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Did it grieve the philanthropic Admiral "much," I wonder,
+to massacre them in his raids from Shanghae?</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> We may safely presume that Captain Dew was gibing the
+chiefs.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Governor of a city.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> From these duties the indemnity for the war was being
+extracted.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> The errand was to obtain the notorious Anglo-Chinese
+flotilla.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_539" id="Page_539">[539]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XIX.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>A Double Wedding.&mdash;Its Celebration.&mdash;The Honeymoon.&mdash;Its
+Interruption.&mdash;Warlike Preparations.&mdash;Soong-kong
+Invested.&mdash;General Ching's Despatch.&mdash;Tsing-poo
+Recaptured.&mdash;Ti-ping Seventy Excused.&mdash;England's
+Responsibility.&mdash;Curious Chinese Custom.&mdash;The Chung-wang's
+Policy.&mdash;His Explanation.&mdash;The Ti-ping Court of Justice.&mdash;How
+Conducted.&mdash;Opium Smoking.&mdash;Its Effects.&mdash;Evidence
+thereof.&mdash;Forbidden by Ti-ping Law.&mdash;Opium Trade. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>Soon after our return to Nankin, the Chung-wang, having left the Shi,
+Mo, Ting, and other Wangs, in charge of the lately captured Shanghae and
+Hang-chow districts, despatched considerable reinforcements to the
+Ying-wang, on the northern side of the Yang-tze river, and to the
+Ti-ping positions along the southern bank. These troops quickly
+dispersed the Imperialist force supposed to be investing Nankin from the
+hills on the opposite side of the river, and recaptured many towns on
+the southern side.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, at the Ti-ping capital, Marie became my wife, while my friend
+L. received the Chung-wang's youngest daughter in marriage. When
+Cum-ho's father ascertained the state of that young lady's affections,
+he sanctioned her union with L., although his better half made no little
+opposition at first, her ambitious mind being directed to the Mo-wang as
+a suitable son-in-law. This, however, she eventually accomplished by
+giving the chief her next eldest daughter as a wife. We were married
+according to the ritual of the Ti-ping church, but with the addition of
+using a ring, in conformity with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_540" id="Page_540">[540]</a></span> usage of our own. The Kan-wang's
+own chaplain, who was an ordained teacher of the London Missionary
+Society at Hong-kong, performed the ceremony.</p>
+
+<p>Since the arrival of the Kan-wang at Nankin, he had altered the Ti-ping
+marriage service so as to closely resemble that of the English church,
+to which he had been used when principal native instructor and catechist
+of the London Mission. Although by the laws of the state polygamy was
+allowed, the improvements introduced by the Prime Minister, in fact we
+may term them regulations, had almost abolished the custom, so that few
+among the people married more than one wife.</p>
+
+<p>Although L. and myself were married on the same day, and nearly at the
+same time, there was a vast difference between the style of the two
+ceremonies. Marie agreed with me in preferring a quiet solemnization,
+with only a few friends present; but L., taking to wife a chief's
+daughter, was obliged to undergo the usual pomp and festivity.</p>
+
+<p>After my own marriage had been concluded, preparations for that of my
+friend were made in the "Heavenly Hall" of the Chung-wang's palace. The
+Hall was decorated with flowers and a profusion of silken flags and
+streamers. Several large tables in a side chamber were loaded with
+bridal presents from friends, who, with all the household, were
+assembled to witness the ceremony. The Chung, Kan, Foo, and all the
+other Wangs present, wore their state robes and coronets, while the
+dresses of many of the ladies were still more beautiful and dazzling.
+Besides the Kan-wang's chaplain, the principal ecclesiastic in Nankin
+officiated, dressed in a splendid black silk garment broidered with gold
+and silver crosses, both of whom, attended by several priests, took up
+their position before the altar, which was decorated with large garlands
+of flowers.</p>
+
+<p>At last, when everything was ready, the bride, completely enveloped in a
+long white veil, was escorted to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_541" id="Page_541">[541]</a></span> Hall by nine young girls dressed
+in scarlet, and with red flowers in their hair. At the same time L., in
+the full costume of a Ti-ping chief of the "Woo" rank (to which he had
+been raised by the Chung-wang's wish), came to the right side of the
+altar attended by nine young chiefs. After the bridegroom and bride were
+united, the ceremony was concluded by a short service, nearly
+approaching to that of the Sabbath, and then, entering two magnificent
+sedans, they were conveyed to their new home (a house given them by the
+Chung-wang) by a vast and gorgeous cavalcade. The newly-married couple
+now entertained a number of guests to a festive meal in the principal
+hall of their house. Meanwhile, with my wife, I removed from the
+Chung-wang's palace and took up my abode with L., the house being
+divided between us.</p>
+
+<p>During several months, as it is, I presume, with nearly all
+newly-married people, we paid but little attention to the outside world,
+and, with the exception of the periodical arrival and departure of our
+friends D. and Captain P. with the vessels, and the addition of three
+Frenchmen, who had served in the French artillery at Shanghae, to our
+corps of the Chung-wang's army, but little occurred to divert us from
+our honeymoon. In the mean time the Commander-in-Chief was occupied
+making his plans for further operations against the Manchoo, with the
+intention of recapturing the towns and territory that had lately fallen
+into their possession, and making a movement against their capital,
+Pekin. Before, however, these tactics could be put into execution, news
+came from the Shanghae district of the hostilities commenced by the
+British and French, and of the consequent defeat of the Ti-ping local
+forces, and the capture of their cities and villages. Immediately,
+orders were sent recalling the reinforcements despatched to the
+Ying-wang, and the force operating along the southern bank of the
+Yang-tze, while from the garrisons of Nankin and other cities troops
+were concentrated upon Soo-chow.</p>
+
+<p>With natural<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_542" id="Page_542">[542]</a></span> reluctance I prepared to accompany the Chung-wang on his
+march to the threatened districts, accompanied by my friend, who felt
+how difficult it was to part with his youthful Ti-ping bride. Our
+feelings were not indeed to be envied when, upon a misty, heavily
+raining, and more than usually disagreeable Chinese morning in May,
+between the chilly hours of three and four, we set out on the march for
+Soo-chow. Even Phillip, although his honeymoon had terminated long
+before ours began, appeared to feel as gloomy as myself and L. upon
+parting with our wives.</p>
+
+<p>As we slowly rode through the high city portal, dimly lighted by the
+glare of lanterns and torches, the rain poured down in continuous
+streams, as though it never intended to cease again. Fortunately we had
+the promise of the rainbow, and I imagine the Chinese must have known it
+also, or the whole force might have become panic-stricken with the dread
+of another deluge. Splash, splash went our horses, and tramp, tramp came
+the soldiery, through the mud, the former drooping and the latter
+dripping. The tenacity, consistency, and otherwise sticky properties of
+Chinese mud, are really wonderful, and in wet weather cause the
+pedestrians' feet, to sound like a huge sucker suddenly torn from some
+sympathetic substance. The rain beating in our faces every now and then
+compelled us to close our eyes and risk their being picked out by the
+iron spikes on the ends of the bamboos carried by the surrounding
+spearmen. Every thing and animal presented a miserable and draggled
+appearance. The few trees in the neighbourhood of the city, dimly seen
+in the hazy grey of morning as we passed under their shadows, looked
+more like huge spectres outlined against the foggy background. The very
+houses presented a weird and desolate aspect as they became faintly
+visible through the heavy rain and dense atmosphere.</p>
+
+<p>A march of five days brought our forces to the city of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_543" id="Page_543">[543]</a></span> Soo-chow, when
+preparations were immediately made to move the troops to the defence of
+the Ti-ping territory in the vicinity of Shanghae and Ningpo. The
+Tow-wang, with the principal part of his forces, had been recalled from
+the northern side of the Yang-tze, leaving the Ying-wang in command of
+the different positions still held. This contingent, with those from
+Nankin and Soo-chow, the Chung-wang's immediate command, and other
+detachments, composed an army of some 50,000 men. The
+Commander-in-Chief, a few days after his arrival at Soo-chow, moved
+forward in three columns to the threatened quarter. With my company of
+partly disciplined men and a few light pieces of artillery, I
+accompanied the division attached to the Chung-wang himself. Each of the
+other <i>corps d'armée</i> were respectively commanded by the Mo and Tow
+Wangs.</p>
+
+<p>Marching rapidly upon the places lately captured by the allied
+Anglo-Franco-Manchoo forces, those garrisoned only by Imperialists were
+very quickly retaken. On Kah-ding and other cities held by the
+foreigners with their irresistible artillery, no direct assault was at
+first made. The Chung-wang's tactics were, circulating exaggerated
+rumours that with an immense force he was marching for Shanghae, and by
+continual mock attacks upon Kah-ding, Na-ziang, &amp;c., with men carrying
+numberless flags, to harass the garrisons so as to compel them to
+abandon their positions. These tactics were entirely successful. General
+Staveley, and the other commanders, fearing for the safety of Shanghae
+and the fate of their detachments guarding the lately captured towns,
+evacuated all excepting Soong-kong, which was held in conjunction with
+the filibuster General Ward's disciplined Chinese.</p>
+
+<p>Having recaptured Kah-ding, the Chung-wang established his head-quarters
+at the city of Chang-za, some forty miles north-west of Shanghae, while
+his subordinate generals successively occupied the places evacuated by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_544" id="Page_544">[544]</a></span>
+the allies. The brave Ling-ho, with his regiment of Honan guards, made a
+dashing attempt to carry Soong-kong by storm. Just at daylight on the
+morning of May the 30th, this gallant chief, with less than 1,500 men,
+made a desperate attack upon the north-east side of the city. So
+suddenly was the attempt made, that when the garrison had manned the
+walls, the scaling-ladders were actually planted against them. These
+ladders consisted simply of two long bamboos secured together at either
+end about two feet apart, the man to ascend being pushed up by men from
+below with another bamboo, while he assisted himself with the uprights.
+Soong-kong would certainly have been captured but for the circumstance
+of its being held by a strong detachment of the seamen and marines of
+Ward's dear and invaluable friend Admiral Hope, who, at the expense of
+the British tax-payers, instead of attending to his ships, chose to
+scour Chinese territory, hunting for Ti-pings wherever they were to be
+found. The first to man the walls of Soon-kong were the men of H.B.M.S.
+<i>Centaur</i>, who opened a heavy fire upon the assaulting column at a few
+yards' distance. In spite of this, Ling-ho led his men up their
+scaling-ladders, and was himself the first upon the wall, the second
+being the French commander of his regiment. Their gallantry, however,
+was unavailing, the deadly Enfield rifles and the showers of grape and
+canister crashing among the Ti-pings within half pistol-range proved
+irresistible. Ling-ho fell mortally wounded while striving with his
+usual surpassing courage to animate his men to follow him, and his brave
+French officer was killed by his side. This settled the action, and
+sorrowfully carrying off their wounded leader, the Ti-pings retired from
+the attack.</p>
+
+<p>During the next few days a part of the Chung-wang's division having
+arrived before the place, Soong-kong was closely invested. On the 2nd of
+June a large Imperialist force was driven out of some strong stockades
+they had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_545" id="Page_545">[545]</a></span> erected close to the city, while one of the <i>Centaur's</i> gigs
+and a dozen Chinese gunboats loaded with arms and ammunition were
+captured in a neighbouring creek. Seeing this, the whole British force,
+accompanied by a body of Ward's Chinese, made a powerful sortie, and
+succeeded in recapturing the gig and two or three of the gunboats, the
+rest being carried off by the Ti-pings. During the 3rd, 4th, and 5th of
+June, each day an attempt was made to storm the city, and outside the
+west gate a battery was erected, from which the besiegers opened fire in
+the morning, but upon every occasion it was effectually silenced by the
+superior fire of the British guns on the walls.</p>
+
+<p>The gig's crew and some other Europeans captured in the gunboats were
+not harmed by the Ti-pings, although, had the latter simply followed the
+law of retaliation, they would have met with the fate of the
+unfortunates who were delivered over to the Manchoo execution-grounds,
+after having fallen into the hands of British soldiers during the late
+freebooting raids of Admirals Hope and Protet, and General Staveley.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot do better than give a few extracts from the summons to
+surrender sent into Soong-kong by Ching, the chief in command of the
+besiegers. General Ching, after a preamble setting forth the object of
+the Ti-ping revolution, stated:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Now, having received our king's commands to hold the city of
+Soo-chow, we had intended to remain there, and give the
+Heavenly<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> soldiers rest, and not to take your place, not
+imagining you would league with the foreigners and attack my
+cities, forcing me to rise up and retake them. <i>For this
+causeless misfortune, for this injury to the people, who then is
+to blame?</i> Had you not invaded my territories, I should not have
+troubled you; <i>the people would have remained undisturbed.</i>
+Would not this have been better for both sides? </p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_546" id="Page_546">[546]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Again, all the officers, both military and civil, all the
+soldiers, too, and the people, are without exception Chinese;
+and you eat the bread of the Tsing<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> dynasty, serving a
+stranger....</p>
+
+<p>"As for you, O foreign troops, you had best return to your
+native country, as quickly as may be; <i>for, being a distinct
+race</i>, <span class="smcap">AND SEEKING TRADE ONLY</span>, <i>why should you contend with me,
+or why should I be compelled to overcome you?</i>... If you are
+resolved and will fight with me, I fear, indeed, your trade will
+suffer." </p></div>
+
+<p>Upon the l0th of June the Mo-wang succeeded in recapturing Tsing-poo,
+the garrison of Ward's Chinese, a British force 600 strong, with six
+guns, evacuating the city <i>after almost completely destroying it by
+fire</i>! The filibuster officer (Colonel Forrester) in command of Ward's
+force having, in his hurry, forgotten to carry off some of his loot
+(gathered during the late successful campaign against the Ti-ping
+cities), ran back for it, and was captured by the Mo-wang's men just as
+he was rushing away loaded with sycee and dollars. This man, whom the
+Europeans captured at Soong-kong, as also eleven British seamen taken
+prisoners at the evacuation of Kah-ding by the allies, were all
+liberated by the Ti-pings. In vain I represented to the Chung-wang the
+policy of retaining them as hostages for any of his own chiefs who might
+fall into the hands of the enemy, and most probably be delivered over to
+the reeking execution-shambles at Shanghae and elsewhere. He would not
+retain them, but had them released, so as to exhibit his unalterable
+friendship for Europeans.</p>
+
+<p>I would not willingly screen a single fault upon the part of my Ti-ping
+friends; but, after viewing all events calmly, when many thousand miles
+away from aught that could bias or warp the judgment, I must confess
+that I can scarcely find the slightest grounds for censure upon any
+point.</p>
+
+<p>I had certainly intended to blame the Tow and Mo-wangs for the severity
+of their measures towards the people of those villages, which, upon the
+successful raids of the allied forces, had proved renegade, and had
+given in their allegiance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_547" id="Page_547">[547]</a></span> to the Manchoo. But, consideration of the
+primary cause of the destruction of many Ti-ping cities and villages,
+and the subsequent devastation of some that had been left whole by the
+allies, conclusively fixes the guilty responsibility upon the latter, by
+reason of their wanton attack upon the Ti-ping territory. After the
+recapture of some places, people who had been well known as subjects of
+the Tien-wang were found with the shaved head (the badge of the Manchoo)
+and other strong and irrefragable proof of their traitorous conduct;
+many of these were decapitated, and their property confiscated. In like
+manner, some of the villages that had, with Chinese apathy, at once gone
+over to the Imperialists, were burned down, and the people compelled to
+labour as coolies. These measures may appear harsh; but, if events had
+occurred otherwise, and the Imperialists had occupied the position of
+the Ti-pings, fresh evidence would be given that there were prototypes
+of the notorious Yeh in every Manchoo official!</p>
+
+<p>The Shanghae district had been captured by the revolutionists; after
+that event, the people were gradually settling down to the new state of
+affairs, while those who had naturally fled from the shock of war were
+fast returning to their homes and giving in allegiance to the dominant
+power. In fact, so well were the lately disturbed departments recovering
+from the effect of the civil war, that in a short time they would
+certainly have attained the high state of prosperity enjoyed by the silk
+districts, then thoroughly settled under Ti-ping rule. The question as
+to the relative right of each belligerent has nothing to do with the
+present argument. Each party to the civil war had their own causes and
+reasons, and these certainly concerned no one but themselves. The simple
+question is this:&mdash;After the Ti-pings had proved their power to
+successfully dispute the Manchoo authority, and had wrested large tracts
+of land from their foreign yoke, who became responsible for again
+carrying the horrors of war, with its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_548" id="Page_548">[548]</a></span> attendant misery and desolation,
+into a country which would otherwise have remained happy in its freedom,
+peaceful and nominally Christian? Who other than England?</p>
+
+<p>Upon the suppositional "mights" elsewhere described, Admiral Hope and
+his colleagues captured the cities and villages within a radius of
+thirty miles from Shanghae, burning and destroying (as proved in this
+work by the words of the Admiral himself) everywhere. These places were
+then captured a second time by the Ti-pings, and subsequently recaptured
+by the allies. Now, for the cruelties and devastations inflicted four
+times over by the sword of Asiatic warfare, in the words of the Ti-ping
+general long since in the presence of his God, I ask, "For this
+causeless misfortune, for this injury to the people, who then is to
+blame?"</p>
+
+<p>Plain it is to all who will judge fairly and honourably, that England is
+heavily responsible for the effects of the unprovoked hostilities
+carried by her soldiers and sailors into the Ti-ping dominions. Besides
+the more direct evil consequences of that most evil policy, there were
+others not so well known though closely connected with it. In the first
+place, few people are aware, or trouble themselves to reflect, that the
+wholesale destruction of grain and rice by the allies (as per Admiral
+Hope's despatches) led to the starvation of many thousands of the
+unfortunate country people. The Ti-ping system of Government is one of a
+paternal form (so favorite with the Chinese, but so seldom obtained),
+involving a community of interests upon the part of every subject.
+Consequent upon this, all rice crops and other descriptions of grain
+were gathered regularly into the state granaries, and from thence
+supplied to every person and family in the respective departments of the
+"Land divisions of the Ti-ping dynasty." Consequently, when the whole
+stores of food were destroyed in the districts ravaged by Admiral Hope
+and others, the miserable people had literally nothing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_549" id="Page_549">[549]</a></span> to eat; so that,
+although the Ti-ping soldiery were killed in hundreds by the
+irresistible foreign artillery, the non-combatants perished by tens of
+thousands from famine.</p>
+
+<p>Then again: the only means of support for the large Ti-ping armies, the
+Government and administrative machinery, were precisely similar to those
+of other nations; that is to say, from direct and indirect taxation.
+Naturally, therefore, when England maintained the treaty ports against
+the Ti-pings, and when Admiral Hope invaded their territory, many
+valuable sources of revenue were cut off. If a nation, or organized body
+of people, possess neither settled territory nor regular revenue, they
+must plunder their neighbours in order to exist, and by this mode of
+reasoning it is evident that England is responsible for all plundering
+or brigandage committed by the Ti-pings when driven from their
+dominions, and defrauded of their just dues by her intervention. At the
+time, however, to which we have now arrived (summer of 1862), the
+revolutionists had not been expelled from the valuable silk, and a great
+proportion of the tea, districts, the revenue upon the productions of
+which exceeded £2,500,000 sterling per annum. Previous to their
+expulsion from these districts, the Ti-pings only acted as marauders
+when literally compelled to do so in order to save their own lives, and
+when any people in the world would have acted in the same manner. When
+driven back by the raids of Admiral Hope and General Staveley, the
+troops and people, rendered destitute, fell upon the nearest places to
+forage and subsist. Otherwise, the only plundering ever indulged in by
+Ti-ping soldiery was upon the <i>public</i> property of the enemy. Private
+property, except in dire cases of necessity, was always respected: most
+especially were the troops careful to avoid injuring the standing crops
+of grain&mdash;a course of conduct which forcibly contrasts with the
+destruction of the cultivated fields of the unfortunate New Zealanders
+by English soldiers, and with the outrages committed by the forces of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_550" id="Page_550">[550]</a></span>
+the Emperor of the French in Algeria! Most unjustly the Ti-pings have
+been represented as "hordes of banditti," "ruthless marauders," &amp;c.; but
+these statements may invariably be traced to interested quarters. If a
+few examples of sack and pillage have been selected to blacken the
+character of the Ti-pings, are we to forget the names of Magdeburg,
+Badajos, and Ciudad Rodrigo? Are we not to remember the progress of the
+Federal General, Sheridan, through the Shenandoah Valley, as recorded in
+the columns of the <i>Times</i> of the 30th March, 1865? "Burning houses and
+barns, he passed through the valley, and may boast of a destruction such
+as <i>no</i> Asiatic chief ever surpassed!"</p>
+
+<p>When Admiral Hope ascertained that Soong-kong, the only remaining
+Manchoo place outside the walls of Shanghae, was seriously threatened by
+the Ti-ping forces, he sent up strong reinforcements to it, commanded by
+Captain Borlase, R.N. Upon this, the Chung-wang gave orders to abandon
+the siege; and, after placing strong garrisons in all the recaptured
+cities, returned with the rest of his forces to Nankin. During the march
+from Soo-chow to the capital, I became acquainted with a singular custom
+of the Chinese. We had just passed through a village, when we came upon
+a party of country people carrying a coffin to the burial-place. To the
+great surprise of myself and European comrades, instead of interring the
+corpse or building a grave over it, according to the usual Chinese
+customs, two forked wooden stakes were fixed in the ground, and the
+coffin placed upon them at either end. Upon inquiry, we were informed
+that the dead man had been killed by lightning, and that the common
+practice throughout the country was to dispose of the bodies of those
+who perished in such a manner by placing their coffin on stakes which
+would support them above the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after reaching Nankin, the Chung-wang seriously turned his
+attention towards operating against the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_551" id="Page_551">[551]</a></span> Manchoo forces further up the
+Yang-tze, whose successes, though unimportant when compared with the
+great Ti-ping victories in Che-kiang and Kiang-su, were yet becoming
+dangerous to the supremacy of the revolutionists in that part of China.
+When the Commander-in-Chief drew off all his troops from the Shanghae
+district, after having retaken all the places previously captured by the
+allies, he did so under the impression that neither England nor France
+would again make war upon the re-established Ti-ping territories. A man
+so noble-hearted, large-minded, and honourable, could not realize the
+determined hostility entertained against his cause, or credit the
+intention of Admiral Hope and General Staveley to resume active warfare
+upon the arrival of reinforcements from Tien-tsin and India; he
+therefore left garrisons amply sufficient to repel any effort of his
+natural enemies, but neglected the precaution of leaving in the district
+even a single <i>corps d'armée</i>, which would have frustrated the future
+triumphs of his unexpected foemen. It was certainly necessary that large
+additions should be made to the Ti-ping forces opposing the progress of
+the Imperialists from the upper waters of the Yang-tze towards the city
+of Nankin; still, this could have been thoroughly accomplished, and a
+field force of at least 50,000 men left in the neighbourhood of Shanghae
+at the same time. Had any such disposition been made, the easy success
+of the allies, during their next campaign, would have been exceedingly
+different; the disasters that subsequently befell the Ti-ping cause
+would never have taken place; while the standard of liberty and
+Christianity would now wave erect and triumphant.</p>
+
+<p>During the interval between our return to Nankin and the commencement of
+further military operations, I was frequently closeted with the Chung,
+Kan, and other chiefs, upon the discussion of political matters. On one
+occasion, at an interview with the Commander-in-Chief, my friend D&mdash;&mdash;
+was present, and translated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_552" id="Page_552">[552]</a></span> a certain speech, which was subsequently
+published in some of the Shanghae papers. He asked the Chung-wang "why
+he had ventured within the limits of Consular Ports;" and received this
+reply:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Why? Because foreigners have broken faith with us! The English
+and Americans stipulated with us to remain strictly neutral in
+regard to our war with the Manchoos. This agreement was kept on
+their part by assisting, in every way they could, in the
+collection of the very 'sinews of war' for the Imperialists;
+allowing their subjects to enter the Manchoo employ, and at the
+same time sending a man-of-war to force, at the cannon's mouth,
+the return, and even punishment of the few foreigners who had
+joined us! Was <i>this</i> neutrality?</p>
+
+<p>"This was not all: they actually, with their own Government
+troops, <i>invaded</i> our territory, and violated the most sacred
+usages of war, by permitting, or not preventing, the Chinese
+troops from committing the most atrocious barbarities. It has
+been told us that, among foreigners, the proof of courage is
+clemency towards the vanquished. But the torture inflicted
+lately upon some of your helpless prisoners proves to us the
+quality of your <i>neutrality</i>! Neutrality! Every few days we see
+several Manchoo steam vessels, laden with munitions of war, all
+to be expended to our destruction, passing under the very walls
+of our capital, but flying the American flag! They are called by
+foreigners the <i>Koong-foo-tze</i> (Confucius), <i>Kee-me-et</i>
+(Williamette), <i>An-te-lok</i> (Antelope), etc. But for that flag we
+would have sunk them hundreds of times. Is <i>this</i> neutrality? Is
+it not a most shameful perversion of the American nationality?
+Is it not a vile trading&mdash;a base jobbery in the dignity and
+honour of a noble people, who have never permitted their
+officers to <i>openly</i> violate our rights? Would not these great
+foreign sovereigns blush to see the degradation of their flags,
+perverted to such ends as private aggrandisement and infamous
+prostitution?</p>
+
+<p>"Moreover, as lords of our immense territory, we have a perfect
+right to levy taxes on goods of natives passing through our
+dominions; but by acts of gigantic fraud,<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> the foreign
+consuls have given to native craft papers, and their national
+flag, simply for a fee&mdash;thus robbing us of our revenues, in as
+far as they <i>could</i>! Would any <i>other</i> nation have borne these
+outrages for years, as we have done, without making reprisal?
+And we have been accused of relentless barbarity; of burning
+towns, slaughtering the people, &amp;c. Well, granted. It is the
+hard necessity of war, which we would avoid if we could; but
+knowing, as we do, the conduct of Napoleon in Europe, of the
+British in India, &amp;c., and the Americans in their own country,
+we think such accusations come with a bad grace from
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_553" id="Page_553">[553]</a></span>foreigners. The Ming dynasty was founded by a revolution such
+as is now in progress; and we have never heard of a people who
+expelled tyrants from their country who did not suffer both
+offensively and defensively.</p>
+
+<p>"That the foreign Powers are playing a game to suit their own
+profit in China, is to us perfectly clear. When, some time ago,
+we addressed their authorities on this subject (at the Consular
+Ports), our communications were returned <i>unopened</i>. This
+contemptible insult taught us that you foreigners" [the
+translation of this part cannot be literally given, by reason of
+the Chung-wang's use of idiomatic and figurative language, but
+may best be expressed as follows:&mdash;] "thought our cause a
+sinking one, or intended to make it so; and, like rats on
+shipboard, you would desert&mdash;<i>not us, but your own professions
+towards us</i>. Not long after, our capital was called, in a public
+print, the 'City of Coolie Kings.' This title, which was meant
+for a sneer, we thought the highest compliment possible: we are
+indifferent as to what the Duke of Pa-le-chiau<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> thought of
+the remark, or the Americans, whose capital might be called by
+the same name with equal justice. It was easy to judge, from
+these circumstances, and many others, at what value we could
+esteem the lofty sentiments of honour, justice, and equity,
+which foreigners professed towards the Chinese people. 1st. They
+struck a nearly fatal blow to the Manchoo power; then, in
+pretence of seeking the real good of the nation, they bolster up
+the tottering <i>simulacrum</i>, and actively carry on operations
+against us. They reform not one abuse of the Tartar Government,
+and send for Captain Osborne's fleet!<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> Will the most noble
+Empress of England, the mother of her people, permit her brave
+soldiers, and noble-minded naval officers, to serve under the
+most cruel and corrupt Government officials in the world, and
+furnish them with means to come to the Middle Kingdom, to crush
+out at the cannon's mouth the last vestige of liberty, and
+freedom of being governed, while professing our religion, as
+seems to us most conformable to the sacred book (Bible)? We
+cannot think so, though her officers have refused to receive our
+communications!</p>
+
+<p>"Will not one of you here present make it known to the
+sovereigns of England and America, that by this conduct we can
+only judge of them, and that it seems that they desire to
+exterminate us. Of the French we have nothing to hope; <i>they</i>
+have never professed any friendship for us! They (the French
+Jesuits) materially assisted the Manchoos in getting possession
+of the throne, for the sake of propagating a religion which
+English missionaries have taught us to condemn. But, at least,
+they have never deceived us by false professions!" </p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_554" id="Page_554">[554]</a></span></p><p>Within two months after our return to Nankin, I became utterly
+prostrated by one of the forms of low fever prevalent in China. My
+illness was long in duration and slow in disappearing, even when
+recovery commenced. During many months I was confined to a sickbed, from
+whence, but for the tender and unremitting attentions of my wife, I
+should never have risen again. In the meanwhile my comrades had all left
+the city, having proceeded with another expedition against the Manchoo.</p>
+
+<p>Shih-ta-kae, the I-wang and brother of the Ti-ping king, had been
+recalled to the capital, and in the month of September, 1862, marched
+forth in command of an army destined to operate along the south bank of
+the Yang-tze. The Chung-wang, with a still larger army, crossed the
+river, and commenced a campaign having for its principal objects the
+recapture of Ngan-king and the capture of Pekin.</p>
+
+<p>While these armies are marching along their several routes, we will
+digress for a little and notice two subjects particularly favourable to
+the moral aspect of the Ti-ping revolution, though one of them has
+excited no little hostility to the great movement.</p>
+
+<p>The justice courts of Ti-pingdom form the theme of our first eulogy.
+These are invariably conducted with the strictest and most simple
+equity. The disgusting scenes, the inseparable concomitants of the
+Manchoo magisterial dwelling, or <i>yamun</i>,&mdash;such as the torture of
+litigants, criminals, and prisoners,&mdash;are entirely abolished. Defendant,
+plaintiff, and witness, are fairly confronted; but under the sway of the
+Tartar despotism either the one or the other is tortured if any party
+chooses to bribe the presiding mandarin; or, if none have the sense and
+means to sooth the majesty of justice with lumps of virgin sycee, the
+<i>whole</i> are tortured by that impartial functionary. The infamous system
+of bribery is entirely unknown in a Ti-ping court of justice; <i>not one</i>
+form of torture is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_555" id="Page_555">[555]</a></span> permitted by law,<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> and prisoners or litigants are
+afforded every facility to defend themselves consistent with justice. In
+no way can a rich and superior adversary obtain any unfair advantage
+over a poor man, none being convicted or punished but upon the clearest
+and most decisive proof of guilt.</p>
+
+<p>Ti-pingdom is one of the last places in the world likely to please a
+lawyer; plaintiff, defendant, and prisoner having to plead their own
+cases, which are then decided upon according to their respective merits
+by the presiding chief and his assistant officers. All trials are
+conducted more by the dictates of right and justice than the trammels of
+law, so that the glaring injustice frequently caused by European legal
+technicalities and quibbles is seldom committed.</p>
+
+<p>The Ti-pings have one very singular custom in connection with their
+"Judgment Halls." Two large drums are always kept hanging just inside
+the porch of the outer gate, and are at the use of any person who may
+consider himself aggrieved, or may wish to present a complaint, when he
+is at liberty to strike upon the drums and demand justice from the
+chief. A Ti-ping court of justice is generally a very imposing affair.
+The gorgeous dress of the chiefs, their numerous attendants and body
+guard, the many beautiful silken banners around the walls, and
+especially the brilliancy of colour, strongly impress the observer's
+imagination with an idea of what Europe must have been during its
+earlier career, when it delighted in the same barbaric splendour and
+feudal display.</p>
+
+<p>The second subject of our digression is the abolition of opium-smoking
+by the Ti-pings, which is almost the principal cause of the hostility
+the British Government and nearly all merchants who trade in the drug
+have hitherto entertained against the revolutionists. Although the
+arguments to prove the utterly health-destroying and mind-pervading
+effect of opium<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_556" id="Page_556">[556]</a></span> are many and incontrovertible, we may dispense with them
+and give a few facts to establish the value of the prohibition by the
+Ti-pings. In India, as well as in China, the unfortunate natives are
+thereby utterly destroyed. In a communication forwarded by General
+Alexander to Earl Shaftesbury (then Lord Ashley), from Mr. A. Sym, dated
+the 13th of March, 1840, the following passages occur:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The health and morals of the people suffer from the production
+of opium. We are demoralizing our own subjects in India; one
+half of the crime in the opium districts&mdash;murders, rapes, and
+affrays&mdash;have their origin in opium-eating.... One opium
+cultivator demoralizes a whole village. Thus thousands of our
+fellow-subjects in India are oppressed, and their health and
+morals destroyed, for the sake of this infernal opium trade. So
+completely is the production of opium in the hands of the East
+India Company<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> that not a single poppy can be grown in the
+extent of their vast territories without either the permission
+of the Government or an infraction of its laws. The grower of
+the poppy derives only a bare subsistence for its cultivation,
+and the difference between 250 rupees and 1,200 to 1,600 rupees
+a chest goes to the Government, which exchanges the drug for
+silver at the auction mart." </p></div>
+
+<p>This sort of thing has been continually on the increase since the above
+statements were written, and the opium trade has now reached an enormous
+extent, being fully equal to if not greater in value than either the
+silk or tea trade. While the price of opium has been steadily maintained
+or increased, that of western manufactures has gradually fallen off to
+one-third the former rates, although the latter trade has not largely
+increased, and that in opium has been more than doubled. The vast amount
+of specie drawn from China in payment of this deleterious drug is
+diverted from a more beneficial and righteous trade in British
+manufactures, or in the cultivation of cotton, which the East Indian
+districts now devoted to the poppy are so well adapted to produce. If
+Lancashire would only look abroad it might see a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_557" id="Page_557">[557]</a></span>mode of easily
+increasing the British exports to China, till the eight or nine millions
+annually paid in cash for the produce of China were replaced by them,
+and the abolition of the opium trade had enabled the Chinese to barter
+for English manufactures to a greater extent. The amount of clear profit
+realized by the Indian Government upon the sale of opium is considerably
+upwards of £5,000,000 per annum,<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> being the difference between £25 a
+chest they give for it, and £115 they sell it at. The opium, upon
+reaching China, extracts from that country the vast amount of specie
+above mentioned, which would otherwise be expended on British produce.</p>
+
+<p>Only a few years ago the following evidence was adduced before the
+Select Committee of the House of Commons, on our commercial relations
+with China, by Mr. Montgomery Martin, who was Her Majesty's treasurer in
+India:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I inquired of the Taou-tae of Shanghae what would be the best
+means of increasing our commerce with China, and his first
+answer, in the presence of Captain Balfour, was:&mdash;'<i>Cease to
+send us so much opium, and we shall be able to take your
+manufactures.</i>'... The true remedy for our deficient trade with
+China is not to be found in the reduction of £1,000,000 to
+£2,000,000 sterling of tea duties, but in perfect freedom of
+intercourse with China; in facilities of access to the interior
+of that vast country; and in the abolition of the pernicious
+opium traffic, which absorbs £4,000,000 per annum, which would
+be devoted to the purchase of British manufactures." </p></div>
+
+<p>Proofs of the immense injury the opium traffic inflicts upon British
+export trade to China might be multiplied <i>ad infinitum</i>. The drug not
+only destroys the moral and physical principles of those who connect
+themselves with it in any way, but it has been the direct cause of every
+war England has had with China. The following statement by Mr. Martin is
+so identical with what I would say myself that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_558" id="Page_558">[558]</a></span> I cannot do better than
+quote it with the appreciation it so well deserves. It was adduced
+before the Committee of the House of Commons already referred to:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Minute 3491. In what respect do you think the trade injurious
+to us in our relations with China?</p>
+
+<p>"3492. Politically, with reference to our position with the
+Government of China, had France, or America, or Russia, granted
+us an island on their coast as a commercial station,<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> had
+they prohibited the use of opium, believing it to be injurious,
+we dare not, in that case, have made it a smoking-shop for the
+empire; and I would not act to the Chinese Government in a
+different manner than I would act to a Government in Europe.
+Then, socially speaking, I believe it is the duty of this
+Government to uphold moral principles and to disseminate
+religious truth, and she cannot do that with one hand, while on
+the other she is introducing into China an amount of opium which
+furnishes 17 grains a day to each of 3,000,000 of people, and
+which, in the language of Mr. Lay, Her Majesty's late consul at
+Amoy, 'is ham-stringing the nation.' I think it is desolating
+China, corrupting its Government, and bringing the fabric of
+that extraordinary empire to a state of rapid dissolution.
+Commercially speaking, it is injurious to us, because it
+prevents the extension of our manufactures in China. Four or
+five mercantile houses are engaged in the traffic, and derive a
+large amount of revenue from it; <i>but the trade of England is
+materially cramped by the extension of its consumption in China
+to the extent of at least four million sterling a year</i>." </p></div>
+
+<p>Now, this truthful statement was made in the year 1857, since when the
+evils mentioned have increased to more than double their extent at that
+period. We will also examine the opinion of the Chinese themselves with
+regard to the introduction of opium into their country. Kinshan, one of
+the most celebrated of the <i>literati</i> of China, has written on the
+subject, and how correctly all can affirm who know anything of
+opium-smoking in that empire. The following is his statement:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 900px;">
+<img src="images/i148.jpg" width="900" height="531" alt="London. Published March 15th 1866 by Day &amp; Son, Limited Lithogrs
+Gate Str. Lincoln&#39;s Inn Fields. Day &amp; Son, Limited, Lith.
+INTERIOR OF AN OPIUM SMOKING SALOON." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><br />London. Published March 15th 1866 by Day &amp; Son, Limited<br />
+Lithogrs Gate Str. Lincoln&#39;s Inn Fields.<br />
+Day &amp; Son, Limited, Lith.<br />
+INTERIOR OF AN OPIUM SMOKING SALOON.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Opium is a poisonous drug brought from foreign countries. At
+first the smokers of it merely strive to follow the fashion of
+the day, but in the sequel the poison takes effect, and the
+habit becomes fixed. The sleeping smokers are like corpses&mdash;lean
+and haggard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_559" id="Page_559">[559]</a></span> as demons; such are the injuries it does to life; it
+throws whole families into ruin, dissipates every kind of
+property, and destroys man himself. There cannot be a greater
+evil than this. 1st. It exhausts the animal spirits; hence the
+youth who smoke will hasten the termination of their years. 2nd.
+It wastes the flesh and blood; the faces of the weak who smoke
+become black and cadaverous. 3rd. It dissipates every kind of
+property. 4th. It renders the person ill-favoured&mdash;mucus flows
+from his nostrils, and tears from his eyes. 5th. It promotes
+obscenity. 6th. It discovers secrets. 7th. It violates laws.
+8th. It attacks the vitals. 9th. It destroys life. When the
+smoker has pawned everything in his possession, he will pawn his
+wife and sell his daughters; such are the inevitable
+consequences." </p></div>
+
+<p>To every word of the above statement, from my own personal experience, I
+can give the most unqualified assent. The following extract from a
+manifesto addressed by the distinguished Imperial Commissioner Lin to
+the Queen of England, with regard to the <i>forcible</i> introduction of
+opium by British subjects, places the wrongly despised Chinaman in
+pleasing contrast with the opium trafficking European. Commissioner Lin
+said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"That in the ways of Heaven no partiality exists, and no
+sanction is allowed to the injury of others for the advantage of
+one's self&mdash;that there is not any great diversity (for where is
+he who does not abhor death and seek life?), these are
+acknowledged principles. Though not using opium one's self, to
+venture, nevertheless, on the manufacture and sale of it, and
+with it to seduce the simple folk of this land, is to seek one's
+own livelihood by the exposure of others to death&mdash;to seek one's
+own advantage by other men's injury; and such acts are utterly
+abhorrent to the nature of men, and are utterly opposed to the
+ways of Heaven." </p></div>
+
+<p>No wonder the Rev. Dr. Medhurst, one of the most experienced
+missionaries in China, has said: "Opium is demoralizing China, and
+become the greatest barrier to the introduction of Christianity which
+can be conceived of." And to prove this he states that almost the first
+reply of a native, when urged to believe in Christ, is, "Why do
+Christians bring us opium, and bring it directly in defiance of our
+laws? The evil drug has poisoned my son, has ruined my brother, and well
+nigh led me to barter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_560" id="Page_560">[560]</a></span> my wife and children. Surely those who import
+such a deleterious substance, and injure me for the sake of gain, cannot
+wish me well or be in possession of a religion better than my own. Go
+first and persuade your own countrymen to relinquish this nefarious
+traffic, <i>and give me a prescription to correct this vile habit</i>,<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>
+and then I will listen to your exhortations on the subject of
+Christianity."</p>
+
+<p>Never has there been a viler or more utterly debasing institution upon
+earth than that of the opium-smoking dens in China. "Truly," as the Rev.
+E. B. Squire, formerly a missionary to that empire, once said, "it is an
+engine in Satan's hands, and a powerful one." It is necessary to
+remember that this same engine of wickedness and abomination has been
+systematically, and by the medium of several wars, forced upon China by
+the English nation and the produce of her Indian possessions.</p>
+
+<p>The very day that the monopoly of the China trade by the East India
+Company ceased, the British Government commenced forcing the opium
+traffic, by which means they brought about the first opium war. Although
+the drug destroyed by Commissioner Lin was surrendered up <i>according to
+agreement</i> by H. B. Majesty's representative, Captain Elliot, yet its
+destruction was afterwards perverted into a <i>casus belli</i>. From that
+event may be dated a course of policy that all posterity will assuredly
+condemn, terminating as it did in the Chinese Government being compelled
+to legalize this nefarious trade.</p>
+
+<p>Opium has ever been made contraband by the Ti-ping law, its use being
+forbidden under penalty of death, and all cases of infraction being
+strictly visited with the punishment of decapitation. As opium has in
+every case been the primary cause of each war with China, and as it was
+universally known that the success of the Ti-pings would have utterly
+abolished the trade, it is by no means unfair or unreasonable to ascribe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_561" id="Page_561">[561]</a></span>
+a great proportion of the hostility the revolutionists have experienced
+(from those bound by every other motive to be their warmest friends) to
+the same cause. It is indisputable that nearly all who became acquainted
+with the Ti-pings during the early part of their career, and even many
+who did not, entertained for them the most friendly feelings; but no
+sooner was it thoroughly understood that they were determined not to
+submit to the introduction of opium, when, in spite of their
+Christianity, &amp;c., a strong party arose against them.</p>
+
+<p>In China it is quite notorious that one of the principal mercantile
+houses (Dent &amp; Co.), after vainly endeavouring to establish an opium
+trade with the Ti-pings at Wuhu (a city some fifty miles above Nankin,
+on the Yang-tze River), by the means of their opium-ship <i>Nimrod</i>, which
+was stationed there for six months, and where I have myself seen her,
+did, after the failure of the attempt, become their most signal
+revilers, and use all the interest they possessed against them.</p>
+
+<p>Too many merchants, and, unfortunately, their national representatives
+interested in maintaining the great opium revenue, have, in China, by
+the blind pursuit of profit, sacrificed principle to lucre, heedless of
+the grievous consequences. It is no less unfortunate that many of those
+who are now designated "merchant princes" some years before made their
+capital by opium smuggling; equally deplorable is it that still their
+largest profits result from what by fire and sword has become the
+legalized trade. Such, however, is the case, and principally for this
+reason has it become popular to stifle the birth of freedom and
+Christianity in the opium-ruined Chinese nation.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> The title (Tien-ping) of the Ti-ping soldiery.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> The Manchoo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Perfectly true.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> The French General in command during the Pekin campaign,
+who received this title from his emperor.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> The proceedings to raise the "Vampyre" fleet in England
+were then nearly concluded, and were known to the Ti-pings.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> The different methods of legal torture are numerated in
+the Imperialist code by hundreds.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> The power has, of course, reverted to the Home Government
+since the Sepoy revolt.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> By the last official return (1863-4) the export of opium
+from India to China is given as 42,621 chests, and the gross revenue
+derived therefrom, Rupees, 52,072,358.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Alluding to Hong-Kong.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> These very words have frequently been addressed to myself
+by Chinese opium-smokers, and I fancy scarcely any European has been in
+China without having experienced the same.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_562" id="Page_562">[562]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XX.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Ti-ping Disasters.&mdash;The Vampyre Fleet.&mdash;Important Letters.&mdash;Mr.
+Roberts's Case.&mdash;Mr. Consul Harvey.&mdash;Letters
+continued.&mdash;Misrepresentations.&mdash;Anti-Ti-ping Meeting.&mdash;The
+Sherrard Osborne Theory.&mdash;The Fleet Afloat.&mdash;The "Lay" and
+"Osborne" Agreement.&mdash;The Fleet repudiated.&mdash;Pecuniary Loss to
+England.&mdash;A Resumé.&mdash;General Burgevine.&mdash;Lieutenant Ridge.&mdash;Act
+of Piracy.&mdash;A Tartar caught.&mdash;Exit of the Anglo-Chinese
+Flotilla.&mdash;General Ward's Proceedings.&mdash;Progress of the
+War.&mdash;Death of General Ward.&mdash;Captain Dew's Disgrace.&mdash;How
+caused.&mdash;His Mode of Proceeding.&mdash;Its Effect upon
+Trade.&mdash;Operations before Kah-ding.&mdash;"Wong-e-poo."&mdash;General
+Burgevine dismissed from his Command.&mdash;Major Gordon takes
+Command.&mdash;Sir F. Bruce's Despatches.&mdash;His Objections to Gordon's
+Appointment.&mdash;Also to General Brown's Interference. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>During the absence of the Chung-wang on his campaign to the north, and
+while I was still confined by illness in Nankin, important events
+disastrous to the Ti-ping cause were occurring elsewhere. These events,
+which must be described before continuing my personal narrative,
+consisted of the organization of that extraordinary flotilla known in
+England as the <i>Anglo-Chinese</i>, but principally as the <i>Vampyre</i> fleet
+in China; the resumption of hostilities against the Ti-pings by General
+Staveley and his colleagues; and the conversion of Ward's old
+mercenaries into a British contingent, besides the formation of several
+other similar legions both at Shanghae and Ningpo.</p>
+
+<p>The origin of the <i>Vampyre</i> scheme to regenerate China by exterminating
+the Ti-pings, is as yet uncertain, although Mr. Lay (late Inspector
+General of Chinese Customs)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_563" id="Page_563">[563]</a></span> in his pamphlet intituled "Our Interests in
+China," thus describes its first practical adoption:&mdash;"Threatened by Sir
+F. Bruce, 'that Her Majesty's Government will not go on protecting
+Shanghae for ever,' ... [Blue Book, 1863, pp. 13 and 67], and alarmed by
+the news of the loss of Ningpo, and of the advance of the Ti-pings upon
+Shanghae ... they (the Manchoo Government) saw that they must
+comply,<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> or perish.... The Prince Regent (Kung) accordingly declared
+himself ready to adopt any measure that Sir F. Bruce might advise. What
+was his bidding? 'Get foreign ships and engage foreign officers.'<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>
+'Procure us the ships and the officers,' was the rejoinder."</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly some one whom Mr. Lay terms "my <i>locum tenens</i>, Mr. Hart,"
+received from the Manchoo Government "a certain sum of money for
+transmission to England for the purchase of a steam fleet." Meanwhile
+arrangements were made between Mr. Lay and Captain Sherrard Osborne,
+R.N., by which that officer agreed to receive the <i>elevation</i> to a
+Manchoo Admiralship. The British Government suspended the Foreign
+Enlistment Act, ignored the pledges of neutrality, and "at the Court at
+Windsor, the 30th day of August, 1862," passed an "Order in Council
+authorising the enlistment of officers and men, and the equipment and
+fitting-out of vessels of war for the service of the Emperor of China."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_564" id="Page_564">[564]</a></span></p><p>Although fearing I may tire my readers, I cannot resist quoting from a
+small book of official letters under my hand in order to prove by most
+conclusive authoritative testimony the <i>false pretences</i> upon which the
+raising of the flotilla and the enlistment of British subjects in the
+service of the barbarous Manchoo despotism was permitted in England. The
+letters have been lent to me by a distinguished Member of Parliament,
+and are written by one of the first Shanghae merchants to his brother, a
+member of the present Government. These letters have, I am informed,
+been submitted to various ministers; therefore, it may be concluded that
+in addition to the despatches of Consul Meadows, &amp;c., the Government had
+ample means of becoming acquainted with the favourable characteristics
+of the unfortunate Ti-pings they have devoted to destruction.</p>
+
+<p>The letter I now propose quoting is written in reference to Earl
+Russell's speech in the debate upon China in the House of Lords on the
+2nd of July, 1862, and commences by stating "Earl Grey's view is far
+sounder than that of the Government." Passing over Earl Russell's
+preamble the letter states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"II. Earl Russell next propounds two questions:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"<i>First.</i>&mdash;Will the Ti-pings give us the same advantages which
+the Government of China is bound to give us?</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Second.</i>&mdash;Can the Ti-pings form a Government with which
+foreign Powers can treat?</p>
+
+<p>"He argues a negative answer to these questions, and I take
+issue with him on his argument as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"<i>First.</i>&mdash;He alludes to the agreement made with the Ti-pings at
+Nankin by Admiral Hope, restricting them to a limited distance
+of thirty miles from Shanghae. The arrangement was made about
+the end of 1860, and was generally understood at the time to be
+limited to the space of one year. <i>The agreement was faithfully
+kept for that time.</i> When Admiral Hope and Mr. Parkes went to
+Nankin at the close of 1861,<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> they found the Ti-pings
+stubborn, and, I believe, the latter would give no further
+pledge, while Shanghae, under our protection, was made the
+arsenal, mint, and storehouse of their opponents!... I believe
+that the Ti-pings acted in good faith, as far as they knew, and
+that <i>the accusation is fallacious</i>. </p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_565" id="Page_565">[565]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Earl Russell, on the assumption of their want of faith,
+proceeds to say:&mdash;'They approached very near to Shanghae. Junks
+belonging to British owners were seized, the crews were
+imprisoned, <i>one</i> European was murdered, and every determination
+was shown to interfere with the British <i>trade</i> at that port.'</p>
+
+<p>"This is a very sweeping sentence, and to a great extent
+fallacious.</p>
+
+<p>"'A. The Ti-pings certainly, early <i>this</i> year, came in strong
+force close to Shanghae. Their leaders sent in a note
+immediately to the British and French authorities.... <i>All
+negotiation was repudiated by our authorities.</i>'</p>
+
+<p>"Seeing that Shanghae was the centre, from which, under cover of
+our flags, safe from harm, the Imperialists organized all their
+plans, provided all the necessaries of war, and found a ready
+treasury in the customs' revenue, it is not to be wondered at
+that the Ti-pings were most anxious to get possession of a place
+so important to the success of their cause; and it is scarcely
+reasonable, in this view, to suppose that they ever intended to
+pledge themselves in perpetuity, to allow such a state of
+matters to continue.</p>
+
+<p>"'B. Junks belonging to British owners were seized, and their
+crews imprisoned.'</p>
+
+<p>"This is so vague, that it is difficult to know what instances
+are alluded to. Some boats, British owned, were, during last
+season, stopped at the passes from the silk districts, in
+possession of the rebels, <i>from their attempting to run the pass
+without paying the usual toll</i>. I have never heard of any boat
+being molested which stopped and paid the moderate duty exacted
+by the <i>de facto</i> power....</p>
+
+<p>"'C. <i>One</i> European was murdered.'</p>
+
+<p>"To what case does this allude? Several Europeans have been
+murdered. A Frenchman, named Salabelle, having imprudently gone
+up the Yang-tze in a China boat with a lot of dollars, was
+murdered by pirates in collusion with the boatmen. The Ti-pings
+had nothing to do with that.</p>
+
+<p>"Another man, in charge of a silk-boat, was attacked on his way
+to Shanghae by a band of robbers. He was killed, but the robbers
+turned out to be Imperial soldiers&mdash;not Ti-pings. I have not
+heard of any European being so murdered by the Ti-pings. On the
+contrary, both last year and this season, numbers of Europeans
+have been engaged in the silk and green tea districts in
+pursuance of their business, and have been perfectly welcome, on
+paying the duty on their produce....</p>
+
+<p>"'D. And every determination was shown to interfere with the
+British trade at that port.' </p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_566" id="Page_566">[566]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<i>This, to a person on the spot, is a most extraordinary
+statement.</i> Both last year and this season the Ti-pings have had
+possession of the entire silk district, and a great part of the
+green tea district. Yet, for the year ending the 30th of June
+last, we exported 75,000 bales of silk, and fully 50,000 bales
+have come to market already of the new crop. What sterling money
+do these 125,000 bales of silk represent? Take them at £80 per
+bale, you have £10,000,000 sterling, or one-third of the
+£30,000,000, which Earl Russell correctly states as about the
+present annual value of the Shanghae trade. The Ti-pings might
+have cut off nearly all this, had they been so inclined, but
+they have allowed it all to come to market on payment of a
+moderate duty. I have not the figures of the green teas by me at
+this moment, but a very full supply was exported up to 30th June
+last, a great part of which came from districts in possession of
+the Ti-pings.</p>
+
+<p>"Are these facts consistent with Earl Russell's assertions?</p>
+
+<p>"I think they confute them altogether.... You are trying to
+patch up a rotten Government, which will only get weaker for all
+your efforts to mend it. Finally on this head, the Ti-pings have
+all along professed anxiety to keep on friendly terms with us,
+till our decided hostility, and harbouring of the Imperialists
+at Shanghae, has made their wish impracticable. They are not
+inimical to trade, as the facts above prove. They are not the
+savages who would murder every European who goes among them on
+peaceable pursuits, as many who have been among them could
+prove; and I believe that if we could only give up the
+unfortunate Imperialism we have espoused, we should find them
+quite ready to give every facility of trade we have now, and to
+restore this unlucky province to peace.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Second.</i> Earl Russell asks:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'Is there any chance, supposing the Ti-pings consented not to
+annoy us any longer, and we made peace with them, that they
+could form a regular government?&mdash;and upon this point we have
+most convincing testimony.'</p>
+
+<p>"Convincing testimony, indeed! Mr. Roberts<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> is the first....
+Some time back<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_567" id="Page_567">[567]</a></span> Mr. Roberts went to join his former pupil at
+Nankin. Whatever faults the chief might have, he was always most
+kind to his former teacher.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_568" id="Page_568">[568]</a></span> The reverend gentleman, however, was
+alarmed one day, and left the place precipitately, and therefore
+wrote a recantation of his former belief in Ti-pingdom. He could
+not have been quite in his senses at the time, for the boy whom
+he said was murdered before his eyes, was seen alive and well
+afterwards....</p>
+
+<p>"His opinion is not worth much.</p>
+
+<p>"The next authority is Mr. Consul <span class="smcap">Harvey</span> of Ningpo." </p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The writer of the letter deprecates the idea of using this gentleman's
+testimony in a grave debate, especially because it was permitted to
+overrule the opposite evidence adduced by the talented and trustworthy
+Mr. Consul Meadows. It is unnecessary to say more upon this subject than
+notice the fact that Mr. Meadows is a man of honour, of noble mind, and
+possesses a thorough knowledge of Ti-ping and Manchoo; Mr. Harvey
+is&mdash;Mr. Harvey!</p>
+
+<p>The letter continues:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On the strength of these valuable witnesses, Earl Russell
+proceeds to say, 'It must therefore be clear to your lordships
+that it is quite impossible anything like civil relations can be
+established with the Ti-pings, or that they can govern the
+Chinese empire, or conduct relations with foreign countries upon
+the footing of amity upon which alone peace can be preserved.'</p>
+
+<p>"Well, if their lordships are content to come to this conclusion
+on this valuable evidence, they are very likely to find out
+their mistake in doing so." </p></div>
+
+<p>After citing proof of the "very great system in their <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_569" id="Page_569">[569]</a></span>military
+department," the writer of the letter goes on to state with regard to
+the Ti-pings:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"If men can thus conduct the details of a military department,
+is it not probable that they have also the power of conducting
+the details of a civil department, when the military necessity
+is past? At Soo-chow, which the Ti-pings have now had for
+eighteen months, the country people round about are now living
+quietly enough, and carrying on their usual avocations....</p>
+
+<p>"With regard to the attack at Ningpo, Earl Russell asserts that
+the Ti-pings first fired on Captain Dew. The fact was, I
+believe, that the pirate, 'Apak,' anchored his boats near the
+English ships, so that in firing at 'Apak,' the shot from the
+rebel batteries came close to, or over, the foreign ships. An
+excuse for attack was wanted, this was enough, and the place was
+taken.</p>
+
+<p>"The Earl goes on to say, 'It appeared clear from this that
+there was no chance of our being able to maintain any relations
+of amity with the Ti-pings; and as they seemed determined to
+destroy us, all that we could do was to protect our trade and
+the lives of our merchants.'</p>
+
+<p>"It is not to be expected that we can be on terms of amity while
+we make Shanghae the arsenal of the Imperialists, and carry out
+our intervention on the principle by which it has hitherto been
+characterized.</p>
+
+<p>"A most disgraceful affair took place the other day. Nine young
+gentlemen, members of the Shanghae Mounted Volunteer Corps, went
+out one afternoon with Captain <span class="smcap">Borlase</span>, of H.M. ship <i>Pearl</i>,
+and a party of men, to reconnoitre. They came on a number of
+Ti-pings, who on seeing the horses, immediately threw away their
+arms, and ran off half naked. Captain Borlase gave the order to
+pursue and <i>to give no quarter</i>.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> These young gentlemen
+accordingly amused themselves that afternoon in cold-blooded
+murder, and their captain distinguished himself, it is said, by
+the chivalrous action of killing a man lying badly wounded on
+the ground. One of the number, a young friend of mine, I am glad
+to say, refused to obey the order he received. I say that if
+H.M.'s officers are to be permitted to give such brutal orders,
+the sooner we cease to talk of Ti-ping cruelties and the
+savageries of General Butler the better.... A cry has been <i>got
+up</i> about the cruelties of the Ti-pings, for want of a better
+war-cry, and our people are taught to illustrate Christianity by
+the perpetration of cruelties, considering our lights,
+infinitely more atrocious. The conduct of the Ti-pings,
+notwithstanding all the provocation they have received, towards
+foreigners who have had to enter their lines on business,
+contrasts in their favour with our conduct to them. </p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_570" id="Page_570">[570]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"From Captain Osborne's appointment, I infer that my friend Lay
+has been entirely Imperialist in the advice he has given the
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>"I regret that Osborne should have taken such an appointment,
+and that Government should have sanctioned it.</p>
+
+<p>"I regret still more that Palmerston should be making what I
+consider such a grave mistake on this question, and that is one
+of the main reasons why I write these letters. Another is that I
+am convinced our present policy will be detrimental alike to
+British interests, and to the interests of the Chinese people." </p></div>
+
+<p>We have seen that Messrs. Jardine and Matheson pronounced the policy of
+their Government "suicidal." We have now noticed the important evidence
+of another of the principal merchants, in whose interest it was alleged
+to be necessary to slaughter the Ti-pings. The British Parliament was
+persuaded by fallacies, and the "Vampyre" fleet was made ready and sent
+to China, while the British people were led into the belief that it was
+organized merely to act against Chinese pirates, the Government organs
+representing the Ti-pings as "attempting to force a way to the sea
+coast, where they hope to take to the amphibious life a Chinaman always
+loves, and prowl at sea or penetrate the inner waters as necessity or
+opportunity may tempt or dictate." This, and innumerable similar
+fabrications, are perfectly astounding by the depth of their untruth and
+the total absence of any foundation. The above-quoted statement is only
+surpassed by another in the same article of the same newspaper:&mdash;"It is,
+however, <i>the people of China</i> who have broken the force of the
+Ti-pings, and it is under the dread of their terrible reprisals that the
+Ti-pings are now attempting to force a way to the sea-coast"!!!</p>
+
+<p>This article, so horribly wicked in purpose and so thoroughly false in
+substance, was one of those written upon the grand meeting held at the
+rooms of the Royal Geological Society upon the subject of the
+"Anglo-Chinese<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_571" id="Page_571">[571]</a></span> flotilla." The leaders of the quasi-regenerating
+expedition here held forth to the scientific gentlemen of the Society,
+their friends, and sundry members of the Government. The speeches they
+made, their arguments, facts, and declared intentions, were equally
+reasonable and trustworthy as the statement in the newspaper article
+eulogising them, and which, by some most extraordinary perversity of
+knowledge, represented the bitter and ruthless warfare prosecuted by
+Admirals Hope and Protet, Generals Staveley and Brown, and others,
+against the Ti-pings, as "<i>the people of China</i> who have broken the
+force of the Ti-pings." Certes, had such been the case, it required an
+astonishing quantity of British shot, shell, artillery, and men, to
+enable the Manchoo Government to occupy any single village or foot of
+land held by the "broken force!" And one can hardly discover the object
+of the flotilla if the "people of China" had already done the only thing
+for which it was being organized; for which Prince Kung was paying, and
+Mr. Lay, Captain Sherrard Osborne, and his men, receiving a goodly share
+of that Manchoo mintage. Five months later, this "broken force" was
+found to be so well able to convert its opponents into a similarly
+unpleasant state, that upon the 9th day of January, 1863, another order
+in counsel was passed, making it "lawful for all military officers in
+Her Majesty's service to enter into the military service of the Emperor
+of China."</p>
+
+<p>To resume the history of the "Vampyre" expedition. At the oratorical
+display of the civil leader and the naval chief, the Chancellor of the
+Exchequer (with a keen eye to the guarantee the flotilla might afford
+for the payment of the indemnities by China) was present to see, to
+hear, to judge, and to wind up in most affecting and impressive style by
+giving the well-paid, and doubtless well-deserving, adventurers his
+blessing.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lay, with a surprising theory for a questionable purpose, told the
+meeting that the great cause of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_572" id="Page_572">[572]</a></span> civil war in China was its crowded
+population, "which the productive power of the soil was not sufficient
+to maintain." Emigration of the Ti-pings (when he caught them) was his
+remedy. Now, how that clever, though it is just possible, mistaken
+gentleman, expected to forward the change of habitation with the
+Armstrong and Whitworth guns, and other deadly weapons of exceedingly
+killing power he was carefully providing, is by no means clear, unless,
+indeed, the emigration was to be eternal. Neither is it by any means
+easy to understand that if the production of the soil was not sufficient
+to maintain the natives, the distress could be alleviated by making it
+support, in addition, a large number of very expensive foreign officers
+and men, besides a costly fleet of steamers.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Sherrard Osborne then succeeded the would-be Dictator General of
+China, and with no less extraordinary principles than his civilian
+superior, made the astounding declarations:&mdash;1. "That his first duty in
+China would be to bear in mind that he was a member of the Geographical
+Society." 2. "That he was going to China to spread peace, and not to
+shed blood" (with his Armstrongs and &amp;c.s). 3. "That his object was to
+teach the Chinese rather the duty of sparing than the art of killing"
+(singular that such pains were taken to procure the most effective
+armament England could furnish). 4. "And that he hoped to report that
+Nankin was taken without the loss of one life after the assault was
+over."</p>
+
+<p>1. As the <i>Daily News</i> wrote at the time, "Though this may be very
+advantageous for Burlington House, it affords an adequate explanation of
+the way China is to benefit by his vaunted advent. Perhaps, however, it
+may be accepted as a proof of his being a philanthropic adventurer; that
+his first care will be to look after, not the interests of the Chinese
+Government, which pays him 3,000<i>l.</i> a year, but those of a society to
+whose funds he is called on to contribute."</p>
+
+<p>4. This naïve announcement is a startling one for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_573" id="Page_573">[573]</a></span> "pirate" dodge of
+the gallant captain's friends, and proves that the only motive, which,
+in fact, is admitted by all save a few bigots, was suppression of the
+Ti-ping revolution.</p>
+
+<p>Of Mr. Lay and his fighting-man, the <i>Daily News</i> well said, "As these
+gentlemen seem to have the power of carrying on their scheme for the
+present, they will doubtless do so, but it is a mistake for them to
+depart from the policy of reserve which they have hitherto followed."</p>
+
+<p>In dire alarm and trouble, Prince Kung grasped at the offer of a fleet
+to save the Manchoo dynasty, as a drowning man will clutch at a straw.
+The British Government, wisely thinking that the fleet would guard the
+treaty ports against the Ti-pings, and thereby protect both the payment
+of the indemnity and the opium trade at the expense of the Chinese,
+quickly seized the opportunity it shadowed forth. The justice of their
+conduct is a very different matter, and it would be interesting indeed
+to know by what right the capture of Nankin was undertaken,&mdash;a city far
+in the interior of China, the owners of which only entreated the
+friendship of foreigners, while striving to throw off a foreign yoke and
+enjoy the blessing of the Christian faith and self-government.</p>
+
+<p>The worst part of the tale has now to be related. Upon the individual
+authority of Mr. Lay, the flotilla (consisting principally of British
+men-of-war) having struck the English flag, hoisted a green and yellow
+rag, and without commission or any authority to constitute them national
+ships of war, proceeded to the high seas in true pirate fashion. The
+laws of England were unscrupulously violated, her navy indelibly
+disgraced, and all who took share in the expedition perfectly fooled, by
+the <i>unofficial</i> countenance of a Manchoo Prince, and the indecent haste
+of British ministers to comply with his ambiguous request for a fleet,
+in order to gratify their own ulterior motives.</p>
+
+<p>Prince Kung<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_574" id="Page_574">[574]</a></span> simply authorized Mr. Lay to buy a number of vessels, but
+those ships were despatched from England fully manned and armed, as
+though they had been duly commissioned, which was not, and never became,
+the case. Mr. Lay and Captain Osborne, between them, prepared an
+agreement (that being the authority and regulation upon which the crews
+were engaged, and merely a private understanding, strangely resembled
+the bond of a piratical organization), which, had it been carried into
+execution, would virtually have consigned the destinies and executive of
+China into their hands. These were the salient features of the
+agreement:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"4. Osborne undertakes to act upon all orders of the Emperor
+which may be conveyed direct to Lay; and Osborne engages not to
+attend to any orders conveyed through any other channel.</p>
+
+<p>"5. Lay, upon his part, engages to refuse to be the medium of
+any orders of the reasonableness of which he is not satisfied." </p></div>
+
+<p>No wonder the Manchoo Government repudiated this pretty arrangement,
+fleet and all, when it arrived in China. There is, however, another
+reason to account for the ignominious failure of the
+"Vampyres,"&mdash;ignominious because they had neither right nor
+justification to be placed in the position of mercenaries, or to be
+subjected to dismissal by a barbarous court. The Imperialists were
+willing enough to receive a fleet upon <i>any</i> terms when the success of
+the Ti-ping revolution was certain unless foreigners interfered; but
+when the "Vampyres" did arrive, the dread of the avenging Ti-ping no
+longer existed. By English troops and English officers in command of
+Chinese disciplined legions, the revolutionists had been driven back
+from Shanghae and Ningpo, and were still retreating before the shock of
+foreign arms. Mr. Lay and Captain Osborne came too late. They could not
+become the slaves of the Manchoo, neither could they constitute
+themselves his tyrants, and consequently Prince Kung repudiated all his
+obligations with characteristic treachery.</p>
+
+<p>When the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_575" id="Page_575">[575]</a></span> flotilla reached China the Imperial Government endeavoured to
+place it under the command of the provincial authorities, and by this
+determination they effected its dissolution. Captain Osborne refused to
+lower himself into the position occupied by British officers in the
+neighbourhood of Shanghae and Ningpo&mdash;that of filibusters, subordinate
+to the <i>local</i> authorities&mdash;but the Tartars had the best of the
+argument, for the precedent existed in the terms upon which the military
+had taken service with them; they were therefore justified in applying
+the same reasoning to make the navy of England subservient to their
+inferior officials. Prince Kung and his colleagues were decided upon
+this point and the repudiation of other guarantees; Captain Osborne
+remained equally firm; consequently Mr. Lay lost his lucrative
+appointment as Inspector General of Chinese customs, Captain Osborne did
+not become a Manchoo Admiral, and the naval force of no nationality was
+sold, while the officers and men had to go back to where they came from.</p>
+
+<p>The Chancellor of the Exchequer's magniloquent benediction, in which he
+prophesied of "the day when its leaders would come back rich in
+professional fame, and bringing also with them fresh glory to their
+country," vanished and disappeared in thin air, thanks to the failure of
+the attempt to "spread peace" with rifled artillery. Mr. Lay, since his
+tardy appreciation of the Manchoo, in "Our Interests in China," thus
+describes the state of affairs which led to the failure of his
+regenerating scheme:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"When I left China, the Emperor's Government, under the pressure
+of necessity,<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> and with the beneficial terror established by
+the allied foray to Pekin in 1860 fresh in their recollection,
+was in the best of moods, willing to be guided," &amp;c. "What did I
+find on my return? The face of things was entirely changed.
+There was the old insolent demeanour, the nonsensical language
+of exclusion, the open mockery of all treaties, the declared
+determination to yield nothing that could be evaded. In short,
+all the ground gained by the treaty of 1858 had been frittered
+away, and we were thrust back into the position we occupied
+before the war&mdash;one of helpless remonstrance and impotent
+menace." </p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_576" id="Page_576">[576]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A pretty state of affairs truly! Re-established, too, by British
+politicians, who, by supporting the Manchoos, have perpetuated a system
+which the Ti-pings would have altered for ever.</p>
+
+<p>Time has already proved the truth of the above assertion by Mr. Lay;
+time will yet prove the bitter hatred the present dynasty of China
+entertains towards Great Britain, the nation which has frequently
+chastised them, forced them to break their own laws and receive the
+obnoxious opium, humbled them before their people and compelled them to
+eat the fruit of humility, and worse than all, originated the once
+irresistible Ti-ping revolution by the importation of Christianity. They
+would not be men did they forget the blows (not always justifiable) they
+have received; they would not be Manchoo did they forget to revenge
+themselves <i>when</i> able.</p>
+
+<p>Financially considered, this Anglo-Manchoo expedition was rather a
+serious matter for the British Government. The only authentic estimate
+of the expenditure which is at present available shows that the portion
+consequent merely on the return of the flotilla when its services were
+rejected, amounted to 213,000 taels, or £71,000, which was advanced in
+the first instance from the Manchoo customs and subsequently refunded by
+England when receiving the quarterly payment of the Indemnity.</p>
+
+<p>Here is what Captain Osborne says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Dire necessity made Pekin accept our aid in a form likely to be
+beneficial to China and England. Reason or argument had nothing
+to do with it, so far as the mandarins were concerned. Most
+unexpectedly to them, our authorities repulsed the rebellion,
+without taking any guarantees from Pekin for future behaviour.
+The mandarins were at once rampant; they are not such fools as
+to spend their revenue in maintaining order, if we Englishmen
+will do it for nothing. The fear of rebellion is past. Lay, I,
+and the force may return to England." </p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_577" id="Page_577">[577]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>With regard to the failure of the Osborne, Lay, and Gladstone theory, we
+can only say that it was deserved. Mr. Lay was dismissed from the
+service of the Manchoo, through the "Vampyre" embroglio. The many years
+that he had faithfully and energetically served them were lost sight of
+in the squabble arising from this unparalleled affair. He most likely
+was sincere in his efforts to regenerate Tartars; he has certainly been
+badly treated by them. Lay's motive in undertaking the notorious
+flotilla scheme seems to have been his philanthropical idea (brightened
+by the receipt of £5,000 a year), of regenerating China. Some people say
+he was a puppet in the hands of "taller men" behind, who worked the
+wires. Osborne's acceptance of the command without a commission may be
+ascribed to the erratic notions of that gallant officer, and <i>his</i>
+natural philanthropy.</p>
+
+<p>The arrival of the "Vampyre" fleet was hailed with general
+disapprobation upon the part of the foreign community at Shanghae; its
+flight, without spreading peace, with no less satisfaction. During the
+short time the would-be mercenaries&mdash;the cream of the British navy, as
+they were loudly proclaimed to be, by ultra-philo-Imperialist papers and
+people&mdash;remained at that port, they managed to create no little ill
+feeling against themselves. Although they possessed neither warrant nor
+Imperial authority for their position and action, they nevertheless had
+the audacity to constitute themselves into a sort of police by <i>land</i>
+and water. No business could be transacted on shore, no vessel move upon
+the waters of the harbour, or work its cargo, unmolested by their
+inquisition. Vessels were seized, and their crews imprisoned in irons,
+upon the merest suspicion that they might be destined to assist the
+Ti-pings; houses were broken into and searched throughout the British
+and American settlements for supposed Ti-ping refugees, by parties armed
+to the teeth. They took, however, particular care not to venture upon
+the French settlement,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_578" id="Page_578">[578]</a></span> as the Gallic authorities had given their own
+police orders to arrest them if they went there; and, if they resisted,
+to shoot them. The whole place was thrown into a regular ferment and
+uproar by their proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>Just previous to the ignominious flight of the "cream of the British
+navy,"&mdash;which, by the way, possessed an extraordinary sympathy for
+another sort of cream peculiar to the Shanghae rum mills,&mdash;I happened to
+become personally acquainted with some of their piratical outrages,
+while visiting Shanghae for medical advice, and other reasons which will
+transpire by-and-by.</p>
+
+<p>General Burgevine, successor to Ward in command of the disciplined
+Chinese contingent, having been badly treated and cashiered by his
+Manchoo masters, had joined the Ti-pings at Soo-chow. At the time of my
+visit to Shanghae, Burgevine was supposed to be there also; and, using
+this as their pretext, the "Vampyres" made a descent upon the house of
+my friend, Mr. Tarrantt (Editor of the <i>Friend of China</i>), where we were
+passing the evening with a social party. The dwelling was situated in a
+compound, also containing the house of the American Marshal; and, while
+walking round the grounds with my friend and another gentleman, we were
+suddenly pounced upon in the dark by a party of "the cream of the
+British navy," hitherto concealed in the shrubbery. At the same moment
+other detachments rushed into the adjoining houses with a zeal and
+alacrity tending to prove what capital burglars they were becoming, and,
+making prisoners of all the men they could find, marched them up to the
+position we had already been conducted to, in the broad colonnade
+extending along the front of the American Marshal's house. It was very
+fortunate neither myself nor any of our company were armed, otherwise,
+from the suspicious and sudden circumstances under which they had made
+their appearance, we might very naturally have mistaken the men who
+sprang upon us for the assassins, or robbers, whom they so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_579" id="Page_579">[579]</a></span> strongly
+resembled. The "Vampyres" were commanded by a Lieutenant Ridge, the most
+ungentlemanly and discourteous British officer it has ever fallen to my
+lot to meet.</p>
+
+<p>When our friends were all assembled under the guns of his men, he turned
+to the latter and distinctly gave them this order, at least in
+substance: "Now then, men, allow none of these gentlemen to leave this
+place; <i>if they attempt to do so, shoot them down</i>!" This spirited
+British officer then led off a party bristling with rifle, bayonet,
+cutlass, and revolver, himself with sword in hand and a huge "Deane and
+Adams" slung round his neck, and proceeded to tear up the flooring of
+Mr. Tarrantt's printing-office, in order to search for arms destined for
+the dreaded Ti-ping! Of course none were found. The man and his men then
+proceeded to the sanctum of the editor, and ransacked this and the
+adjoining rooms, emptying and breaking open boxes of letters, papers,
+and other editorial correspondence, leaving the whole scattered about
+the floor in a state of inextricable confusion, after their fruitless
+search for some trace of Burgevine or his doings.</p>
+
+<p>When this gallant exploit had been brought to a termination by the fact
+that no private place under lock and key remained to be broken into, the
+leader of the outrage turned his attention to the neighbouring mansion.
+Having rummaged every nook and corner from top to bottom with a
+fruitless result, excepting indeed a spoil of two old muskets, a
+fowling-piece in good order, and another without any barrels, which they
+carried off in triumph, the "Vampyres" released us from the
+unpleasantness of their presence and took themselves off, visibly
+disappointed at their want of success.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Pindar, the wife of the American Marshal, told us that Lieutenant
+Ridge had even penetrated into her bed-room and ransacked the drawers of
+her toilet table, &amp;c. That Yankee lady accompanied him during his
+impertinent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_580" id="Page_580">[580]</a></span> and unwarrantable intrusion, and assisted him by suggesting
+that he had better explore the chimney pots, have the carpets lifted to
+see whether Burgevine was hidden there, or perhaps he would like to
+search her pockets, &amp;c. The "Vampyre" officer wore a uniform of unknown
+nationality, consisting of simple anchor buttons and a British naval
+badge with the crown cut off! When asked by Mr. Tarrantt for his
+authority, he produced an informal warrant from the British consul,
+which could only have been legally used by a consular constable. When
+this was explained to him, he agreed to the justice of the fact and
+pleaded orders from his commanding officer. He was thereupon asked for
+his commission, and he naïvely admitted he had none. He was next asked
+upon what authority his commanding officer was acting, and his reply
+was, upon Captain Sherrard Osborne's commission from the Emperor of
+China (this in ludicrously pompous language and manner). He was then
+asked whether he was aware that Captain Osborne did <i>not</i> possess any
+such commission, and confessed that, although he believed the reverse,
+he thought the Commander-in-chief might have gone to Pekin to obtain it!
+The judicial proceedings that would have been instituted against the
+"Vampyres" but for their fortunate retreat from China, would almost
+certainly have found them guilty of unqualified piracy, not only in the
+case I have just described, but in several others equally outrageous.</p>
+
+<p>About this time, and while it was fully expected that the flotilla would
+shortly proceed to attack Nankin, the following squib appeared as an
+advertisement in the <i>Friend of China</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="center">"<span class="smcap">Wanted</span>:</div>
+
+<p>"Several first-class ships, to convey several thousand rebels
+from Nankin to Labuan.</p>
+
+<div class="center">"Apply to</div>
+<div class="right">"<span class="smcap">Lae, Horseborn, &amp; Co.</span>"</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_581" id="Page_581">[581]</a></span> foreign merchant vessels were in the habit of flying long pennants
+from the main truck, a practice indulged in by some of the shipping at
+Shanghae. This proved offensive to the "Vampyre" officers, who chose to
+consider that it was an infringement of their <i>quasi</i> right to the
+man-of-war emblem. They consequently amused themselves by boarding
+sundry easy-going Dutchmen, who, alarmed by their brass-bound appearance
+and peremptory orders to strike the obnoxious pennant, generally
+complied very quietly. Upon one occasion, however, while I was at
+Shanghae, the would-be Tartar martinets caught a Tartar of the implied
+characteristics, if not literal nationality.</p>
+
+<p>An American vessel with a particularly extensive pennant, which it was
+afterwards rumoured had been rigged up on purpose, happened to attract
+the "fe fi fo fum" sense of a "Vampyre" commander. Instantly a cutter
+was despatched with a lieutenant to humble the offending parties. The
+officer proceeded on board and ordered the chief mate to haul down the
+pennant. Mr. Mate immediately sang out, "Cook, bring a bucket of hot
+water aft," but before this could be brought, the "Vampyre" was over the
+gangway "like a streak of greased lightning," as the Yankee mate
+afterwards related to an admiring audience on shore, and shouting with
+might and main to his boat's crew: "Give way, men!" in order to escape
+the warm reception preparing for him.</p>
+
+<p>By such acts the "cream of the British navy" made few friends and many
+enemies, and the lament of few indeed accompanied their ignominious
+departure. During their stay some of the gallant tars deserted and went
+over to the enemy, and I cannot forget a very characteristic fact
+related by a friend of mine who was present. While passing a certain rum
+shop in the "model settlement" of Shanghae, my friend, with several
+companions, became mixed with a crowd of the tars, who were on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_582" id="Page_582">[582]</a></span> leave,
+and had just issued from the shop. Willing to see a little of the sort
+of men represented as the <i>élite</i> of the finest navy in the world, my
+friend got into conversation with a warrant officer, although the man
+and his companions had evidently been indulging their creamy
+propensities. The result was that when questioned as to their feelings
+for the service they had engaged in, the leader of the party made this
+exposition of principle: "D'ye see, my hearty, so long as we gets the
+dollars and can make a haul, d&mdash;&mdash; my toplights if we cares who we
+fights for, the himperor of Chiny or his hinemies the t'other longshore
+Chinymen."</p>
+
+<p>Organized upon principles of wrong and injustice, the Anglo-Chinese
+flotilla came to an unregretted, disreputable, and premature end. In the
+words of the same friend who communicated the above incident we will
+dismiss the subject: "Captain Sherrard Osborne, like Cæsar, may exclaim,
+'I came, I saw;' unlike Cæsar, 'I did <i>not</i> conquer.' The fleet was
+equipped, set sail, arrived, and&mdash;was not wanted."</p>
+
+<p>We must now turn to survey events far more disastrous to the Ti-ping
+cause than the advent of the foreign vessels of war we have just
+finished with, although the fact of their arrival, connected with what
+we are about to notice, helped to produce the misfortunes.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the Chung-wang had recaptured all the places formerly taken
+by the allies, and had returned to Nankin with the greater proportion of
+his troops, General Staveley, having received the desirable
+reinforcements of British troops from Tien-tsin and Hong-kong, resumed
+hostilities.</p>
+
+<p>Although Admiral Hope had respect enough for the usages of civilized
+nations to invent a <i>casus belli</i> for the raids he first initiated,
+General Staveley proved himself to be above such petty considerations
+when they could be ignored with impunity, and therefore, upon
+commencing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_583" id="Page_583">[583]</a></span> a fresh war against the Ti-pings, did not trouble himself to
+pretend that they might, could, would, or should do anything inimical to
+British interests. However much scrupulous people may think that an
+English general should have paid <i>some</i> regard to the rules of civilized
+warfare, the gallant officer in question cannot at all events be charged
+with hypocrisy.</p>
+
+<p>During the month of August, 1862, the filibuster, General Ward, assisted
+by detachments of British and French troops, succeeded in taking several
+fortified villages from the Ti-pings and recapturing the city of
+Tsing-poo; the success of the operations being attributable to the large
+park of artillery always employed. After the fall of Tsing-poo, Ward
+moved off with the principal portion of his force into the Ningpo
+district, and joined a column already operating there. Since the
+atrocious expulsion of the Ti-pings from Ningpo by Captain R. Dew, R.N.,
+and his pirate ally, Apak, the advance of filibustering and piracy had
+made wonderful progress. Several contingents of disciplined Chinese were
+raised, the most important being an officially-authorized British legion
+and a similar French one, both entirely officered by foreigners,
+including English, American, French, and representatives of other
+nations. At first, these organizations consisted of about 1,500 men
+each, besides artillery-men to work the numerous heavy guns they were
+supplied with. In addition to these, and other bodies of foreign
+disciplined and officered mercenaries, Captain Dew devoted the entire
+service of the squadron under his command to their assistance and
+support, perfectly oblivious of the fact that he was a British officer,
+and that the ships prostituted by him to an infamous alliance with
+pirates and freebooters were the property of British tax-payers, who
+maintained them solely for the protection of their own interests.</p>
+
+<p>The British men-of-war, the Manchoo gunboats, the French vessels, the
+American, English, and French<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_584" id="Page_584">[584]</a></span> drilled filibusters, the Cantonese
+pirates, and Imperialist troops, all leagued themselves together in the
+war to exterminate the unfortunate Ti-pings, and <i>loot</i> their cities. In
+spite of their numbers, their boundless supplies of every munition of
+war, their irresistible shell and artillery, and the co-operation of the
+friendly legions swarming from the grand depôt, Shanghae, these
+heterogeneous marauders found the "broken force" able to give them many
+hard knocks and many a severe repulse, although the <i>Times</i> happened to
+think that "the people of China" had somehow converted the Ti-ping
+revolution into a crowd of fugitives running away from their mythical
+"terrible reprisals." This statement might do very well to excite the
+horror of pious people in England ready to believe anything dreadful;
+but the mercenaries banded together against the would-be freemen and
+Christians found that to break the force of the latter many a deadly
+encounter, and many a cunningly contrived Moorsom or shrapnel shell, was
+required. During a period of nearly twelve months, extending from
+August, 1862, to the middle of the summer, 1863, the horrors of Chinese
+warfare fluctuated backwards and forwards over what would otherwise have
+been one of the fairest parts of God's earth. The Ningpo and
+neighbouring districts possess a beauty and variety of scenery, added to
+a surpassing richness of production (tea, silk, cotton, &amp;c.), second to
+none in the world. Yet a few experimental warriors and politicians have
+been permitted to create misery and ruin throughout this smiling land,
+and strew its plains with mouldering skeletons.</p>
+
+<p>The war conducted by Captain Dew and his colleagues raged furiously for
+many months. The cities of Tse-kie, Yu-yaou, Fung-wha, Shou-shing, &amp;c.,
+were each taken, retaken, lost, and won, several times over, by the
+Allies and by their Ti-ping enemies, and were at last finally held by
+the former.</p>
+
+<p>To give any detailed account of the numerous actions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_585" id="Page_585">[585]</a></span> fought within the
+Ningpo province would be impossible. With one exception they resembled
+those in the first campaign of Admiral Hope and General Staveley. The
+same great slaughter of the Ti-pings with the deadly artillery, to which
+they could make no reply; the same gallant efforts to repel the
+stormers, who rushed forward after the defenders had been thoroughly
+shelled for many hours; the exception being that few of the cities were
+carried by assault. It is, I believe, due to the fact that a great
+proportion of the Ti-ping soldiery about the Ningpo districts were
+Cantonese, or Kwang-si men, that nearly every attempt to storm the
+cities they held was repulsed. They were ultimately driven out of the
+province, and the cities were, almost without exception, evacuated,
+although the besiegers had been severely repulsed, being rendered
+untenable by the severance of their lines of supply and communication.</p>
+
+<p>There are two important episodes of Captain Dew's war which, from their
+influence upon future events, it is necessary to notice. The first is
+the death of General Ward; the second, the attack upon Shou-shing, in
+consequence of which Captain Dew was reprimanded by his superior officer
+and the British Government, and was thereby compelled to desist from
+actually participating in the further hostilities.</p>
+
+<p>General Ward, whatever his failings might have been, was a brave and
+determined man. He served his Manchoo employers only too well, and at
+the last, by closing a career of peril and fidelity with the sacrifice
+of his life, he sealed all faults with his death, and left those who
+cherished his memory to regret that he had not fallen in a worthier
+cause. While directing the second attack upon the small town of Tse-kie,
+some ten miles inland from Ningpo, on the 21st of September, 1862, Ward,
+the American filibuster, and the first foreigner to take military
+service under the Manchoo, was mortally wounded by a Ti-ping musket
+ball. This adventurer originated the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_586" id="Page_586">[586]</a></span> force that finally was the
+principal instrument in driving the Ti-pings from the dominions they had
+established as "Ti-ping tien kwoh." By such apparently insignificant
+means does the Great Ruler of the Universe overthrow the efforts and
+establish the destinies of man! The death of Ward placed <i>Colonel</i>
+Burgevine, his immediate subordinate, in command of the force. Burgevine
+could not agree with the mandarins, was badly treated by them, resented
+their treatment, was dismissed from the command, and the old Ward force
+became transformed from a rowdy, filibustering, hired legion, into a
+regular contingent of British mercenaries.</p>
+
+<p>The disgrace of Dew, the Ti-ping slayer, came about in this wise:&mdash;The
+city of Shou-shing, distant more than <i>one hundred miles</i> from Ningpo,
+was attacked by an Imperialist army, to which the Anglo-Chinese and
+Franco-Chinese contingents were attached. These forces were defeated
+with severe loss, including their French general, Le Brethon, who was
+killed before the city. A French captain of artillery, by name Tardife,
+succeeded to the command; Captain Dew joined forces with him, and
+together they proceeded to besiege the place, and to avenge the disgrace
+of their former defeat.</p>
+
+<p>Besides several field-pieces landed from the British men-of-war at
+Ningpo and a large park of howitzers and mortars belonging to the
+disciplined forces, Captain Dew provided them with a large 68-pounder
+lent to him for the occasion by General Staveley. Lieutenant Tinling, of
+the <i>Encounter</i>, with a party of seamen, had charge of this gun. On
+their march, the allies entered a large town, which the men thoroughly
+pillaged during two days; the consequence being, as it is written by one
+who was present, "that it was only after much trouble they could be got
+to move forward against Shou-shing. When they did so, at least 500 boats
+followed, each soldier having his own private <i>san-pan</i>, containing, and
+ready for more, <i>loot</i>. Many of the officers were almost as bad as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_587" id="Page_587">[587]</a></span> the
+men, drinking and smoking, and taking hardly any care to maintain
+discipline." Here is a pretty description of the doings of those who
+were supposed to be protecting the country people from the "ruthless
+marauders!" The town referred to was not in Ti-ping possession, and all
+the looting was from the unfortunate inhabitants. Facts, that can be
+multiplied <i>ad infinitum</i>, exist to prove that the foreign intervention,
+and the manner and details thereof, seriously increased the anarchy,
+desolation, and loss of life, caused by the civil war previous to that
+event. The unavoidable devastations had passed away, peace had become
+established by the supremacy of the Ti-ping, when, alas!
+mercenary-minded Europeans wickedly deluged the peaceful districts with
+the blood of fresh victims, and causelessly maintained and prolonged the
+unmitigated ravages of war.</p>
+
+<p>Upon reaching the devoted city of Shou-shing,&mdash;which, in expectation,
+General Tardife had promised his freebooter following the pleasure of
+"forty-eight hours" to loot,&mdash;Captain Dew placed his big gun in
+position, and proceeded to make a hole in the wall, by which the
+respectable allies might get at the prizes within. Now it so happened
+that the Ti-pings were determined neither to part with their city, nor
+their private valuables. A great breach was made, a battalion of
+European ruffians, and the nondescript disciplined and Imperialist
+troops, rushed forward to take possession; but the defenders&mdash;who, to
+use the language of an eye-witness, "fought with admirable pluck in the
+breach, and exposed themselves freely"&mdash;drove them back with a loss of
+half the European brigade of Shanghae <i>rowdies</i>, half the officers of
+the disciplined contingents, and many men <i>hors de combat</i>. Almost at
+the same moment General Tardife was killed, and Lieutenant Tinling
+mortally wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The death of the last-mentioned gallant young officer, by drawing the
+attention of Admiral Kuper (on the station), and that of Parliament at
+home, to the subject,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_588" id="Page_588">[588]</a></span> led to the disapproval of Captain Dew's
+disgraceful proceedings, and his removal from a part of China that he
+had contaminated by his presence. When brought to task for his
+participation in hostilities more than 100 miles from a treaty port, his
+shuffling excuse was "that I had gone to watch the proceedings, and
+prevent, if possible, any false step being taken by the Chinese
+disciplined force, which would at once have imperilled Ningpo." Well, it
+is an old saying that, if the blind lead the blind, both fall into the
+ditch; and this was undoubtedly realized by Captain Dew. The untrue
+statement about "any false step" being certain to imperil Ningpo,
+distant 100 miles, and protected by several strong cities directly on
+the way, is perfectly absurd; the crafty device was to avoid the censure
+he dreaded and deserved by frightening his superiors about the safety of
+Ningpo, which he pretended rested upon his exploits at Shou-shing.
+Admiral Kuper, however, states in a despatch to the Admiralty, "I have
+informed Captain Dew that ... I consider he exceeded his instructions,"
+and the Admiralty declares "that my Lords have desired the Rear-Admiral
+to inform Captain Dew that he exceeded his instructions." No wonder that
+the Chinese papers stated:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"How Captain Dew, and all his crew, are allowed to do just what
+they have a mind to, is more than we can tell. Clearly all the
+people he slays he murders. He is violating every law, human and
+divine, to an extent which cannot be overlooked."<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> </p></div>
+
+<p>It is a well-known fact that vast quantities of <i>loot</i>, and a money
+bonus from the Imperial authorities, almost invariably attended the
+capture of every Ti-ping city; and I have under my hand many apparently
+authentic statements in the press, accusing Captain Dew particularly,
+and others generally, of having been induced to carry on hostilities<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_589" id="Page_589">[589]</a></span>
+against the Ti-pings for "private aggrandisement," and from "far less
+disinterested motives than 'the love of glory.'" As for the effect the
+Dew war had upon trade, the following extract from a communication dated
+"Ningpo, March 28, 1863," and forwarded to H.B.M. Consul by a number of
+influential firms, will show:&mdash;"So great a panic exists among the
+natives on account of the lawless proceedings, that our trade is in a
+worse condition than when the rebels were in the neighbourhood!"</p>
+
+<p>Captain Dew attempted to shirk the responsibility of Lieutenant
+Tinling's death at a place where duty did not call him, although his
+commanding officer's orders did, by declaring that he (the Captain) was
+there as an "amateur!" Killing one's fellow man, even when
+conscience-bound by the plea of duty, is bad enough; but roving about,
+seeking whom to destroy, and slaughtering innocent men for pleasure, is
+somewhat different. We have seen that even the Government, which has
+approved every other proceeding, completely repudiated the unpardonable
+conduct of Captain Dew; we therefore say adieu to that officer, trusting
+there are few like him in the British service.</p>
+
+<p>It is now necessary to notice the last of the events referred to at the
+beginning of this chapter. Since the death of the lamented filibuster,
+various members of General Staveley's staff and command had been in a
+perfect state of ferment, intriguing for the command of the Ward force,
+which it was determined should be converted into a British contingent. A
+battalion of Chinese, wearing shoulder-straps with the badge "67,"
+drilled and officered by members of the British regiment of that number,
+and popularly known as Captain "Kingsley's force," was organized and
+raised to a strength of 1,000 men. Other corps, and some of Chinese
+artillery, were formed, while British officers were induced to accept
+various commands pertaining to the Ward force and its head quarters at
+the city of Soong-kong.</p>
+
+<p>After<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_590" id="Page_590">[590]</a></span> a series of preliminary operations, General Staveley effected the
+recapture of Kah-ding on the 24th of October, 1862. After a desperate
+defence, the Ti-pings were driven from the city with heavy loss.
+According to the safe <i>modus operandi</i> acquired by experience, General
+Staveley shelled the defenders for some hours from 40 pieces of heavy
+artillery and mortars. The besieging army consisted of 5,500 disciplined
+troops, including about 3,000 British and French, and a large
+co-operating force of Imperialist <i>braves</i> and soldiers. The Ti-pings,
+out of a garrison less than 5,000 strong, lost upwards of 1,500 men;
+while the allied loss amounted to 4 killed and 20 wounded. Soon after
+the capture of this city, the Ting-wang from Hang-chow, the Mo-wang from
+Soo-chow, and the Tow-wang from Hoo-chow, each commanding about 5,000
+men, were ordered by the Shi-wang (chief in authority over their
+districts) to attempt its recovery, and also that of Tsing-poo. This
+army was attacked by <i>General</i> Burgevine's force, a column of 500
+British troops, some 10,000 Imperialists, and an artillery detachment
+with 20 guns. The Ti-pings had just intrenched themselves by the light
+field works usual among the Chinese, when they were engaged by the
+enemy. Unable to reply to the murderous artillery of the British and
+disciplined troops, they still held the position, although the shot and
+shell committed fearful havoc in their close ranks. At last, when the
+enemy had become tired of their shell practice, and imagined the
+Ti-pings were sufficiently decimated, a general assault was given. An
+episode in this transaction is worthy of notice.</p>
+
+<p>A division of the attacking army was led by one "Wong-e-poo," a young
+Chinese officer who had been promoted to a captaincy at the request of
+Admiral Hope, who had also presented him with a sword for conspicuous
+bravery during the raids he had lately conducted against the Ti-pings,
+and in which the officer had served as a sergeant of Ward's force. This
+gallant young Chinaman<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_591" id="Page_591">[591]</a></span> was the first to cross the line of
+intrenchments, and almost instantly fell mortally wounded; he then gave
+the sword to General Burgevine, whom he begged to keep it, and to give
+his young wife a few dollars to keep her from want&mdash;this was his last
+request. The Ti-pings, when driven from their slight defences, made a
+stand at a village just in the rear, and were three times brought back
+to the charge by a fine-spirited young chief, who was the Mo-wang's
+brother, and whose gallant bearing and handsome trappings attracted
+universal attention. At the last charge, Vincente, the late <i>General</i>
+Ward's <i>aide-de-camp</i>, spurred his horse into the Ti-ping ranks. Misled
+by the fact that he had separated himself from the enemy, and believing
+he came over as a friend, the chief unsuspiciously advanced towards him
+and held out his hand; the Manilla-man replied to his friendly gesture
+by shooting him dead, and then, singular to relate, managed to gallop
+back to the enemy in safety.</p>
+
+<p>After two hours' fighting, during which the artillery mowed them down by
+hundreds, the Ti-pings were driven out of the village, and, being then
+hemmed in against a wide creek, which they had only one small pontoon
+bridge to cross by, suffered terribly from the deadly fire of grape and
+canister shot during their retreat. Their loss in this disastrous action
+was 2,300 killed (600 bodies were counted in one portion of the
+intrenchments) and 700 prisoners, the latter being barbarously put to
+death by their captors.</p>
+
+<p>The frightful atrocities perpetrated upon the unfortunate Ti-pings by
+those into whose power they had fallen, even excelled the cruelties of
+the cruel Chinese and still more cruel Tartars. "How the Ti-pings were
+driven out of the Provinces of Kiangnan and Chekiang," from notes kept
+by an officer under Ward, Burgevine, Holland, and Gordon, is a lengthy
+narrative published in the <i>Friend of China</i>. The portion contained in
+the columns of that journal of April 25, 1865, describing the engagement
+just noticed, states:&mdash;"General Burgevine darkened<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_592" id="Page_592">[592]</a></span> the victory with a
+foul deed. The poor rebels who had been captured <i>were cruelly blown
+away from the guns</i>, to the delight of a few we will not mention, but to
+the disgust of the greater part of the officers." Who, after this, shall
+talk of <i>Ti-ping</i> cruelties? The revolutionists had neither made war
+upon, injured, nor even insulted foreigners; yet the foreign officers,
+supported by the help of British troops, actually massacred their
+unoffending and helpless prisoners of war in cold blood! Perhaps
+<i>General</i> Burgevine thought he was paying a graceful compliment to his
+British allies by imitating their deeds in India. No doubt some
+war-Christians think these latter proceedings exceedingly worthy and
+proper; however, the Ti-pings have never yet reached such a state of
+Christian civilization as to copy them.</p>
+
+<p>The allied loss was 5 killed and 15 wounded, including three Europeans!
+And this may be taken as a fair sample of all the succeeding battles
+with the British, French, and other disciplined and artillery-supplied
+forces. The Ti-pings have always done all that men of flesh and blood
+were capable of doing, but, without artillery to resist or reply to that
+overwhelming arm of the enemy (supplied freely from the British
+arsenals), their bravest and best fell to the iron storm, and the rest
+fled before it.</p>
+
+<p>Very shortly after the above action, <i>General</i> Burgevine became the
+victim of the scheming carried on between the mandarins and those
+British officials who desired to establish the Ward force as an English
+contingent. Having taken a large amount of specie from the house of
+Ta-kee (the banker to the force, and in the service of the Imperial
+Government), which he had been compelled to seize, <i>nolens volens</i>, in
+order to satisfy his men, who were in an open state of mutiny for their
+arrears of pay&mdash;pay, too, that seems to have been purposely kept lying
+idle at Ta-kee's house, probably with the cunning idea it would act (as
+in reality it did) upon the force, and produce some outbreak that could
+be taken advantage of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_593" id="Page_593">[593]</a></span> to disgrace Burgevine and replace him by a
+British officer&mdash;he was dismissed from his command and a reward offered
+for his head by the Manchoo governor, or Fu-tai, of the province. The
+excuse given by the Mandarins for this transaction was that Burgevine
+had disobeyed orders, resisted lawful authority, and seized the money.
+Some measure of this is very probably true; but whatever offence had
+been committed by him, the mandarins had themselves been the cause of it
+by their peculation, withholding the wages of the troops, and underhand
+intriguing. Probably the fact that Captain Holland, R.M., was installed
+as Burgevine's successor, may account for the events leading to the
+latter's dismissal.</p>
+
+<p>The Imperialist Mandarins were only too eager to fall into the views of
+those who assisted them; the command of the once despised filibustiers'
+force by Englishmen meant taking all the danger and responsibility of
+repelling the Ti-pings out of their own hands; consequently, availing
+themselves of the subserviency of British officers and authorities, they
+accepted Captain Holland as the commander of their disciplined troops,
+and the services of any others who were willing, and did not feel
+dishonoured by hiring themselves out to support such a cruel and corrupt
+cause. From this moment the active operations by British troops ceased,
+but Ward's old legion became a British contingent, and has continued one
+ever since. Backed up in all their operations against the Ti-pings by
+the presence of British troops to support them in case of reverse, and
+supplied with every munition of war, artillery, ships, &amp;c. they
+required, the various mercenary legions infesting the neighbourhood of
+Shanghae and Ningpo have managed (with the assistance of the ordinary
+Chinese and Manchoo soldiers, who alone outnumbered those of Ti-ping
+tien kwoh) to terminate the allied operations by driving the
+revolutionists from their once happy territory.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the command of the force had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_594" id="Page_594">[594]</a></span> assumed by Captain
+Holland, it met with the most severe defeat the Ti-pings have ever given
+it, and he resigned the appointment in disgust. The Order in Council
+permitting British officers to take military service with the Emperor of
+China having just reached Shanghae, Major Gordon, R.E., took command of
+the disciplined Chinese, and many other officers joined in the
+questionable service. From this time forth the British Government became
+committed to the success and responsibilities of the force; and for
+every atrocity perpetrated by the Imperialists, and for every life
+destroyed, are equally as much accountable as they were for the previous
+conduct of their own troops. Under such auspices, and with boundless
+supplies of all the material of war, similar necessaries being
+successfully prevented from reaching their antagonists, it is easy to
+appreciate the consequent course of events&mdash;continued triumph of the
+Anglo-Franco-Manchoo mercenaries, and repeated defeat of the Ti-pings,
+already much weakened by the loss of many of their best troops, and
+diminished in their prestige from the result of the raids headed by
+Admiral Hope and General Staveley.</p>
+
+<p>The worst feature attending the conversion of the mercenary legions into
+British auxiliaries, is the fact that Sir F. Bruce, the English Minister
+at Pekin, distinctly repudiated any such action; and yet his Government
+saw fit to sanction the arrangement when it was reported to them by
+Generals Staveley and Brown, who seem to have been foremost among the
+Shanghae local advocates of the system. <i>General</i> Burgevine having
+proceeded to the Manchoo court at Pekin, stated his case, and was by
+them reinstated in his former command; receiving, also, the full
+approval of Sir F. Bruce. Upon his return to Shanghae, with an Imperial
+Commissioner to place him in position, the British generals and their
+colleagues in collusion with the Imperial authorities, disregarding the
+direct instructions of Sir F. Bruce, successfully opposed his
+reappointment, and managed to retain Major Gordon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_595" id="Page_595">[595]</a></span> in command; by what
+means being best known to themselves.</p>
+
+<p>We will conclude our notice of the establishment of the Anglo-Manchoo
+contingent with a few facts proving the singular, if not sinister,
+circumstance, that Sir F. Bruce, although a virulent enemy of the
+Ti-pings, has always carefully avoided authorizing the employment of
+British officers against the insurgents; and, in fact, has invariably
+disapproved such measures, as well as the movement of British troops to
+support and succour the contingents when in difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>In a despatch to General Staveley, dated "Pekin, March 12, 1863,"<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>
+Sir F. Bruce, referring to the liberty granted to officers to enter the
+Chinese Imperial service, states:&mdash;"I should prefer that the military
+men employed by the Chinese Government should <i>not</i> belong to the great
+treaty Powers;" and, with regard to British officers choosing to enter
+what the Press in China has termed "the disgusting service," he
+expresses the opinion that "they will then bear a Chinese, and not a
+British character." How <i>literally</i> this belief has been fulfilled, the
+torture of Ti-ping prisoners captured by the Imperialists, the
+treacherous massacre of the prisoners at Soo-chow, and the great loss of
+life which occurred, after cities were captured, sufficiently prove.</p>
+
+<p>In a despatch dated "April 10,"<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> Sir F. Bruce expresses his wish to
+the same officer that Burgevine should be reinstated to the command of
+the Ward force, and, speaking "of the charges brought against him,"
+states: "I took occasion to examine them at length, and I am perfectly
+satisfied that General Burgevine acted from a regard to the interests
+confided to him, that he was sacrificed to an intrigue of some Chinese
+subordinate officers, and to the jealousy entertained by the Governor
+towards the Chinese drilled force." If the Minister had added the names
+of a few foreigners as being privy to the "intrigue," he would have hit
+upon the whole truth. The Governor was jealous of the force as a Chinese
+one managed by foreigners, and successfully plotted, with no little
+ingenuity and shrewdness, to make it a foreign force officered by
+Englishmen, and countenanced by British authorities, who accepted all
+the responsibility entailed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_596" id="Page_596">[596]</a></span></p><p>Upon the subject of Major Gordon's appointment to the coveted
+generalship of mercenaries, Sir F. Bruce, in a despatch to General
+Brown, dated "June 11," states:<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> "It is not expedient that British
+officers should command Chinese troops in the field against the
+insurgents, beyond the limits of the radius deemed necessary for the
+security of the ports where they are stationed.... I am further of
+opinion that, unless the force be properly constituted, and relieved
+from the necessity of obeying the orders of the local Government, it
+will do no real and permanent good; and that the officer who commands it
+will speedily find himself in a position which is neither compatible
+with his professional reputation, nor what is due to the character of a
+British officer. Under these circumstances, I must <i>decline</i> accepting
+the responsibility of authorizing the employment of British officers
+beyond Shanghae.... I have informed the Chinese Government of my
+objections to the employment of British officers in the field."
+Singularly enough, every word prophesied by Sir F. Bruce came to pass;
+the force became an instrument of evil in the hands of local Mandarins,
+to be used for their individual purposes, and then got rid of; the
+officers found their honour tarnished by complicity in deeds of blood
+and treachery; some were disgusted, but the Commander retained his
+position until he was <i>compelled</i> to break up the force by orders from
+his Government. In a despatch to Earl Russell, dated "October 13," Sir
+F. Bruce declares:<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> "It was reluctantly, and in deference to the
+naval and military authorities, that I consented to our assuming the
+responsibility of defending the thirty-mile radius round Shanghae, and I
+spared no effort to bring about an arrangement of Burgevine's dispute,
+so as to avoid the necessity of having to place an English officer at
+the head of the force destined to operate beyond the radius." Yet
+members of Lord Palmerston's Government have had the hardihood to
+declare that the operations against the Ti-pings <i>were approved</i> by Sir
+F. Bruce.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_597" id="Page_597">[597]</a></span></p><p>When Major Gordon's force was in danger, General Brown moved
+detachments of British troops to support him, and to garrison the
+captured towns and hold them against the Ti-pings. Sir F. Bruce, in a
+despatch upon the subject, dated "October 6,"<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> clearly condemns his
+conduct in these words:&mdash;"If officers go into the Chinese service, we
+are not entitled to facilitate their operations by moving men, or
+placing garrisons in towns beyond the radius for their support, further
+than we should be if the corps assisted were commanded by a Chinese
+general. We are <i>not</i> entitled to lend them artillery, or men to work
+their guns <i>on any pretext</i>!" In the very teeth of these distinct
+instructions, General Brown persisted in every measure they condemn. It
+was the favourite <i>modus operandi</i> over again&mdash;the military or naval
+authorities acting in direct violation of orders, the disobedience being
+ultimately endorsed by the Government, and the apparently disobedient
+receiving praise and C.B.'s by way of punishment.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> With the schemes of the Bruce, Wade, Lay, &amp;c.,
+politicians.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> This is a startling contrast to what Mr. Bruce declared
+would be the "worst" course to pursue.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> To completely prove the error of Lord Russell's
+assumption, and the slightness of its foundation, we will read the
+following extract from "A Memorandum, dated October 15, 1862, addressed
+to Rear-Admiral Kuper, by Vice-Admiral Sir J. Hope, on resigning the
+Command of the Station." [Blue Book, June, 1862, to February, 1863, p.
+111.]
+</p><p>
+"<i>The only question of real importance on which we are at variance with
+the rebels</i>, arose from their desire to possess themselves of Shanghae,
+and their capture of Ningpo, since retaken.
+</p><p>
+"On my first visit to Nanking, ... I effected an agreement with them,
+<i>but limited to the year</i>, that they should not approach it within 100
+<i>li</i> (thirty miles), <i>on the whole tolerably</i> <span class="smcap">WELL KEPT</span> <i>during that
+time</i>, but which they refused to renew on the occasion of my last
+visit."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Mr. Roberts, an American Baptist missionary already
+referred to in this work, joined the Ti-pings at Nankin about the end of
+October, 1860. Of all missionaries in China he was the least qualified
+for such a position. Intolerant and bigoted to the Baptist dogmas,
+irritable, peevish, inconsistent, and vacillating&mdash;a man singularly
+illiterate, without stability of character or pleasantness of
+manner&mdash;his presence at Nankin did far more harm than good. His
+objections to every other Church, and to every other denomination of
+dissent except his own, went far to give the Ti-pings a dread of that
+diversity of doctrine among the British and Americans which they had
+always looked upon with surprise, thinking, as they did, that God could
+not be well served by those who were always quarrelling about it. The
+circumstances attending the advent and career of Mr. Roberts among the
+Ti-pings I have avoided as a worthless episode, but, as the facts of his
+indecorous flight from Nankin have been misrepresented, I think it
+necessary to notice the subject. Mr. Roberts accepted temporal rank
+under the Ti-pings, and by his unwise dogmatical obstinacy frequently
+provoked unpleasant discussion. During a dispute with the Kan-wang, who
+had entertained him since his arrival, that chief had particular
+occasion to chastise a boy of the household. Mr. Roberts was so blinded
+by passion, the idea that Europeans would never know the reverse of his
+statement, or some other reason, that, in a paroxysm of rage, he fled
+from the city, and sought refuge on board H.M. gunboat <i>Renard</i>, which
+happened to be lying in the port. By some obliquity of vision best known
+to himself, Mr. Roberts mistook the stick used by the Kan-wang for a
+sword, and declared that his boy <i>had been</i> brutally murdered. Not
+satisfied with this, although on the previous night he had retired to
+rest fully believing the surrounding people saints, the very next day,
+after his quarrel with the Kan-wang, he awoke to find them howling
+sinners. The many years that he had praised the Ti-pings as holy men
+were, by a moment of passion, forgotten, and within one day Mr. Roberts
+not only declared himself to have been deceived so long, but, for the
+act of one man, gave up the hundreds of thousands in the Ti-ping cause
+to fire and sword. We will just contrast the different statements of Mr.
+Roberts, one with the other, and then dismiss the subject.
+</p><p>
+This is an extract from the first, made on board the <i>Renard</i>:&mdash;
+</p><p>
+"Kan-wang, moved by his coolie elder brother&mdash;literally a coolie at
+Hong-kong&mdash;and the devil, without fear of God before his eyes, did on
+Monday, the 13th instant (January, 1862), come into the house in which I
+was living, <i>and with malice aforethought murder one of my servants with
+a large sword in his own hand, in my presence</i>, without a moment's
+warning or any just cause. <i>And after having slain my poor, harmless,
+helpless boy, he jumped on his head most fiend-like, and stamped it with
+his foot.</i>"
+</p><p>
+Now, at Canton, on the 3rd of April, 1862, when it was generally known
+that the above charge of murder was incorrect, Mr. Roberts retracted
+these words [Blue Book, 1862, p. 5], having reference to the Kan-wang's
+form of baptism:&mdash;
+</p><p>
+"A miserable apostate, (?) polygamist, <i>and murderer, too</i>, to wish to
+administer an ordinance held sacred by those who practise it. What a
+sacrilege! But as to that boy, <i>I have since been told that he evinced
+indications of life after he was dragged out</i>, by one who saw him. But I
+think it would have been less cruel in Kan-wang to have smoothly cut off
+his head than to send him out even half killed, destitute, and naked, to
+freeze and starve to death. <i>Whether the boy was killed directly or not,
+I cannot esteem Kan-wang, and his elder brother, who prompted him to the
+wicked deed, less than murderers; and hence, in my judgment, they ought
+both to be treated as such.</i>"
+</p><p>
+In the pamphlet, "A Letter to the Bishop of Victoria, regarding the
+Religion of the Ti-ping Rebels," the author states, "Of course you now
+know that the story of that person's boy being murdered by the Kan-wang
+is a fabrication. 'The Kan-wang called on me,' said Mr. Roberts, when I
+asked him about the matter, 'and desired me to punish the boy. I told
+him I would first remonstrate with him; and then he, the Kan-wang's
+brother, dissatisfied with my answer, beat him, <i>as I thought</i>, to
+death.'"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> This affair happened on the 25th of August, was reported
+to the Shanghae <i>Daily Shipping and Commercial News</i> of the next day,
+and was widely known in China. A certain Mr. <span class="smcap">Chaloner Alabaster</span>, of the
+British consular service, is mentioned in connection with it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> From the success of the Ti-pings.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> <i>China Overland Trade Report</i>, February 20, 1863.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Blue Book, China, No. 3, 1864, p. 68.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> <i>Id.</i>, p. 80.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Blue Book, No. 3, 1864, p. 96.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> <i>Id.</i>, p. 162.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Blue Book, No. 3, 1864, p. 163.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_598" id="Page_598">[598]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XXI.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Personal Narrative continued.&mdash;Mr. Lobschied.&mdash;His Reception at
+Nankin.&mdash;Press Publications.&mdash;Mr. Lobschied leaves
+Nankin.&mdash;Operations before Tait-san.&mdash;The Assault.&mdash;Act of
+Bravery.&mdash;Route of the Imperialists.&mdash;Gordon's Art of
+War.&mdash;Tait-san reinvested.&mdash;Siege of Tait-san.&mdash;Its
+Capture.&mdash;Manchoo Atrocities.&mdash;Treatment of Ti-ping
+Prisoners.&mdash;Mr. Sillar's Statement.&mdash;Quin-san
+captured.&mdash;Gordon's Report.&mdash;Gordon reinforced.&mdash;The Chung-wang
+recalled.&mdash;Critical Position of the Ti-pings.&mdash;The Chung-wang's
+Retreat.&mdash;Difficulties encountered.&mdash;Reinforcements.&mdash;The Scene
+of Battle.&mdash;Its Horrors.&mdash;Arrival at Nankin.&mdash;The Chung-wang's
+Army.&mdash;General attack.&mdash;The Repulse.&mdash;The Surprise.&mdash;The Night
+Attack.&mdash;The Flight and Pursuit.&mdash;Death of Marie. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>When at last I became convalescent and able to leave my house in Nankin,
+for several reasons I determined to take a trip to Shanghae. My wife
+wished to see her relations there; I was anxious to ascertain the
+political and practical position of affairs; and, besides, there were
+many things to be done toward assisting the Ti-ping cause. The principal
+inducement for the trip was, however, the fact that my friends, D. and
+Captain P., had, upon their last voyage, brought me some letters from
+Chin-kiang (to where they had been forwarded by my agent at Shanghae),
+stating that the Rev. W. Lobschied, a distinguished missionary, was
+anxious to visit the Ti-ping capital. I at once decided to proceed to
+Shanghae and afford him every assistance by placing one of our vessels
+at his service for the journey to and from Nankin.</p>
+
+<p>During the last few months of my illness messengers had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_599" id="Page_599">[599]</a></span> continually
+arrived from the head-quarters of the I- and Chung-wang's armies,
+reporting the uninterrupted successes of both. But at the same time
+intelligence was received of the second capture of Kah-ding and
+Tsing-poo, the capture of Fu-shan by the allies, and the treachery of
+the chief in command at the city of Chang-zu, who had accepted the large
+bribes offered by the enemy, and surrendered the city. Orders were
+consequently despatched to the I-wang's victorious army, already beyond
+the Po-yang lake, and that chief detached a considerable portion of it
+to return and protect the threatened districts. This force, at the time
+I left Nankin (early spring of 1863), was already besieging Chang-zu,
+having closely invested the city upon every side.</p>
+
+<p>Having embarked with my wife on board our lorcha, the <i>Anglo-Ti-ping</i>,
+we proceeded under sail to Chin-kiang, and then took passage in a
+steamer to Shanghae. A month after our arrival, every motive for the
+visit being accomplished, and the Rev. W. Lobschied having arranged to
+accompany me, we returned to Chin-kiang together, and then, getting on
+board the lorcha, made sail for Nankin. When half-way there I engaged a
+small steamer to tow us up to the forts, in order to oblige the
+missionary, who was averse to the delay the calm weather seemed likely
+to occasion.</p>
+
+<p>In a couple of days we were cast off at our destination, and I proceeded
+on shore with Mr. Lobschied, introducing him to the Sz-wang, who
+received him very kindly, and immediately sent word of his arrival to
+the Government inside the city. The next morning horses and attendants
+were in waiting to escort us to the Kan-wang's presence. Upon reaching
+the palace, Mr. Lobschied met with so warm and friendly a reception from
+the Kan-wang and many other chiefs, that I am quite sure he can never
+cease to remember it with pleasure, and at the same time with regret
+that he has not been more energetic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_600" id="Page_600">[600]</a></span> or useful to what he knew full well
+was the cause of Christianity and righteousness. Many of the Ti-pings
+had known him at Canton in former days, when they had studied the
+wondrous truths of Scripture, and some, I believe, had been his own
+converts and pupils. These men were most anxious that he should stay
+among them, and earnestly entreated him to do so; but the Rev. W.
+Lobschied, as he informed me, had to attend to some appointment at
+Canton, and the wishes or whims of a young wife. Thus the last
+opportunity for a teacher of the Gospel to support the cause of
+Christianity in China was thrown away; my trouble lost (not that I cared
+for ought but the fact that it was not used to advantage when every
+opportunity was offered); and the visit of the last missionary who came
+to the Ti-ping capital, rendered utterly fruitless. Something did result
+from the visit in the shape of the following letter:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<div class="center">
+"THE TAEPINGS.<br />
+"<i>A Visit to Nanking, and an Interview with the Kan-Wong.</i><br />
+"(To the Editor of the <i>Daily Press</i>, Hong Kong.)
+</div>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir.</span>&mdash;The dreadful accounts given of the condition and
+character of the rebels had long made me anxious to visit their
+capital, and see for myself how far all that has been said of
+them be true. There is a brisk trade carried on outside the city
+of Nanking. The fields within the ancient wall were well
+cultivated, as well as the country around; and wheat, barley,
+and large beans, appeared to be there in abundance. The people
+within the city <i>were certainly looking better than in any town
+along the Yang-tse-kiang</i>. New shops and fine buildings were in
+course of erection, and the people were in general well dressed.
+The women moved about performing their daily work as they do
+here in the South; aged persons were playing with their
+grandchildren, and wheresoever I came I was treated with respect
+and kindness. The kings, and particularly Kan-Wong, received me
+with great kindness, and I felt that I was as safe in Nanking as
+in any Chinese town I have ever visited. They were anxious to
+know why England was so hostile against them. 'Have we ever
+broken faith with foreigners? Have we ever retaliated the enmity
+of England and France?' said Kan-Wong. 'If they force us to the
+conclusion that we are to be treated as outlaws, then the day of
+retribution will come! We are fighting in our own country, and
+to rid ourselves of a foreign power, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_601" id="Page_601">[601]</a></span>and woe to the stranger
+who falls into our hands after the first shot has been fired
+against Nanking.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> We need not then take cities and hold them,
+or allow foreigners to assist the Imperial imps in surrounding
+us; we shall then move in one compact body, ravaging the country
+and destroying trade.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> We have not as yet sent men into the
+foreign settlements to burn and destroy, but have strictly
+prohibited such acts. Who can prevent us from committing such
+acts, if we choose? And why should we not make the sojourn of
+foreigners here intolerable, if they come to destroy us who
+<i>would</i> and <i>have</i> opened to them every port we hold, and tried
+to be friends with them? We will spare neither Hankow nor any
+other place held by foreigners, who will then see the difference
+between forbearance and determined hostility.' They told me that
+they had <i>repeatedly</i> applied to the foreign consuls, in order
+to come to some arrangements, but all their communications had
+been returned <i>unopened</i>, and no reply given. I was present at
+their religious meetings, which are regularly held every morning
+and evening, but would not join them until I knew what they were
+doing. They sang a hymn; and having previously placed three cups
+of tea on the table,<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> they knelt down, one of them<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a>
+reading or saying an appropriate prayer. There was <i>no worship
+of Taiping-Wong</i>. Whilst sitting in the palace, there came
+frequent orders for books on religious subjects, and, so far as
+the Chinese care for religion, <i>these men sang and prayed with a
+will and with apparent devotion</i>. As the Imperialists are going
+to <i>restrict</i> the development of trade on the Yang-tze-Kiang as
+soon as <i>Osborn's</i> fleet has come out, and as the rebels <i>are
+willing to open the whole country to foreigners</i>, if they will
+stretch out a friendly hand to them, everybody may judge for
+himself which party will serve him best. China was conquered by
+the help of Roman Catholic missionaries, and the Imperial House
+has for 150 years been under their influence. So long as the
+Emperors made use of them they prospered; and the moment they
+expelled them from Pekin, misrule and effeminacy became the
+order of the day. Sir Frederick Bruce will one day be recalled
+to give an account of the <i>ruinous course of policy he has
+advised his Government to adopt</i>, and foreign influence will at
+last prevail in the council of the rebels. But whether that will
+be upon the ruins of the silk and tea plantations, or upon the
+graveyards of thousands of British subjects, we shall soon have
+an opportunity of witnessing.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_602" id="Page_602">[602]</a></span> As almost all the officers now in
+the service of the Imperialists are on half-pay, <i>and receive
+besides an enormous salary from the Chinese</i>, nobody need feel
+any surprise at the strange doings of men worthy a more
+honourable death.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> And if <i>General</i> Gordon does receive 1,200
+taels per month from the Imperialists, and his half-pay as an
+officer of the British army, where then is British neutrality?
+The proclamation of the Queen is dust thrown into the eyes of
+Europe and America. But more on this subject for the second mail
+of this month.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="right">"Yours respectfully,<br />
+"W. L.
+</div>
+
+<p>"Hong Kong, 10th June, 1863."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Rev. W. Lobschied, by his departure from Nankin and return to the
+south of China, sacrificed a glorious opportunity of serving the cause
+of the Master whose word he came abroad to teach. Had he installed
+himself at the Ti-ping capital and proclaimed that fact, and then
+reported the favourable points of their sincere Christianity,
+friendliness to foreigners, desire for unrestricted commerce and
+intercourse with Europeans, and general moral and physical superiority,
+in <i>all</i> the particulars for which the Chinese are condemned, he would
+most likely have been the means of arresting the interference of
+England, and purifying the religious errors of the only voluntary native
+worshippers of Jesus in Asia.</p>
+
+<p>Had Mr. Lobschied so acted, every mission society and ordained member of
+the Church of England would necessarily have supported him; this would
+simply have been their duty to God. Popular opinion, when fixed by the
+voice of a well-known divine, speaking the <i>truth</i> from Nankin, and with
+all the authority of his presence among the revolutionists, and
+undoubted personal knowledge of them, would almost certainly have
+compelled the British Government to remain neutral.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately Mr. Lobschied had private business which possessed greater
+charms for him than this, although success was certain if the effort
+were made. The <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_603" id="Page_603">[603]</a></span>Manchoo-Imperialists, unassisted by foreign mercenaries,
+would have fled before the progress of Ti-ping tien kwoh like fine chaff
+before a gale of wind. The ultimate results would have been the sure
+establishment of Christianity, freedom, and modern civilization,
+throughout the vast Chinese empire.</p>
+
+<p>Private affairs overpowered all other considerations, and so, after a
+few days spent at Nankin, I placed the rev. gentleman on board a passing
+steamer and bid him adieu.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after my return to Nankin, reports of disaster to the Ti-ping
+forces in the Shanghae district were received; but previous to noticing
+these I must describe the complete defeat the Anglo-Manchoo legion
+experienced before the city of Tait-san.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after being placed in command of the drilled force, Captain
+Holland was ordered by the Fu-tai, Le, Governor of the province, to
+advance upon Tait-san and wrest it from the Ti-pings. Burning to
+distinguish himself, and probably not averse to the <i>bonus</i> it is
+believed the Fu-tai offered for the capture of the city, besides the
+prospect of much <i>loot</i>, the newly-fledged <i>general</i> led forward his
+men.</p>
+
+<p>This expedition was accompanied by British volunteers, and the British
+officers belonging to the force, besides which General Staveley lent
+several large howitzers, the property of the English nation, to the
+commanding officer. Attached to <i>General</i> Holland, as body-guard, was a
+motley brigade of European mercenaries, consisting of almost every
+nationality. The whole strength of the disciplined division inclusive
+was considerably over 3,000 men, with 22 pieces of heavy artillery,
+field-pieces, and mortars, supported by an army of 10,000 Imperialists.
+The legionaries, and a great proportion of the irregular troops, were
+well armed with English rifles and muskets, well equipped in every way,
+and supplied with abundance of ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>After<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_604" id="Page_604">[604]</a></span> driving the Ti-pings from several small outworks and tearing from
+a neighbouring village all its "doors, windows, tables, &amp;c.," as one
+account states, the Imperialist forces took up a position under the
+walls of Tait-san. Of course the Ti-ping maligners, who followed upon
+the track of the allies, raven-like croaked forth from the destroyed
+village about the "ruthless devastation" of those "bloodthirsty
+monsters." They should have seen the village, or rather those who have
+been misled by their howling should have done so, <i>before</i> the gallant
+Anglo-Manchoo forces stripped it of furniture and partially pulled down
+the houses. Undoubtedly many who have accused the Ti-pings of wanton
+devastation have unintentionally mistaken the ravages of their own
+friends for that of the people they condemned, though it is hard to
+believe that any one could credit such opinions, when, in every account
+of the Imperialist operations, the destruction of some Ti-ping city,
+village, or store of grain, is prominently set forth.</p>
+
+<p>Rows of stakes had been driven into the creeks by the Ti-pings, and the
+boats carrying the siege train of the enemy were delayed in their
+advance upon Tait-san until they could be pulled up. In spite of
+obstructions and a strong sortie made by the garrison, which was not
+repulsed without a sharp fight, the guns were landed during the night of
+the 13th of February, 1863, and placed in position.</p>
+
+<p>Early on the following morning the garrison received strong
+reinforcements from the Ti-ping army investing Chang-zu, distant less
+than twenty-five miles, which were welcomed with immense cheering.
+Shortly afterwards the besiegers opened fire from their numerous
+artillery.</p>
+
+<p>In about five hours a large and practicable breach was made in the city
+wall, and Captain, or rather <i>General</i>, Holland ordered the assault. Now
+it so happened that the defenders had wisely sheltered themselves from
+the deadly artillery fire to which they had only one or two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_605" id="Page_605">[605]</a></span> small
+6-pounders to reply, and instead of recklessly exposing themselves in
+the usual Ti-ping style, had remained perfectly silent behind their
+defences.</p>
+
+<p>Led by a party of the body-guard and their European officers, the
+trained troops rushed gallantly forward to storm the city. At this
+moment the defenders suddenly manned the breach, and although fearfully
+thinned by the enfilading artillery fire, kept up a fusillade which told
+with terrible effect upon the dense masses of the enemy. A few crossed
+the moat by their bridges, only however to be shot down, and the whole
+division of stormers wavered and hesitated on the brink. A
+sergeant-major of the disciplined rifle regiment here performed an act
+of bravery that no European could have outdone. Seizing the colours of
+the regiment, Ward's old flag, he rushed to the front with it, and
+calling on the men to advance, stood there alone, a mark for the fire of
+the besieged. It is remarkable that, though six bullets pierced his
+clothes, not one injured him, or even cut his skin.</p>
+
+<p>Unable to advance against the shower of missiles directed from the
+breach and city walls, where even the little boys were stationed with
+heaps of bricks to throw upon them, the Imperialists fell back on their
+guns in confusion. <i>General</i> Holland then ordered the artillery to the
+rear, and a rapid retreat commenced. This, however, they were not
+allowed to effect so easily, for the Ti-pings dragged a 6-pounder into
+the breach, where it was worked by some Europeans, and directed upon the
+men endeavouring to remove the siege guns, with deadly effect. At the
+same time the garrison sallied forth from two gates, while others rushed
+through the breach and attacked the enemy with vigour.</p>
+
+<p>For some time the rifles and 1st regiment of the British contingent,
+together with the European company, fought desperately to save the guns.
+Meanwhile the main Imperialist army was routed with much slaughter, and,
+with all the other regiments of disciplined troops,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_606" id="Page_606">[606]</a></span> fled in every
+direction from the field. The troops who so gallantly protected the
+retreat of their comrades, managed also to save all the artillery,
+except two heavy 32-pounders and several light howitzers. Upon these
+guns the Ti-pings incessantly charged, and both sides lost heavily in
+killed and wounded. <i>General</i> Holland had left the field, and it was
+entirely due to <i>Colonel</i> Barclay and <i>Major</i> Cooke, who jointly
+conducted the retreat, and well animated and kept their men together,
+that only a few pieces of artillery, instead of the whole park, were
+captured by the Ti-pings.</p>
+
+<p>Seeing that his men were falling thickly, and that they were in danger
+of being surrounded, Colonel Barclay abandoned the guns and made a
+pretty orderly retreat. The Ti-pings marked those guns for their
+especial prey, and concentrated on them such a hail of shot that no one
+could approach them from the hostile ranks and live. The enemy found
+that it would be impossible even to spike them without a terrible loss
+of life, and so left them uninjured as trophies for the victorious
+garrison of Tait-san.</p>
+
+<p>The day following their defeat only 1,500 of the British contingent
+mustered at their head-quarters, but stragglers shortly came dropping
+in. The same force lost 5 officers killed and 16 wounded. The
+co-operating Imperialist army was totally dispersed, and lost more than
+2,000 men <i>hors de combat</i>. The Ti-ping casualties were also very heavy,
+for the men had rushed gallantly into the breach under withering volleys
+from the disciplined and well-armed assailants, and at least 1,000 were
+killed and wounded during the defence and subsequent fighting.</p>
+
+<p><i>General</i> Holland, upon reaching Shanghae, resigned his command in
+disgust, and was superseded by one Major Gordon, of the Royal Engineers,
+a cold, calculating man, who possessed qualities far more conducive to
+successful operations against the Ti-pings than even brilliant and
+dashing generalship. His tactics were to destroy them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_607" id="Page_607">[607]</a></span> from a distance
+by his long-range artillery, which was a thing to be done generally with
+perfect impunity, because the Ti-pings were almost entirely without
+cannon.</p>
+
+<p>The aim of the revolutionists is to get at close quarters with the
+enemy, and wherever they have been able to accomplish this, even the
+disciplined and foreign-officered troops have been beaten. Unfortunately
+they have seldom been able to effect their favourite man&oelig;uvre
+against the latter, the overwhelming artillery and regular volleys of
+musketry sweeping away every attempted formation of the Ti-ping troops
+long before it could be completed.</p>
+
+<p><i>General</i> Gordon having assumed command of the once despised
+mercenaries, that is to say, despised before the despisers were able to
+handle the loaves and fishes, he very wisely spent several months in
+thoroughly reorganizing his troops and raising his artillery to a
+strength and state of efficiency perfectly irresistible by the Ti-pings.
+During this period, besides the officers of the force, numerous
+drill-instructors were supplied by the British general at Shanghae, so
+that Gordon's, Kingsley's, Cooke's, and other legions, soon became
+formidable both as to numbers, armament, and discipline, <i>à l'Anglais</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The first operations directed by Gordon were against Fu-shan and the
+beleaguered city of Chang-zu, the former of which was captured and the
+latter relieved, the Ti-pings losing some 1,200 men; Gordon's force, 2
+killed and 3 wounded! These relative casualties afford a fair sample of
+the usual result of nearly every engagement. The immense loss of life
+upon the Ti-ping side during the years 1862-3-4, and part of the
+present, may easily be imagined, and will be found stated in detail in
+the approximate table at the end of this volume,<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> which has been
+compiled principally from official sources. Gordon, in his own report of
+the operations above referred to, states: "The number of guns was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_608" id="Page_608">[608]</a></span>
+terrific, and although after every shot the rebels would fire from one
+or two loop-holes, it was evident they had no chance." The position
+exposed to this "terrific" fire was simply a few open stockades,
+undefended by artillery.</p>
+
+<p>At this time Gordon's force mustered, all told, about 5,000 men;
+Kingsley's, 1,000; Cooke's, 1,500; and the Franco-Manchoo contingents,
+commanded respectively by <i>Generals</i> D'Aguibelle, Giquel, and Bonnefoi,
+from 3,000 to 4,000. Subsequently other legions and artillery corps
+attached to the irregular Imperial troops, about 2,500 in all, were
+formed and commanded by <i>Colonels</i> Bailey, Howard, Rhode, &amp;c., while the
+total force of trained Chinese generally maintained the relative
+strength here given, viz., 14,000.</p>
+
+<p>The disaster to the Ti-pings in the vicinity of Shanghae, the report of
+which, as mentioned before their victory at Tait-san, reached Nankin
+shortly after my return, consisted in their loss of the former city, and
+the still more important one of Quin-san, after a desperate and gallant
+defence at each.</p>
+
+<p>General Brown, Commander-in-Chief of H. B. Majesty's forces in China,
+having, by every description of help and assistance, placed Gordon's
+troops in a state of complete effectiveness, the latter once more moved
+upon the devoted city of Tait-san.</p>
+
+<p>Upon this occasion Gordon was supplied with a heavy siege train,
+including 8-inch howitzers and large mortars, <i>all belonging to the
+British army</i>; while General Brown sent a force of 550 men (including
+detachments of Royal Artillery, H. M. 31st regiment, Belooches, and B.
+N. I.) to look after his guns and take care that his <i>protégé</i> should
+not suffer a similar defeat to that experienced by <i>General</i> Holland. In
+fact, General Brown maintained a large force at Shanghae for the express
+purpose of assisting the Imperialists, supplying them with artillery and
+men to garrison the cities they captured.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_609" id="Page_609">[609]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The capture of Tait-san is one of the most desperate encounters on the
+records of the Anglo-Manchoo forces.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the trained troops, Sing, a Manchoo general, joined in
+the attack with 5,000 to 7,000 men. The strength of the garrison was not
+less than 4,000, including little boys, who, according to the usual
+custom, were stationed with heaps of stones to throw upon the
+assailants.</p>
+
+<p>After shelling the Ti-pings from their outworks, Gordon arrived under
+the walls of Tait-san on the 2nd of May, 1863. In his report to <i>General
+Brown</i>, Gordon states:&mdash;"About noon fire was opened from two guns, and
+by degrees more guns were brought into action, till at 2 p.m. every gun
+and mortar was in action, <i>the troops being under cover</i>. As the
+defences got dilapidated the guns were advanced, and at 4.30 p.m. the
+boats were moved up and the assault commenced. The rebels swarmed to the
+breach, and for ten to twelve minutes a hand-to-hand contest took place,
+canister being fired into the breach from this side of the ditch, and a
+heavy musketry fire kept up."</p>
+
+<p>From this statement we find that after crumbling the ancient city walls
+to dust, and pouring in the tremendous fire of his numerous artillery
+for four hours and a half, his own men being in perfect safety, while
+the unfortunate defenders were torn to pieces by the storm of shot and
+shell to which they could make no reply, <i>General</i> Gordon at last
+ordered the assault. This, however, was gallantly repulsed by the brave
+garrison, who, though almost decimated by the murderous artillery,
+despite the hail of "canister" from enfilading batteries and the "heavy
+musketry fire" poured upon them by the adverse covering parties, rushed
+into the wide-spread ruins of the breach and drove the assailants back
+in a desperate hand-to-hand encounter.</p>
+
+<p>Rallied by their officers, the division of stormers again returned to
+the assault, only, however, to be met with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_610" id="Page_610">[610]</a></span> equal determination by the
+Ti-pings, who again successfully repulsed them.</p>
+
+<p><i>General</i> Gordon now placed his men under cover, inflicting heavy loss
+upon the defenders of the breach by pouring continual discharges of
+grape and canister shot into their dense ranks. For some time this
+artillery practice was resumed; a fresh storming party was then told
+off, and the breach again attacked with much bravery, and again defended
+with equal courage. The trained troops wavered and were nearly driven
+back a third time, but being reinforced by fresh men, rallied, and
+finally carried the breach. This, however, was not effected until the
+commandant of the city had been severely wounded, and a great proportion
+of his officers killed or disabled. The Ti-pings then gave way and
+escaped, carrying off many of their wounded, with their wives and
+children, through the gates at the other side of the town. The snake
+flags of Tsah, the commandant, remained in the breach until the summit
+was in possession of the enemy, when they were carried off in safety.</p>
+
+<p>The Imperialists were assisted by the steamer <i>Hyson</i> in their attack
+upon Tait-san, which vessel caused no little alarm to the garrison by
+steaming along the creeks encircling the city, and throwing heavy shell
+among them, besides seriously menacing their line of retreat. Another
+great help to the besiegers consisted in the presence of the British
+<i>corps de réserve</i>, stationed at the village of Wy-con-sin close by, and
+which the Ti-pings fully expected would attack them should the
+disciplined Chinese be defeated.</p>
+
+<p>The loss of the Anglo-Manchoo force upon this occasion was about two
+hundred; the Ti-pings, soldiery and civilians, killed in action, or
+afterwards caught by the Imperialists and cruelly put to death, cannot
+have been less than two thousand.</p>
+
+<p>At Tait-san, as at Kah-ding, Tsing-poo, and every other city wrested
+from the Ti-pings either before or subsequently,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_611" id="Page_611">[611]</a></span> the capture was
+followed by the perpetration of most revolting barbarities by the
+Imperial troops and Mandarins, whenever the attention of the British
+officers who assisted them to capture the places was withdrawn.
+<i>General</i> Gordon and the commanding officers of other contingents saved
+some of the Ti-ping prisoners who had been captured; but for the
+destruction of many thousands of innocent men, including country people,
+non-combatant inhabitants of the cities, and women and children, they
+are criminally responsible.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the first capture of Kah-ding by the British forces, when General
+Staveley's <i>humane</i> disposition led him to station the Imperialist
+troops so as to intercept the flight of the garrison from his artillery
+fire, the following scenes were enacted, as appears by a letter from the
+Rev. Mr. Lobschied, published in the <i>Hong Kong Daily Press</i> of June
+28th:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"A small gate being the only issue through which the women and
+children could escape from their <i>deliverers</i>, they rushed upon
+the wall, and threw themselves down a great height, rather than
+fall into the hands of the combined forces. Those that were
+immediately killed were lucky enough; for they were saved from
+the sufferings that awaited the survivors. Whilst looting and
+killing was going on within the walls, until darkness threw her
+veil over the scenes of horror, several hundreds of men, women,
+and children, whose only crime was that of being citizens of
+Kah-ding when taken by the rebels, were lying outside the city
+walls with broken limbs, helpless, and parched with thirst. When
+morning arrived, a few gentlemen passed outside the wall through
+the narrow gate, in order to take a retrospect of the field of
+action. What did they see? The Imperialists, having become aware
+of the large number of sufferers outside the wall, had resorted
+thither long before the rising of the sun, were just stripping
+the poor people, and cutting off their heads, which they would
+take with them as trophies of their victory, when the two
+gentlemen (one of whom was an officer) happened to disturb
+them." </p></div>
+
+<p>The unfortunate people above referred to were a portion of those
+massacred by the troops of the Chinese general Le, the same worthy who,
+when reporting to General Staveley his execution of the duties assigned
+him, offered to produce the left ears of 1,300 rebels.</p>
+
+<p>At<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_612" id="Page_612">[612]</a></span> Tait-san similar atrocities were committed by the forces of Sing, the
+Manchoo commander. Hundreds of civilians were killed for the sake of
+their heads, and some prisoners were actually taken to the camp of the
+British <i>corps de réserve</i>, formed in conjunction with an Imperialist
+one, and there cruelly tortured to death. The execution of seven victims
+in particular is fully attested by Dr. Murtagh,<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> 22nd B. N. I.; other
+"eye-witnesses," including the Bishop of Victoria, have personally
+assured me of their positive knowledge as to this and other atrocities
+more revolting, and upon a more extensive scale, that have been
+inflicted upon Ti-pings captured by means of the British alliance with
+the Manchoo. The following is an extract from a letter published in most
+of the Shanghae papers, and vouched for as being true by Dr. Murtagh:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="center">
+EXTRACT FROM THE "NORTH CHINA HERALD" OF JUNE 13, 1863.<br />
+<i>Treatment of Ti-ping Prisoners.</i><br />
+(To the Editor of the <i>Daily Shipping and Commercial News</i>.)
+</div>
+
+<p>"... About 11 o'clock a.m. on the day following the capture of
+Tait-san (<i>Sunday</i>, May 3rd), seven prisoners were brought into
+the Imperialist camp near Wy-con-sin; being stripped perfectly
+nude, they were each tied to a stake, and tortured with the most
+refined cruelty. Arrows appeared to have been forcibly driven
+into various parts of their bodies, from whence issued copious
+streams of blood. This mode of torture falling short of
+satiating the demoniacal spirit of their tormentors, recourse
+was had to other means. Strips of flesh were cut, or rather
+hacked (judging from the appearance presented, the instrument
+seemed too blunt to cut), from different parts of their bodies,
+which, hanging by a small portion of skin, presented an
+appearance truly horrible....</p>
+
+<p>"For hours these wretched beings writhed in agony. About sunset
+they were led forth more dead than alive by a brutal
+executioner, who, sword in hand, thirsting to imbrue his hand in
+blood, seemed the very incarnation of a fiend. Seizing his
+unfortunate victims, he exultingly dragged them forth, mocking
+and insulting them, and then, by hewing, hacking, and using a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_613" id="Page_613">[613]</a></span>
+sawing motion, he succeeded eventually in putting an end to
+their sufferings by partially severing the head from the body.
+Such are the bare facts, which can, if necessary, be fully
+substantiated by other eye-witnesses.... </p>
+
+<div class="right">
+"(Signed) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">An Eye-Witness</span>."
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>As further evidence of the atrocities which were committed in these
+fearful times, the following letter will speak emphatically. It was
+written at the time, and addressed to the editor of the <i>Shanghae
+Recorder</i>, by Mr. J. C. Sillar, a merchant of high position, by whose
+permission it is now published:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="center">
+"NO MORE MURDERS.<br />
+"(To the Editor of the <i>Shanghae Recorder</i>.)
+</div>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,&mdash;A gentleman who was present at the capture of Tsingpo
+informed me that he held the heads of fourteen women with his
+own hands while their throats, which had been cut by the English
+or French soldiers (perhaps both) were being sewn up. There were
+many more, but he held the heads of fourteen with his own hands.</p>
+
+<p>"I trust that, in the event of the capture of Kading, steps may
+be taken to prevent such atrocities either by our own men or the
+'disciplined Chinese.'</p>
+
+<div class="right">
+"Your obedient servant,<br />
+"<span class="smcap">J. C. Sillar</span>.
+</div>
+
+<p>"Shanghae, October 18, 1862."
+<br /><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>"The women stated that their throats had been cut by the English
+soldiers; but, upon being asked to identify them, pointed to the
+French.</p>
+
+<div class="right">"J. C. S."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Placing the Manchoo, Sing, in charge of Tait-san, <i>General</i> Gordon moved
+forward to reconnoitre Quin-san, the next Ti-ping city in the direction
+of Soo-chow, the provincial capital. After establishing a large
+Imperialist army in a stockaded position close to its walls, he returned
+with his own force to Soong-kong, the head-quarters, for the purpose of
+obtaining from General Brown, at Shanghae, further supplies of H. B.
+Majesty's shot and shell, preparatory to bombarding the city. When all
+the necessary munitions of war had been received from the British
+arsenals, Gordon returned to his allies outside the east gate of
+Quin-san.</p>
+
+<p>The garrison,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_614" id="Page_614">[614]</a></span> upon the arrival of Gordon's troops, sallied forth upon
+them in strong force, but after a desperate attempt to come to close
+quarters were driven back by the artillery with much loss. Now,
+unfortunately for the Ti-pings, the scientific knowledge of their enemy
+led him to investigate the strategic and defensive position of Quin-san
+with unmistakable perception of its weak points. He quickly discovered
+that the place was so situated as to possess but one line of retreat or
+supply, in consequence of the numerous small lakes, Imperialist
+outposts, and broad creeks in every other direction. Consequently,
+instead of directly attacking the city, Gordon moved his army, supported
+by the steamer <i>Hyson</i> and a large fleet of well-armed gunboats, against
+its only line of communication, a road constructed along the bank of a
+wide creek leading to Soo-chow. This movement was no sooner perceived by
+the garrison of Quin-san, than, finding their position rendered
+perfectly untenable, they commenced to evacuate the city as fast as
+possible. Refugees from Tait-san and the surrounding country had
+increased the number of inhabitants considerably, and, as at many places
+their only line of retreat was but a few feet broad, with deep creeks on
+either side, and continual narrow bridges spanning the numerous canals
+intersecting the country with a perfect maze of water, their escape from
+the city occupied the entire day, and their long thin line stretched for
+miles along this narrow road. The rush of the panic-stricken people was
+so great that the Ti-ping troops became inextricably mingled with and
+confused among them.</p>
+
+<p>A few miles from Quin-san the <i>Hyson</i> and the gunboats came upon the
+fugitives where their line of retreat was intersected by the creek, up
+which the vessels were advancing; their progress, however, was for some
+time arrested by a couple of stockades, into which a few soldiers
+managed to throw themselves, and by an obstruction presented by a strong
+row of stakes driven firmly across the creek. During the delay, the
+<i>Hyson's</i> European<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_615" id="Page_615">[615]</a></span> officers amused themselves by an incessant fire of
+grape and canister poured among the helpless people seeking to escape
+almost in front of the muzzle of her 32-pounder bow gun. Gordon, in his
+report to General Brown,<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> after noticing the "well-cultivated"
+appearance of the country, states that the <i>Hyson</i> continued this
+murderous work for "over three hours," at the expiration of which time
+he arrived with his troops and drove the defenders from their stockades.
+Immediately upon this, the <i>Hyson</i>, as Gordon states, "overhauled the
+rebels and followed them slowly up. The creek was positively jammed up
+with their boats, and at the bridge at Edin the crush was awful." Now,
+how those who directed the fire of shell and <i>mitraille</i> from the
+<i>Hyson</i> managed to avoid injuring the women and children, who
+constituted a great proportion of the people contained in the boats,
+does not appear.</p>
+
+<p>When the unfortunates had been leisurely followed up and ceaselessly
+attacked until they reached the vicinity of Soo-chow, and the protection
+afforded by its garrison, the steamer turned about and slowly ran back.
+The report, continuing from this point, states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"All this time rebel stragglers had been dropping into the
+Soochow road from all parts, and the <i>Hyson</i> had to <i>continue
+her work</i> all the way back, sometimes being so close on masses
+of rebels that she had to resort to some measure to get clear of
+them, and so adopted the novel expedient of using her steam
+whistle, which, singular as it may appear, had the desired
+effect.... Mounted men would try and gallop by the steamer not
+six yards from her; others positively rode or tried to ride past
+when she was alongside the road. <i>The grape and canister must
+have told fearfully, owing to their numbers.</i>... We had not
+ceased shelling until 2.30 <i>a.m.</i>" </p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_616" id="Page_616">[616]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At least nine-tenths of the wretched people who thus perished under the
+orders of <i>General</i> Gordon&mdash;who, by the way, seems to have become very
+quickly imbued with the "Chinese character" prophesied by the British
+minister at Pekin&mdash;were non-combatants. The manner in which British
+officers dealt destruction to their victims during <i>twenty hours</i>, with
+absolute impunity to themselves, would be too revolting to be credible,
+but for its plain avowal by Major Gordon, R.E., himself. This almost
+unparalleled proceeding is merely the prototype of many other atrocities
+perpetrated by the Anglo-Manchoo legion and its Imperialist allies.
+During all the operations against the Ti-pings, and all the terrible
+consequences following the fall of their cities, can Major Gordon say
+how many were peaceful inhabitants, whose only fault was the fact that
+they were inmates of a town captured and held by the revolutionists?
+Fully nine-tenths of the Ti-ping killed and wounded, so vain-gloriously,
+were only guilty of submission to the <i>de facto</i> Power; the remainder
+were <i>bonâ fide</i> Ti-ping soldiers, whose only crime was their endeavour
+to expel the foreign and oppressive dynasty, and to establish the
+Christian faith, the persecution of the first converts to which caused
+their revolution.</p>
+
+<p>Thousands of the people who fled before the ceaseless shelling from the
+<i>Hyson</i> had never seen a steamer before; even the few who had, like all
+Chinese, were greatly awed by the supposed qualities of the "fiery
+dragon ship;" thus, the shrieking of the steam whistle, the dashing
+noise of her paddles, the flaming appearance of her funnel, and the
+fearful effect of her artillery fire, must have thrown them into the
+wildest consternation. Other steam gunboats, similar to the <i>Hyson</i>,
+were shortly added to the flotilla attached to Gordon's force, and ever
+afterwards their appearance threw the Ti-pings into confusion, and
+proved more effective than a great army in the field. The dread inspired
+by the steamers was always fatal to every Ti-ping position they
+attacked, and not without cause. They were each protected by iron
+mantlets, proof against musketry fire, which was all they had to resist,
+and carried a heavy bow gun and another at the stern.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_617" id="Page_617">[617]</a></span> If the garrison
+of any stockade attempted to resist them, their artillery soon battered
+down the defences or shelled the defenders, and then came a massacre
+similar to that attending the evacuation of Quin-san. The whole country
+between Shanghae and Soo-chow is low, marshy, and cut up by innumerable
+creeks, canals, dykes, and lakes, the only roads being a few narrow
+causeways built along the sides of the principal creeks; therefore,
+whenever the garrison of a stockade was driven out, their only line of
+retreat was along the bank of a creek, up which a steamer could follow
+them for miles, and pour in deadly discharges of grape and canister at a
+distance of only a few feet.</p>
+
+<p>It has been estimated that the Ti-ping loss during the evacuation of
+Quin-san and the subsequent route was not less than 3,000. Gordon's
+force lost 2 killed and 5 drowned!</p>
+
+<p>Having noticed the particulars of the disastrous loss of Tait-san and
+Quin-san, we must now come to the still more unfortunate effect caused
+by the receipt of the intelligence at Nankin, and the further report
+that the ships of the Anglo-Chinese or "Vampyre" flotilla were arriving
+at Shanghae.</p>
+
+<p>These events took place in the month of May, 1863, and immediately the
+Ti-ping Government heard of them, couriers were despatched in hot haste
+after the Chung-wang, recalling his army to the capital. At this time
+the Commander-in-Chief had advanced about four hundred miles in the
+direction of Pekin, having captured many cities from the enemy, and
+completely defeated several large Manchoo armies, one led by the
+Imperialist Prince Sung-wang, or San-ko-lin-sin, as he is known to
+Europeans. Upon receipt of the orders from Nankin, the Chung-wang was
+compelled to forsake all the important advantages he had gained, and
+derive no benefit from the series of victories he had achieved, by
+abandoning every captured position and precipitately returning to the
+capital.</p>
+
+<p>The Ti-ping<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_618" id="Page_618">[618]</a></span> forces had quite lately reached a fertile part of the
+country, where they were recruiting and gradually recovering from the
+hardships endured throughout the previous march. From the edge of the
+river Yang-tze, in the vicinity where the army first crossed from
+Nankin, throughout a naturally sterile country, for a distance of more
+than three hundred miles, the retreating Imperialists had devastated
+everything far and near, so as to stay the advance of the Ti-pings by
+the deadly medium of famine. Every rice-field, farm, and plantation were
+destroyed and made a desert waste, so that not the smallest article of
+food could be obtained. Fortunately the Chung-wang's commissariat was
+well supplied, so his troops were able to traverse the desolated regions
+without very much suffering, and by quick movements to limit the
+devastation to an extent of three hundred miles.</p>
+
+<p>At the time, however, when the Chung-wang received his orders to return
+to Nankin, the supplies of his army had become well nigh exhausted, and
+the urgent tone of the despatches made an immediate retreat so
+imperative, that no delay to gather in the standing crops or otherwise
+collect a sufficient quantity of provisions was possible.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the fall of Tait-san, Quin-san, &amp;c., and the presence of several
+"Vampyre" ships at Shanghae, where others were momentarily arriving,
+other dangers menaced the Ti-pings; namely, either the destruction of
+their best army by starvation, or the prevention of its retreat to
+Nankin, by the immense fleet of Imperialist gunboats threatening the
+city.</p>
+
+<p>Since the fall of Ngan-king (towards the close of the year 1861), the
+Imperialists had gradually approached along both banks of the river,
+until at last they managed to capture every place up to the walls of
+Nankin. This result was accomplished entirely by the presence of the
+well-equipped and innumerable flotilla of row-galleys, just at the
+period the Ti-ping Government was alarmed by the loss of Tait-san and
+Quin-san. But though the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_619" id="Page_619">[619]</a></span> revolutionists were unable to dispute the
+supremacy on the great river, simply because they were entirely
+destitute of war vessels, they held the country within five miles of the
+water for a considerable distance above Nankin on the south bank of the
+Yang-tze.</p>
+
+<p>The army commanded by the Chung-wang consisted principally of veteran
+troops, natives of the south of China, who originally joined the
+movement, and was by far the best in the Ti-ping service. Its strength
+of fighting men was not less than 50,000, while numberless refugees,
+prisoners, coolies, and others, far more than doubled those figures.</p>
+
+<p>From the intelligence conveyed in his despatches, the General knew at
+once that only one course&mdash;an instant retreat by forced marches&mdash;was
+possible, either to save his army from destruction, or succour the
+hardly-pressed garrisons of the cities of the silk district. Gathering
+all the rice at hand, though it was quite unripe, and foraging
+everything that could be used as food, though a full treasury could have
+supplied them with suitable provisions had such been available in
+sufficient quantity, the army broke ground and commenced its disastrous
+return to Nankin. The supplies soon proved inadequate to last one half
+the distance to be traversed; consequently, this retreat proved more
+terribly destructive to the army than a dozen bad defeats would have
+been. The latter part of the forced marches these starving men had to
+perform led through desert places and low marshy ground; and, to add to
+the horrors of their situation, the Yang-tze having considerably
+overflowed its banks, the low country for a great distance inland was
+completely flooded. Through this, and many a weary mile of bamboo swamp,
+had the exhausted and starving Ti-pings to force their way.</p>
+
+<p>Whenever a piece of firmer ground was reached, it could only be passed
+after defeating the Manchoo troops in occupation, who, well supplied
+with food, clothing, and boats, swarmed around the perishing and
+retreating army in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_620" id="Page_620">[620]</a></span> thousands, now that it could be done with impunity.
+As the unfortunate Ti-pings approached nearer and nearer to the bank of
+the river, their sufferings (if possible) became increased. Frequently
+they came to places totally impassable except by swimming, and at such
+they had to cross exposed to the attacks of numerous squadrons of
+Imperialist gunboats, stationed at every available position to cut off
+or harass their retreat. Can anything more dreadful than the state of
+these unhappy patriots be imagined? For nearly a month they had
+subsisted entirely upon the grass of the fields, the green tops of
+bamboo, and the bodies of the dead!&mdash;while their march lay through the
+mazes of dense bamboo jungle, and swamps of mud and water&mdash;frequently of
+a depth which prevented fording. During the whole of this fearful
+retreat, their rear, front, and flanks were incessantly harassed by the
+attacks of the cowardly and bloodthirsty enemy, who cruelly murdered
+hundreds of exhausted men, whom they were quite unable to withstand in
+fair fight. Thousands perished in this manner, and thousands more were
+horribly suffocated in the morasses, or drowned among the swamps. Who is
+responsible for all this misery and loss of life? It was <i>caused</i>
+entirely through British intervention, and the material aid given to the
+Manchoo. At last the leading division of the army made its appearance
+opposite Nankin, and then arose the difficulty of transporting it across
+the river.</p>
+
+<p>During several days preceding the arrival of the remnant of the
+Chung-wang's troops, the enemy had maintained an incessant attack upon
+the batteries and forts commanding the passage of the river, and had
+particularly concentrated their efforts against a large fort on the
+opposite side, the capture of which would have placed the whole north
+bank in their hands, and would also have cut off all retreat. About a
+week previous, the <i>Anglo-Ti-ping</i>, with my old craft and three junks,
+had run the Imperial blockade and safely arrived at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_621" id="Page_621">[621]</a></span> Nankin creek,
+each heavily laden with rice and other provisions. My friend D&mdash;&mdash; had
+caught a passing steamer, and proceeded on to Shanghae upon business.
+P&mdash;&mdash; remained with the lorcha, and I joined him on board, taking my
+wife with me, as the Sz-wang and principal chiefs in the city had
+requested me to assist in the defence of the river forts. Directly the
+Imperialists became aware of the near approach of the Chung-wang's army,
+they began their attacks upon the fort on the other side of the river.
+This work, Kew-fu-chew, as the Ti-pings named it, was directly opposite
+the batteries (at the entrance of the creek) which extended along the
+edge of the river, on the narrow strip of land forming the outer bank of
+the creek until it turned inland towards the city. These batteries
+mounted a number of heavy guns; though, as nearly all were of Chinese
+make&mdash;huge, unwieldy masses of iron, bigger than an English 68, but with
+the bore of only a 4 or 6-pounder&mdash;few were moveable or manageable. As a
+rule, until taught by Europeans, the Chinese are wretched artillerists,
+their guns being usually lashed firm in one position, from which they
+can neither be moved by the muzzle radius, nor breech-elevating
+principle; so that, be the object far or near, the guns are fired at the
+same range in every case. Among the many useless guns, the appearance of
+which had far more to do with frightening away the enemy than their
+effectiveness, I at last found five or six that were really
+serviceable&mdash;including an English naval 32-pounder, one 18-pounder, a
+large French cannon, and several fine brass Chinese guns. As there
+happened to be nearly thirty European and American trading vessels at
+the port, I managed to raise a corps of about twenty-five volunteers to
+work the artillery. My own lorcha carried two beautiful pivot-guns
+amidships, which proved of no little use during the different actions.</p>
+
+<p>Regularly at daylight every morning the enemy would commence their
+attack upon Kew-fu-chew, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_622" id="Page_622">[622]</a></span> smaller forts above the Sz-wang's
+position. Their plan of battle was well formed and very picturesque in
+appearance; successive squadrons of gunboats would sail down and engage
+the fort, delivering their fire; and then, filling away before a fair
+wind, returning to their position up the river. These vessels were
+assisted by others co-operating from below the Ti-ping lines; all being
+profusely decorated with gaudy flags, and propelled by numerous oars on
+either side.</p>
+
+<p>The whole scene of battle formed a never-to-be-forgotten spectacle. The
+gallant appearance of the innumerable gunboats tacking down stream, and
+opening fire, one after the other, in regular order; some crossing in
+every direction, and others running back dead before the wind, with
+their broad and prettily-cut lateen sails stretching out on either side
+like a pair of snowy wings; the incessant roar of the cannonade; the
+flash of the guns; the curling smoke, at first dense and impenetrable,
+and then dissolving into thin wreaths, gracefully circling round the
+rigging and the white sails; the steady reply from the flag-covered
+forts, now enveloped in clouds of sulphurous vapour, anon standing forth
+clear and sharply defined against the dark background formed by the
+waving bamboo; the peaceful current of the noble Yang-tze river&mdash;here
+narrowed to a point less than 1,800 yards across, though stretching far
+and wide immediately beyond on either side; the grim embattled walls of
+Nankin, towering over the plain a few miles distant; mountains of
+fantastic shape on every side&mdash;some near, impending and majestic;
+others, cloud-capped and dimly visible in the distance; the cheer and
+cry of battle mingling with the echo of artillery&mdash;all combined,
+produced an effect truly grand and imposing.</p>
+
+<p>At last the garrison of Kew-fu-chew reported that the leading columns of
+the Chung-wang's army were in sight; upon which further reinforcements
+were instantly thrown into all the forts, while every boat was made
+ready for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_623" id="Page_623">[623]</a></span> purpose of transporting the approaching troops across the
+river. Even when they had arrived within sight of their capital, the
+sufferings of the unfortunate people were not completed until they had
+endured much more loss by the assaults of the enemy. Upon the arrival of
+the famished and emaciated troops at the brink of the river, they were
+saluted with one continuous cannonade from the gunboats that now found
+ample opportunities of slaughtering them as they crowded the bank for a
+distance of nearly two miles. With incredible fortitude they maintained
+their position, and did not flinch backward by the least perceptible
+movement; and, in the face of the terrible fire poured into their dense
+masses at point-blank range (mostly from <i>English</i> guns), proceeded to
+the work of embarkation as steadily as their weakened condition would
+permit.</p>
+
+<p>Directly the first detachment appeared on the beach, I sailed over to
+help them with all my vessels, and getting a dozen Europeans on board
+the lorcha, worked her against the enemy with considerable effect. The
+fearful sights that met my gaze upon every part of the shore I shall
+never forget. Very many of the weakest men, totally unable to assist
+themselves further, were left to die within sight of the goal for which
+they had striven so hard and suffered so greatly, their number being so
+large that their comrades were not sufficient to help, or get them over
+the river in the presence of the enemy. The horrible "thud" of the
+cannon shot crashing continuously among the living skeletons, so densely
+packed at places that they were swept off by the river, into which they
+were forced by the pressure from behind; the perfect immobility with
+which they confronted the death hurled upon them from more than a
+thousand gunboats; and the slow effort the exhausted survivors made to
+extricate themselves from the mangled bodies of their stricken comrades,
+were scenes awful to contemplate. It was dreadful to watch day after day
+during the time occupied<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_624" id="Page_624">[624]</a></span> in getting the remnant of that once splendid
+army across the river, with but little means to succour them, the lanes
+cut through the helpless multitude on the beach by the merciless fire of
+the enemy; all so passively endured. The gaunt, starved forms, and wild
+staring eyes of those who had laid themselves down to die, haunted me
+for many a future night.</p>
+
+<p>Frequently during the passage of the river, some small boat, with its
+scarcely living freight, would be drifted away from the protection of
+the Nankin batteries by the strength of the tide, the overcrowded boat
+being too heavily laden to be moved quickly enough by the weakened arms
+of the rowers. Whenever such an event took place, the mandarin boats
+would dart upon their defenceless prey, and immediately chop off the
+heads of all on board in the most brutal manner, throwing the bodies of
+the victims into the river within sight of their comrades, who were
+totally unable to assist them. In these cases the poor fellows struggled
+and fought against their murderers with the energy of despair, as
+desperately as their enfeebled condition would permit; but this was of
+little avail, for nearly all their fire-arms were rendered useless, the
+powder being saturated with water, while they were far too weak to wield
+other weapons effectively.</p>
+
+<p>I received the Chung-wang on board my vessel, and carried him to the
+Nankin side, when he had seen the greater part of his surviving troops
+safely across the river. My comrade, L&mdash;&mdash;, was with him, also the
+Sardinian officer of the late Ling-ho's regiment; but I never saw my
+brave lieutenant, Phillip Bosse, again: he had fallen at the head of the
+Chung-wang's guards, while gallantly protecting the retreat of the main
+body.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the twelfth day all who could be saved were across the Yang-tze,
+and under the friendly shadow of the Nankin walls, whilst, on the other
+side of the river,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_625" id="Page_625">[625]</a></span> none remained but the garrison of the fort and the
+numerous bodies of those who had perished of hunger or had been
+slaughtered by the enemy. At last all seemed laid in the sleep of death,
+until some poor wretch would suddenly crawl to the brink of the desired
+water, and then fall into the swift current either to quench his burning
+thirst or terminate his agony.</p>
+
+<p>Even now the bleached skeletons of many thousands of these unfortunate
+victims to British intervention may be seen in the positions in which
+they fell, waiting for the hand of decay to obliterate the last sad
+trace of their existence.</p>
+
+<p>The Chung-wang's army had formed the best and bravest part of the whole
+Ti-ping forces; in fact, his troops were the <i>élite</i> of the whole
+military organization, being principally composed of veterans who had
+joined the cause from its infancy, and to whom defeat was really
+unknown. A great proportion of the original nucleus of the revolution
+was included in its ranks, consisting of the men from Kwang-tung,
+Kwang-si, and the Miau-tze, who, inspired with the religious enthusiasm
+so conducive to the wonderful success which attended the earlier stages
+of the Ti-ping movement, and imbued with that spirit of chivalry which
+defied all obstacles, dreaded no dangers, and endured cruel torture,
+became the true champions of the great religious and political Chinese
+revolution. Unless Christendom chooses to deny the theory that Asia is
+to be Christianized by a process similar to the manner in which it was
+itself converted from Heathenism, it is impossible to dispute the fact
+that Hung-sui-tshuen and his followers have commenced a work that shall
+never perish nor be forgotten. The very fact that the leaders of the
+Ti-ping movement, from the first day of its existence, forced their
+tenets upon the sage contempt of the literati, the general repugnance of
+the people, and the well-known hatred of the innumerable Manchoo
+employés, proves most convincingly that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_626" id="Page_626">[626]</a></span> it was a holy element which
+animated those chiefs and their followers, and which induced them to
+forsake the theories of their ancient and deeply venerated sages, to
+rely upon the help and attributes of an Eternal Judge.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, by the disastrous retreat to Nankin, the Ti-pings lost
+the greater proportion of those adherents whose religious fervour has
+induced me to compare them to the heroes and champions of the early
+Christian Church. There are doubtless those who, from their self-erected
+pinnacle of righteousness, will prove sceptics as to the reality of
+Ti-ping Christianity; but I trust all who have had the patience to
+accompany me through this history will consider that point effectually
+proved in favour of the revolutionists.</p>
+
+<p>The remnant of the Chung-wang's army scarcely amounted to 15,000
+effective men, and from this number reinforcements had to be thrown into
+Nankin, Soo-chow, Chang-chow, Wu-sie, and other cities menaced by the
+enemy; consequently, when the General-in-Chief proceeded to the
+districts invaded by the Anglo-Franco-Manchoo mercenaries in the
+neighbourhood of Soo-chow, he was not accompanied by more than 7,000
+troops; yet with this small force he managed to keep the overwhelming
+numbers of the enemy for some time at bay, to control and reassure many
+garrisons wavering in loyalty, and to protect a great extent of
+frontier. Had his once splendid army been intact and serviceable, the
+Imperialists and their allies would have to tell a very different tale
+to that of the expulsion of the Ti-pings from their former territory.</p>
+
+<p>On the day succeeding the passage of the last surviving troops across
+the river, the enemy seemed determined to vent his wrath at their escape
+by a general attack upon all the fortifications. From early morning the
+assailants had swarmed down in countless gunboats, covering the whole
+expanse of the Yang-tze, and completely hiding the fort of Kew-fu-chew
+from our view by the dense clouds of smoke proceeding from their
+ceaseless<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_627" id="Page_627">[627]</a></span> bombardment. The adverse flotilla in the neighbourhood of
+Nankin was closely estimated at a strength of 3,000 gunboats of all
+sizes, some carrying only one light gun in the bow, others mounting four
+or five rather heavy cannon.</p>
+
+<p>The Imperialists maintained their attack with much vigour and
+determination until late at night. Throughout the day we were unable to
+do much harm to them, their vessels being nearly always perfectly
+concealed by smoke, so that our guns could only be pointed at chance
+range. The roar from nearly 2,000 pieces of artillery was terrific and
+deafening beyond description. As night closed in we were enabled to make
+much better practice from our batteries by noticing the flashes of the
+enemy's guns, and aiming in the direction indicated. At about 10 p.m.
+our fire proved so effective that the whole fleet relinquished the
+attack and retreated both up and down the river. Owing to the vast
+number of gunboats which were crowded together in the comparatively
+small space between the Nankin batteries and the fort opposite, our fire
+must have inflicted severe loss, yet they persisted in the engagement
+with a courage I have never before or afterwards seen equalled by troops
+of the Manchoo Government.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of this resolute attack, the Ti-pings garrisoning the
+fortifications were singularly indifferent, and laughed to scorn the
+idea that the <i>Ya-mun-qui</i> (Mandarin-palace devils, as they delighted to
+call them) could ever capture any outwork of Nankin. When I remonstrated
+with the old Kung-wang about the negligent guard at night, he replied:
+"I have held these forts for twelve years, and, unless Tien-voo deserts
+me, shall hold them twelve years more, so far as the 'Imps' are
+concerned." That very night, or rather morning, he found occasion to
+regret his overweening confidence.</p>
+
+<p>The lurid glare of battle during the early night, the thunder of
+artillery, the crashing of shot, the fiery<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_628" id="Page_628">[628]</a></span> track of the arrow-headed
+rockets, followed by the occasional explosion of a gunboat, the whole
+din and prospect of tumult, had died away, and been replaced by the
+deathlike calm of a beautiful summer's night. Dirty, begrimed with
+powder, and fatigued with labour and excitement, my party of European
+volunteers, L&mdash;&mdash; (who had remained on board our lorcha), Captain P&mdash;&mdash;,
+and myself, took advantage of the quiet interval and retired to rest.
+Unfortunately for us, the deceitful calm proved doubly treacherous.</p>
+
+<p>Tap, tap, went the bamboo signals of the solitary sentinels around the
+forts under whose shadow our vessel rode silently at anchor; tum, tum,
+sounded the drums of the guards ensconced in the little look-out houses
+perched along the walls; and at last these monotonous echoes, sharply
+distinguished from out the surrounding stillness, proved irresistibly
+somniferous; gradually they became fainter and less frequent, and then
+ceased altogether.</p>
+
+<p>How long our sleep lasted I do not know, but suddenly I was aroused by
+the crashing roar of artillery seemingly right alongside our vessel. At
+the same moment I heard my friends start up in the adjoining cabin, and
+together we rushed on deck.</p>
+
+<p>Daylight was just dawning, but it was not required to enlighten the
+scenes taking place around. The water, neighbouring shore, and forts,
+were illuminated by the red glare of war. Above and below on the river;
+outside the batteries; on the broad arm of the Yang-tze, running past
+the Nankin creek and forming Tasohea Island; everywhere, in fact, the
+gunboats of the enemy were upon us in countless numbers; while the vivid
+and repeated flashes of their artillery made the air alive with bright
+coruscations. Early on the morning of June 28, 1863, the Imperialists
+made their daring and partially successful <i>coup de main</i>. In dense
+lines, completely covering the broad expanse of the river, they had
+pulled rapidly down stream; running the gauntlet of the stronger forts
+held by the Sze and Kung Wangs, and making the weaker ones <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_629" id="Page_629">[629]</a></span>just
+beyond the entrance of the Nankin creek the object of their attack. Each
+gunboat maintained a very quick fire of cannon, heavy gingals, rockets,
+fire-arrows, and every description of missile known in China, many of
+which took effect among the light-built houses inside the larger forts.
+On the other hand, the Ti-pings were entirely taken by surprise; the
+guns of the river forts were not loaded, and, being heavy, could not be
+quickly enough worked, or sufficiently depressed to obtain more than a
+couple of rounds before the last division of the enemy had swept past,
+the first having run by, and entered the channel between Tasohea Island
+and the mainland, almost before the alarm was given. The few shots that
+were delivered inflicted great havoc among the closely-packed gunboats
+right under the muzzles of the heavy artillery in the Kung-wang's fort;
+and the yellow waters of the mighty Yang-tze engulphed many a shattered
+man and vessel, while pieces of wreck were strewed upon the surface, and
+swiftly borne away to excite the wonder of distant villagers on the
+banks of the rapid river.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 900px;">
+<img src="images/i220.jpg" width="900" height="571" alt="DAY &amp; SON (LIMITED) LITH.
+IMPERIALIST ATTACK ON THE RIVER FORTS AT NANKIN" title="" />
+<span class="caption"><br />DAY &amp; SON (LIMITED) LITH.<br />
+IMPERIALIST ATTACK ON THE RIVER FORTS AT NANKIN</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>When off Theodolite Point, hundreds of the war-boats pulled inside the
+island, and made a dash upon the small forts on the mainland, and the
+foreign trading vessels anchored in the channel; while many soldiers,
+landing from others, captured the works on the end of the island,
+killing man, woman, and child, as the affrighted people rushed from
+their houses and attempted to escape. The small forts, being surrounded
+by overwhelming numbers, were quickly taken and then set on fire. Three
+large war-junks defending the mouth of the Nankin creek were also fired
+by the enemy, before their crews were fairly awake or had time to
+deliver a second broadside. At this moment I rushed on deck with my
+comrades. Our lorcha was lying close astern of the last <i>Ti-mung</i>, or
+war-junk, and many European craft were at anchor closer to Tasohea
+Island, and nearer to the main river;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_630" id="Page_630">[630]</a></span> some of these I saw boarded by
+the Imperialists, who instantly murdered the few Europeans, plundered
+the vessels, and then set them on fire.</p>
+
+<p>I saw at a glance that nothing but instant flight could save our lives,
+if it were not already too late. The gunboats were everywhere around,
+firing away indiscriminately in all directions. Fortunately our old junk
+was fast alongside the lorcha, which was far too heavy to escape from
+smaller craft; so abandoning the latter, containing all our property and
+nearly everything we had in the world, with my wife and friends I went
+on board the lighter vessel. We then cut her adrift and tried to escape
+down the channel. The land on each side being occupied by hostile
+troops, and the upper part of the channel leading into the river being
+crowded with their war-boats, it was the only course open.</p>
+
+<p>At the moment we shoved off and left the <i>Anglo-Ti-ping</i> to her fate,
+several gunboats boarded her from the opposite side, while others poured
+a terrible fire into our old junk, whose decks were covered with
+grape-shot, which had fallen harmless, from the hurried loading of our
+assailants.</p>
+
+<p>While all around seemed a mass of fire and flame, the daylight obscured
+by the dense pall of smoke above, the earth shaken by the ceaseless
+cannonade below, and while the fiery track of rockets, accompanied by
+their hissing sound, and the "wheep" of the shot whistling everywhere
+about, kept up the jubilee of war and destruction, we had drifted with
+the tide a few cables' length away from the lorcha, and made sail to the
+light though freshening breeze that offered our only chance of escape.</p>
+
+<p>A squall of wind was parting the heavy volume of smoke and fire, and
+coming towards us, when a number of gunboats appeared in full chase,
+keeping up a very heavy fire, the crew of the nearest throwing
+stink-pots, with which they managed to ignite our mainsail. I was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_631" id="Page_631">[631]</a></span> just
+turning to my dear wife to hurry her below, when a volley of musketry
+was poured in by the troops on board the attacking vessels. I saw my
+faithful friend and companion, L&mdash;&mdash;, fall to the deck, but almost at
+the same moment, struck by a spent ball, I became senseless.</p>
+
+<p>I know not what period may have elapsed, but when at length I was
+restored to consciousness, it was but to realize the exquisite
+bitterness of my loss. Close to where my best and long-proved friend had
+fallen, lay the lifeless form of my well-loved wife, pierced by a flight
+of bullets.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Alluding to <i>Admiral</i> Sherrard Osborne's 'Vampyre' fleet.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Since the loss of Nankin, and all their former cities,
+through British hostility, this has resulted to a certain extent only;
+for still, with wonderful forbearance, the Ti-pings have not begun to
+ravage the country, their moderation in the neighbourhood of Amoy, where
+they now are in force, being well known.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> In honour of the Holy Trinity.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> The officiating priest.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> It is hardly to be understood how dishonourable men are
+"worthy a more honourable death."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Table of Ti-ping loss of life.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> <i>Vide</i> pp. 126 and 108, Blue Book on China, No. 3, 1864,
+for Dr. Murtagh's letter, and the attestation by Bishop Boone and the
+Bishop of Victoria of the statements of two other eye-witnesses.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> <i>Vide</i> Blue Book on China, No. 3, 1864 p. 111.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_632" id="Page_632">[632]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XXII.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>On the Wong-poo River.&mdash;Ningpo Sam.&mdash;The <i>China</i>.&mdash;Her
+passengers.&mdash;The Ta-hoo Lake.&mdash;Its Scenery.&mdash;The Canals of
+Central China.&mdash;General
+Burgevine.&mdash;Soo-chow.&mdash;Deserters.&mdash;Burgevine suspected.&mdash;The
+Americo-Ti-ping Legions.&mdash;Burgevine's policy.&mdash;Colonel
+Morton.&mdash;The Mo-wang.&mdash;Arrival of the Chung-wang.&mdash;The Loyal and
+Faithful Auxiliary Legion.&mdash;How regulated.&mdash;Affair at
+Wo-kong.&mdash;Recruiting.&mdash;Plan of Operations.&mdash;A <i>coup de
+main</i>.&mdash;Arrangement.&mdash;Interruptions.&mdash;Postponed. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>Towards the close of a fine October day in 1863, an ordinary Shanghae
+<i>san-pan</i>, or passage-boat, might have been seen slowly sculling
+up-stream against the ebbing tide of the Wong-poo river, and carefully
+hugging the bank opposite to the foreign settlements. Besides the hardy
+Chinese owner (working away with a big oar over the stern, and rejoicing
+in the euphonical cognomen "Ningpo Sam"), the boat was occupied by two
+foreigners, seated under the arched mat cover. One seemed to be of
+Anglo-Saxon race; the other, by his dusky skin, long moustache, and
+jet-black hair, a native of the East Indies.</p>
+
+<p>To a close observer there was something suspicious in the management of
+the <i>san-pan</i> and the movements of the people on board. All passing
+craft were carefully avoided, and whenever a European ship on the river,
+or European dwelling on the shore, was approached, down came the outside
+mat from the cover, screening the front of the boat, and completely
+hiding the two passengers inside. If the observer had been near enough,
+he might have been further edified by hearing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_633" id="Page_633">[633]</a></span> sundry energetic
+expressions addressed by the irritable foreigners to "Ningpo Sam,"
+whenever that stolid individual did not sheer his boat sufficiently far
+from strange vessels to preserve their incognito.</p>
+
+<p>As the shades of evening fell upon the shipping on the river and the
+trees on the shore, the strength of the tide gradually relaxed, and the
+<i>san-pan</i> proceeded much more rapidly on her course. The see-saw rocking
+from side to side became less vigorous and unpleasant as the arms of the
+sculler were tired, and at last, when a point nearly three miles above
+Shanghae had been reached, "Ningpo Sam" ran his boat into the bank,
+threw down the heavy <i>yulo</i>, or oar, and emphatically declared his
+determination not to proceed any further until he had satisfied the
+cravings of his inner man with the <i>chow-chow</i> (to "che fan"&mdash;eat
+rice&mdash;as he said), bubbling over a little cooking stove in the
+stern-sheets.</p>
+
+<p>The Chinese are an obstinate people; some are essentially mulish, and
+"Ningpo Sam" seemed to be of the latter order; consequently his
+passengers very wisely produced a large hamper, and hauling bottles of
+beer, with a cold fowl, <i>et cæteras</i>, from its innermost depths, were
+soon busily engaged eating and drinking. By the time the hamper had been
+repacked night had closed in, but still the boatman's capacious jaws
+went "munch, munch." Meanwhile the dark-hued passenger, having lighted a
+cigar, was taking a fisherman's quarter-deck walk&mdash;that is to the extent
+of two steps and overboard&mdash;on the small fore-part of the <i>san-pan</i>. The
+second traveller reclined on the thwartship seat, and seemed absorbed
+with his own reflections, plainly not of the most happy tenor. He was
+far from being displeased when his companion aroused him by exclaiming:</p>
+
+<p>"Jump up, sir; jump up; the steamer is coming!" and then shouting to the
+Chinaman, still feeding in the stern, "Yulo, yulo, Sam!"</p>
+
+<p>Sam,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_634" id="Page_634">[634]</a></span> however, did not seem at all inclined to obey the summons; upon the
+contrary, he jerked the rice into his mouth and handled his chopsticks
+more vigorously than ever, spluttering out at intervals "Hi-ya!&mdash;how
+can?&mdash;my&mdash;wantchee chow-chow&mdash;no can yulo&mdash;just&mdash;now; by-em-by&mdash;finish
+chow-chow&mdash;can&mdash;do."</p>
+
+<p>Upon the termination of this cool reply, the European passenger passed
+to the after-part of the boat, and with the assistance of a stout cane,
+succeeded in making "Ningpo Sam" forsake gorging and resume his oar,
+much to that worthy's disgust, who, for some time, gave vent to his
+outraged feelings by a low-toned muttering of choice Ningpo
+"Billingsgate," which, however, excited not the smallest attention from
+the abused parties, who were intent upon the approaching steamer.</p>
+
+<p>When the steamer had arrived quite near, the Indian produced a bright
+bull's-eye lantern and displayed it for a few moments. This was answered
+by a light shown over the vessel's side, and by the stoppage of her
+engines. The <i>san-pan</i> was then sculled alongside, and her passengers
+taken on board. Directly the baggage had been received, the ship went on
+ahead at full speed, while "Ningpo Sam" and his boat disappeared in the
+distance, his gratified expectations finding vent in the following
+adieu: "Chin-chin, ga-la! <i>Numbah one</i>, massa; mi too much thankee you."</p>
+
+<p>Soon the loud protestations of gratitude died away in the distance, and
+the only sound which disturbed the stillness of the cool night air was
+the regular beat of the screw propeller, as the small steamer steadily
+proceeded on her course.</p>
+
+<p>The little steamer was named the <i>China</i>, belonged to Messrs. H&mdash;&mdash; &amp;
+Co., of Shanghae, and was employed in the silk trade. This valuable
+branch of commerce was wholly in the hands of the Ti-pings, and
+unrestricted until their expulsion from the producing districts, when
+the Imperial Manchoo mandarins closed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_635" id="Page_635">[635]</a></span> the interior to foreigners, and
+the trading of steamers or other vessels was entirely prohibited.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p>
+
+<p>The passengers who so mysteriously embarked themselves were on their way
+to Soo-chow. One was <i>General</i> Burgevine's <i>aide-de-camp</i>, the other
+being myself. Burgevine had quite lately put into execution his plan to
+join the revolutionists, and was established at the large city of
+Soo-chow in command of ninety to one hundred Europeans, and a batallion
+of 1,000 Ti-pings, placed under his orders to be drilled according to
+foreign tactics, and officered by their instructors. Burgevine's <i>aide</i>
+was proceeding to join his master. I was anxious to ascertain the
+principles and practical worth of the newly-formed Americo-Ti-ping
+contingent, and also to rejoin the Chung-wang.</p>
+
+<p>The voyage of the <i>China</i> terminated at the town of Nan-zing, situated
+almost in the centre of the silk district; and here she remained while
+the Chinese supercargo went into the country with many thousands of
+dollars to purchase silk; the regions under Ti-ping rule being so safe
+to travel, that all the vast amount of specie (from 8 to 10 millions
+sterling per annum) used during each season was carried about the
+country simply under the protection of the Chinese <i>shroff</i>, employed by
+the firm to whom the money belonged.</p>
+
+<p>Having obtained a fine large boat from the Governor of Nan-zing&mdash;a most
+friendly and courteous chief&mdash;I proceeded with my companion on our way
+to Soo-chow. Although the direct distance was not much over fifty miles,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_636" id="Page_636">[636]</a></span>
+in consequence of the capture of Quin-san, and another city named
+Wo-kong, by the enemy, the approaches to Soo-chow from the east and
+south were not available; so that we were obliged to cross the great
+Ta-hoo Lake, and reach the provincial capital by making a considerable
+<i>détour</i> to the west. The Ta-hoo, though so extensive that from its
+centre no land but the highest mountains can be seen, has nowhere more
+than an average depth of twelve feet; and in many parts its waters are
+so encumbered with floating weeds and interwoven stems of tough aquatic
+plants growing from the bottom, that navigation is impossible. The lake,
+similar to every piece of water in China, swarms with fish; thereby
+affording constant employment to numerous congregations of fishermen.
+These men, like their brethren of the sea-coast, clan together, and are
+by no means averse to a little piracy upon a favourable occasion; we
+were consequently compelled to keep a sharp look-out while passing
+through the lake; and, when at anchor during the second night, at least
+fifty miles from land, we were under the necessity of firing into a
+number of boats that bore right down upon us in a very suspicious
+manner. My Indian comrade had three cases of rifles, and one of
+revolvers, which he was taking to Soo-chow for his master's force, and
+of these we had loaded a sufficient number to repel any attack, unless
+made by overwhelming numbers; therefore, when the advancing boats were
+suddenly received by thirty or forty shots fired within as many seconds,
+they quickly "topped their booms" and sheered off.</p>
+
+<p>The scenery of the Ta-hoo is inconceivably grand and varied. Mountains
+rise to a wondrous height; limestone rocks&mdash;worn into the most grotesque
+shapes&mdash;project into the clear waters of the lake; valleys of great
+beauty intersect the densely wooded hills and jagged sterile mountains;
+while murmuring rivulets sweep past secluded villages, on their journey
+to the broad, though shallow, waters of the lake. One of the most
+beautiful and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_637" id="Page_637">[637]</a></span>romantic regions in all China is that extent of country
+situated to the north-east, north, and north-west of the Ta-hoo. Being
+of a mountainous nature, it is termed by the Chinese "Tung-shan," or the
+Eastern Hills. After sailing past the three largest islands on the lake,
+famous for producing the finest silk in the empire, we reached the most
+easterly part of the Tung-ting district. This had long been celebrated
+for the splendour of its mandarin palaces and heathen temples; but, when
+I visited the once-admired locality, its glories had departed, for the
+grand edifices of Tartar magnate and Pagan god were alike levelled with
+the dust; the Ti-ping was the dominant power, and its iconoclasm and
+hatred of the Manchoo had been practically manifested by the destruction
+of the monumental buildings, alike degrading to the patriotism and the
+religion of the nation. The villages and isolated cottages which studded
+the picturesque valleys still remained; and, by their life and
+prosperity, offered a striking contrast to the desolation of palace and
+temple.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 900px;">
+<img src="images/i230.jpg" width="900" height="522" alt="London, Published March 15th 1866 by Day &amp; Son,
+Limited Lithogrs Gate Str, Lincoln&#39;s Inn Fields.
+Day &amp; Son, Limited, Lith.
+VIEW FROM THE SUMMIT OF A MOUNTAIN IN THE WESTERN TUNG-SHAN DISTRICT ON
+THE NORTHERN SHORE OF THE TA-HOO LAKE, PROVINCE OF KEANG-SU" title="" />
+<span class="caption"><br />London, Published March 15th 1866 by Day &amp; Son, Limited<br />
+Lithogrs Gate Str, Lincoln&#39;s Inn Fields.<br />
+Day &amp; Son, Limited, Lith.<br />
+VIEW FROM THE SUMMIT OF A MOUNTAIN IN THE WESTERN TUNG-SHAN DISTRICT ON<br />
+THE NORTHERN SHORE OF THE TA-HOO LAKE, PROVINCE OF KEANG-SU</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Passing on to the Western Tung-shan district, we reached the wildest and
+most imposing region I have seen, either in China or any other part of
+the world. Far removed from the noisy haunts of men, and peopled with
+but a few solitary hamlets, it reposed in its romantic beauty,
+undisturbed save by the voice of Nature, and undefiled by the hand of
+man. Drawing our boat on to a long sandy beach, I wandered through the
+wild and lonely region for some hours with my dark companion, who I
+found could appreciate Nature's beauties more truly than many with a
+whiter skin. I rambled through the silent valleys and almost
+impenetrable forests of the Tung-shan, impressed with the solemn feeling
+that I trod where mortal foot had not fallen before. The landscape was
+most varied in its nature: massive mountains, peaceful valleys; wild and
+desolate cliffs; foaming cataracts, and then the calm and shaded waters
+of the lake; while the waving of the thick forest, the verdant and
+feathery<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_638" id="Page_638">[638]</a></span> bamboos; the water-lilies stretching wide on the surface of
+the lake; the wild orange-trees, and sweetly-perfumed shrubs and flowers
+blooming around, completed an almost unrivalled picture. After leaving
+this exquisite scenery, and just before entering the creek by which we
+were to reach Soo-chow, we passed underneath a great natural arch of
+rock, projecting some 90 feet into the lake, with a height of nearly
+150, and joined to a second small arch on the outside.</p>
+
+<p>This singular formation of rock lies on the border of the Ta-hoo, about
+forty miles to the north-west of Soo-chow, and is an object particularly
+noticed in the legendary lore of the superstitious natives.</p>
+
+<p>After leaving the lake, our journey lay through a complete network of
+those interminable creeks, lagoons, and canals intersecting the whole of
+south and central China. Some were broad and river-like, spanned by
+handsome, many-arched bridges, the banks covered with fine houses and
+regular pathways; others were narrow, tortuous, almost hidden by rank
+vegetation and long drooping osiers, and crossed by bridges composed of
+a rough slab of granite laid horizontally upon the ends of two upright
+blocks, and elevated scarcely six feet from the water. Wherever we
+passed, the country people complained bitterly of the foreign soldiers
+(meaning Gordon's, D'Aguibelle's, and other mercenary legions) coming to
+fight the Ti-pings; they were all long-haired and happy under the new
+<i>régime</i>; they were naturally averse to lose their heads because the
+British Government chose to support the oppressive and merciless
+Manchoo; and many of the finest grain-producing districts having been
+captured by the allied Anglo-Franco-Manchoo forces, together with a
+number of the principal Ti-ping granaries, a vast influx of destitute
+refugees added considerably to the daily increasing distress caused by
+the scarcity and exorbitant price of food.</p>
+
+<p>When at last, after threading miles of creek and canal,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_639" id="Page_639">[639]</a></span> I reached
+Soo-chow, I found that I had arrived at the moment of an important
+crisis&mdash;no less an event, indeed, than the dissolution of the
+short-lived Americo-Ti-ping contingent. This, however, was a matter of
+no surprise to me, as I had never placed the slightest faith in the
+composition and motives of the force, nor felt the least hope from its
+formation. Burgevine, its originator and commander, like Gordon, the
+uncommissioned <i>General</i> of the Anglo-Manchoo force, was essentially a
+mercenary and filibuster; the only principle of either seems to have
+been an absorbing selfishness and care for personal interest, doubtless
+a very natural sentiment upon the part of the cosmopolitan adventurer,
+but not a trait to be admired in the character of the British officer.
+Such a principle, when supported by the material power of the British
+Government, succeeded very well with those who allied themselves with
+the Manchoo, simply because the latter were treacherous, thoroughly
+mercenary, hated foreigners with a bitter intensity, and would naturally
+enough have suspected any <i>apparently</i> disinterested assistance, as a
+means of rendering any of them liable to distasteful obligations. The
+British authorities took particular care to prevent any mistake with
+regard to their motives, for they always stated that they were solely
+interfering in their own interest, so the Manchoo rejoicingly obtained a
+large revenue from the foreign merchants, and then handed back a portion
+to pay the British indemnity, which has proved the salvation of their
+dynasty, by in a great measure causing the alliance against the Ti-ping.</p>
+
+<p>Upon reaching the west gate of Soo-chow, we were very kindly welcomed by
+the guard, and were furnished with an escort to the commandant's palace.
+The city I found to be strongly garrisoned by veteran troops; new
+flanking stone works were being built against the outer face of the high
+walls; handsome buildings were being erected inside; provisions were
+very plentiful; the soldiery and civilians seemed in high spirits, and
+quite ridiculed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_640" id="Page_640">[640]</a></span> the idea of losing their city; in fact, excepting the
+distant report of artillery, Soo-chow had no more the aspect of a
+besieged place than London has at the present moment, neither did its
+capture by the enemy thundering at its defences seem even probable.</p>
+
+<p>When we arrived at the commandant Mo-wang's palace, a number of wounded
+Europeans belonging to Burgevine's contingent were being carried inside.
+These men proved to be the survivors of a series of accidents that had
+occurred two days previously, when the whole force, accompanied by a
+division of Ti-pings under the Chung-wang, and the little steamer
+<i>Ka-joor</i>, which Burgevine had seized from the Imperialists and carried
+off to Soo-chow, had attacked a position of the enemy established about
+twenty miles to the east of the city. The expedition was at first
+successful, having turned the flank of the Imperialist stockades and
+captured a flotilla of twenty-six large gunboats; but, almost
+immediately afterwards, by the carelessness&mdash;some say drunkenness&mdash;of
+the Europeans working the <i>Ka-joor's</i> pivot-gun, her magazine was
+ignited, the explosion blowing the fore part of the vessel to pieces,
+and badly wounding several of the crew.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this catastrophe, <i>General</i> Burgevine landed a battery from
+the gunboats accompanying him (the principal way of communication being
+by water), and opened fire on the stockades, held by a force of
+disciplined Anglo-Manchoo mercenaries commanded by <i>Colonel</i> Rhode,<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a>
+and a number of Imperialist <i>braves</i>. The enemy were just being driven
+out of their intrenchments, and a storming party advancing to take them,
+when the largest of the prizes&mdash;a gunboat, full of powder, shells, &amp;c.,
+and mounting six cannon, and in which the wounded from the steamer had
+been placed&mdash;blew up; the fire from her explosion communicating with
+four more of the captured vessels, they were also blown to pieces,
+killing outright twelve, and dangerously wounding seventeen of the sixty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_641" id="Page_641">[641]</a></span>
+or seventy Europeans present. These disasters were caused by the free
+use of the liquors taken from the wreck of the <i>Ka-joor</i>&mdash;officers and
+men alike indulging, and the whole affair forcibly illustrating the
+<i>rowdy</i>, disorderly nature of the Americo-Ti-ping legion. It is stated,
+and not without strong reason, that Burgevine himself was in a state of
+intoxication; still he has this excuse&mdash;the pain and debilitating effect
+produced by an old and terrible wound (received in the service of the
+ungrateful Manchoo), rendered the use of stimulants necessary.</p>
+
+<p>After the accidents we have just noticed, the attack upon the
+Imperialist position was abandoned, and the force retired upon Soo-chow,
+carrying off the wounded and the remainder of the prizes.</p>
+
+<p>As the Mo-wang was outside the city, and Burgevine had not returned with
+the wounded men, I proceeded to one of the gates with a party of the
+latter's officers, in order to go to the front of the Ti-ping outworks,
+where it was expected they would be found. When we had arrived at the
+gate, however, we were not allowed to pass by the soldiers on guard.
+This was the first intimation I received that affairs were going wrong
+with the auxiliary force, and that the Ti-pings were suspicious of their
+foreign allies. At night, it appeared, they were not without reason for
+their want of confidence, for, after Burgevine and the Mo-wang had
+returned, <i>Colonel</i> Morton, the second in command of the contingent, was
+reported absent against orders, with all the Europeans outside the city.
+When this fact was ascertained, Burgevine and the officers with him
+seemed certain that the absentees had gone over to the enemy; in fact, I
+soon understood that the intention for the whole force to desert had
+been on the <i>tapis</i> for some little time, only Morton and his companions
+had, however, taken the opportunity to get clear themselves and leave
+their co-adjutors in the lurch.</p>
+
+<p>Previous to this report I had obtained an interview<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_642" id="Page_642">[642]</a></span> with the Mo-wang,
+and then dined with him. He informed me that the Chung-wang was encamped
+with an army outside the city; he also gave me to understand the nature
+of his suspicions against Burgevine, in all of which I entirely agreed
+with him. After explaining the caution rendered necessary in all
+dealings with foreigners, because of the treachery and bad faith with
+which they had always acted towards the Ti-pings&mdash;as particularly
+exemplified by the English breaches of guaranteed neutrality,
+non-observance of the pledge to prevent Manchoo expeditions equipping at
+Shanghae, capture of Ningpo by the British, French, and piratical
+flotilla, &amp;c.&mdash;he proceeded to specify his reasons for dissatisfaction
+with the foreign contingent.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, he spoke about the extraordinary conduct of
+Burgevine himself, who, he declared, had made numerous promises, none of
+which had been fulfilled. That officer had guaranteed to obtain men,
+arms, and co-operation from Shanghae; large sums of money had been
+supplied for the purpose, but the only return had been many cases of
+brandy, brought by him after several visits to that city, and with which
+both officers and men were made incapable. All the money had been
+squandered or mysteriously lost, and not a single musket had been shown
+for the large expenditure. Then it appeared that Burgevine and many of
+his officers continued to wear the uniform of the Ward force, which they
+had only left shortly before joining the Ti-pings; while, to place
+themselves in a still more suspicious position, they made a practice of
+visiting at night their old friends in the hostile lines occupied by
+Gordon's troops. This conduct made the chiefs distrust the loyalty of
+their auxiliaries and fear some organized treachery. Another ground of
+suspicion was the fact that Burgevine kept his men aloof and distinct
+from the people he came to serve, at the same time striving to induce
+the chiefs to sanction his formation of an independent force. This was
+certainly a bad way to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_643" id="Page_643">[643]</a></span> gain the confidence of men so often deceived by
+foreigners, so accustomed to community of interests, and so much imbued
+with the religious and patriotic enthusiasm of their cause. Moreover,
+the Ti-ping leaders had quickly penetrated the selfish and mercenary
+motives of their unsatisfactory allies, and naturally felt but little
+faith in their services; neither were they mean enough to desire the
+support of such ignoble assistance, nor pander to it after the style of
+their more unscrupulous antagonists.</p>
+
+<p>Regardless of all principles of honour and chivalry, directly the
+Americo-Ti-ping legionaries found that they could not reckon upon
+external support, large pay, and much booty, they were not a little
+disappointed; having no heart in the service they had suddenly adopted,
+they became discontented and anxious to desert a failing cause for some
+more congenial and <i>profitable</i> employment. <i>They</i> were certainly not
+Quixotic enough to fight for honour, glory, or the freedom and religious
+liberty of a vast empire without some substantial pecuniary recompense.</p>
+
+<p>Out of a strength of 125 Europeans, not more than twenty were of any use
+to the revolutionists; these few comprised men who were able to drill
+and organize a disciplined force, and others who were good artillerists;
+the remainder being sailors and vagrants, totally unacquainted with the
+smell of powder, and not so useful in the field as the worst coolie
+spearmen of the Ti-ping army; these facts were also inimical to the
+existence of the force.</p>
+
+<p>When, added to the circumstances just reviewed, the paroxysms of
+temporary insanity (during an attack of which he wounded one of his best
+officers), or the natural extravagance and obliquity of character of the
+commanding officer himself, and the dissensions among his subordinates,
+are considered, the failure of Burgevine's enterprise is fully accounted
+for.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_644" id="Page_644">[644]</a></span></p><p>In the evening, after Morton's absence had been reported, the Mo-wang,
+accompanied by several of his chiefs, proceeded to Burgevine's quarters
+and spent several hours in conversation with him. I was present during
+this interview, and was favourably impressed by the magnanimous and
+friendly temper of the commandant, who, despite the ample provocation he
+had received from the suspicious and unsatisfactory conduct of the
+auxiliaries, declared his intention to supply them with money on the
+succeeding day, and to make any arrangements which would tend to
+harmonize, gratify, or prosper the future welfare of the force. That
+these promises would have been faithfully executed by the Mo-wang,
+Burgevine has himself testified.</p>
+
+<p>After the departure of the commandant, Burgevine, with some of his
+favourite officers, talked over their proposed desertion from the
+Ti-pings, as a long-arranged and premeditated affair, their motive for
+this determination being the fact that their present service did not
+seem likely to prove so easy and advantageous as they had expected. In
+the course of conversation the <i>General</i> personally informed me that his
+intention had been to raise a large body of disciplined and well-armed
+Ti-pings, and then to convert them into an independent force, acting
+upon his private account; that is to say, he joined the revolution with
+the intention of ultimately deserting it, and proceeding upon a career
+of filibusting through China. This wild scheme he also mentioned to
+<i>General</i> Gordon, of the Imperialist mercenaries, proposing that they
+should mutually desert their colours, join forces, and commence a system
+of independent conquest.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_645" id="Page_645">[645]</a></span>
+Whether this and other equally extravagant notions were caused by mental
+derangement, consequent upon the effects of his wound and the stimulants
+he used, or may be attributed to his natural character, seems doubtful;
+but whatever may have been the cause of <i>General</i> Burgevine's reckless
+conduct, it is quite certain that he sacrificed a splendid opportunity
+to insure the success of the Ti-ping revolution. Had he at first
+heartily espoused the movement, and unreservedly amalgamated his men
+with its members, he would infallibly have obtained the confidence of
+the chiefs. He could then have organized a disciplined and
+foreign-officered force far superior in material to the Imperialist
+auxiliary legions, and these latter were the only forces of the enemy
+that the Ti-pings had the slightest occasion to dread.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the day succeeding my arrival at Soo-chow,
+intelligence came into the city to the effect that, at about 4.30 a.m.,
+<i>Colonel</i> Morton had deserted with the detachment of Europeans under his
+command, and gone over to the enemy, Morton shooting two soldiers of an
+outlying picket who came to warn him of his vicinity to the Imperialist
+lines. By this act of cowardly treachery, deserting his own colleagues
+and the wounded in the city, he placed them in much jeopardy, and caused
+the Mo-wang to feel very great exasperation, and strongly to suspect
+further treachery from the remainder of the contingent. However, he
+proved himself to be a more noble-minded and merciful man than any of
+the traitors left behind imagined, by offering free passes and boats to
+any and all who might wish to leave the city; at the same time he
+expressed great disgust and contempt at the mean, dastardly conduct of
+Morton and his followers, because he had always made the fact public,
+that any foreigner wishing to leave Soo-chow had simply to express the
+desire, when everything necessary in the way of boats, passes, &amp;c.,
+would be furnished to the confines of the Ti-ping territory.</p>
+
+<p>When<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_646" id="Page_646">[646]</a></span> the fact of <i>Colonel</i> Morton's desertion became established, I must
+confess that, well as I thought I understood the noble character of the
+Ti-ping chiefs, I feared the remainder of the traitors might meet with
+condign punishment. In consequence, I at once sought an audience with
+the Mo-wang, and having obtained it, requested that he would not wreak
+any vengeance upon Burgevine and his companions. To my surprise,
+although the inferior chiefs and officers were greatly excited about the
+treachery of their foreign allies, the commandant instantly gave me to
+understand that my fear was groundless. "Puh pa! puh pa!" (do not fear,
+do not fear), he said. "These men joined me willingly and with clean
+faces" (<i>i.e.</i> honour); "they can leave if they wish to do so, in like
+manner; but if they sneak away to the Imps, they will lose face, and so
+shall I."</p>
+
+<p>Just at this moment Burgevine's interpreter came into the hall and
+informed the Mo-wang that he was commissioned to ask liberty for the
+remainder of the force to depart from the city and return to Shanghae.
+The chief readily professed his compliance with this request, but said
+that he could not definitively settle anything until the arrival of his
+superior, the Chung-wang, whom he expected in the city towards evening
+to consult upon the affair.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, with the exception of a dozen who were old adherents of the
+Ti-ping king, the foreigners were in a great state of ferment, for they
+fully expected the momentary appearance of executioners to cut off their
+heads. Some were drinking <i>samshoo</i> to encourage themselves; others
+proposed fortifying their quarters; while a few of the boldest advocated
+sallying forth and attempting to force their way out of the city. The
+groans of more than twenty wounded men, some horribly burnt by the late
+explosion of the steamer and the gunboats, rendered pathetic an
+otherwise ridiculous scene.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the evening the Chung-wang arrived, escorted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_647" id="Page_647">[647]</a></span> by 1,000 men of
+his body-guard, and at once proceeded to a council with the Mo-wang and
+other chiefs. When their deliberations were concluded, I presented
+myself to the Chung-wang, who, together with the Sze, Le, and Foo-wangs
+(they having accompanied him from Nankin), received me with great
+manifestations of pleasure, having all concluded that I had been killed
+at the disastrous loss of the outer Nankin forts. I have hitherto
+forgotten to mention that my faithful interpreter, A-ling, was still
+with me. He also met with a very kind reception from the chiefs, for
+they appreciated his services, and knew that he was warmly attached to
+their cause.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately upon my arrival at Soo-chow, I had determined, if possible,
+to raise another body of Europeans, with whom to form a disciplined
+Ti-ping force, for I saw that the dissolution of Burgevine's legion was
+near at hand. Still, after the irritation the chiefs must have felt at
+the treachery of their present foreign auxiliaries, I could not think
+the time appropriate to submit the subject to them. I was pleasantly
+surprised when, during the course of the evening, the Chung-wang
+proposed that I should undertake the very work I was myself anxious to
+perform. He stated that his confidence had never been placed in
+Burgevine, and he expressed much satisfaction at the prospect of the
+early departure of that leader of mercenaries with his men.</p>
+
+<p>About this period the small steamers attached to <i>General</i> Gordon's
+force were being used with great success in the daily attacks upon the
+Ti-ping stockades outside Soo-chow; consequently, the Chung-wang
+proposed that I should not only endeavour to raise a contingent of
+disciplined troops, but a flotilla of two or three steamers to operate
+with them. He also expressed a great desire to capture Gordon's vessels,
+upon which I told A-ling to obtain a separate commission to cut out any
+of them I might find an opportunity to seize. The Chung-wang made a
+practice never to sleep inside the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_648" id="Page_648">[648]</a></span> walls of any beleaguered city, his
+tactics being to relieve them by an army of co-operation under his own
+command. It may be that he pursued such a plan as a safeguard against
+treachery; but whatever the cause, he was always to be found encamped
+outside. As the night advanced, he therefore made ready to leave
+Soo-chow, after passing an edict and signing a special commission
+written for me by his own secretary.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> As I was well known to four or
+five of the Wangs present, they were much pleased when I accepted the
+authority to raise a new force; and before we separated, they became
+quite enthusiastic about the anticipated results.</p>
+
+<p>The designation of the proposed contingent was decided by the
+Commander-in-Chief to be "the Loyal and Faithful Auxiliary Legion," a
+title closely assimilating to his own, Chung-sin-wang, which may be
+translated as the "Middle Heart Prince," <i>i.e.</i> the loyal or faithful
+prince. The terms of organization agreed upon were: the force to be
+commanded by myself, or any European I might see fit to appoint, and
+subject only to the orders of the Chung-wang. The Europeans engaged to
+be solely officers, two hundred in number, each captain of a company to
+receive 200 taels per mensem (nearly £70), others to be paid
+proportionately, and lodging found for all. Myself and principal
+officers to receive no pay, but serve as commissioned volunteers, a
+position which I had always maintained for myself. Two steam gunboats to
+be obtained, similar to the <i>Hyson</i>, in the service of the enemy; these
+to be attached to the land force, not to be used for any other purpose.
+The governorship of the first city recaptured from the enemy to be
+placed in my hands, while the revenue of the place would constitute a
+reserve fund for the legion (including pension to disabled men, expenses
+for sick and wounded, &amp;c.), my own head to be pledged for the loyalty of
+the Europeans engaged, each of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_649" id="Page_649">[649]</a></span> whom were to become "Ti-ping brethren,"
+and be entitled to every consideration as citizens.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> The rules of
+European warfare to be strictly those of the legion, and, moreover, to
+be observed by any Ti-ping force acting in conjunction with it. Many
+other regulations were drawn up, but these are some of the principal.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the conclusion of the agreement to raise the Loyal and Faithful
+Auxiliary Legion, the Chung-wang left Soo-chow and proceeded to his
+intrenched camp nine miles distant. On the following day passes and
+boats were provided for Burgevine and the remainder of his men. Among
+the Europeans were twelve who had served in the Ti-ping army some time
+previous to the advent of Burgevine, but had been placed under his
+orders upon his arrival at Soo-chow. These men, and fifteen others, who
+were not quite so mercenary as their fugitive comrades, and felt more
+attachment to the cause, refused to desert their colours, and
+volunteered to remain under command of one <i>Captain</i> Smith, formerly a
+brave non-commissioned officer of the British Marine Artillery. He was
+almost the only unwounded man on board Admiral Hope's flag-ship at the
+disastrous attack on the Peiho forts. The volunteers were all attached
+to the Mo-wang's command, but the Chung-wang promised that, upon the
+formation of the legion, they should, if required, become members, some
+of them being good artillery-men or drill-instructors.</p>
+
+<p>All these arrangements were carefully concealed from every European
+except myself, few of those in Soo-chow being at all trustworthy, and
+the few exceptions not being particularly attractive as objects of
+confidential communication. In consequence of the daily increasing
+strength of the forces besieging Soo-chow, time was precious and not to
+be wasted in commencing my undertaking; I therefore departed from the
+city on the third evening<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_650" id="Page_650">[650]</a></span> after my arrival, and proceeded to Shanghae as
+fast as possible, going part of the way in company with some of the late
+Americo-Ti-ping legion.</p>
+
+<p>We were enabled to travel by a much shorter route than that by which I
+had reached the city, in consequence of a great victory achieved within
+the last few days by a Ti-ping army before the walled town Wo-kong,
+which freed from the presence of the enemy a more direct road. The
+battle was fought against Imperialists unassisted by foreign artillery
+and disciplined troops, who were, therefore, according to the almost
+infallible rule in such cases, utterly defeated, and Wo-kong would have
+been recaptured in a very short time had not Gordon moved from Soo-chow
+to its defence, when artillery decided the unfair fortune of war against
+the Ti-pings. The force engaged had been brought up from Kar-sing-foo by
+the Chung-wang's orders, and should have formed a junction with another
+body of troops advancing from the city of Hoo-chow-foo, the combined
+forces being destined to operate against the left flank of the Soo-chow
+besiegers, while the Chung-wang himself acted against their right.
+Unfortunately, the impetuosity of the leader of the first division (the
+Yoong-wang) led him to commence hostilities before effecting a junction
+with his allies from Hoo-chow, and, although at first eminently
+successful, his rashness led to his subsequent defeat by Gordon's
+disciplined troops and artillery, and also to the repulse of the second
+division, each corps being compelled to fall back upon the cities from
+which they had advanced, and of which they constituted the garrisons.</p>
+
+<p>The heroic determination with which the Ti-pings disputed the
+irresistible odds the enemy possessed by their artillery may be seen by
+the following extract from "How the Taipings were driven out of the
+Provinces of Kiang-nan and Che-kiang. From Notes kept by an Officer
+under Ward, Burgevine, Holland, and Gordon."</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"The rebels again attempted,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_651" id="Page_651">[651]</a></span> from Kar-sing-foo and Ping-bong, to
+capture Wo-kong. Again, therefore, a detachment was sent down
+there, and they were driven back, while the artillery made
+terrible havoc amongst them. But we must give them their due.
+They fought this day like demons, advancing up to the muzzles of
+the guns, where they of course met with death."&mdash;<i>Friend of
+China</i>, June 27, 1865.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Immediately upon reaching Shanghae I commenced engaging men for my
+force, and within a few days obtained about a dozen. These were all of
+good character and particularly promising for drill-instructors. Among
+them were seven non-commissioned officers, formerly of the French army:
+Major Moreno, of the Sardinian army, who had seen much service in Asia,
+Italy, and the Crimea; a Frenchman named Lavery or Labourais (once first
+sergeant of the 3rd Chasseurs d'Afrique), who had served the Ti-pings
+for more than a year, but had been carried off against his will by the
+deserters under <i>Colonel</i> Morton; and my friend George White, who had
+lately been introduced to me as a Ti-ping well-wisher, though formerly a
+captain in the Franco-Chinese contingent at Ningpo, a service he had
+resigned in disgust. Besides these, I obtained the services of several
+men who had served their time in a British regiment and had received
+their discharges; while many others promised to join me as soon as they
+were able. This, for a beginning, was not so bad; and, to favour my
+object still more, Major Moreno obtained the guarantee of certain
+European ordnance officials to supply me with any quantity of war
+material. Their sudden desire to assist the Ti-pings was caused, I
+believe, entirely through jealousy of the British operations conducted
+by General Brown, <i>General</i> Gordon, &amp;c.; at all events, their aid would
+have proved substantial, for a sample case of French rifles and bayonets
+was escorted through Shanghae by French soldiers, and safely deposited
+with my colleague.</p>
+
+<p>Within two weeks I was enabled to send fourteen good men&mdash;all
+soldiers&mdash;under the command of Labourais, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_652" id="Page_652">[652]</a></span> Soo-chow, one of the
+number being a bugler of the French regiment stationed at Shanghae.
+Unfortunately, the last seven recruits left just one day too soon,
+thereby causing me no little trouble during the execution of an
+enterprise within twenty-four hours after their departure, and for which
+I was obliged to engage half a dozen strangers, who subsequently proved
+to be of worthless and disreputable character.</p>
+
+<p>Besides A-ling, who held a Ti-ping commission, I was accompanied from
+Soo-chow by two officers who had shaved their heads and assumed the
+Imperialist; their object being to assist me in capturing one of the
+enemy's steamers, if a chance offered, and to pilot us into the Ti-ping
+territory, while their presence would incontestably prove the
+belligerent nature of the act, should we be fortunate enough to cut out
+a vessel. These officers were provided with a special commission for the
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the day following the departure of the last batch of
+the Loyal and Faithful Auxiliary Legion, an Imperialist war-steamer
+arrived from before Soo-chow, and anchored abreast of a training camp
+some two miles above Shanghae. A-ling had engaged two Canton men,
+members of the Triad Association, one of whom was always kept on the
+watch for such an arrival; consequently the steamer was scarcely
+anchored before I received information to that effect. I at once decided
+to attempt her capture. Major Moreno was to remain at Shanghae, where he
+was acquainted with many French officers who were willing to serve the
+revolutionists, and, as he spoke Hindoostanee perfectly well, he had
+managed to ingratiate himself with native officers of the 22nd B. N. I.
+and Beloochee regiment, some of whom had promised to join him; it was,
+therefore, agreed that he should continue his present work, and await
+the result of the capture of the steamer and the receipt of instructions
+from myself. I decided to take W&mdash;&mdash; as my comrade and lieutenant during
+the proposed operations.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_653" id="Page_653">[653]</a></span> I had soon ascertained the firmness of his
+principles and the sincerity of his attachment to the Ti-ping cause, and
+therefore gave him a document, somewhat similar to my own special
+commission, which I had obtained from the Chung-wang for the purpose of
+duly authorizing whomever I might choose as my deputy and assistant.
+Major Moreno, who had held field rank in several armies, I wished to
+place in supreme military command of the legion (when raised), because
+his education as a soldier was complete, and it would have been
+difficult, if not impossible, to find a man so thoroughly qualified in
+China. Both W&mdash;&mdash; and Moreno were men of honour&mdash;far different from
+Gordon, D'Aguibelle, Cook, and the other mercenaries hired by the
+Manchoo&mdash;and willingly, as I did, tendered their gratuitous services in
+the Ti-ping cause. This coincided very agreeably with my intentions, and
+caused me to reflect how superior would have been a force so organized
+to the Imperialist legions constituted upon a basis of blood-money! We
+had sufficient means to live; we would not increase them by taking wages
+to kill our fellow-men, even though the British Government had given an
+example, by authorizing its naval and military officers to fight in the
+ranks of a barbarous Asiatic despot, and to take reward for so doing.</p>
+
+<p>As the Imperialist steamer was under orders to return to the front on
+the same day of her arrival at Shanghae, I had but little time to make
+my plans. One of the Canton men who had joined me was formerly employed
+on board our destined prize. I now sent him off in a boat with the view
+to ascertain the strength of her crew, whether steam was kept up ready
+for a start, how many Europeans were on board, &amp;c. In a short time he
+returned with the favourable announcement that only two foreign officers
+were in charge, the others having gone ashore; also, that two of the
+quartermasters (Manilla-men) were absent, besides some of the Chinese
+soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>My followers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_654" id="Page_654">[654]</a></span> were only six in number&mdash;W&mdash;&mdash; and the five Cantonese. It
+was my only chance to seize the vessel. Yet success seemed doubtful; but
+I knew full well that the boldness of a sudden enterprise would prove
+more effective than numbers, and felt sure that a well-managed surprise
+would give us an easy victory. The people of the steamer being at
+Shanghae, in the very heart of the Manchoo power, surrounded and
+protected by their British and French allies, would, I imagined, be too
+much astounded at the sudden attack by Ti-ping partisans to offer much
+resistance.</p>
+
+<p>Myself and comrade were soon ready for the attempt, our baggage being
+confined to a tooth-brush each, our revolvers, and a good-sized piece of
+soap; the Canton men took little besides their formidable short Chinese
+swords, and a supply of those huge double-barrelled pistols in which
+their countrymen delight.</p>
+
+<p>Proceeding to one of the Shanghae wharves, I engaged a boat, embarked
+with my men, and in a moment we were proceeding as fast as possible
+towards the vessel of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>We started in broad daylight; in fact, but a short time after noon.
+About one o'clock we were close up to the steamer. Sculling against the
+ebb tide, our boat was slowly worked past the enemy, while, having
+observed all that could be seen from outside, I made arrangements to
+board. My plan was to drop alongside the steamer's bow, get on board
+with W&mdash;&mdash;, and then engage the Europeans in conversation, until I
+decided upon the instant for our <i>coup de main</i>, which would be
+signalled to A-ling (who was to hold fast the boat and watch every
+movement) by a wave of my arm, who was then to rush on board with the
+other Cantonese. Myself, W&mdash;&mdash;, and one man, were to seize and secure
+the two European officers; the other three, under A-ling's orders, were
+to overpower any resistance from the Chinese soldiers and crew, and then
+cut the vessel adrift; while their leader,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_655" id="Page_655">[655]</a></span> who had been brought up as
+an engineer, and understood the duties of one, took charge of the
+engines and set them going ahead at full speed.</p>
+
+<p>Three of our men now hid themselves behind the mat cover of the boat.
+When we got alongside, A-ling and another held fast to the steamer in
+such a position that they could observe the movements of myself and
+W&mdash;&mdash; in the after part of the vessel. Proceeding from bow to stern, and
+looking fore and aft the deck, we were able to notice that the crew on
+board consisted of twelve or fourteen soldiers, one Manilla-man, six or
+eight Chinese&mdash;employed as firemen, &amp;c.&mdash;and two Europeans. With my
+comrade I walked right up to the officers of the ship, and engaged in
+conversation with regard to my taking a passage to Quin-san with them.
+Their positions were respectively those of gunner and chief mate. They
+informed me that their trip to Shanghae was for the purpose of obtaining
+stores, and to deliver over to the Manchoo Governor several unfortunate
+Ti-ping chiefs, captured by them on the Ta-hoo Lake. This statement,
+given with a would-be air of conviction as to the glory and heroism of
+their achievement, made me quite determined to attempt the capture of
+the steamer at every risk, rather than lose a chance to prevent future
+acts of such cold-blooded atrocity. The flotilla, with which she had
+acted on the Ta-hoo, was commanded by one Macartney, formerly surgeon of
+Her Majesty's 99th regiment, but who left his honourable profession to
+take service under Li, the Manchoo Governor of the province. This man,
+having made prisoners of the chiefs, set off in the steamer for
+Shanghae, where he quickly sought the presence of his Asiatic master,
+delivering up to him the miserable Ti-pings, who suffered merciless
+torture and a cruel death, while this noble-minded Englishman felt no
+compunction at becoming the recipient of Manchoo patronage. A more
+dastardly act than thus giving over vanquished enemies to certain death
+I never heard of, though it was the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_656" id="Page_656">[656]</a></span> ordinary practice of the Europeans
+in Imperialist pay. The case in question decided the fate of the
+steamer, and made the Imps pay dear enough for the satisfaction of
+torturing to death one or two helpless patriots.</p>
+
+<p>The narrators had just finished the history of their gallant exploit
+against unarmed boats, peaceable villages, and powerless captives, when
+I decided to make my attempt. I stood close to the mate, while W&mdash;&mdash; was
+ready at the side of the gunner; I had just waved my arm to A-ling, and
+turned to seize my man, when, fortunately casting a glance astern, I
+observed two boats making for the steamer, and scarcely fifty yards
+distant. Quickly giving A-ling the signal to retreat, I managed to avoid
+giving any alarm, or even to excite the least suspicion in the minds of
+our two interlocutors, who believed that I intended to proceed up
+country with them as correspondent for a certain paper. The nearest boat
+contained seven Manilla-men, including two quartermasters belonging to
+the vessel, and their friends; the other, the engineer, captain, and
+another European, who was engaged to take command upon reaching the
+lines before Soo-chow. It was, indeed, fortunate that I happened to
+notice the approaching boats before commencing operations; otherwise we
+would certainly have succumbed to numbers within a few minutes. When the
+captain arrived on board, I requested a passage to Quin-san. This was
+arranged, and I then took my departure.</p>
+
+<p>Having ascertained that the steamer would not leave until late at night,
+I fully determined to make another effort to capture her for the
+Ti-pings. I found that it was imperative, however, before making the
+attempt, to have some addition to the number of my followers. Besides
+the complement of four European officers, three Manilla-men
+quartermasters, twenty soldiers, and eight or nine other Chinese, it was
+expected that <i>General</i> Doctor Macartney, with an <i>aide-de-camp</i>, and
+the intended<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_657" id="Page_657">[657]</a></span> future captain, would be present. Consequently, directly
+we reached the shore, W&mdash;&mdash; and myself proceeded to find a few Europeans
+whom we could engage for the service. Late in the evening we met at my
+house, and found that we could muster five recruits. The character of
+these men was far more than questionable; their social position was
+among the genus <i>rowdy</i>. However, we had not time to pick and choose; a
+reinforcement was essential to afford any prospect of a favourable issue
+to our enterprise; the <i>rowdies</i> were therefore engaged on the spot,
+simply to assist in the capture of an Imperialist vessel, for which
+service myself and lieutenant guaranteed to pay them well. We would not
+have had them in our young legion.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/i251.jpg" width="700" height="465" alt="A VIEW ON THE JOURNEY TO SOO-CHOW, OF A PORTION OF
+COUNTRY NEAR THE CITY OF WU-SEE, LATELY DESOLATED BY IMPERIALISTS.
+See p. 638." title="" />
+<span class="caption"><br />A VIEW ON THE JOURNEY TO SOO-CHOW, OF A PORTION OF<br />
+COUNTRY NEAR THE CITY OF WU-SEE, LATELY DESOLATED BY IMPERIALISTS.<br />
+See p. <a href="#Page_638">638</a>.<br /><br /></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> In the <i>Friend of China</i>, March 10, 1865, and subsequent
+numbers, the following advertisement appears:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The Steamer <i>Donnington</i>.&mdash;The undersigned" (H. Evans), "<i>in
+consequence of the determination of the provincial authorities not to
+permit the navigation of inner waters for tradal purposes</i> by vessels of
+the above class, being thus disappointed in the purpose for which he had
+her constructed, is desirous of disposing of her."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This direct violation of the last treaty is one effect of the Manchoo
+restoration to power, by British means, in the Kiang-su province.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Now in the service of the Ti-pings.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> In the mutual recriminations between the leaders of the
+force, upon their arrival at Shanghae, Captain Jones states (referring
+to Burgevine):&mdash;
+</p><p>
+"He further accuses us of trying to make out a good case against him,
+thinking he would never return to Shanghae. To this I answer, that he
+and I were the instigators of the defection from the Ti-ping cause, for
+I confess I at once fell into his plans, glad of the opportunity to
+escape from what appeared likely to turn out <i>unprofitable</i>, and having,
+besides, for some time before lost confidence in his capacity to
+command."&mdash;<i>Vide</i> Blue Book on China, No. 3 (1864), p. 179.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> See Frontispiece.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> The want of some such clause in Burgevine's arrangements
+originally excited the suspicion of the Ti-ping chiefs.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_658" id="Page_658">[658]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XXIII.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Renewed Attempt.&mdash;Its Success.&mdash;Narrow Escape.&mdash;British
+Interference.&mdash;How explained.&mdash;Its Failure.&mdash;The <i>Coup de Main</i>
+succeeds.&mdash;Groundless Alarm.&mdash;Route to Soo-chow.&mdash;Its
+Difficulties.&mdash;Generous Conduct.&mdash;Arrival at
+Wu-see.&mdash;Prize-Money.&mdash;Treachery.&mdash;Preparations for an
+Attack.&mdash;Man&oelig;uvering.&mdash;The Attack.&mdash;Warm Reception.&mdash;The
+Enemy repulsed.&mdash;The Result.&mdash;Wu-see evacuated.&mdash;Return to
+Shanghae.&mdash;Last Interview with the Chung-wang.&mdash;Manchoo
+Cruelty.&mdash;Result of British Interference.&mdash;Evidence
+thereof.&mdash;Newspaper Extracts.&mdash;Further Extracts.&mdash;England's
+Policy.&mdash;Its Consequences.&mdash;Its Inconsistency.&mdash;Her Policy in
+Japan.&mdash;Religious Character of the Ti-pings.&mdash;Their
+Christianity. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>As the steamer was expected to get under weigh about 1 a.m., I started
+with my men a little before midnight. Upon this occasion the very
+elements seemed to favour our design. The tide ran slack; the moon,
+after shrouding herself within a bank of silvery-edged clouds, retired
+below the horizon to rest; while even the never-setting stars were
+partially hidden by the volume of damp, misty vapour hanging over the
+surface of the river, and almost concealing our two small boats.</p>
+
+<p>In little more than half an hour from the time we left the shore, we
+were right alongside our destined prize. With the exception of a sentry
+at each gangway, everything on board seemed silent and unprepared for an
+attack, although by the symptoms from the funnel and steam-pipe it was
+evident that the engines were in readiness. I decided to attempt cutting
+the vessel out immediately, as it seemed to me that her crew were
+probably turned in, and if so, not a moment should be lost in taking
+advantage of the opportunity, or they might be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_659" id="Page_659">[659]</a></span> roused out to get under
+weigh, in which case we would hardly be able to effect the capture
+without loss of life.</p>
+
+<p>Dividing my followers equally between the two boats, one being under my
+lieutenant's charge, and assigning to each man his duty in the attack, I
+gave the word to pull alongside, my own party to board on the starboard
+bow, the others on the port.</p>
+
+<p>Another second and we were grappling at the sides of the steamer, and
+scrambling over her bulwarks, sword or pistol in hand. The Chinese
+sentinels on guard, and a Manilla-man who appeared on deck, were secured
+without either resistance or alarming those below. In fact, the
+Chinamen, directly they perceived the danger, seemed suddenly inspired
+with a strong determination to take no notice, but to be very diligent
+in marching up and down, and carefully employing themselves by intently
+gazing somewhere else. The calmness and attentive inattention with which
+they acted throughout the capture were really charming to behold. They
+betrayed neither surprise, fear, sympathy, <i>esprit de corps</i>, nor any
+other feeling. I then placed a guard over the hatches, set a party to
+slip the cable, and sent A-ling into the engine-room to get steam up;
+while, with four Europeans, I proceeded into the cabin and secured the
+officers. These comprised the intended captain, the mate, and the
+gunner, the others being still on shore. They submitted very quietly,
+gave up their arms, and were altogether too much confounded to attempt
+any resistance. Just as the vessel was entirely in our possession and I
+had given the order to go ahead full speed (the cable being slipped),
+the engineer came alongside in a <i>san-pan</i>, only to find himself a
+prisoner when he got on board. Directly the capture was accomplished, I
+produced the commission the Chung-wang had given for the purpose, and
+showed it to the senior officer of the steamer, informing him that we
+were Ti-ping partisans, and that we would endeavour to pass himself and
+brother captives from Soo-chow into Gordon's lines as prisoners of war.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_660" id="Page_660">[660]</a></span> steam had been got up by A-ling, and we were carried along in
+the direction of the Ti-ping territory as fast as possible. During the
+capture, one of the Manilla quartermasters had jumped overboard and swam
+towards the shore. Fearing that this man would raise the alarm and bring
+a swarm of Impish Manchoos down upon us, I was compelled to lose no time
+in making good our escape, otherwise I might have managed to capture
+something more than the one steamer. A few days afterwards I was much
+vexed by ascertaining that I might have taken Macartney prisoner, and
+with him a large sum of sycee destined to pay Gordon's mercenaries. It
+appeared, from the information given by the former officers of the
+steamer, when too late to take advantage of it, that the redoubtable
+<i>General</i> was to come off in a boat with the dollars and be picked up
+abreast of the Fu-tai's camp. If I had known this on the same night, I
+could easily have taken measures to effect his capture. Aggravated by
+the infamous manner in which Macartney carried on hostilities against my
+friends, I would most assuredly have given him up to the Ti-pings, and
+he would have been justly punished for his cruelty to his unfortunate
+prisoners, if they had treated him by the strictest law of retaliation;
+but of this he would have been in little danger, the mad forbearance of
+the Ti-pings causing them to suicidally avoid the only means by which
+they might have saved themselves from slaughter by British means, viz.,
+by proclaiming, and by <i>executing</i> the promise, that if any British help
+were given the Manchoo, either directly or indirectly, they would
+retaliate by destroying the silk and tea trade (totally in their power),
+and by generally making war upon British interests. As for the soundness
+of such policy upon the part of the revolutionists, it could not
+possibly have done them any injury, and it offered the only chance of
+arresting foreign hostility.</p>
+
+<p>Some hours after the capture of the steamer, the Manilla-man, as I
+expected at the time, made his way to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_661" id="Page_661">[661]</a></span> Fu-tai's camp and reported
+the circumstance. The Manchoo official had no sooner received the
+information than he sent off couriers to his very good servants and
+allies, the British authorities. Those devoted personages immediately
+made ready one of their national gunboats, and, placing a number of
+English soldiers on board, despatched her to overhaul and bring back the
+missing vessel to Shanghae.</p>
+
+<p>Naturally enough my readers may be inclined to wonder what business the
+British officials had to interfere with the capture of an Imperialist
+craft by the Ti-pings, they must therefore have an explanation.</p>
+
+<p>All the English admirals, generals, consuls, and others, who were
+fighting upon the side of the Manchoo, chose, with an amazing amount of
+injustice and arrogance, to assume that they and their disreputable
+allies were alone entitled to belligerent rights and privileges. Every
+act of their enemy was very indignantly branded as either atrociously
+piratical or a form of bloodthirsty brigandage. They alone were
+virtuous; they alone had any right to kill, burn, and otherwise destroy!
+In consequence of this very comfortable state of self-conceit, and in
+order to succour the dearly beloved Manchoo, some experimental warrior
+or statesman among the British officials, according to their enlightened
+<i>ex parte</i> diplomacy, did me the honour to designate my humble exploit a
+piratical outrage. This of course justified their praiseworthy efforts
+to capture the scoundrel who dared to differ from their immaculate
+selves, by presuming to prefer and assist the rebels instead of the
+Imperialists. Besides, is not the vile pirate an enemy of all mankind?
+And who would be so oblivious of merit as not to do them reverence when
+they caught him? Unfortunately for their visionary laurels, though
+fortunately for the pirate, they did not succeed in catching him.</p>
+
+<p>Now, as even at the period referred to, the Ti-ping revolution included
+a population and a territory, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_662" id="Page_662">[662]</a></span> former at least equal in number, and
+the latter in extent, to the people and soil of England; and as they
+were not only recognised as a belligerent power, but as constituting the
+Government <i>de facto</i> throughout the large tract of country under their
+control, I cannot understand how the military service of such a Power,
+with an army of several hundred thousand men in the field, and an
+organized administration ruling their possessions, was termed piracy and
+brigandage.</p>
+
+<p>I was not only duly commissioned by the Chung-wang, the proper Ti-ping
+authority, but also acted upon a special commission issued against the
+vessels of the enemy. If, therefore, the capture of the steamer could be
+termed an act of piracy, what should be the language used to express the
+raids and seizure of Ti-ping craft by Admiral Hope, Generals Staveley,
+Brown, Michel, &amp;c.? when it is remembered that they performed such acts
+entirely without authority from their own Government or any one else.
+Some pirates might feel flattered by finding themselves in the same boat
+with such worthy people; but the author of this work begs most
+respectfully to decline the doubtful honour. There is another point
+connected with this employment of defamatory epithets. If I, holding
+authority direct from the Ti-ping Commander-in-Chief (whose acts were
+authorized by his king), were a pirate, then what can have been the
+<i>status</i> of Major Gordon, R.E., the commander of the Anglo-Manchoo
+contingent, who held no commission whatever from Imperial authority, but
+was simply employed by a <i>local</i> Chinese mandarin?</p>
+
+<p>The British gunboat did not overtake my party, though, if she had been
+handled a little smarter, it would have been an easy matter, for we lost
+our way several times among the labyrinth of creeks in the interior. If
+it had not been prevented by the delay from taking wrong courses
+(thereby affording time for the seizure of the vessel to be made known
+to the enemy before Soo-chow), and from the fact that only one of the
+men I had engaged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_663" id="Page_663">[663]</a></span> at Shanghae could be depended upon, I should have
+proceeded straight through the Imperialist lines and made an attempt to
+seize one of their two other steamers. However, I was obliged to be
+contented with my single prize. She mounted a capital pivot 32-pounder
+in the bow, a good 12-pounder howitzer in the stern, was well provided
+with the best description of ammunition, and she would probably prove
+very serviceable in the defence of Soo-chow.</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of the impossibility of forcing a passage through the
+enemy's lines, it became necessary to follow some such route as that by
+which I had last reached Soo-chow, however difficult it might be to find
+a channel large enough to carry the steamer so great a distance.</p>
+
+<p>After losing our course for the last time, and very nearly steaming into
+Gordon's head-quarters at Quin-san, we managed to reach the first
+Ti-ping position at San-le-jow. Directly we appeared, or rather,
+directly the funnel became visible above the dense growth of rush and
+bamboo lining the banks of the creek, the garrison of the fort rushed to
+arms and made ready to defend themselves against the supposed and
+dreaded enemy. The terror inspired by the appearance of the small
+steam-vessels acting with the Imperialist mercenaries was at all times
+excessive. From a distance the helpless Ti-pings were generally mowed
+down with perfect impunity, and heavy artillery carried destruction
+throughout their ranks, while the ships, white painted and low in the
+water, were almost invisible, and were able to maintain their advantage
+by retreating or advancing whenever it was desirable, at the same time
+retaining a position from which shrapnel, Moorsom, and other infernally
+destructive, though ingeniously contrived shell, could be thrown with
+deadly accuracy.</p>
+
+<p>It was no wonder that as we suddenly hove in sight, with a volume of
+thick smoke puffing up from our high-pressure engines, the soldiers and
+civilians about San-le-jow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_664" id="Page_664">[664]</a></span> were dreadfully alarmed. They were well
+aware that small mercy was ever shown by the "foreign brethren" in
+charge of the irresistible "hoo-lung paou-chwan," for, fighting or
+harmless, they were shot down whenever a gun could be brought to bear,
+and so long as the missiles could be made to reach them. The rowdy
+bravoes of the Imperialist flotilla being unacquainted with the
+principles of military honour, seemed to believe that their sole mission
+was to kill, burn, and destroy; as for extending mercy to those who were
+unable to resist their appliances of modern warfare, or treating the
+vanquished with magnanimity, they never entertained such ideas.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately for the people we came upon so suddenly, the steamer was
+under Ti-ping colours; therefore, their alarm presented only the most
+ludicrous character, unaccompanied by the tragic and heretofore
+inseparable consequences of such an event. From their isolated cottages
+the poor villagers rushed forth, carrying the most valued of their
+homely effects; men, women, and children ran frantically in the
+direction of the fort; some were laden with agricultural implements (for
+even these were often destroyed by the victorious Imperialists); others
+with household goods; while here and there a few noble labourers were
+observed trudging along with their aged fathers or mothers on their
+backs. Whenever the edge of a canal was reached, without a moment's
+hesitation, the fugitives would plunge right into the water, and give
+cause for merriment by the wild efforts they made to regain dry land,
+often rolling back, and floundering helplessly through the soft mud.</p>
+
+<p>When I perceived the alarm our appearance had created, and that the
+soldiers were making ready to fire upon us with a few heavy gingalls
+mounted on their fort, I stopped our vessel's way and brought up
+alongside the bank, and then going ashore with A-ling, proceeded to the
+fort to satisfy the commandant as to our friendly character. When it was
+made known that we were in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_665" id="Page_665">[665]</a></span> the Ti-ping service, the soldiers and people
+loudly professed their gratification. The chief was a bronzed and hardy
+veteran; and although his garrison did not muster nearly 100 men, he was
+quite determined to defend his post to the last, had we proved to be
+enemies. The answer he made when I asked him whether he would not have
+acted with discretion by retreating from the steamer if she had been
+still in Manchoo interest, closely resembled that given by a brave
+Ti-ping officer (who had charge of a most dangerous and exposed position
+near Ningpo) to a friend of mine, when the latter inquired why he did
+not abandon so precarious an outpost, which was nearly surrounded by the
+enemy; he replied, "Puh pa! laou Tien-ping tung shao" (No fear! an old
+Ti-ping soldier knows how to die).</p>
+
+<p>Passing through San-le-jow, we soon reached the small town of Pimbong,
+barely twenty-five miles distant from Soo-chow, and also situated on the
+Grand Canal. At this place we were very kindly received by the chief,
+who, after seeing my commission, supplied me with provisions, coals,
+firewood, and other necessaries. Pimbong was almost the last Ti-ping
+position in the neighbourhood, as immediately beyond came the lines of
+the enemy besieging Soo-chow. Here our pilots ceased to be of service,
+and the chief sent on board a man well acquainted with the country, to
+guide us through the largest creeks. After trying every channel
+branching off from the Grand Canal, and finding them all too small for
+the passage of the steamer, we were compelled to proceed on to
+Kar-sing-foo, a city nearly twenty miles from Pimbong. Had the creeks we
+explored been available, we could have reached Soo-chow by a <i>détour</i> of
+not more than forty miles, but by going to Kar-sing the distance would
+be doubled at least.</p>
+
+<p>After a short run down the splendid Grand Canal, we came to off the
+city, and sent messengers to apprise the governor of our arrival. In a
+little while that functionary,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_666" id="Page_666">[666]</a></span> who proved to be the Yoong-wang, visited
+the steamer in great state; he met me with much friendliness, and
+declared himself delighted with the acquisition of the vessel so well
+known and dreaded. Two Europeans were with the chief; they had formerly
+belonged to the Franco-Manchoo contingent; and as my lieutenant had
+known them to be of good character&mdash;one had been a captain in the
+force&mdash;I expressed my wish that they should join me, and the Yoong-wang
+very kindly consented.</p>
+
+<p>As time was precious for the success of my plans, we only remained a few
+hours at Kar-sing-foo, and then started away with a new pilot on board,
+who was instructed to take us to the largest creeks leading to the
+Ta-hoo Lake, which it would be necessary to cross in order to reach
+Soo-chow.</p>
+
+<p>From Pimbong everywhere we traversed a most beautiful country; and
+although, from the rumours of approaching war, the influx of fugitives,
+and the scarcity of provisions, no little distress was prevalent, the
+people were far more happy, prosperous, and improved than Imperialists
+ever have been, or seem likely to be.</p>
+
+<p>Directly we steamed away from Kar-sing our troubles began. Every creek
+we attempted to navigate proved either too small, or the bridges were
+too narrow and low for the steamer to pass them. After getting, perhaps,
+fifteen miles up a creek, and destroying several bridges by the way, the
+water would suddenly shallow to less than our draught, or the channel
+would narrow to less than our beam; of course, in such cases our only
+plan was to get back stern foremost and try some other canal.
+Fortunately the vessel was built of iron, so that her progress
+overland&mdash;for often we were obliged to pass a place not more than four
+feet deep, while the steamer drew five&mdash;did no further injury than
+bending or indenting her pliant sides.</p>
+
+<p>At last, after spending a week exploring the principal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_667" id="Page_667">[667]</a></span> water
+communication of what seemed in every respect a free and Christian
+country, we approached the sea, and it was only when within fourteen
+miles of Hang-chow that we managed to find an available creek. Even to
+take advantage of it we were compelled to destroy many bridges; and,
+upon several occasions, clear the bottom of the channel, while the work
+of removing stakes and barriers was incessant. Had it not been for the
+willing assistance we received from the Ti-pings, we should never have
+been able to get through.</p>
+
+<p>Eventually, after a passage no one would ever have believed the steamer
+could have effected against so many obstacles, we arrived at the great
+city of Hoo-chow-foo, situated just at the southern end of the Ta-hoo.
+At this place the commandant, Tow-wang, and the Luk-wang&mdash;whose nephew,
+the Mo-wang, was commandant of Soo-chow&mdash;came out and received us in
+state. Upon leaving them, after having dined with the chiefs in the
+city, I managed to reach the Ta-hoo after knocking down an obstructive
+bridge with a few Moorsom shells. Before proceeding to cross the lake, I
+obtained a dozen good men from the chiefs, and put the paddle-wheels
+(which had become much dilapidated during the passage of the creeks) in
+good repair; for I knew that if <i>General</i> Gordon, of the Manchoo
+mercenary service, had sufficient sense, he could easily intercept me
+with two, or even three, of the steamers attached to his force. However,
+fortunately for me, Gordon did not send his ships until too late; for
+had they overhauled their former consort, she would have fallen an easy
+prize, as I had not more than two or three Europeans and half a dozen
+Chinese on whom I could depend.</p>
+
+<p>As I understood there were only two channels by which Soo-chow could be
+reached from the lake by a vessel drawing so much water as the steamer,
+and as one of these&mdash;<i>viâ</i> the Tung-shan hills and city of Wo-kong&mdash;was
+already in Impish hands, I adopted the only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_668" id="Page_668">[668]</a></span> remaining course&mdash;a creek
+leading from the northern end of the Ta-hoo to the city of Wu-see; from
+whence, to Soo-chow, the Grand Canal afforded an easy passage.</p>
+
+<p>While stopping at a small Ti-ping position on the west side of the lake,
+I was much pleased by witnessing the kind behaviour of the soldiers to a
+number of destitute country people, who had fled from the advance of the
+Imperialists down the Yang-tze-kiang towards Nankin. There were not more
+than 150 soldiers at the station, and from their <i>own rations</i>, which
+consisted solely of rice and dried fish, they charitably relieved more
+than 500 starving people. This is no idle assertion, for the whole of my
+confederates were present, and saw the distribution of rice. I went over
+the five gunboats belonging to the troops, and found that their stores
+of food were nearly exhausted. The chief told me that, when all was
+used, he would be obliged to abandon the place, and leave the
+unfortunate people to starve. I supplied him with a couple of bags of
+rice, and then bade him farewell; although I have never seen him since,
+I have not forgotten his praiseworthy conduct. Who has ever seen an
+Imperialist official do the like?</p>
+
+<p>At length we found the creek leading to Wu-see, and on the same
+afternoon arrived at the city, greatly to the delight of the garrison,
+who were much harassed by a formidable flotilla operating against their
+lines of communication. Soon after our arrival, the commandant,
+Saou-wang, returned to the city with his army, having beaten the enemy
+after a sharp fight in the morning. The troops had marched upwards of
+forty miles to and from the battle-field, and directly they came to the
+creek encircling Wu-see, they threw down their arms on the bank, and
+plunged into the cooling water in dense masses, clothes and all; so that
+in a few minutes the surface was literally covered with them.</p>
+
+<p>The Saou-wang having informed me that the Commander-in-Chief was
+encamped at a place named Ma-tang-chiao&mdash;on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_669" id="Page_669">[669]</a></span> the shore of the Ta-hoo,
+and a place of strategic importance&mdash;equidistant from Wu-see and
+Soo-chow, I at once requested him to despatch messengers to inform his
+superior of my arrival. While awaiting their return, the commandant set
+a number of men to work pulling down a very heavy stone bridge, which it
+was necessary to remove before the steamer could be taken into the Grand
+Canal. At this city I saw upwards of 6,000 poor people, who were
+supported by the garrison. They had been driven from their homes by the
+progress of the Anglo-Manchoos in the neighbourhood, and were perfectly
+destitute. Every day one of the principal officers of the city came to
+superintend the distribution of rice, and the ravenous manner in which
+the people struggled for their food was something fearful to
+contemplate, especially when it was considered that such great misery
+was caused entirely by the unjustifiable intervention of my countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>Upon this occasion I had not much time to notice the distress caused by
+the approach of the allied English and Manchoo devastators, messengers
+from the Chung-wang on the following morning bringing orders for me to
+proceed back into the Ta-hoo Lake, and take the steamer to
+Ma-tang-chiao. When I reached this place, the Chung-wang, attended by
+the Sz, Le, and several other Wangs, came on board, and appeared to be
+overjoyed with my successful enterprise and the appearance of the
+steamer. A-ling, the two Ti-ping officers, and the two Cantonese were
+instantly promoted; and the chiefs took off their own pearl ornaments to
+decorate them. The Chung-wang then took me ashore with him, and, upon
+reaching his head-quarters, confirmed my lieutenant's appointment, and
+declared that he would give 20,000 dollars prize-money for the capture
+of the steamer. This I considered amply sufficient for so small a
+service, and I determined to divide it equally among all who had
+assisted at the seizure&mdash;including the five rowdies who only came for
+money&mdash;besides giving a portion to some of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_670" id="Page_670">[670]</a></span> the former crew, who had
+kept to their work and assisted me since the capture.</p>
+
+<p>The encampment was formed around a large straggling village; and the
+people, like those of the neighbouring hamlets, appeared more happy,
+better fed, and less depressed than those of more distant parts of
+Ti-pingdom. This was always the result of the Chung-wang's presence in
+any locality, for he was not only the most able general, but also the
+most talented organizer and pacificator among the chiefs.</p>
+
+<p>At Ma-tang-chiao the Chung-wang was concentrating an army of relief for
+Soo-chow; and, with the object of enabling the steamer to participate in
+the same movement, men were employed to remove several bridges and other
+obstructions on a creek by which she could reach the Grand Canal. This
+work was hardly commenced, when two or three fugitives, shortly followed
+by many others, from the suburbs of Soo-chow, arrived with the
+disastrous intelligence that the city was in the hands of the enemy. How
+it had fallen they could not say, further than by stating that it had
+not been captured by fighting, but by some treachery. The Chung-wang
+seemed much affected by the report, for Soo-chow was not only the most
+important and best fortified city, the most abundantly supplied and
+strongest garrisoned, but the commandant, Mo-wang, was his oldest and
+bravest brother in arms.</p>
+
+<p>Orders were at once given to break camp and march upon Wu-see; and while
+the troops were so engaged, I returned with the steamer to the same
+city. On the following day the bad news became confirmed by the arrival
+of some hundreds of the garrison of Soo-chow. These men stated that the
+second in command, Nar-wang, with several other principal chiefs, had
+assassinated the commandant and then surrendered the city to the enemy.
+A great number of the Mo-wang's men were massacred by the followers of
+the other leaders, who commanded about 20,000 troops, while the
+Cantonese portion of the garrison<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_671" id="Page_671">[671]</a></span> &mdash;some 5,000 strong, and unconnected
+with the treachery&mdash;were compelled to fight their way out of the city.
+These latter, having placed their wives and children in the centre,
+proceeded to force the west gate. Unable, however, to effect the narrow
+passage with their helpless families against the incessant attack by
+overwhelming numbers of Imperialist and renegade soldiery, they were
+driven to the horrible extreme of killing their own women and children
+to save them from the worse fate of degradation and torture, if captured
+by the enemy. Scarcely a third of the men succeeded in cutting their way
+through, and of these many were wounded, many were covered with the
+blood of their wives and little ones, while others had become raving
+maniacs.</p>
+
+<p>The Chinese nature, although apparently so apathetic, is yet capable of
+the wildest frenzy of passion; in fact, no people have a more
+paradoxical and anomalous character. It is a well-known fact that
+Chinese non-combatants will commit wholesale suicide upon the approach
+of enemies; but few Europeans would credit the fearful acts which the
+Soo-chow fugitives were driven in desperation to commit, or the frantic
+excitement leading to such deeds, and to the insanity of many of the
+perpetrators. I shall never forget the terrible appearance of the madmen
+stained with the blood of their own dearest relatives, whom they had
+themselves killed. They rushed into Wu-see at an immense speed, passed
+the city, and came to the encampment outside, and then, yelling,
+shouting, and crying, threw themselves, in paroxysms of grief and
+frenzy, on the ground before the Chung-wang. Several attempted to drown
+themselves in a neighbouring creek; and one, a young chief, stabbed
+himself to death before he could be prevented. The unfortunate men were
+at last secured and taken into the city.</p>
+
+<p>With the remnant of the Soo-chow garrison came seven Europeans. These
+men had been sent from the city to join my legion, by order of the
+Chung-wang, and having<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_672" id="Page_672">[672]</a></span> proceeded to Ma-tang-chiao, when they changed
+their route for Wu-see, they were overtaken by the fugitives, and came
+on with them. These seven men were not a portion of those whom I had
+sent from Shanghae; all the latter (with the exception of the brave
+Labourais, who was killed during a night attack on some stockades by the
+enemy only a few days previously) being within Soo-chow when that city
+was betrayed, and many of them there perishing. Three of the Europeans
+had straggled, and did not arrive for some days. Among the four who
+joined me were <i>Captain</i> Smith, and an engineer (for the steamer) who
+had hitherto been employed casting shell, guns, and executing other
+important work at Soo-chow.</p>
+
+<p>As it was absolutely necessary for the increase and establishment of my
+legion that I should return to Shanghae, I wished to leave as soon as
+the Chung-wang reached Wu-see, particularly as both I and my lieutenant
+were in a very bad state of health, and urgently required medical
+assistance; but the Chung-wang having requested that I would join him in
+an attack upon the Imperialist force threatening Wu-see and
+Chang-chow-foo, I was obliged to defer leaving until after the battle.
+The enemy were intrenched in great strength within fifteen miles of
+Wu-see, and were assisted by a powerful flotilla of gunboats, which gave
+them entire command of the water communications of the city. It was to
+drive away or destroy this fleet that an attack was decided upon.</p>
+
+<p>At last all obstructions in the way of enabling the steamer&mdash;now named
+the <i>Ti-ping</i>, and flying the Chung-wang's standard&mdash;to participate in
+the engagement were removed; and I joined the Commander-in-Chief's
+consultation held before commencing operations on the following morning.
+One thousand men, composing the <i>élite</i> of the Chung-wang's guards, and
+the first division of the Loyal and Faithful Auxiliary Legion, were
+placed under my orders, together with fifteen gunboats, which were to
+co-operate with the steamer. With this force I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_673" id="Page_673">[673]</a></span> was ordered to attack
+the hostile flotilla, the Chung-wang himself disposing of his troops so
+as to prevent a junction between the enemy and their vessels. About
+midnight the army marched to take up its position, and at daylight I
+advanced with the steamer and gunboats, the men of my legion
+accompanying me in two divisions, one on each bank of the canal.</p>
+
+<p>The morning was thick and foggy, so that we were enabled to take up a
+position within cannon-range of the enemy without either attracting
+their attention or discerning them ourselves. The place I chose for a
+halt until the fog cleared away was at a large stone bridge, parallel to
+the Grand Canal, up which we were proceeding, and over a creek leading
+direct into a small lake, about a mile and a half distant, on which the
+enemy's flotilla was stationed.</p>
+
+<p>My plan of action was soon formed. I sent the gunboats in advance beyond
+the bridge, with orders to attack the enemy at the entrance of the lake,
+and then to retreat in confusion. By this man&oelig;uvre I hoped to draw
+the hostile gunboats into the creek, when I should be able to attack
+them with the steamer to an advantage. On the creek not more than a
+dozen boats could form abreast and work their guns, but on the lake the
+whole number, estimated at 60 to 70, would be able to open a
+concentrated fire on our advance; and one well-aimed shot could sink the
+lightly-built <i>Ti-ping</i>, or pierce her boilers.</p>
+
+<p>Taking on board fifty picked men from the Cantonese musketeers of my
+legion, and making everything ready for action, I had the steamer moved
+close to the side of the bridge, where she lay perfectly concealed.</p>
+
+<p>Towards noon the weather began to clear, and our small squadron
+immediately pulled forward and opened fire on their opponents. The
+Imperialists, encouraged by their great superiority of numbers, soon
+advanced into the creek and gave chase as our gunboats retreated. By<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_674" id="Page_674">[674]</a></span>
+the time that they had reached half-way to the bridge, however, the day
+became quite clear, and observing our troops spread out in line of
+battle, they gave up any further pursuit.</p>
+
+<p>This was the moment for which I had been waiting. Sending forward my men
+on the shore at a run, I moved the steamer from her hidden position,
+passed under the bridge, and advanced upon the enemy at full speed,
+firing upon them with our 32-pounder, and warmly answered by their stern
+guns as they turned and pulled back to reach the lake, which they
+managed to do before we could close with them. As we approached the
+termination of the creek, we were saluted with a tremendous cannonade.
+The gunboats had formed in three divisions, one directly fronting the
+mouth of the creek, the others upon either flank, so that they were
+enabled to maintain a most powerful cross fire. I counted twenty-two
+vessels in the centre squadron, and twenty in each of the others. They
+were all fully manned with about 30 men in every boat, and each carried
+a bow-gun, from 6 to 18-pounder; a large swivel on either side, and a
+stern gun, a little smaller than that in the fore-part.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, my land force could be of no assistance on the lake, all
+their use being to accompany the steamer on either side of a creek, and
+prevent the enemy's troops closing upon her in such an indefensible
+position. Our fifteen gunboats were armed with such inferior artillery
+that they were altogether unable to cope with the hostile vessels, every
+one of which carried good English guns supplied by the British at
+Shanghae. I therefore ordered them to remain in the creek, but to
+advance and take charge of any boats we might capture.</p>
+
+<p>Directly we emerged from the creek, the enemy gallantly pulled towards
+us, decorated with innumerable flags, maintaining a very heavy fire,
+yelling terrifically, and deafening us with a tremendous beating of
+gongs and blowing of war-horns. Seeing that their only way of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_675" id="Page_675">[675]</a></span>retreat
+was by a creek in the rear of their starboard squadron, I immediately
+attacked the centre, because, if successful, we should not only succeed
+in capturing two-thirds of the flotilla, but would render them unable to
+fire upon the steamer through danger of injuring themselves. While
+steaming up to obtain this position&mdash;necessarily at slow speed, because
+the lake was very shallow&mdash;showers of grape, roundshot, and every
+species of Chinese rocket and missile, came rushing all around and about
+our heads. Fortunately the <i>mitraille</i> was fired too loosely, and the
+solid shot too badly aimed, to cause us much damage, while every
+discharge from our heavy gun, worked by <i>Captain</i> Smith, proved very
+effective among the mass of boats, men, and flags. In a short time the
+central squadron gave way, and the crews, pulling close to the shore,
+began to desert their vessels. The port squadron, in danger of being cut
+off, took to flight and became mingled with the centre. Meanwhile, the
+starboard division pulled up the creek in its rear, and took up a
+position, from which it maintained a sharp fire over the low land,
+nearly every shot passing close to the steamer or striking her. Several
+times I turned away from the discomfited vessels to follow their
+consorts up the creek, but on each occasion, with obstinate courage, the
+enemy rallied, remanned their guns, and stuck to them until our return
+to the attack drove them ashore again.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 900px;">
+<img src="images/i270.jpg" width="900" height="577" alt="DAY &amp; SON, (LIMITED) LITH.
+NAVAL ENGAGEMENT AND CAPTURE OF IMPERIALIST GUNBOATS AT WU-SEE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">DAY &amp; SON, (LIMITED) LITH.<br />
+NAVAL ENGAGEMENT AND CAPTURE OF IMPERIALIST GUNBOATS AT WU-SEE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thrice did the crews of the gunboats resume the conflict. On their last
+attempt to turn the fortune of the day, they actually advanced upon us,
+loading and firing as fast as they could, keeping up a fearful yelling
+and beating of gongs, and evincing every determination to board. Had
+they only possessed sufficient confidence to persist in this attempt,
+they might easily have succeeded in overpowering us by numbers and
+capturing the steamer. Fortunately, however, directly the heavy
+discharges from our pivot gun&mdash;double-shotted with grape and
+canister&mdash;and the incessant musketry fire from the small-arm men<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_676" id="Page_676">[676]</a></span>
+stationed on our upper deck began to take effect upon them, they gave
+way and retreated to the shore. After the last repulse, my squadron of
+gunboats having arrived on the scene of conflict, their crews took
+charge of the deserted vessels of the enemy and began to tow them away.</p>
+
+<p>From their position on the creek, the starboard division of the
+Imperialist flotilla still maintained the action; so, abandoning the two
+others to our allies, we steamed after the still defiant squadron. In a
+few minutes a well-aimed shot from our 32-pounder sunk two of the
+gunboats, and eight others were captured. The remaining ten, after a
+short chase, were abandoned by their men, who escaped ashore, carrying
+with them, however, their small arms. At this moment I perceived that
+the creek was lined on either side by a cunningly-contrived breast-work,
+from behind which the gunboat <i>braves</i> began to fire heavily upon us. At
+the same time large columns of Imperialist troops became visible, as, by
+sheer force of numbers, they pressed back the Chung-wang's divisions,
+and threatened to occupy the bank of the creek by which I had advanced
+the steamer, and which formed the only line of retreat to Wu-see.</p>
+
+<p>Before we could secure the last abandoned gunboats, a large number of
+musket-armed skirmishers were thrown into the intrenchments in our
+immediate vicinity. So heavy and effective became their volleys&mdash;every
+bullet striking some part of the steamer, riddling her light upper works
+through and through, and wounding many men, while we could neither reply
+with our heavy guns nor bring a rifle to bear upon the hidden foe&mdash;that
+we were compelled to save ourselves by precipitate flight, leaving the
+last captured vessels behind, and hurrying to the other creek at full
+speed, in order to avoid being intercepted by the advancing troops.
+Owing to the gallantry with which my land division held the enemy in
+check, we were able to effect our retreat, carrying off<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_677" id="Page_677">[677]</a></span> fifty-one
+gunboats as the substantial trophy of our victory, and capturing more
+than fifty of the Sung-wang's<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> flags.</p>
+
+<p>Upon reaching the bridge we were warmly congratulated by the Chung-wang,
+who at once declared he would give 200 dols. prize-money for each
+gunboat, which promise he scrupulously fulfilled. As the enemy continued
+to advance in line of battle, orders were given for a general attack,
+and I was despatched with the steamer to the city of Chang-chow-foo, to
+join in the co-operating movements being executed therefrom. We were too
+late to participate in them, for, upon reaching some outworks, about
+twelve miles from the city, our orders were countermanded, the
+Imperialists being defeated at every point, and the stockades from which
+they had menaced the two cities being in the hands of the Ti-pings.</p>
+
+<p>Our escape from the ambush into which we had fallen while pursuing the
+remnant of the Imperialist flotilla was something miraculous, for,
+although our casualties were only two Chinese killed, three Europeans
+slightly, my interpreter A-ling dangerously, and a dozen Chinese
+wounded, the steamer was pierced about her upper-works with countless
+bullets; so much so, indeed, that it was difficult to understand how
+every person on board had not been killed.</p>
+
+<p>Some days after our victory, a large Imperial force advanced from
+Soo-chow and proceeded to invest Wu-see. Upon one occasion they advanced
+close up to the walls, but were driven back by the shell we threw among
+them from the steamer. As the city was rendered untenable by the loss of
+Soo-chow and other places, the Chung-wang decided to evacuate it and
+retire upon Chang-chow-foo. Before executing this arrangement the
+Commander-in-Chief, in his capacity of Vicegerent to the Ti-ping king,
+<span class="smcap">Tien-wang</span>, commissioned me to promulgate among foreigners the objects of
+the revolution; the wishes and opinions of its leaders; the treatment
+they had received from England;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_678" id="Page_678">[678]</a></span> and all subjects relative thereto upon
+which I might be able to write. This event has been the sole origin,
+besides my own feelings in the cause, of the present work&mdash;"Tai Ping
+Tien Kwoh."</p>
+
+<p>My arrangements to return to Shanghae were soon made. <i>Captain</i> Smith,
+together with the Ke-wang (one of the Commander-in Chief's high
+officers), I left in command of my legion so far as it was organized,
+including the steamer and captured gunboats. My lieutenant, who was too
+ill to remain on duty, the five rowdies, A-ling and his two Cantonese
+friends, were to accompany me. Those who remained were given their
+prize-money, but I refused to receive the share for the others until we
+should reach the city of Kar-sing-foo, because this place was on the
+limit of the Ti-ping territory in the direction of Shanghae, and I felt
+confident that, if they had time, the rowdies would quarrel over their
+money, and, probably, injure one another. It will be seen that my
+anticipations were not groundless.</p>
+
+<p>Thinking that the horrible Soo-chow treachery and massacre (the chiefs
+and their men who surrendered upon <i>General</i> Gordon's <i>guarantee of
+conditions</i> were put to death by the Manchoo colleague of the British
+officer) would surely occasion the British Government to withdraw its
+help from those whose sanguinary atrocities were not only dishonouring
+them by their participation as allies, but actually making them morally,
+if not materially, responsible; I set out for Shanghae under the
+impression that the Anglo-Manchoo alliance would cease, and the time
+prove favourable for advocating the Ti-ping cause and its claims upon
+all foreign, but especially British, sympathy.</p>
+
+<p>Having taken leave of the noble Chung-wang and his son Maou-lin, I left
+Wu-see with an escort of fifteen gunboats; at the same time the city was
+evacuated, and the Commander-in-Chief started with his troops for
+Chang-chow-foo, carrying with him the four Europeans captured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_679" id="Page_679">[679]</a></span> on board
+the steamer, whom he promised to retain as prisoners of mine until the
+return of myself or my lieutenant. It has since been reported that the
+bodies of these four men were found some time afterwards near Wu-see,
+and Major Gordon of the R. E., in his notorious capacity of
+uncommissioned general to Manchoo Governor Le, took upon himself to
+report that the Chung-wang had roasted them to death, his only authority
+being the testimony of a demented "old woman," who declared that
+"Cantonese rebels" had killed them! If the Ti-pings did kill the four
+prisoners, the act was not only the first instance in which they have
+retaliated upon foreigners,<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> but was also the result of Major
+Gordon's treacherous capture of Soo-chow, for I should have sent the men
+over to his lines as exchanged prisoners of war if I had reached that
+city. It is, however, believed by all in China who are acquainted with
+the facts of the case, that the men fell into the hands of the
+Imperialists, and were put to death by them; and this seems to me a very
+likely affair (if they have been killed, for it is by no means certain),
+because the rear of the forces that retreated from Wu-see were closely
+pursued by the troops of Le, Futai. But my strongest reason for
+believing that the Ti-pings had no hand in killing them, if murdered
+they were, is the fact that the Chung-wang was personally pledged (to
+me) to keep them unharmed and properly cared for; and even Major Gordon
+cannot state that this celebrated chief ever broke his word, <i>or
+sanctioned a violation of his guarantees by associates</i>. Moreover, I
+particularly gave the Chung-wang to understand that my future services
+would depend very much upon finding my prisoners safe and sound at my
+return; besides, he could not possibly have had any motive to injure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_680" id="Page_680">[680]</a></span>
+them, and thereby lose what he expected might prove valuable aid; and
+certainly, to judge by the kind treatment they received within Wu-see,
+he had no intention of doing so.</p>
+
+<p>At my last interview with the Chung-wang I shall never forget the
+speaking expression of his fine eyes, as I shook his hand for the last
+time and stepped back to take my final departure. His look seemed to
+express friendship and gratitude for what I had already done, doubt for
+the future, and a mutely pathetic request, imploring that I, too, would
+not desert him in his hour of need. This well-remembered glance created
+another bond between us which only death can obliterate, and which would
+alone have bound me to help the Chung-wang to the utmost of my ability.
+No wonder he seemed doubtful as to my future course, for the Ti-pings
+had never trusted a foreigner without being deceived, and they never
+experienced anything but insult or unprovoked injury from European
+officials!</p>
+
+<p>From Wu-see to Kar-sing-foo, <i>viâ</i> the Ta-hoo Lake and Hoo-chow-foo, I
+was accompanied by the Shi-wang, a cousin of the Chung-wang, who had
+received instructions to facilitate my movements and make arrangements
+for my return, besides being commissioned to divert to the city of
+Hoo-chow the reinforcements on their way to Ma-tang-chiao. A few days
+after commencing our journey we fell in with a body of troops belonging
+to the Ting-wang's command at the provincial capital Hang-chow, who were
+proceeding to the appointed rendezvous; but the Shi-wang ordered them to
+Hoo-chow, where they afterwards proved very useful in maintaining
+communications with Nankin along the west shore of the Ta-hoo, <i>viâ</i>
+Chang-chow, Kin-tang, Li-yang, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>After the evacuation of Wu-see by the Ti-ping troops, the city, of
+course, fell into Imperialist hands; when the wretches, in their usual
+style, commenced a general massacre of the unfortunate inhabitants, it
+being estimated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_681" id="Page_681">[681]</a></span> that 6,000, at least, were put to death, their crime
+being the fact that they were found in a city which had been held by
+rebels! The poor people who had been daily supplied with food from the
+Ti-ping granaries were now starved to death, for charity is a virtue
+unknown to Manchoo mandarins. I was at Wu-see for several weeks, and
+during that period I went over the country for miles in every direction,
+finding everywhere the same frightful results of British
+intervention&mdash;in the devastation of the country by the allies, and the
+starvation of the unfortunate Ti-ping country people. During my return
+to Shanghae, every place I saw exhibited more or less misery; a painful
+contrast to the prosperity universally prevailing only a few months
+before, when the power and rule of the Tien-wang was unshaken. Upon
+leaving the Ti-ping territory, or rather upon passing the few strong
+cities they still occupied in proximity to the frontier, the desolation
+of the country was perfectly appalling. Even throughout those portions
+of the silk districts still untouched by the enemy, everything was in a
+state of turmoil, inactivity, and distress. The mulberry-trees and the
+silkworms, which require constant care, were but partially tended; in
+many parts they were neglected altogether; so that these facts, coupled
+to the wholesale massacre of the people by the Imperialists, fully
+account for the great decrease of silk <i>since</i> the Ti-pings have been
+driven from the producing districts.</p>
+
+<p>My readers have already been shown the prosperous condition of the
+country entirely under Ti-ping control during the years 1860-1-2-3. We
+will now notice for the last time the effect of British support of the
+barbarous Manchoo.</p>
+
+<p>The change for the worse may be considered to have fairly commenced
+directly after the capture of the city of Quin-san by the Anglo-Manchoo
+forces. Since that event, entirely caused by British means, death and
+destruction have swept throughout the once free, Christian, and smiling<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_682" id="Page_682">[682]</a></span>
+land. I have wandered over mile after mile of the once happy Ti-ping
+districts (during the latter part of 1863 and beginning of 1864); I have
+passed through twenty and thirty villages in a day, and, horrible to
+relate, in almost every room of each house have found the unfortunate
+people starved, starving, or barely maintaining the embers of life by a
+fearful state of cannibalism, feeding on the dead bodies lying thick
+around them! I have seen this sight of unparalleled horror in large
+unwalled towns containing many hundred houses, and I frequently found as
+many as fifteen to twenty bodies in one dwelling, the great number being
+occasioned by refugees from places already occupied or threatened by
+Anglo-Imperialists. I have had the fearful consolation of resuscitating
+many of the miserable people for a short time by giving them all the
+rice I could obtain, though I was convinced it would only give them
+strength to undergo the pangs of starvation a second time. Some
+insensate patriots may accuse me of un-English feeling for my
+expressions against the policy of the <i>present</i> British ministry; but
+would not any Englishman feel and write strongly upon witnessing such
+scenes as those I am describing, and which have been solely caused by
+the wicked use of England's strength? I denounce the policy pursued
+against the Ti-pings as being not only egregiously stupid and suicidal
+in theory and practice, but absolutely iniquitous in every result.
+Nothing could work greater harm on living mankind.</p>
+
+<p>From the few poor wretches I found able to speak, in most cases I
+gathered their expression of opinion "that it was through foreign
+soldiers coming to fight the Tien-ping (Ti-ping troops) that their
+distress had been occasioned." Some said that "they had come from places
+taken by the Kwan-ping (Imperialist troops), and reaching where I found
+them, could get nothing to eat, were unable to travel farther, and so
+had lain them down to die." Whenever I came to villages where the people
+were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_683" id="Page_683">[683]</a></span> not yet reduced to the last stage of famine, mothers were offering
+their daughters to any one who would take them; but even this was
+unavailing! Although in other parts of China the young women would have
+been taken for evil purposes, in Ti-pingdom the laws strictly prohibited
+everything that was condemned as immoral, so they were left to starve if
+provisions were not supplied from better motives. These fearful scenes
+are so vividly impressed upon my memory that I am sorry I ever had the
+misfortune to witness them.</p>
+
+<p>The desolating sword of Asiatic warfare has been ruthlessly carried into
+provinces for years in the most flourishing condition under Ti-ping
+rule. Hundreds of once happy villages have been obliterated from the
+face of the earth they once adorned, while the decaying skeletons of
+their industrious and inoffensive people are thickly scattered
+throughout the surrounding country, changing into a vast Golgotha and
+desert what would otherwise have remained an earthly paradise.</p>
+
+<p>As many people would probably feel inclined to deny that the
+Anglo-Manchoo forces created the desolation I have described, because it
+has frequently been misrepresented by interested persons that the
+Ti-pings were the devastators, I have selected two or three statements
+which entirely corroborate my own.</p>
+
+<p>The following narrative was given by a gentleman who has comparatively
+lately traversed the silk districts in search of mulberry-trees and
+silkworms, in order to estimate the probable extent of the next silk
+crop, and the causes of the present great fall-off. It appeared in the
+<i>Friend of China</i>, Shanghae paper, of January 13, 1865, from which I
+quote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"When Burgevine went to Nankin, that time the country between it
+and Soo-chow was a garden for loveliness. For eighteen <i>le</i>
+(Chinese miles) along the canal, on either side, the banks were
+lined with houses&mdash;the inhabitants busy as bees, and as thriving
+as they had reason to expect to be. With the reversion of
+Soo-chow to the Imperialists, these <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_684" id="Page_684">[684]</a></span>houses and numerous bridges
+disappeared. For the whole eighteen <i>le</i> there is not a
+roof&mdash;the country around, as far as the eye can reach, is a
+desert. The people have fled from the Imperialists as though
+they dreaded them like wolves and tigers; nor man, nor woman,
+nor child, nor beast of any description to be seen. Fowls,
+ducks, pigs, buffaloes&mdash;no such thing to be got for love or
+money.</p>
+
+<p>"Twenty-seven <i>le</i> from Soo-chow brought me to Soo-za-qua,
+formerly a custom-house station, now the abode of part of the
+residue of Gordon's force....</p>
+
+<p>"The place is an oasis in the desert. For miles after leaving
+it, indeed, all the way thence to Wu-see, the same barren,
+weed-overgrown appearance meets the sight. Pheasants,
+partridges, and a wild deer now and then, gave me plenty of
+amusement for my fowling-piece. But the number of bleached
+skeletons, skulls, or partially decayed dead bodies, is awful to
+look at&mdash;to count them would be impossible&mdash;they literally cover
+the ground for miles. As for traffic in boats, there was none;
+trade is all gone. Wu-see is in ruins. Where they were going I
+could not make out, perhaps the boatmen themselves did not know
+beyond their next stage, but the number of soldiers passing up
+in boats was legion, the contrast between them in their fat,
+saucy appearance, and that of the meagre, starved-looking
+wretches in the streets, being very striking. Before reaching
+Wu-see I passed a camp of from 20,000 to 30,000
+soldiers&mdash;impudent rascals, shouting after me, 'Yang-qui-tsze,
+Yang-qui-tsze' (Foreign devil),<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> till I was tired of hearing
+them; beckoning me to come on shore; waving spears and dashing
+them out to show what they would do if they could. They have
+evidently no love for Westerns, these Imperial Imps....</p>
+
+<p>"On to Chang-chow-foo, for 95 <i>le</i>, still the same howling
+desert, not a working soul to be seen. The depth and strength of
+the weeds now are prodigious. Alack, for my search for
+mulberry-trees! I could not see one. All are cut down, and if
+wood at all were seen, it was borne by hungry-looking people,
+propelled by soldiers who had impressed them into the
+wood-cutting line. It was for such a state of things as this,
+was it, that Gordon gave his talents? His reward would be a
+sorry heart (?), could he only view the misery he has made. They
+are perfectly rabid after firewood, these same Mandarin
+soldiers, and cut down green wood and everything they meet. I
+should say there must be from eight to twelve thousand men at
+Tan-yang, which I next got to&mdash;Loo-tszeur, a village between
+Chang-chow-foo and it, having disappeared to a brick; not a soul
+to be seen, though they have established a custom-house station
+about five <i>le</i> from it. </p>
+
+<p>"Tan-yang, a small city on the left bank of the canal, is almost
+entirely deserted. Soldiers presenting here, as at the other
+places, the same fat, saucy appearance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_685" id="Page_685">[685]</a></span> I before noticed, some of
+them wearing bangles, earrings, and jewels of value, while the
+people around are clotheless and miserable, and how the poor
+wretches live at all is a mystery. All that I saw them grubbing
+at was a species of porridge, consisting of the <i>husks</i> of
+paddy, a mess one would not give a horse. Oh, the skulls again!
+From Chang-chow-foo to Tan-yang the ground is literally white,
+like snow, with skulls and bones. The massacre of the
+unfortunate Taipings (inoffensive villagers, most likely) must
+have been awful! Between Chang-chow-foo and Wu-see stands a
+dilapidated pagoda, said to be 4,000 years old, and I went to
+look at it. What was my surprise to find it crammed with dead
+bodies, from which slices had been cut to eat as food!... I went
+on for 45 <i>li</i> beyond Tan-yang; the farther I went, the country
+getting worse and worse, if it were possible for there to be a
+difference when one description of 'bad' does for all, and I
+began to think that my search for a mulberry-tree, <i>in what,
+under the Taipings, was a splendid silk-producing country</i>, was
+useless, and I had better turn back." </p></div>
+
+<p>Here we have the testimony of an impartial mercantile gentleman. Comment
+is needless. We will now turn to the evidence given by two of Gordon's
+own officers, men who were present during the operations against the
+Ti-pings, but who were ultimately honest enough to admit the truth. The
+following extracts are from a letter which appeared in the <i>Friend of
+China</i>, April 28, 1864:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="center">"TO THE EDITOR OF THE 'FRIEND OF CHINA.'</div>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,&mdash;I read in the <i>North China Herald</i> a letter from Gordon's
+head-quarters, in which the writer says that the slaughter among
+the rebels, after the capture of Hwa-soo, was terrible. Upwards
+of 9,000 were taken prisoners, and of these it was estimated
+6,000 were killed or drowned, principally by the Imperialists.
+Further, that there is no doubt they would have killed ten times
+that number if they had the chance to do so. Now, Sir, I do hope
+there will be a stop put to such massacres, though I can but
+believe that the writer of that article must be, what they call
+in Australia, a <i>new chum</i>, for he cannot know much about the
+treachery of the Imps, or he would not dwell so much on it. Why,
+did not the Imperialists take rice, beans, wheat, and all other
+kinds of grain out of Wu-see, even while those around were
+starving; and as the old people came up to the gate to go
+outside the city with their few catties of rice, were they not
+stopped and their food taken from them, while, if they spoke
+against it, they were bambooed? There was rice sufficient in
+Soo-chow and Wu-see to keep the poor in the districts around for
+many months; why, then, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_686" id="Page_686">[686]</a></span>could not the Futai and other Mandarins
+be made to relieve the poor in the surrounding country?</p>
+
+<p>"At Chang-chow, again, in place of bambooing the poor when
+begging for a few grains of that which was taken from them, why
+were they left to die outside by starvation? I saw this, for I
+was one of the officers engaged in the capture of Wu-see, and
+other cities. From Wu-see we advanced towards Chang-chow, where,
+at first, there were but few poor to be seen. After we had been
+there a short time, however, there was a great number of them.
+Why?&mdash;<i>Because the Imperialists had gained so much of the
+country, and the poor had been robbed by them.</i> As for the
+much-lauded Gordon's troops, do they not rob the country people
+on the march? And if the disciplined troops do this with
+impunity, what can you think if the non-disciplined do it? I
+have seen beggars beheaded by these wretches in sheer
+wantonness.</p>
+
+<p>"The <i>Herald's</i> correspondent writes within sight of the walls
+of Chang-chow, and says, the starvation and cannibalism which
+prevail are unrelieved by the fiends who have been the cause of
+so much misery! The writer of that article little thinks the
+Imperialists are the fiends, or he would not have written so. On
+the other hand, parties who have travelled in the rebel
+districts have seen the Taepings relieve their poor." </p></div>
+
+<p>Besides the above letter, the following appears in the issue of the same
+paper on the 31st of January, 1865:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="center">"TO THE EDITOR OF THE 'FRIEND OF CHINA.'</div>
+
+<div class="right">"Shanghae, 26th January, 1865.</div>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,&mdash;I see you say in your 'apology' for rebels that the
+destruction of the city of Quin-san was caused by the Taepings
+on their evacuation of it. Such was not the case. The idol
+temples and official quarters were destroyed or ransacked by
+them; but the destruction of the dwelling-houses of the
+inhabitants was the work of the Imperialists. I was one of the
+first in the city after its evacuation by the Taepings, and what
+I now state I saw with my own eyes. Indeed, it was, as you have
+stated repeatedly, a practice with the Imperialists to burn all
+which the Taepings left. Why they did so I can hardly tell,
+further than that the men were encouraged to do it by their
+native officers.</p>
+
+<div class="right">
+"I am, dear Sir, yours truly,<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Late of Gordon's Force</span>.
+</div>
+
+<p>"P.S.&mdash;Ching and Le<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> were the grand devastators, and have to
+be thanked for the bulk of the misery now so rampant all over
+the country." </p></div>
+
+
+<p>As the Liberal Government has such a <i>penchant</i> for interfering in the
+internal affairs of other nations, why has it not devoted its meddlesome<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_687" id="Page_687">[687]</a></span>
+talents to killing some one either in Denmark, America, Italy, Poland,
+or Mexico? Cynical people may well say that the Premier and his
+colleagues dared not more than bluster in these cases; that in the
+centre of China, in Japan, Ashantee, New Zealand, &amp;c., they became very
+brave and officious because they could be so with impunity, and that
+such disgraceful, unprofitable, and inconsistent, if not imbecile
+policy, is either the expiring flashes of their administration or the
+greatness of England.</p>
+
+<p>Although it may be perfectly true that the Chancellor of the Exchequer
+and his <i>confrères</i> in office have saved the opium trade and the China
+indemnity (probably also their places in office, by covering the
+expenses of the last China war, which would otherwise have made a
+serious cause of opposition), at the immaterial responsibility of the
+destruction of a few millions of Chinese and the devastation of some
+districts of China three or four times the size of England, of what
+benefit has the meddling policy proved to general commercial or
+mercenary interests? The silk trade, the most valuable with China, has
+fallen off exactly one half at the present date,<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> since the due
+effect of driving the Ti-pings from their dominions has transpired. The
+interior, free and open under the revolutionists, who earnestly desired
+the friendship of Europeans, has now been closed to freedom of trade or
+travel by the very Mandarins who have been reinstated to tyrannize over
+regions their oppression had otherwise lost to them for ever; while the
+old hatred of foreigners, persistent determination to evade treaty
+obligations, and the haughty, exclusive policy of the Manchoo has been
+resumed, since the hypocritical pretence of adopting a more friendly
+line of conduct, in order to obtain foreign assistance, has become no
+longer necessary, by the recoil of the Ti-ping revolt before British
+arms. Besides this, having broken <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_688" id="Page_688">[688]</a></span>the political power of the only
+movement in China which afforded a prospect of improving, pacifying, or
+Christianizing that vast empire, England has been the means of creating
+a general state of anarchy. The Ti-pings have simply retreated to the
+interior and the sea-coast province of Fu-keen, while in every other
+part of the empire the people, no longer able to look upon the great
+revolution as likely to overthrow the Manchoo, and being more than ever
+oppressed by their foreign rulers, are not only driven to discontent but
+open rebellion. Besides the Ti-ping revolution, there are at the present
+time three or four powerfully organized rebellions. The "Nien-fei," in
+the north; the "Honan Filchers," towards the west; and the so-called
+"Mohammedan rebels," in the central provinces. Elsewhere, the
+innumerable local insurrections have settled into a regular system of
+brigandism, because the discontented have no longer the opportunity or
+confidence to join the diminished forces of Ti-pingdom. These
+circumstances, added to the fact that the Imperialist Mandarins are now
+systematically enforcing at least five times the treaty-legalized
+transit duties upon merchandise, are not only greatly enhancing the
+price of foreign goods to the natives, but, of course, considerably
+limiting their consumption. The only staple article of trade which has
+not at present decreased in quantity is tea. Still the price has become
+higher in China, and the non-diminution of export is due to the fact
+that the Ti-pings evacuated their former tea districts and captured the
+famous Vu-e, or Bohea districts, which they held for some time, without
+much fighting. It would be impossible to say that, since the result of
+British hostilities against the revolutionists has transpired, our
+commerce with China was ever in a more stagnant, unprofitable, and
+generally unsatisfactory condition. So much for the mercenary interests,
+to aid which England has been unscrupulously dragged into a clandestine
+and grossly criminal war!</p>
+
+<p>Bad as the preceding effects of the foreign policy of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_689" id="Page_689">[689]</a></span> the Palmerston
+Government undoubtedly are, there is yet another and a far worse
+consequence to be noticed. Before adverting to the most serious fact it
+is as well to epitomize the political action which has created it. It
+has been fondly imagined and fatally supposed by the Liberal ministers
+themselves, that they, <i>par excellence</i>, are the enlightened men of
+England, the only framers of philanthropical and progressive measures;
+and, in fact, that their glorious and never-to-be-forgotten
+place-holding is a Government of "peace, retrenchment, and reform." The
+doctrine of non-intervention having even been especially professed, and
+having been carried so far as to make a certain noble lord sacrifice his
+publicly and officially declared determination that "Denmark should not
+stand alone" in the event of certain contingencies, by leaving her to
+stand alone when those contingencies did come to pass, and then framing
+another set of probabilities, about the chivalrous deeds he would
+initiate if the King of Denmark were to be made a prisoner. Doubtless
+the admirers of that noble lord&mdash;who once made the astounding and
+statesmanlike discovery that "all children are born innocent,"
+especially those of his constituents, whose chubby "olive branches" were
+also discovered to be the best and most beautiful in England&mdash;considered
+their representative a marvellously proper man, and his bragging to
+fight and then retracting a very creditable proceeding, quite in
+accordance with the useful policy of non-intervention: yet, on the other
+hand, there are people who have the obstinacy to review this and similar
+affairs, and deduct therefrom, and observe the fact that in other parts
+of the world a very different policy has been enacted where it could be
+done with impunity, all of which affords sufficient evidence that the
+pretended adoption of a non-interfering policy is neither more nor less
+than an unprincipled truckling to strong powers, and an aggressive
+bullying of the weak.</p>
+
+<p>It is quite certain that, whether the rulers of China be Manchoo or
+Ti-ping, the vast industrial population would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_690" id="Page_690">[690]</a></span> still produce tea, silk,
+and other commodities. Now, the professed motive for British intercourse
+with China is commercial&mdash;that is to say, to buy the above-mentioned
+articles, and sell the manufactures of the English markets&mdash;but not
+political; for meddlesome interference with the internal affairs of
+China would prove disadvantageous to both nations, and would certainly
+be well calculated to bring the Imperial authority into contempt, injure
+the Chinese organizations in an abortive attempt to substitute those for
+which they are not yet qualified, and simply foment the troubles already
+existing, by the natural consequences of injudicious and unnecessary
+meddling.</p>
+
+<p>But the British ministers, who would justify their broken pledges in
+Europe by an appeal to the doctrine of non-intervention, act upon a very
+different system towards China and Japan. They seem to make it their
+business, not only to advance trade in the Celestial Empire, but to
+concern themselves with its private and political disturbances, to judge
+between the Ti-ping and Manchoo, and then to settle the affair by
+destroying the one and bullying the other.</p>
+
+<p>In Japan they have attacked feudal chieftains as though no central
+Government existed in that country; and then, after degrading the
+Imperial authority in the eyes of the people, force has been used to
+compel the opening of ports to trade. Thus have British statesmen
+pursued the best course to increase the animosities already existing, to
+produce general anarchy, and to establish the violation of all
+principles of international law, which they are <i>compelled</i> to observe
+in Europe. The most convincing fact with regard to the folly of
+interfering in China, is, that <i>until</i> such idiotic, or rather wicked
+policy was commenced, the exports were largely on the increase, having
+risen from £9,014,310 in 1859, to £14,186,310 in 1863; while the
+consumption of British imports has decreased up to the same
+period&mdash;about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_691" id="Page_691">[691]</a></span> which time the operations against the Ti-pings were
+exercising due effect&mdash;by more than half a million&mdash;£567,646. In 1863,
+the total value of British exports to China was £3,889,927&mdash;a sum less
+than the value of the exports to Brazil; yet for this comparatively
+paltry amount an enormous military expenditure has been maintained,
+whilst it is palpable, by the falling off of trade, that the policy has
+signally failed, and the number of persons who have perished through the
+mistake would make at least one life destroyed for every pound sterling.</p>
+
+<p>We now come to the most serious point with regard to the war against the
+Ti-pings. It is well known, and has never been denied, that throughout
+the country, under their control, the Bible was circulated not only with
+freedom, but gratuitously, by the Government established at Nankin.
+Besides this <i>unparalleled</i> practice, the fact that they accepted the
+Word of God in its full integrity is also incontrovertible; and He has
+declared, "My Word shall not return unto me void." Furthermore, it is
+well known by all who have visited the Ti-pings in their cities and
+camps, that (so strict an interpretation have they placed upon the
+Commandments, &amp;c.) they effectually prohibit not only the inveterate
+vices of the Chinese, and their heathen practices, but the evil
+indulgences which find full sway even in the most moral State of Europe.
+Their abolition of opium smoking; prostitution; the hitherto universal
+Chinese slave trade; the degraded Asiatic status of the women; the use
+of torture and bribery in courts of justice; the deformed small feet;
+the tail-wearing slave-badge of the men&mdash;these, and other facts proving
+their complete superiority to the hopelessly corrupt state of public and
+private life under the foreign rule of the Manchoo dynasty, we have
+already noticed. Let us ask, whence these great and glorious changes?
+Are they, as Lords Palmerston and Russell, and their correspondents upon
+anti-Ti-ping Chinese affairs, have repeatedly declared (when obliged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_692" id="Page_692">[692]</a></span> to
+defend their un-English policy) the conduct of the Ti-pings to be, the
+natural acts of "bloodthirsty marauders," "locusts," "merciless
+brigands," "revolting impostors," "ferocious hordes of banditti," &amp;c.?
+Or are they not rather the blessings bestowed by God upon people who, to
+the utmost of their power, and the sacrifice of their lives, have
+striven to follow His Word and Law? Man may change the public and
+outward forms of existence necessary for the body, but only God can
+alter the private and moral character necessary for the soul. There is a
+doctrine of original and natural sin; therefore it does appear
+presumptuous, if not profane, when people combine together against any
+vast movement in which the hand of God is visible&mdash;either in the
+supernatural or the presence of the Bible; especially as they believe
+that Divine interposition is necessary to convert and save the souls of
+all men, and as they have neither political nor national interest in the
+movement to even justify the worldly motives of their interference.</p>
+
+<p>Present ministers<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> and their followers may possibly ridicule the
+idea, in order to justify their policy towards China, that whatever the
+Ti-pings might or might not have been&mdash;even setting apart the fact of
+their Christianity&mdash;if they have been killed for the sake of British
+commerce (especially the vile opium trade, which they prohibited), every
+bale of silk and chest of tea brought into this land bears with it an
+endless curse; and that these, together with every article of British
+manufacture forced upon China, are defiled with the blood of the victims
+who have been slaughtered to prosper, forsooth! "our commercial
+institutions!" Man cannot serve both God and Mammon. The efforts of the
+British Government to worship the latter have failed most signally; but
+even had they succeeded in creating the most stupendous trade the world<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_693" id="Page_693">[693]</a></span>
+ever contained, do they believe that a righteous and eternal God has not
+witnessed the <i>means</i>, and that He who notes the fall of a small sparrow
+hath not recorded the murder of every human being, during their unholy
+crusade against the unfortunate Ti-pings?</p>
+
+<p>Throughout a vast extent of China the Bible became established; but now,
+through the assistance given by the British Government to the Manchoo,
+the people&mdash;even including the little lisping children&mdash;have been
+slaughtered, while the idols of Budha are re-erected, dominating for a
+season over the desecrated ashes of <i>our</i> Bible.</p>
+
+<p>Nankin, the Ti-ping capital, has fallen, through British intervention,
+since my arrival in this country; the printing and circulation of the
+Holy Scriptures have therefore ceased, and the Ti-pings have become
+wanderers over the face of the earth they would otherwise have adorned.
+It is idle and unworthy to cavil at this dogma or that article of the
+Ti-ping creed: the revolutionists did their utmost to enter into the
+pale and brotherhood of Christendom. Truly and candidly speaking, the
+nation solely responsible for preventing so glorious a consummation,
+is&mdash;England.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> The late famous San-ko-lin-sin.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Some people have thought that the four men were executed
+as a retaliation for the murder of the Wangs at Soo-chow, because,
+naturally enough, the Ti-pings considered the Europeans present were
+responsible for the atrocities. The four prisoners were members of
+Gordon's force, and it is just possible that they may have been put to
+death by some of the Soo-chow refugees.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> My reader will contrast this with the treatment Europeans
+received when these districts were in Ti-ping possession.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Ching and Le were the principal Imperialist generals; they
+were acting in co-operation with Gordon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> June 1865. See Appendix B.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Palmerston's Government.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_694" id="Page_694">[694]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XXIV</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Kar-sing-foo.&mdash;Christmas in Ti-pingdom.&mdash;Works of
+Art.&mdash;Dangerous Companions.&mdash;Narrow Escape.&mdash;Retribution.&mdash;Adieu
+to Ti-pingdom.&mdash;Mr. White's Case.&mdash;The Neutrality
+Ordnance.&mdash;Order of July 9th, 1864.&mdash;Intended Return to
+England.&mdash;Particulars of the Siege of Soo-chow.&mdash;Strength of the
+Garrison.&mdash;The Assault Described.&mdash;The Nar-wang's
+Treachery.&mdash;Its Cause.&mdash;Major Gordon's Report.&mdash;The <i>Friend of
+China</i>.&mdash;Gordon's Report Continued.&mdash;Narrative by an
+Eye-Witness.&mdash;The Soo-chow Tragedy.&mdash;Major Gordon.&mdash;His
+Conduct.&mdash;Gordon's Letter to Sir F. Bruce.&mdash;Analysis
+thereof.&mdash;Newspaper Extract.&mdash;Gordon's "Reasons"
+Refuted.&mdash;Analysis Continued.&mdash;Gordon's "Personal
+Consideration."&mdash;His Motives explained.&mdash;Newspaper
+Extracts.&mdash;Sir F. Bruce's Despatch.&mdash;Its Analysis.&mdash;Falsity of
+Gordon's Statements.&mdash;How Proved.&mdash;Extract from the <i>Times</i>. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>Upon reaching the city of Kar-sing-foo, I was kindly received by the
+governor, Yoong-wang, who gave us all quarters in the Wei-wang's palace.
+This latter chief had gallantly assisted in defeating the Anglo-Manchoo
+forces on their first attack upon Tait-san; he had been promoted for his
+services, and was celebrated as a brave leader; yet, singular to relate,
+he had gone over to the enemy with the city (Haining), to which he had
+been appointed governor only a few days before my arrival.</p>
+
+<p>Previous to the year 1860, treachery was a thing unknown among the
+Ti-pings. The baneful effect of British meddling had not been felt; they
+were successful, therefore the mercenary-minded did not find occasion to
+desert; neither was the number of chiefs so great as since the successes
+of 1860-61, nor the Tien-wang's appointment of them so imprudent.
+Latterly, however, the great extent of country and population included
+within<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_695" id="Page_695">[695]</a></span> the limits of Ti-pingdom rendered necessary the employment of a
+large number of civil and military officers; unfortunately, the king,
+having much secluded himself from the affairs of state to study
+religious matters, and being influenced by two or three of his
+non-military ministers, did not exercise sufficient care in selecting or
+controlling them. Thus, it came to pass that sometimes not only
+incompetent, but untrustworthy men were placed in high and important
+commands; and many of these new officials were neither animated by the
+patriotism, nor inspired with the religious fervour of the older chiefs.
+Self-aggrandizement was the motive of such men; and although some of
+them were brave soldiers, directly they found British hostility was
+making their cause a failing one, they did not scruple to change sides
+when they could obtain reward for doing so.</p>
+
+<p>At Kar-sing-foo the Shi-wang left me, after having made arrangements for
+my return either to that city or Hoo-chow-foo (where I had left the
+engineer and another man from Soo-chow for the purpose of making shell,
+casting guns, &amp;c.), and then proceeded on his way to other places, in
+order to collect men and money with which to rejoin the Chung-wang at
+Chang-chow-foo.</p>
+
+<p>I found the country under the Yoong-wang's administration in a far
+better state than the desolate regions through which I had passed on my
+journey to his city, because the Imperialists and their allies had not
+yet attacked and ravaged the neighbourhood; although, before I started
+for Shanghae, they made their appearance.</p>
+
+<p>Christmas Day I spent at Kar-sing-foo. The Ti-pings keep the festival
+two days before we do; and, if possible, venerate it still more. I made
+the Yoong-wang a present upon the occasion, and passed the day very
+happily at his palace, where a grand dinner was given to all the chiefs
+in the city, after special services had been held in the Heavenly Hall.
+My friend W&mdash;&mdash; was present with me, and we mutually declared that we
+had never enjoyed a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_696" id="Page_696">[696]</a></span> better Christmas in our lives. Upon the 25th the
+Yoong-wang sent his own cooks, attendants, plate, &amp;c., and spread a
+magnificent dinner at my quarters for all the European and Chinese
+followers I had in the city.</p>
+
+<p>I found much to admire during my stay with the Yoong-wang. He was one of
+the best veteran Ti-ping leaders, and all his officers were stanch,
+trustworthy adherents of the cause. Of one Yu, who was a general of
+brigade, I became the particular friend, and dined with him nearly every
+day. This officer had charge of the artillery, and I gave him all the
+instruction I could in casting shell (which he had just commenced to
+do), making fusees, and sighting his guns. The organization within the
+city was so perfect that everything went like clockwork. Bars and bolts
+were not to be found; for thieves, beggars, or robbers were unknown in
+Kar-sing-foo. I felt a real happiness in living there, and was quite
+sorry when I took my departure. Here I found the most splendid building
+I have ever seen in China. It was a new palace, not quite finished, for
+the Ting-wang, governor-general of the province; and was a standing
+proof of the fact that the Ti-pings (had they been allowed to succeed by
+England) would have restored the arts of China, and especially the
+public works&mdash;all of which have fallen into decay since the era of the
+Manchoo. In general outline the palace resembled those I have already
+described as existing at Nankin, but every particle was far more
+beautiful and costly. Neither in China nor elsewhere have I ever seen
+such a magnificent work of complicated stone and wood carving. The
+gorgeous gilding and painting was, of course, in Chinese style; and
+though very effective and varied, too gaudy for European taste. The
+carved work was exquisite; I have stood for hours watching either the
+grotesque or the life-like representations. Many hundreds of sculptors,
+painters, and artisans were employed, at a very high rate of wages, upon
+the building; and I found that some of the former<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_697" id="Page_697">[697]</a></span> were the most
+celebrated professors of the two arts in China, and had been induced to
+come to Kar-sing from the most distant parts of the empire. From what I
+have seen of China, I do not believe such a building has been commenced
+for many hundred years.</p>
+
+<p>At last the Imperialists came to overthrow all Ti-ping improvement, they
+having succeeded in capturing Pimbong, the nearest town, with the help
+of one Major Bailey and a powerful artillery corps, a few days before I
+left the city.</p>
+
+<p>Previous to setting out for Shanghae, I gave the rowdies their share of
+prize-money; and although I fully expected that they might cut each
+other's throats over the coin, I hardly expected the attack they made
+upon myself and lieutenant, whereby our lives were placed in danger. It
+seemed that they were aware that we were taking funds to use at
+Shanghae; and to three of them the temptation to possess themselves of
+the same became irresistible. Upon receiving their prize-money,
+furnished with passes I obtained for them, they set forth from the city;
+but, on reaching the suburbs, the afore-mentioned trio made a halt for
+the purpose of planning our murder, and mustering up courage to commit
+the deed by indulging in a copious supply of that ardent
+spirit&mdash;<i>samshoo</i>. At length, having cunningly waited until the
+Yoong-wang had gone outside the city with nearly all his men, in the
+direction of Pimbong, they returned upon their murderous mission.
+Fortunately for myself and W&mdash;&mdash;, they went in on the way for another
+dose of <i>samshoo</i>, which made one of them helplessly intoxicated, but
+the other two had become brave enough to proceed on their errand without
+him. After obtaining admittance at one of the city gates, they came
+straight to the Yoong-wang's palace, where we were engaged with an
+interpreter and one of the chief's secretaries making up a communication
+I wished to send to the Chung-wang.</p>
+
+<p>A-ling, my own faithful interpreter and companion,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_698" id="Page_698">[698]</a></span> was quite
+incapacitated by the injury he had received at Wu-see. Although standing
+directly between him and the enemy's fire when he was struck, the ball
+passed me and inflicted a severe wound on his left shoulder, passing
+round the back and lodging on the right shoulder blade. The poor fellow
+was carried with me to Kar-sing-foo, and suffered much torture from the
+Chinese doctors, who treated him by thrusting long strips of twisted
+paper into the wound, and screwing them round until the ball was
+reached. At last, however, a better doctor was found in the person of
+the Yoong-wang's own medical attendant, who cut down to the ball and
+extracted it, much to the patient's relief. A-ling was not sufficiently
+recovered to accompany me to Shanghae; he therefore remained at
+Kar-sing-foo, and from that day to the present I have never seen him
+again, nor probably ever shall, for I believe he was killed when the
+city subsequently fell into Imperialist hands.</p>
+
+<p>Directly our friends, the rowdies, came into the ante-room in which we
+were seated, they began to insult myself and lieutenant, knowing that
+the Yoong-wang was absent and could not arrest them, and that I could
+not do so either, as my few men were at the Wei-wang's palace in another
+part of the city. As they were no longer under my command, it was
+useless ordering them out of the place; I therefore sent an attendant to
+request the officer left in charge of the city to send a guard to remove
+them.</p>
+
+<p>At this moment the most forward of the two suddenly drew a revolver and
+fired it at W&mdash;&mdash;'s head, immediately afterwards turning towards me.
+Through the smoke I could not see whether my lieutenant had been killed
+or not; but before the scoundrel could shoot me, I had lodged a bullet
+in his carcase. Almost at the same instant I heard another shot
+fired&mdash;as it afterwards proved to be, by W&mdash;&mdash;, and saw that my
+assailant was unable to discharge his revolver, though evidently
+tugging<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_699" id="Page_699">[699]</a></span> at the trigger. The other rowdy was now advancing; and as his
+companion still endeavoured to fire at me, I was compelled to again use
+my own revolver in self-defence. The would-be murderer now fell dead,
+while his cowardly friend ran up presenting his pistol by the barrel,
+and crying, "Don't shoot, don't shoot!"</p>
+
+<p>I really did feel very much inclined to take vengeance upon the fellow,
+and my Cantonese (who now came up) would certainly have put him to
+death, had it not been for my lieutenant's request to leave him
+unharmed. As it was, the wretch seemed nearly frightened out of life,
+and it was singular how such a coward could have mustered up desperation
+enough to attempt murder; evidently, he depended upon the determination
+of his comrade; for, had he been at all resolute, we would assuredly
+have been killed. Upon examining the dead man's revolver, we found that
+although the powder had exploded, the bullet had never left the barrel,
+but had stuck just between it and the revolving chambers, thereby
+disabling the weapon, and probably saving our lives. We accounted for
+this singular circumstance by supposing the pistol must have been loaded
+a long time, and that the powder had consequently lost its strength.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the Yoong-wang's return, I fully intended to give up the surviving
+ruffian to be dealt with according to the law. Again my brave lieutenant
+begged him off, blindly and suicidally, as it afterwards appeared, for
+ultimately he lost his own life through the treacherous act of the
+wretch he spared. The name of the man who was killed was Hart, an
+Englishman; his dastardly companion was an American named William
+Thompson.</p>
+
+<p>I would here give a piece of advice to those who may have the misfortune
+to fall into the disreputable company of Yankee and cosmopolitan rowdies
+abroad. Act with quickness and decision, and you will defeat men who are
+mostly cowards at heart; but if you hesitate or endeavour to temporize,
+you are a dead man; for these murderous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_700" id="Page_700">[700]</a></span> wretches will butcher a
+fellow-creature with less compunction than people generally feel at
+killing a fly. I have heard that the man Hart had murdered and robbed
+several Europeans in the silk districts, and I believe his Yankee
+confederate is now serving a long term of imprisonment for highway
+robbery. I engaged the five rowdies in the dark, and it has given me a
+caution against their <i>genus</i> that will never be forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>The Yoong-wang having supplied me with a boat and guide, accompanied by
+W&mdash;&mdash;, I bid adieu to Ti-pingdom and set out for the Imperialist
+territory and Shanghae. Between the outposts of the two belligerents I
+found a considerable tract of country entirely occupied by large bodies
+of banditti, who preyed alike upon Ti-ping or Imperialist. At one place
+we had a very narrow escape from falling into their hands, having to run
+the gauntlet of a large camp along the two banks of a narrow creek,
+which we successfully did amid a storm of bullets, not one, however,
+taking effect. These robbers were the wildest and most ferocious looking
+men I have ever seen, and it was said that they spared neither man,
+woman, nor child. Since my departure from China this sort of brigandage
+has become frequent in the country wrested from the Ti-pings.</p>
+
+<p>At last we reached Shanghae, after running past all the Imperialist
+stations at night, when our small canoe-like boat was not easily
+discerned. We at once placed ourselves under medical attendance, and for
+a few days remained perfectly quiet. Within a week, however, I was
+grieved to hear that my lieutenant had been seized and thrown into
+prison <i>by the British Consul</i> for being in the service of the Ti-pings
+and having captured a Manchoo vessel, the ungrateful blackguard,
+Thompson, having given the information which led to his arrest.</p>
+
+<p>Englishmen should be aware of the gross injustice exercised by their
+authorities in all affairs connected with the Ti-pings, and no more
+striking example is to be found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_701" id="Page_701">[701]</a></span> than in the case of Mr. White, who was
+sentenced to three years' imprisonment by the Consular Court for doing
+upon the side of the Ti-pings exactly what Admiral Hope, Generals
+Staveley, Michael, and Brown, and Major Gordon, Captain Stack, Dr.
+Macartney, &amp;c., had done, and were doing, on the side of the Manchoo! He
+was actually condemned upon the ordinance of <i>neutrality</i> of Sir John
+Bowring, the said ordinance being instituted in 1855, at Hong-kong, to
+compel British subjects to observe neutrality towards <i>both</i> parties to
+the Chinese internecine war. This neutrality regulation had long been
+annulled by the acts of the above-mentioned gallant officers on behalf
+of the Manchoo, yet the Englishman who assisted the Ti-pings, and who
+was no more guilty of breaking the law than they were, was condemned by
+this broken and obsolete ordinance, and died (or rather, shall we say,
+was murdered; for confining a man dangerously ill in such a loathsome
+den was nothing else) a few days afterwards in his damp and comfortless
+dungeon! Is this British justice? How long have Englishmen understood
+"neutrality" to mean all help and military assistance to one
+belligerent, but open hostilities towards the other, and punishment of
+its allies? Had England remained neutral, or had she regularly declared
+war against the Ti-pings, there might be some grounds for prosecuting
+those who have assisted the latter; but as neither the one policy nor
+the other has been followed, it is no more right and just to punish
+those who have assisted the Ti-pings, than those who have assisted the
+Manchoo. The whole course of the hostilities against the Ti-pings was
+irregular and illegal, and certainly no one can deny that the British
+officers already referred to have committed a breach of neutrality quite
+as much as Mr. White did, even taking Sir John Bowring's ordinance as
+being in full force. The proof that this argument is correct may be
+gathered from the fact that when Colonel Sykes, M.P., and the Hon. Mr.
+Liddel, M.P., brought forward<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_702" id="Page_702">[702]</a></span> Mr. White's case in the House of Commons,
+the Government, in order to protect its agents from prosecution, <i>then</i>
+passed an Order in Council<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> <i>condoning the offences</i> against
+neutrality of all those who had assisted the Imperialists, but not
+extending the same favour to those who had assisted the Ti-pings. A
+piece of more iniquitous and unfair legislature, or more opposed to
+English feeling, it would be impossible to find. Incredible as it may
+seem, the present state of the law by which British subjects are
+governed in China, viz., Sir John Bowring's ordinance of neutrality, is
+re-established, but <i>one half is declared null and void</i>, while the
+other is made executive by the Order in Council above mentioned, which
+acts both retrospectively and anticipatory! So that a law which can only
+exist, or be created, for application towards two belligerents, is here
+made <i>ex parte</i>, and exactly the reverse of what its denomination
+implies. The wording of this fraudulent document runs thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"1. Nothing in the said ordinance, made and passed on the 17th
+day January, 1855, shall extend or apply, or be deemed to have
+extended or to have been applicable, to any British subject,
+who, <i>at any time heretofore</i>, may have assisted, <i>or may
+hereafter assist</i>, the Government of the Emperor of China....</p>
+
+<p>"2. If any subject of Her Majesty ... shall ... levy war, or
+take part in any operations of war against the Emperor of China
+... such person shall be liable to the several penalties
+mentioned in the said ordinance of the 17th day of January,
+1855." </p></div>
+
+<p>It is thus perfectly evident that the ostensible neutrality ordinance is
+literally an alliance with one of the two belligerents. The style and
+title are maintained to satisfy and hoodwink the House of Commons, to
+deceive them into believing that the Government is pursuing a neutral
+policy in China, while the clauses tacked to the old ordinance entirely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_703" id="Page_703">[703]</a></span>
+change its every intention, and exclude the least particle of neutrality
+from its meaning.</p>
+
+<p>If Lords Palmerston and Russell are so destitute of allies in Europe
+that they cannot restrain themselves from rushing into alliance with the
+Manchoo Emperor of China (who certainly does not reciprocate their
+extraordinary ebullition of feeling, and who would take infinite delight
+in making mincemeat of his officious friends and all their countrymen),
+why do they not proclaim the stupendous and ever-memorable fact openly?
+Why do they seek the most opposite and roundabout way of effecting their
+object by employing chicanery and double dealing to convert an ordinance
+of neutrality into an importunate treaty of alliance; instead of raising
+themselves from their slough of shuffling and fraudulent means, by
+repudiating the false ordinance and duly announcing the barbarous
+Manchoo despot as their very good ally? Surely the noble lords have not
+been deterred from giving to the world their wonderful act of
+statesmanship, by doubting that the contented British public would
+accept the affair as an agreeable compensation for their questionable
+European policy? Perhaps, however, it is as well that they have
+preserved a discreet reticence, because the Emperor of China is no party
+to the alliance they have thrust upon him, and is particularly liable to
+issue an edict for the extermination of all foreign devils, the noble
+lords included, at any moment that may appear auspicious.</p>
+
+<p>The shameful Order in Council of July 9, 1864, is quite sufficient proof
+that the trial and condemnation of my unfortunate lieutenant was
+illegal; every British officer who committed a breach of neutrality by
+assisting the Imperialists was equally liable to prosecution. If the
+Cabinet Council had not, with oily complacency, justified the acts of
+their military subordinates in China <i>after</i> they were committed to the
+policy (in fact, when the operations resulting from their illegal
+intervention had terminated),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_704" id="Page_704">[704]</a></span> and <i>after</i> Mr. White's death, the
+friends of the latter would undoubtedly have obtained heavy
+compensation.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the fact that my medical adviser ordered a change of climate,
+directly I became aware of my lieutenant's fate I determined to take a
+trip to England.</p>
+
+<p>Major Gordon, R.E., had retired with his whole force from active
+co-operation with the Imperialists since the Soo-chow treachery and
+massacre for which he was responsible. I therefore naturally concluded
+that he would not resume the position of tool to the sanguinary,
+faithless Mandarins, who had so completely dishonoured him. As a
+Christian, an Englishman, and a British officer, I did not think it
+possible he could himself wish to continue a participator in deeds of
+revolting barbarity, and I concluded that his Government would
+immediately recall him, and cease all active support of the bloodthirsty
+Manchoo. Although my latter supposition proved correct, the former was
+quite mistaken, as I found after my return to England. In consequence of
+these circumstances, and the fact that at Shanghae I was altogether
+unable to execute any of my projects for the service of the Ti-pings, I
+decided to abandon the sword for the pen, and to fulfil my instructions
+from the Ti-ping authorities by writing the present work, trusting that
+I should serve their cause by appealing to the sympathies of the British
+people, and hoping that foreign hostility would cease, in which case
+their ultimate success would be a certainty.</p>
+
+<p>The emissaries of the Manchoo, and the hirelings of the slaves of the
+Manchoo, were not either intelligent or energetic enough to effect the
+capture of their humble servant, although they amused themselves by
+attempting to do so not only before but after his departure from China,
+by one of the overland mail steamers.</p>
+
+<p>Having brought the history of the Ti-ping revolution and my own
+adventures down to this period, all that now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_705" id="Page_705">[705]</a></span> remains to be noticed are
+the events which have transpired since I sailed away from the Chinese
+land. Before, however, proceeding with them, it will be necessary to
+return to the fall of Soo-chow, and resume our chronicle from the
+occurrence of that tragedy.</p>
+
+<p>There is but little doubt that the Ti-pings would have been able to hold
+their own against the enemy, even taking into consideration all the
+foreign support the latter received, had the betrayal of Soo-chow never
+taken place. Although Nankin, as the capital and seat of the Tien-wang's
+Government, occupied the first political place, Soo-chow, in consequence
+of the extraordinary measures taken to strengthen it, and its central
+situation in the Ti-ping dominions, became the principal military
+position. The capital, though surrounded by the highest and most massive
+walls in China, and defended by some commanding fortifications, was
+situated on the extreme verge of the Ti-ping territory, and was the most
+assailable point, while its resources were far inferior to those of
+Soo-chow. Moreover, directly the latter city became invested by the
+Anglo-Manchoo forces, a powerful army was moved within its spacious
+walls, while the Chung-wang, with his own division, co-operated from the
+outside. These troops constituted the only Ti-ping army in the field at
+that time, all the remainder of the forces being employed, according to
+a mistaken defensive policy, in garrisoning the numerous walled cities
+throughout their kingdom&mdash;tactics ordered by the Tien-wang in opposition
+to the wishes of the Commander-in-Chief, and which ultimately led to the
+destruction of the greater number of the garrisons in detail, and the
+loss not only of Nankin, but all the former possessions of
+Ti-ping-tien-kwo.</p>
+
+<p>The siege of Soo-chow was prosecuted by an Imperialist army of from
+50,000 to 70,000 men, including <i>General</i> Gordon's and other foreign
+contingents, altogether about 6,000 strong. At least 12,000 of the
+Imperial troops, under General Ching, were well armed with foreign<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_706" id="Page_706">[706]</a></span>
+muskets and rifles; they were partly disciplined, and constituted a very
+effective force, far superior to the usual class of Chinese soldiers.
+Attached both to the Anglo-Manchoo legions and ordinary troops, were
+many British officers, and, what was still more useful, a very large
+supply of every description of artillery. Three or four heavily armed
+and shallow steamers, together with a great fleet of Mandarin gunboats,
+were possessed by the besiegers. Besides all this array of strength in a
+bad cause, several detachments of <i>British troops</i> were moved up from
+Shanghae, for the ostensible purpose of giving 'moral support' to the
+murderous intentions of the Manchoo, but, in reality, to afford succour
+in case the Ti-pings might defeat their assailants&mdash;a contingency far
+from improbable. The troops so fraudulently prostituted (fraudulent,
+because they were solely organized for the interests of the British
+taxpayer and not the Manchoo; prostituted, because yellow gold and
+mercenary motives caused their disgraceful employment) consisted of some
+companies of the Beloochee Regiment, sent to garrison Quin-san (about 14
+miles from Soo-chow), and a force of H. M. 67th Regiment, Royal
+Artillery, and 22nd B. N. I., commanded by Captain Murray, R.A. Not only
+were these troops sent to participate in Manchoo atrocities, but the
+British General (Brown) in command actually took upon himself <i>to lend</i>
+the Imperialists every available piece of artillery on the station, as
+though the same were his private property and did not belong to the
+British nation, whose trust he was abusing.</p>
+
+<p>To defend Soo-chow, the Ti-pings had a force of about 40,000 fighting
+men, including some 8,000 attached to the Chung-wang outside the city.
+About one third of these troops were the <i>élite</i> of the service, while
+all the others were brave and veteran soldiers. Besides Mo-wang, who was
+commandant of the city, four or five other Wangs were present; the
+principal among them was the Nar-wang, who commanded more than half the
+troops<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_707" id="Page_707">[707]</a></span> in garrison, his military power being greater than that of the
+commandant, although he was placed under the orders of the latter.</p>
+
+<p>The Mo and Nar Wangs were the Commander-in-Chief's two principal and
+favourite generals. The former was a Kwang-si man, and had been the
+Chung-wang's companion in arms from the commencement of the revolution;
+the latter chief was a native of Hu-peh, and had joined the Ti-ping
+cause in the year 1854, since which he had been trained to military
+tactics by the Chung-wang. Both leaders were associated together in
+equal rank and command for nearly ten years, and it was always
+understood among the Ti-pings that they were not only bound together by
+the strongest ties of adopted brotherhood and friendship, but that they
+were equally attached to their renowned superior. Yet it will be seen
+that, in spite of the good influences and kindly associations by which
+the three were supposed to be governed, the Nar-wang was a man of evil
+nature, and small, treacherous mind.</p>
+
+<p>After very severe fighting, <i>General</i> Gordon managed to effect the
+capture of all the stockades outside the walls of Soo-chow. This,
+however, was only accomplished after many a disastrous repulse, and a
+great loss of men and officers.</p>
+
+<p>The following account of the last assaults upon the fortifications
+outside the East Gate, which were defended by a few pieces of artillery,
+is copied from "How the Taepings were driven out of the Provinces of
+Kiang-nan and Che-kiang," and will be found to illustrate the bravery
+with which the garrison of Soo-chow struggled against irresistible
+odds:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On 27th November, after Major Gordon had all infantry (except
+1st Regiment) and artillery assembled at Waiquedong, an order
+was issued that a night attack should be made on the Low-mun
+stockade, which formed the key to all other stockades on the
+east side of Soo-chow.</p>
+
+<p>"White turbans were served out to all soldiers, so as to be able
+to distinguish <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_708" id="Page_708">[708]</a></span>them from the rebels, in case it should come to
+a hand-to-hand fight. About one o'clock Major Gordon himself,
+accompanied by Majors Howard and Williams, started with about
+two companies of men towards the stockade, leaving the remainder
+of the force behind already fallen in, so as to advance at a
+given signal. Everything seemed quiet, and in fact all thought
+the plan would succeed. After Gordon and his followers had been
+advancing close to the stockade, they found everything quiet,
+and no signs of the guards being aware of an attack. The
+remainder of the force, therefore, received orders to advance,
+while the advance guard had succeeded in climbing inside the
+breast-work. Scarcely were all troops up to the front and a
+portion of them crossing to reinforce Major Gordon, when the
+rebels began to direct a fire of grape, canister, and musketry
+on the force, which made every one shiver. The Quin-san
+artillery responded vigorously, and it was a fine spectacle to
+see fiery rockets and red-hot mortar shells going into the rebel
+works. But the rebels stood it gallantly, and did not retreat an
+inch. The whole line of stockade which the rebels held seemed
+one line of fire, and here Major Gordon perceived that Chinese
+are not fit to fight at night time, for all the begging and
+encouraging of the European officers could not make the troops
+try another attack; they seemed afraid of their own shadows. The
+only chance left therefore was to try and shell the rebels out
+of their position, and this was done till dawn of day, when
+Major Gordon, seeing the rebels still resisting desperately, and
+receiving thousands of reinforcements from the city, made good
+his retreat, leaving numbers of killed and wounded on the field.
+This was one of the most bloody fights the force encountered;
+and, judging by what the Quin-san force lost this night, the
+rebels must have lost tremendously. Still, the gallant fellows,
+encouraged by their brave chiefs, held their position manfully
+against a fire of about 20 guns, flying on them for about three
+hours. The loss of the Quin-san force was as follows:&mdash;Captains
+Wylie, 2nd Regt.; Christie, 4th Regt.; and Maule, 2nd Regt.;
+Lieut. King, 2nd Regt., killed. Major Kirkham severely wounded
+on the head; Lieut. Miok, 4th Regt., wounded in the shoulder;
+Major Tapp, wounded in the leg; and several more slightly, with
+about two hundred men killed and wounded. Major Gordon seeing
+this night attack frustrated, determined to pay the rebels off
+for it; and shortly after, on the 28th November, at night, all
+guns, about 46 in number, were brought in position within about
+700 yards of this formidable stockade, and the infantry was to
+fall in near the guns at daylight on 29th of November, to make
+another attack. The rebels were quite prepared for it, for no
+sooner did they perceive all the artillery and infantry so near
+their works, than they hoisted their red flag as a sign that
+they meant to fight, and not give up this position so easy.
+Precisely at eight o'clock the signal rocket went up, and at
+once all guns sent forth their different missiles, some
+directing their fire on the Low-mun stockade, others directing
+their fire on the stockades lying to the right and left.</p>
+
+<p>"The rebels<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_709" id="Page_709">[709]</a></span> seemed to preserve their ammunition, for but very
+little fire was encountered at first. The 8-inch mortars were
+playing havoc in the stockades, for every now and then houses,
+boats, etc., would be blown up in the air, under the cheers of
+the Imperialist soldiers, of whom thousands, under command of
+General Ching, were present, to support Gordon's force. Le Futai
+himself had taken up a place in rear, in one of the Imperial
+stockades, so as to witness the spectacle. About eleven o'clock
+the fire from both sides was furious, even the siege artillery
+had advanced within about one hundred yards of the rebel works,
+pouring forth grape at the rebels, who, however, inspirited by
+their noble leader, the Mo-wang, in person, stood it like
+European soldiers. The 5th Regiment, under Major Brennon, was
+now ordered up, to storm the stockade on the extreme right, near
+the Soo-chow creek, the most favourable point to cross the
+ditch; but although this brave regiment advanced with cheers,
+and some of the officers succeeded in crossing and trying to
+climb up the breast-works, the rebels defended this point
+desperately, and poured volley after volley of musketry into the
+ranks, so that after about ten minutes' struggle the 5th
+Regiment was obliged to retire, having lost several officers and
+men. This attack having failed, the bombardment was renewed with
+vigour, and orders given to the 3rd Regiment, under Major
+Morton, to go to the extreme left, to make feint of attack, so
+as to draw the attention of the rebels on that side. Gordon here
+succeeded beautifully, for scarcely had Morton and his regiment
+begun to engage the rebels on the left, when the Mo-wang, of
+course anticipating a real attack on that place, ordered his
+best men to defend it. Scarcely, however, had the Mo-wang's men
+moved on, than Major Williams, of the 2nd Regiment, made a dash
+at the place where Brennon had met with defeat, and not waiting
+for bridges, but swimming the moat, followed by several officers
+and men, succeeded in getting inside the breast-work, which no
+sooner had the rebels perceived than the whole fled in confusion
+into the Low-mun evacuating all the stockades along the east
+side of the city, and leaving a good number killed and wounded
+on the field. The stockades were soon occupied by Imperial
+troops, and thus Gordon's force was within one hundred yards of
+the city wall. The Quin-san force, however, paid dearly for this
+victory, their loss being Lieutenant Jones (Artillery),
+Lieutenant Williams, 5th Regiment; Captain Acgar, 4th Regiment,
+killed. Captain Shaml'sffel lost both eyes; and several more
+officers slightly wounded, with about 100 or 150 soldiers killed
+and wounded. The ground around the stockades was as if it had
+been ploughed by the shell, and no doubt the rebels deserve
+credit for having defended the place so long against such
+enormous artillery." </p></div>
+
+<p>Previous to the capture of the last outwork (the Low-mun stockade), and
+the day after the Anglo-Manchoos had experienced the severe defeat, in
+attempting to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_710" id="Page_710">[710]</a></span> surprise the position at night, the Nar-wang secretly
+sent messengers into the besiegers' camp, and declared his wish to
+betray the city into their hands, requesting their co-operation to
+dispose of the Mo-wang, whose loyalty would be likely to defeat the
+proposed treachery.</p>
+
+<p>The motive for this defection at a time when the Imperialist successes
+had come to a stand-still, and when Gordon himself doubted his ability
+to capture Soo-chow, seems to have been caused by jealousy the Nar-wang
+entertained against his old friend and companion, the commandant of the
+city. Besides this, it is probable that the previous treachery of the
+Americo-Ti-ping, or Burgevine, force had affected the leading traitor
+and his evilly disposed associates, by giving them the idea that they
+might arrange terms with the enemy, by which they would not only be able
+to obtain security for their lives and property (and retire from the now
+ceaseless hostilities, if not desperate straits, to which the Ti-ping
+cause was driven), but also receive substantial rewards from the
+Manchoo.</p>
+
+<p>The Nar-wang's jealousy probably arose from the fact that the Mo-wang
+was placed over him, as governor of Soo-chow and its dependencies. That
+he entertained the most bitter animosity against his former friend and
+comrade is quite certain, for, in order to succeed with his treachery,
+he went to the dastardly extreme of assassinating him.</p>
+
+<p>We have now to notice the death of the gallant and noble Mo-wang, the
+fall of Soo-chow into Manchoo hands, and the various events connected
+therewith. These cannot be more effectually described than in the words
+of Major Gordon, R. E., and in a review of his report by the <i>Friend of
+China</i>,&mdash;about the oldest and most independent paper in the foreign
+settlements in that country.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<div class="center">
+"MEMO.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_711" id="Page_711">[711]</a></span> (BY MAJOR GORDON, R.E.) ON THE EVENTS OCCURRING BETWEEN<br />
+THE 29TH NOVEMBER AND 7TH DECEMBER, 1863." PUBLISHED IN THE<br />
+"FRIEND OF CHINA," SATURDAY, 12TH DECEMBER, 1863.
+</div>
+
+<p>"The morning after the failure of the attack by night on the
+Low-mun stockades, General Ching came to me, and informed me
+that Nar-wang, Ling-wang, Kong-wang, and Pe-wang, with
+thirty-five Tien-chwangs<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> and their followers, had opened
+negotiations with him for the coming over of their troops; that
+these men composed their quarter of the garrison, and had
+possession of four out of the six gates of Soo-chow, viz.,
+She-mun, Tcha-mun, Tche-mun, and Low-mun; and that he had
+entertained their views, and had already seen Kong-wang. He said
+that they would have difficulty in disposing of Mo-wang, who was
+averse to a surrender; but that, if we resumed our attack on the
+Low-mun stockades, they would endeavour to shut him out of the
+city. <i>I consented to the defection with a good deed of
+pleasure</i>,<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> as I considered that, if the rebels fought, we
+should lose heavily.</p>
+
+<p>"On the night of the 28th November, Chung-wang arrived in the
+city from Wusieh, and was present at the combat of the 29th. His
+arrival made a change in the state of affairs, and the
+disaffected were unable to carry out their intention of closing
+the gates on Mo-wang. They, however, sent over three
+Tien-chwangs on the night of the 30th November, and proposed to
+remain neutral if we attacked the city, and would trust us not
+to touch their men or horses; their men to be distinguished by
+white turbans. These Tien-chwangs told us that Chung-wang, on
+his return to the city after his defeat, had proposed to vacate
+Nankin and Soo-chow, and for the whole Taeping force to go down
+to Kwang-si; and, in fact, give up the cause.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> The Mo-wang
+was averse to this, and proposed to remain and fight it out. I
+have since learned that he was most anxious to see me, and I
+think to see what could be done. This I learnt from two
+Frenchmen who came out after his death, of whom more hereafter.
+The other Wangs did not meet the Chung-wang's views, as they
+intended coming over. Chung-wang then left the city, and
+proceeded to Wusieh. General Ching came to me on the 1st
+December, and asked me if I would like to see Nar-wang. I said
+no, unless it was necessary, and told Ching at the same time
+that, if the Futai did not grant the Wangs sufficiently good
+terms as to induce them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_712" id="Page_712">[712]</a></span> to come over, <i>I thought our attack on
+the city might be foiled</i>,<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> as we had lost heavily in
+officers and men on the attack of 27th and 29th November; and a
+little hitch with the bridge, which had to be seventy yards
+long, might cause a repulse. I told Ching on the same day that I
+could not see the necessity of my seeing Nar-wang. He, however,
+pressed it, and I consented to meet him at the north gate that
+evening. I accordingly went, and met Nar-wang in General Ching's
+boat. His first words were 'that he wanted to obtain help from
+me.' I answered that I was most happy to help him, and then I
+told him that this proposal to remain neutral would be of no
+avail, and that I could not accept it, as I should be only
+deceiving him and his chief if I did so, inasmuch as, if the
+city fell by assault, I could not, with an undisciplined force
+such as the one I command, restrain them from looting every one;
+and that, therefore, unless they could give a gate, it would be
+better for them to fight, or else vacate the city. I then told
+the Nar-wang what I thought of the Taeping prospects, and the
+little chance of success. I said that I wanted to make the
+Imperialists and rebels good friends (?); that, since the rise of
+the rebellion, the Imperialists had much changed; and did not
+dare, from fear of foreign Governments, to perpetrate cruelties
+as heretofore (?). He said he would see with General Ching what
+he could do about the city, and that he had no fear of Mo-wang
+knowing of his having seen me, or of Chung-wang either; that he
+had enough troops to keep both in check. I then left, and
+General Ching told me the next day that Nar-wang had decided to
+see the other Wangs, and to consult on the course of proceeding.
+The next day, the 3rd December, General Ching told me that
+Mo-wang had some idea of Nar-wang's negotiations, and wanted to
+decapitate him, but that Nar-wang was prepared. Nar-wang also
+sent out to tell General Ching that the other Wangs agreed to
+come over, that he personally wanted no command, but merely
+permission to retire to his home with his property; but that
+some of the other Wangs wanted to get commands of different
+sorts. He told me further that Nar-wang had some difficulty in
+seizing Mo-wang. On the morning of the 4th December, General
+Ching came to me, and told me that Nar-wang had determined and
+agreed with him to get Mo-wang on the wall of the city, and to
+throw him down and hand him over to us as a prisoner. I went to
+General Ching, and told him I must have Mo-wang given over to
+me; to which he acceded willingly, and in fact joyfully, as he
+had known him in former days. I then went to the Futai, who was
+out, but I saw a very high Civil Mandarin named Pow, who
+undertook to tell the Futai that Mo-wang must be my prisoner. I
+told him to tell the Futai that I would secure his not giving
+any more trouble to China. I had not come back five minutes
+before General Ching sent me over two Frenchmen, who had just
+come into <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_713" id="Page_713">[713]</a></span>the lines. They told me that that afternoon, at 2
+p.m., all the chiefs had been assembled in Mo-wang's palace, and
+after a dinner, they had offered up prayers and adjourned to the
+great court, and having put on their robes, crowns, &amp;c., Mo-wang
+mounted his throne and began an address, in which he stated
+their difficulties, and expatiated on the fidelity of the
+Kwang-si and Canton men. The other Wangs answered him; the
+discussion got higher and higher, till Kong-wang got up and took
+off his robe. Mo-wang asked him what he was doing, when
+Kong-wang drew a dagger and stabbed Mo-wang in the neck.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> The
+Mo-wang fell over the table in front of the throne, and the
+other Wangs seized him, and decapitated him in the entrance.
+They then mounted their horses and rode off to their troops;
+Mo-wang's head being sent to General Ching. Mo-wang's men and
+the other troops looted the palace. There was no fighting in the
+city till the morning of the 5th, when the Nar-wang's men had
+some trouble with the Cantonese, and drove them out of the city,
+killing some 50 or 60 of them. General Ching's men advanced, and
+with a small body, took charge of the Low-mun, my men being kept
+fallen in, as they were under stricter discipline than the
+Imperialist soldiers are. On the night of the 4th December the
+rebels all shaved their heads. I went to the Futai, and telling
+him that it would not do to let my men remain idle, proposed to
+him to march on Wusieh, if he would give the men compensation of
+two months' pay, as they had received no reward since I had
+taken the command. He objected to it, and I told him if he could
+only promise, the matter could be settled well. He still
+objected, and I then told him I should leave <i>his service</i>,<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>
+and went myself to the city. The Imperialists had some men
+straying about, but not many. I went straight to Nar-wang's
+house, and saw him and all the Wangs. I asked him if all was
+right. He said that everything was satisfactory, and appeared
+quite secure. He had not seen Ching at the time. I went to
+Mo-wang's palace, and the body was where it had fallen. I then
+went out of the city, and arrived in time to see General Ching,
+who came to me on the part of the Futai to arrange matters. It
+was now 4 p.m. I told General Ching that I was helpless in the
+matter. The colonels of regiments and the officers had little
+authority over them unless they used the harshest means, which
+they would not do in this question. General Ching offered one
+month's pay, and the officers refused it. I told Ching that it
+was not my intention to accept anything; but that I felt that
+after the length of time the force had been fighting it was only
+right the men who wished to leave should have the means of doing
+so. Matters began to look bad, and I at last determined to make
+the men accept the one month's pay, which I did with difficulty,
+the men having made an attempt to march <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_714" id="Page_714">[714]</a></span>down on the Futai. I
+then, at the <i>Futai's request</i>,<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> gave orders for the march to
+Quin-san. Ching told me at this time that the Futai had written
+to Pekin, and said that he had extended mercy to the Wangs and
+the rebels. Next morning, after the troops had left, I started
+for the city, sending the two steamers to Wu-lung-chiao to meet
+me, as I expected to be able to retake the <i>Fire Fly</i> easily
+from information I had received from the letters in Mo-wang's
+house, and from some Europeans who were with Mo-wang, and who
+had escaped. I went to the Low-mun, and there learnt that
+Nar-wang and the other Wangs and chiefs were to come out and see
+the Futai at 12, noon, and that the city would then be given
+over. I thought I had better see Nar-wang before I went out, so
+I called at his palace, and took him aside and asked him if
+everything was all right, and if he wanted me to do anything. He
+said no; that everything was proper. I told him I was going to
+the Tai-hu; and he said, 'Why not wait? I am coming to see you.'
+I said it was important business, and that unless he
+particularly wished it, or thought it necessary, I would not
+stay. He said very good, and I left. He passed me on his way to
+the Low-mun very soon after on horseback, with all the Wangs,
+going, as I supposed, to the Futai. I went then to Mo-wang's
+palace, and then to the east, or Low-mun, to while away the
+time, till the steamers could get round from Wai-quai-dung to
+Wu-lung-chow. From the top of the Low-mun I saw a large crowd of
+people near Ching's stockades, and thought it was the ceremony
+of submission going on. A few minutes after, perhaps 12.30 p.m.,
+a large body of Imperial soldiers came up, and passing the gate,
+rushed cheering into the city, as they generally do into vacated
+stockades. I thought little of it, more than expressing my
+disapprobation to some of them. They, however, went on pouring
+in and firing off their muskets in the air and yelling. Ching
+then came up, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_715" id="Page_715">[715]</a></span>and looked rather pale. I asked him if the
+interview was over, and if it had been satisfactory. He said
+that Nar-wang had not been to the Futai at all. I said I had
+seen him going with the others. He said no; that he could not
+say for certain; but that he thought he had run away. I said I
+could not make out what for, as I had just seen Nar-wang, and he
+said everything was all right. I asked Ching if there was any
+trouble. He said that Nar-wang had demanded the command of 2,000
+men, and of half the city of Soo-chow, the division to be a
+wall, and that the Futai had refused it, and also that he had
+let some of Chung-wang's men in. <i>The latter part I knew to be
+false, but, strange to say, I believed the former portion.</i> I
+asked him where Nar-wang could go to. He said that he would not
+go back to the rebels, but that he would go to some village and
+settle there I thought the thing so strange that I asked Dr.
+Macartney, who was by me, to go to Nar-wang's house, and to see
+him, and tell him not to fear anything.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> Ching then told me
+that his men alone would be allowed in, and that there would be
+no looting; and as I knew before that he had his men in good
+discipline, I had no fear, and therefore rode round the wall
+with him. He kept on firing vollies in the air, which I
+remonstrated at, and could not make out the object. He said it
+was merely to prevent Kwang-si men from doing anything to his
+men while they were taking possession of the city. I became
+uneasy about Nar-wang; and at the south, or Pou-mun, I left
+General Ching and rode off to Nar-wang's palace. I got there at
+dark, and found it had been gutted. I was then met by Nar-wang's
+uncle, who asked me to come to his house. Being only with my
+interpreter, I had no one to send for General Ching, or for my
+troops; but the entreaties of this Tien-chwang being so great I
+agreed to do so, and therefore went with Nar-wang's family to
+his house. When I got there his men were all fallen in, and the
+streets barricaded. I wanted to send my interpreter for
+assistance, but they would not let him go. I therefore remained
+till 2 a.m., keeping away the Imperial looting parties. At 2
+a.m. I sent my interpreter and an Imperial soldier, who was with
+my horse, to get the steamers round to Wai-quai-dung to make the
+Futai answerable, and also sent for my body guard. After he had
+started, the man who went with him came back and said he had
+been beheaded by the Imperialists. I remained till 4 a.m., and
+then went out to send orders to the steamers myself. <i>I was
+taken by the Imperialists and detained an hour.</i> At last I got
+to the Low-mun, and sent the body guard to the Nar-wang's house,
+but it was too late, the Imperialists had entered and gutted it.
+I then went to the Low-mun, and met there General Ching, to whom
+I gave my opinion. He <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_716" id="Page_716">[716]</a></span>was most anxious to excuse himself, but I
+did not listen to him. At this time I did not know that the
+Wangs had been beheaded. I then went down to Ching's stockades,
+and met Major Baily, commanding Ching's artillery there. He said
+that General Ching was very much put out; that the Futai had
+ordered him to execute the Wangs, and had given orders to the
+troops to enter the city, that he had lost face, &amp;c. Baily then
+told me that he had Nar-wang's son, and brought him to me. I
+refused any communication with General Ching, Nar-wang's son
+came to my boat, and, pointing to the other side, said it was
+there that the Wangs had been executed. I went over, and
+recognised Kong-wang's, Nar-wang's, Sieh-wang's, and Sung-wang's
+heads, but the body of Nar-wang was not to be seen, having been
+buried. I took, at the son's request, Nar-wang's head. <i>The
+bodies had been cut down the chest, and the wounds on the head
+were most horrible, showing the brutality of the executioners.</i>
+I then was waiting for the steamers, as I had heard that there
+were some high persons still in custody, and I thought that I
+could frighten the Futai into giving them up. He, however, heard
+of my arrival, and went off to the city. <i>I left him a note
+telling him my opinion, and then moved off with the steamers to
+Quin-san.</i><a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> I received, just before leaving, a letter from
+Futzu-quai, telling me that a chief had come over with 3,000 men
+to my officer in command; and that he, the officer in command,
+had received them. I sent orders to him to inform the chief of
+the treachery, and to let him go with his men and arms, if he
+liked, or else to bring his troops to Quin-san.</p>
+
+<p>"This is a brief summary of the late events, <i>which will prove
+to the Imperial Government a most fatal blow</i>. I imagine that
+the Futai and General Ching arranged this matter, and know that
+it is viewed by the mass of Mandarins with disgust.</p>
+
+<p>"Nar-wang's son tells me that Chung-wang was willing to come
+over; and that all the people in the silk districts are the
+same; but how to come they know not. Is not this a time for
+foreign governments to come forward and arrange the terms? The
+power is in this force, if the authority from Pekin is given to
+it to act under some <i>honest</i> Chinaman. What is now to be feared
+is that foreigners will join the rebels, and will thus cause the
+war to linger on to the extermination of the unfortunate people
+on <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_717" id="Page_717">[717]</a></span>whom the burden falls, and to the detriment of trade of
+every sort. That the rebels really do not possess the qualities
+of government cannot be doubted. They merely hold cities, and
+let the villages govern themselves. The head chief may know
+something of the Christian religion, but I will answer for it
+that nine-tenths of the rebels have no real ideas on the
+subject. It is sincerely to be hoped that the Government will
+interfere at this time.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p>
+
+<div class="right">
+"<span class="smcap">C. E. Gordon</span>, Major Commanding.
+</div>
+
+<p>"P.S. Prince F. de Wittgenstein was present at most of the above
+occurrences, and can vouch for the correctness of the same."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="center">
+"'THE FRIEND OF CHINA,' SATURDAY, OCT. 12, 1863.
+</div>
+
+<p>"We publish to-day a document which we consider one of the most
+remarkable that it has been our good or evil fortune to peruse
+for many a day. Emanating as it does from a man of Gordon's
+ability and position, we have been much more than disappointed.
+How we have been so, let our readers judge.</p>
+
+<p>"The exact position of the major is, it would appear, that of
+Adjutant of Quin-san, though possessing less power than General
+Ching, whose faculty of lying seems to have the wonderful power
+(by attraction we suppose) of giving credence; though the major
+tells us that he knew the rogue <i>was</i> lying. We give the major's
+own words, 'the latter part I <i>knew</i> to be <i>false</i>; but, strange
+to say, I believed the former portion.'</p>
+
+<p>"This General Ching, this cowardly liar, it was who voted as the
+right-hand man on all occasions concerning the conduct of
+negotiating with the rebels. The major tells us that the Taeping
+Wangs had opened negotiations with Ching for the surrender of at
+least four gates of the city. We suppose this was before the
+29th of November. On the 4th of December we learn of Ching's
+being <i>joyful</i> at the prospect of the Mo-wang falling into the
+hands of Major Gordon, and on the same day we hear of his
+reception of the unhappy Wang's head.</p>
+
+<p>"Ching next appears as Envoy of the Futai 'to arrange matters,'
+we suppose, for the surrender of the city. Here the major slips
+out of the 'matter' by declaring himself 'helpless,' and this,
+after he had assured the Nar-wang that he wanted to make the
+Imperialists and Taepings friends, and only wanted possession of
+'a gate' to prevent looting everybody.</p>
+
+<p>"Major Gordon does not tell us <i>why</i>, at the 'supreme' moment of
+the taking of Soo-chow, he was so anxious to get possession of
+the <i>Fire Fly</i>. We beg to call our readers' attention to the
+following statement:&mdash;'I <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_718" id="Page_718">[718]</a></span>thought I had better see Nar-wang
+before I went out, so I called at his palace, and took him
+aside, and asked him if everything was all right, and if he
+wanted me to do anything. He said no; that everything was
+proper. I told him I was going to the Tai-hu; and he said, "<i>Why
+not</i> wait? I am coming to see you at the meeting of the Wangs,"
+as he <i>supposed</i>, at the Futai's.' Why was Major Gordon absent?
+Why did he not make it his business to see that the assurances
+which he had given to the Nar-wang were carried out?</p>
+
+<p>"The major tells us that he got 'uneasy' when he found that
+Nar-wang's palace had been gutted; however, his remaining till 4
+o'clock next morning where he was (though why he did not go
+himself for his body-guard instead of sending his servant he has
+not told us) hardly seems to prove this assertion; but the
+affair of his steamers being of so great a consequence, he sends
+an assistant 'to send orders to them,' when he is taken and
+detained by the Imperialists for an hour. (General Ching was, of
+course, busy just at that moment, and Major Gordon's detention
+was most opportune.) The screaming farce of General Ching's
+losing face, and Major Gordon's refusal to have anything to do
+with him, here opportunely follows the tragedy&mdash;(one likes to
+laugh after the heavy business!). The idea of frightening the
+Futai is nicely got over. The latter gentleman&mdash;&mdash;<i>goes into the
+city</i>, where, of course, he <i>couldn't</i> be frightened! The major
+takes a steamer and goes off to Quin-san.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Leaving a note</i> for the Futai.</p>
+
+<p>"Our readers have the major's letter before them, and they can
+judge for themselves whether our analysis be correct or not. Our
+own opinion is that the major&mdash;owing to his recent losses,
+fearing a repulse if the city of Soo-chow had then been
+attacked, and finding occasion of taking it himself by
+treachery, and yet desiring to shield himself from the infamy of
+such a transaction&mdash;would have acted precisely as he declares he
+<i>has</i> done.</p>
+
+<p>"Though a considerable reader of history, our recollection does
+not supply a parallel to the infamous treachery practised upon
+the unsuspecting Taeping chiefs. The conduct of Pizarro, in
+Peru, was nothing in comparison. One Inca, and a room full of
+treasure, is a small affair when compared with the confiding
+Princes of Soo-chow. Now, we ask all right-minded men to take
+Major Gordon's statement to Nar-wang, which we quote
+literally:&mdash;'I said that I wanted to make the Imperialists and
+rebels good friends. That since the rise of the rebellion the
+Imperialists had been much changed; and did not dare, from fear
+of the foreign Governments, to perpetrate cruelties as
+heretofore.' And compare his account of the atrocities committed
+upon the Princes of Kong, Nar, Seih, and Sung.</p>
+
+<p>"Our review of these facts is based upon Major Gordon's own
+statements; and if he does not find means of extrication, we
+have placed him upon a pinnacle of infamy whence he shall not
+readily descend. From the moment Major Gordon first became
+<i>particeps</i> in the affair of the surrender <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_719" id="Page_719">[719]</a></span>with General Ching
+(the very ideal of a Manchoo liar), he should have stood between
+the Manchoo butcher of a Futai and his confiding victims, and,
+as a true soldier (the soul of honour), yielding his life rather
+than have exposed himself to the execration of all society as a
+traitor of the deepest dye.</p>
+
+<p>"Major Gordon will, no doubt, think us severe upon himself; but
+we assure him that what we have said is by no means meant as a
+personal attack. We are simply commenting upon his own statement
+of what has lately occurred at Soo-chow. It may possibly be true
+that he has been victimized by the liar, Ching, and the Futai.
+We are half inclined to think such to be the case, considering
+his simplicity in telling us, on the authority of the Nar-wang's
+son, that 'Chung-wang was willing to come over, and that all the
+people in the silk districts are the same.' He also tells us
+that the 'rebels do not possess the qualities of government.'
+That they actually allow 'villages to govern themselves;' and
+that while the 'head chief <i>may</i> know <i>something</i> of the
+Christian religion, nine-tenths of the rebels have no real ideas
+on the subject.'</p>
+
+<p>"We are rather astonished at Major Gordon's information as to
+this point. We have been for many years in China. We have seen
+the way in which the cherished temples and idols of the Manchoos
+have been treated by the Taepings; and it is rather late in the
+day to tell us what rebel 'ideas' are on the subject of the
+Christian religion.</p>
+
+<p>"In conclusion, Major Gordon hopes for the interference of the
+'Government.' He means, of course, the <i>English</i> Government. If
+there were anything wanting to make Major Gordon contemptible in
+the eyes of all Europe and America, it was this last phrase.
+What! the English Government interfere to prop up the Manchoos
+after the statement of what Major Gordon says has occurred at
+Soo-chow! Major Gordon! We thought you not only an English
+officer in Chinese employ, but we considered you an honourable
+subject of our Sovereign, yet it seems you penned this sentence
+after the atrocious perfidy of Soo-chow&mdash;'It is sincerely to be
+hoped that the Government [English] will interfere at this
+time.'</p>
+
+<p>"If he had not added this last sentence we could have pardoned
+Major Gordon everything. What! the Government of Englishmen to
+sustain a Government which, by Major Gordon's own showing, is so
+perfidious that we can make no possible comparison! There is no
+Englishman in this or any other part of the world who will not
+blush for Gordon, or the era in which it was found that an
+Englishman advocated assistance for a Government which has
+violated every treaty, and even the most sacred obligations
+recognised among men.</p>
+
+<p>"As for ourselves, we are not military adventurers, and,
+perhaps, cannot understand how <i>any stratagem</i> may be fair 'in
+war as in love,' but we do hereby protest against a violation of
+a solemn word of honour given. Major Gordon must clear himself,
+or he will go down to posterity <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_720" id="Page_720">[720]</a></span>not only 'unhonoured and
+unsung,' but as a wretch who sold blood to General Ching and the
+present Futai of Kiang-nan.</p>
+
+<p>"Major Gordon, in telling us that, or, in fact, asking the
+question, viz., 'Is this not the time for foreign Governments to
+come forward and arrange terms?' looks as though he fancied
+foreign Governments <i>could</i> entertain the idea of an honest
+Chinaman under authority from Pekin. But in spite of the
+testimony of the Prince Wittgenstein, or any other potentate, we
+are inclined to believe that unfortunate Taepingdom has little
+to learn from Manchoo morality, and still less from mercenary
+soldiers, whose honour is bought and sold!" </p></div>
+
+<p>Some people may consider the article last quoted as too severe upon
+Gordon&mdash;perhaps they may change their opinion after perusing the
+following extracts from a narrative of a journey to Soo-chow, by the
+sub-editor of the <i>Friend of China</i>, soon after the great treachery. I
+prefer giving this authenticated description by an eye-witness, to
+narrating the facts myself, because I did not enter Soo-chow after its
+betrayal, and cannot, therefore, vouch for the subsequent massacre (and
+other disputed points) from my own personal observations, although
+otherwise I have the strongest proof that the reported atrocities were
+perpetrated:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="center">"TO SOO-CHOW AND BACK, VIA QUIN-SAN.</div>
+
+<p>"After leaving Shanghae, our route (or creek) lay through a low,
+flat country, intersected by canals innumerable in all
+directions; the richest land in China, stretching away to the
+very horizon, unbroken to view, except by countless graves,
+commemorative arches, and heaps of ruins. The weather, though
+superb, seemed oppressive, from the utter abandonment of the
+country; not a soul was to be seen as far as the eye could
+reach, and the endless fields of neglected and fallow ground
+(once the garden of China) deepened that air of sadness which
+winter always seems to wear in the country. Though ashore the
+desolation is complete, not so on the water; Mandarin squeeze
+stations have sprung up in all directions.</p>
+
+<p>"At Wong-doo we were actually stopped, and 400 cash demanded
+from our Louda. Our indignation getting the better of us, we did
+then and there write our protest against thievery upon the
+rogue's ribs; and in round, legible characters, too, we did all
+we could to teach <i>this</i> Manchoo robber that the higher the
+squeeze, the less commerce, and the less commerce will certainly
+produce less revenue. When will all Manchoos, Morrill tariff
+men, &amp;c., learn this lesson?</p>
+
+<p>"There were,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_721" id="Page_721">[721]</a></span> besides, a few wretches fishing by means of
+cormorants (so often described that I will say nothing about
+it), making up the sum total of population. At last, Quin-san
+pagoda became visible; and after a short run over the country
+(our boat following), we reached the city.</p>
+
+<p>"Of course, we went to see the 'lion' of the place. He seemed to
+be in a consumedly bad humour; but, nevertheless, granted us
+passes for Soo-chow. Dropping metaphor, Major Gordon impressed
+us as a very young man (say thirty) <i>without</i> an 'old head on
+his shoulders.' We suppose coolness is a quality which he
+constantly displays on the field; he certainly displayed it in
+his own house when we called upon him.</p>
+
+<p>"On the 18th December, after a run of fifteen miles from
+Quin-san, we reached the stockades outside the city of Soo-chow.
+They had evidently been the scene of a fierce encounter.
+Innumerable shot (solid) in their interiors told the tale of
+carnage; and numerous unburied corpses were lying about in all
+directions, in spite of the number which had been disposed of in
+the creeks. As we drank our tea that evening, we studiously
+avoided any remark on <i>this</i> subject. Four or five miles more
+brought us to the lofty walls of Soo-chow. Inside the gate
+(Lo-mun) an immense stone wall and water-gate (as protecting the
+outer bastion) will ever stand a monument of Taeping energy. Of
+course, our first move was to see the 'lion' of Soo-chow, the
+<i>in</i>-famous Futai. The palace of this magnate (the former Ya-mun
+of the Chung-wang) really 'impressed' us as something worthy of
+the 'Mings,' in which style it is erected.</p>
+
+<p>"We have visited hundreds of such structures, but the Soo-chow
+pagoda is certainly the finest we have ever seen. In ascending
+we counted 220 steps, and judged the height to be from 150 to
+170 feet from base to summit. It is nine stories high (as usual,
+an odd number); but when we reached the top, the view there
+presented well repaid our trouble. The vast city lay at our
+feet&mdash;the Venice of China&mdash;intersected with hundreds of canals,
+pagodas, and temples (in the tent-like style of the Chinese),
+relieving the otherwise monotonous view of infinite tiled roofs.</p>
+
+<p>"In many places the city was obscured by the burning of houses,
+set on fire by the Imperialist soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>"On the 19th December, having sent our cards before us, we
+called upon General Ching. While waiting for his appearance, we
+had time to examine a magnificent English clock (looted from
+Mo-wang's palace), which formed the main ornament of the
+'reception-hall.'</p>
+
+<p>"Over the dial was a fountain of water (in glass), and under it
+a pastoral scene, with moving figures of impossible shepherds
+and shepherdesses, worthy of Arcadia&mdash;all moved by the
+mechanical contrivances provided in the clock itself. At last
+Ching entered, and at first took us for a second edition of
+General Brown, for he immediately entered upon a defence of Le
+Futai. After telling him who we really were, he <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_722" id="Page_722">[722]</a></span>suddenly became
+so reserved that we beat a polite retreat (for the fate of the
+Taeping-wangs had by no means faded from our memory).</p>
+
+<p>"As it was still noon, we determined on a visit to the residence
+of Chung-wang's secretary in the neighbourhood.</p>
+
+<p>"On our arrival we found that the house had not only been
+looted, but that the valuable furniture it contained had been
+literally smashed to atoms by the Imperialist soldiery.</p>
+
+<p>"In the rear we discovered a large hall, over the entrance of
+which a rebel tablet still remained&mdash;'Teen-foo-dong'&mdash;'Hall of
+the Heavenly Father.' But what really astonished us was to find
+on the walls a complete set of elegant lithograph engravings,
+which Roman Catholics are accustomed to call the 'stations,' a
+series of pictures representing the sad journey of Jesus from
+the house of Pilate to His place of execution.</p>
+
+<p>"One of the pictures we became possessed of, and we shall ever
+keep it as the most precious souvenir of our trip to Soo-chow;
+for we think that the affecting story of Jesus' passion and
+death was <i>appreciated</i> by these <i>Missionary-forsaken</i> patriots.</p>
+
+<p>"It certainly shows that a high Taeping official loved to
+contemplate the various scenes of that awful tragedy (for
+principle's sake) over which the world, till the end of time,
+shall weep the bitter tears of violated right and triumphant
+wrong.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>20th Dec.</i>&mdash;The day being fine, we determined to have a look
+at the steamers <i>Feillong</i> and <i>Sycee</i>. A smart walk to the
+Padi-cho gate brought us to the 'fifty-two arched bridge,' where
+we saw the heavy artillery just outside.</p>
+
+<p>"We looked with regret upon those splendid 'peace-makers,' that
+<i>they</i> should have been <i>loaned</i> to the butcher of
+Soo-chow&mdash;that <i>they</i> should be the property of the British
+Government&mdash;were thoughts upon which we need make no comment.</p>
+
+<p>"Captain Baily in charge, and very creditably too! His
+hospitality is the last pleasant impression we had of Soo-chow,
+if we omit the feeling of relief we experienced when once
+outside of its walls on our way to Shanghae.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>21st Dec.</i>&mdash;On learning (to our surprise) that the <i>locale</i> of
+the 'execution ground' was neither more nor less than the
+court-yard of the '<i>Shing-s-tah</i>,' 'twin pagodas,' where the
+unhappy rebels had paid with the forfeit of their lives for
+trusting in the word of honour of their unprincipled assailants,
+we determined on a trip thither. On our arrival, we examined
+several most ancient tablets of stone, whence we gathered that
+these pagodas were erected long anterior to the Ming dynasty
+(<i>i.e.</i> reign of Tai Ching, dynasty of Sung); but we will not
+detain our readers with antiquarian trifles. On entering the
+court-yard (about half an acre) we found the ground <i>soaked</i>
+with <span class="smcap">HUMAN BLOOD</span>! the creek forming its drain was still (after
+twenty days of slaughter) reddish with blood, as the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_723" id="Page_723">[723]</a></span>officers
+of Dr. Macartney's force can testify. The ground for three feet
+deep stunk with blood (and the best blood of China); though the
+weather, except at noonday, did not favour the corruption of
+animal particles, Soo-chow being situated in lat. 31° 23' 25"
+N., and long. 120° 25' E.; consequently of rather a warm climate
+even in winter.</p>
+
+<p>"Our Chinese informants told us that 30,000 rebels had been led
+to these shambles, and executed. We had proofs enough to know
+that the number was enormous; we have it on authority of an
+European <i>eye-witness</i> that this creek was so full of
+decapitated rebels that the Mandarins employed boatmen to clean
+it, by pushing the bodies with boat-hooks outside of the city
+into the principal stream.</p>
+
+<p>"We quitted the 'execution ground' (travellers will know it by
+the 'twin towers'), faint at these horrible proofs of <i>human</i>
+butchery which had met our view, and overcome with emotion. Was
+it for <i>this</i> that Englishmen fought? Was it for this that
+English guns had been loaned by the representatives of the
+British people? Was it for <i>this</i> that the 'first nation of the
+world' and the two <i>Scotchmen</i>, Gordon and Dr. Macartney, had
+fought?</p>
+
+<p>"Let the spirit of Robert Bruce forbid it! Let the noble sons of
+Scotia contemn it; and all Christendom, in the name of ...
+liberty, protest against the unspeakable perfidy, the horrible
+treachery, and brutal butchery of Soo-chow!</p>
+
+<p>"<i>22nd Dec.</i>&mdash;Though the experiences of yesterday made us long
+to leave Soo-chow, we determined to visit the ruins of Mo-wang's
+palace; though completely burned, it had evidently covered an
+immense area of several acres; huge bronzes half melted
+obstructed the passage, and only a solitary drum stood sentinel
+at the entrance.</p>
+
+<p>"It was with a melancholy satisfaction that we gazed at the
+wreck of his palace.</p>
+
+<p>"Among so many traitors (his brother Wangs) he had been <i>true</i>
+to his flag. He knew what Manchoo honour meant, and his death by
+the hands of Taeping traitors is his eulogium. If his spirit
+<i>can</i> visit this world of ours, we must rejoice that the
+Manchoos have not profited (even in money) by his destruction.</p>
+
+<p>"If the infamous barbarity of the Futai <i>can</i> be excused; if his
+atrocious violation of justice and right can be pardoned; if
+there is any possible Jesuitical ground of justification for his
+immeasurable atrocities, it is this&mdash;he betrayed the betrayers
+of their own cause: he was a traitor to traitors, and has broken
+faith with the recreant Wangs.</p>
+
+<p>"Depressed in spirit, we hurried from the ruins of Mo-wang's
+palace to our boat, and instantly gave orders to our crew to get
+under weigh for Shanghae.</p>
+
+<p>"Hardly had we quitted the gate, when a letter was placed in our
+hands by a trusty agent from Chung-wang, dated Kia-ching-foo;
+what <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_724" id="Page_724">[724]</a></span>were our feelings in perusing it and finding these
+words:&mdash;'You foreigners are like the Manchoos; you have no
+honour! you have deceived us!' We, as a foreigner, felt all the
+bitterness herein contained. We, a personal friend of his,
+blushed for our nationality in being compared to perfidious
+Manchoos!</p>
+
+<p>"We candidly avow it, if we thought that the sword was really
+stronger than the pen, we would have girded it on, and be one
+more 'witness' to the glorious cause of liberty! We should like
+to prove to the Taepings that European nations are not <i>all</i>
+unprincipled liars, devoid of every virtue recognised by men,
+and that sacred volume which teaches a morality of which one
+would think they were ignorant. So much for our trip to Soo-choo
+and back.</p>
+
+<div class="right">"S. E. F. O. C."</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The dreadful Soo-chow tragedy may be considered the terminating point of
+that unrighteous period of British policy commencing with the
+organization of the Anglo-Manchoo flotilla; the hiring out of Major
+Gordon and other officers; and the making of those infamous Orders in
+Council authorizing military and naval support of the Manchoo, while it
+has since been declared that an ordinance of neutrality was in force all
+the time! That the terrible result of their policy would have so far
+influenced the supposed Christian and civilized principles of those
+members of Lord Palmerston's Government who originated it, as to make
+them admit their mistake with worthy humility, and seek to rectify the
+wrong already done by an essay towards the much easier path of right, is
+very doubtful. However, the spirit of Englishmen could no longer be
+restrained, and the Government were driven to rescind their former
+Orders in Council (placing the forces of England at the evil disposal of
+the Manchoo) by the unanimous voice of the Parliamentary representatives
+of the people.</p>
+
+<p>Englishmen may thus flatter themselves that they have repudiated the
+atrocities which they had occasioned; but the very fact that their
+mistaken policy entirely caused such deplorable results, makes them
+morally responsible for the same. Still the national complicity <i>may</i> be
+glossed over. The participation of the agents on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_725" id="Page_725">[725]</a></span> the spot, and
+especially the principal, Gordon, cannot, by any stretch of imagination,
+be excused.</p>
+
+<p>If Major Gordon had resigned his employment in the service of the local
+servant of the Manchoo Government, he might, by thus immediately
+forsaking his brother generals when he became involved in their deeds of
+blood and treachery, have saved his honour from suspicion and his name
+from everlasting infamy. If he had possessed the least particle of
+self-respect, humanity, or Christian feeling, he could not possibly have
+followed any other course. Incredible as the fact must ever seem to
+right-minded Englishmen, Major Gordon, after craftily passing two months
+at Quin-san, still in command of the Anglo-Manchoo contingent, and still
+receiving his pay from his employer, resumed active service with those
+sanguinary monsters and consummate betrayers, General Ching and the
+Futai Le.</p>
+
+<p>Men judge by actions, but despise words. Gordon has <i>said</i> that his
+disgust was something stupendous at the revolting barbarities
+perpetrated by his friends; yet the sentiment did not make him refuse
+their pay, neither did it prevent his return to participate in fresh
+atrocities within two months, nor shock him sufficiently to stay his
+early reconciliation with the blood-stained wretches who had smeared him
+with the same unfading and polluting mark. Of course, before returning
+to active service, the British officer induced his Manchoo master to
+indite a cunningly worded Chinese despatch, setting forth that he was
+not actually concerned in the massacre of the confiding Soo-chow
+victims. Naturally enough, to retain the services of Major Gordon (and
+the consequent assistance of the British Government), without which they
+would still have been powerless before the Ti-pings, the Manchoos,
+through Futai Le, verbosely declared all that was required. Shortly
+afterwards, besides resuming his employment, the major responded by
+writing an official letter, in which he forgot his former disgust, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_726" id="Page_726">[726]</a></span>
+had the singular audacity not only to exonerate the Futai from blame for
+his unparalleled atrocities, but to request Sir F. Bruce not to make any
+further complaint about the same<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a>&mdash;events that had seriously stained
+the honour of Great Britain, and which only the most prompt and
+unqualified repudiation, together with entire cessation of further
+countenance and help to the Manchoo, could either erase from her
+scutcheon, or clear her policy from the imputation of complicity.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately for the reputation of Major Gordon, since his elevation to
+the position of General of Futai Le's Anglo mercenaries, he had been too
+much accustomed to intrigue and encouragement of treachery to have felt
+a proper indignation at the Soo-chow affair; and it is possible he might
+have had some knowledge of the planned perfidy before it was put into
+execution, and so was not sufficiently horrified to throw up his 1,200
+taels (£400) per month. Gordon's behaviour in the treachery of the
+Burgevine-Ti-ping legion is one specimen, and a very strong one too, of
+the conduct referred to. He induced the Europeans who went over to him
+to desert the Ti-ping cause by his promises of office, bribes, and safe
+conduct to Shanghae for such as were tired of fighting. Some mistaken
+individuals have ascribed this proceeding to the humane disposition of
+the man who condoned the ruthless massacre of his paroled prisoners, who
+assisted as a principal agent in the vast destruction of life and
+desolation of country during the unjustifiable British hostilities
+against the Ti-pings, and who never put himself to the trouble of saving
+the lives of those he assisted to vanquish. It must be a rather lax code
+of military honour which could reflect any <i>credit</i> on Gordon for
+rewarding many of the traitors (mostly low American rowdies), by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_727" id="Page_727">[727]</a></span>
+bestowing upon them various commands in his own force; and he&mdash;supposed
+to be an English officer and gentleman&mdash;with open arms receiving them as
+his messmates and brother officers: even less creditable is the fact
+that he obtained pecuniary reward for those whom he did not make his
+<i>friends</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The letter written to Sir F. Bruce by Gordon as a justification for his
+fresh alliance with the Futai Le, appears in the Parliamentary Papers,
+as noticed by the foot-note on the preceding page. This document is so
+important, as showing the character of Gordon's connection with the
+Imperialists, that I quote it in full, and then subject it to a close
+analysis.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="center">
+"<span class="smcap">Inclosure</span> 1 in No. 9.<br />
+"<i>Major Gordon, R.E., to Sir F. Bruce.</i>
+</div>
+
+<div class="right">"Soo-chow, February 6, 1864.</div>
+
+<p>"My dear Sir Frederick Bruce,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Par. 1.&mdash;"<i>In consequence of the danger which will arise by my
+delaying inaction with the force any longer in a state of
+uncertainty, I have arranged with the Footae</i> to issue a
+proclamation (which he will send to you), clearing me of any
+participation in the late execution of the Wangs, and have
+determined to act immediately."</p>
+
+<p>Par. 2.&mdash;"The reasons which actuate me are as follows:&mdash;<i>I know
+of a certainty that Burgevine meditates a return to the rebels;
+that there are upwards of 300 Europeans ready to join them, of
+no character; and that the Footae will not accept another
+British officer if I leave the service</i>, and therefore the
+Government may have some foreigner put in, or else the force put
+under men of Ward's and Burgevine's stamp, of whose action at
+times we should never feel certain."</p>
+
+<p>Par. 3.&mdash;"<i>I am aware that I am open to very grave censure for
+the course I am about to pursue</i>; but in the absence of advice,
+<i>and knowing as I do that the Peking authorities will support
+the Footae in what he has done, I have made up my mind to run
+the risk</i>. If I followed my own desire I should leave now, as I
+have escaped unscathed and been wonderfully successful. <i>But the
+rabble, called the Quin-san force, is a dangerous body</i>, and it
+will be my duty to see that it is dissolved as quietly as
+possible, and that, while in course of dissolution, it should
+serve to benefit the Imperial Government."</p>
+
+<p>Par. 4.&mdash;"<i>I do not apprehend the rebellion will last six months
+longer if I take the field. It may take six years if I leave,
+and the Government does not support the Imperialists.</i> I propose
+to cut through the heart of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_728" id="Page_728">[728]</a></span>rebellion, and to divide it
+into two parts by the capture of Ye-sing and Liyang."</p>
+
+<p>Par. 5.&mdash;"If the course I am about to pursue meets your
+approbation, I shall be glad to hear; but, if not, shall expect
+to be well rebuked. However, <i>I know that I am not actuated by
+personal considerations, but merely as I think will be most
+conducive to the interests of our Government</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"The Footae does not want the force to move against Nankin I
+imagine, as Tseng-kwo-fan has the wish to capture it himself."</p>
+
+<p>Par. 6.&mdash;"<i>The Footae, if he is to be believed, has some
+extenuating circumstances in his favour, for his action</i>; and
+although I feel deeply on the subject, I think that we can
+scarcely expect the same discernment that we should from an
+European governor.</p>
+
+<p>"This letter will relieve you from any responsibility on this
+matter, and thanking you very much for your kind letter, which I
+will answer shortly, I am, &amp;c.,</p>
+
+<div class="right">(Signed) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; "C. G. GORDON."</div>
+
+<p>Par. 7.&mdash;"P.S. <i>If you would let the matter drop</i>, and make me
+responsible for my action in the matter, <i>I think it would be
+more conducive to our good relations with the Pekin Government
+than pressing them to punish or degrade the Footae</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="right">"C. G. G."</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;The parts of the letter in italics are those subjected to
+review.<br /><br /></p></div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><i>Analysis of Major Gordon's Letter.</i></div>
+
+<p>Par. 1. Now, with regard to this first premise, what right had Major
+Gordon to make a prospect of danger to the Imperialists a pretext to
+resume <i>friendship</i> and <i>alliance</i> with the faithless and barbarous
+wretches who had already implicated him in their revolting atrocities?
+Major Gordon's duty as a British officer, specially executing the policy
+of his Government, and leaving it responsible for his conduct, was
+simple and palpable. To avoid the deathless guilt of participation in
+the Soo-chow treachery and massacre, he should have repudiated both.
+What course did he pursue? He wrote and talked a great deal about
+disgust, indignation, horror, &amp;c., but never took any <i>action</i> to fulfil
+his otherwise worthless protestations. By the only part we find he
+really performed and did not merely talk, it appears that he actually
+had the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_729" id="Page_729">[729]</a></span> unparalleled audacity, folly, or knavishness, to <i>arrange</i>
+terms with the Futai, although any intercourse, arrangement, or
+communication whatever, upon a friendly basis constituted a direct
+condonation and approval of the atrocities which would have made an
+unqualified separation from <i>all</i> interests and future connection
+imperative to any man of honour, humanity, or Christian principle.</p>
+
+<p>Par. 2. The assertion that Gordon <i>knew for a certainty</i> that Burgevine
+intended to rejoin the Ti-pings, is best controverted by the following
+extract from the <i>Friend of China</i>, Shanghae newspaper (issue of
+September 29, 1864), which, being one of the principal organs among a
+population of Europeans and Americans, scarcely numbering 2,000 souls,
+may be credited for being well informed upon affairs in their midst;
+moreover, the editor was personally acquainted with Burgevine, and was
+aware, equally with myself, that he entertained no enthusiasm for the
+Ti-ping cause.</p>
+
+<p>The article referred to states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"As for Gordon's assertion to Sir F. Bruce that he knew for a
+certainty Burgevine meditated a return to the rebels, and that
+upwards of 300 Europeans&mdash;[This estimate is supremely absurd.
+During the whole time Burgevine was with the Ti-pings, and when
+everything seemed to favour his enterprise, he could never
+obtain more than one-third of 300 Europeans]&mdash;of no character,
+intended to join him. This being written in February last, we
+know for a greater certainty that, at that time, neither did
+Burgevine meditate anything of the kind, nor were there
+thirty&mdash;the tenth of 300&mdash;Europeans in this quarter available
+for any such game. And though Gordon may have been under an
+impression that he was writing truth when he made this
+assertion, his common sense might have told him the thing was as
+improbable as it has eventually proved incorrect. We say he
+<i>may</i> have been under an impression that he was writing truth.
+We may not refrain, however, from saying we doubt it. Why,
+Gordon knew as well as we did that the rebels never sought the
+assistance of foreigners, did not care to see them in their
+ranks, and were always jealous of them. Gordon knew right well,
+moreover, that when Burgevine left Soo-chow he left the rebel
+service for ever; that he was sick and disgusted with it; and if
+ever he meditated anything afterwards, it was operation rather
+as an independent buccaneer than as a Ti-ping <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_730" id="Page_730">[730]</a></span>general. The
+assertion&mdash;yarn, wilful lie, or whatever it shall be called&mdash;did
+very well, however, in the place it was intended for, viz.
+Pekin, a place so far away from the scene of action, that there
+was no possibility of contravening it at the time." </p></div>
+
+<p>Besides the facts&mdash;incontrovertible to those acquainted with the
+case&mdash;in the above refutation of Gordon's "reasons" for his fresh
+blood-alliance with that cold-blooded murderer, the Futai, another
+strong argument may be proved against his veracity:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. We may be quite sure that the Ti-pings would never have accepted a
+second time the services of the man who had once betrayed them. From my
+own knowledge of the opinions entertained by the Chung-wang, I am quite
+assured on this point. 2. Then with respect to the probable action of
+Burgevine himself. Having deserted the Ti-ping cause before Soo-chow had
+fallen, and while its prospects were in vastly more favourable condition
+than at the period of Gordon's statement, he would, consequently, never
+be disposed to join when its circumstances had become desperate. 3. As
+for the "300 of no character," mercenaries would certainly not espouse a
+failing movement, which, in fact, had become still more "unprofitable"
+than when the Burgevine-Ti-ping legionaries ran away because, even at
+that time, they found no sufficient inducement to remain. These
+propositions cannot fail to damage the "reasons" given by Gordon,
+because they show that all common sense and reason points to an exactly
+opposite conclusion. Thus we find that logic reverses Gordon's
+"reasons," while facts entirely prove the falseness of his statements.
+The principal argument is the fact that Burgevine <i>did not</i> join the
+Ti-ping, and the mythical "300" were never more heard about.</p>
+
+<p>Par. 3. This paragraph of Gordon's letter seems to contain about the
+most severe condemnation of his "reasons" that it would be possible to
+imagine. He states that "he is open to very grave censure for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_731" id="Page_731">[731]</a></span>
+course he was about to pursue," and that, "knowing the Pekin authorities
+will support the Futai in what he has done," he had made up his mind to
+"run the risk;" that is to say, he knew that the Manchoo Government
+would approve the treachery and massacre in which the Futai had involved
+him; yet such was his obliquity of principle that he actually used as a
+reason to resume the sanguinary alliance the very fact which should have
+made his separation from the Manchoo still more imperative.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to the ungenerous, if not treacherous, manner in which
+Gordon, behind their backs, termed his comrades "the rabble," it is well
+noticed in the quotation from the <i>Hong-Kong Daily Press</i>, at the end of
+this analysis.</p>
+
+<p>Par. 4. This section of the letter exhibits a very pretty ebullition of
+overweening self-conceit. If the writer takes the field again, the
+rebellion cannot last "six months;" without that mighty warrior's
+hostility, it would last "six years." Well, Bombastes did take the
+field, but the "rebellion" still flourishes. It will be seen that the
+blower of his own trumpet modestly puffs his value at only twelve times
+that of any other officer who might conduct the operations against the
+Ti-ping.</p>
+
+<p>Par. 5. Concerning this protestation of disinterested motives&mdash;"I know
+that I am not actuated by personal considerations"&mdash;I beg to refer my
+readers to the concluding paragraph of the analysis, when they will find
+that this statement is no less questionable than others by the same
+author. With regard to Gordon's excessive care of the "interests of our
+Government," and his declaration (in paragraph 2 of the letter), "that
+the Futai will not accept another British officer if I leave the
+service," the article in the <i>Friend of China</i>, already quoted,
+continues from where we left off:&mdash;"And just as likely to be true was
+the statement that the Futai would not accept another <i>British</i> officer
+if he, Gordon, left the Chinese service. How did Gordon learn that fact,
+or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_732" id="Page_732">[732]</a></span> that story? What can there be in <i>British</i> officers that they should
+be so repugnant to the Deputy Viceroy? What Gordon really meant was:&mdash;If
+I leave, 'the Government' will not find such a faithful tool in any one
+else as they have found in me."</p>
+
+<p>Par. 6. In this part of the precious letter it is shamelessly declared
+that "the Futai has extenuating circumstances in his favour" for
+breaking faith and cruelly butchering the defenceless prisoners at
+Soo-chow, who solely surrendered upon the terms guaranteed by Gordon
+himself.</p>
+
+<p>Par. 7. This postscript makes a fitting conclusion to the bad principle
+and illogical reasoning of the letter we have reviewed. Gordon has the
+audacity to request that the "matter"&mdash;affecting not only his own
+character, for that is immaterial, but the honour of the British army
+and the fair fame of England herself&mdash;may be "let drop," and to opine
+that "good relations" should be maintained with the Pekin Government, by
+no longer expressing any indignation at the immeasurable disgrace
+reflected upon England by the revolting barbarities perpetrated by her
+very good Manchoo allies, through the aid, and in the actual presence,
+of British officers.</p>
+
+<p>Before concluding the analysis of Gordon's apology for resuming active
+operations with the Futai, it is necessary to make a few further
+observations. In the first place, it is quite impossible to deduce a
+sufficient cause from the three "reasons" by which he declares himself
+to have been actuated (paragraph No. 2). Even suppose we admit the
+allegations that Burgevine meditated a return to the rebels; that 300
+Europeans were ready to join him; and that the Futai would not have
+accepted another <i>British</i> officer, to what conclusion do they lead us?
+Simply, that <i>if</i> these suppositions became realized, the event might
+prove disastrous to the Manchoo. Now, as Gordon chose to make this his
+excuse for comfortably passing over the Soo-chow affair, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_733" id="Page_733">[733]</a></span> resuming
+active service, it is perfectly clear that (whether he intends to convey
+this meaning or not) he pursued such conduct in the interest of his
+Imperialist friends; and this reduces the three "reasons" into a plea of
+duty to the Manchoo. Moreover, from the independent action claimed
+throughout the letter, the writer does not attempt to justify himself by
+any pretence of duty to his own Government. British officers, and,
+indeed, all their countrymen, may well feel astonished and disgusted at
+the extraordinary reasoning of Gordon, who, though merely the hired
+mercenary of a <i>local</i> Mandarin (Le Futai), and being totally without
+<i>status</i> in the Imperialist service,<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> made his duty to the Manchoo,
+forsooth, a reason for condoning the atrocities in which they had
+already involved him, and justifying his future participation in deeds
+equally abhorrent to every civilized and Christian sentiment.</p>
+
+<p>We now come to the question as to the worth of this plea of duty. Either
+Gordon was the servant of the Manchoo Government or the British
+Government. When the English Commons compelled ministers to revoke the
+Order in Council authorizing the employment of British officers by the
+Manchoo, and to recall all so employed, <i>in consequence of the Soo-chow
+massacre</i>, Gordon, eventually, was withdrawn from service with the
+Futai. Now this proves that he was <i>bonâ fide</i> the servant of the
+British Government, and not only destroys his implied plea of duty to
+the Government of China, but virtually disclaims any countenance or
+indorsement of his act in joining the Futai and resuming active
+operations subsequent to the Soo-chow tragedy. Thus it is palpable
+beyond any manner of doubt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_734" id="Page_734">[734]</a></span> that the course Gordon pursued was <i>entirely</i>
+according to "personal considerations;" was at his own responsibility;
+and was neither in consonance with duty to his own Government nor that
+of the Manchoo.</p>
+
+<p>There are but three other motives which might be held to account for
+Gordon's conduct. The first would be, duty to his God&mdash;but this never
+has been attributed to him, and it would be gross blasphemy to do so;
+the second, philanthropy, has been professed both by himself and
+friends; the third, which is pecuniary, has been more frequently
+ascribed to him. The philanthropical motive will be controverted shortly
+when we come to a case in which it is attributed to him. With one
+exception (the <i>China Mail</i>), the whole European press of China lamented
+Gordon's connection with the Futai at Soo-chow; still more indignant
+were the channels of public opinion when they found that he quietly
+ignored the treacherous massacre by remaining at his post; and then
+rumours were not wanting with regard to the mercenary motives believed
+by many people to be the real cause of his return to active service.
+Major Gordon has not only brought himself into evil repute, but also the
+service of which he is so questionable a specimen. Take, for instance,
+the following extract from the <i>Friend of China</i> (issue February 20,
+1864):&mdash;"If it be true that Major Gordon has again coalesced with Le
+Futai, he must not blame us if we judge of his motives according to the
+old maxim, 'actions speak louder than words.' It would seem that his
+late rejection of rewards from the hand of Kung was simply because of
+its having been too little for his acceptance, not too vile. His
+retirement to Quin-san was a safe dodge to quiet public opinion in
+regard to the Soo-chow massacre.... We hope that he has stipulated for
+tens of lacs of rupees. Why should a soldier of fortune not make a
+fortune? When the major returns to Scotland, will any of his 'canny'
+countrymen ask impertinent questions as to the source of the 'siller'?
+To be sure,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_735" id="Page_735">[735]</a></span> military men who wear Queen Victoria's uniform may hem and
+haw, cough and look doubtful; but we assure the major that if one
+British officer can sell his sword, the others have no right to complain
+about the price.... Dollars cover every defect, and a wealthy soldier
+can afford to buy the respect which he cannot exact. Let the trade of
+murder flourish, as it always has done, and may Major Gordon fully enjoy
+all the wealth that the Manchoos can give, and that mental satisfaction
+which faithful servitude never fails to bring to those of integrity! Is
+not faithfulness bought and sold in 'Vanity Fair,' and should that not
+be looked for in the conduct of a&mdash;British soldier?"</p>
+
+<p>If this article were to be literally intended, it would probably
+indicate the principles of Gordon. It appears very unfair to judge him
+by the code of honour, civilized morality, and Christian doctrine, when
+he does not seem either to appreciate such restraints or conform to
+them; therefore it is possible that the press has been too severe when
+condemning acts that, in this case, may, perhaps, be rather virtuous
+than otherwise.</p>
+
+<p>We now bring the analysis of Gordon's "reasons" to a close by the
+following extract from the <i>Hong-kong Daily Press</i> (October, 1864),
+which refers to paragraphs 2, 3, and 5 of the letter, and finishes by
+making a direct accusation of mercenary motives for his coalescence with
+the Futai:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We believe it is well known that had Gordon left, Macartney
+would have succeeded. Certain it is that Macartney was an
+applicant for the post when Gordon was nominated, and as he had
+subsequently completely won the Futai's confidence, there can be
+little doubt about the matter.</p>
+
+<p>"It will be seen, therefore, that Gordon's pretexts are shallow
+subterfuges, which will not stand the test of truth for one
+moment. He admits he is open to grave censure, but he says,
+'knowing as I do that the Pekin authorities will support the
+Futai in what he has done, I have made up my mind to run the
+risk.' That is a nice process of reasoning, certainly!</p>
+
+<p>"He then turns round on his comrades&mdash;calls them a dangerous
+rabble, 'which he will make it his duty to see dissolved as
+quietly as possible, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_736" id="Page_736">[736]</a></span>that while in course of dissolution it
+should serve to benefit the Imperial Government.'</p>
+
+<p>"Apart from Gordon's unprincipled conduct with respect to the
+perfidy of the Futai, and to the murder of the Wangs&mdash;conduct
+which must heap disgrace on his name, and for ever prevent him
+from looking an honest man in the face again&mdash;we doubt whether,
+in the whole page of history, a parallel is to be found of a
+victorious fortunate commander turning on his comrades in the
+disgraceful, and we will add treacherous, manner in which Gordon
+turns on the Quin-san force in the letter before us. Let the
+reader remember the number of times Gordon had led the Quin-san
+force to victory&mdash;how splendidly they behaved in the campaign
+which Gordon was about to lead them through when he thus
+treacherously denounced them! Whatever they were, they had made
+him what he was; and bad as they might have been, we doubt
+whether any one of them ever departed more directly from the
+code of honour laid down by himself than Gordon did in rejoining
+the Futai, or even whether any one of them so far betrayed his
+comrades as Gordon does in the letter before us.</p>
+
+<p>"A letter from Sir F. Bruce to Earl Russell, dated Pekin, 21st
+March, encloses a letter from Mr. Hart, the Inspector of
+Customs, to Sir Frederic, communicating the important fact that,
+at the interview which Colonel Gordon had had with the Futai at
+Soo-chow, about the beginning of February, he, Mr. Hart, acted
+as interpreter between the two. The ostensible reason for Mr.
+Hart thus acting was to enable the Futai to exculpate himself,
+which, according to Mr. Hart, he most completely did. Why did
+not Gordon mention this important circumstance in his letter to
+Sir Frederic advising His Excellency that he had again taken the
+field?<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> How came it that Mr. Acting-Consul Markham in his
+letter to Sir Frederic announcing the reconciliation, was silent
+on the point? How came it that General Brown was either ignorant
+of, or suppressed the fact? How did the fact come to be kept so
+secret from the public? Not a whisper nor a hint of Mr. Hart's
+presence is to be detected in the despatches of these officers,
+let alone the complete vindication of the Futai which that
+gentleman avers was effected at the interview?</p>
+
+<p>"The answer is plain. Mr. Hart is a man of good repute, of high
+standing, and is a true and faithful servant. The Mandarins have
+great faith in him, and his word goes a long way. If they sent
+him to Gordon with an offer of 50,000 <i>taels</i>, the colonel might
+be assured not only that the money would be placed to his credit
+in any bank in London he might name, but that the transaction
+would be kept an inviolable secret.</p>
+
+<p>"There, reader, you have the clue to Gordon's sacrifice of
+principle, and Mr. Hart's visit to Soo-chow." </p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_737" id="Page_737">[737]</a></span> narrating the events subsequent to Gordon's return to active
+operations, and bringing the history of the Ti-ping revolution down to a
+close, it is necessary to review a despatch written by Sir F. Bruce, the
+British Minister in China. The document constitutes the only authority,
+or rather the only official approval, Gordon ever received for rejoining
+the Futai. It is necessary to notice the same, because, as it was an
+entirely conditional approval, and the conditions were <i>never</i> observed,
+it naturally became null and void. It is, therefore, our duty to prove
+these facts, and thereby elucidate what might otherwise be held to
+remove the responsibility from Gordon, and, in fact, justify his
+conduct. The following despatch is the one in question, and it will be
+seen that it is the reply to Gordon's letter:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="right">"Pekin, March 12, 1864.</div>
+
+<p>"Sir,&mdash;I have received your letter of the 6th of February,
+stating the reasons that have led to your continuing operations
+in concert with the Governor of Kiang-soo. I informed the
+Chinese Government that I did not feel called upon to interfere
+with the course you have taken, <i>but that my acquiescence was
+founded on the passage in their despatch to me, which states</i>,
+that in any future operations in which a foreign officer is
+concerned the rules of warfare as practised among foreign
+nations are to be observed, and that I should enclose you the
+extract of that despatch for your guidance, and as containing
+the arrangements agreed upon for the future. [1.]</p>
+
+<p>"I have received the strongest assurance that it will be
+strictly adhered to, and that the Governor Le is to be
+instructed to that effect. I need not impress upon you how
+essential it is that there should be no repetition of the
+occurrence at Soo-chow.</p>
+
+<p>"I fully appreciate the motives that led you, after the
+correspondence that has taken place, to resume operations at
+once, and to expose yourself thereby to hostile criticism. You
+might have limited yourself to a statement of the reasons which
+rendered the step expedient, and have thrown upon others the
+onus of decision before committing yourself to any action.</p>
+
+<p>"But you appear to have felt, as commander of a Chinese force,
+and as the only person thoroughly acquainted with its
+composition and with the dangers to which this force, if
+indiscreetly handled, might give rise <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_738" id="Page_738">[738]</a></span>that the decision must be
+based on your representations, and you therefore assumed its
+responsibility.</p>
+
+<p>"This honourable and manly conduct on your part entitles you to
+a frank expression of my opinion on the subject.</p>
+
+<p>"I think it due to you to state that my concurrence in the step
+you have taken is founded in no small measure on my knowledge of
+the high motives that have guided you while in command of the
+Chinese force, <i>of the disinterested conduct you have observed
+in pecuniary questions</i>, and of <i>the influence in favour of
+humanity you exercised in rescuing Burgevine and his misguided
+associates from Soo-chow</i>. [2.]</p>
+
+<p>"I am aware of the perseverance with which, in the face of
+serious obstacles and much discouragement, you have steadily
+pursued the <i>pacification of the province of Kiang-soo</i>. <i>In
+relieving it</i> from being the battle-field of the insurrection,
+and in restoring to its suffering inhabitants the enjoyment of
+their homes and the uninterrupted exercise of their industry,
+you may console yourself with the assurance that you are
+rendering a service to true humanity as well as to great
+material interest. [3.]</p>
+
+<p>"It would be a serious calamity and addition to our
+embarrassments in China were you compelled to leave your work
+incomplete, and were a sudden dissolution or dispersion of the
+Chinese force to lead to the recurrence of that state of danger
+and anxiety from which, during the last two years, Shanghae has
+suffered.</p>
+
+<p>"Her Majesty's Government cannot be expected to garrison
+Shanghae indefinitely, and tranquillity cannot be relied on
+until a civil administration suited to Chinese ideas and habits
+is firmly established in the province, and until the disorderly
+and brigand elements which form the force of the Taeping
+insurrection are either put down or so thoroughly repelled from
+its frontiers as to leave that unfortunate province in peace.</p>
+
+<p>"To the force under your command we must look for that result,
+and to its efficiency and discipline your presence is
+indispensable. In a body so composed a state of inactivity is
+full of danger, and I approve your not awaiting the result of
+the inquiry into the Futai's proceedings at Soo-chow, <i>provided
+you take care that your efforts in favour of humanity are not in
+future defeated by the Chinese authorities</i>.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> [4.]</p>
+
+<div class="right">
+"I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Frederic W. A. Bruce</span>.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+"Major Gordon, R.E., &amp;c."
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<p>[1.] Now, here we have the <i>condition</i> upon which Sir F. Bruce agreed to
+Gordon's action. Let us see how the condition has been observed. If my
+readers will take the trouble<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_739" id="Page_739">[739]</a></span> to turn back to the preceding chapter,
+they will find that the capture of Hwa-soo and Wu-see (as corroborated
+by the letter dated "April 28, 1864," from one of Gordon's own officers)
+was followed with a complete violation of Sir F. Bruce's conditional
+"acquiescence" by the wholesale massacre of the unfortunate Ti-pings.
+Furthermore, the following chapter will prove that at every city
+captured by Gordon and the Imperialists "the rules of warfare as
+practised among foreign nations" were <i>not</i> observed, nor even pretended
+to be fulfilled according to the terms of the condition upon which
+Gordon's action was approved: the principal cases referred to will be
+found to be the capture of Kar-sing-foo, Hwa-soo, Chang-chow-foo, and
+Nankin.</p>
+
+<p>[2.] The preceding quotation from the <i>Hong-kong Daily Press</i>, and the
+description of Burgevine's hegira in Chapter XXII., sadly differ from
+Sir F. Bruce's "pecuniary" and "influence in favour of humanity"
+theories formed at Pekin upon evidence supplied by Gordon himself.
+Burgevine had actually <i>left</i> Soo-chow before Gordon interfered.</p>
+
+<p>[3.] Readers of this history will at once perceive the falseness of
+these statements, Major Gordon having, in fact, not only <i>prevented</i> the
+"pacification of the province of Kiang-soo" by the Ti-pings, but <i>made</i>
+it "the battle-field of insurrection" by his "steadily pursued"
+<i>invasions</i> of the otherwise peaceful and settled Ti-ping territories.
+As for the hypocritical cant about "a service to true humanity," &amp;c., I
+need only refer to the narrative of the journey to Soo-chow by the
+sub-editor of the <i>Friend of China</i>; the travels of the silk-merchant
+through the <i>pacified</i> country; the letters from two of Gordon's own
+officers, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>[4 and 1.] Combining the first and last paragraphs selected from the
+precious letter for review, we will briefly notice the facts proving in
+what manner Gordon fulfilled the proviso of Sir F. Bruce&mdash;"I approve
+your<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_740" id="Page_740">[740]</a></span> not awaiting the result of the inquiry into the Futai's
+proceedings at Soo-chow, <span class="smcap">PROVIDED</span> you take care that <i>your efforts in
+favour of humanity</i> are not in future defeated by the Chinese
+authorities." In Chapter XXIII., the letter from one of Gordon's
+officers contains the following statement relative to the capture of the
+village of Hwa-soo, subsequent to the reconciliation between the
+official Manchoo murderer and the British bravo, and also subsequent to
+the establishment of the conditions by Sir F. Bruce's despatch:&mdash;"The
+slaughter among the rebels <i>after</i> the capture of Hwa-soo was terrible.
+Upwards of 9,000 were <i>taken prisoners</i>, and of <i>these</i> it was estimated
+6,000 were killed or drowned, principally by the Imperialists." Now,
+Gordon himself commanded on this occasion, but he did not "take care"
+that "the rules of warfare as practised among foreign nations should be
+observed." This distinct violation of the British Minister's conditional
+sanction is alone sufficient to illustrate the fact that his <i>protégé's</i>
+conduct was contrary to his wish or intention, and, also, to withdraw
+his stipulated justification. Moreover, we shall find that, at every
+succeeding capture of a Ti-ping city the same barbarities were
+perpetrated, and the same indifference to his superior's instructions
+exhibited by Gordon, who stuck to his dear Imperialist friends with
+extraordinary devotion and tenacity, considering their sanguinary deeds
+and treacherous nature.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Shanghae Recorder</i> (a paper supporting the policy of the British
+Government in China, and their very good Manchoo allies), in its issue
+of March 31, 1864, thus narrates the capture of Kar-sing-foo by the
+Imperialist General Ching and Major Baily, one of Gordon's
+subordinates:&mdash;"As we expected, the usual horrible and revolting cruelty
+was exercised, after the <i>surrender</i> of Kar-sing-foo, by Ching's troops.
+On entering the city they encountered no resistance, when the
+unfortunates (<i>all non-combatants</i>) found remaining were laden with
+loot, obliged to carry it out to the Imperial lines, and forthwith<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_741" id="Page_741">[741]</a></span>
+beheaded, as payment in full! Truly it is the cold-blooded butcheries
+which disgrace the Imperialist cause, and deaden every feeling except
+unmitigated disgust at their mode of warfare." The city had been
+evacuated by the troops.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>China Mail</i> (describing the capture of the city of Chang-chow-foo)
+by Gordon's Anglo-Manchoo force and an army of his Imperial friends, in
+its issue of May 30, 1864, states:&mdash;"The two breaches were carried in a
+rush, and quarter was given <i>to only a few hundred men</i> who had offered
+to surrender some weeks before." The families of the garrison and the
+other inhabitants of this large city numbered many thousand; but all,
+excepting the "few hundred men," were cruelly butchered in cold blood
+during several days.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Times</i>, in its issue of September 28, 1864, in a leading article
+upon the fall of Nankin, states:&mdash;"What the cost of human life has been
+on this occasion we cannot yet calculate. It is plain that no mercy was
+extended, and although the treacherous deeds at Soo-chow must have acted
+as a warning to the European officers, the account of the European
+eye-witnesses makes it evident that the carnage was very great."
+According to my own private advices, the <i>Friend of China</i> and other
+journals, the Ti-ping capital was evacuated; therefore, the unfortunates
+butchered by the Imperialists were, probably, the sick, wounded, and
+poor inhabitants who were unable to fly, or had not sufficient
+inducement to do so.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to Gordon's "influence in favour of humanity," can any man
+of ordinary mind understand these results as philanthropical: viz., the
+slaughter of thousands in the field; the cold-blooded massacre of
+thousands of helpless prisoners; and the death of even hundreds of
+thousands by starvation; the destruction of Christianity and free
+circulation of the Bible, as practised among the Ti-pings; and the
+re-establishment of Buddhism? Those who ascribe philanthropical motives
+to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_742" id="Page_742">[742]</a></span> Gordon must entertain curious ideas as to the love of mankind, when
+they illustrate it by ravaging Ti-pingdom with fire and sword!</p>
+
+<p>Having now terminated the narrative of Gordon's reconciliation with the
+Futai, the next chapter will describe the subsequent events.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> This Order in Council was passed on the 9th July, 1864.
+See "Copy of all Ordinances relating to Neutrality in China," issued in
+return to an address of the House of Commons, dated May 30, 1864.
+(Colonel Sykes' motion.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Tien-chwangs, colonels of regiments.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Italics are by the Author.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> This the Chung-wang proposed, if the Tien-wang would
+authorise such policy. As for his having even thought of "giving up the
+cause," the assertion is equally false and absurd, which subsequent
+events have proved.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Here we have Gordon's reasons for approving the
+treachery.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> It was a follower of the Nar-wang who first attacked the
+Mo-wang.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> It will be seen that Gordon here admits he was not an
+Imperialist officer, but a <i>local</i> Mandarin's.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> This sinister statement, when combined with the fact that
+Gordon soon afterwards returned to companionship and active co-operation
+with General Ching and the Futai, regardless of his responsibility for
+the Soo-chow treachery and massacre, certainly affords some ground for
+the belief that the whole tragedy was previously arranged; that Gordon
+retired only while compelled to do so by the unanimous expression of
+indignation among all Europeans (General Brown and other authorities
+included); and that his future course he originally intended to follow
+whenever the universal excitement became somewhat abated, and public
+attention less directed towards himself. Whether this conclusion be
+correct or otherwise, Major Gordon and his Manchoo friends alone can
+say; but in either case the Englishman fully deserves the imputation.
+His first conduct occasioned and made him <i>particeps</i> in the treachery;
+his last act condoned the atrocities at which he had pretended to be
+disgusted.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> This statement is quite sufficient to make Gordon entirely
+responsible for every circumstance connected with the surrender of
+Soo-chow. He made all the assurances and guarantees, it appears, but
+never troubled himself to insure their observance, although he had
+complete power to do so.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Here is another extraordinary admission; for, though
+Gordon's honour was pledged to preserve the lives and property of the
+deceived traitors, he very coolly took himself off to Quin-san, without
+making the slightest exertion to save the unfortunate people who had
+trusted to his word as a British officer. Subsequent to this event
+hundreds and thousands of the betrayed garrison were cruelly put to
+death. Who is responsible for the massacre&mdash;the Manchoos, who followed
+their natural instincts and barbarous laws, or the British officer, who
+obtained the surrender, guaranteed the terms, and then quietly permitted
+the violation of his pledges?</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> This concluding paragraph is simply a tissue of mendacity
+and absurdity. Does the dishonoured officer intend to qualify the
+treacherous destruction of <i>his</i> prisoners, by introducing the totally
+irrelevant opinion that they have no Government, or "real ideas" of
+Christianity?</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> See Inclosure 1 in No. 9, "Return to an Address of the
+Honourable House of Commons," dated July 1, 1864:&mdash;for "Copies of
+Communications which have passed between Sir F. Bruce and Colonel
+Gordon."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> See "Our Interests in China," by H. Lay, C.B., late
+Inspector-General of Chinese Customs, pp. 37-41. This <i>exposé</i> of
+British policy in China fully proves, together with Blue Book
+information, that Gordon never held any commission from the Emperor of
+China; that neither did he hold any commission from the local
+authorities, but, by serving without, was in reality a "filibuster."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> It will be seen that Gordon's letter is dated from
+Soo-chow.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Italics by the Author.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_743" id="Page_743">[743]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XXV.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Operations Resumed.&mdash;Attack on Kin-tang.&mdash;The Battle of the
+Brickbats.&mdash;Ti-ping Success.&mdash;Active
+Operations.&mdash;Man&oelig;uvring.&mdash;Hang-chow Invested.&mdash;Fall of
+Kar-sing-foo.&mdash;Gordon's Proceedings.&mdash;Chang-chow-foo.&mdash;Narrative
+of the Siege.&mdash;Fall of Chang-chow.&mdash;The Foo-wang.&mdash;Manchoo
+Cruelty.&mdash;Debate on the Chinese War.&mdash;Lord Palmerston's
+Policy.&mdash;Its Errors.&mdash;Mr. Cobden's Policy.&mdash;Mr. Layard.&mdash;His
+Inaccuracy.&mdash;Extracts from the Debate.&mdash;Result of Lord
+Palmerston's Policy.&mdash;Fall of Nankin.&mdash;"Imperialist"
+Account.&mdash;The Chung-wang's Capture.&mdash;Other Reports.&mdash;Digest of
+Events.&mdash;The Chung-wang.&mdash;His Position in Nankin.&mdash;Events in the
+City.&mdash;Newspaper Reports.&mdash;Doubts as to the Chung-wang's
+Fate.&mdash;The Retreat from Nankin.&mdash;Newspaper Extracts.&mdash;The
+Shi-wang's Proclamations.&mdash;Lee-Shai-Yin's Address. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>Late in the month of February, 1864, the Futai's <i>General</i>, Gordon,
+resumed operations against the Ti-pings. Upon this occasion it appears
+that he acted entirely on his own responsibility, neither under the
+orders of his hitherto controller, General Brown (commanding H.B.
+Majesty's forces at Shanghae), nor the Futai. Consequently, the campaign
+to be noticed partook more strongly of filibustering than any of the
+preceding raids already described.</p>
+
+<p>The first movement the Anglo-Manchoo force made was directed against the
+walled city of Yih-sing, on the western shore of the Ta-hoo Lake, and
+about forty miles south-west of Wu-see. After a short engagement, the
+usual result of such operations occurred. The garrison, unable to resist
+the overwhelming artillery employed by Gordon, an arm newly replenished
+from the British arsenal at Shanghae before taking the field, was
+driven<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_744" id="Page_744">[744]</a></span> from the city with much loss; those who managed to escape
+retreating to Li-yang, the nearest walled town. Soon, however, they were
+followed up to this place, but the commandant having received orders to
+retire to another city, it was evacuated upon the appearance of the
+disciplined troops and their irresistible guns.</p>
+
+<p>The appearance of the country lately wrested from the Ti-pings is given
+as follows by one of Gordon's own officers (who was present during all
+operations) in his notes, "How the Taepings were driven out of the
+provinces of Kiang-nan and Che-kiang." Describing the march to Yih-sing,
+he states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Some commissariat boats also went astray, causing the infantry
+a few days' hunger, as scarcely any food could be obtained, the
+country being all deserted and devastated. Seemingly it had not
+been cultivated easily <i>after the Taepings lost possession</i>.
+Hundreds of dead bodies were strewn along the roads, people who
+died from starvation; and even the few who were yet alive,
+watched one of their comrades dying, so as to obtain some food
+off his dead body."<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> </p></div>
+
+<p>Sleep calmly and sweetly, ye China-rebel-subduing English politicians,
+and speak authoritatively as to the benefit of your intervention in the
+Chinese civil war, after reading this testimony from the hand of one of
+your mercenary tools! Is there a man so ill-"liberal" as to consider
+Lord Palmerston and colleagues are responsible for the results of their
+policy of interference towards the outlandish Chinamen? What do the
+starving Chinamen above mentioned say?</p>
+
+<p>Their easy successes seem to have made the victorious enemy too
+confident in their own prowess, and less cautious than heretofore.
+Leaving a garrison at Li-yang, and also a considerable portion of his
+artillery, Gordon next advanced upon Kin-tang, a small city to the
+north-west. Elated by his former triumphs, and believing that his
+appearance alone would cause the submission of all Ti-ping cities in the
+district,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_745" id="Page_745">[745]</a></span> and place their long-haired people under the barber's razor,
+Gordon expected no resistance at Kin-tang, and was induced to think that
+the place would open its gates to receive him as a sort of "conquering
+hero" whenever he might choose to enter. It will be seen that he became
+the victim of misplaced confidence.</p>
+
+<p>Although, since my departure from China, and since the Ti-pings have
+been driven far inland, all information has been received from Chinese
+sources&mdash;false, exaggerated, and figurative&mdash;it seems pretty certain
+that the Chung-wang, after parting with me at Wu-see, placed the Shi and
+Foo Wangs in charge of the military position, while he proceeded to
+Nankin in order to confer with his king, the Tien-wang. Chang-chow-foo
+became the head-quarters of the Foo-wang, and it so happened that
+Kin-tang was similarly occupied by the Shi-wang (a general second only
+to the Commander-in-Chief in talent and capability), when Gordon arrived
+before its walls. Both cities were situated on the southern road from
+Nankin, and their retention was absolutely necessary to maintain either
+the communications of the capital, or insure the retreat of the
+garrison, should they be obliged to abandon their charge. In consequence
+of this the Chung-wang divided about 10,000 of the best Ti-ping troops
+between his two lieutenants for the express purpose of holding Kin-tang
+and Chang-chow, while another force was organized to co-operate in the
+field.</p>
+
+<p>The two Wangs had concentrated all their strength at Chang-chow when
+intelligence of Gordon's advance upon Kin-tang reached them. The
+Shi-wang, with a division of several thousand men, by forced marches,
+managed to throw himself into the city just before the enemy appeared.</p>
+
+<p>When the Anglo-Manchoo contingent arrived under the walls on the 20th of
+March, they summoned the place to surrender, but no reply was made, for
+the battlements<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_746" id="Page_746">[746]</a></span> were silent and deserted, neither soldier nor spear,
+nor sign of living occupation being visible. The gates were all fast
+closed, and although Gordon had been looking forward to enter peaceably,
+and when he had arrived could see neither trace of man nor prospect of
+opposition, something there must have been ominous and suspicious in the
+stillness reigning over the city, for he preferred battering the walls
+down to knocking at the gates and demanding admission. The heavy guns
+were moved up to within a few hundred yards; the boats, containing
+supplies, followed them by the creeks; and batteries were soon thrown
+up, still amidst the same profound and mysterious silence upon the part
+of the garrison. During the bombardment all the noise was on one side;
+nor flag, nor face, nor living thing could be observed about the
+encompassed battlements. After several hours' constant firing, a large
+and practicable breach was effected, and the 1st regiment of
+Anglo-Chinese ordered to storm the silent ramparts. The enemy came
+forward with a loud cheer, bearing with them bamboo bridges to throw
+across the moat, while the stormers were closely supported by portions
+of the 2nd and 5th regiments, who were allowed to enter the city ditch
+in their boats and cross unopposed. The short space between the moat and
+the foot of the breach was soon passed, and the storming column began to
+ascend. At this moment the hitherto invisible garrison appeared and
+broke their previous silence in a manner fatal to the assailants.
+Manning every available position, they threw such incessant showers of
+brickbats that the Imperialists, despite the gallant behaviour of their
+foreign officers, were unable to advance. The Ti-pings then rushed into
+the breach, and charging with their spears, drove them back in
+confusion. Three times the enemy turned to renew the struggle, but on
+each occasion were hurled back with loss, being quite unable to cope
+with the Ti-ping soldiers in a hand-to-hand combat. The breach was now
+played upon by the artillery, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_747" id="Page_747">[747]</a></span> defenders driven back with great
+loss of life from the canister, grape, and shell. Gordon then ordered
+his Adjutant-General, Kirkham, to bring up fresh companies of the 2nd
+and 5th regiments, and himself to lead them forward to a second assault.
+Scarcely, however, had he given the order, when a jingall ball reached
+him at his almost secure distance and wounded him in the leg. <i>Colonel</i>
+Kirkham, with great bravery, led his men into the deadly breach, but
+when half-way up, fell severely wounded. Still, with courage worthy of a
+better cause, his men followed their officers only to be again charged
+by the valiant garrison and completely routed after a desperate conflict
+at close quarters. Again the murderous artillery swept away the
+defenders of the breach, and <i>Major</i> Brown, Gordon's <i>aide-de-camp</i>,
+leading forward fresh columns, made a last desperate attempt to storm
+the yawning chasm. Again the disciplined Chinese and their foreign
+officers rushed upon the blood-stained ruins; but with dauntless and
+undiminished courage the Ti-pings again met them&mdash;spear to bayonet and
+firelock, and man to man. After a terrible struggle the assailants were
+finally driven off, and retreated upon Li-yang, with <i>Major</i> Brown and
+all their commanding officers <i>hors-de-combat</i>. This action has been
+called "the Battle of the Brickbats," such missiles being the principal
+means of defence used by the garrison.</p>
+
+<p>The attack upon Kin-tang was the most severely contested action that the
+Anglo-Manchoo troops had ever fought. Their defeat is to be attributed
+to the fact that they were not assisted by an overwhelming park of
+artillery, which usually did all the fighting. If the Imperialists had
+not been supplied with British guns, men, and munitions of war, <i>ad
+libitum</i>, the Ti-pings would have been quite able to manage the
+disciplined legions. Gordon, in this assault, lost fourteen European
+officers and nearly one-seventh of the men engaged. The destruction
+amongst the defenders of Kin-tang must<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_748" id="Page_748">[748]</a></span> have been equally severe, not
+less than 600 having fallen.</p>
+
+<p>At this period the Ti-pings seem to have made a desperate effort to
+defeat the overwhelming numbers of the enemy encircling them on every
+quarter. At Nankin, Chang-chow-foo, and Kin-tang they managed to defeat
+the Imperialist forces almost on the same day at each place. The
+garrison of the capital having sallied forth in strength, defeated a
+portion of the great beleaguering army under Tseng-kwo-fan (Imperialist
+Commissioner and Governor-General of the two Kiang provinces) with much
+slaughter. Upon reaching Li-yang, after narrowly escaping being
+surrounded by the troops pursuing from Kin-tang, Gordon received
+intelligence the same evening that the garrison of Chang-chow had
+sallied out, completely routing the large investing force commanded by
+the Futai's brother, and following up the success by moving between
+Soo-chow and Shanghae, thereby threatening not only to recapture all the
+country lately wrested from Ti-ping rule, but isolate his division and
+more than counteract its operations by a powerful diversion upon
+Shanghae or Soo-chow.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving a strong detachment to garrison Li-yang, Gordon at once
+proceeded with the remainder of his force, and all the artillery, to
+operate against the Ti-pings from Chang-chow. On the 29th of March he
+came upon them at Hwa-soo, in the neighbourhood of the city of Chang-zu,
+about 35 miles north-east of Soo-chow. On the morning of the 30th,
+finding that the Ti-pings did not number more than 3,000, he ordered
+about 1,500 infantry to attack them, while he followed in the boats with
+the artillery, to give assistance if required. Again, as at Kin-tang,
+the Royal Engineer was completely out-generalled. The Foo and Shi Wangs
+were both consummate strategists, and at irregular warfare, when
+artillery was not employed against them, would easily have foiled Major
+Gordon.</p>
+
+<p>The Ti-pings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_749" id="Page_749">[749]</a></span> continually gave way as the disciplined troops advanced;
+but they were man&oelig;uvred so as to draw their pursuers into a
+position from which for a time they were themselves invisible, while a
+masked breast-work, ingeniously stretched across the end of the slight
+hollow, helped to conceal them. Barely had the retreating forces
+disappeared behind their slight intrenchment and the inequalities of the
+ground, when they were doubled back upon each flank so as to almost
+completely envelop the enemy. The Ti-pings were allowed to execute their
+man&oelig;uvre thus easily through the incautious advance of their
+antagonists, for the latter halted in the very hollow to which they had
+been enticed, directly they lost sight of those whom they were pursuing.
+When next the Imperialists saw their opponents, it was in the form of a
+serried line, surrounding them upon every side except a small space in
+their rear, and charging them on front and both flanks. After a feeble
+resistance, during which they lost seven English officers and more than
+200 men, the ranks of Gordon's force were broken, and the whole
+mercenary contingent fled from the field with precipitation.</p>
+
+<p>According to the published accounts of this engagement, the Ti-pings
+were commanded by the Foo-wang, "numbered about 3,000," and were "badly
+armed." It will thus be seen that, without artillery being brought to
+bear against them, they were quite able to cope hand to hand with the
+disciplined troops, officered by foreigners and well armed with musket
+and bayonet as the latter were, although poorly equipped with a small
+supply of jingalls, a few bad European firearms, and a majority of
+bamboo spears.</p>
+
+<p>During the spring of the year 1864, the Ti-pings struggled with
+desperate bravery against the odds opposed to them; and for some time it
+seemed very doubtful whether they would succeed or not. While Gordon and
+the Imperialist troops were being defeated in the northern districts of
+the Ti-ping territory, the Franco-Manchoo contingent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_750" id="Page_750">[750]</a></span> and co-operating
+forces were meeting a similar fate in the south. Late in February the
+Imperialists besieging Hang-chow, the provincial capital of Che-kiang,
+were totally defeated by a sortie of the whole garrison. About the same
+time another large army was routed by a Ti-ping force in the
+neighbourhood of Fo-yang, a city not far from Hang-chow. Having
+recovered from their former repulse and obtained fresh supplies of
+British mercenaries and munitions of war, the Mandarins again proceeded
+to invest the provincial capital. On the 2nd of March the
+Franco-Chinese, commanded by <i>Generals</i> D'Aiguebelle and Schodelana,
+attacked the above city, and after several hours' hard fighting,
+succeeded in capturing three forts on the south side; only, however, to
+be driven out by a desperate charge the Ti-pings made during the
+afternoon, with a loss of fourteen Europeans and more than a hundred
+men. On the 29th of the same month, the besiegers recommenced active
+operations. Supported by a strong body of Imperialists, the
+Franco-Chinese attacked and carried the outworks of the city a second
+time, the garrisons retiring within the walls after some hard fighting.
+The next day fire was opened upon the city from numerous siege
+artillery, and a practicable breach was soon effected. Again the
+Franco-Chinese, or more correctly speaking, Manchoos, led the assault,
+but met with such gallant resistance that they were driven back to their
+supports in confusion. Twice they bravely rallied, and twice they
+endeavoured to storm the breach, rendered impregnable by the brave
+hearts and ready hands defending it, and each time they were repulsed
+with great slaughter. At the close of the day the assault was given up,
+after a heavy loss of life, and a vast expenditure of British shot and
+shell without other result.</p>
+
+<p>Although Hang-chow could not be wrested from the Ti-pings by force of
+arms, a few days later it fell from external influences, having been
+rendered untenable through the capture of Kar-sing-foo by the enemy,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_751" id="Page_751">[751]</a></span>
+whereby its supplies and lines of communication were cut off.</p>
+
+<p>About the same time that Gordon commenced his raid upon Yih-sing,
+Li-yang, and Kin-tang, Manchoo General Ching proceeded with a large army
+and an auxiliary force composed of detachments from the English
+contingent, to beleaguer the city of Kar-sing-foo, situated about midway
+between Soo-chow and Hang-chow, on the Grand Canal. Ching was the
+bravest native general engaged against the Ti-pings; he was a renegade
+from their cause, and we all know that such people make the most bitter
+enemies. He had already been defeated before the city, shortly after I
+had left it on my last return to Shanghae. Gordon's subordinate,
+<i>Colonel</i> Bailey, had charge of the large siege train accompanying the
+army, and in a few hours after establishing his batteries, managed to
+effectively breach the walls of the doomed city. On rushed Ching's men
+and their allies, but their efforts were useless, for every assault
+failed; and Ching himself received a wound which, more than a month
+later, proved mortal. Some few days subsequent to this repulse, large
+reinforcements were received by the enemy, fresh breaches were made, and
+the small but devoted garrison was compelled to evacuate the place at
+night, having lost their gallant commander, Yoong-wang, and nearly
+two-thirds of their number. When the Imperialists at last entered, they
+put to the sword all the unfortunate non-combatants who had not fled the
+city,<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> sparing neither man, woman, nor child, during their cruel
+butchery of the unoffending inhabitants. Does Colonel Gordon, R.E., call
+this "observing the rules of warfare as practised among foreign
+nations," according to the proviso of Sir F. Bruce? Does Sir F. Bruce,
+after the massacres at Wu-see, Kar-sing, &amp;c., still term Gordon's
+conduct "a service in favour of humanity"?</p>
+
+<p>After<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_752" id="Page_752">[752]</a></span> the loss of Kar-sing, Hang-chow was also evacuated, and the two
+garrisons retreated to the large city of Hoo-chow-foo. The fortune of
+war now set strongly against the Christian patriots. With a few
+memorable exceptions, they were everywhere defeated, through the British
+influence so cruelly brought to bear against them, for which they were
+always unprepared, and equally unable to resist.</p>
+
+<p>Having retired to Quin-san (the head-quarters of the Anglo-Manchoo
+contingent), after his defeat at Hwa-soo, Gordon was shortly joined by
+an Imperialist army of 15,000 men. A body of troops, commanded by
+officers of H.B. Majesty's 67th regiment, was also moved from Shanghae
+to support them. The Imperialists and the whole disciplined force,
+together with the latter's large park of artillery, now took the field
+again and moved upon the Foo-wang's position. The Ti-pings were still
+lightly intrenched at the village of Hwa-soo; they had been strongly
+reinforced by the Shi-wang, but were considerably hampered by a large
+number of country people who had fled from the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th of April the Imperialists commenced their attack, but,
+warned by former defeats, they entirely depended upon their artillery,
+to which the Ti-pings had not a single gun to reply with. The
+over-matched defenders were at last shelled out of their open
+breast-works with great slaughter, and being outflanked by the
+disciplined and undisciplined enemy, were much cut up during their
+retreat, while a great number were made prisoners and savagely put to
+death, as described in Chapter XXIII. by the letter of an officer
+present, under the eyes of <i>General</i> Gordon. The loss of the Ti-pings on
+this occasion was very heavy. Although the Shi and Foo Wangs succeeded
+in cutting their way through the enemy with their best troops, at least
+8,000 unfortunates, principally country people, were killed.</p>
+
+<p>Following up his success, Gordon pursued the retreating<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_753" id="Page_753">[753]</a></span> force to
+Chang-chow-foo. Meanwhile troops were being concentrated upon the same
+point from every quarter, so that within a few days the city was
+surrounded by an immense Imperialist army, which was estimated to exceed
+100,000 men. The Shi-wang having proceeded to Kin-tang, the garrison
+commanded by the Foo-wang cannot have consisted of more than 7,000 to
+8,000 effective soldiers, but at least 10,000 civilians, including all
+persons of any standing in the Chang-chow district, and who were Ti-ping
+subjects, or held civil office under the Tien-wang's Government, had
+sought refuge within the city walls, carrying with them their movable
+property and their families, whereby the number of non-combatants was
+more than doubled.</p>
+
+<p>Three times already had the Imperialists been completely routed before
+the city, and the siege raised by the gallant resistance of the
+garrison, although on two occasions the enemy were assisted by
+detachments of foreign artillery and disciplined troops. After much hard
+fighting the defenders were driven from all their outworks and strictly
+confined to the city walls, when the besiegers at once proceeded to
+effect several breaches. The following account of the subsequent efforts
+of Gordon and the Futai to storm the place is partly transcribed from
+the narrative of an officer engaged, and which was published in the
+<i>Shanghae Recorder</i> of May 2, 1864.</p>
+
+<p>The Ti-pings having been driven from all their stockades and
+intrenchments to the west of the city, and these being occupied by a
+strong force of Imperial troops, Gordon moved round opposite the
+south-east angle, and commenced forming his siege batteries, while the
+Imperialists placed their guns on his left, facing the south of the
+city. A combined attack was arranged for the 27th of April, but as the
+Imperialist batteries were ready on the 24th, and the troops who had so
+often been defeated were eager to storm, and averse to relinquish their
+hope of taking the city, the Futai gave orders to open fire, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_754" id="Page_754">[754]</a></span> by
+three o'clock in the afternoon a capital breach was effected. The
+advance was sounded and the stormers pushed on steadily to the city
+ditch, but were there thrown into confusion by some defect in the
+bridges. At last, however, they scrambled across, and advancing through
+the stakes got to the foot of the breach, where they maintained
+themselves for a considerable time; but the defenders, notwithstanding a
+most destructive covering fire from the Imperialist guns and from a
+battery of Gordon's enfilading the <i>terre plein</i>, manned the breach and
+wall with great courage, regardless of life, and compelled the
+assailants to fall back with heavy loss. This ended the first day's
+assault.</p>
+
+<p>Gordon's guns having been put in position during the night, and a
+pontoon bridge laid down over the city ditch (the garrison was too weak
+to prevent the same by a sortie, and had not a single cannon to oppose
+its construction), at daybreak he opened fire, while the Imperialists'
+batteries did the same to knock away the barricades thrown up in their
+breach. Bang, bang, went the heavy guns, as quickly followed by the boom
+of bursting shell tearing up ponderous masses of the wall, and burying
+beneath them many of the defenders, while the smaller guns laid along
+the parapet right and left operated with deadly effect wherever the
+garrison appeared, or opened fire with their jingalls or musketry. By
+half-past twelve o'clock the new breach was rendered practicable, and
+the signal was given to the Imperialists to storm at the old one. On
+rushed the 4th Regiment of Anglo-Manchoo mercenaries, bravely led by
+<i>Colonel</i> Howard, and forward came the Ti-pings to the breach,
+determined and daring, to be mowed down in heaps by the terrible
+covering fire of the artillery; but no sooner down than their place was
+filled by their followers rushing with unabated courage to the defence.
+In the words of the officer whose narrative we are making contribute to
+this history:&mdash;The edge of the city ditch was gained, and over went the
+4th Regiment's colours, accompanied<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_755" id="Page_755">[755]</a></span> by Colonel Howard, Captain Cane
+(R.A.), and Lieutenant Stackpole, and up the breach through a shower of
+missiles and fire-balls. Then came that deadly pause, the colours waving
+on the breach, defended by a few brave men. The defenders and assailants
+hesitated. They stood at bay for a moment. The "celestial" nature shrank
+from the dread conflict hand to hand. The officers attempted to break
+the spell: they pushed their men, they pulled them, they beat them with
+their swords, but in vain. The Ti-pings, fighting for life, sooner
+recovered their presence of mind, and every man discharged his missile
+on the heads of the assailants. The colours and their defenders were
+pushed off the wall down the breach, and had to retire over the bridge
+on their column. A murderous fire was poured from every loop-hole, men
+were falling fast, yet the attacking force stood its ground, but
+hesitated to advance to where it would have been comparatively safe,
+being too low for the aim of the besieged. The retire was now sounded,
+and the stormers fell back to cover.</p>
+
+<p>The Ti-pings suffered terribly from the superior arms of their
+assailants, and now that they had succeeded in repulsing them a second
+time, they were swept from the shattered walls by the artillery, which
+still continued to fire on them. At half-past two o'clock in the
+afternoon the enemy were ready at both points of attack for a
+simultaneous movement. Up went their signal rockets, a yell burst from
+the ranks of Gordon's force, which was taken up and carried along the
+Imperialist lines, and on came both storming parties at a rapid pace.
+The 3rd Regiment of the English contingent now made the assault, and
+their colours were borne up the breach by Captain Winstanley (H.M.'s
+67th Regiment), and other officers rallying around them and fighting
+hand to hand with the defenders. The Imperialists crossed their bridges,
+crowded at the foot of the other breach, and waved their flags about,
+but hesitated to mount it. With their bamboo spears, and undiminished
+courage, the brave garrison<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_756" id="Page_756">[756]</a></span> rushed to meet their well-armed enemy,
+while all who possessed firearms plied them diligently from the walls,
+and others kept up an incessant volley of brickbats from the heaps piled
+ready for use around the rampart, and which formed a principal means of
+defence. Still Gordon's troops maintained their position on the walls,
+and, if possible, began to increase the extent of their lodgment, whilst
+the Ti-pings were falling fast from the musketry of the enemy, which
+they had but small means to answer. At this critical moment the Foo-wang
+headed a last desperate charge in person. Leading forward all his
+unwounded men, this gallant chief inspired them with fresh ardour, while
+the efforts of the assailants began to flag. As one present stated: The
+contest every moment became more close, and was prolonged for at least
+twenty minutes. At length the stormers were driven from the ground they
+had gained, and hurled to the bottom of the breach. Several times they
+struggled to mount again, but every attempt was futile. The rear ranks
+of the enemy being under the fire from the wall, lost heavily in killed
+and wounded, while the front ranks, so desperately opposed, could not
+advance. The order to retire was now given, and the assaulting forces
+were withdrawn to cover, while their artillery again swept the breach
+with canister, shell, and grape, inflicting fearful havoc among the
+dauntless garrison of Chang-chow. During all this time the Imperialists
+had hurried on column after column to assault by their own breach, but
+none were able to effect a lodgment within the well-defended walls of
+the city. Every attack was repulsed with great slaughter upon both
+sides, and at last the bravest of the late General Ching's&mdash;he had died
+from the effects of a wound in the head received at Kar-sing&mdash;Mandarins
+advanced with his men, but though he passed the sticking point and got
+his colours partly into the breach, yet he too was brought to a stand
+and obliged to retire. The assault was now abandoned, and the besiegers
+carried off their killed and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_757" id="Page_757">[757]</a></span> wounded, including 27 European officers,
+400 of the English contingent, and about 1,500 Imperialists.</p>
+
+<p>Although the Ti-pings were victorious, and had succeeded in defeating
+every attack upon the city, their triumph was only purchased by an awful
+sacrifice of life. When the stormers mounted the wall a fearful sight
+was before them. "Far as the eye could see, heaps upon heaps lay dead
+and mangled." During the different assaults at least one half the
+garrison were placed <i>hors-de-combat</i>, principally by the murderous fire
+of the enemy's artillery, which they were totally unable to countervail,
+having none to reply with. Chang-chow being completely surrounded by the
+vast Imperialist army, its fall, either by famine or the sword, was
+certain.</p>
+
+<p>Having established fresh batteries at a different part of the city, on
+the 11th of May the enemy succeeded in capturing it. Upon this occasion
+two immense breaches were made, while the incessant artillery fire, and
+the overwhelming rush of the enormously superior assailing force over
+the wide-spread ruins of the wall, quickly overpowered the last gallant
+resistance offered by the remnant of the garrison. A comparison of the
+casualties of the English contingent at each attack affords the best
+proof that the terrible results of the first had almost exterminated the
+defenders. At the first attack the contingent lost 27 officers and 400
+men; at the second, only 2 killed and 5 wounded! When the Imperialists
+poured through the two fresh breaches, the best and bravest of the
+remaining Ti-ping soldiers sacrificed themselves in the futile effort to
+repulse them, while their comrades, although fighting desperately to the
+last, were driven from the walls, and then through the streets of the
+city, still disputing the ground step by step. At last the few survivors
+were brought to bay in the commandant's palace. Throughout all the
+fighting the brave Foo-wang had been foremost in leading and encouraging
+his troops, and now, still unwounded, with several officers and a score
+or two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_758" id="Page_758">[758]</a></span> of men, he made a last desperate stand in his own house. One by
+one his few followers&mdash;unable to conquer, but determined to die with
+their faces to the foe and their hands raised to the last in defence of
+their noble cause&mdash;fell around him, and then for a moment he fought
+alone against a host of assailants. Still he was not killed, for a price
+was fixed upon his capture alive. At length this dauntless chief, whose
+acquaintance I have valued, and whose elegist I am proud though grieved
+to have become, was overpowered by numbers and beaten to the ground,
+though not until many an enemy had fallen under his heavy sword. Even
+when disarmed and helpless in the grasp of the foe, he still struggled
+against a fate that would never have befallen him but for the
+unexpected, irresistible, and unrighteous military interference of
+England. One report of the capture of Chang-chow (<i>China Mail</i>, May 30)
+states:&mdash;"The chief (Foo-wang) of those who were in command of the city,
+fought in his palace to the last, and required ten men to bind his hands
+and secure him; and, when brought into the presence of the Futai,
+refused submission or to pay any respect to him, saying, 'Ah! were it
+not for the aid of the disciplined troops (under Gordon) he defied all
+the Futai's hosts to take the city from him.'" If the British army,
+arsenals, and navy had been thrown open to supply the young and vigorous
+revolution, instead of <i>wasting</i> their help upon the corrupt and
+hopeless Manchoo, how great would the success and future results have
+been! With all the British assistance the Imperialists have barely been
+able to drive the Ti-pings from their cities and possessions in the
+provinces of Che-kiang and Kiang-nan, much less to suppress the great
+Christian and patriotic movement, or insure its final extinguishment.</p>
+
+<p>The Foo-wang was cruelly put to death by his merciless captors. "The two
+breaches were carried in a rush, and quarter was given <i>to only a few
+hundred men</i>;" so says the report above quoted from. How many days the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_759" id="Page_759">[759]</a></span>
+triumphant Mandarins were engaged butchering the unfortunate inhabitants
+does not transpire; but, with the exception of the small number
+mentioned, the whole 12,000, besides the garrison, with their families,
+were massacred. Two years' provisions were found in the city, and this
+being stored in the Ti-ping granaries, was the entire produce of the
+district, and was the sole means destined to support the people during
+the ensuing season. The whole supply was seized by the Imperialists; and
+though previous to their success much misery had been caused by the
+general effect of the war, after their capture of the departmental city
+the entire department was starved; such being the usual result of
+Manchoo re-establishment in any locality, and particularly so at
+Chang-chow-foo, as proved by the letter of the first English-contingent
+officer in Chapter XXIII.</p>
+
+<p>We have now noticed four authenticated instances (the captures of
+Wu-see, Kar-sing-foo, Hwa-soo, and Chang-chow-foo), subsequent to
+Gordon's return to service, when the conditions upon which Sir F. Bruce
+gave his approval to that officer's action were violated by the
+wholesale massacre of the vanquished and prisoners. We may, therefore,
+while expressing boundless disgust at Colonel Gordon's persistent
+continuance in the Futai's service after each and every one of these
+atrocities, fairly presume that the astounding assertion as to his
+influence in favour of humanity&mdash;in spite of the eulogy by Mr.
+Montgomery Martin at a late "China dinner" in London, wherein he stated
+that the officer in question had done more <i>for</i> the "civil cause" in
+China than all the bishops, merchants, and military put together&mdash;is not
+only negatived, but quite reversed.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the capture of Chang-chow-foo, Colonel Gordon was compelled
+to withdraw from active military operations by the Order in Council,
+prohibiting further aid to the Manchoo. He managed, however, to continue
+acting contrary to the ordinance, by organizing camps of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_760" id="Page_760">[760]</a></span> instruction
+and proceeding to Nankin in person, there to advise the besieging forces
+commanded by Tseng-kwo-fan.</p>
+
+<p>About the time the events noticed in this chapter were taking place in
+China, in England the energetic opposition of such men as Lord Naas,
+Colonel Sykes, Hon. Mr. Liddell, Mr. White, Messrs. Bright, Cobden, &amp;c.,
+from their places in the House of Commons, drew attention to the
+subject, and will ever stand as a memorable protest against the criminal
+policy of the Government.</p>
+
+<p>During the second debate of the session on "British relations with
+China" (May 20, 1864), Mr. Baxter, M.P., very happily termed the policy
+of the Government "not a comedy of errors, but a tragedy of errors."
+Lord Palmerston, in this case, defended his policy by a very
+extraordinary argument, which it is singular that his opponents did not
+use to his confusion. Coming out as the advocate of intervention in
+foreign affairs, he stated, as a justification of his war against the
+Ti-pings:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We have interfered in other countries, and with great benefit
+to those countries.... We interfered in the case of Greece, and
+established the independence of the Greek state. We interfered
+in the affairs of Belgium, and established it as an independent
+state. We interfered in the case of Portugal, and enabled the
+people of that country to obtain a free and parliamentary
+constitution. (Hear, hear.) We interfered in the affairs of
+Spain with equal success, and a similar result.... We interfered
+in a great measure in those events which led to the Crimean
+war.... We interfered in the affairs of China; and why? Because
+our treaty rights <i>were</i> endangered, and our national interests
+<i>were</i> at stake." </p></div>
+
+<p>Now, the noble Premier here cites a number of precedent cases;
+unfortunately, however, for his argument and acumen, on each occasion
+referred to, England, as worthily became her, interfered in the cause of
+an oppressed people; whereas, in the present case, he had been the
+active originator of an intervention diametrically the very opposite&mdash;a
+military interference <i>against</i> the oppressed natives of China, who were
+striving to liberate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_761" id="Page_761">[761]</a></span> <i>and Christianize</i> their unfortunate country. If
+Lord Palmerston had interfered in the spirit of the cases which came so
+glibly to his voluble tongue, he would have interfered to support the
+Ti-pings&mdash;not to slaughter them.</p>
+
+<p>After striving to justify his policy by precedents which should have
+entirely reversed it, Lord Palmerston was equally unhappy in his faulty
+explanation of the reasons "why" he interfered in China. As the Hon. Mr.
+Liddell, M.P., well said in his speech after the Premier, "The noble
+Viscount said that the Government interfered because the treaty rights
+were in danger. He wanted to know in what single instance had our treaty
+rights or our trade been in danger? He had asked that question before,
+and he now repeated it. (Hear, hear.) He wished to know any instance in
+which either the property or the life of a British subject had been
+placed in danger?"</p>
+
+<p>Every member of the British Parliament, who questioned the China policy
+of the Government, has asked the same question. It has never been
+answered, because there is really not a single fact on which to base an
+answer. Colonel Sykes, M.P., has frequently defied and challenged the
+Government to cite one act ever committed by the Ti-pings prejudicial to
+British interests, and they have been quite unable to do so; for none
+are upon record.</p>
+
+<p>Those who have been interested enough to wade through the compiled
+portion of this work will, no doubt, at once perceive the truthlessness
+of Lord Palmerston's charge against the Ti-pings, viz., that they
+endangered the treaty rights and national interests of England. No
+particle of truth mingles with the unfounded charge; no tittle of proof
+has ever been produced to justify the undeclared hostilities perpetrated
+against a friendly people which were consequent on it.</p>
+
+<p>Besides this, the venerable Premier was no less unfortunate with each
+proposition he chose to base his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_762" id="Page_762">[762]</a></span> arguments upon. To prove the cruelty
+of the Ti-pings, he stated:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"A steamer, called the <i>Firefly</i>, was carried off, and four or
+five men, who were upon the vessel, were roasted to death.</p>
+
+<p>"Colonel Sykes.&mdash;'By whom?'</p>
+
+<p>"Lord Palmerston.&mdash;'The Taepings.'</p>
+
+<p>"Colonel Sykes.-'No, no!'" </p></div>
+
+<p>Now, by the above extract from the <i>Standard's</i> report of the debate, we
+find that the Prime Minister's vivid imagination positively roasted the
+men whose fate has never yet been ascertained even in China. They are
+referred to in Chapter XXIV. of this work, but whether they are living
+or dead, and, if dead, how they were killed, are questions which have
+never yet been satisfactorily answered; and, from the mystery in which
+the fate of the unfortunate men is involved, probably never will be.</p>
+
+<p>Again, in a feeble effort to vaunt the duration and existence of the
+Manchoo dynasty, and, consequently, to make it appear that the Ti-pings
+were not striving to expel a foreign rule of comparatively modern
+establishment (which has never been entirely acknowledged nor submitted
+to, which has always been rebelled against, and which is still foreign
+to and hated by the Chinese), but, on the contrary, were simply rebels
+against an ancient and legitimate throne, Lord Palmerston made another
+very singular and important <i>mistake</i>. He tried to be satirical in
+commenting upon the excellent speech made by Mr. Baxter, M.P., who
+brought on the debate, by stating:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"My hon. friend says he has studied the Blue Books, but I
+apprehend that he has not equally studied the history of China.
+He talks of the Imperial dynasty as having been recently
+established over a conquered country; and, if I am not
+misinformed, I think it has existed for nearly 500 years." </p></div>
+
+<p>Well, the noble Premier was misinformed, and very much so, too. The
+Manchoo Tartars invaded China <span class="smcap">A.D.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_763" id="Page_763">[763]</a></span> 1644; they had not established
+themselves as its masters before the year 1683. It was, doubtless, very
+funny and gratifying to chaff a troublesome member out of countenance,
+but still there must be some people who expect the Chief Minister of the
+British Government to be pretty accurate in the statements he makes from
+his place in the House of Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>We will now notice a few incidents of the next, and last, debate on
+China; when the late Mr. Cobden, on the evening of May 31, 1864, rose to
+move in the House of Commons:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"That, in the opinion of this House, the policy of
+non-intervention, by force of arms, in the internal political
+affairs of foreign countries, which we profess to observe in our
+relations with the states of Europe and America, should be
+observed in our intercourse with the Empire of China." </p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Cobden, after making a truly magnificent and exhaustive speech, was
+replied to by Mr. Layard, the Under Secretary of State for Foreign
+Affairs. Out of the many distinguished Members who followed, only one,
+Mr. Gregson, supported the policy of the Government; and he, by faintest
+praise and three minutes' unmeaning talk, proved but a poor champion, if
+he did not make a worse case for his superiors.</p>
+
+<p>At the termination of the debate, Mr. Cobden withdrew his motion because
+Lord Palmerston distinctly avowed the failure and abandonment of his
+policy of intervention in China, and declared his intention to preserve
+an entirely neutral, defensive attitude in future.</p>
+
+<p>The faithlessness and falsehood induced by the evil course adopted by
+the British Government in persistently endeavouring to carry out Lord
+Palmerston's pertinacious, crotchety, unrighteous policy to force
+British trade upon China (which involved the necessity of crushing the
+Imperial power, and then that of the Ti-ping revolution which would have
+succeeded it, so that, in fact, the British Government could dictate its
+whims without fear of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_764" id="Page_764">[764]</a></span> refusal or opposition) were singularly
+exemplified during the debate referred to.</p>
+
+<p>We have seen that in the preceding debate Lord Palmerston plainly and
+frankly declared:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We interfered in the affairs of China; and why?" </p></div>
+
+<p>Now, Mr. Layard, when replying to Mr. Cobden's speech, stated:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Her Majesty's Government had been accused of supporting the
+Chinese" (Manchoo) "government against the Taipings. [Cries of
+hear, hear!] <i>He had pointed out that such was not the
+case.</i>"&mdash;He then qualified this sentence by saying,&mdash;"Beyond our
+preventing the Taepings entering the treaty ports <span class="smcap">FOR THE
+PURPOSE OF DESTROYING THEM</span>, a course which we were compelled to
+take." </p></div>
+
+<p>First, Mr. Layard denies the interference declared by Lord Palmerston,
+and then he admits it, attempting to justify the policy by the sweeping
+assertion in capitals. Now, if the ministers were "compelled" to prevent
+the Ti-pings entering the treaty ports, how is it that they were allowed
+to capture and occupy the treaty port of Ningpo? And now, to impugn Mr.
+Layard's veracity, if the Ti-pings endeavoured to enter the treaty ports
+"<span class="smcap">FOR THE PURPOSE OF DESTROYING THEM</span>," how is it that they held the city
+of Ningpo for many months and did not destroy the least particle of
+property within its walls?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Layard's fault is a common one, only in an uncommon position. He
+knew that the policy of the Government was wrong, he knew that he was
+wrong himself, and besides occupying the pugnacious position of buffer
+or breakwater to the Foreign Office, he did not like to admit it. Poor
+Mr. Layard's situation must be an unpleasant one sometimes. He has
+unpleasant work to do. Undoubtedly he has an irritable temper and a
+sharp tongue, but it is rather unfortunate that he has a bad memory.
+After stating that her Majesty's Government had not been interfering,
+"such was not the case," beyond<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_765" id="Page_765">[765]</a></span> preventing the destruction of the
+treaty ports, and affirming, "the hon. gentleman the member for Montrose
+(Mr. Baxter), the other evening, after condemning the policy of the
+Government, concluded by expressing a wish, that the Government would
+continue to defend the treaty ports and protect British interests in
+China. <i>That was what the Government had been doing all along.</i>" After
+thus expressing himself, Mr. Layard declared, "His hon. friend had
+really condemned a state of things in China <i>which no longer existed</i>."
+That is to say, Mr. Layard firstly stated that the hostilities waged
+against the Ti-pings were only to protect British interests; in fact,
+simply a defensive policy; and, secondly, he stated that such policy "no
+longer existed." Therefore, the natural deduction is that the British
+Government ceased to protect British interests at the treaty ports;
+such, however, was not and is not the case. The change that took place
+was the abandonment of the policy "of supporting the Chinese (Manchoo)
+Government against the Taepings," and the cessation of further
+aggressive military and naval operations against them. This was
+satisfactorily proved by the Premier's speech, who sadly contradicted
+his subordinate's defensive theory, as the following extracts from it
+will show:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Now, it is almost unnecessary, I think, for them" (the members
+who had spoken against his policy) "to have expressed their
+opinion with regard to the expedition of Captain Osborn, and the
+employment of Major Gordon and others, because we have stated on
+former occasions that those Orders in Council under which those
+officers <i>were employed</i>" (by the Manchoo Government; how about
+Mr. Layard's "such was not the case"?) "have been revoked....
+Therefore that policy is at an end." (Now the following is a
+plain avowal of what Mr. Cobden brought his motion against.) "I
+think that we were perfectly justified in the steps we took,
+because it is evident that the more we can contribute to the
+<i>internal classification</i> of China, the more the trade, which
+everybody agrees is the main and principal object of our going
+to China, the more that trade would flourish....</p>
+
+<p>"If, by allowing a British subject <i>to enter into the service of
+the Emperor</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_766" id="Page_766">[766]</a></span><i>of China</i>,<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> we have been the means of
+strengthening the hands of the Chinese Government, and enabling
+them to put down in any degree or diminish the scope of that
+rebellion, I say we should have been rendering not only a
+service to China, but promoting those objects to which alone our
+intercourse with China ought to be confined.<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> <span class="smcap">Those measures
+have failed</span>, and I am sorry for it." </p></div>
+
+<p>After this expression of opinion it is by no means surprising to find
+the Premier declaring a little further on, in the same speech: "I say it
+is the duty of this country to endeavour by <i>all the means</i> in her power
+to extend her commerce." Under <i>these</i> circumstances it is not difficult
+to account for the intervention in China, and while Englishmen, who have
+any respect for the principles of right and justice, may regret their
+late lamented statesman did not say, "by all the" righteous or
+legitimate "means in her power," they cannot fail to feel gratified that
+"those measures have failed," even though the originator of the
+measures, their late popular and jaunty minister, was "sorry for it."</p>
+
+<p>Those measures have failed! it is true. They have failed miserably; they
+have failed to work good, but not to do harm. England has derived no
+benefit from them, China has received much evil. The schemes to
+Anglicise the Chinese army, navy, and civil service have failed; the
+efforts to extinguish rebellion against the Manchoo allies of the
+British Government (after the last war had rendered them quite powerless
+and docile <i>for the time being</i>) have likewise signally failed, for
+rebellion is more rife than ever: but "those measures" have been
+famously successful in causing an enormous sacrifice of life, in
+injuring the cause of Christianity and civilization, and obstructing its
+progress in China for the present.</p>
+
+<p>The failure of Lord Palmerston's policy came all too late for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_767" id="Page_767">[767]</a></span>
+rectifying the evil already perpetrated. Within two months of his public
+announcement that the measures of his administration had failed, Nankin,
+the capital and the political strength of the Ti-pings, fell into the
+hands of the Imperialists. Assisted, as we have described, by the
+powerful, though underhanded, British alliance, the Manchoo forces were
+enabled to capture or isolate every city beyond the capital. When
+Chang-chow-foo was taken by the Englishman Gordon, the neighbouring
+cities of Tan-yang, Kin-tang, &amp;c., became untenable, and were
+consequently evacuated by their garrisons. Under command of
+Le-shih-seen, the Shi-wang (the Chung-wang's cousin, sometimes
+figuratively referred to as his "brother"), were also the troops from
+Hang-chow (capital of Che-kiang), Kar-sing-foo, Yih-shing, Li-yang, and
+many smaller places. Between these forces and Nankin the vast army
+commanded by the Imperialist Le-Futai now intervened, but their
+communication with the great city of Hoo-chow-foo, at the south of the
+Ta-hoo lake, and strongly garrisoned by several wangs, was still intact.</p>
+
+<p>Unable to advance against the superior forces of the enemy, much less to
+reach Nankin and endeavour to rescue it from the besieging army of
+Imperialists under Tseng-kwo-fan, at least 80,000 to 100,000 strong, the
+Shi-wang commenced what seems to have been a preconcerted retreat to the
+south. This occurred during the month of June.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly afterwards, on the 19th of July, 1864, Nankin reverted to
+Manchoo authority. Thus the city which had been the capital of the great
+Ti-ping revolution and the head-quarters of its Government during more
+than eleven years, and which throughout that period had defied the
+strongest efforts of the rulers of the greatest and most populous empire
+in the world, succumbed at last through the unjustifiable hostilities
+and crotchety, bullying, meddlesomeness of the British Government or
+some of its members.</p>
+
+<p>Again,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_768" id="Page_768">[768]</a></span> soon after this overwhelming disaster, the Ti-ping forces at
+Hoo-chow-foo, after soundly beating their immediate adversaries,
+evacuated that city, and followed in the rear of the Shi-wang's army, if
+they did not join it during the nearly simultaneous retrograde movement.
+During the months of May, June, July, and August, 1864, the remnants of
+Ti-pingdom continued retreating to the southern provinces.</p>
+
+<p>We must now consider for a moment the loss of Nankin. Of the two other
+events&mdash;the retreat of the Shi-wang's army and the retreat from
+Hoo-chow&mdash;it is needless to say much, as these fugitives are well known
+to be safe, and at present advantageously disputing the enemy in the
+south of China.</p>
+
+<p>The only records of the fall of the Ti-ping capital are those of
+Imperialist origin, and the lying proclivities of the whole body of
+Manchoo officials are too well known to need comment.</p>
+
+<p>The following particulars are condensed from the Mandarin reports; they
+cannot be depended upon except to a very limited extent, and are,
+therefore, succeeded by a version I have deduced from almost every
+source of European information in China, comprising the Shanghae and
+Hong-kong press, and intelligence gathered for me by friends on the
+spot. Besides this, I have carefully traced the progress of events since
+the fall of Nankin till the present moment, and have found my former
+experience of much value in disentangling contradictory and confused
+statements.</p>
+
+<p>The Imperialist accounts of the capture of Nankin are to the following
+effect:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>On the 17th of August news reached the besieging army that the Tien-wang
+had committed suicide by swallowing gold-leaf. The Imperialists now
+pushed on their works more rapidly than before, and on the 19th of the
+same month, having run an enormous mine under the north-east gate, they
+fired it, and completely destroyed a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_769" id="Page_769">[769]</a></span> portion of the wall, about one
+hundred and twenty feet in length. It is also reported that 68,000
+pounds of powder were used in the explosion.</p>
+
+<p>The Imperialists stated that they lost 5,000 killed and wounded in the
+breach, but, as the <i>North China Market Report</i> observed, "for this
+assertion there is not the slightest foundation, as on the day following
+the assault there remained no trace of a struggle." In similar style
+they declared that their losses while storming the Tien-wang's palace
+were immense, but, as the European journals say, "This assertion is in
+like manner utterly false. The gate must have been forced with little or
+no difficulty, or quietly given up, and the very citadel of Taepingdom
+was in the hands of the enemy."</p>
+
+<p>Now, after having poisoned the Ti-ping king with gold-leaf, the enemy
+very curiously burned him to death.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after the capture of Nankin, Mr. Adkins, H.M. Consul at
+Chin-kiang, proceeded to the city on board M.M.S. <i>Slaney</i>, in order, as
+he expresses himself in his despatch to Earl Russell on the subject, "to
+congratulate the Chinese (Manchoo) Commander-in-Chief on the auspicious
+termination of his two years' siege." Well, the commander, or some of
+his followers, told the officious Mr. Adkins that when they made good
+their entrance into the city, "they found that the palace of the
+Tien-wang <i>had been burnt to the ground</i>."</p>
+
+<p>What about the "immense loss" of the other version, in which they do
+such heroic deeds to capture the palace?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Adkins goes on to say "that the impostor (?) and his immediate
+attendants lie buried in its ruins."</p>
+
+<p>The victors also reported that they captured the Chung-wang a few days
+later, and also the Kan-wang when they entered the city, finding him in
+the Tien-wang's palace. Chung-wang, they say, managed to leave the city
+with a number of followers, but was captured three days later by a body
+of cavalry sent in pursuit: this was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_770" id="Page_770">[770]</a></span> the account given to Mr. Adkins.
+Another Imperialist version states that the Ti-ping Commander-in-Chief
+was captured by <i>some villagers</i> a few miles from the city, through
+having given up his own white horse (celebrated for great strength and
+fleetness) to his young prince, the Tien-wang's son, and having
+compelled him to mount it and escape when he saw that at least a portion
+of his party must be captured. Certainly this seems very characteristic
+of the Chung-wang's brave, loyal, and generous nature, but then it is
+the only incident in the whole narrative which bears the appearance of
+truth and probability. Besides the above two stories of his capture,
+when the enemy obtained possession of Hoo-chow-foo, they reported that
+they had caught the Chung-wang <i>there</i>, and from that place a head,
+stated to be the great rebel general's, was sent over the country as a
+warning to the people.</p>
+
+<p>As for the story of the Kan-wang's capture, there are several
+contradictory and apparently authentic statements: one by a certain
+Patrick Nellis, who personally saw the chief and talked with him at
+Hoo-chow (subsequent to the fall of Nankin), where it seems that he
+proceeded with an escort to communicate the loss or abandonment of the
+capital, and concert measures for the evacuation of Hoo-chow-foo as
+well.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></p>
+
+<p>Besides the above reports, others were promulgated by the Mandarins, in
+which they defeated different Ti-ping armies <i>en route</i> for the south,
+killing thousands and tens of thousands of rebels and capturing many
+chiefs, among them the Shi-wang, who, singularly enough, still managed
+to be in command of the Ti-pings near Amoy, until within the last few
+months, when he retired to join other leaders farther inland.
+Confessions were produced which professed to be written by the penitent
+rebel leaders in their dungeons, while awaiting their turn to be
+disembowelled, or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_771" id="Page_771">[771]</a></span> "cut into a thousand pieces"&mdash;a pleasing prospect, of
+course likely to make the destined victims suddenly feel inspired with
+love and respect for the benevolent Manchoos, whom they had so
+vigorously opposed all their lives! Among these seemingly fabricated
+confessions only one is worthy of any attention, and that is a lengthy
+composition, entitled, "The autographic deposition of Chung-wang, the
+faithful king, at his trial after the capture of Nankin." Were it not
+for the known mendacity of the Mandarins, and their particular addiction
+to forging documents of this sort in order to lessen the prestige of the
+revolution by representing its principal leaders as in their merciless
+power, there would be little doubt but that the one in question was
+genuine. In 1852, previous to the capture of Nankin by the Ti-pings, the
+Imperial authorities concocted an article they named the "Confession of
+Tien-teh," pretending that it was the deposition of the leader of the
+rebellion, whom they falsely declared was their prisoner. It is quite
+probable that the "Chung-wang's deposition" is of similar truthlessness,
+and was made up by some prisoner of note (who may have been pardoned in
+consequence), and the cunning writers attached to the Governor-General
+of the two Kiang, Tseng-kwo-fan. Still it must be admitted that many
+portions of the alleged deposition bear not only the impress of truth
+(in so far as historical events, data, &amp;c., are concerned), but
+expressions closely resembling the well known sentiments of the great
+Ti-ping general; so that if, as we trust, he was not the author, some
+one pretty intimately acquainted with him must have been. However, some
+facts tending to support the theory (for there is no direct proof in any
+case except the Shi-wang's movements subsequent to the fall of Nankin)
+of the Chung-wang's escape, will be given in the course of our
+narrative.</p>
+
+<p>Having noticed the Imperialist reports, it is now necessary to give the
+following digest of the events referred to, and which may be depended
+upon as the only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_772" id="Page_772">[772]</a></span> possible version to be derived from the existing and
+attainable sources of information:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>It is known that when the Chung-wang became convinced England was
+determined to persist in prosecuting hostilities against his people, and
+likewise felt their inability to cope with the foreign power, he at once
+decided upon the best military movement under the circumstances&mdash;namely,
+an entire abandonment of all accessible possessions, and a retreat into
+the interior, where British hostility could not reach them, and where no
+Manchoo forces could either prevent their operations, restrain their
+consequent reinforcement, or impede their future progress.</p>
+
+<p>Before parting with the Chung-wang, I was myself present at several
+councils when the above plan was discussed, and unanimously agreed to by
+every chief present. But one impediment prevented the Commander-in-Chief
+from acting with his usual brilliancy of conception and wonderfully
+successful rapidity of execution; it was the Tien-wang, who refused even
+to listen to any proposal to abandon his capital.</p>
+
+<p>Different people will view this ruinous obstinacy of the Ti-ping king in
+various ways. Some will look upon it as sheer, downright folly; others,
+as the useless, fanatical sacrifice of a bigot; while some may consider
+that that great, heroic, noble-minded man, having once established the
+capital of his dominions and the centre of his religio-political
+movement at Nankin, did right and gloriously in meeting death rather
+than turning backwards on the grand path. If we ascribe to the Tien-wang
+motives partaking equally of the three traits&mdash;nobleness, fanaticism,
+and rashness&mdash;we shall probably be pretty near the truth.</p>
+
+<p>At all events, the Tien-wang passionately refused to entertain the only
+plan by which the existence of the Ti-ping power, and the perpetuation
+of his dynasty, seemed possible. All the court officers, cabinet
+ministers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_773" id="Page_773">[773]</a></span> and other high authorities of Nankin, were blindly
+subservient to the will of their king, and equally infatuated with his
+religious and temporal command. Besides, many of those about him were of
+the Hung family, and, being nearly related to their chief, not only
+followed implicitly his wishes, but jealously formed themselves into a
+clique about him, to the prejudice and exclusion of other more capable
+and independent officers. All the fighting Wangs were outside the
+capital, and incessantly engaged with the enemy; few troops were in
+garrison, while many thousands of helpless non-combatants daily
+diminished the stores of the failing granaries; and if the multitudinous
+besieging army, encamped and fortified all round the devoted city, had
+been animated with the slightest particle of courage or military spirit,
+they might easily have captured it many months before it eventually fell
+through starvation, or was evacuated by the troops.</p>
+
+<p>The Chung-wang, after his separation from myself at Wu-see, proceeded
+direct to Nankin <i>viâ</i> Chang-chow-foo. His only object was to save the
+king and his own family (living with his aged mother, whom he loved with
+excessive filial tenderness), by inducing them to leave the untenable
+city. He, alone, proposed the unpalatable man&oelig;uvre to the
+Tien-wang, whose severe displeasure he had already incurred, being
+punished in various ways&mdash;by deprivation of titles, refusal of audience,
+accusation of disloyalty, &amp;c. How the time (December, 1863, to 19th
+July, 1864) was passed, from the arrival of the Chung-wang to the fall
+of the capital, unless the professed "autographic deposition" be true,
+or the garrison really abandoned the city and escaped, will probably
+never be known to history. Either, as the "deposition" states, the whole
+city petitioned against the departure of the renowned commander, or he
+personally elected to remain, rather than desert his king in the hour of
+death and darkness, even though such calamity might have been avoided
+but for the fatal perverseness of the monarch; perhaps both causes
+operated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_774" id="Page_774">[774]</a></span> to confine him to useless inactivity within the walls of the
+doomed city&mdash;inevitably doomed, and encircled by the numberless siege
+works of the enemy as with a band of impenetrable steel.</p>
+
+<p>How the poor people, fated by the passive stubbornness of their rulers,
+must have gathered together round their great warrior, as men will rally
+about a tower of strength; how the unnumbered thousands of helpless
+non-combatants must have rejoiced at the presence of him whose very name
+was an army, a bulwark to his people, and a terror to the enemy; how
+bitterly must the brave, energetic soldier have grieved and chafed at
+the unnecessarily-incurred annihilation, and growing horrors of the
+siege, which should have been avoided; but, alas! how could one great
+man, without means, save a people, a sacred cause, and a city invested
+by 100,000 savage foemen?</p>
+
+<p>Loyalty and filial duty brought the "faithful prince" to Nankin; the
+same motives bound him there to await destruction, when his presence in
+the field&mdash;at the head of his own army, left under command of his
+cousin, the Shi-wang&mdash;would have proved invaluable, and would surely
+have placed the Ti-pings in a much better position than they occupied at
+the close of the year 1865.</p>
+
+<p>Nankin fell at last. All that is <i>positively</i> known by Europeans&mdash;apart
+from false, garbled, and exaggerated Mandarin sources&mdash;may be summed up
+in few words:&mdash;Frightful privations were endured before the enemy took
+possession; and when the city was entered by Mr. Consul Adkins, and
+other gentlemen, the streets and houses were literally blocked up with
+the bodies of the dead, by far the greater portion having the appearance
+of death from starvation; and many being very far advanced in
+decomposition, proved that, long before the Imperialists found courage
+enough to blow an opening through the undefended walls, the unfortunate
+people had succumbed to famine faster than the living could bury the
+dead&mdash;in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_775" id="Page_775">[775]</a></span> fact, it was evident that no such effort could have been
+successful from the numbers who had daily perished.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Adkins, in his despatch to Earl Russell, places the number of people
+slaughtered by the Imperialists on their entry at 10,000; but other
+visitors state as many as 30,000, which is probably nearer the truth.</p>
+
+<p>It is also certain that many chiefs with their followers left Nankin in
+safety. A successor to the Mo-wang, assassinated at Soo-chow, having
+afterwards appeared at Hong-kong; the Yu and Hsieh Wangs (the latter
+being one of the Tien-wang's brothers, and always attached to the court)
+being heard of in Kiang-si at the head of an army; while the following
+extract from the narrative of one Patrick Nellis, already referred to,
+and which was made on affidavit before the British Consul at Shanghae,
+seems to prove that the Ti-ping prime minister escaped from Nankin, and
+such being the case, undoubtedly there are strong grounds to believe the
+military leaders did likewise. In the evidence sworn to, Nellis, after
+describing an engagement with the Imperialists, states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On our return to Hoo-chow-foo, Kang-wang arrived from Nankin
+with an escort. Great ceremonies were shown at his reception; he
+did not look as if he had suffered any hardship...." </p></div>
+
+<p>In speaking of the evacuation of the city, Nellis makes the following
+statement:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Kan-wang spoke to me in English very slowly. He asked me what I
+was. I said, 'an Englishman.' He said he had never met a good
+foreigner, and asked me if I would go with him to Kiang-si. I
+said I should be very glad if Tow-wang (Commandant of Hoo-chow)
+would let me." </p></div>
+
+<p>This conversation took place more than a month after the fall of Nankin,
+and a few days before the abandonment of Hoo-chow-foo on the 28th
+August, 1864. Upon the strength of such facts the <i>Friend of China</i> has
+steadily maintained that Nankin was abandoned by all but the poorest
+civilians when the Imperialists made their breach and marched through
+without opposition.</p>
+
+<p>Another<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_776" id="Page_776">[776]</a></span> circumstance damaging to the veracity of the Imperialist
+reports, is a statement (contained in one of the Mandarin's inspired
+"confessions,") purporting to be that of the Tien-wang's son (the heir
+to the throne). The young prince is made to state that his father
+"succumbed to sickness on the 24th of May, 1864;" but of this
+all-important event the "Chung-wang's deposition" makes no mention. Here
+is an inconsistency which at once proves either one or both the
+"confessions" false; because, if the Tien-wang had really died, the
+Chung-wang would have been at liberty to carry out his own views and
+abandon Nankin; whereas his professed "deposition" states that, to the
+day the city fell, he was unable to do so in consequence of the
+Tien-wang's opposition.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Friend of China</i> also states that a Mr. Butler, of Shanghae,
+actually witnessed the withdrawal of the garrison. Moreover, adding
+together the few spared by the enemy, those slain and those destroyed by
+famine, we should even then scarcely have the number of destitute
+people&mdash;labourers, coolies, and friendless non-combatants&mdash;who were
+relieved by the Chung-wang alone during the early part of the year 1864,
+when he kept a list of about 80,000 dependent upon his resources and
+charity. In 1863 rations were daily issued to upwards of 400,000 people.
+At the period now referred to, when the Chung-wang shut himself up in
+the beleaguered city, the population, inclusive, was certainly not less
+than a fifth of a million, and, probably, far exceeded that number;
+therefore, even supposing that one-half (which is a large estimate)
+perished, were slain, or made prisoners, during and at the termination
+of the siege, how can we account for the 100,000 remaining, unless we
+believe that they had previously managed to effect their retreat from
+the city?</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Friend of China</i>, August 16, 1864, appears the following:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_777" id="Page_777">[777]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We are still assured by parties who have means of knowing, that
+our first story of the evacuation of Nankin by its soldiery,
+before the Imperialists sprung their mine and rushed in, was the
+correct story; all those 30,000 massacred individuals told of by
+the <i>Recorder</i> (but <i>not</i> mentioned at the Asiatic Society with
+the "flushing of a pheasant") being inoffensive men, women, and
+children.</p>
+
+<p>"The Chung-wang, it is said, is not dead. He is at Hoo-chow-foo,
+while the Tien-wang is still in the body." </p></div>
+
+<p>The strongest support of the Imperialist statement of the death of the
+Tien-wang, and the capture and subsequent execution of the Chung-wang,
+is the fact that, since the fall of Nankin, nothing whatever has been
+heard of them elsewhere. On the other hand, however, it was supposed
+that one or the other was commanding the forces in the interior, acting
+in Fu-keen in concert with the Shi-wang when he occupied the city of
+Chang-chow, near Amoy, from October, 1864, to May, 1865: and what seems
+to lend force to this supposition is that he appeared to be acting under
+the orders of some superior farther inland; the only chiefs of higher
+rank being the King and his son, the Chung, Kan, I (several years absent
+in Sz-chuen), and Si Wangs&mdash;the latter being a young man (son of the
+original Western King) attached to the court at Nankin, and totally
+without authority in military affairs. Upon the whole, it is quite
+possible that the Ti-ping King, his son and heir, Prime Minister, and
+General-in-Chief, may have met with the fate ascribed to them by the
+enemy; still there is no positive proof, and there are good grounds for
+supposing that some, if not all, are yet living and directing the
+Ti-ping movements.</p>
+
+<p>The siege of Hoo-chow-foo by the Imperialists was merely nominal, for,
+up to the abandonment of that city by the Ti-pings, they were never
+allowed within range of its walls, and were compelled to act almost
+entirely on the defensive, so repeated and vigorous were the attacks by
+the garrison and a corps of observation they had encamped outside the
+place on a neighbouring range of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_778" id="Page_778">[778]</a></span> hills. Only a few days before the
+evacuation took place, the garrison succeeded in capturing a number of
+Imperialist stockades, several hundred gunboats, and three or four
+thousand men, besides inflicting heavy loss in killed and wounded; the
+Franco-Manchoo disciplined auxiliaries alone losing 6 officers and 800
+men. Very soon after this victory, the evacuation was effected with
+consummate skill, the enemy not discovering that the Ti-pings had flown
+until the day after. The number of troops forming the garrison and
+encampment was very considerable, 50,000 being the lowest estimate;<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a>
+their line of retreat was either through the province of Fu-keen or
+Kiang-si, and their destination is even yet unknown, none of the chiefs
+from Hoo-chow having been recognised anywhere since. It is, however,
+pretty certain that they acted in concert with the forces led by the
+Shi-wang, though keeping an inland position, while the latter advanced
+to the sea-board at Amoy.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Friend of China</i>, Sept. 8, 1864, under the heading,&mdash;"Another of
+the parties despatched by us a short time ago, to learn the real state
+of affairs about Hoo-chow-foo, has just returned,"&mdash;reports as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Chung-wang was in command up to the last.... Hoo-chow was
+evacuated.... Three days afterwards&mdash;we repeat&mdash;three days
+afterwards, Le Futai gallantly marched into the city with a
+thundering noise; and then what did he? The gates were closed,
+and then commenced a general sack, and the usual massacre of
+innocent individuals.... A laughable story is told of the
+<i>second</i> capture of the Chung-wang here, at Hoo-chow; his
+head&mdash;the veritable caput&mdash;with loud clamour of gongs, being
+sent round to all the villages, that people might behold the
+head of the arch traitor! Our reporter, wicked sceptic! loudly
+declares that the head <i>said to be</i> the Chung-wang's, truly sat
+on the shoulders, a week ago, of a man whose highest grade in
+life was that of a coolie!" </p></div>
+
+<p>In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_779" id="Page_779">[779]</a></span> the month of October, 1864, the residents of Amoy were suddenly
+surprised to hear that a body of Ti-pings, about 10,000 strong, had
+surprised and captured the city of Chang-chow, barely twenty miles
+inland, and situated on a river emptying itself into the sea at the
+Treaty Port.</p>
+
+<p>From this reappearance of the Ti-pings close to a Treaty Port, we are
+enabled again to obtain some authentic records&mdash;many Europeans,
+including the British Consul, having visited them at Chang-chow. One
+English gentleman wrote the following account (which may be relied on as
+authentic) of his experiences to the <i>Daily Press</i>, and the same was
+reproduced in <i>The Overland China Trade Report</i>, 1st January, 1865:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="center">"A VISIT TO CHANG-CHOW.<br />
+"<i>To the Editor of the 'Daily Press,' Hong-kong.</i>
+</div>
+
+<p>"Sir,&mdash;As you appear desirous to obtain information regarding
+the insurgents in this neighbourhood, I take leave to furnish
+you with the following result of my personal observations, which
+were derived in the course of a visit amongst them.</p>
+
+<p>"The city and suburbs of Chang-chow are still occupied by the
+Taeping insurgents. About three-fifths of the whole city is
+burnt, and in the ruins may be seen the dead bodies of the late
+inhabitants, uninjured except by fire; not a wound could I see
+on any, which plainly shows, and as the rebels themselves
+affirm, that the inhabitants set fire to their dwellings
+themselves, and perished in them; having previously drugged
+themselves with opium rather than fall into the hands of the
+insurgents.</p>
+
+<p>"Those portions of the city unburnt are occupied by the rebels,
+but there are many streets of Hongs, the doors of which are
+sealed up, uninhabited, and apparently full of merchandise. The
+rebels appear to be very numerous; I should estimate them at
+about 12,000; but they affirm themselves that they number
+15,000. There are a great number of boys and youths among them,
+but I saw no women. They are much sunburnt, thin, and haggard in
+their appearance, and evidently have undergone much hardship
+before they took this city. I was told by many of them that they
+underwent extreme privations during their retreat from the
+north; that food of any kind, at many places, could not be
+obtained, on account of the country people being extremely
+hostile, and destroying everything as soon as they heard that
+the rebels were nearing them. That at several small towns on the
+borders of the Provinces of Che-kiang and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_780" id="Page_780">[780]</a></span>Fokien human flesh
+was used for food; and that a peasant's body was retailed out at
+80 cash per catty by the fortunate rebel who had killed him!</p>
+
+<p>"The chief in command at Chau-chow is Tszle-wang,<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> brother to
+Chung-wang. He was at Ningpo during its occupation by the
+insurgents in 1862, and he commanded in the defence of that city
+when he was attacked and driven out by the British naval force,
+under Captain Dew. But he says he bears no animosity towards the
+British on account of it, as he is aware that Captain Dew was
+subsidized by the Chinese Government to retake Ningpo from the
+rebels. He professes the profoundest respect for the British
+nation for their bravery and power; and what he most ardently
+wishes is to be on friendly terms with her; and all that he
+requests is for her to act fairly up to her <i>professed
+neutrality</i> to both contending parties. He says that, should
+they not succeed in conquering the Imperialists, he would be
+most happy to see the country under British rule. He promised he
+would not venture nearer to Amoy than Chang-chow (which is about
+twenty miles distant), provided the Mandarins at Chau-bay, a
+town situated on the river, about half way between Amoy and
+Chau-chow, did not blockade the river, and cut off all native
+trade and communication with them. That, in case they did, he
+should be compelled to take Chau-bay. That he should on no
+account attack Amoy, as he did not wish to have any rupture with
+foreigners. That he was very sorry the trade of Amoy suffered on
+account of their occupation of Chau-chow. That he would be only
+too happy to open trade reciprocally with foreigners; and that
+he would grant them every privilege and protection. That he was
+willing to trade with them for any description of European goods
+and native produce in return. Opium was not interdicted. He has
+made a law to protect all native farmers and tradespeople, and
+this has been already felt by the country people who have opened
+a day market in one of the main streets of the south suburb;
+and, from daylight to dark, until the gates are shut, every
+description of native 'Chow-chow' is to be obtained. Tszle-wang
+told me that the establishing of this market, though doing a
+great deal of good to both parties, had led to many executions
+of both rebels and country people&mdash;the former on account of
+taking goods and not paying for them, and natives found in the
+city setting fire to houses and plundering; who, when caught,
+are taken before a rebel Mandarin, and, if found guilty,
+executed; as no rebel, under penalty of death, can take the life
+of any person, except in action. The rebels appear to be well
+armed with rifles, revolvers, and muskets. The Imperial soldiers
+in this respect are not to be compared to them, as their arms
+consist entirely of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_781" id="Page_781">[781]</a></span>native matchlocks, gingalls, and spears,
+and not one in ten has even a matchlock; and they are a wretched
+lot of ragged rabble. On the other side, the rebels are very
+neatly dressed, more cleanly, and are drilled after European
+tactics. There are some Europeans amongst them, but I had no
+communication with them. They have entirely routed the
+Imperialists in every engagement they have had with them; and on
+the 2nd instant they came down on the Imperial lines 2,500
+strong, the Imperial troops numbering 11,000; who have advanced
+to within about five miles of the city, to endeavour to protect
+the farmers, to gather in the standing crops of rice, which are
+in great abundance for many miles around the city, and which the
+rebels have gathered in and secured. The Imperials were encamped
+on both sides of the Rim, but their greatest force was on the
+right bank, behind a rugged hill, the inner extremity of which
+was crossed at right angles by a valley, which could have been
+easily protected by throwing up a few earthworks and mounting a
+few guns in them. Their weak point they could not see; and the
+rebels, taking advantage of the hilly ground in the
+neighbourhood to advance under cover during daylight, and,
+coming down the valley at dark, entered the Imperial camp about
+eleven p.m., without any warning being given. The Imperials were
+completely panic-struck; and having no retreat but by river,
+rushed to their boats in such numbers that many of them were
+swamped, and hundreds of soldiers drowned. Many of them ran and
+hid themselves wherever they could, and among the latter was the
+chief Mandarin in command. They offered little or no resistance;
+and the rebels, after killing 1,000 and taking 450 prisoners,
+destroying the camp equipage, returned to the city at daylight.
+Tszle-wang told me that his plan of campaign would be next to
+take the large and populous town of Tong-wah, and from thence
+march upon the district city of Chin-chew in the spring. That
+the amount of the whole rebel force in the province of Fokien
+under his command fell little short of 50,000 men; and hoping to
+increase it to 80,000 after the capture of Chin-chew, he should
+then endeavour to open communication with the British
+authorities, and arrange to take Foo-chow-foo.</p>
+
+<p>"Tszle-wang appears to be a man of considerable calibre. He
+appears, for a Chinaman, to be well up in foreign politics, and
+conversant on many subjects that you generally find the Chinese
+most ignorant on. He is affable and engaging in his manner, and
+appears to treat those about him with kindness. He is thirty-one
+years of age; short, stout, and well-made; his face is much
+sunburnt, and complexion, say dark; any person might think he
+was of Malay origin, as he has both the features and colour of a
+Malay. That he is some strategist and has considerable military
+tact must be acknowledged by the manner he took the city of
+Chang-chow, before a rumour was even circulated of the rebels
+being anywhere near the place, or intending to capture it; and
+from the defeats the Imperial force has sustained in every
+engagement they have had with him, although in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_782" id="Page_782">[782]</a></span>numerical
+strength the Imperial force has always been 3 or 4 to 1. I
+should like to pay another visit to the insurgents, but all
+foreigners are interdicted from visiting them, both by the
+Consuls and Mandarin authorities; in fact, we are now not even
+allowed to enter the river, which is only a mile and a half, and
+nearly twenty miles from Chang-chow, on the usual shooting
+excursions, wild fowl being very plentiful in the river, and
+which is our only amusement at this season of the year. The
+whole foreign community feel this to be very hard indeed, and
+consider it to be very arbitrary on the part of the Consul, as
+this place is extremely dull&mdash;no amusements whatever, our only
+recreation being in a picnic or shooting excursion up the
+river&mdash;but Mr. Pedder tries to make himself as unpopular as he
+possibly can, and he has told the Mandarins that they can arrest
+any foreigner they can find on the river under any circumstances
+whatever, and the Mandarins have threatened to decapitate any
+boatmen who may hire their boats to or take foreigners up the
+river. I also hear that the British Consul some few days ago
+issued a <i>warrant</i> to search the private dwelling of an English
+resident here for arms and munitions of war; and, if any were
+found, to bring him prisoner to the Consulate; but, happily, his
+suspicions were wrongly placed, as they found nothing of the
+kind in the gentleman's house whatever. Has a British Consul
+authority to search a gentleman's private dwelling whenever he
+may please, and set spies to watch the movements of a person to
+please the Chinese Mandarins? Really this is cringing or holding
+the candle to the Celestials, and taking away the liberty of the
+subject entirely; and if it goes any further, I cannot say how
+it may end.</p>
+
+<div class="right">
+"Your obedient servant,<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Veritas.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>"Amoy, 14th December, 1864."</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>In a subsequent letter, describing another visit to Chang-chew, the same
+writer states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The rebel campaign is about to be carried on with vigour in
+this quarter; of the 30,000 men collected in Chang-chow, not
+one-fifth are required to garrison the city. I heard from
+Tszle-wang myself that he should immediately detach 7,000, under
+Tsi-wang, to assist in the capture of Tong-san, and another
+force would be despatched simultaneously to attack Tong-wak and
+Chin-chew. The rebels (Ti-pings) are in possession of six cities
+in this part of the province of Fu-keen, and within a few days'
+march. <i>The rebels told me that Tien-wang's son was at one of
+the cities.</i>" </p></div>
+
+<p>The violation of the Queen's Order in Council (commanding neutrality to
+be observed after the Soo-chow massacre) by the British Consuls in
+China, is well shown<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_783" id="Page_783">[783]</a></span> by the previous letter of "Veritas." Besides the
+partisan acts therein complained of, six or seven English steamers were
+hired to the Mandarins at Shanghae to carry Imperialist troops to Amoy.
+They did so, and were well paid for the affair; but is this neutrality?
+Moreover, every kind of war material was freely supplied to them, and
+British officers were allowed to command some of the Imperialist troops
+(<i>Colonel</i> Kirkham, formerly with Gordon, and one <i>Captain</i> Macdonald
+being particularly noticed), while all supplies for, or communication
+with, the Ti-pings were forbidden and attempted to be cut off; but,
+notwithstanding, munitions of war, and some Europeans (including
+<i>Colonel</i> Rhode, Gordon's late Adjutant-General, and <i>Colonel</i> Williams,
+who had commanded one of the Anglo-Manchoo regiments) managed to reach
+the revolutionists.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after the capture of Chang-chew, the Shi-wang issued the
+following proclamations:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="center">"NOTIFICATION FROM THE TAIPING CHIEF AT CHANG-CHOW.</div>
+
+<p>"Notification from His Royal Highness Lee, Shee-king and
+Protector General, ordering the people to submit willingly and
+to continue their occupations.</p>
+
+<p>"Whereas agriculture is the chief of the occupations of mankind,
+upon which people necessarily subsist, and whereas, since I rule
+this city I have always informed the people everywhere that they
+may continue their duties and occupations as usual&mdash;be it
+therefore known that those who submit to this government are
+called good people. Strict orders have been given to my officers
+and soldiers not to make any disturbance among the inhabitants,
+which orders you must have heard.</p>
+
+<p>"But how is it that at present the fields are left uncultivated
+and all agricultural business seems to be entirely neglected?
+The plantations of sugar-cane are nearly ready for harvest, but
+will spoil if not cut, and the grains and paddy are nearly
+rotten, the reason of which we cannot comprehend. Probably the
+raising of arms is the cause of it, of which the people stand in
+awe, consequently they moved to their countries; or is the cause
+that at the time of fighting they are afraid that they may be
+implicated, that on this account they fled to other places? But
+the benevolent and just army will not destroy the good people;
+while they exterminate the wicked, they will not punish the
+innocent.</p>
+
+<p>"Now two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_784" id="Page_784">[784]</a></span> villages on the south and north have already submitted,
+they are settled as usual. You people should be diligent at all
+times in trade and agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>"Further, in the four villages of that place, the sugar-canes
+may be converted into sugar and the grains be collected: if you
+do not immediately return and resume your occupations, then how
+will the people get their subsistence? Furthermore, the people
+who fled away have not paid their taxes due, being thus ignorant
+of the plan of seeking peace.</p>
+
+<p>"I treat others with great liberality, and therefore again and
+again issue these notifications, intimating to you that all
+those who have fled away may quietly return to cut the
+sugar-canes and collect the grains, and those who have not paid
+their taxes must, with submissive mind, come and pay their
+taxes. You must not cherish any doubt or hesitation, nor have a
+different heart, otherwise you will too late repent what you
+have done. I protect the people as children, and look upon them
+as wounded; therefore, for more than a month since I have taken
+possession of the place, I have never allowed a single soldier
+or officer to go to any village to give trouble. Now all the
+regulations have been arranged and the laws rectified, and
+strict orders have also repeatedly been given to the army thus
+treating you people bountifully and kindly. When the superior is
+so affectionate, you inferiors should readily come and pay
+tributes.</p>
+
+<p>"After this notification has been issued, if those who have not
+paid their taxes and still insist on their obstinacy by
+disregarding it, troops will be raised to punish them in order
+to warn those who are perverse and stubborn, without lenity.
+Every one of you must obey this command and not disappoint me of
+my affection to you.</p>
+
+<div class="right">
+"<span class="smcap">Lee-Shai-Yin</span>,<br />
+Shee-king, and Protector General of the Celestial Dynasty.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+"Taiping Celestial Kingdom, 14th year, 19th moon, 30th day."<br />
+&mdash;<i>Daily Press.</i><br /><br />
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="center">
+"ADDRESS FROM THE TAIPING CHIEF AT CHANG-CHOW TO THE TREATY POWERS.
+</div>
+
+<p>"His Royal Highness Lee-Shai-yin, Shee-king and Imperial
+Protector General of the Celestial Dynasty, to their
+Excellencies the Plenipotentiaries of England, France, United
+States, and the people of their respective countries. </p>
+
+<p>"Since creation our Chinese Empire was first governed by Shinnung, then
+by the Emperors Yaw and Shun, who afterwards resigned their throne.
+Again the Emperors Tang and Mo attained to their throne by force of
+arms; then Dynasties Chun, Han, Ngai, and Tsiun transmitted their
+thrones to their respective posterity, and were succeeded by the
+Dynasties Tang, Sung, Yune, and Ming. It would be a matter of
+considerable difficulty, when referring to the distant generations, to
+repeat <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_785" id="Page_785">[785]</a></span>them all, but as a nation it had hitherto been in amity with all
+your various nations, no distinct border having been marked out. I was
+born late, and have not had the fortune to view these good prospects,
+and to enjoy the administration of the benevolent Government, but I have
+examined maps of the world, and studied the histories, and I am happy to
+possess a thorough knowledge of them, and the contents of which are as
+before me. For a man to guard a place, the watchword is to remember the
+fact that when the lips are cut off, the teeth will be endangered. To be
+in amity with adjacent countries, and for one to keep intercourse with
+neighbouring countries, it is essential not to forget the maxim of one
+large nation serving another small one. Of the history of China in
+counting back from the Dynasties of Ming and Yune, there have been
+innumerable successive revolutions of kingdoms who invariably paid
+tributes and presented precious stones to each other when due, and who
+never encroached upon other's territory. But the Tartars were of a
+different species, remarkable for their ravenous disposition, and for
+this reason, the central kingdom with the eastern provinces, in order to
+prevent their invasion, built the great wall. Unfortunately, during the
+latter part of the Ming Dynasty they were allowed to invade the
+interior, we became their victim, and have since been disgraced by them
+for these two centuries or more. Who then with common sense and natural
+patriotism would not strike his breast and weep? Even your various
+nations, in a practical point of view, are countries and in relation as
+lip to teeth, would not fail, I think, to hate them.</p>
+
+<p>"Long had it been designed to raise the just standard, but in
+consequence of their being few in China who would support the movement,
+the design had for a time to be abandoned. Happily our Heavenly Father
+the Almighty God did not desert the descendants of Han (China), and
+hated the Tartars, and sent down my Lord who settled at Kinling<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> as a
+basis of operations for more than ten years, and during that period
+exterminated thousands and ten thousands of Tartars. My Lord had always
+been in friendship with the heroes and enterprising men of your various
+nations who carried on their respective trades as usual. Further, the
+provinces of Kwang, Cheh, Yu, and others have been opened, and the
+ministers and people of various nations have travelled and rambled, and
+trade has been carried on uninterruptedly as usual. Is this not
+excellent? In obedience to my Lord's command I have been ordered to
+extirpate and root out the Tartars. Recently I attacked and took
+Chang-chow, where I encamped my soldiers. Whilst there I was glad to
+hear that you were close by, and I would ere this have sent a despatch
+to you, but various difficulties were thrown in the way. I now write
+this and tell the people of Tai-po-tsz of Cha-chow to present it for
+your perusal, earnestly hoping that after reading,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_786" id="Page_786">[786]</a></span> you will consider the
+importance of lip-lost-and-teeth-endangered phrase, and perceive the
+advantage of a large nation serving a small one; that you will support
+our just movement by combining together to put an end to the Tsing
+Dynasty, in order that the people may live in happiness, and your
+various natives enjoy peace. The doctrine of our Heavenly Father, the
+Almighty God, and of Jesus Christ, teaches us that He is merciful,
+saving us, answering to prayers and unselfish&mdash;all mankind should look
+to future and believe in Christianity.</p>
+
+<p>"Therefore, more than ten years before my Lord's accession to
+the throne, he believed in Christianity, as his conduct would
+show.</p>
+
+<p>"He also received the Rev. Mr. Roberts, who preached the Gospel
+to the Chinese who believed and praised with him to God. We have
+welcomed your doctors, who cured many Chinese, and healed their
+diseases. We all feel grateful for their merciful kindness, and
+are under obligation for their favours. From this you will see
+that your nations and our Chinese in a universal point of view
+are as one. But the Tartars believe in Buddism, despise
+Christianity, and turn a dead ear to its doctrine. It may be
+argued that belief or disbelief rests with them, and they will
+afterwards reap the fruit of their conduct. Well, why then do
+they persecute Christian converts so that their lives are in
+jeopardy? Therefore my Lord reluctantly took up arms, raised an
+army, and coped with them. This has been going on for these more
+than ten years, and through the mercy of our Heavenly Father,
+the Almighty God, and Jesus Christ, and through the assistance
+of your various nations, my Lord has taken many cities and
+provinces, and killed many Tsing devils. Still to conquer and
+subdue an empire of eighteen provinces, combined with a strong
+army of Mongols and Chinese, who have ample munitions of war and
+provisions, must be extremely difficult.</p>
+
+<p>"Let us learn from the ancients as well as the moderns that to
+lead an army to battle it is indispensable to have
+reinforcements; and to establish a kingdom it is essential to
+get assistance from the neighbouring countries. Your various
+nations and China are at present like lip to teeth, and similar
+to a large country serving a small one. Let me ask you that
+before my Lord settled at Kiang-nan, could you get admittance
+into the interior? Now you can ride from east to west and from
+north to south, and the provinces of Hupeh and Ngan-hoin have
+been opened to trade. If your various nations do not ally with
+me to exterminate the Tsing Dynasty, and in case our force being
+unable to cope with the Tartars, as we are deficient in naval
+power, we shall be conquered, then the result of lip-lost and
+teeth-endangered will soon follow. Therefore it is desirable
+that your various nations should embrace this opportunity as
+presented.</p>
+
+<p>"If, on the other hand, your various nations, relying on the
+omnipotence of our Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ, and acting
+upon the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_787" id="Page_787">[787]</a></span>doctrine of Christianity, will come to terms with us
+for destroying the Tsing Dynasty, if you command your naval
+armies and attack those places near the water, and whatever
+cities, districts, ports, and passes you will have taken and
+conquered by your force, you will be at liberty without the
+least hinderance on my part to keep them, and whatever treasures
+and food found therein, you will be at liberty to appropriate
+them. And so I will attack on land, and whatever cities,
+districts, and passes I conquer, and whatever treasures and food
+I find, I will divide, giving one half to you, and all the
+distant cities, ports, and marts will be surrendered to you.</p>
+
+<p>"Thus having your naval armies, we can cross the ocean and
+bestride the rivers without obstacle or hinderance. Our army, I
+must confess, in its beginning is weak, and food is not
+plentiful; and unless your various nations lend a hand to assist
+me, the Tartars will be more ravenous and their ferociousness
+will be greater, <i>and if once our army is subdued, they will as
+a matter of course come upon your various nations</i>, when, it is
+clear, you will be precluded from trading and travelling in the
+provinces of Kiang, Kwang, Cheh, and Yu. I earnestly pray that
+you will despatch your soldiers and co-operate with me to
+exterminate the evil posterities, and that we all may obtain
+advantages. Hoping you will comply with my views is my earnest
+prayer.</p>
+
+<p>"The statements I have made, though they are vulgar, I undertake
+to swear before heaven that I will keep them. Let us write in
+benevolence to accomplish our undertakings, then we shall make
+peace with each other, trade with each other from generation to
+generation, and enjoy together universal peace. Is this not the
+best plan? The city of Chang has been and is a rich place, at
+present both the soldiers and inhabitants are happy, trade is
+flourishing, and treasures are plentiful. I also earnestly
+request that you will convey merchandise and vessels containing
+all kinds of foreign cargo, and the caps, powder, &amp;c., which
+will be sold immediately here. You have no occasion to fear that
+some of my men will take them without paying for them. I will
+make up the damages should they do so, and surely I will not
+break my promise!</p>
+
+<p>"On the day of this epistle reaching you, you will favour me
+with a reply.</p>
+
+<p>"With my best compliments to your gentlemen of your various
+nations,</p>
+
+<div class="right">
+"I am your obedient servant,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Lee-Shai-Yin</span>,
+</div>
+
+<p>"Shee-king, and Imperial Protector General of the Celestial Dynasty<br />
+"Taiping Celestial Kingdom, 14th year, 10th moon, 1st day."<br />
+&mdash;<i>Daily Press.</i>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> See <i>Friend of China</i>, July 11, 1865.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> See the account from <i>Shanghae Recorder</i>, at the end of
+the preceding chapter.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Referring to Colonel Gordon, Captain Osborn, R.N., and
+their subordinates.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Meaning the noble occupation of buying and selling; and
+that, too, at the point of the bayonet.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> <i>Times</i>, January 12, 1865. <i>China Overland Trade Report</i>,
+30th November, 1864.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> The <i>Times</i>, October 26, 1864, in its China intelligence
+(under date, "Shanghae, September 4"), describing the evacuation of
+Hoo-chow, makes the following statement, which is a further proof of the
+total or partial escape of the Nankin garrison:&mdash;"The rebel force had
+been so greatly swollen by fugitives <i>from Nankin</i> and other places,
+that it constituted quite a formidable army."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> The writer of the letter has evidently made a confusion of
+the name, Le, and title, Shi, of the chief, for the following
+proclamations prove him to be the Shi or Shee Wang.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> This must mean Nankin.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_788" id="Page_788">[788]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XXVI.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Results of British Policy.&mdash;Its Effect on Trade.&mdash;The
+Inspectorate System.&mdash;The Tien-tsin Treaty.&mdash;Present State of
+China.&mdash;Rebellion in the Ascendant.&mdash;Proposed Remedy.&mdash;The
+Mandarin Policy.&mdash;The Extradition Treaty.&mdash;The Mo-wang's
+Case.&mdash;Its Injustice.&mdash;Its Illegality.&mdash;Burgevine's Case.&mdash;Our
+Treatment by the Manchoos.&mdash;Russia's Policy in
+China.&mdash;Contrasted with that of England.&mdash;Russian
+Progress.&mdash;Statistics.&mdash;Acquisition of Territory by Russia.&mdash;Her
+Approach to British India.&mdash;Russia's Advantages.&mdash;Her Future
+Policy.&mdash;"Peking and the Pekingese."&mdash;Its Author's
+Misstatements.&mdash;Misquotations.&mdash;Examples thereof.&mdash;"Chinese
+Miscellanies."&mdash;Ti-ping Movements.&mdash;The Future of the Ti-pings
+Doubtful.&mdash;Latest Movements.&mdash;The Kan-wang.&mdash;Nien-fie
+Victories.&mdash;Future Prospects.&mdash;Finis. </p></div>
+
+
+<p>Since Whig Ministers took it into their heads to become Manchoo
+Mandarins, the result may soon be told.</p>
+
+<p>The wars have all been undertaken for the purpose either of forcing
+trade&mdash;principally, if not wholly, that in opium&mdash;upon the Chinese, or
+else to chastise that people for endeavouring to put their own laws
+against opium smuggling into force, from the time of the <i>fracas</i> with
+Commissioner Lin to the lorcha <i>Arrow</i> pretext for the last war.</p>
+
+<p>The results of the late British policy in China are summed up generally
+in the following sectional review:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. As for the vaunted treaty of Tien-tsin, <i>forced</i> from unwilling
+Manchoos by the results of the "<i>Arrow</i> war," it has greatly restricted
+trade along the coast of China, closed ports (such as Wan-chew,
+Tai-chew, Lam-quan, Hoc-kau, Chin-chew, &amp;c.), which were virtually open
+to foreign trade, and by confining commerce to a few Treaty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_789" id="Page_789">[789]</a></span> Ports,
+played exactly into the hands of the anti-foreign Mandarins. Upon this
+subject a capital article appears, from an old resident of many years'
+standing in China, in the <i>Overland Trade Report</i>, September 11, 1865,
+which, as the editor says, "contains the most able exposition of the
+defects of the treaty of Tien-tsin, of the pernicious results of the
+foreign inspectorate, and of the crusade carried on against foreign
+shipping visiting non-treaty ports, that we ever read." The article is
+long, but some of its salient points are to the following effect: Until
+the signing of the treaty of Tien-tsin, the whole coast-line, from
+Canton to Woo-sung, with all its intermediate ports, was virtually open
+to foreign trade! Foreign vessels of all nations were allowed and even
+encouraged by the local authorities to enter any port they chose, and
+were permitted to trade in any article, either native or foreign,
+without hindrance or molestation, provided they paid the lawful duties.</p>
+
+<p>The disadvantages to which British (and all foreign) trade is subjected
+by the treaty of Tien-tsin, and the establishment of the foreign
+inspectorate of Chinese Customs, are these:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1st. To pay nearly double as much duty on both imports and exports as
+native vessels or junks are charged.</p>
+
+<p>2nd. Heavy tonnage dues are enforced, consisting of 4 mace or 4·10 of a
+tael (6s. 8d.) per ton, every four months, instead of every six months
+as previous to the war; junks paying no tonnage dues!</p>
+
+<p>3rd. Interdicted from carrying or trading in <i>salt</i>, one of the
+principal articles of trade in all parts of China and Formosa. Likewise
+saltpetre, sulphur, alum, and some other articles of general commerce,
+on pain of confiscation of vessel. Junks allowed to carry or trade in
+any article either native or foreign!</p>
+
+<p>4th. Interdicted from entering any port on the coast of China, except
+those specified "open port" by the treaty, on pain of <i>confiscation</i> of
+vessels and cargo. Junks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_790" id="Page_790">[790]</a></span> free to enter any port or harbour either in
+China or foreign countries. What a contrast of advantages and
+disadvantages! Whereas, before the concoction of the Tien-tsin treaty,
+foreign vessels enjoyed equal privileges with native craft, they have
+since been placed at a discount by the execution of the retrogressive
+measures of that treaty so inimical to British interests. No doubt the
+astute Manchoo statesmen who acted for China during the negotiations
+gained many advantages over the representatives of England. They
+succeeded in obtaining terms which restricted trade, and limited foreign
+intercourse to a few ports; their latest act has been to follow this up
+(now that the dread of the Ti-ping is over and the Ta-ku forts in their
+hands again) by interdicting the employment of foreign vessels to carry
+goods on Chinese account even between treaty ports!</p>
+
+<p>2. The foreign inspectorate of Chinese Maritime Customs was a scheme
+effected by officials of Lord Elgin's embassy to China; its aim was to
+make sure of the indemnity by placing Englishmen in charge of the
+Imperial revenue, and to enable the squeezed Government to suppress
+rebellion by handing it over the remainder. Beautifully has the Pekin
+Cabinet responded by taking advantage of every opportunity to limit the
+rights of Englishmen, and resuming step by step its habits of repellance
+and exclusiveness!</p>
+
+<p>A very significant event has lately taken place, being the elevation of
+Tseng-kwo-fan, leader of the anti-foreign party, and sometime besieger
+of Nankin, to a position of unprecedented magnitude. This Mandarin has
+been appointed to the absolute civil and military control of all the
+officials and troops, whether Tartar or Chinese, in the three provinces
+of Chili, Shangtung, and Honan. Speaking of this appointment, the <i>China
+Overland Trade Report</i>, 12th August, 1865, states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Lest it may be hoped by some that Tseng-kwo-fan is a man
+adapted to the times, and likely to carry into effect salutary
+reforms, it should be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_791" id="Page_791">[791]</a></span>mentioned that he is the quintessence of
+a Mandarin in the full acceptation of the term&mdash;corrupt and
+venal to a degree, and perfectly indifferent to the welfare of
+the country or the people. His anti-foreign tendencies form the
+leading feature of his political creed, and there is good reason
+to suppose that Prince Kung fully agrees with him.... The
+influence he obtains in the empire will be irresistible, and
+must insure success in whatever line of policy he may feel
+inclined to pursue." </p></div>
+
+<p>Tseng-kwo-fan's rank is that of Commander-in-Chief and General Viceroy
+of the empire.</p>
+
+<p>The inspectorate system has placed a set of cosmopolitan mercenaries in
+a position not only to govern but to prey upon the whole foreign trade
+with China. They are ever upon the <i>qui vive</i> to seize and confiscate
+the merchandise of their own countrymen, and have caused the effectual
+closing of every port on the coast of China, except those opened by
+treaty. Property that may be unprotected by every legal right, or may be
+placed (through the owner's ignorance of inspectorate forms) in such a
+position as to incur some of the vexatious penalties attaching to every
+infraction of rules almost daily issued by the European Commissioners of
+Customs, or their Mandarin colleagues, <i>ad libitum</i>, is eagerly pounced
+upon and appropriated. In fact, it may safely be said that, instead of
+benefiting foreigners and their trade, the scheme acts directly against
+their interests; that it places a number of European and American
+adventurers in a position to assist the Mandarins in taking every
+advantage of each flaw in the treaty, while at the same time
+constituting a capital shield behind which the still repulsive Manchoos
+can execute their anti-foreign plotting in safety.</p>
+
+<p>3. The hostilities against the Ti-pings were caused through the
+unrighteous policy established by the treaty of Tien-tsin, the foreign
+inspectorate of Customs, the extortion of indemnity for the war, and the
+protection of the vile opium trade. This policy has been a great
+success, in so far as arresting and beating backward<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_792" id="Page_792">[792]</a></span> the only portion
+of the multitudinous Chinese whose progress afforded a prospect of
+change for the better. It has, with still greater iniquity, warred
+against and prevented the spread of Christianity; destroyed many
+thousands and tens of thousands of those who professed that faith, and
+has stopped the circulation and printing of the Bible in its full
+integrity by the Ti-ping Government, besides having caused the
+re-establishment of idolatry on the ashes of the destroyed Book, and the
+wholesale slaughter of those who only begged for our friendship and
+instruction. Through the wicked intervention of England, the former
+territory of the Ti-pings has been wrested from them, and the bleached
+bones of the victims mark the country thick and close for hundreds of
+miles. The starvation, the horrors, have been fully described; and now
+it is reported from China that many of the solitudes created where once
+happy villages of Ti-pings were found, have become infested with beasts
+of prey&mdash;wolves, panthers, and tigers.</p>
+
+<p>As for having effected the slightest improvement in British relations
+with China, made the Manchoo authorities less unfriendly and illiberal,
+or rendered the least service to the general welfare of humanity, the
+past policy of the British Government has proved a lamentable failure.</p>
+
+<p>By unjustifiable meddling, England has thrown China into a state of
+general anarchy. The cruelty and excessive corruption of the Manchoo
+officials throughout the country have always been sufficiently great to
+cause local insurrections and different regular systems of rebellion;
+but it was only to the great Ti-ping revolution (which proved its power
+so superior to that of the Imperial Government as to threaten the rapid
+extermination of the latter, and compel the assistance of England to
+save it) that people could look for success, and eventual pacification
+of the empire. Well, these urgently required results have been prevented
+by the policy in question.</p>
+
+<p>Unable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_793" id="Page_793">[793]</a></span> to depend upon the success of the Ti-ping movement, the
+disaffected Chinese have joined other rebellions, and at this day there
+are many desolating the country. In the north, a great amalgamation of
+the Yellow River rebels (an old organization, sometimes under allegiance
+to the Ti-ping king) or Nien-fie, with a force of Ti-pings, and a large
+body of Mohammedan rebels, has taken place. The army of this league is
+estimated at over 300,000 men; in the summer of 1865 they defeated the
+Tartar Generalissimo (of Pekin campaign memory) San-ko-lin-sin, who was
+afterwards killed by some country people with whom he sought a
+refuge&mdash;thus showing the state of feeling amongst the population. The
+northern rebels then seriously menaced Pekin itself, and at one time it
+was reported that they had captured the city; lately they seem to have
+moved more to the westward&mdash;probably to effect a junction with other
+revolutionists; but it is quite certain that the Imperialists are unable
+to subdue them.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the league, there are two other formidable rebellions raging in
+the north of China&mdash;the Mohammedan rebels, who defy the power of the
+Government in Shen-si, Shan-se, Kan-su, and other parts of the empire.
+To the south of these come the "Honan filchers," a horde of more than
+100,000 banditti, who maintain, as they have done for years, an
+independent existence in the Honan Province. Away to the west, the large
+Tartar province of E-li, four times as large as Great Britain, has been
+wrested from the Imperialists by a rising of Mahommedans.</p>
+
+<p>Along the western boundary general anarchy prevails: it would almost
+seem that as Russia advances into central Asia, the Mohammedans were
+moving towards China.</p>
+
+<p>In the great province of Sze-chuan, the Ti-pings under Shih-ta-kae, the
+I-wang, or his successor, are still in power. At Hankow (treaty port) in
+Hu-peh, and at Kew-kiang in Kiang-si, the Imperialist troops lately<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_794" id="Page_794">[794]</a></span>
+revolted and set up the standard of rebellion. In Ngan-whui serious
+disturbances have arisen. Farther south, in Kwei-chow, Yun-nan, and
+Kwang-si, the Miau-tze, or independent mountaineers, are steadily
+increasing in strength; in fact, every province of China is more or less
+the scene of formidable revolution or local revolt.</p>
+
+<p>The Ti-pings, in strong force, under the Shi-wang and other leaders, are
+making rapid progress on the borders of the provinces of Kwang-tung,
+Kiang-si, and Fu-keen, and the Imperialist troops seem totally unable to
+interfere with them.</p>
+
+<p>Referring to the distracted state of China, the <i>Overland China Mail</i>,
+June 29, 1865, truly states that "there must be something in the conduct
+of the Imperial Government, and of the local Mandarins, which provokes a
+strong feeling of resentment against their authority in all parts of the
+empire." Singularly enough, the same journal has always opposed the
+revolutionists who tried to alter a Government the people hate.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Times</i>, in its Chinese intelligence of June 21, 1865, referring to
+the successes of the Nien-fie League, states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"So far as we can at present see, the Nien-fie insurrection is
+likely to prove quite as formidable as was that of the Taepings.
+Their leaders have substantial wrongs to avenge, and the people
+themselves have been subjected to so many hardships at the hands
+of the local Mandarins that the slightest spark is sufficient to
+set the whole north of China in a blaze of rebellion." </p></div>
+
+<p>Those who have advocated interfering against such a movement as that of
+the Ti-pings, and supporting such a dynasty as that of the Manchoos,
+must have very curious reasons to plead for a justification&mdash;they have
+generally admitted the necessity for a change of government, and then
+amused themselves by resisting the change when offered.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 900px;">
+<a href="images/i392.jpg">
+<img src="images/i392-t.jpg" width="400" height="478" alt="MAP OF CHINA Showing the locality of the different
+rebellions in that Empire, the line of retreat taken by the Ti-pings
+from their settled territory, and their present position Spring of the
+year 1866." title="" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption"><br />MAP OF CHINA Showing the locality of the different
+rebellions in that Empire, the line of retreat taken by the Ti-pings
+from their settled territory, and their present position Spring of the
+year 1866.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The only policy which could have benefited China would have been, either
+an energetic protectorate established by England, and maintained with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_795" id="Page_795">[795]</a></span>
+energy until the evil Government had been thoroughly and radically
+reformed in every branch; or, what would have been far better, the
+Chinese should have been left to themselves and allowed to choose their
+own rulers. If England had simply preserved her honour and remained
+neutral, China would have had a native, progressionist, and powerful
+Government at the present day. That huge empire has lasted more than
+2,000 years, and the only deterioration its constitution has suffered
+has been caused by the Tartar conquest. The resources of China are as
+great, the capacities of her people as vigorous, and the elements of her
+ancient civilization as durable as ever: once let the incubus of Manchoo
+maladministration be removed, that vast and intelligent people will
+rapidly establish a native Government which will inaugurate an era of
+progression and improvement. For some time the usurping dynasty has been
+tottering towards its fall; England would have done well to have avoided
+supporting the decayed and hopelessly corrupt fabric. She has served a
+dying despotism, too far gone to feel even gratitude for her assistance,
+and has repelled a young successor who wished ardently to become of the
+same brotherhood as herself!</p>
+
+<p>4. By her aggressive, meddling policy, England has alarmed the naturally
+suspicious and treacherous Manchoos. Making them feel towards the "outer
+barbarians" the passion of fear as well as hate, has, of course, only
+tended to make them more exclusive and repellant than ever. Every mail
+from China brings successive proof of the fact. Those who receive
+advices from the East cannot fail to notice such passages as the
+following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Overland China Trade Report</i>, in its issue September 11, 1865,
+states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Each succeeding mail takes some instance of Mandarin repellance
+towards foreigners. There can be no doubt that this feeling is
+the policy decided on by the Pekin Cabinet.... As bearing upon
+this point, reference is called to a notification ... issued by
+the Shanghae <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_796" id="Page_796">[796]</a></span>authorities, forbidding Chinese to hire foreign
+vessels.... The hand of Tseng-kwo-fan, the leader of the
+anti-foreign party, becoming visible in the present foreign
+policy pursued...." </p></div>
+
+<p>The article then proceeds to notice the fact that the Mandarin policy of
+preventing the employment of foreign shipping, and encouraging that of
+native craft, simply tends to increase piracy by providing prey; and is
+further reprehensible because the Mandarins will not assist to suppress
+an evil which, were it not for the presence of British men-of-war, would
+destroy their entire maritime commerce. Mr. Hart, the Inspector General
+of Customs, endeavoured to induce the Imperial Government to allow
+Chinese to own vessels constructed after the foreign mode, but the
+hatred of foreign innovation, however beneficial, prevailed, and the
+authorities refused the much-desired boon.</p>
+
+<p>Another instance of Manchoo repellance is the withdrawal of the
+concession formerly granted to foreign vessels to visit the ports of the
+Island of Formosa.</p>
+
+<p>And again: the port of Wan-chew was open to foreign trade before the
+treaty of Tien-tsin, and became a place of much importance. Why it was
+not included in the list of open ports it is difficult to understand.
+The foreign representatives and merchants lately endeavoured to obtain
+the concession of having it opened to foreign trade, and for a time were
+encouraged by Prince Kung to believe that their request would be
+complied with. But since Tseng-kwo-fan has come to the front, the
+concession is rejected, and the idea abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>The notification referred to as prohibiting the employment of foreign
+vessels was issued by Lin, Imperial Commissioner, and acting Viceroy of
+Kiang-su, in which province Shanghae is situated. It seems to have
+proved very effectual, and very injurious to British shipping interest.</p>
+
+<p>The last mail from China brought the <i>Overland Trade Report</i>, dated
+"Hong-kong, October 15, 1865." It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_797" id="Page_797">[797]</a></span> contains these lines:&mdash;"The
+repellance and anti-foreign tendencies of the Mandarins are becoming
+more broadly marked as each month advances."</p>
+
+<p>The <i>North China Market Report</i> states "that the Chinese are rapidly
+learning to disregard the most important of the treaty stipulations." In
+fact, all sources of information are unanimous as to the hostile
+feelings of the Manchoo Government England has done so much to bolster
+up.</p>
+
+<p>Just six months have elapsed since the Colonial Government of Hong-kong
+perverted its powers by giving up an unfortunate refugee from Nankin to
+the sanguinary Imperialist Mandarins. After noticing the facts of the
+case, we will observe how the Manchoos responded to the officious and
+unwarrantable efforts of the Hong-kong rulers to execute the
+exterritoriality clause of the notorious treaty of Tien-tsin, the
+twenty-first article of which stipulates that, "if <i>criminal</i> subjects
+of China shall take refuge in Hong-kong, or on board of British ships
+there, they shall, upon due requisition by the Chinese authorities, be
+searched for; and, <i>on proof of their guilt</i>, be delivered up."</p>
+
+<p>Acting upon the above clause, the Canton Mandarins, in the month of
+April, 1865, demanded from the Colonial Government the rendition of a
+certain Chinaman residing at the latter place, on the plea of his having
+been a pirate. The man demanded had been residing in Hong-kong since
+September, 1864, and the following facts transpired during the inquiry
+instituted. He had been a Ti-ping chief, known as the Mo-wang (probably
+a successor to the rank of the assassinated Commandant of Soo-chow);
+and, upon the evacuation of Nankin, had escaped and made his way to
+Hong-kong, with a considerable sum of money. As this became known to
+members of some secret societies established amongst the Chinese there,
+he was subjected to much extortion from people who threatened to
+denounce him to the Mandarins as a rebel unless he satisfied their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_798" id="Page_798">[798]</a></span>
+demands. At last the persecution drove him to seek legal advice from
+some English lawyer, who told him that he was perfectly safe on British
+soil. Consequently, he defied his persecutors; and they, doubtless, to
+obtain reward from the Mandarins, fulfilled their threats. The principal
+Manchoo official at Canton, who was certain of promotion should he
+succeed in catching a rebel of such rank, forthwith demanded his
+rendition <i>as a pirate</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The man was seized and tried before the magistrates' court, where the
+above evidence was obtained. The proof of his piracy (although
+consisting of the testimony of only <i>one</i> Chinese witness, <i>sent down
+specially by the Mandarins</i>) was considered sufficient; and,
+notwithstanding the protest of the counsel retained for the prisoner,
+the magistrate, under the direction of the law officers of the Crown,
+made out the requisite order for his rendition.</p>
+
+<p>The valuable account from which the facts of this case are taken<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a>
+states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On this being communicated to the Mo-wang, he made up his mind
+to commit suicide, if possible, by jumping overboard on his
+passage to Canton, knowing, as he did too well, the horrid fate
+that there awaited him. When <i>handed over</i> to the Chinese
+officials, he begged to be released from the handcuffs; but one
+of our civil officials (the man's name should be made public),
+not in the police, would not permit this; and he was therefore
+conveyed to Canton in the manacles of the Hong-kong police. On
+his arrival there he was taken to prison, the next day brought
+before the Mandarin, where he refused to plead, acknowledging
+himself a Ti-ping chief: he was taken back to prison, and the
+next day was executed in the way reserved for <i>political
+offenders</i>, viz., he was tied to a cross, his cheeks then sliced
+off, then the insides of his arms, thighs, &amp;c., and finally
+disembowelled while yet alive. This put beyond a doubt the real
+cause of the demand for this man, and the real offence for which
+he was wanted." </p></div>
+
+<p>Now, in this cruel case of rendition the Government of Hong-kong
+committed an act repugnant alike to humanity and the Christian
+principles of their countrymen, and which was not only entirely illegal,
+but grossly unjust. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_799" id="Page_799">[799]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Mo-wang was demanded and given up as a pirate. The only evidence
+against him was given by <i>one</i> Chinaman, and tended to prove that the
+chief had once stopped a Chinese vessel, on board of which was the
+witness, endeavouring to run past the Ti-ping Custom House established
+at Nankin. The junk was confiscated by the Ti-ping authorities. Here we
+have the main point of the case. This was the only act charged against
+the Mo-wang. The only question is whether it was piracy. The Colonial
+authorities, true to the Mandarin-worshipping-and-Ti-ping-destroying
+policy, answered in the affirmative. Let us examine their decision.</p>
+
+<p>First. The Ti-pings had been recognised as belligerents; and, moreover,
+as an established power, by repeated acts upon the part of
+representatives of Great Britain (and other countries); how then could
+the seizure of a vessel of the enemy by the Mo-wang&mdash;a regularly
+commissioned officer of the Ti-ping Government&mdash;be construed into an act
+of piracy? Why, the United States of America would have stronger (though
+none the less unreasonable) grounds to demand from England the rendition
+of every ex-Confederate officer, as a pirate, who might be found within
+her jurisdiction! The decision of the Hong-kong authorities is clearly
+against the rights of the case and the law by which it was tried. But
+what conclusively proves this is the fact that the Mandarins demanded
+the Mo-wang as a pirate, but executed him as a <i>political offender</i>, and
+nothing else.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, it cannot fail to be seen that the unfortunate victim was not a
+pirate&mdash;the Hong-kong Solons gave him up as one.</p>
+
+<p>Secondly. The extradition treaty with China specially declares
+"<i>criminal</i>" offenders as those who may be given up, upon "<i>proof</i> of
+guilt." The Mo-wang was not a criminal, therefore the Hong-kong
+authorities violated the law by giving him up as such.</p>
+
+<p>Thirdly. The treaty of Tien-tsin was not the law of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_800" id="Page_800">[800]</a></span> Hong-kong,
+therefore the authorities had no legal right to render up even a
+criminal subject of China&mdash;how much less the innocent Mo-wang! As the
+Hong-kong <i>China Overland Trade Report</i>, May 30, 1865, truly states, in
+reviewing this atrocious affair:&mdash;"It would appear that the local
+authorities have not only read the treaty erroneously, but that they
+have no power whatever to meddle in the matter, no ordinance ever having
+been passed to enable them to take cognizance of offences under the
+Tien-tsin treaty....</p>
+
+<p>"The case of the St. Alban's raiders has elicited the fact that a treaty
+is not a statute, and cannot be adopted by a court of law without a
+statutory enactment. The Ashburton treaty was not the law of Canada,
+because the Government had neglected to legalize it by statute. So the
+Tien-tsin treaty is not the law in Hong-kong, because no ordinance has
+been passed to legalize it."</p>
+
+<p>The above three objections to the rendition of the Mo-wang pretty
+strongly prove that his death was a judicial murder by those who
+unlawfully gave him up to so frightful a doom. Another example of
+British malversation in China, and a further instance of persecution of
+the Ti-pings!</p>
+
+<p>It might at least have been expected when British officials exceeded
+their authority and so misapplied the exterritoriality clause of the
+treaty in order to oblige the Mandarins, that the latter would have
+responded. We will observe how they did so.</p>
+
+<p>Within <i>one month</i> of the rendition of the Mo-wang, the Imperialists in
+the neighbourhood of Amoy captured the mercenary soldier, Burgevine
+(already noticed in these pages), an Englishman named Green, and a
+British East Indian subject, whilst endeavouring to join the Ti-pings at
+Chang-chew. These men had committed no crime, and were caught <i>before</i>
+having committed any political offence (any previous episode of
+Burgevine's life constituting another case, which did not concern the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_801" id="Page_801">[801]</a></span>
+Englishman, Green). Even if they had succeeded in joining the
+revolutionists, and had afterwards been caught levying war against the
+Imperialists, their only offence would have been a political one, viz.,
+breach of neutrality, punishable by deportation from China or three
+months' imprisonment.</p>
+
+<p>The American Consul at Amoy, hearing of the seizure, demanded, as in
+this case he had a perfect right to do, the rendition of Burgevine,
+according to the terms of the exterritoriality clause of the treaty. The
+Mandarins refused to fulfil their obligations and give up the men. They
+carried them into the interior and murdered them by heavily ironing, and
+then drowning them, afterwards pretending that the three unfortunate
+prisoners had met their death by the capsize of a boat in which they
+were being conveyed across a river!</p>
+
+<p>Thus we see that immediately after a Chinese <i>political</i> offender was
+illegally given up to the Manchoo Government by the authorities of
+Hong-kong, the Mandarins deliberately violated the exterritoriality
+stipulations of the treaty, by refusing to give up the three men whom
+they had seized before offence, on suspicion only, and by cruelly
+putting them to death.</p>
+
+<p>The last mail from China brings intelligence of the murder of three
+Europeans at the treaty port of Chin-kiang. Two (Messrs. Filleul and
+Pickernel) were Englishmen, and old friends of mine; the third, a Mr.
+Lewis, was an American. These men were set upon by Imperialist soldiers
+in the dead of the night, while sleeping, and cruelly murdered, without
+having given any offence, although another European had struck a
+Chinaman on the previous day. The murderers belonged to a disciplined
+contingent, commanded by a Mandarin named Kwo, a force which had been
+raised, officered, and equipped by British means!</p>
+
+<p>Besides the continual violation of the exterritoriality clause of the
+treaty, the Manchoos have lately displayed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_802" id="Page_802">[802]</a></span> their growing disregard for
+their obligations and their increasing repugnance to foreigners in a
+variety of illiberal measures. To those which we have already noticed
+may be added the late blunt refusal of the Pekin Cabinet to allow the
+construction of a proposed Russian line of telegraph from Siberia to
+that city.</p>
+
+<p>Another very serious blow to British and Chinese interests has been the
+fruitless mission of Sir M. Stephenson. The Manchoo Government has
+pointedly refused to grant permission for the introduction or
+construction of railways, and the local authorities have obstructively
+prevented the formation of proposed experimental lines at Canton, and
+between Shanghae and Woo-sung, a distance of about fourteen miles.</p>
+
+<p>There is another case in point, which effectually proves the thorough
+impracticability of the Manchoos. A few months ago an enterprising
+Shanghae merchant, Mr. E. A. Reynolds, was public-spirited enough to
+erect a line of telegraph from Shanghae to the sea-coast. He made all
+arrangements, compensated various native landowners, and erected his
+posts, only to find them all chopped down again one fine morning. The
+Mandarins, when appealed to, insulted the British Consul, and refused to
+allow the erection of the telegraph, the alleged reason being that it
+interfered with Fung-shui&mdash;the spirit of geomancy, the air, or something
+else.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly before the above outrage, the Mandarins showed their gratitude
+for the assistance England had given them, by closing the whole of the
+silk districts and interior to steam communication or transit by
+foreigners, the same having been free and open under the rule of the
+Ti-pings, who encouraged the employment of steamers.</p>
+
+<p>Many other instances of Manchoo repugnance and hostility could be
+mentioned, but those noticed are sufficient for all purposes, and so we
+will close our review of <i>some</i> of the results of British policy in
+China.</p>
+
+<p>After<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_803" id="Page_803">[803]</a></span> having examined the conduct of England, it may not be out of place
+to follow with a short sketch of Russian policy, which is daily becoming
+so closely connected with China, whilst the frontier of the great
+Muscovite Power is rapidly extending towards the Chinese and Indian
+empires in one direction, is peacefully established against Chinese
+territory in another, and is gradually annexing to herself vast portions
+of Chinese territory in the north.</p>
+
+<p>Although the Manchoos have always been hostile to British intercourse,
+"there is a system of European policy which they can and do appreciate,"
+as the <i>Standard</i>, August 28, 1865, well said. The substance of the
+article referred to so thoroughly expresses what I would say, that I
+cannot refrain from using it:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>The Manchoos comprehend the spirit of Russia, and dwell at peace with
+that empire on her borders. Instead of a great wall, they are divided
+from their powerful neighbour by a wooden paling, and there has not been
+a shot fired between Russia and China, contiguous though they are,
+during the last fifty years. But what has been the course pursued by
+Russia with regard to that which is loosely and inaccurately termed the
+Ti-ping revolt? One of complete neutrality. We, however, from the coast,
+hoisted our flag in the war. We have taken an active and open part,
+declared against a tremendous national movement, and been virtually
+beaten off the Chinese soil and waters. Looking for results, it is
+impossible to find any, except that our name is hated by millions of
+people who desired to live and trade upon friendly terms with us. Our
+representative diplomacy at Pekin is a nullity, and there is every
+chance that, a change of dynasties intervening, we shall have to undo
+our Manchoo statesmanship, and comply with a very different set of
+political necessities in the East. Your Chinese are very intelligent
+fatalists; they rarely quarrel with facts; they are convinced, it may
+be, of the English fighting quality; but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_804" id="Page_804">[804]</a></span> they can feel little respect
+for our wisdom when they see us standing in a baffled attitude between
+both their great parties, blundering and bewildered, with an enormous
+trade to foster, with prodigious future interests to foresee, and yet
+with a diplomacy which means neither peace nor war, which binds us to no
+intelligible line of conduct, and which has brought us to a condition
+wherein, through any accident, whether of Imperial or insurrectionary
+success, we may be called upon to defend our rights by force of arms.</p>
+
+<p>It is a fact no less singular than true, that the Russians, in
+contradistinction to all other Europeans, show a strong tendency to
+amalgamate with the higher races of Asia. In consequence of this, her
+rapid progress on the continent referred to partakes of the nature of
+absorption and not of conquest. The policy of Russia seems inseparable
+from continual increase of her already vast dominions. In every
+direction her frontier is determinately advanced, while thousands of
+strange people are submitting to her sway. In Europe she uses force to
+obtain any desirable locality; and although it is true that occasionally
+some obstinate or patriotic chief of Central Asia may dispute her
+advance, such obstructions would seem to form the exception to the
+general progress she is enabled to make rather by conciliation and
+clever seizure than by force of arms.</p>
+
+<p>If people have the audacity to use their eyes, and the unparalleled
+hardihood to discover the extraordinary increase of the Russian empire,
+there is a clique of venerable wiseacres who always think to annihilate
+them by the crushing denunciation, Russophobia! Now, these old
+gentlemen&mdash;it is presumed that they are rather decrepit&mdash;may call the
+knowledge of modern geography and the continual increase of Russia
+whatever gives them a little innocent amusement; but all the calling in
+the world cannot alter the fact.</p>
+
+<p>There are two questions which particularly concern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_805" id="Page_805">[805]</a></span> England: is she
+content to halt on the forward path of nations, while Russia, by
+reclaiming the people of Asia, bids fair to rival her in every duty
+assumed by great civilized Powers? Is the meeting of the frontier lines
+of Russia and India, which, according to the regular increase of the
+Russian possessions in Central Asia, might be calculated almost to the
+day, likely to prove disastrous to British empire in the latter country?</p>
+
+<p>Other European Powers can afford to look on without being interested,
+for only England has so precious a jewel as Hindoostan. The first
+question may be passed over as merely bearing upon the advancement of
+abstract principles, or the propagation of Christian doctrine,
+philanthropy, and civilization; but the second is very different,
+relating as it does exclusively to the material and commercial interests
+of Great Britain. Before explaining how these may be affected by the
+future movements of Russia, or describing the present position of that
+Power in Central Asia, it will not be out of place to give a short
+sketch of Russian progress.</p>
+
+<p>At page 410, vol. ii., "MacGregor's Commercial Statistics," the
+following interesting calculations are given:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Russia contained&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">At the accession of Peter I. in</td><td align="right">1689</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15,000,000</td><td align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;inhabitants.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">At the accession of Catherine II. in&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="right">1762</td><td align="right">25,000,000</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">At her death in</td><td align="right">1796</td><td align="right">36,000,000</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">At the death of Alexander in</td><td align="right">1825</td><td align="right">58,000,000</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>"Her acquisitions from Sweden are greater than what remains of
+that kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>"Her acquisitions from Poland are nearly equal to the Austrian
+empire.</p>
+
+<p>"Her acquisitions from Turkey in Europe are of greater extent
+than the Prussian dominions, exclusive of the Rhenish provinces.</p>
+
+<p>"Her acquisitions from Turkey in Asia are nearly equal in
+dimensions to the whole of the smaller states of Germany.</p>
+
+<p>"Her acquisitions from Persia are equal in extent to England.</p>
+
+<p>"Her acquisitions in Tartary have an area not inferior to that
+of Turkey in Europe, Greece, Italy, and Spain."</p></div>
+
+<p>The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_806" id="Page_806">[806]</a></span> valuable work quoted from was published in the year 1844. It
+proceeds to state:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The acquisitions she has made within the last sixty-four years
+are equal in extent and importance to the whole empire she had
+in Europe before that time.</p>
+
+<p>"The Russian frontier has been advanced towards&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Berlin, Dresden, Munich, Vienna, and Paris&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="center">about</td><td align="right">700</td><td align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;miles.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Constantinople</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">500</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Stockholm</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">630</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Teheran</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1,000</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>"It is to be borne in mind that the Russian tariff <i>of
+exclusion</i> has been extended to all those acquisitions where
+formerly British merchandise was freely sent." </p></div>
+
+<p>To the above may be added the Russian acquisitions in North America,
+which are nearly five times the extent of the British Isles.</p>
+
+<p>Her acquisitions from the Chinese empire, the river Amoor territory in
+Manchuria, are about equal in dimensions to England.</p>
+
+<p>Her acquisitions from independent Tartary since 1844 are more than four
+times greater in extent than the British Isles. The advance of the
+Russian frontier from Orenburg to Samarkand is about 800 miles.</p>
+
+<p>Every mail from India brings intelligence of further Russian progress or
+conquest. The position at which we have placed her is within 200 miles
+of Cabul, and 400 of Jellalabad and Cashmere. Nothing but the mountains
+of Cashmere and Cabul separate the Russians from British India. Foiled
+and driven back by the results of the Crimean war, Russia changed her
+line of aggression from facing directly through Turkey, Persia, and so
+to Hindoostan; but, by concentrating her forces upon and crushing poor
+Circassia (which might have been protected with almost more reason than
+Turkey was), she opened a direct passage to Persia upon the west of the
+Caspian Sea, whilst at the same time other legions were carrying her
+frontier line at a quick march through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_807" id="Page_807">[807]</a></span> Tartary to the eastward. The
+command of the Bosphorus would have made the Black Sea a Russian lake,
+and the only assailable flank of a march into Persia would have been
+protected against the great naval Powers. That position has been <i>par
+force</i> abandoned, but Russia has succeeded in obtaining another almost
+equally good. By her extraordinary efforts against Circassia she has at
+length managed to obtain the long-coveted Caucasian Mountains. These, in
+the hands of a comparatively small force, constitute an effectual
+barrier to any foreign offensive movement against her operations on, and
+to the eastward of, the Caspian Sea. Thus it is palpable that no
+European Power could in Europe, upon equal terms, or with a chance of
+success, oppose her designs on the southern and eastern portions of
+Asia. Meanwhile she is steadily possessing herself of the territory yet
+independent on the frontiers of India and Thibet. During the last few
+years she has successfully absorbed Khiva, the territories of the
+Kirghiz and Kalpak Tartars, the provinces of Turkestan, and the
+principal points of Kokan. The great cities of Tashkend and Samarkand
+are in Russian hands, and the last mail from India (December, 1865)
+announces that war has commenced between them and Bokhara&mdash;the last
+independent kingdom of Tartary. There is an old Muscovite prediction,
+which declares: "When the Russians shall have conquered Samarkand, and
+shall have returned to the cradle of their Tartar ancestors, there shall
+be but one rule in Asia, and the Mongols and Tartars united shall brave
+the whole world." Certainly this prophecy is in progress; it remains to
+be seen whether it will be accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>The last telegrams report that the Russians are within six miles of
+Bokhara, the capital of the country of that name, and that many
+thousands of workmen are engaged constructing their military roads
+through that kingdom. And where are these roads leading? In a direct
+line for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_808" id="Page_808">[808]</a></span> the nearest portion of British India! Perhaps the Russians
+only wish to build summer-houses on the northern slopes of the mountains
+of Cashmere, though it is strange military roads and large bodies of
+troops are required for such a purpose. Perhaps they wish to get on the
+other side of these mountains,&mdash;time will show.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the present (December, 1865) position of Russia in Asia; but
+already there are signs indicative of a much farther progress. Already
+the people a little beyond her advancing frontier are in turmoil and
+confusion. Kashgar, Yarkend, and other portions of eastern Thibet,
+together with Cabul, being in anarchy, and waiting for the arrival of
+the pacificating, absorbing invader, whilst the great Mongolian province
+of I-li has thrown off its allegiance to the Emperor of China. Already
+the next nations are breaking up like fallow earth before the resistless
+ploughshare.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Bombay Mail</i> of December 13th states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Many reports are current of commotions in the Affghan states
+and along the Punjaub frontier.... The internal commotions in
+Cabul continue.... An envoy from Kotan has arrived at
+Cashmere.... The object of his visit is said to be to offer the
+Empress of India the allegiance of Kotan, in return for an
+assurance of protection from the Russians.... The inhabitants of
+Soket, in the hills north of Jullunder, lately made an attack on
+Mundi.... The country near Yarkand is reported to be in a state
+of insurrection. It is conjectured that this manifestation of
+revolt is an indication of <i>some greater power having instigated
+it</i>, having for its object the creation of universal revolt, and
+thus breaking the influence of China in these parts.</p>
+
+<p>"An affray recently took place between the sepoys of the Jeypore
+Rajah and the Rajah of Khetra, in which several lives were lost.
+Government have called upon the former chief for explanations.</p>
+
+<p>"Advices from the north-western frontier indicate the necessity
+for being more than ever on the alert against the increasing
+raids by various sects. Letters recently received report that
+the Wahabee Moulvies at Sittana have been purchasing the favour
+of the Akhoond of Swat, who was to stir up the tribes to a
+united effort against the British.</p>
+
+<p>"It is reported from Peshawur that the Afreedies are very
+restless, and inclined to give trouble. This tribe occupies the
+hills all along the western side of the Peshawur Valley, and
+their territory interposes between <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_809" id="Page_809">[809]</a></span>the Peshawur and Kohat
+districts. They can muster some 20,000 fighting men, all of them
+as good soldiers as can be found on the frontier." </p></div>
+
+<p>It is quite plain to those who have studied the question, that Russian
+progress towards India and China is seriously affecting the material and
+commercial interests of Great Britain. For some years the Russians have
+successfully competed with British merchants in China. Although their
+trade has been carried on through a vast extent of territory, still the
+import of Russian woollen and other manufactured goods, <i>viâ</i> Irkoutsk,
+Kiachta, and Mongolia, has been sufficient to suit and satisfy the
+market of Western, Northern, and Central China, besides Mongolia and
+Thibet. Every day increases this commerce, and makes it less expensive.
+Russia brings into the contest with England (whether it be commercial or
+military) overwhelming natural advantages. She is rapidly extending her
+railway and telegraphic lines throughout her Asiatic dominions; and
+these, besides serving to introduce the sciences, arts, and mechanical
+inventions of modern civilization, are being constructed for the
+conveyance of armies to the utmost limits of her empire. It is quite
+possible that, by the time the Russian frontier joins that of India,
+railway communication will be extended to the same point, and afford the
+opportunity of conveying large bodies of troops. Russia undoubtedly has
+a great future in Asia, and it is difficult to see how England can
+ultimately avoid yielding before the natural advantages that will be
+brought into the field against her&mdash;for that they will be so employed
+one cannot doubt; unless, indeed, there be some charm by which British
+interests are made sacred to her rival, and certainly the Russians are
+not likely to prefer a barren steppe of Tartary to a rich slice of
+India. As for the principle of the thing, the less said about that the
+better. Considering the manner in which England obtained her dominions
+in Hindoostan, the Russians have quite as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_810" id="Page_810">[810]</a></span> much right to take them, if
+they can; and why should we flatter ourselves that they will not try
+when they become our neighbours, when we see them indiscriminately
+seizing all territories which lie in their way?</p>
+
+<p>It may be that we should rather rejoice at the position Russia is taking
+up against India and China; it may be that, even should the result prove
+injurious to us, it will not be felt till something like the lapse of
+another century; but these are grave questions, and it is quite within
+the bounds of probability that another few months may find us either
+defending our Indian possessions, or crushing internal dissension
+created by Russian intrigue amongst our coloured subjects.</p>
+
+<p>It is scarcely to be expected (except in the event of European war) that
+Russia will make any direct attack upon British India, but the very
+contrast of her method of conquest with ours will create disaffection
+amongst the excitable, fanatical, treacherous natives. Why this result
+should ensue is explained by the well-known fact that (probably from the
+admixture of Tartar blood) the Russians can amalgamate with Asiatics,
+while the English cannot. Englishmen may flatter themselves that British
+rule is adored in India, but all the flattery in the world cannot
+obliterate the remembrance of the terrible mutiny, which, considering
+the numbers that joined it who were not sepoys, might more appropriately
+be termed a rebellion. Unless we have thoroughly established our rule in
+the hearts of the people, we may be sure that the vicinity of Russian
+dependencies will cause trouble, because Asiatics will become
+Russianized far sooner than we can Anglicise them, and Russian
+influences are already at work in Affghanistan, if not also in
+Cashmere&mdash;whence disturbances were lately reported. In conclusion, on
+this subject, it may fairly be said that Russia is performing a great
+work, no doubt to the benefit of thousands of uncivilized nomades, and
+that her course is very likely to lead her into collision with British
+India. England<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_811" id="Page_811">[811]</a></span> cannot stop her if she would; but England <i>might have
+had</i> a powerful friend and ally in the shape of a great Asiatic Power if
+she had not destroyed the Ti-pings who would have established it. By the
+wilful, unjustifiable, short-sighted policy of her Government, England
+has lost the glorious opportunity of helping to establish a vast
+Christian empire in Asia&mdash;a course the more impolitic because its
+reverse would not only have tended to raise a balance against the
+incessant encroachment of Russia in the East, but to create a strong
+friendly Power on the frontier of her own Indian possessions.</p>
+
+<p>One object for which the author has steadily laboured, and which has had
+no small share in causing the production of this work, is to counteract
+the gross amount of ignorant prejudice which has been excited against
+the Tipings through the medium of false reports in England. Persons
+either individually implicated, or credulous enough to believe the
+interested statements of those who have been concerned in slaughtering
+the Ti-pings, have been gratified at the diffusion of their opinions by
+sundry publications, journals, and magazines&mdash;patriotic, very, no doubt,
+but nevertheless either unscrupulous or gullible.</p>
+
+<p>Just to prove the utter worthlessness of the reports referred to, the
+following statements are selected from two new books ("Peking and the
+Pekingese," by Dr. Rennie; "Chinese Miscellanies," by Sir J. F. Davis);
+whilst it is also unhesitatingly affirmed that every similar effusion,
+having for its basis defamation of the Ti-pings, is equally
+untrustworthy, and as easily, if not more so, refuted.</p>
+
+<p>In the Dedication of the former of the two works to Sir F. Bruce, Dr.
+Rennie has sufficient power of imagination to term that official's
+vacillating and inane diplomacy&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"A policy auguring so <i>favourably</i><a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a>[1] for the future of
+China." </p>
+</div>
+
+<p>With<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_812" id="Page_812">[812]</a></span> a further combination of inaccuracy, adulation, and prejudice, Dr.
+Rennie proceeds to state:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"And which, <i>having been mainly conducive to the extinction of
+the Taeping rebellion</i>,[2] has already been attended with
+results of the highest importance to the <i>cause of
+humanity</i>."[3] </p></div>
+
+<p>[1] It is for those who peruse this work, and all who have other
+opportunities than such as Dr. Rennie gives to enlighten them, to judge
+whether the "policy" in question has proved "<i>favourable</i>" or the
+reverse.</p>
+
+<p>[2] As for the second passage, if Dr. Rennie means that the shuffling,
+spiritless, and vacillating conduct of Sir F. Bruce, marked by total
+want of energy and impartiality, conduced to a certain result, by means
+of having established no policy or principle of statesmanship whatever,
+he is right; but if he means that his patron advocated, advised, or
+countenanced the massacre of Ti-pings, he is labouring under some
+extraordinary delusion, and the words of him he tries to praise, but
+clearly misrepresents, prove it. Not only has the weather-vane of the
+political fancies of Sir F. Bruce never been blown to within many points
+of recommending direct intervention, but on the other hand he has
+<i>violently</i> deprecated any such operation, as may be seen by referring
+to page 280, Chapter X., and many other parts of this work. The
+finishing blow, however, is given to Dr. Rennie's illusory though
+amusing panegyric, and his unfortunate premises are proved to be without
+foundation; by the well-known fact that the "extinction of the Taeping
+rebellion" has neither taken place, nor even seems likely to be, as
+appears by a telegram in the London papers (November 24, 1865), viz.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Shanghae, October 9, 1865. The Taepings are reported to be
+again appearing in large bodies." </p></div>
+
+<p>[3] With regard to Dr. Rennie's rodomontade about "<i>the cause of
+humanity</i>," as the Ti-pings are not yet <i>exterminated</i>, it is simply
+unmeaning; and all that can be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_813" id="Page_813">[813]</a></span> said in its favour is, that it is
+correctly copied from the Blue Book (see p. 738, Chap. XXIV.).</p>
+
+<p>At the 89th page of "Peking and the Pekingese," Dr. Rennie endorses the
+following misrepresentations:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Taepings who, Mr. Parkes states, endeavour to copy the most
+objectionable traits in the Imperialist character (?), in
+addition to which a sort of 'High life below stairs' farce is
+enacted, embracing the most absurd assumptions of dignity, with
+general licentiousness, blasphemy, and obscenity...." </p></div>
+
+<p>Then Dr. Rennie's ire becomes aroused at the thought of such wickedness,
+and the consciousness of moral rectitude filling him with a strange
+<i>cacoethes scribendi</i>, he abuses the Ti-ping Wang very cruelly, by
+declaring:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"This lunatic monarch (for such he would really seem to be) is
+waited on only by women, no males being allowed to approach him;
+bigamy (?), with general immorality, is said to be the prevailing
+institution of the Court of Nankin." </p></div>
+
+<p>Now the above statement is no less incorrect than absurd. The Tien-wang
+regularly held council with his ministers and chiefs. The insertion of
+the word "bigamy" suggests motives on the part of the writer, who, we
+may suppose, means polygamy. He not only forgets to blame his
+Imperialist friends for conforming to <i>the same custom of China</i>, but he
+must be ignorant of the fact that "bigamy" means the crime of marrying
+more than one woman <i>only</i> in countries where the civil law makes such
+connection illegal. Not satisfied with thus abusing those he had never
+seen, Dr. Rennie proceeds to <i>mis</i>quote from Blue Books. He says, at the
+same page:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The following rhapsody has lately appeared, in the form of a
+proclamation, from the Teen-wang." </p></div>
+
+<p>He then quotes a decree, issued on the 7th of March, 1861, to establish
+certain regulations in the civil department of the Ti-ping
+Government,&mdash;a translation of the same being given at page 44 (Inclosure
+6, in Number 11)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_814" id="Page_814">[814]</a></span> of the Blue Book on China, presented to the British
+Parliament, "in pursuance of their address, dated April 8, 1862."</p>
+
+<p>The clause which either Dr. Rennie or his authority has altered, in the
+original and official translation, is as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Thus, in addition to the perfect regulations, we have added six
+more, making nine altogether. Do not go and turn your backs on
+the Father, Brother, myself, and my son, who illuminate all
+places, benevolently harmonizing them for a myriad myriad
+generations...." </p></div>
+
+<p>The words "Father&mdash;Brother" are, in the Chinese text, <i>raised</i> the usual
+number of spaces above "myself and my son," which at once properly
+represents the Divinity. Any unprejudiced mind would certainly
+understand the sentence as meaning that&mdash;"the Father, Brother, Myself,
+and my Son," in our respective spheres, benevolently harmonize all
+things. Dr. Rennie, however, tries to prove the blasphemous nature of
+the Ti-pings in the following manner:&mdash;At page 90, first volume of his
+work, he misquotes the clause of the proclamation referred to in this
+way:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Now do not in the least turn away your back upon Ya-ko-chum and
+Yan (?)&mdash;God, Christ, myself, and son&mdash;who illuminate all places
+<span class="smcap">AS ONE BODY POLITIC</span>, benevolently harmonizing them for ten
+thousand times ten thousand generations." </p></div>
+
+<p>Where does Dr. Rennie get the interpolation from? It is a totally
+un-Chinese expression, but a favourite term <i>with English diplomatists</i>.
+It appears a clever attempt to alter the sense of the proclamation, and
+brand the Ti-pings with the crime of blasphemy. There are other cases in
+which the author of "Peking and the Pekingese" goes out of his way to
+endorse second-hand opinions inimical to the Ti-pings; but as he does
+not attempt to corroborate them by any mention of his own experience, it
+is unnecessary to further notice such valueless statements; the
+misquotation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_815" id="Page_815">[815]</a></span> exposed above, not only evidences how little reliance is
+to be placed on the clique of Ti-ping maligners, but forms a fitting
+conclusion to our acquaintance with a book which would have been more
+valuable had the author refrained from aspersing a political cause of
+which he knows literally nothing.</p>
+
+<p>The misrepresentation contained in "Chinese Miscellanies," though merely
+consisting of one sentence and a foot-note, is important and worthy of
+contradiction, because it is promulgated by Sir J. F. Davis. Speaking,
+in the preface, of the Governments of China and Japan, he states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"With all their faults they are, in their integral
+characteristics, better than the <i>mock</i> Christian<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> Taepings
+of China...." </p></div>
+
+<p>As for the mockery of Christianity, perhaps the readers of "Ti-ping Tien
+Kwoh" may agree with its author in believing that it has been altogether
+upon the part of those who, like Sir J. Davis, have scoffed at, abused,
+and ridiculed the faith of the Ti-pings. Many millions of men do not
+establish a great revolution, and sacrifice their lives for a <i>mock</i>
+purpose, whatever Sir J. Davis may think to the contrary. If "it has
+been <i>plain from the first</i>" that the Ti-pings were no more like
+Christians than Mahomet was like a Jew, will the clever discoverer
+kindly explain the meaning of the statements of the Bishop of Victoria,
+Revs. Edkins, John, Medhurst, Muirhead, &amp;c., referred to and quoted in
+this work?</p>
+
+<p>All that now remains to be noticed are the movements of the Ti-pings
+since capturing the city of Chang-chew, near Amoy, their present
+circumstances and position.</p>
+
+<p>After holding a large portion of the province of Fu-keen for about eight
+months, on the 16th of May, 1865, the Ti-pings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_816" id="Page_816">[816]</a></span> evacuated the city of
+Chang-chew, and moved off to the westward.</p>
+
+<p>This proceeding took both Europeans and Imperialists completely by
+surprise; for, up to the day before the Shi-wang left Chang-chew, his
+outposts were five miles from the city, and the Manchoo forces had not
+ventured to attack them for a long time. The place was also strongly
+fortified and well-provisioned&mdash;so much so, indeed, that large stores of
+grain, &amp;c., were left behind,&mdash;while the country to the west and south
+was entirely under the control of the Ti-pings.</p>
+
+<p>The explanation of the Shi-wang's sudden movement is due to the fact
+that eleven days afterwards he joined his forces with Hung-jin, the
+Kan-wang, at a distance of eighty or ninety miles inland.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, as usual, frightful accounts of Ti-ping atrocities on the
+march were concocted to harrow the feelings of those simple enough to
+believe them. It is fortunate that trustworthy evidence exists to prove
+that the Ti-pings have not yet become the "horde of banditti" England's
+policy has worked so hard to make them. The Rev. W. McGregor, English
+Presbyterian Missionary at Amoy (about fourteen miles from Chang-chew),
+in a letter dated 10th April, 1865, declares that, whilst conquering
+neighbouring parts of the province by expeditions issuing from
+Chang-chew,<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> "the Ti-pings had been guilty of no wanton destruction
+of property or slaughter of the people." Again, in another letter, dated
+26th May, 1865, after the revolutionists had retreated inland, he
+states:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Of course many stories are being put in circulation about the
+cruelties of the Taepings when in possession of Chang-chew; but
+it must be remembered that these come from Mandarin sources, and
+thence through the foreign custom-house pass into circulation in
+the foreign community, while a little investigation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_817" id="Page_817">[817]</a></span> often shows
+them to be quite unfounded. For example, it was reported that
+the Taepings left Chang-chew a perfect shamble, having massacred
+all the people that were of no use to take with them, and in
+corroboration of this some of the foreign community were taken
+up, and shown the city burning in several places, with numbers
+of dead bodies lying about; but it has to be kept in mind that,
+before this the Mandarin troops had been some days in the city,
+and the remembrance of Soo-chow ought to teach Englishmen, at
+least, how these days would be spent. The Chinese have a
+technical term for a proclamation issued ordering soldiers to
+desist from <i>indiscriminate</i> slaughter and plunder, and I
+casually got the information from my teacher (who has the means
+of getting all news circulating in the Yamens), that Chang-chew
+was in the hands of the Imperialists four or five days before
+this proclamation was issued. The fact is, that, immediately on
+the Taepings leaving, the people whom they left (they took a
+large number with them as baggage-bearers, &amp;c.), endeavoured to
+escape from it as fast as possible; and we have information from
+some who have escaped that, before the departure of the rebels
+no slaughter took place. How the Imperialists have acted in
+Chang-chew and the surrounding villages will be apparent from
+the single fact that, since they entered the city, the soldiers
+have been selling women at four dollars each. No evidence has
+yet been produced that the Taepings have been guilty of such
+atrocities as are implied in this statement. A short time ago,
+in consequence of some disturbances in the Tung-au region, a
+body of soldiers were detached from the Mandarin force, near
+Chang-chew, who by their own account burnt over twenty villages
+and massacred over 2,000 women and children, without meeting
+with any resistance. They ultimately returned, in consequence of
+the villagers, farther north, forming a combination for mutual
+protection, and threatening to join the rebels. We have not
+heard of an instance of the Taepings acting in such a manner." </p></div>
+
+<p>It is impossible to tell, at present, whether the Ti-pings may become a
+scourge to their country, or whether they will again rise into power and
+importance, and occupy their old position. But the fact must be
+carefully recorded that, in event of the former deplorable contingency,
+it is British interference which has made them what they are, and that
+it must be regarded as the original and responsible cause of all that is
+or may be objectionable. It is now placed beyond doubt that the Kan-wang
+is at the head of a great body of Ti-pings, although it is equally
+certain that other divisions not under his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_818" id="Page_818">[818]</a></span> command exist in various
+directions; but, so long as he remains in authority, there need be
+little fear as to the deterioration of the movement. One fact in
+connection with the retreat from Chang-chew speaks volumes. It seems
+that when some missionaries visited the place immediately after the
+Ti-pings had fled, they made the interesting discovery described by Dr.
+Carnegie (medical missionary) in the following words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>
+"Only some two or three of the Christians have been heard of.... A
+native preacher is amongst the missing. An interesting fact, however,
+remains to be told in connection with the rebels, and it is
+this:&mdash;That whilst they gutted the heathen temples and utterly
+demolished the many hundreds of idols with which these temples were
+stored, they respected the Christian places of worship, and in one of
+the chapels, where there is a scroll bearing these words, 'The pure
+religion of Jesus,' some of them added underneath, '<span class="smcap">May it spread over
+the whole earth!</span>'"
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As Colonel Sykes, M.P., truly observes in a letter upon the above
+subject, published in the <i>Star</i>, December 28th, 1865:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"These two testimonies, standing unscathed in a desolated city,
+will fall gratingly upon the memories of those who, with British
+bayonets and British shot and shell, in violation of good faith
+and in violation of a commanded neutrality, have aided a
+Government, which has been characterized for its constant
+perfidy and cruelty, to defeat a national party, in which, as we
+see, was not only a germ of Christianity, of probable
+development into a rich harvest, but which party also constantly
+had manifested a desire to cultivate friendly relations with
+foreigners, with a view to the introduction of Western science
+and art, as contra-distinguished from the Imperial Government,
+which stupidly and doggedly opposes itself to every proposition
+for the establishment of railways, telegraphs, the steam
+navigation of internal waters, and other useful objects." </p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Since the evacuation of Chang-chew, but little information has been
+received regarding the movements and whereabouts of the Ti-pings. From
+the depositions of two foreigners<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_819" id="Page_819">[819]</a></span> (Mansfield and Baffey), it has been
+ascertained that the Kan-wang is in supreme command, nothing whatever
+being heard of the Tien or Chung Wangs. Besides the force from
+Chang-chew, and the main body with which it effected a junction, another
+division seems to have arrived from the city of Kia-ying-chow, in the
+province of Kiang-si, but it is not stated under what leader. The
+concentration of these troops was probably caused by the orders of the
+Kan-wang, who, it would seem, has since led them northward into
+Kiang-si. Whither they are marching is as yet unknown. It is quite
+possible that their intention is to join the Nien-fie in the northern
+provinces, who have again defeated the Imperialists under Tseng-kwo-fan,
+and seem to be moving in every direction in overwhelming numbers, while
+one body is especially reported as making a diversion to the south-west.</p>
+
+<p>The men, Mansfield and Baffey, were present at the junction of the
+Ti-ping forces. The latter, in his deposition, states: "The Kan-wang is
+about 35 years of age. He is the principal rebel-chief at the present
+moment.... When I left, the rebels were talking of retreating towards
+Kiang-si. They have great confidence in the Kan-wang. The latter is an
+exceedingly clever man, very fond of European ideas, but very
+distrustful of foreigners"&mdash;as well he may be.</p>
+
+<p>Between the Nien-fie league in the north and the Ti-pings in the south,
+it seems very probable the Manchoo dynasty will ultimately be
+overthrown. If the Imperialist forces are concentrated in the north, in
+all other quarters insurrection breaks out, and the Ti-pings rapidly
+increase their strength and conquests; and so, upon the other hand, when
+they move against the Ti-pings in the south, the Nien-fie, Mohamedan
+rebels, &amp;c., gain numberless adherents, and capture city after city with
+impunity. Every mail brings some dim tidings of disaster to the Tartar
+cause England has been so wantonly led to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_820" id="Page_820">[820]</a></span> support. It is extraordinary
+that while internal dangers are rapidly increasing, the Manchoos should
+be fulfilling their anti-foreign intentions when foreign help alone can
+save them. A late number of the <i>China Overland Trade Report</i>, dated
+Hong-kong, 31st December, 1865, states:-</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Since the late evacuation of the Taku forts much labour and
+outlay have been expended in strengthening the fortifications;
+in fact, it is said that when the plan adopted shall be carried
+out, these forts will be impregnable except to iron-clads. The
+proceeding is significant when taken in connection with the
+anti-foreign policy known to be cherished." </p></div>
+
+<p>Intelligence from China, bearing date February 1st, 1866, announces a
+Ti-ping victory in the province of Fu-keen, the Imperialists losing
+their leader, Kwo-sun-liang. The Ti-pings have also recaptured the
+important city of Kia-ying-chow, which had been evacuated by the third
+division of the army, at present combined under the Kan-wang's command,
+before the junction was effected.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time further victorious progress of the Nien-fie is
+reported, and a large rebel force (supposed to be of that movement) has
+appeared within 30 miles of Hankow, the great commercial city and treaty
+port situated some 700 miles up the river Yang-tze-kiang. It would thus
+seem that a considerable division of the Nien-fie army has been detached
+on a rapid march to the south-west; at the same time the Ti-pings have
+moved to the north-west, and captured Kia-ying-chow, so that it is
+plain, if each force continues its advance, they will shortly meet,
+which is very likely their intention.</p>
+
+<p>What the consequences will be if the Ti-pings are fortunate and wise
+enough to effect a junction with the Nien-fie can scarcely admit of a
+doubt. Without foreign assistance the Imperialists are unable to cope
+with either of the great rebellions, how much less would they be able to
+resist the two combined! It only requires such an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_821" id="Page_821">[821]</a></span> amalgamation of the
+two great parties in opposition to the Manchoo rule to cause the native
+population to rise <i>en masse</i>. Each mail brings tidings of fresh
+outbreaks in every part of the distracted empire, and it is ominous for
+the present dynasty that the literary class, the highest in China, are
+beginning to raise and lead local insurrection, as was the case in
+December, 1865, at the town of Chin-shan, only 65 miles from Shanghae, a
+part of the country just pacified by British swords!</p>
+
+<p>"The unfortunate have always been deserted and betrayed," and how much
+more by those who have guiltily made them unfortunate in the first
+place! It is therefore easy to understand the nature of the hostility
+which has been excited in England against the Ti-pings&mdash;against the only
+section of the people of China whom righteous men can look to as
+affording a prospect of forwarding the true interests and improvement of
+that vast and beautiful and incalculably rich country.</p>
+
+<p>It is bad to go to war at all; it is highly criminal to make war upon an
+unoffending neighbour; and it is enormous guilt to use hostilities for
+the purpose of subduing a free and happy people because they <i>might</i>
+interfere with our profits; but in what words can the double crime of
+waging war upon mercenary grounds against the cause of liberty and
+Christianity be expressed? Yet such, unfortunately, is the course which
+England has pursued by taking part against the Ti-pings.</p>
+
+<p>It is true there is yet some hope that the policy of the Cabinet of her
+late lamented statesman, Lord Palmerston, may prove a failure. The
+Chinese Christian patriots have still a chance of successfully defending
+themselves, and they have strong hope, for their chiefs have repeatedly
+said, "The Mings took a hundred years to found their dynasty, and
+possibly so may we, but most assuredly, sooner or later, we shall expel
+the Tartars and succeed, for the Heavenly Father is with us, and who can
+triumph against Him?"</p>
+
+<p>Let<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_822" id="Page_822">[822]</a></span> Englishmen therefore trust that their rulers will in future observe
+the neutrality they have once more professed, and not again wage an
+unrighteous war without even declaring it, and in violation of their
+official pledges. All men whose minds have a spark of philanthropy,
+civilization, or Christian faith, will wish their Chinese brothers God
+speed.</p>
+
+<p>Let us trust that, ph&oelig;nix-like, the Ti-pings may rise from the
+ashes of their former glory and yet succeed in their great
+religio-political movement, that they may again print and widely
+circulate the Holy Bible, which, throughout all their former territory,
+British bayonets and Manchoo torches have for a time destroyed, and that
+England will not have to answer for the sin of crushing the first
+Christian movement in modern Asia, and the last apparent opportunity of
+Christianizing and liberating China.</p>
+
+<p>While looking forward hopefully to the future of the Ti-pings, because
+the cause of liberty is theirs, and the cause of the Gospel is theirs
+also, let it be remembered (as applying to the former phase) that a
+great man has said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+"For freedom's battle once begun,<br />
+Bequeathed by bleeding sire to son,<br />
+Though baffled oft, is ever won."<br />
+</div>
+
+<p>And let it be remembered (as applying to the latter phase) that the
+Ti-ping movement was originated through acceptation of the Gospel, and
+that to comfort those who are persecuted for Its sake, it is therein
+declared:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed; we are
+perplexed, but not in despair.</p>
+
+<p>"Persecuted, but not forsaken; cast down, but not destroyed." </p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Published in the <i>Daily News</i>, August 8, 1865.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> The italics are ours.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> "It has been plain from the first, that they were no more
+like Christians than Mahomet was like a Jew" (p. iv).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Published in <i>The English Presbyterian Messenger</i>, July
+1st and August 1, 1865.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> See p. 13, "Occasional Paper," No. 10, dated July, 1865,
+issued with the Tenth Annual Report of the China Mission at Amoy and
+Swatow, 1864-5.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_823" id="Page_823">[823]</a></span></p>
+<h2>APPENDIX A.</h2>
+
+<p>RELIGIOUS PUBLICATIONS WRITTEN BY THE TIEN-WANG HUNG-SIU-TSHUEN, AND
+USED BY THE TI-PINGS.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<h3>DECALOGUE.</h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+THE TEN CELESTIAL COMMANDS WHICH ARE TO BE<br />
+CONSTANTLY OBSERVED.
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>THE FIRST COMMAND.</h4>
+
+<div class="center">THOU SHALT HONOUR AND WORSHIP THE GREAT GOD.</div>
+
+<p><i>Remark.</i>&mdash;The great God is the universal Father of all men, in every
+nation under heaven. Every man is produced and nourished by him: every
+man is also protected by him: every man ought, therefore, morning and
+evening, to honour and worship him, with acknowledgments of his
+goodness. It is a common saying, that Heaven produces, nourishes, and
+protects men. Also, that being provided with food we must not deceive
+Heaven. Therefore, whoever does not worship the great God breaks the
+commands of Heaven.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><i>The Hymn says</i>:&mdash;</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Imperial Heaven, the Supreme God is the true Spirit (God):<br />
+Worship him every morning and evening, and you will be taken up;<br />
+You ought deeply to consider the ten celestial commands,<br />
+And not by your foolishness obscure the right principles of nature.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>THE SECOND COMMAND.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_824" id="Page_824">[824]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">THOU SHALT NOT WORSHIP CORRUPT SPIRITS (GODS).</div>
+
+<p><i>Remark.</i>&mdash;The great God says, Thou shalt have no other spirits (gods)
+beside me. Therefore all besides the great God are corrupt spirits
+(gods), deceiving and destroying mankind; they must on no account be
+worshipped: whoever worships the whole class of corrupt spirits (gods)
+offends against the commands of Heaven.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><i>The Hymn says</i>:&mdash;</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Corrupt devils very easily delude the souls of men.<br />
+If you perversely believe in them, you will at last go down to hell.<br />
+We exhort you all, brave people, to awake from your lethargy,<br />
+And early make your peace with your exalted Heavenly Father.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>THE THIRD COMMAND.</h4>
+
+<div class="center">THOU SHALT NOT TAKE THE NAME OF THE GREAT GOD IN VAIN.</div>
+
+<p><i>Remark.</i>&mdash;The name of the great God is Jehovah, which men must not take
+in vain. Whoever takes God's name in vain, and rails against Heaven,
+offends against this command.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><i>The Hymn says</i>:&mdash;</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Our exalted Heavenly Father is infinitely honourable;<br />
+Those who disobey and profane his name, seldom come to a good end.<br />
+If unacquainted with the true doctrine, you should be on your guard,<br />
+For those who wantonly blaspheme involve themselves in endless crime.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>THE FOURTH COMMAND.</h4>
+
+<div class="center">ON THE SEVENTH DAY, THE DAY OF WORSHIP, YOU SHOULD PRAISE THE GREAT GOD
+FOR HIS GOODNESS.</div>
+
+<p><i>Remark.</i>&mdash;In the beginning the great God made heaven and earth, land
+and sea, men and things, in six days; and having finished his works on
+the seventh day, he called it the day of rest (or Sabbath): therefore
+all the men of the world, who enjoy the blessing of the great God,
+should on every seventh day especially reverence and worship the great
+God, and praise him for his goodness.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><i>The Hymn says</i>:&mdash;</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+All the happiness enjoyed in the world comes from Heaven;<br />
+It is therefore reasonable that men should give thanks and sing;<br />
+At the daily morning and evening meal there should be thanksgiving,<br />
+But on the seventh day, the worship should be more intense.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>THE FIFTH COMMAND.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_825" id="Page_825">[825]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">THOU SHALT HONOUR THY FATHER AND THY MOTHER, THAT THY DAYS MAY BE
+PROLONGED.</div>
+
+<p><i>Remark.</i>&mdash;Whoever disobeys his parents breaks this command.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><i>The Hymn says</i>:&mdash;</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+History records that Shun honoured his parents to the end of his days,<br />
+Causing them to experience the intensest pleasure and delight:<br />
+August Heaven will abundantly reward all who act thus,<br />
+And do not disappoint the expectation of the authors of their being.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>THE SIXTH COMMAND.</h4>
+
+<div class="center">THOU SHALT NOT KILL OR INJURE MEN.</div>
+
+<p><i>Remark.</i>&mdash;He who kills another kills himself, and he who injures
+another injures himself. Whoever does either of these breaks the above
+command.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><i>The Hymn says</i>:&mdash;</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+The whole world is one family, and all men are brethren,<br />
+How can they be permitted to kill and destroy one another?<br />
+The outward form and the inward principle are both conferred by Heaven:<br />
+Allow every one, then, to enjoy the ease and comfort which he desires.<br />
+</div>
+
+<h4>THE SEVENTH COMMAND.</h4>
+
+<div class="center">THOU SHALT NOT COMMIT ADULTERY OR ANYTHING UNCLEAN.</div>
+
+<p><i>Remark.</i>&mdash;All the men in the world are brethren, and all the women in
+the world are sisters. Among the sons and daughters of the celestial
+hall the males are on one side and the females on the other, and are not
+allowed to intermix. Should either men or women practise lewdness they
+are considered outcasts, as having offended against one of the chief
+commands of Heaven. The casting of amorous glances, the harbouring of
+lustful imaginations, the smoking of foreign tobacco (opium), or the
+singing of libidinous songs must all be considered as breaches of this
+command.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><i>The Hymn says</i>:&mdash;</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Lust and lewdness constitute the chief transgression,<br />
+Those who practise it become outcasts, and are the objects of pity.<br />
+If you wish to enjoy the substantial happiness of heaven,<br />
+It is necessary to deny yourself and earnestly cultivate virtue.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>THE EIGHTH COMMAND.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_826" id="Page_826">[826]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">THOU SHALT NOT ROB OR STEAL.</div>
+
+<p><i>Remark.</i>&mdash;Riches and poverty are determined by the great God; but
+whosoever robs or plunders the property of others transgresses this
+command.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><i>The Hymn says</i>:&mdash;</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Rest contented with your station, however poor, and do not steal.<br />
+Robbery and violence are low and abandoned practices.<br />
+Those who injure others really injure themselves.<br />
+Let the noble-minded among you immediately reform.<br />
+</div>
+
+<h4>THE NINTH COMMAND.</h4>
+
+<div class="center">THOU SHALT NOT UTTER FALSEHOOD.</div>
+
+<p><i>Remark.</i>&mdash;All those who tell lies, and indulge in devilish deceits,
+with every kind of coarse and abandoned talk, offend against this
+command.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><i>The Hymn says</i>:&mdash;</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Lying discourse and unfounded stories must all be abandoned.<br />
+Deceitful and wicked words are offences against Heaven.<br />
+Much talk will, in the end, bring evil on the speakers.<br />
+It is then much better to be cautious, and regulate one's own mind.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>THE TENTH COMMAND.</h4>
+
+<div class="center">THOU SHALT NOT CONCEIVE A COVETOUS DESIRE.</div>
+
+<p><i>Remark.</i>&mdash;When a man looks upon the beauty of another's wife and
+daughters with covetous desires, or when he regards the elegance of
+another man's possessions with covetous desires, or when he engages in
+gambling, he offends against this command.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><i>The Hymn says</i>:&mdash;</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+In your daily conduct do not harbour covetous desires.<br />
+When involved in the sea of lust the consequences are very serious.<br />
+The above injunctions were handed down on Mount Sinai;<br />
+And to this day the celestial commands retain all their force.<br />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;The expression 'corrupt spirits' in the remarks upon the
+second commandment, rendered by the translator 'gods,' refers
+probably to the numerous malevolent spirits whom all uneducated
+Chinese believe to have power over all things noxious to the
+human race. The gods of thunder, lightning, wind, &amp;c., are the
+principal of these, but there are also hundreds of inferior
+spirits whom poor householders believe to be abroad at night,
+with power, if they so will, to spread pestilence, disaster, and
+fire, and who consequently receive daily and nightly offerings
+of prayer and incense from the timid and trembling poor, who
+dread the exercise of their malevolence."&mdash;(<i>The Taepings in
+China.</i>)
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_827" id="Page_827">[827]</a></span></p>
+<h3>THE TRIMETRICAL CLASSIC.</h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+EACH LINE IN THE ORIGINAL CONTAINING THREE WORDS,<br />
+AND EACH VERSE FOUR LINES.
+</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+The Great God<br />
+Made heaven and earth,<br />
+Both land and sea,<br />
+And all things therein.<br />
+<br />
+In six days<br />
+He made the whole;<br />
+Man, the lord of all,<br />
+Was endowed with glory and honour.<br />
+<br />
+Every seventh day worship,<br />
+In acknowledgment of Heaven's favour;<br />
+Let all under Heaven<br />
+Keep their hearts in reverence.<br />
+<br />
+It is said that in former times<br />
+A foreign nation was commanded<br />
+To honour God;<br />
+The nation's name was Israel.<br />
+<br />
+Their twelve tribes<br />
+Removed into Egypt;<br />
+Where God favoured them,<br />
+And their posterity increased.<br />
+<br />
+Then a king arose<br />
+Into whose heart the devil entered;<br />
+He envied their prosperity,<br />
+And inflicted pain and misery.<br />
+<br />
+Ordering the daughters to be preserved,<br />
+But not allowing the sons to live;<br />
+Their bondage was severe<br />
+And very difficult to bear.<br />
+<br />
+The Great God<br />
+Viewed them with pity,<br />
+And commanded Moses<br />
+To return to his family.<br />
+<br />
+He commanded Aaron<br />
+To go and meet Moses;<br />
+When both addressed the king,<br />
+And wrought divers miracles.<br />
+<br />
+The king hardened his heart<br />
+And would not let them go;<br />
+Wherefore God was angry<br />
+And sent lice and locusts.<br />
+<br />
+He also sent flies,<br />
+Together with frogs,<br />
+Which entered their palaces<br />
+And crept into their ovens.<br />
+<br />
+When the king still refused,<br />
+The river was turned into blood!<br />
+And the water became bitter<br />
+Throughout all Egypt.<br />
+<br />
+God sent boils and blains,<br />
+With pestilence and murrain;<br />
+He also sent hail,<br />
+Which was very grievous.<br />
+<br />
+The king still refusing,<br />
+He slew their first-born;<br />
+When the King of Egypt<br />
+Had no resource,<br />
+<br />
+But let them go<br />
+Out of his land;<br />
+The Great God<br />
+Upheld and sustained them.<br />
+<br />
+By day in a cloud,<br />
+By night in a pillar of fire;<br />
+The Great God<br />
+Himself saved them.<br /><br />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_828" id="Page_828">[828]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+The king hardened his heart,<br />
+And led his armies in pursuit;<br />
+But God was angry<br />
+And displayed his majesty.<br />
+<br />
+Arrived at the Red Sea,<br />
+The waters were spread abroad;<br />
+The people of Israel<br />
+Were very much afraid.<br />
+<br />
+The pursuers overtook them,<br />
+But God stayed their course;<br />
+He himself fought for them,<br />
+And the people had no trouble.<br />
+<br />
+He caused the Red Sea<br />
+With its waters to divide;<br />
+To stand up as a wall,<br />
+That they might pass between.<br />
+<br />
+The people of Israel<br />
+Marched with a steady step<br />
+As though on dry ground,<br />
+And thus saved their lives.<br />
+<br />
+The pursuers attempting to cross,<br />
+Their wheels were taken off,<br />
+When the waters closed upon them,<br />
+And they were all drowned.<br />
+<br />
+The Great God<br />
+Displayed his power,<br />
+And the people of Israel<br />
+Were all preserved.<br />
+<br />
+When they came to the desert<br />
+They had nothing to eat;<br />
+But the Great God<br />
+Bade them not be afraid.<br />
+<br />
+He sent down manna,<br />
+For each man a pint;<br />
+It was as sweet as honey,<br />
+And satisfied their appetites.<br />
+<br />
+The people lusted much,<br />
+And wished to eat flesh,<br />
+When quails were sent<br />
+By the millions of bushels.<br />
+<br />
+At the Mount Sinai<br />
+Miracles were displayed,<br />
+And Moses was commanded<br />
+To make tables of stone.<br />
+<br />
+The Great God<br />
+Gave his celestial commands,<br />
+Amounting to ten precepts,<br />
+The breach of which would not be forgiven.<br />
+<br />
+He himself wrote them,<br />
+And gave them to Moses;<br />
+The celestial law<br />
+Cannot be altered.<br />
+<br />
+In after ages<br />
+It was sometimes disobeyed,<br />
+Through the devil's temptations<br />
+When men fell into misery.<br />
+<br />
+But the Great God,<br />
+Out of pity to mankind,<br />
+Sent his first-born Son<br />
+To come down into the world.<br />
+<br />
+His name is Jesus,<br />
+The Lord and Saviour of men,<br />
+Who redeems them from sin<br />
+By the endurance of extreme misery.<br />
+<br />
+Upon the cross<br />
+They nailed his body,<br />
+Where he shed his precious blood<br />
+To save all mankind.<br />
+<br />
+Three days after his death<br />
+He rose from the dead,<br />
+And during forty days<br />
+He discoursed on heavenly things.<br />
+<br />
+When he was about to ascend,<br />
+He commanded his disciples<br />
+To communicate his gospel<br />
+And proclaim his revealed will.<br />
+<br />
+Those who believe will be saved<br />
+And ascend to heaven;<br />
+But those who do not believe<br />
+Will be the first to be condemned.<br />
+<br />
+Throughout the whole world<br />
+There is only one God,<br />
+The Great Lord and Ruler<br />
+Without a second.<br />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="poem">
+The Chinese in early ages<br />
+Were regarded by God;<br />
+Together with the foreign states<br />
+They walked in one way.<br />
+<br />
+From the time of Pwan-koo,<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a><br />
+Down to the three dynasties,<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a><br />
+They honoured God,<br />
+As history records.<br />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_829" id="Page_829">[829]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+T'hang of the Shang dynasty,<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a><br />
+And Wan of the Chow,<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a><br />
+Honoured God<br />
+With the intensest feeling.<br />
+<br />
+The inscription on T'hang's bathing-tub<br />
+Inculcated daily renovation of mind;<br />
+And God commanded him<br />
+To assume the government of the empire.<br />
+<br />
+Wan was very respectful<br />
+And intelligently served God;<br />
+So that the people who submitted to him<br />
+Were two out of every three.<br />
+<br />
+When Tsin obtained the empire<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a><br />
+He was infatuated with the genii,<br />
+And the nation has been deluded by the devil<br />
+For the last two thousand years.<br />
+<br />
+Suen and Woo of the Han dynasty<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a><br />
+Both followed this bad example,<br />
+So that the mad rebellion increased<br />
+In imitation of Tsin's misrule.<br />
+<br />
+When Woo arrived at old age,<br />
+He repented of his folly,<br />
+And lamented that from his youth up<br />
+He had always followed the wrong road.<br />
+<br />
+Ming of the Han dynasty<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a><br />
+Welcomed the institutions of Buddha,<br />
+And set up temples and monasteries<br />
+To the great injury of the country.<br />
+<br />
+But Hwang of the Sung dynasty<br />
+Was still more mad and infatuated,<br />
+For he changed the name of Shang-te (God)<br />
+Into that of Yuh-hwang (the pearly emperor).<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a><br />
+<br />
+But the Great God<br />
+Is the supreme Lord<br />
+Over all the world,<br />
+The Great Father in heaven.<br />
+<br />
+His name is most honourable,<br />
+To be handed down through distant ages;<br />
+Who was this Hwuy,<br />
+That he dared to alter it?<br />
+<br />
+It was meet that this same Hwuy<br />
+Should be taken by the Tartars,<br />
+And together with his son<br />
+Perish in the northern desert.<br />
+<br />
+From Hwuy of the Sung dynasty<br />
+Up to the present day,<br />
+For these seven hundred years<br />
+Men have sunk deeper and deeper in error.<br />
+<br />
+With the doctrine of God<br />
+They have not been acquainted,<br />
+While the king of Hades<br />
+Has deluded them to the utmost.<br />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="poem">
+The Great God displays<br />
+Liberality deep as the sea;<br />
+But the devil has injured man<br />
+In a most outrageous manner.<br />
+<br />
+God is therefore displeased<br />
+And has sent his Son<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a><br />
+With orders to come down into the world<br />
+Having first studied the classics.<br />
+<br />
+In the Ting-yeu year (1837)<br />
+He was received up into Heaven,<br />
+Where the affairs of Heaven<br />
+Were clearly pointed out to him.<br />
+<br />
+The great God<br />
+Personally instructed him,<br />
+Gave him odes and documents,<br />
+And communicated to him the true doctrine.<br />
+<br />
+God also gave him a seal,<br />
+And conferred upon him a sword<br />
+Connected with authority<br />
+And majesty irresistible.<br />
+<br />
+He bade him, together with the elder brother,<br />
+Namely Jesus,<br />
+To drive away impish fiends<br />
+With the co-oporation of angels.<br />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_830" id="Page_830">[830]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+There was one who looked on with envy,<br />
+Namely, the king of Hades,<br />
+Who displayed much malignity<br />
+And acted like a devilish serpent.<br />
+<br />
+But the great God,<br />
+With a high hand,<br />
+Instructed his Son<br />
+To subdue this fiend,<br />
+<br />
+And having conquered him,<br />
+To show him no favour;<br />
+And in spite of his envious eye<br />
+He damped all his courage.<br />
+<br />
+Having overcome the fiend,<br />
+He returned to Heaven,<br />
+Where the great God<br />
+Gave him great authority.<br />
+<br />
+The celestial mother was kind<br />
+And exceedingly gracious,<br />
+Beautiful and noble in the extreme,<br />
+Far beyond all compare.<br />
+<br />
+The celestial elder brother's wife<br />
+Was virtuous and very considerate,<br />
+Constantly exhorting the elder brother<br />
+To do things deliberately.<br />
+<br />
+The great God,<br />
+Out of love to mankind,<br />
+Again commissioned his Son<br />
+To come down into the world.<br />
+<br />
+And when he sent him down,<br />
+He charged him not to be afraid;<br />
+I am with you, said he,<br />
+To superintend everything.<br />
+<br />
+In the Mow-shin year (1848)<br />
+The Son was troubled and distressed,<br />
+When the great God<br />
+Appeared on his behalf.<br />
+<br />
+Bringing Jesus with him,<br />
+They both came down into the world,<br />
+Where he instructed his Son<br />
+How to sustain the weight of government.<br />
+<br />
+God has set up his Son<br />
+To endure for ever,<br />
+To defeat corrupt machinations<br />
+And to display majesty and authority.<br />
+<br />
+Also to judge the world,<br />
+To divide the righteous from the wicked,<br />
+And consign them to the misery of hell,<br />
+Or bestow on them the joys of heaven.<br />
+<br />
+Heaven manages everything,<br />
+Heaven sustains the whole;<br />
+Let all beneath the sky<br />
+Come and acknowledge the new monarch.<br />
+<br />
+Little children,<br />
+Worship God,<br />
+Keep his commandments,<br />
+And do not disobey.<br />
+<br />
+Let your minds be refined,<br />
+And be not depraved,<br />
+The great God<br />
+Constantly surveys you.<br />
+<br />
+You must refine yourselves well,<br />
+And not be depraved:<br />
+Vice willingly practised<br />
+Is the first step to misery.<br />
+<br />
+To insure a good end,<br />
+You must make a good beginning:<br />
+An error of a hair's breadth<br />
+May lead to a discrepancy of a thousand li.<br />
+<br />
+Be careful about little things,<br />
+And watch the minute springs of action:<br />
+The great God<br />
+Is not to be deceived.<br />
+<br />
+Little children,<br />
+Arouse your energies:<br />
+The laws of high heaven<br />
+Admit not of infraction.<br />
+<br />
+Upon the good blessings descend,<br />
+And miseries on the wicked;<br />
+Those who obey Heaven are preserved,<br />
+And those who disobey perish.<br />
+<br />
+The great God<br />
+Is a spiritual Father;<br />
+All things whatever<br />
+Depend on him.<br />
+<br />
+The great God<br />
+Is the Father of our spirits:<br />
+Those who devoutly serve him<br />
+Will obtain blessings.<br />
+<br />
+Those who obey the fathers of their flesh<br />
+Will enjoy longevity;<br />
+Those who requite their parents<br />
+Will certainly obtain happiness.<br />
+<br />
+Do not practise lewdness,<br />
+Nor any uncleanness;<br />
+Do not tell lies,<br />
+Do not kill and slay.<br />
+<br />
+Do not steal,<br />
+Do not covet:<br />
+The great God<br />
+Will strictly carry out his laws.<br />
+<br />
+Those who obey Heaven's commands<br />
+Will enjoy celestial happiness;<br />
+Those who are grateful for divine favours<br />
+Will receive divine support.<br />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_831" id="Page_831">[831]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Heaven blesses the good<br />
+And curses the bad:<br />
+Little children!<br />
+Maintain correct conduct.<br />
+<br />
+The correct are men,<br />
+The corrupt are imps:<br />
+Little children!<br />
+Seek to avoid disgrace.<br />
+<br />
+God loves the upright,<br />
+And he hates the vicious:<br />
+Little children!<br />
+Be careful to avoid error.<br />
+<br />
+The great God<br />
+Sees everything;<br />
+If you wish to enjoy happiness,<br />
+Refine and correct yourselves.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_832" id="Page_832">[832]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>ODE FOR YOUTH.</h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+EACH LINE IN THE ORIGINAL CONTAINING FIVE WORDS,<br />
+AND EACH VERSE FOUR LINES.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE WORSHIP OF GOD.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Let the true Spirit, the great God,<br />
+Be honoured and adored by all nations;<br />
+Let all the inhabitants of the world<br />
+Unite in his worship, morning and evening.<br />
+<br />
+Above and below, look where you may,<br />
+All things are imbued with the Divine favour.<br />
+At the beginning, in six days,<br />
+All things were created, perfect and complete.<br />
+<br />
+Whether circumcised or uncircumcised,<br />
+Who is not produced by God?<br />
+Reverently praise the Divine favour<br />
+And you will obtain eternal glory.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON REVERENCE FOR JESUS.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Jesus, his first-born Son,<br />
+Was in former times sent by God:<br />
+He willingly gave his life to redeem us from sin;<br />
+Of a truth his merits are pre-eminent.<br />
+<br />
+His cross was hard to bear;<br />
+The sorrowing clouds obscured the sun.<br />
+The adorable Son, the honoured of heaven,<br />
+Died for you, the children of men.<br />
+Died for you, the children of men.<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_833" id="Page_833">[833]</a></span></p>
+<div class="poem">
+After his resurrection he ascended to heaven;<br />
+Resplendent in glory, he wields authority supreme.<br />
+In him we know that we may trust<br />
+To secure salvation and ascend to Heaven.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE HONOUR DUE TO PARENTS.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+As grain is stored against a day of need,<br />
+So men bring up children to tend their old age;<br />
+A filial son begets filial children,&mdash;<br />
+The recompense here is truly wonderful.<br />
+<br />
+Do you ask how this our body<br />
+Is to attain to length of years?<br />
+Keep the fifth command, we say,<br />
+And honour and emolument will descend upon you.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE COURT.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+The imperial court is an awe-inspiring spot,<br />
+Let those about it dread celestial majesty;<br />
+Life and death emanate from Heaven's son,<br />
+Let every officer avoid disobedience.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE DUTIES OF THE SOVEREIGN.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+When one man presides over the government,<br />
+All nations become settled and tranquillized:<br />
+When the sovereign grasps the sceptre of power,<br />
+Calumny and corruption sink and disappear.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE DUTIES OF MINISTERS.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+When the prince is upright, ministers are true;<br />
+When the sovereign is intelligent, ministers will be honest.<br />
+E and Chow are models worthy of imitation:<br />
+They acted uprightly and aided the government.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE DUTIES OF FAMILIES.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+The members of one family being intimately related,<br />
+They should live in joy and harmony;<br />
+When the feeling of concord unites the whole,<br />
+Blessings will descend upon them from above.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE DUTIES OF A FATHER.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_834" id="Page_834">[834]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+When the main beam is straight, the joists will be regular;<br />
+When a father is strict, his duty will be fulfilled:<br />
+Let him not provoke his children to wrath,<br />
+And a delightful harmony will pervade the dwelling.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE DUTIES OF A MOTHER.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Ye mothers, beware of partiality,<br />
+But tenderly instruct your children in virtue;<br />
+When you are a fit example to your daughters,<br />
+The happy feeling will reach to the clouds.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE DUTIES OF SONS.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Sons, be patterns to your wives;<br />
+Consider obedience to parents the chief duty;<br />
+Do not listen to the tattle of women,<br />
+And you will not be estranged from your own flesh.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE DUTIES OF DAUGHTERS-IN-LAW.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Ye that are espoused into other families,<br />
+Be gentle and yielding, and your duty is fulfilled;<br />
+Do not quarrel with your sisters-in-law,<br />
+And thereby vex the old father and mother.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE DUTIES OF ELDER BROTHERS.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Elder brothers, instruct your juniors;<br />
+Remember well your common parentage;<br />
+Should they commit a trifling fault,<br />
+Bear with it and treat them indulgently.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE DUTIES OF YOUNGER BROTHERS.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Disparity in years is ordered by Heaven;<br />
+Duty to seniors consists in respect.<br />
+When younger brothers obey Heaven's dictates,<br />
+Happiness and honour will be their portion.<br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE DUTIES OF ELDER SISTERS.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Elder sisters, instruct your younger sisters,<br />
+Study improvement and fit yourselves for Heaven.<br />
+Should you occasionally visit your former homes,<br />
+Get the little ones around you and tell them what is right.<br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE DUTIES OF YOUNGER SISTERS.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_835" id="Page_835">[835]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Girls, obey your elder brothers and sisters,<br />
+Be obliging and avoid arrogance,<br />
+Carefully give yourselves to self-improvement,<br />
+And mind and keep the Ten Commandments.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE DUTIES OF HUSBANDS.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Unbending firmness is natural to the man,<br />
+Love for a wife should be qualified by prudence;<br />
+And should the lioness roar,<br />
+Let not terror fill the mind.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE DUTIES OF WIVES.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Women, be obedient to your three male relatives,<br />
+And do not disobey your lords:<br />
+When hens crow in the morning,<br />
+Sorrow may be expected in the family.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE DUTIES OF ELDER BROTHERS' WIVES.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+What is the duty of an elder brother's wife,<br />
+And what her most appropriate deportment?<br />
+Let her cheerfully harmonize with younger brothers' wives,<br />
+And she will never do amiss.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE DUTIES OF YOUNGER BROTHERS' WIVES.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Younger brothers' wives should respect their elder brothers' wives,<br />
+In humility honouring their elder brothers;<br />
+In all things yielding to their senior sisters-in-law,<br />
+Which will result in harmony superior to music.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE DUTIES OF THE MALE SEX.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Let every man have his own partner<br />
+And maintain the duties of the human relations<br />
+Firm and unbending; his duties lie from home,<br />
+But he should avoid such things as cause suspicion.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON THE DUTIES OF THE FEMALE SEX.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+The duty of woman is to maintain chastity;<br />
+She should shun proximity to the other sex;<br />
+Sober and decorous, she should keep at home:<br />
+Thus she can secure happiness and felicity.<br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON CONTRACTING MARRIAGES.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_836" id="Page_836">[836]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Marriages are the result of some relation in a former state<br />
+The disposal of which rests with Heaven.<br />
+When contracted, affection should flow in a continued stream,<br />
+And the association should be uninterrupted.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON MANAGING THE HEART.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+For the purpose of controlling the whole body,<br />
+God has given to man an intelligent mind;<br />
+When the heart is correct, it becomes the true regulator<br />
+To which the senses and members are all obedient.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON MANAGING THE EYES.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+The various corruptions first delude the eye;<br />
+But if the eye be correct, all evil will be avoided:<br />
+Let the pupil of the eye be sternly fixed,<br />
+And the light of the body will shine up to heaven.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON MANAGING THE EAR.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Whatever sounds assail my ear,<br />
+Let me listen to all in silence:<br />
+Deaf to the entrance of evil,<br />
+Pervious to good, in order to be eminently intelligent.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON MANAGING THE MOUTH.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+The tongue is a prolific source of strife,<br />
+And a multitude of words leads to mischief;<br />
+Let me not be defiled by lying and corrupt discourse,<br />
+Careful and cautious, let reason be my guide.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON MANAGING THE HAND.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+To cut off the hand whereby we are dragged to evil<br />
+Appears a determination worthy of high praise;<br />
+The duty of the hand is to manifest respect,<br />
+But for improper objects move not a finger.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />ON MANAGING THE FEET.</div>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Let the feet walk in the path of rectitude,<br />
+And ever follow it, without treading awry;<br />
+For the countless by-paths of life<br />
+Lead only to mischief in the end.<br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />THE WAY TO GET TO HEAVEN.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_837" id="Page_837">[837]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+Honour and disgrace come from a man's self;<br />
+But men should exert themselves<br />
+To keep the Ten Commandments,<br />
+And they will enjoy bliss in Heaven.<br />
+<br /><br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Pwan-koo, the first man, was, according to Chinese
+mythology, the offspring of Chaos, and the creator of the earth, sun,
+moon, and stars.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> The period of the three dynasties began <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 2207, and
+ended <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 247.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 1766.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 1121. Both these emperors (T'hang and Wan) are stated
+by Du Halde to have worshipped Heaven.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 247.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 74&mdash;<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 25.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 58. The emperor Ming, having heard that the true
+religion was to be found in the west, despatched (<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 66) ambassadors
+into Northern India, who, finding the majority of the people in that
+region to be worshippers of Fo, brought back with them several Bonzes in
+order to spread the faith; and thus Buddhism was introduced into China.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> This emperor (Hwuy) was a firm believer in the
+superstitions of the Taouists. <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1101&mdash;1126.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Hung-siu-tsuen.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_838" id="Page_838">[838]</a></span></p>
+<h2>APPENDIX B.</h2>
+
+<h3>EXPORT OF TEA AND SILK FROM CHINA,</h3>
+
+<div class="center"><i>Showing the State of the Trade before, during, and after the
+Occupation of the producing Districts by the Ti-pings.</i><br />
+<br />
+[From the following Figures the Effect of their Presence upon
+Commerce may be judged.]<br />
+</div>
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<div class="center">
+<span class="smcap">Total Exports</span> during the Five Years immediately preceding the
+Outbreak of the Ti-ping Revolution.<br /><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="1" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<colgroup span="2"></colgroup><colgroup span="1"></colgroup><colgroup span="1"></colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Date of Export.</span></td><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Tea.</span></td><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Raw Silk.</span></td></tr>
+</thead>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"></td><td align="center">Pounds.</td><td align="center">Bales.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Year</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1845-1846</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;57,580,000</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18,600</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1846-1847</td><td align="right">53,360,000</td><td align="right">19,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1847-1848</td><td align="right">47,690,000</td><td align="right">21,377</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1848-1849</td><td align="right">47,240,000</td><td align="right">17,228</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1849-1850</td><td align="right">53,960,000</td><td align="right">16,134</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Remarks.</i> These returns are quoted by Col. Sykes, M.P., in his
+pamphlet on "The Progress of Trade with China, 1833-1860," and are
+copied from the <i>Friend of China</i>, which journal, then established at
+Canton, published a tabular form, showing the total exports (exclusive
+of Ningpo) from all Treaty Ports, 1843 to 1858.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Total Exports</span> during the First Three Years of the Revolution, while the
+Ti-pings were steadily progressing northward.
+</div>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="1" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<colgroup span="2"></colgroup><colgroup span="1"></colgroup><colgroup span="1"></colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Date of Export.</span></td><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Tea.</span></td><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Raw Silk.</span></td></tr>
+</thead>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">Pounds.</td><td align="center">Bales.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Year</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1850-1851</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;64,020,000</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;22,143</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1851-1852</td><td align="right">65,130,000</td><td align="right">23,040</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1852-1853</td><td align="right">72,900,000</td><td align="right">25,571</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Remarks.</i> It will be seen that the progress of the rebellion did not
+interfere with trade, which continued steadily increasing.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Total Exports</span> from date of Capture of Nankin, and many producing
+Districts, by the Ti-pings, to 1859.
+</div>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="1" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<colgroup span="2"></colgroup><colgroup span="1"></colgroup><colgroup span="1"></colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Date of Export.</span></td><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Tea.</span></td><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Raw Silk.</span></td></tr>
+</thead>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">Pounds.</td><td align="center">Bales.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Year</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1853-1854</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;77,210,000</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;61,984</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1854-1855</td><td align="right">86,500,000</td><td align="right">51,486</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1855-1856</td><td align="right">91,930,000</td><td align="right">50,489</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1856-1857</td><td align="right">61,460,000</td><td align="right">74,215</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1857-1858</td><td align="right">76,740,000</td><td align="right">60,736</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Remarks.</i> It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_839" id="Page_839">[839]</a></span> will be seen that the exports, although to a certain
+extent coming from, or passing through, Ti-ping territory, continued
+regularly increasing, especially in the case of the silk trade.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Total Exports</span> during the Two Years preceding the Capture, of the entire
+Silk, and about half of the Tea, Districts.
+</div>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="1" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<colgroup span="2"></colgroup><colgroup span="1"></colgroup><colgroup span="1"></colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Date of Export.</span></td><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Tea.</span></td><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Raw Silk.</span></td></tr>
+</thead>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">Pounds.</td><td align="center">Bales.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Year</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1858-1859</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;65,789,792</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;81,136</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1859-1860</td><td align="right">85,938,493</td><td align="right">69,137</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Remarks.</i> These returns are carefully copied from the bi-monthly
+issues of <i>The China Overland Trade Report</i>.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Total Exports</span> during the entire Occupation of the Silk Districts.
+</div>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="1" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<colgroup span="2"></colgroup><colgroup span="1"></colgroup><colgroup span="1"></colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Date of Export.</span></td><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Tea.</span></td><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Raw Silk.</span></td></tr>
+</thead>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">Pounds.</td><td align="center">Bales.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Year</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1860-1861</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;87,220,754</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;88,754</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1861-1862</td><td align="right">107,351,649</td><td align="right">73,322</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1862-1863</td><td align="right">118,692,138</td><td align="right">83,264</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Remarks.</i> The Ti-pings captured Soo-chow, the capital of the silk
+districts (and shortly after the <i>whole</i> of that valuable country), in
+the month of May, 1860. It will be seen that, instead of injuring the
+silk trade, at the termination of the next business year season
+1860-61, commencing June 1, 1860, and ending 31st May, 1861 they had
+<i>increased</i> it to 88,754 bales, the greatest number ever exported from
+China in one year; to 73,322, season 1861-62; and 83,264, season
+1862-63; whilst the export of tea, mostly from regions in their
+possession, was raised from 66,000,000 pounds in 1860, to 119,000,000 in
+1863! These figures cover the period of entire occupation of the silk
+districts by the Ti-pings, and their occupation of the tea districts of
+Fy-chow, Taeping-hien, and others in the provinces of Ngan-whui,
+Che-kiang, Kiang-si, and Kiang-su, and extend to the end of May, 1863.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Total Exports</span> <i>since</i> the Ti-pings have been driven from the Silk
+Districts.
+</div>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="1" rules="groups" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<colgroup span="2"></colgroup><colgroup span="1"></colgroup><colgroup span="1"></colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Date of Export.</span></td><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Tea.</span></td><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Raw Silk.</span></td></tr>
+</thead>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">Pounds.</td><td align="center">Bales.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Year</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1863-1864</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;119,689,238</td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;46,863</td><td align="center"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1864-1865</td><td align="right">121,236,870</td><td align="right">41,128</td><td align="center"></td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Remarks.</i> These returns prove, better than any history or argument,
+who were the devastators of the former Ti-ping territory. While the
+revolutionists held and governed the valuable silk districts, that
+article was produced and exported in larger quantities than had ever
+been known before. After the British had made the producing districts
+the theatre of the war, and finally succeeded in driving the Ti-pings
+out, the supply of silk at once fell to half the export during the
+Ti-ping dominion, and the second year after to still less.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_840" id="Page_840">[840]</a></span></p>
+<h2>APPENDIX C.</h2>
+
+<h3>MEMORANDUM OF TI-PINGS KILLED DURING THE BRITISH HOSTILITIES AGAINST
+THEM.</h3>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="1" rules="groups" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<colgroup span="1"></colgroup>
+<colgroup span="1"></colgroup>
+<colgroup span="1"></colgroup>
+<colgroup span="1"></colgroup>
+<colgroup span="1"></colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr><td align="center">Where Killed.</td><td align="center">Date.</td><td align="center">By what Forces.</td><td align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Number Killed.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;British, or Allied, Casualties.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</thead>
+<tr><td align="left">Before Shanghae,</td><td align="left">August, 1860.</td><td align="left">British and French.</td><td align="right">300</td><td align="left">Nil.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">while striving</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">to peaceably negotiate.</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Near the city of</td><td align="left">December, 1861.</td><td align="left">Ward's disciplined</td><td align="right">2,000</td><td align="left">100 killed and wounded.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Soong-kong (twenty</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Contingent.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">miles from Shanghae).</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">At the capture of the</td><td align="left">21st February, 1862.</td><td align="left">British and French.</td><td align="right">150</td><td align="left">1 killed by a stray shot.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">village Kao-kiau.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">During the capture</td><td align="left">1st March, 1862.</td><td align="left">Ditto.</td><td align="right">1,300</td><td align="left">Nil.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">of stockades at Ming-hong.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">At capture of</td><td align="left">4th April, 1862.</td><td align="left">Ditto.</td><td align="right">600</td><td align="left">1 killed, 1 wounded.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wong-ka-dzu stockades.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Capture of the village</td><td align="left">5th April, 1862.</td><td align="left">Admiral Hope's and</td><td align="right">300</td><td align="left">Nil.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">of Lu-ka-kong.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Ward's forces.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">At the village of Che-poo.</td><td align="left">17th April, 1862.</td><td align="left">British, French,</td><td align="right">900</td><td align="left">Nil.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">and Ward's forces.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">At the capture of the</td><td align="left">1st May, 1862.</td><td align="left">Allied British, French,</td><td align="right">3,500</td><td align="left">5 or 6 wounded.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">city of Kah-ding.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">and Imperialists.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">At the capture of the</td><td align="left">12th May, 1862.</td><td align="left">Ditto.</td><td align="right">2,500</td><td align="left">2 killed, 10 wounded.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">city of Tsing-poo.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">At the capture of the</td><td align="left">17th May, 1862.</td><td align="left">British and French.</td><td align="right">500</td><td align="left">French admiral killed,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">village of Na-joor.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">16 men wounded.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">At the capture of the</td><td align="left">20th May, 1862.</td><td align="left">Ditto.</td><td align="right">3,000</td><td align="left">1 killed, 4 wounded.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">town of Cho-lin.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">During an engagement</td><td align="left">31st May, 1862.</td><td align="left">British naval &amp; military</td><td align="right">300</td><td align="left">1 killed, 4 wounded.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">near Kah-ding.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">forces.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Upon the expulsion of</td><td align="left">10th May 1862.</td><td align="left">British, French,</td><td align="right">150</td><td align="left">3 killed, 23 wounded.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">the Ti-pings from Ningpo.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">and piratical flotilla.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">During the recapture</td><td align="left">June, July &amp; August,</td><td align="left">British, French and</td><td align="right">5,000</td><td align="left">About 100, all told.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">of Kah-ding, Tsing-poo,</td><td align="left">1862.</td><td align="left">Imperialists.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cho-lin, Chee-poo, &amp;c.,</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">by the Ti-pings.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">During the operations</td><td align="left">August, 1862,</td><td align="left">Force under</td><td align="right">20,000</td><td align="left">About 2,000 or 3,000.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">in the Ningpo district,</td><td align="left">to the end of 1863.</td><td align="left">Capt. R. Dew, R.N.,</td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">leading to the capture of</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Anglo-Manchoo,</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Tse-kie, Yu-yaon, Fung-wha,</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"> Franco-Manchoo,</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Shou-sing, and other cities.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">and Imperialist troops.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">At the second capture</td><td align="left">24th October, 1862.</td><td align="left">British, French,</td><td align="right">1,500</td><td align="left">4 killed, 20 wounded.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">of Kah-ding.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">and Imperialists.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Engagement during<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_841" id="Page_841">[841]</a></span></td><td align="left">November, 1862.</td><td align="left">British, Ward's</td><td align="right">3,000</td><td align="left">5 killed, 15 wounded.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ti-ping attempt to</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">force, and Imperialists.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">recapture Kah-ding.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">During the repulse of</td><td align="left">14th February, 1863.</td><td align="left">Anglo-Manchoo</td><td align="right">1,000</td><td align="left">2,500 killed &amp; wounded.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">the attack on Tait-san.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Contingent</td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">and Imperial troops.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Capture of Fu-shan village,</td><td align="left">6th April, 1863.</td><td align="left">Filibuster <i>General</i></td><td align="right">1,200</td><td align="left">2 killed, 3 wounded.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">and relief of Chang-zu.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Gordon's force.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Capture of the city of</td><td align="left">2nd May, 1863.</td><td align="left">British, Gordon's</td><td align="right">2,000</td><td align="left">200 <i>hors de combat</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Tait-san.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">and Imperial forces.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Massacre of Ti-pings</td><td align="left">30th May, 1863.</td><td align="left">The Anglo-Manchoo</td><td align="right">3,000</td><td align="left">Gordon's force, 2 killed</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">during their</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">disciplined and</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">and 5 drowned; Imperialist</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">evacuation of the</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">foreign-officered</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">loss, about 300.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">city of Quin-san.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Contingent, and</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">an Imperialist arrm.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">During the retreat of the</td><td align="left">June, 1863.</td><td align="left">Died of starvation,</td><td align="right">40,000</td><td align="left">Loss of Imperialist troops,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chung-wang's army from the</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">made prisoners and</td><td align="right"></td><td align="left">2,000 to 3,000.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">northern provinces; caused by</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">executed by Imperialists,</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">the British hostilities in the</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">and killed in action.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">neighbourhood of</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Shanghae and Ningpo.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">At the capture of</td><td align="left">29th July, 1863.</td><td align="left">Anglo-Manchoo</td><td align="right">150</td><td align="left">1 killed, 15 wounded.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wo-kong city</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Contingent and</td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Imperialists.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Engagements at</td><td align="left">5th, 6th, &amp; 7th</td><td align="left">Ditto.</td><td align="right">1,000</td><td align="left">50 to 100.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Kah-poo.</td><td align="left">Aug. 1863.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Engagements in the</td><td align="left">October, 1863.</td><td align="left">Ditto.</td><td align="right">3,500</td><td align="left">About 200.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">neighbourhood of Wo-kong.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Engagements before</td><td align="left">September,</td><td align="left">English, French,</td><td align="right">6,000</td><td align="left">About 2,000.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Soo-chow, and capture</td><td align="left">October,</td><td align="left">and other disciplined </td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">of stockades outside</td><td align="left">November,</td><td align="left">Contingents, assisted by a</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">the city.</td><td align="left">and December.</td><td align="left">large Imperialist army.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">The Soo-chow massacre</td><td align="left">3rd December,</td><td align="left">Imperialists. Estimated</td><td align="right">30,000</td><td align="left">Nil.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">upon capture of the city.</td><td align="left">and subsequent days.</td><td align="left">by both Imps. &amp;</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Ti-Pings at this No.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Engagements around</td><td align="left">November &amp;</td><td align="left">Ditto.</td><td align="right">4,000</td><td align="left">5,000.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wu-see and Chang-chow-foo.</td><td align="left">December.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Upon occupation of Wu-see</td><td align="left">12th December.</td><td align="left">Contingents and</td><td align="right">6,000</td><td align="left">Nil.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(civilians put to death).</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Imperialists</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Capture of Yih-sing.</td><td align="left">3rd or 4th</td><td align="left">English</td><td align="right">500</td><td align="left">About a dozen casualties.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">March, 1864.</td><td align="left">Contingent.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Defeat of Gordon's</td><td align="left">20th March, 1864.</td><td align="left">Ditto.</td><td align="right">600</td><td align="left">About 150.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">force before Kin-tang.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Defeat of Gordon's</td><td align="left">30th March, 1864.</td><td align="left">Ditto.</td><td align="right">100</td><td align="left">About 207.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">force at Hwa-soo.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Assaults upon Hang-chow</td><td align="left">Jan., Feb.; and</td><td align="left">English &amp; French</td><td align="right">5,000</td><td align="left">Loss of Contingents, 600;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(capital of Che-kiang),</td><td align="left">Mar. 2nd, and 29th;</td><td align="left">Contingents, and several</td><td align="right"></td><td align="left">Imperialists, 3,000.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">capture of Fo-yang, and other</td><td align="left">April and May, 1864.</td><td align="left">large Imperialist armies.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">cities in the same district.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Massacre of non-combatants</td><td align="left">End of March, 1864.</td><td align="left">Imperialists and</td><td align="right">7,000</td><td align="left">Loss of Imperilists and</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">after capture of Kar-sing-foo.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">detachments of English</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">detachment under <i>Col.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Contingent.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Bailey during the siege, 1000.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Defeat of Ti-pings,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_842" id="Page_842">[842]</a></span></td><td align="left">11th April, 1864.</td><td align="left">Imperialists and</td><td align="right">8,000</td><td align="left">Loss of Allies, 100.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">and massacre of prisoners,</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">English Contingent</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">at the village of Hwa-soo.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">under Gordon.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Repulse of Imperialist</td><td align="left">24th and 25th</td><td align="left">Ditto.</td><td align="right">3,500</td><td align="left">427 of Contingent,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">assaults upon Chang-chow-foo.</td><td align="left">April, 1864.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">1,500 Imperialists.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Capture of Chang-chow,</td><td align="left">11th May, 1864.</td><td align="left">Ditto.</td><td align="right">About 20,000</td><td align="left">7 of Contingent,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">massacre of garrison</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">300 Imperialists.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">and inhabitants.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">During the capture of</td><td align="left">May to September,</td><td align="left">Principally Imperialists,</td><td align="right">About 10,000</td><td align="left">2,000 or 3,000.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Tan-yang, Kin-tang, Ly-hong,</td><td align="left">1864.</td><td align="left">assisted by all</td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">and all other Ti-ping towns,</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">foreign Contingents</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">besides the districts</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">except Gordon's.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">in which they are situated,</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">subsequent to the fall</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">of Chang-chow-foo.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">During the siege of</td><td align="left">Ditto.</td><td align="left">Imperialists</td><td align="right">70,000</td><td align="left">Nil.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nankin about 70,000</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">advised by Gordon,</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">people perished from</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">assisted by</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">famine within its walls.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">French officers.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Killed during the siege.</td><td align="left">Ditto.</td><td align="left">Ditto.</td><td align="right">10,000</td><td align="left">5,000 to 10,000.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Massacred after the</td><td align="left">18th &amp; 19th July,</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">30,000</td><td align="left">Very small.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">capture of the city.</td><td align="left">and subsequent days.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Killed during the siege</td><td align="left">January to</td><td align="left">Imperialists and</td><td align="right">15,000</td><td align="left">9,000 to 10,000.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">and fall of Hoo-chow-foo.</td><td align="left">September, 1864.</td><td align="left">French Contingents.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">A rough estimate of the number</td><td align="left">August, 1860,</td><td align="left">Imperialists, English,</td><td align="right">50,000</td><td align="left">Much less.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">of people killed during all the</td><td align="left">to September, 1864.</td><td align="left">&amp; French.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">actions not recorded, captures</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">of villages, skirmishes, &amp;c.,</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">which were innumerable.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">To the above may be added</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">2,500,000</td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>at least</i> 2,000,000 to 3,000,000</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">people who perished from the</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">terrible famine occasioned,</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">during the years 1863 and 4,</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">by the allied operations, whilst</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">the Ti-pings were being driven</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">from their territories, and the</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">whole country so utterly</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">desolated as to be covered</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">with the bodies of the starved</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">and dying.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Total number of Ti-pings killed and destroyed by the British intervention</span></td><td align="right">2,872,550</td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_843" id="Page_843">[843]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+COX AND WYMAN,<br />
+ORIENTAL, CLASSICAL, AND GENERAL PRINTERS,<br />
+GREAT QUEEN STREET, LONDON, W.C.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="tnote">
+<h3>Transcriber's Notes</h3>
+
+<p>Click on the map (facing p. 794) to view a high-resolution image.</p>
+
+<p>Obvious punctuation errors repaired.</p>
+
+<p>Inconsistent transcription and hyphenation of Chinese names have not been changed.</p>
+
+<p>Hyphen removed: blood[-]thirsty (p. 704). gold[-]leaf (p. 769),
+gun[-]boat(s) (pp. 513, 706, 778), out[-]work (p. 510), pic[-]nic (p. 512),
+re[-]cature/ed/ing (pp. 582, 583, 590, 820), re[-]manned (p. 516),
+re[-]taken (p. 584), round[-]about (p. 479), treaty port (p. 445), under[-]weigh
+(p. 426).</p>
+
+<p>Hyphen added: artillery[-]men (p. 452), breast[-]work (p. 749, 752),
+co[-]adjutor (p. 453), eye[-]witnesses (p. 741), half[-]way (p. 599),
+loop[-]hole (p. 608).</p>
+
+<p>Manilla-man/men used consistently instead of two words (pp. 653, 655,
+656) or one word (p. 591).</p>
+
+<p>The following variants appear and have not been changed: firearms and
+fire-arms, <i>li</i> and <i>le</i> (although <i>li</i> is the
+more usual romanization of the Chinese measure of distance).</p>
+
+<p>P. 443: "griped" changed to "gripped" (had barely gripped me).</p>
+
+<p>P. 457: "poperty" changed to "property" (the letting of their property).</p>
+
+<p>P. 460: "adminstrator" changed to "administrator" (neither a general nor
+an administrator).</p>
+
+<p>P. 472: "and" added (between himself and a young Ti-ping soldier).</p>
+
+<p>P. 477: "prefered" changed to "preferred" (the Ti-pings preferred that
+course).</p>
+
+<p>PP. 484, 494: "Great Britian" changed to "Great Britain".</p>
+
+<p>P. 488: "detaind" changed to "detained" (we were detained for a long
+while).</p>
+
+<p>P. 508: "inadvertant" changed to "inadvertent" (inadvertent
+contradictions).</p>
+
+<p>P. 513: extra "a" removed (desolating raid into a country).</p>
+
+<p>P. 521: "infested" changed to "invested" (Soon-kong were also invested).</p>
+
+<p>P. 549: "administratve" changed to "administrative" (the Government and
+administrative machinery).</p>
+
+<p>P. 553: "simulocrum" changed to "simulacrum" (bolster up the tottering
+<i>simulacrum</i>).</p>
+
+<p>P. 557: "5,20,72,358" changed to "52,072,358".</p>
+
+<p>P. 565: Enumerated item "D" changed to "B".</p>
+
+<p>P. 571: "oratical" changed to "oratorical" (At the oratorical display).</p>
+
+<p>P. 571: "allevated" changed to "alleviated" (the distress could be
+alleviated).</p>
+
+<p>PP. 580, 582, 601: "Sherard" changed to "Sherrard" (Captain Sherrard
+Osborne).</p>
+
+<p>P. 605: "fusilade" changed to "fusillade" (kept up a fusillade).</p>
+
+<p>P. 608: "Subsquently" changed to "Subsequently" (Subsquently other
+legions).</p>
+
+<p>P. 613: "fourteeen" changed to "fourteen" (heads of fourteen women).</p>
+
+<p>P. 640: "Europeons" changed to "Europeans" (the Europeans working).</p>
+
+<p>PP. 655, 656, 660, 701: "Marcartney" changed to "Macartney" on the
+assumption that the person mentioned is Sir Halliday Macartney, KCMG,
+MD.</p>
+
+<p>P. 658: "Man&oelig;uvring" changed to "Man&oelig;uvering" in contents.</p>
+
+<p>P. 670: "become" changed to "became" (the bad news became confirmed).</p>
+
+<p>P. 689: "threefrom" changed to "therefrom" (and deduct threrefrom).</p>
+
+<p>P. 689: "agressive" changed to "aggressive" (aggressive bullying of the
+weak).</p>
+
+<p>P. 697: "Major Bailey" changed to "Major Baily".</p>
+
+<p>P. 705: "occurence" changed to "occurrence" (the occurrence of that
+tragedy).</p>
+
+<p>P. 709: "began" changed to "begun" (for scarcely had Morton and his
+regiment begun to engage).</p>
+
+<p>P. 713: "compensataion" changed to "compensation" (he would give the men
+compensation).</p>
+
+<p>P. 727: "knowng" changed to "knowing" (knowing as I do).</p>
+
+<p>P. 749: "deperate" changed to "desperate" (with desperate bravery).</p>
+
+<p>P. 799: "belligerants" changed to "belligerents" (had been recognised as
+belligerents).</p>
+
+<p>P. 805: added "in" (At the death of Alexander in).</p>
+
+<p>P. 806: "Mauchuria" changed to "Manchuria".</p>
+
+<p>P. 807: "territors" changed to "territories" (the territories of the
+Kirghiz).</p>
+
+<p>P. 828: "somtimes" changed to "sometimes" (It was sometimes disobeyed).</p>
+
+<p>P. 841 (last entry in table): "Imperilaists" changed to "Imperialists".</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh, by Lin-Le
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TI-PING TIEN-KWOH ***
+
+***** This file should be named 39735-h.htm or 39735-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/7/3/39735/
+
+Produced by Moti Ben-Ari and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive.)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
+  www.gutenberg.org/license.
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809
+North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email
+contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the
+Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit:  www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/39735-h/images/i001a.jpg b/39735-h/images/i001a.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9388ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735-h/images/i001a.jpg
diff --git a/39735-h/images/i001b.jpg b/39735-h/images/i001b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7ac99f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735-h/images/i001b.jpg
diff --git a/39735-h/images/i024.jpg b/39735-h/images/i024.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c23e8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735-h/images/i024.jpg
diff --git a/39735-h/images/i025.jpg b/39735-h/images/i025.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..399b596
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735-h/images/i025.jpg
diff --git a/39735-h/images/i066.jpg b/39735-h/images/i066.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35d5b93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735-h/images/i066.jpg
diff --git a/39735-h/images/i148.jpg b/39735-h/images/i148.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2f4092
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735-h/images/i148.jpg
diff --git a/39735-h/images/i220.jpg b/39735-h/images/i220.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15d2feb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735-h/images/i220.jpg
diff --git a/39735-h/images/i230.jpg b/39735-h/images/i230.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a3c1af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735-h/images/i230.jpg
diff --git a/39735-h/images/i251.jpg b/39735-h/images/i251.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e45da4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735-h/images/i251.jpg
diff --git a/39735-h/images/i270.jpg b/39735-h/images/i270.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e46551c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735-h/images/i270.jpg
diff --git a/39735-h/images/i392-t.jpg b/39735-h/images/i392-t.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b2b497
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735-h/images/i392-t.jpg
diff --git a/39735-h/images/i392.jpg b/39735-h/images/i392.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..229bdc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735-h/images/i392.jpg
diff --git a/39735.txt b/39735.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7856836
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16485 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh, by Lin-Le
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh
+       The History of the Ti-Ping Revolution (Volume II)
+
+Author: Lin-Le
+
+Release Date: May 19, 2012 [EBook #39735]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TI-PING TIEN-KWOH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Moti Ben-Ari and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    [Illustration: Chinese title]
+
+    TI-PING TIEN-KWOH;
+    THE HISTORY OF
+    THE TI-PING REVOLUTION,
+
+    INCLUDING
+    A Narrative of the Author's Personal Adventures.
+
+    BY
+    [Illustration: First character of author's Chinese name]
+    LIN-LE.
+
+   FORMERLY HONORARY OFFICER, CHUNG-WANG'S GUARDS; SPECIAL AGENT OF
+   THE TI-PING GENERAL-IN-CHIEF; AND LATE COMMANDER OF THE "LOYAL
+   AND FAITHFUL AUXILIARY LEGION."
+
+    VOLUME II.
+
+    LONDON:
+    DAY & SON (LIMITED), LITHOGRAPHERS & PUBLISHERS,
+    GATE STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS.
+    1866.
+
+
+
+
+    COX AND WYMAN,
+    ORIENTAL, CLASSICAL, AND GENERAL PRINTERS,
+    GREAT QUEEN STREET, LONDON, W.C.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF VOL. II.
+
+
+    CHAPTER XV.                                                     PAGE
+
+    Chinese Custom-houses.--Attempts at Extortion.--An
+    Adventure.--Ruse de Guerre.--Its Success.--Peace
+    Negotiations.--Their abrupt Termination.--The Plot thickens.--A
+    Companion in Misfortune.--Negotiations renewed.--Their
+    Failure.--Hostilities.--Critical Position.--Danger
+    increases.--Attempted Rescue.--The Mud Fort Mandarin.--His
+    Fate.--The Civil Mandarin.--Rescued at last.--The _Williamette_  425
+
+    CHAPTER XVI.
+
+    Hang-chow.--Ti-pings approach Shanghae.--Their Reception.--The
+    _Casus Belli._--The First Blow.--Filibuster Ward.--Admiral
+    Hope's Exploits.--Captures Hsiun-tang.--The
+    Consequences.--Hope's Policy condemned.--The real _Casus
+    Belli_.--Defence of Shanghae justified.--Inducements to oppose
+    the Ti-pings.--Official Reports.--Mr. Consul
+    Meadows.--Recognition of the Ti-pings.--The _Shanghae
+    Times_.--Mr. John's Report.--Edict of Religious
+    Toleration.--Report continued.--Mr. Muirhead's Report            445
+
+    CHAPTER XVII.
+
+    On Board the _Williamette_.--Blockade running.--Arrival at
+    Nankin.--Solemn Thanksgiving.--Domestic Arrangements.--Phillip's
+    Wife.--The Wooing.--The Dowry.--The Wedding.--Trade
+    established.--Imperialist Corruption.--Preparations for
+    leaving.--An Elopement.--The Journey.--The Surprise.--The
+    Repulse.--Arrival at Hang-chow.--Its capture.--The
+    Particulars.--Cum-ho.--The Chung-wang.--His mistaken Policy      475
+
+    CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+    Earl Russell's Despatch.--Its Effect.--"Taking the
+    Offensive."--Official Reports.--General Staveley.--Attacks the
+    Ti-pings.--General Ward.--Hope and Ward repulsed.--Che-poo
+    attacked.--Its Capture.--Loot Regulations.--Kah-ding
+    attacked.--Its Capture.--Ti-ping Loss.--Newspaper
+    Comments.--Tsing-poo besieged.--Inside the City.--Ti-ping
+    Losses.--Na-jaor besieged.--Cho-lin besieged.--Ti-ping
+    Bravery.--Cho-lin captured.--The Chung-wang.--Kah-ding
+    evacuated.--Consul Harvey's Despatch.--Despatch
+    reviewed.--Ningpo threatened.--Captain Dew at Ningpo.--His
+    Despatch.--The Reply.--Captain Dew's Rejoinder.--Preparation to
+    attack Ningpo.--Captain Dew's Inconsistency.--His
+    Ultimatum.--Official Despatches.--Ningpo attacked.--Ningpo
+    evacuated.--Newspaper Reports                                    498
+
+    CHAPTER XIX.
+
+    A Double Wedding.--Its Celebration.--The Honeymoon.--Its
+    Interruption.--Warlike Preparations.--Soong-kong
+    invested.--General Ching's Despatch.--Tsing-poo
+    recaptured.--Ti-ping Severity excused.--England's
+    Responsibility.--Curious Chinese Custom.--The Chung-wang's
+    Policy.--His Explanation.--The Ti-ping Court of Justice.--How
+    conducted.--Opium Smoking.--Its Effects.--Evidence
+    thereof.--Forbidden by Ti-ping Law.--Opium Trade                 539
+
+    CHAPTER XX.
+
+    Ti-ping Disasters.--The Vampyre Fleet.--Important Letters.--Mr.
+    Roberts's Case.--Mr. Consul Harvey.--Letters
+    continued.--Misrepresentations.--Anti-Ti-ping Meeting.--The
+    Sherrard Osborne Theory.--The Fleet Afloat.--The "Lay" and
+    "Osborne" Agreement.--The Fleet repudiated.--Pecuniary Loss to
+    England.--A Resume.--General Burgevine.--Lieutenant Ridge.--Act
+    of Piracy.--A Tartar caught.--Exit of the Anglo-Chinese
+    Flotilla.--General Ward's Proceedings.--Progress of the
+    War.--Death of General Ward.--Captain Dew's Disgrace.--How
+    caused.--His Mode of Proceeding.--Its Effect upon
+    Trade.--Operations before Kah-ding.--"Wong-e-poo."--General
+    Burgevine dismissed from his Command.--Major Gordon takes
+    Command.--Sir F. Bruce's Despatches.--His Objections to Gordon's
+    Appointment.--Also to General Brown's Interference               562
+
+    CHAPTER XXI.
+
+    Personal Narrative continued.--Mr. Lobschied.--His Reception at
+    Nankin.--Press Publications.--Mr. Lobschied leaves
+    Nankin.--Operations before Tait-san.--The Assault.--Act of
+    Bravery.--Rout of the Imperialists.--Gordon's Art of
+    War.--Tait-san reinvested.--Siege of Tait-san.--Its
+    Capture.--Manchoo Atrocities.--Treatment of Ti-ping
+    Prisoners.--Mr. Sillar's Statement.--Quin-san
+    captured.--Gordon's Report.--Gordon reinforced.--The Chung-wang
+    recalled.--Critical Position of the Ti-pings.--The Chung-wang's
+    Retreat.--Difficulties encountered.--Reinforcements.--The Scene
+    of Battle.--Its Horrors.--Arrival at Nankin.--The Chung-wang's
+    Army.--General Attack.--The Repulse.--The Surprise.--The Night
+    Attack.--The Flight and Pursuit.--Death of Marie                 598
+
+    CHAPTER XXII.
+
+    On the Wong-poo River.--Ningpo Sam.--The _China_.--Her
+    Passengers.--The Ta-hoo Lake.--Its Scenery.--The Canals of
+    Central China.--General
+    Burgevine.--Soo-chow.--Deserters.--Burgevine suspected.--The
+    Americo-Ti-ping Legions.--Burgevine's Policy.--Colonel
+    Morton.--The Mo-wang.--Arrival of the Chung-wang.--The Loyal and
+    Faithful Auxiliary Legion.--How regulated.--Affair at
+    Wo-kong.--Recruiting.--Plan of Operations.--A _coup de
+    main_.--Arrangement.--Interruptions.--Postponed                  632
+
+    CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+    Renewed Attempt.--Its Success.--Narrow Escape.--British
+    Interference.--How explained.--Its Failure.--The _coup de main_
+    succeeds.--Groundless Alarm.--Route to Soo-chow.--Its
+    Difficulties.--Generous Conduct.--Arrival at
+    Wu-see.--Prize-Money.--Treachery.--Preparations for an
+    Attack.--Manoeuvring.--The Attack.--Warm Reception.--The Enemy
+    repulsed.--The Result.--Wu-see evacuated.--Return to
+    Shanghae.--Last Interview with the Chung-wang.--Manchoo
+    Cruelty.--Result of British Interference.--Evidence
+    thereof.--Newspaper Extracts.--Further Extracts.--England's
+    Policy.--Its Consequences.--Its Inconsistency.--Her Policy in
+    Japan.--Religious Character of the Ti-pings.--Their Christianity 658
+
+    CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+    Kar-sing-foo.--Christmas in Ti-pingdom.--Works of
+    Art.--Dangerous Companions.--Narrow Escape.--Retribution.--Adieu
+    to Ti-pingdom.--Mr. White's Case.--The Neutrality
+    Ordnance.--Order of July 9th, 1864.--Intended Return to
+    England.--Particulars of the Siege of Soo-chow.--Strength of the
+    Garrison.--The Assault described.--The Nar-wang's
+    Treachery.--Its Cause.--Major Gordon's Report.--The _Friend of
+    China_.--Gordon's Report continued.--Narrative by an
+    Eye-Witness.--The Soo-chow Tragedy.--Major Gordon.--His
+    Conduct.--Gordon's Letter to Sir F. Bruce.--Analysis
+    thereof.--Newspaper Extract.--Gordon's "Reasons"
+    refuted.--Analysis Continued.--Gordon's "Personal
+    Considerations."--His Motives explained.--Newspaper
+    Extracts.--Sir F. Bruce's Despatch.--Its Analysis.--Falsity of
+    Gordon's Statements.--How proved.--Extract from the
+    _Times_.--Deductions                                             694
+
+    CHAPTER XXV.
+
+    Operations Resumed.--Attack on Kin-tang.--The Battle of the
+    Brickbats.--Ti-ping Success.--Active
+    Operations.--Manoeuvring.--Hang-chow invested.--Fall of
+    Kar-sing-foo.--Gordon's Proceedings.--Chang-chow-foo.--Narrative
+    of the Siege.--Fall of Chang-chow.--The Foo-wang.--Manchoo
+    Cruelty.--Debate on the Chinese War.--Lord Palmerston's
+    Policy.--Its Errors.--Mr. Cobden's Policy.--Mr. Layard.--His
+    Inaccuracy.--Extracts from the Debate.--Result of Lord
+    Palmerston's Policy.--Fall of Nankin.--"Imperialist"
+    Account.--The Chung-wang's Capture.--Other Reports.--Digest of
+    Events.--The Chung-wang.--His Position in Nankin.--Events in the
+    City.--Newspaper Reports.--Doubts as to the Chung-wang's
+    Fate.--The Retreat from Nankin.--Newspaper Extracts.--The
+    Shi-wang's Proclamations.--Lee Shai-Yin's Address                743
+
+    CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+    Results of British Policy.--Its Effect on Trade.--The
+    Inspectorate System.--The Tien-tsin Treaty.--Present State of
+    China.--Rebellion in the Ascendant.--Proposed Remedy.--The
+    Mandarin Policy.--The Extradition Treaty.--The Mo-wang's
+    Case.--Its Injustice.--Its Illegality.--Burgevine's Case.--Our
+    Treatment by the Manchoos.--Russia's Policy in
+    China.--Contrasted with that of England.--Russian
+    Progress.--Statistics.--Acquisition of Territory by
+    Russia.--Her Approach to British India.--Russia's
+    Advantages.--Her Future Policy.--"Peking and the
+    Pekingese."--Its Author's
+    Misstatements.--Misquotations.--Examples thereof.--"Chinese
+    Miscellanies."--Ti-ping Movements.--The Future of the Ti-pings
+    Doubtful.--Latest Movements.--The Kan-wang.--Nien-fie
+    Victories.--Future Prospects.--Finis                             788
+
+
+    APPENDIX A.
+
+    Decalogue                                                        823
+    The Trimetrical Classic                                          827
+    Ode for Youth                                                    832
+
+    APPENDIX B.
+
+    Export of Tea and Silk from China                                838
+
+    APPENDIX C.
+
+    Memorandum of Ti-pings killed during the British Hostilities against
+    them                                                             840
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+    CHROMOLITHOGRAPHS.
+
+    Brought to Bay at the Mud Fort                    _to face page_ 440
+    A view in the inner apartments of the Chung-wang's
+    Palace--Miss Cum-ho and her two governesses             "        479
+    Interior of an Opium Smoking Saloon                     "        559
+    Imperialist attack on the River Forts at Nankin         "        629
+    View from the Summit of a Mountain in the Western
+    Tung-shan district on the Northern shore of the
+    Ta-hoo Lake, province of Keang-su                       "        637
+    Naval Engagement and Capture of Imperialist Gunboats
+    at Wu-see                                               "        675
+    Map, Present state of China                             "        794
+
+    WOOD ENGRAVINGS.
+
+    The Mud Fort Mandarin                                     _page_ 440
+    A View on the Journey to Soo-chow of a portion of country
+    near the City of Wu-se lately desolated by Imperialists.       " 657
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+    Chinese Custom-houses.--Attempts at Extortion.--An
+    Adventure.--Ruse de Guerre.--Its Success.--Peace
+    Negotiations.--Their abrupt Termination.--The Plot thickens.--A
+    Companion in Misfortune.--Negotiations renewed.--Their
+    Failure.--Hostilities.--Critical Position.--Danger
+    increases.--Attempted Rescue.--The Mud Fort Mandarin.--His
+    Fate.--The Civil Mandarin.--Rescued at last.--The _Williamette_.
+
+
+The route by which I returned to the broad expanse of "The Son of the
+Sea" was, if possible, more infested with so-called custom-houses than
+that by which I had reached Sin-ya-meu. Every two or three _le_ some
+wretched little bamboo-hut would make its appearance round a bend of the
+creek, with a long pole and a dirty white rag on the end, containing
+huge red and black characters, setting forth the official nature of the
+den. Then sundry opium-stupified, villanous-looking mandarin soldiers
+would rush from their pipes and gambling, catch up their rusty gingalls
+and long bamboo spears, and loudly call upon my Chinese captain to
+"soong mow" (let go the anchor), and pay a duty, or squeeze, into their
+dirty hands. Upon such occasions P---- and myself would be compelled to
+get on deck with our fowling-pieces, and drive the harpies off, when
+they would sullenly retire to their opium and cards, muttering curses
+upon the _Yang-quitzo_, and trusting for better prey next time.
+
+This sort of thing may seem very like smuggling, but it was really far
+from being so. The duty upon my cargo was levied at Sin-ya-meu, previous
+to embarkation, and was paid to the customs officials; and from that
+town to Kwa-chow the fifteen to twenty custom stations were every one
+of them charging in excess of the legal duty. Chinese have frequently
+informed me that the governor of a province lets these squeeze stations
+out to subordinate mandarins, who then farm them at discretion. The
+mandarins have _braves_ enough to enforce their extortion; all passing
+junks are stopped until payment is made; and if the aggrieved people
+should complain, their petition goes before the governor who thrives
+upon the system. This is one of the many forms of Government corruption
+throughout China; to many the extortionate _regime_ of the Manchoo must
+appear incredible, though it is a fact pretty widely known, even by
+those who are striving to uphold it.
+
+Although during our dinner a couple of _braves_ succeeded in getting on
+board from a squeeze barrier, which led to their tailor becoming
+acquainted with our shoemaker during the process of summary ejectment,
+myself and friend reached the great river without further mishap than an
+occasional exposure to the ill-aimed gingall balls of some of the
+baffled plunderers. At Kwa-chow, the entrance to the Grand Canal on the
+northern bank of the Yang-tze, we passed through a large fleet of
+Imperialist _Ti-mungs_, row-gunboats, and a big customs station; the
+officials evidently wished to squeeze us, but, I imagine, the vicinity
+of the treaty port Chin-kiang deterred them. Shooting into the yellow
+waters once more, a fair wind carried us bravely over the strong adverse
+current.
+
+Winter having now set in, and the north-east monsoon commenced to blow
+up the whole length of the Yang-tze-kiang, thus enabling vessels to sail
+against the tide very well, we made considerable progress on our way to
+Nankin before anchoring for the night. At daylight we were underweigh
+and sailing merrily along, myself and P---- keeping regular watch and
+watch--a course rendered necessary by the danger apprehended from the
+numerous Imperialist gunboats and fortified positions in the
+neighbourhood of Ti-pingdom.
+
+Till noon we carried the breeze, but the day becoming hot the wind fell,
+and so we were obliged to run close to the bank, land our crew with a
+mast-head rope, and slowly track up stream. Just before dusk a light
+breeze sprang up again, and getting the men on board we made sail to
+round the "Mud Port," situated on the extreme point of the elbow formed
+by the river at Nin-gan-shan. This fort, upon my passage down from
+Nankin, was held by the Ti-pings; upon this occasion, to my sorrow, I
+found the Imperialists in possession; its former garrison having
+betrayed their charge, and sold it to the enemy.
+
+We had barely rounded the point, making almost imperceptible headway,
+when the wind failed, and the tide, at this point very strong, began to
+carry us down stream. At this moment, five gunboats put off from the
+shore and pulled directly towards my vessel. Upon nearing her, they
+hailed and ordered us to anchor. I now perceived that they were
+Imperialists, and, from the flags displayed, that they were of the
+squeezing, or custom-house genus. P---- and myself immediately armed
+ourselves, and ordered the _lowder_ to hold on his course. The tide was
+fast drifting our vessel in to the bank, right under the guns of the
+fort, and directly the men in the gunboats perceived this, and saw only
+two foreigners on board, and that we mounted no guns, they surrounded us
+and opened fire.
+
+Our position was now decidedly unpleasant. We had drifted to within a
+few yards of the bank, the guns in the fort were manned, several more
+boats were putting off, filled with men, and the shore was lined with
+soldiers, placing their gingalls and matchlocks, and making ready to
+fire upon us. I well knew the unscrupulous nature of these plundering
+Imperialists, that our duty-receipts from Sin-ya-meu would not be
+regarded, and that they would most willingly cut our throats for the
+value of five dollars. With the force opposed to us, and no chance to
+make even a running fight, it would have been madness to have returned
+the gunboats' fire with our rifles and fowling-pieces; we therefore took
+it like lambs, and devoutly wished for a sudden puff of wind to waft us
+from our perilous situation. Not a breath, not the very gentlest zephyr
+came, excepting the wind caused by the shots that were flying all
+around, some of which, better aimed than the majority, were smashing
+into our poor old vessel, quite regardless of the consequences. The men
+on shore and the guns of the fort now opened fire; while the gunboats,
+finding we did not seem inclined to fight, appeared to be getting ready
+to board.
+
+At this critical juncture a fortunate thought came into my head. I had
+my old uniform on board, and the idea formed was to use it to personate
+a foreign official, and so endeavour to save our heads by giving the
+imps an impression as to our importance, and a dread of the consequences
+in case of molestation. Jumping into the cabin, I quickly reappeared
+with uniform and sword. My friend P---- also had some uniform he had
+worn in the Indian navy, so following my example, he dived into his
+chest and then rushed on deck gorgeous in brass-bound array. We were not
+a moment too soon with our device, for P---- had just got on deck when
+one of our Chinese sailors was knocked over by a shot, and the rest,
+taking fright, suddenly let go the anchor, and casting adrift the
+halyards of the sails, let them go by the run; after which they ran and
+hid themselves down below. I now hailed the nearest gunboat to come
+alongside, telling my interpreter to state that we were foreign
+officers, or mandarins, that we were followed by a man-of-war, and that
+we were sailing about in the junk for pleasure.
+
+When the _braves_ observed our uniform, and were invited to board, their
+hitherto noisy courage seemed to vanish, and they would not come.
+However, they ceased blazing their confounded guns at us, much to our
+satisfaction, for although Chinese shot, with a tremendous whistling by
+reason of its uneven casting, makes much more noise than effect, and
+generally performs parabolas of singular eccentricity, _some_ strike the
+object, especially when fired at a distance of only a few yards.
+
+Our vessel was anchored within 30 feet of the bank, we were therefore
+completely in the power of the imps, who mustered at least 600 strong at
+that place. I again hailed the gunboat containing the man I imagined to
+be the principal officer, to come alongside, and let me know what they
+wanted; but the fellows seemed suspicious of some trap, and continued to
+lay on their oars, all talking and yelling together at the top of their
+individual voices, each trying to make himself heard above every one
+else, in approved Chinese style.
+
+At last the mandarin in charge of the fort made his appearance on the
+bank, and after his attendants had shouted themselves hoarse, trying to
+make his orders heard above the din, the jabbering in the gunboats
+ceased, and the one I had hailed proceeded very slowly and cautiously to
+come alongside. She contained a couple of officers, whom we got on
+board, showing them our revolvers, and politely informing them, in pure
+mandarin dialect, that if their men followed them, we should be under
+the painful necessity of depositing a bullet or two in their yellow
+carcasses. This had the desired effect, and the fierce-looking _braves_
+were ordered to remain in their boats, much to their disgust, for their
+fingers, no doubt, were itching to handle the valuables of the "foreign
+devils."
+
+When we had seated the two officials in our cabin, an old number of the
+_Hong-Kong Daily Press_ was produced as our commission in the service of
+His Majesty the Emperor of America, while a Manchester rug, of the stars
+and stripes pattern, was displayed as our banner. To all this the
+Chinamen "chin-chin'd" with the greatest respect, but they still
+referred to the fact that our vessel carried a cargo, and declared their
+chief's intention to squeeze a certain amount of dollars out of us. The
+duty-passes we had received at Sin-ya-meu were then produced and the
+officers took them ashore to their superior. They soon returned, and
+requested me to accompany them to an interview with the head mandarin,
+stating that he was determined to have some money, which he chose to
+term "duty," for conscience' sake, I suppose, although it was certainly
+a most unmitigated attempt at robbery.
+
+Before landing, I made my conductors fully understand that, upon the
+slightest attempt at treachery I should shoot _them_. I took my revolver
+with me, and proceeded to the mandarin's presence, leaving P---- on
+board, to preserve our effects from the plundering propensities of the
+villanous mob into whose clutches we had fallen.
+
+My interpreter A-ling, our cook, Ganymede, and the _lowder_, accompanied
+me on shore as a retinue of state, somewhat suitable for the dignity of
+representatives of our supposed emperor. The _Daily Press_ was carefully
+carried in an old glove-box by A-ling, while the cook was deputed to
+carry our cards (in the shape of two labels from bottles of Bass's pale
+ale) to the mandarin; the boy carried presents, consisting of a couple
+of empty eau-de-cologne bottles, an _Illustrated London News_, and a box
+of damaged percussion caps; the _lowder_ brought up the rear with our
+(Manchester) banner streaming from a tall bamboo. Although the soldiers
+crowded round us they did not offer much annoyance; probably they were
+awed by our stately bearing and procession. We reached the Yamun
+(official residence), the pale-ale labels were duly delivered, and then
+we were ushered into the august presence of the cruel, sensual,
+dirty-looking mandarin, my followers imposingly taking up their position
+behind me. The _Daily Press_ was displayed by A-ling, who, clever fellow
+that he was, to show its importance, bent on one knee while presenting
+it.
+
+The display of the newspaper, the presents, and our uniform, seemed to
+make a decided impression upon the mandarin, and we should probably have
+been set free but for a _mal-a-propos_ circumstance that now occurred.
+I had sent the _lowder_ down to the beach, loudly ordering him to look
+out for the imaginary man-of-war steamer I gave our captors to
+understand was following me, and to report her approach whenever she
+came in sight. This had considerably subdued the mandarin's arrogant
+tone, for he was evidently not well up in foreign affairs, and
+provincial Chinese have a wonderful idea of the "fiery dragon ships" of
+the "foreign devils." He was just commencing a set apology for the
+mistake committed by his "ignorant _braves_," when in came our
+pig-headed _lowder_, or rather, into the apartment he was kicked by a
+couple of soldiers holding on to his tail, and most unmercifully
+thumping, kicking, and bumping him along from behind.
+
+It appeared that the wretch had got into conversation with some of the
+_braves_ on the beach; they had asked him where our vessel was bound,
+and he naively told them to Nankin, _the rebel capital_! They instantly
+seized and dragged him before the mandarin. The long-winded apology came
+to an abrupt termination, and the orator turned his attention to
+examining the miserable _lowder_ as to our connection with the Ti-pings.
+The stupid captain of our sailors now declared that he only _thought_ we
+were going to touch at Nankin _en route_, to make some demand upon the
+rebels with regard to the seizure of some foreign-owned junks. The
+mandarin at last ordered him to be taken into the fort, and dismissed us
+with an intimation that we must wait till the next morning to have a
+duty levied upon our cargo, and to adjust the whole affair.
+
+The _Daily Press_ was ceremoniously returned to the glove-box, the stars
+and stripes were rolled up, and we were escorted back to our vessel by
+the two officers. Upon getting on board, I found P---- all safe, and
+promenading the deck like a moving armory, with a rifle over his
+shoulder, a revolver and brace of horse-pistols in his belt, and a sword
+by his side; while four gunboats were chained fast alongside, the crews
+of which, with their heads poked over our bulwarks, were viciously
+eyeing the Cerberus who prevented them from indulging their natural
+propensities.
+
+I found our vessel thoroughly secured by the imps, who had taken every
+precaution to guard against a _coup-de-main_ upon our part. Chains were
+rove through each ring-bolt on our deck and fastened on board the
+gunboats, two of them being lashed on each side, full of armed men
+watchful and on the alert. A long chain was passed from our bows to the
+shore, and a number of matchlock men were encamped for the night right
+abreast. Even had it been possible to strike a sudden blow and release
+ourselves, as it was a dead calm they could have pulled after our vessel
+and blown her to pieces, if they could not have mustered courage to
+board us. There was nothing to do but to trust to the chapter of
+accidents for a way out of the difficulty, and, if necessary, to sell
+our lives dearly.
+
+It was a matter of considerable surprise to myself and friend that the
+Imperialists did not behave worse to us, for they neither yelled
+"Yang-quitzo," threw stones, nor seemed so anxious to attack us as the
+generality of Manchoo troops would have been. This we afterwards
+accounted for by the fact that they had formerly been Ti-pings, and had
+not quite forgotten that they had once been worshippers of Yesu, and had
+looked upon strangers from the West as "foreign brethren." Their chief
+had turned traitor to the Ti-ping cause, and betrayed the "Mud Fort" to
+the Manchoo, in consideration of retaining his own followers, receiving
+_carte blanche_ to squeeze all passing vessels, and being decorated with
+a mandarin button and feathers. They were a savage-looking set, these
+"Mud Fort" banditti, yet, bad as they seemed to be, were much better
+than the usual style of Imperialists; had we fallen into the hands of
+the latter we should have been treated with much indignity and violence,
+if not killed.
+
+We were aroused in the middle of the night by a tremendous hubbub, and,
+running on deck, found it was the Mud Fort people engaged seizing
+another unfortunate European vessel. Getting into our boat, I went on
+board, and found she was a _Ningpo Boat_, from Shanghae to Hankow, and
+that the only foreigner on board was an Englishman, to whom she
+belonged. The soldiers hauled his vessel close in to the bank a little
+below mine, and there made her fast in a similar manner. After talking
+over our mutual misfortune, we agreed that in the morning I should land,
+and endeavour to obtain our release; failing which, I was to get on
+board his craft with P----; we were then to man her guns (she carried
+two six-pounders), try to force both vessels adrift, and make a fight to
+escape.
+
+After a not particularly refreshing sleep, I again went on board the
+_Ningpo Boat_, to settle our plan for the last time, preparatory to
+putting it into execution. Upon returning to my own vessel, we carefully
+loaded all our firearms; I then concealed my own revolver and a long
+bowie knife under my uniform, took A-ling and our cook with me; the one
+carrying the _Daily Press_, and the other two more pale-ale labels; and
+proceeded on shore.
+
+The imps had at daylight cast off the chains wherewith they secured our
+vessel for the night; leaving, however, a couple of thick ropes
+fastening her to the bank by head and stern; these P---- had prepared an
+axe to cut in case of emergency. Our cabin was formed by a half-raised
+deckhouse aft, on the top of this a few bags of charcoal were placed, so
+as to form a sort of fortlet, inside which the arms, with a good supply
+of ammunition, were hidden; the ropes were laid ready, fore and aft, to
+make sail, and the _Ningpo Boat_ was hauled quite close to the bank, so
+as to enable me to get on board her in event of hostilities, while P----
+could pull to her in our boat.
+
+As I walked away from the bank, and observed P----ensconce himself among
+the bags of charcoal, my feelings were not of the most pleasant
+description. However, there was no choice of conduct; so, making the
+best of a bad affair, I proceeded straight for the den of the bandit
+chief, assuming a stolid, immovable sort of Dogberry officiality,
+peculiarly effective with the Chinese. Upon sending in our extemporized
+cards, and being admitted to the mandarin's state hall (a dirty
+apartment in a dirty house within the dirty fort), I was kept waiting
+till noon for the appearance, from among his many wives and opium pipes,
+of the owner.
+
+Meanwhile, a breeze had sprung up, and was gradually increasing; so
+that, although the delay proved rather discreditable as to my veracity
+about the expected man-of-war, a chance of escape was apparent. If we
+could not obtain our release by fair means, we might be able to get our
+vessels clear, make sail, and keep up a running fight.
+
+At length, half-stupified with opium, the mandarin made his appearance,
+the remaining part of his senses seemingly concentrated into a dull
+cunning sort of ferocity. His first act was to summon quite a number of
+armed soldiers to his Yamun, who stationed themselves in and about the
+building. Our wretched _lowder_ was then dragged forth, and presented a
+pitiable sight. He had been tortured by having his ankle joints crushed
+between logs of wood, and by placing smaller pieces between his fingers,
+which were then pressed together by several men, causing intense agony,
+and severely injuring the fingerbones. The torture had compelled him to
+divulge all he knew of our proceedings at Nankin, besides a great deal
+more which he did not know, but simply stated to anticipate the wish of
+his interrogators and another squeeze of the wooden bars, failing a
+satisfactory reply. He was now examined before me, and confessed that we
+had left Nankin, and were returning thither. The mandarin then declared
+that he must have 2,000 dollars, or else he would keep our vessel, and
+send us into the interior _as Ti-ping prisoners for execution_.
+
+For some time I argued against either proceeding, displaying the _Daily
+Press_, the duty-passes I had received at Sin-ya-meu, and endeavouring
+to convince the mandarin as to the serious consequences of exciting the
+anger of the Emperor of America by molesting either myself and friend,
+or the vessel seized during the night. At last, after the robber had
+lowered his demand to 1,000 dollars, and while the discussion was
+becoming very warm, a soldier brought a report to the mandarin, who
+instantly issued some order to an attendant officer. What the tenor of
+this might be I heard not, but my cook did, and it evidently alarmed
+him, for, exclaiming, "More bettah, go just now," he rushed out of the
+room and disappeared. A-ling immediately told the mandarin that he would
+pay his so-called custom-house authorities a sum of 500 dollars, and
+then, telling me not to stay any longer, left the Yamun, begging me to
+accompany him. Making a bow to the angered official plunderer, I
+leisurely walked forth, and, upon reaching the rear of the fort, quickly
+passed through the gate, just as he appeared in his doorway, and gave a
+sharp command to some of the attendant soldiers.
+
+Before I had turned the angle of the fort and got within sight of my
+vessel, half-a-dozen officers with drawn swords came running after me,
+calling upon me to stop and return with them to the mandarin. A-ling,
+stating he would run to the pseudo custom-house, a few hundred yards
+distant, and bring with him the officials to receive the squeeze of 500
+dollars that we had offered to pay, advised me to get on board as
+quickly as possible.
+
+I waited until my pursuers had reached to within a a few feet, and then,
+suddenly drawing my revolver, jumped towards them with it levelled to
+the foremost. They instantly turned tail and rushed back to the fort,
+while I ran down towards the beach, holding the revolver above my head
+to signalize P---- and the master of the _Ningpo Boat_ that danger was
+at hand.
+
+Ere I had reached more than half-way between the fort and the river, a
+tremendous outcry arose from the former, accompanied by the blowing of
+horns, the beating of gongs, and the noise of the Chinese drum. As I
+ran, I turned my head in the direction of the uproar and observed the
+mandarin, followed by a crowd of soldiery, rushing after me. Before I
+could gain the beach, to my surprise, I saw the _Ningpo Boat_ land some
+of her crew, cast off from the bank, and proceed to track up stream,
+thus breaking the terms of the agreement upon which I had landed, and
+cutting off my only chance of escape from the pursuing imps. When I did
+reach the river bank, every boat had been warned away by the shouts and
+gestures of the mob behind me, and the _Ningpo Boat_ was some distance
+off the shore, and fast tracking away.
+
+For a moment I gazed around, and found myself completely at the mercy of
+my pursuers; in front ran the swift current of the Yang-tze--behind came
+the savage yelling crowd of armed men.
+
+I had just time to notice P---- on the top of our cabin deck, rifle in
+hand, and hear him shout, while pointing to the receding _Ningpo Boat_:
+"The coward has made terms with them and deserted us--jump up in the
+boat on the beach; I will open fire on the imps if they attempt to seize
+you, and I'll get you off with our boat if I have a chance; the imps
+have stolen the oars, and our crew have stowed themselves away below!"
+
+The boat my friend referred to was a large one hauled up slantingly on
+the beach, one side touching the water of the river, and the other
+turned towards my pursuers. She stood some four or five feet off the
+ground; and climbing into her highest part, which was about level with
+the edge of the river bank before it shelved down into the narrow beach
+upon which she rested, I turned to face the enemy, after answering
+P----, and telling him not to fire until I gave him the signal to do so
+by commencing with my revolver.
+
+By this time the horde of banditti were within a few yards, armed in
+every fashion, and neither dressed as Imperialists nor Ti-pings, but
+clad in a multitude of colours. The whole garrison of the place seemed
+to be turned out, and with much gesticulation, and the usual terrifying
+yelling of Chinese soldiery, rushed along after their leader. Bamboo
+spears, gingalls, matchlocks, scythe-headed halberts, broad
+three-pronged pikes, and large knives, were waving all about, and beyond
+all I distinguished _the apparatus to which a prisoner is fastened when
+barbarously put to death by "cutting into a thousand pieces_."
+
+On they came, with their fiendish cry, "Tah! tah!" until right down to
+the edge of the bank, where they formed a tumultuous crowd, brandishing
+their arms, some opening their clothing and beating their breasts in
+defiance, but all arrested by my levelled revolver. The mandarin used
+his utmost exertions to urge them on, but one and all seemed disinclined
+to become the _first_ to draw a bullet from the six-shooter. The men who
+carried firearms in the front rank I sharply observed, and instantly
+took aim at any one who attempted to handle his weapon offensively.
+Meanwhile, upon either side, the men above and below my position got
+down on the beach, and gradually advanced towards me, while those not
+immediately covered by my revolver began firing their matchlocks.
+
+I now, for the first time in my life, _really_ experienced fear. In
+front and flank I saw nothing but a dense array of savage men thirsting
+to slay me; beyond them were a corps of executioners erecting their
+triangles in anticipation of having the cruel delight to slowly cut me
+into pieces; and when I gave a sidelong glance behind (I dared not
+attempt more, or the imps would have taken advantage and rushed forward)
+the deep and turbid river met my view.
+
+For a moment or two, during which the enemy might have cut down or
+seized me without my being able to pull trigger, I became quite
+nerveless, while an icy chill came over my heart and made me feel both
+sick and helpless. Fortunately, I soon rallied. It is unpleasant to
+mention such a fear as I had felt, much less to dwell upon it. Just as
+the events of my life seemed striving together in a confused jumble for
+the first place in a rapid mental panorama, my presence of mind
+returned. I felt a sudden glow of enthusiasm for the Ti-ping cause,
+through which I had got into the danger, and a determination to die, if
+death it was to be, in a manner worthy of an Englishman before a mob of
+Chinese.
+
+To this day I am surprised at the sudden revulsion of feeling I
+experienced. One moment I was powerless, trembling, and terrified; the
+next, I was keenly alive to every incident in the scene, collectedly
+watching each movement of my individual assailants, and confidently
+prepared for any result.
+
+At this moment P---- hailed me: "I have covered the mandarin; shall I
+shoot him? I can cut her" (our vessel) "adrift. Jump into the river and
+swim off, I will pick you up."
+
+A little sooner I should have done this, but now I was prepared to take
+advantage of the slightest chance of escape; the soldiers were still to
+be kept back by my revolver; a peaceful termination of the difficulty
+_might_ be obtained; but if I were to take to the water I should almost
+certainly be shot like a dog in it, even if I were not swept away and
+drowned by the swift current.
+
+I shouted to P----, "Hold on yet. I think I can keep them at bay
+myself." He had hitherto been supporting me with his rifle levelled at
+the mandarin. "Try and take me off with the boat."
+
+Although our vessel was lying some little distance above me and some 30
+feet from the bank, and although the oars had been stolen from our boat,
+P---- was a thorough sailor, and I trusted that he would find some means
+of dropping it down to me with a line. I did not think so without
+reason, for he replied to me:--
+
+"Look out, then! I am going to put down my rifle. I will drop the boat
+down to you; stand by to jump into her!"
+
+Meanwhile, the imps seemed striving to work themselves into a frenzy,
+when they would probably rush forward, receive my few shots, and
+overpower me by numbers. The mandarin kept running to his men and trying
+to make them point their matchlocks at me, but directly any one
+attempted to do so, my revolver barrel stared him full in the face.
+
+At last, I had the satisfaction to hear P----'s voice again:--
+
+"Stand by, old fellow," he hailed; "I am just going to shove the boat
+off from our inshore quarter with a line fast to her."
+
+Without daring to turn my head for a moment, I replied: "All right,
+shove her off, and hail me directly she comes close enough for a jump."
+
+The suspense of the next minute or two was very great, then I heard my
+friend shout: "Now, jump now if you can; I am covering the imps with my
+rifle."
+
+I gave a half glance over my shoulder, but, alas! the boat was too
+distant. The rope had tautened too soon, and she had been swept into a
+parallel line with our vessel, without reaching within twenty feet of my
+position. Hauling her alongside, P---- and As-sam, our boy, got into
+her, and shoving well off with a boat-hook, drifted down, endeavouring
+to grapple the boat I stood in. Again she fell short, and was swept out
+by the tide, amid a storm of bullets splashing all around her, from the
+men behind, from whose fire I was sheltered by the front rank, but who
+were easily able to shoot at the boat, and who managed to wound As-sam
+in the arm.
+
+P----, finding that without oars it was impossible to reach me with the
+boat, reluctantly returned on board to his former position behind the
+bags of charcoal, and there resumed his rifle. Just at the same time the
+mandarin, finding his soldiers afraid to break the ominous pause by
+attacking me and exposing their leaders to certain death, began to set
+the example himself. He was certainly a far braver man than any of his
+followers, for dashing forward, sword in hand, he got to the lowest end
+of the boat and clambered into her, although I could easily have shot
+him at any instant. Steadying himself, he began to advance towards me,
+along the gunnel of the boat, which was open amidships and had a decked
+bow and stern.
+
+[Illustration: THE MUD FORT MANDARIN.]
+
+It was now a most trying moment for me. The mandarin was already within
+nine or ten feet, and another second would bring him to striking
+distance. His life was entirely in my power; I could have shot him; but
+the _first_ blow was only wanted to break the treacherous calm, and
+cause the immediate slaughter of myself. I felt that my last chance of
+life depended upon delay; two more seconds would decide it one way or
+the other. The suspense of that smallest passage of time was
+indescribable; many days of intense excitement and danger seemed crowded
+into one moment. The short though terrible hesitation in my mind,
+whether to shoot the mandarin, fire the remaining barrels of the
+revolver at his followers, and then jump into the river and swim off, or
+to delay another second, so as to lose not the merest chance of saving
+my life, seemed to occupy an age of anxious and momentous thought. At
+this crisis P---- spoke to me again:
+
+[Illustration: London Published March 15^{th} 1866 by Day & Son,
+Limited, Lithog^{rs} Gate Str. Lincoln's Inn Fields
+Day & Son, Limited, Lith.
+BROUGHT TO BAY AT THE MUD FORT.]
+
+"Shoot the mandarin," he shouted. "I will cut the vessel adrift, sheer
+her in, and try to pick you up. If I cannot quite reach you, take to the
+water; you can easily get on board, and I'll protect you by opening fire
+on the imps."
+
+Rapidly glancing, as I fully expected for the last time, upon the clear
+blue sky above, the bright sun shining upon and making the earth _so_
+beautiful and attractive, and vividly recalling a far distant home and a
+loved mother for my latest earthly thought, I took steady aim at the
+mandarin's heart and pulled the trigger, shouting to P----, "Cut her
+adrift, and be sharp about it!"
+
+I naturally expected to hear the report of my pistol, and to see the
+mandarin fall, while the soldiers would rush forward to avenge his
+death. Although I am certain I gave the trigger a sufficient pull, the
+hammer never fell and the mandarin at the moment, when another step
+towards me would have brought his uplifted sword upon my head, suddenly
+lost his balance and fell from the narrow gunnel of the boat to the
+beach. I instantly hailed P---- to "hold on," and he returned to his
+former position to watch the progress of events.
+
+When the mandarin rolled on the beach, several of his officers seized
+him and dragged him up the bank, regardless of the struggles he made to
+return and attack me. Fortunately A-ling arrived upon the scene at this
+moment, and going to the mandarin, told him that he would go on board
+and bring the money required. While the leader of the robbers was being
+brought to his fort, A-ling was taken on board our vessel, after
+receiving my assent to procure the dollars from P----. Meanwhile the
+soldiers remained in the same position around myself, while I
+endeavoured to show them my indifference by producing a cigar and
+lighting it.
+
+After A-ling had paid the money into the coffers of the banditti, he
+came to me with two inferior officers, and getting the soldiers to fall
+back, induced me to descend from my position of vantage, believing all
+danger was over. Although at first they seemed quiet enough and retired
+from the boat, I had no sooner reached some little distance from it than
+they crowded round me. Suddenly, and before I could use my revolver, I
+was seized from behind by many hands, and while every incident of my
+life rushed with supernatural rapidity and minuteness of detail through
+my mind, I was forced upon my knees, when one of the soldiers raised a
+long and heavy sword to behead me.
+
+The steel flashed as it was raised above me, and commending myself to
+God, I shivered while for a fearful moment awaiting the blow. Again,
+however, I was saved from the very jaws of death. My would-be
+executioner was thrust aside, and I believe that I fainted for a second
+or two. I then found myself surrounded by a strange mandarin and his
+attendants, A-ling, my cook, and a few of the more kindly disposed among
+the robber band. A-ling informed me that the stranger was a "civil"
+mandarin who had just arrived from a neighbouring city; that he had
+happened to notice my gold band, and had opportunely rushed forward and
+rescued me. Thus for the first time the uniform had done me good.
+
+At first, after expressing my gratitude, I felt perfectly safe under the
+protection of the fresh arrival, for I knew that the rank and authority
+of a civil mandarin was far superior to that of a military one like the
+commandant of the Mud Fort. However, upon the people around me moving a
+little away, I saw three soldiers on the ground, two dead and one
+severely wounded; for it appeared that P----, upon observing my seizure,
+had opened fire on the crowd. It was now evening and the dusk was fast
+approaching, and it was evident that not a moment should be lost in
+getting away from the place. Two men had been killed, and their chief
+would undoubtedly endeavour to avenge their death. After giving the
+watch I wore as a memento to the mandarin who had so kindly saved me,
+and being supplied with a boat by him, I at last got safely on board
+with A-ling and the cook.
+
+My friend P---- had barely gripped me by the hand and congratulated me
+upon my escape, when we were startled by the blowing of the war-horns on
+shore, and the clang of gongs. While we were hard at work getting our
+vessel underweigh, the soldiers came rushing down to the beach again,
+waving their flags and arms about, planting their gingalls, and swearing
+vengeance for the death of their comrades. In a few minutes they opened
+a heavy fire upon us, while a number of them ran along the bank in the
+direction of a creek where their gunboats were moored.
+
+The wind had fallen comparatively light, and we would not have been able
+to escape from the smaller vessels of the enemy, when, to our great joy,
+a steamer rounded the bend of the river below, and came into full view.
+At this moment the gunboats were just shoving off from the shore, but
+directly they observed the steamship only a few miles distant they
+pulled up the creek again, while the men along the beach ceased firing
+and ran into the fort, doubtless believing that the approaching vessel
+was the man-of-war I had told them about.
+
+When the steamer had arrived pretty near, I signalized her, and saw that
+she was one of the American river boats. To my horror, when close
+alongside she hoisted the Imperialist flag, and I then knew her to be
+the _Williamette_, a vessel belonging to the Manchoo Government. When
+right abeam she stopped and sent a boat to my vessel. Fortunately she
+was manned with an American crew, and in consideration of the sum of 300
+dollars, her captain, whose name, singularly enough, happened to be
+Friend, Imperialist though he was, agreed to tow my vessel up to the
+Nankin forts.
+
+Before dark we had the satisfaction to bid adieu to the Mud Fort, as we
+ploughed up the fast rolling yellow waters astern of the _Williamette_.
+To our sorrow, however, we were just able to discern on the beach the
+execution of our _lowder_, who was dragged down and decapitated there
+before our eyes, while we were powerless to save the poor fellow.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+    Hang-chow.--Ti-pings approach Shanghae.--Their Reception.--The
+    _Casus Belli_.--The First Blow.--Fillibuster Ward.--Admiral
+    Hope's Exploits.--Captures Hsiun-tang.--The
+    Consequences.--Hope's Policy condemned.--The real _Casus
+    Belli_.--Defence of Shanghae justified.--Inducements to oppose
+    the Ti-pings.--Official Reports.--Mr. Consul
+    Meadows.--Recognition of the Ti-pings.--The _Shanghae
+    Times_.--Mr. John's Report.--Edict of Religious
+    Toleration.--Report continued.--Mr. Muirhead's Report.
+
+
+Hang-Chow, the provincial capital, was carried by assault upon the 29th
+of December. The Chinese part of the garrison, unable to endure the
+horrors of the close siege, after everything in the shape of food had
+been consumed, and even human flesh exposed for sale in the
+market-place, opened the gates of the outer city and surrendered to the
+Ti-pings. The Manchoo troops defended themselves to the last, neither
+giving nor accepting quarter, and when the walls of the inner city were
+carried by the victorious insurgents, the Tartar general, Luy, and a
+number of his men, sprang a mine and blew themselves up with their
+citadel.
+
+The capture of this important city and of the treaty port Ningpo having
+placed the Ti-pings in possession of the whole Che-kiang province, with
+the exception of Shanghae and a few miles around it, they resolved, upon
+the termination of the year, as previously agreed to, to follow up the
+enemy to this last stronghold.
+
+Although, before his unsuccessful trip to Nankin, Admiral Hope had
+seemed willing to treat with the Ti-pings, when he returned to Shanghae,
+after finding it impossible to again deceive them, his conduct
+underwent a marked change, as evinced by the eager way in which he
+sought the opportunity to indulge his warlike propensities. This
+opportunity was soon afforded him.
+
+Immediately upon the expiration of the year, Chung-wang, the Ti-ping
+Commander-in-Chief, moved an army towards Shanghae. No attack was made
+upon the city, but this force gradually occupied every position in the
+neighbourhood, till at length not an Imperialist soldier remained beyond
+gunshot range of its walls. The Ti-pings again manifested their
+extraordinary friendliness towards foreigners by not attacking the city,
+and with similar forbearance and moderation to that evinced upon their
+approach in 1860, endeavouring to open peaceable negotiation with the
+foreign authorities. The leaders of the different _corps d'armee_ sent
+in the usual nobly worded proclamations, relating to the oppression of
+the Manchoo and their own mission to free and Christianize China; the
+success hitherto vouchsafed to their cause by the "Heavenly Father"; the
+earnest desire to enter into friendly relations with the "foreign
+brethren"; their wish to continue all present trade and to open the
+whole country up, &c.
+
+Now, at this time the political position of England with regard to the
+rebellion was as follows. By the written guarantee of Sir George Bonham,
+by that of Admiral Hope, by that from the British representative at
+Ningpo, and by many other acts, her national honour was pledged to
+maintain a strict neutrality. The last orders to her officials in China
+were, as already quoted:--
+
+    "Her Majesty's Government desire to maintain ... neutrality
+    between the two contending parties;" save British subjects from
+    punishment, "but otherwise you should abstain from all
+    interference in the civil war."
+
+    [Dated, Foreign Office, August 8, 1861.]
+
+This was the standing order; the only later direction being Lord
+Russell's suggestion: "But it _might_ be expedient to defend the treaty
+ports _if_ the Chinese would consent not to use those ports for purposes
+of aggression."
+
+The way the British Consul, Admiral, and General, at Shanghae, abstained
+from all interference was by converting that city into the grand
+rendezvous of the Imperialist forces, and then helping them to defend
+the Chinese city by garrisoning it with British troops; by conveying
+Manchoo soldiery down the Yang-tze to Shanghae in English steamers; by
+supplying the Imperialists with artillery, &c., while strictly
+prohibiting any trade in the same articles with the other of the two
+"contending parties"; and by attacking the Ti-pings when they found that
+the Ti-pings would not attack them. That useful triumvirate--the sailor,
+the soldier, and the diplomatist--placed the following construction upon
+Lord Russell's ambiguous _ifs_ and _ands_. "It _might_ be expedient,"
+they singularly understood to mean, it was expedient; and "_if_ the
+Chinese, &c.," they converted into assisting and joining the Chinese
+"_to use_ those ports for purposes of aggression." Consequently, in
+direct violation of their public orders, but in conformity with the
+conduct I have just stated, they issued the following reply to the
+friendly overtures of the Ti-ping chiefs:--
+
+    "Whereas we, the Commanders of the French and British forces now
+    occupying the city and environs of Shanghae, have received
+    letters from Lion and Ho, persons styling themselves ...,
+    informing us that said Lion and Ho are intending to attack and
+    occupy Shanghae; and whereas we have no means of communicating
+    with the said Lion and Ho, or any of their people:--Therefore,
+    this is to give notice to whomsoever it may concern, that
+    Shanghae city and its environs, Woo-sung included, are at
+    present in the possession of the troops under our respective
+    commands, and that if Lion or Ho, or any persons claiming
+    fraternity with them, attempt to attack these places they will
+    do so at their peril."
+
+Even this was insufficient to effect the desired object, namely, to
+drive the Ti-pings to defiance, and force them to acts of retaliation.
+When, therefore, it became apparent that, notwithstanding all the aid
+afforded to the Imperialists, they could not succeed, and that
+eventually Shanghae must be given up to the revolutionists, or become
+annexed to France or England, the British Government threw off the mask,
+and prepared for open hostilities.
+
+Consul Medhurst, in a despatch to Admiral Hope, dated "Shanghae,
+February 19, 1862," states the grounds upon which the good faith and
+honour of England were to be openly violated.
+
+    "Granting, of course, that a _strictly neutral policy_ is at
+    present the only correct one, and that whatever is done in the
+    protection of this city and settlement must be undertaken with
+    _careful regard_ to that important axiom, it follows, I think,
+    that there are two points to be considered as bearing materially
+    on the present crisis. The first is, what resources we have in
+    the way of supplies for the city and settlement; and the second,
+    how far the present action of the Taepings so endangers those
+    supplies as to make it necessary for us to interfere with them
+    in our own defence."
+
+The falsity of this shallow pretence for war becomes at once apparent.
+In the first place, it was simply necessary to allow the Chinese city to
+revert peaceably to the Ti-pings, when the inhabitants as well as they
+would have had ample supplies. In the second place, the vast river and
+sea communication of Shanghae was entirely open (excepting the Wong-poo
+branch), while a fleet of some two hundred European steamers and ships
+and several thousand large native junks crowded the anchorage, and could
+easily have furnished a line of communication for any amount of
+supplies. Evidence is abundant to prove what a mere pretence this _casus
+belli_ was, but two reasons will be sufficient justification for so
+designating it. First. If the Ti-pings, by surrounding Shanghae,
+endangered its supplies, when they came with the most friendly feeling
+for Europeans, they would certainly, if driven to become enemies and to
+use the justifiable retaliation of enemies, have it in their power to
+utterly destroy those supplies by devastating the whole neighbouring
+country; therefore, in all human probability, an attack upon them would
+render imminent the very crisis to avoid which it was thought
+justifiable to violate a nation's pledges. Secondly. The following
+extract from Admiral Hope's despatch shows that he conceived that Consul
+Medhurst had not made a sufficient case. Upon the 21st of February,
+1862, the Admiral struck the first blow. Upon the evening of the same
+day, in his despatch to the Admiralty, he gave this reason for his open
+violation of his own and his Government's faith:--
+
+    "These proceedings" (movements of the Ti-pings) "have been
+    conducted at a distance much too close to be consistent with the
+    _respect due to the occupation of the town_ by French and
+    English forces, or to leave its supplies of provisions and
+    native trade _unaffected_."
+
+Is it to be supposed that any city could be captured or placed in a
+state of siege without native trade or supplies being affected, or is it
+to be argued that the Ti-pings should be crushed in consequence of the
+natural results of their patriotic struggle?
+
+The presence of the Ti-pings only "_affected_" the trade and supplies it
+seems; when, had they been so disposed, they might have stopped the
+entire, excepting what could have been obtained by water.
+
+The only thing that affected the supplies of Shanghae so far as
+Europeans and citizens were concerned, was the increase in the price,
+which was quickly raised by the provision-dealers, who are always ready
+to seize the smallest opportunity to make a little extra profit.
+Probably Admiral Hope saw this, and its damaging bearing upon his
+alleged _casus belli_; at all events, he thought fit to add another,
+though equally flimsy.
+
+    "The tract of country enclosed within the line BC, which this
+    village, with others in their" (Ti-pings) "possession, entirely
+    commanded, is that from which the supplies of Shanghae are
+    chiefly drawn, and its proximity to the Woo-sung river was such
+    as to afford the PROSPECT of the Chinese traffic, also material
+    to the support of the town, being seriously impeded, if not
+    altogether stopped; and for these reasons I considered the case
+    to be one calling for my interference."
+
+On these pretences war was made upon the Ti-pings. It will be noticed
+that nothing material has ever been _proved_ against the revolutionists,
+or urged as an established fact, sufficient to justify hostilities, or
+even a remonstrance. The British officials in China and the Government
+at home attempt to justify their course of action by mere conjecture as
+to what they might do, but never do we find a plain or straightforward
+accusation made against them for anything they _had done_.
+
+Admiral Hope, in his attack upon the Ti-pings, associated himself with
+one Ward, an American filibuster, in the service of the Manchoos.
+Previous to this, and to the Admiral's unsuccessful attempt to juggle
+the Ti-ping authorities into another agreement not to approach Shanghae,
+the said Ward was persecuted and reviled very fiercely; but no sooner
+did the Admiral and his colleagues think it necessary to pull in the
+same boat, than the Yankee filibuster became their pattern and ally. The
+whilom _rowdie_ companion of _ci-devant_ General Walker, of Nicaraguan
+memory, mercenary leader of a band of Anglo-Saxon freebooters in Manchoo
+pay, and sometime fugitive from English marines sent to weed his
+ruffians of their countrymen, suddenly became the friend and ally of the
+British and French Admirals, Generals, and Consuls. The surprise of Ward
+can only have been equalled by his gratification upon finding his very
+questionable presence, and still more doubtful pursuits, patronized and
+imitated. No doubt, at first, he felt considerably elated and vastly
+astonished at the idea of filibusting having become an honourable and
+recognised profession; but soon, poor fellow! a black, or rather green,
+shadow came across his uncertain dream of happiness and
+respectability--he became jealous of his friend Admiral Hope, whose
+talent and zeal for making war without declaring it or being authorized
+so to do by any Government, he found surpassed even his own.
+
+The village of Kao-kiau was garrisoned by a few hundred Ti-pings, and
+several thousand country people, who had just joined them, the whole
+mostly armed with bamboo spears. The force led against them by Admiral
+Hope comprised 350 British seamen with a six-pound rocket-tube, and
+about 600 disciplined Chinese, under Ward, besides which, the French
+Admiral, Protet, commanded 160 Frenchmen, with a couple of field-pieces.
+Of course, the ill-armed Ti-pings were unable to resist the European
+artillery and arms of precision, and were consequently driven from the
+village, with a loss of more than 100 men killed. This gallant exploit
+was safely performed by the Anglo-Franco contingent, who, completely out
+of range of the few wretched matchlocks of the Ti-pings, shot them down
+at their ease with rifles and artillery, with a loss to themselves of
+_only one_ French sailor, killed by a stray shot.
+
+This murderous and cowardly deed was quickly followed up by the gallant
+Admiral, who seemed unable to refrain from action, especially when it
+could be indulged with comparative safety.
+
+We have already noticed that one excuse Admiral Hope made to justify his
+broken faith was the probability that the Ti-pings might injure the
+supply of provisions. Strange to say, the Admiral did the very things he
+pretended the rebels might have done. At the capture of Kao-kiau all
+hands dispersed to loot whatever the Ti-pings had left behind; and,
+quoting from the official report of the affair, "Large stores of grain
+were discovered about the place, _the greater part of which were
+burned_."
+
+After the exploit of Kao-kiau, Admiral Hope, with a small party of
+seamen and Ward's filibusters, went roving about the country for a week
+in search of some one to fight. His warlike spirit was gratified at a
+place named Hsiau-tang, in the vicinity of Ming-hong (nearly twenty
+miles away from Shanghae), a fortified village occupied by several
+thousand Ti-pings. Directly he found this place in the way, an order
+was sent to Shanghae for reinforcements to attack it with. These having
+arrived, upon the 1st of March, 1862, the whole force, consisting of 750
+of Ward's disciplined Chinese, 350 British sailors and marines, and 35
+artillery-men, with four light howitzers, one field-piece, and some
+rocket-tubes, and 200 French, with two brass howitzers, moved forward to
+the attack. Again, as at Kao-kiau, the murderous work was executed, and
+the poorly-armed Ti-pings slaughtered with impunity. For more than an
+hour they bravely held their mud and brick entrenchments, but at last
+the crushing fire from the foreign artillery, and the sharp practice of
+the Enfield rifles, carried the day. After standing to their few
+gingalls to the last, amid a storm of shot and shell (all fresh from
+British arsenals and paid for by British tax-payers), they were driven
+from the lines of defence and through the village with immense
+slaughter. As they retreated from the rear, the shell from the
+irresistible foreign artillery "were thrown rapidly amongst them,
+committing fearful havoc. Numbers also fell under the fire from the
+rifles of the French and English sailors." In the centre of the village
+the rear guard made a gallant effort to repulse their pursuers, but they
+could not withstand the deadly volleys and bayonet charge of the
+marines; and although their bravest men fell in heaps, while many
+hand-to-hand conflicts took place, they were ultimately driven out with
+a loss of 1,000 killed and 300 taken prisoners, the English and French
+_not losing a single man_. A great massacre of the unfortunate
+non-combatants was perpetrated by the Imperialist soldiery, who actually
+forced very many of the living wounded into the flames of the burning
+village. In one official report it is stated:--
+
+    "The streets and houses presented an awful spectacle, the bodies
+    in some places lying in heaps; and the plain beyond the village
+    was strewed with those shot down in the flight."
+
+Another report states:--
+
+    "The rebels ran from the fortifications and came to a stand in
+    the main street.... Upon this, the field-piece from the
+    _Imperieuse_, in charge of Lieutenants Stuart and Richardson,
+    swept them down with grape and canister shot; after this their
+    retreat became a flight, when the party of marines and Chinese
+    detached to cut them off did considerable execution, some 900 or
+    1,000 having been killed and wounded."
+
+The same report concludes with this sentence:--
+
+    "After all was over, _the village was set on fire_,[1] and the
+    foreign troops embarked for Shanghae."
+
+What will those who falsely accuse the Ti-pings of devastating and
+destroying say to this? They have declared that the Christian patriots'
+"success in any locality is attended with its total destruction," &c.;
+but it appears that these totally destroyed places were reserved for
+Admiral Hope to burn down.
+
+As this history progresses we shall find that although the Admiral made
+the damaging effect which the presence of the Ti-pings _might_ have upon
+supplies one element of his _casus belli_, _he_ actually destroyed the
+very supply of grain which he dreaded might be affected by the rebels!
+
+There is a more serious matter to be deplored with regard to the
+numerous raids commenced and followed up by Admiral Hope, namely, the
+cruel slaughter of so many hundreds of his fellow-men. We have reviewed
+the unmeaning pretences invented by the Admiral and his co-adjutors, but
+even should it be admitted they were valid, is it possible any
+Englishman can be found willing to justify the massacre of thousands of
+human beings, because, although ever friendly to them, they affected the
+mercenary speculations of a few merchants? If, in order to maintain the
+immediate profit of their mercantile adventurers, any Englishman can
+attempt to justify or palliate these summary proceedings against the
+unfortunate Ti-pings, then I say, far better should that unholy traffic
+perish, cursed as it is by the slaughter of thousands of our
+fellow-creatures, whose blood has cried aloud to Heaven for vengeance
+upon their assailants.
+
+Even the pretence that the revolutionists would have injured our
+"commercial interests" falls to the ground by the testimony of the very
+merchants themselves, for the leading mercantile house in China, Messrs.
+Jardine, Matheson, & Co., in their business circular, dated "Kong-kong,
+27th February, 1862," referring to Admiral Hope's first massacre of
+Ti-pings, state:--
+
+    "During the interval that has elapsed since the date of our last
+    circular there is no particular change to notice in the state of
+    matters about Shanghae; but the policy the Allied Commanders are
+    adopting will, it is feared, lead to disastrous consequences....
+    _Our interests call for a strict neutrality_, but so far from
+    this course being pursued, our last advices report a combined
+    expedition of English and French marines and sailors in
+    conjunction with a force of Imperialists, commanded in person by
+    their respective Admirals, against a body of some 6,000 rebels,
+    which of course they defeated with great slaughter.... The whole
+    country being in the hands of the Taepings, should this
+    _suicidal_ policy be persisted in, must in the end materially
+    interfere with, if not ruin, all trade, as it cannot do
+    otherwise than exasperate a foe by no means to be despised."
+
+What stronger condemnation of the policy pursued against the Ti-pings
+can be made, coming, as it does, from the principal representative of
+the very class whose interests it was pretended necessary to protect?
+That this opinion of Messrs. Jardine, Matheson, & Co. was correct has at
+the present time been pretty well ascertained, for it did "in the end
+materially interfere with" trade, as the fall off of silk _after_ the
+expulsion of the Ti-pings from the producing district proves. This,
+however, was not occasioned, as that firm expected, by the exasperation
+of "a foe by no means to be despised," for the Ti-pings (with a
+Christian humanity far excelling that possessed by their _civilized_
+enemies) never retaliated either upon the trade (entirely in their
+power) or the lives of Europeans. The decrease of silk was caused
+entirely by the ruthless nature of the war carried by British officers
+and Imperialists into the once happy districts of Ti-ping-tien-kwo. The
+Ti-ping patriots were either fools or saints, for by their mad
+forbearance they suffered themselves to be driven from their former
+possessions with incalculable loss of life; whereas, a system of
+retaliation on their part would have endangered the entire trade of the
+district, and consequently have forced the enemy to relinquish
+hostilities which so conclusively endangered the prospect of our
+"commercial interests."
+
+As the first mercantile house in China considered the policy of the
+British Government "suicidal," we may safely pronounce the affected
+anxiety for commercial interests a shallow pretext. What then remains to
+constitute the real _casus belli_, unless it be "the temporary interest
+arising out of the indemnities," and the great revenue arising out of
+the vile opium traffic, the loss of which would have caused a deficit of
+many millions in the British treasury?
+
+The seeming inconsistency of allowing the Ti-pings to take Ningpo and
+yet defending Shanghae against them is easily explained. At the capture
+of the former city no British force was present, and although the seven
+days' grace so cunningly obtained from the Ti-ping leaders seems to have
+been employed in endeavouring to raise a sufficient force to oppose
+their entrance, this, in the shape of H.M.S. _Scout_ and several other
+vessels, arrived too late, having reached Ningpo some hours after its
+fall. Then, as Admiral Hope very wisely observed with regard to the
+policy of exasperating the Ti-pings, "We cannot afford to quarrel with
+them, as at any moment they _might_ stop the whole trade of Shanghae."
+Their wonderful forbearance had not at that time become assured;
+directly it was, hostilities were commenced. Before taking up the sword
+for good, it became necessary to try the temper of the Ti-pings. This
+Admiral Hope effectually did by his arrogance at Nankin; his "every
+obstruction" plan at Ningpo; his raids around Shanghae; an example
+followed by the British and French authorities by their unwarrantable
+notifications and defence of Shanghae Chinese city.
+
+There are, in fact, very many reasons by which the defence of Shanghae
+may be accounted for; but five of the most important will sufficiently
+illustrate the principle of the whole.
+
+Firstly. The British Government and its officials interfered in order to
+save the indemnity and opium trade, which the capture of Shanghae by the
+Ti-pings would have annihilated, and they were strongly supported by the
+opium merchants, who, by this vile traffic, made their largest profits.
+
+Secondly. A large number of the Shanghae foreign landholders approved of
+the defence of the city, because it enabled them to obtain fresh lots at
+their own prices from the Chinese proprietors. From the "minutes of a
+meeting of land-renters, held at the British Consulate, Shanghae,
+January 12, 1862," it appears that during a council of war with the
+Manchoo authorities of the Chinese city (all in accordance with the
+pledges of "strict neutrality," of course?)--
+
+    "The Taoutae undertook to do this also" (open a road to
+    facilitate military operations) "_by obliging the Chinese
+    renters interested to part with their land to the foreign
+    applicants whose names stood recorded first for purchase_."
+
+Thirdly. A certain proportion of traders having taken advantage of the
+Ti-ping movement to circulate unfounded reports as to its brigandage, in
+order to monopolize the trade by frightening outsiders away, naturally
+sanctioned the defence of Shanghae, as the capture of the city would
+have exposed the trick by proving the Ti-pings were not brigands and
+robbers.
+
+Fourthly. Many land and house speculators opposed the success of the
+insurgents for this reason. The foreign settlements in the vicinity of
+the Chinese city had become crowded with fugitives awaiting the firm
+establishment of Ti-ping jurisdiction in the interior; by numerous
+lawless Chinamen attracted by the shadow of foreign protection and the
+opportunity of establishing gambling hells and bagnios, _ad libitum_;
+and by the manifold parasites and hangers-on of the Imperial authority
+in its last stronghold. Therefore, while this state of affairs lasted,
+the land speculators made prodigious wealth by the letting of their
+property to the natives at almost fabulous rents, but the capture of the
+city by the Ti-pings would have altered all this. The vile manner in
+which many colossal fortunes have thus been obtained is lost sight of in
+England by the glitter of the ingots.
+
+Fifthly. A large proportion of partners in mercantile houses _upon the
+spot_, expected to make their fortunes and retire to their home in three
+years; but the occupation of Shanghae by the Ti-pings, and the natural
+effect of the civil war, must have interfered with the import trade and
+injured their immediate profits.
+
+Upon these grounds British faith was dishonoured and a murderous war
+waged against the unfortunate Ti-pings. Admiral Hope continued the work
+of destruction with his artillery and rifles from a safe distance, until
+his recall to England. Violation of good faith, misrepresentation, and
+partial aggression, became superseded by regular hostilities, carried on
+without any previous declaration of war, or even statement of grievance.
+What would such manner of warfare be denominated in Europe?
+
+Having reviewed the policy of the British Government, and the conduct of
+its officials in China, it may be well to notice a few reports upon the
+Ti-ping rebellion, well worthy of attention, even though ignored by the
+British Ministry. These testimonies prove that the Ti-pings have not
+been decimated because they were misunderstood by the British
+Government, but that the latter were as well acquainted with their
+Christianity, friendliness, political object, superiority to the
+Manchoos, and generally improved character, as the writer of this
+history, or the authors of the statements he quotes. Therefore, when the
+evil policy of those who authorized the unnecessary and unjustifiable
+hostilities upon the part of England shall become more generally
+admitted, they cannot palliate their wickedness by pleading ignorance of
+the true merits of the people. It is difficult to speak of this British
+interference in any but the most forcible and unmeasured terms of
+condemnation. Not a solitary excuse can be truly made for it; and when
+the selfishness of that policy is thoroughly appreciated (which is
+rapidly becoming the case), the atrocities committed by its sanction,
+and their consequences, will be looked back upon with grief and sadness
+by every loyal Englishman.
+
+The first and most important of the above-mentioned reports was made by
+Mr. Consul Meadows to Lord Russell. Mr. Meadows was better acquainted
+with the Ti-pings than any other English official in existence. He was
+the most talented in China, the most honourable and disinterested;
+therefore, it may be that his statements were not regarded, and that his
+presence at Shanghae became an inconvenience. This difficulty was soon
+surmounted by the removal of Mr. Meadows from Shanghae to New-chwang,
+very soon after his truthful and independent exposition of the Ti-ping
+rebellion, and by naming as his successor a Consul who was more pliable.
+
+The following despatch of Mr. Meadows bears date "February 19, 1861,"
+and is worthy of most attentive perusal:--
+
+    "CONSUL MEADOWS TO LORD J. RUSSELL.--(Received April 12.)
+
+    "Shanghae, February 19, 1861.
+
+    "British trade and British-India trade with this country, and
+    the revenues derived from the one and the other, are among the
+    most important of British interests abroad. A necessary
+    condition to the flourishing of these is the existence of
+    order--of security to life and property--in this country; and
+    the existence of this order and security, again, requires the
+    existence of a strong national government. These propositions
+    are so well established that I merely state them.
+
+    "But the hitherto existing Imperial Government, that of the
+    Manchoo or Ta-tsing dynasty, which was already becoming weak
+    from internal causes, has received its death-blows from the
+    external action, first of British arms alone, and now of British
+    and French combined. No strong national government now exists
+    anywhere; and in large, and to us very important, portions of
+    the country, anarchy and insecurity prevail.
+
+    "It becomes, therefore, of the utmost importance to look around
+    us for some other power in the nation to take its place. If we
+    find any such other power, we must not only not attack it, but
+    must earnestly desire its speedy growth. An adherence, not less
+    wise than just, to the principle of non-intervention, together
+    with the due observance of the treaties with the Ta-tsing
+    Government, should prevent our taking direct positive steps to
+    aid that growth; but assuredly it would be a most suicidal
+    course, as regards those large interests to which I have
+    pointed, first to achieve the destruction of the government we
+    find existing, and then to proceed to prevent any other from
+    coming into existence.
+
+    "Now we have such another power in the Taepings, and such
+    another government in the government which they have established
+    at Nanking.
+
+    "It has been, and by many is still, denied that the Taepings
+    have any regular government, or can be considered a political
+    power.
+
+    "For one moment I will grant this, but only in order to point
+    out that after maintaining themselves for eleven years in arms
+    in China, and for eight in the centre of the empire, the
+    Taepings are manifestly a power of some sort, and to ask--Are
+    we, because this power does not come up to all that is expected
+    of it, are we, therefore, gratuitously to attack it, and either
+    greatly lessen or altogether destroy its chances of ever
+    realizing those expectations? What else have we got to look to
+    for the re-establishment of a government having power to
+    preserve order?
+
+    "But I entirely deny that the Taepings have no regular
+    government, and have no claim to be considered a political
+    power.
+
+    "Ten years ago, almost immediately after they rose in arms, they
+    threw off the characteristics of local insurgents, and
+    proclaimed themselves the irreconcilable enemies of the Ta-tsing
+    dynasty. From that time to this they have never left us in doubt
+    of their object. It has always been the great one of making
+    themselves the heads of the first state in Asia, and the
+    governors of the largest people in the world. So much has been
+    established, not only by their own published manifestoes, but by
+    the official documents of their enemies.
+
+    "As to their manner of pursuing that object, whether it is such
+    as befits a power assuming to be political, it would too much
+    prolong even this letter to meet in detail all the objections
+    of those foreigners who declaim against them.
+
+    "Speaking generally, these objections may be classed under two
+    heads. First, those which are based on the application to this
+    region and its peoples, of arguments drawn from the state of
+    society and modes of political action of Western Europe, in
+    defiance of the fact that these arguments are wholly
+    inapplicable to a state of civilization and a polity so
+    different; and secondly, those which are applied in entire
+    disregard of the parallel transactions in Western Europe itself,
+    a disregard of obvious analogies, which can only be the result
+    of great ignorance or of wilful prejudice.
+
+    "Among the former, are nearly all the objections to their
+    military discipline, tactics, and strategy, and to their
+    administrative forms, whether of a civil or a military nature.
+
+    "Among the latter, are objections such as that they do not fix
+    themselves in the places they take; that they take them and then
+    leave them again, &c.
+
+    "The obvious rejoinder, drawn from the history of Western Europe
+    is, how often, during the great rebellion in England, were
+    important cities and strong places taken and evacuated or
+    retaken? Did that prove that the English noblemen and gentlemen
+    who first headed that rebellion were unfit to establish a
+    government? Did it prove that Cromwell was neither a general nor
+    an administrator? And when, ten years ago, the Italians left
+    Milan to be reoccupied by its former oppressors, after these had
+    been once expelled, and also allowed the foreign dynasties to
+    reinstate themselves in their principalities, did that prove
+    that the Italian party which aimed at expelling all these
+    foreigners was not a political power?
+
+    "A stock argument against the Taepings was drawn from their
+    destruction of the suburbs of the cities they occupied. This,
+    however, was finally silenced when, on the approach of the
+    Taepings to Shanghae a few months ago, the British and French
+    garrison in that city fired all its suburbs, not excepting the
+    densely peopled and commercially important suburb between the
+    city and the river.
+
+    "Then, again, ruthless and wanton slaughter, not only of the
+    foreign Manchoos, but of their Chinese countrymen, has been
+    urged against the Taepings as a proof that they were a mere gang
+    of robbers and murderers. But was there during the revolutionary
+    struggle in France no mutual killing of the opposing parties of
+    Frenchmen? I mention only the Reign of Terror, and the
+    'Noyades,' and, leaving it to your Lordship's memory to add
+    further illustrative transactions, I ask, do such
+    well-established historical facts prove that the revolutionary
+    party were merely a large gang of robbers and murderers, and not
+    a political power?
+
+    "While, however, considering it an established fact in the
+    history of the Taepings that they, on taking Nanking, put the
+    whole of the Manchoos to death, not sparing even the women and
+    children; and while thinking it highly probable that they will
+    treat in the same way any other of the military colonies of the
+    Tartar conquerors of their country that may fall into their
+    power, I have long ago arrived at the full conviction that the
+    tales of the slaughter committed by them on their own countrymen
+    are not only exaggerated, but very grossly exaggerated.
+
+    "My own experience has furnished me with an instructive example
+    of gross exaggeration of the kind. In the beginning of
+    September, 1853, when, not the Taepings, but the Triad Society
+    rebels, suddenly rose and seized the city of Shanghae, I was
+    travelling alone from Ningpo to Shanghae, _via_ Chapoo. It was
+    on reaching this latter place, about sixty miles from Shanghae,
+    that I first got the news from the crew of my own river-craft,
+    which had come there to meet me. The insurrection having broken
+    out just as they had left, they themselves could give no
+    particulars about it. But from other vessels, and from the local
+    merchants and officials, I learnt that there had been a fearful
+    slaughter in the city of Shanghae; that the streets were covered
+    with dead bodies and blood; that the foreigners and the rebels
+    had been fighting; and that the whole of the foreign community
+    had retired in the shipping outside of Woo-sung. So uniform and
+    consistent were these reports, and so certain did it appear that
+    I should be unable to pass Shanghae out to Woo-sung, that I set
+    about studying the Chinese maps, with a view of finding a
+    succession of river-passages by which I might, keeping some
+    twenty or thirty miles distant, make my way through the country
+    inside of it, and so out into the Great River, and down that to
+    the reported position of the foreign shipping. But before
+    undertaking so serious a circuit I, of course, determined to
+    approach nearer to Shanghae city. As I did so, I found the
+    prevalent reports less and less alarming; and at length, when
+    about twelve miles distant, ascertained the fact--one well known
+    here at the time--that there had been no fighting whatever with
+    the foreigners, and that, in the whole city the slaughter and
+    bloodshed was limited to the killing of one man. Yet the current
+    and fully-believed reports only sixty miles off were exactly
+    like those we have so often heard of the slaughter committed by
+    the Taepings. We know, from the experience of British troops
+    during the last twenty years, that much loss of life usually
+    ensues on the forcible occupation of Chinese cities from men
+    destroying their families, and then themselves; from women,
+    young and old, committing suicide; and from an unreasoning
+    terror, that drives people into deep canals or rivers, in vain
+    attempts to cross them. In these very ways several lives were
+    nearly lost, a few months back, in the Chinese portion of this
+    settlement before an alarm subsided which was caused by a sudden
+    outcry that the Taepings were entering it, none being at the
+    time within twenty miles' distance.
+
+    "From these habits of the Chinese, we may infer that there has
+    been, in the many populous cities occupied by the Taepings in
+    this province, much loss of life among women and children, as
+    well as grown men--non-combatants; and the inference is
+    supported by the fact of foreigners who having visited such
+    cities seeing in the canals many unwounded bodies. But that the
+    Taeping troops have directly put to death a greater proportion
+    of their non-combatant countrymen, or have even refused quarter
+    to the armed, to a greater extent than have done revolutionary
+    parties in the civil wars of England and France, is, I am fully
+    satisfied, a prejudiced repetition on the part of inimical
+    foreigners of the interested calumnies of the Ta-tsing party.
+
+    "Some time back it had become a good conclusion that in the
+    tracts of country occupied by the Taepings there must be greater
+    security for life and property than in those occupied by the
+    Ta-tsings. We knew that the Taepings had long given up that
+    system of universal conscription on which they acted in 1853,
+    and which then made their approach a source of peculiar terror.
+    We knew that they depended on voluntary enrolment for the
+    support of their fighting force, and that they were earnestly
+    endeavouring to get the inhabitants generally of hamlets and
+    open towns to remain at their usual occupations. This being the
+    case, it was plain that the Taepings could preserve the public
+    peace better than the Ta-tsings. For the bulk of the leading
+    officials among the former were themselves not only fighting
+    men, but about the best fighting men that they had; men who owed
+    their position to their military qualities. To them there could,
+    among their own party, be no open defiance. There might be
+    nothing of that military drill and tactics which characterize
+    European armies, but that discipline, which consists in strict
+    obedience to orders could not fail to be there. On the other
+    hand, the bulk of the leading Ta-tsing officials, the mandarins,
+    were about the most inactive and timid, the most unwarlike of
+    their party, and were, we knew, compelled to employ, as their
+    chief fighting men, the ex-pirates of the south-eastern
+    coast-land, who, with their followers, would not content
+    themselves with their official pay, but would also, in defiance
+    of the wishes of their weak employers, exact money from, or
+    plunder outright, the peaceable populations whom they were hired
+    to protect.
+
+    "These inferences have been amply confirmed by recent
+    unquestionable experiences. Mr. John, an English missionary of
+    education and intelligence, went two or three months ago from
+    Shanghae to Soo-chow, and thence to Nanking, where he stayed for
+    seven days. Mr. John put the question to the Taeping officials
+    why it was that the walled cities held by them were so entirely
+    deserted by their former populations of tradesmen, artificers,
+    &c. He received answers to the effect that those cities had been
+    transformed into fortresses, necessary to be held for the
+    reconquest of the country from the Manchoos; that having been
+    once deserted, no population was readmitted, as, under the guise
+    of tradesmen, &c., they might gradually be filled with hostile
+    forces; but that, as soon as their own progress advanced their
+    frontier to other points, they themselves would be anxious to
+    see these places repeopled by a peaceful population. In the mean
+    time they were doing their best to protect, in the hamlets,
+    villages, and open towns, all who choose to remain in them, in
+    quiet submission to the Taeping rule.
+
+    "Now these explanations and statements were fully supported by
+    the nature of the circumstances and by what Mr. John saw
+    himself. He was altogether about a month in the country held by
+    the Taepings. He traversed a tract of that country of about 120
+    miles in extent (Tsing-poo to Nanking), and travelled by night
+    as well as by day, quite unarmed, and never molested. He found
+    the country people quietly pursuing their usual occupations;
+    and--a proof of the understanding between them and their Taeping
+    rulers--saw the soldiers of the latter moving from place to
+    place in large bodies without inspiring terror, and in parties
+    of three or two without being assailed. At Soo-chow, both Mr.
+    John and a well-educated and observant Chinese who accompanied
+    him, and whom I questioned closely, saw the veritable landed
+    gentry coming in parties to give in to the civil governor their
+    adhesion to the Taeping dynasty.
+
+    "What, on the other hand, is the state of the country on this
+    side of the Ta-tsing lines? Not only do the exactions of the
+    mandarins for military objects equal any similar demands that
+    can be made by the Taepings, but piracy and robbery are well
+    known to be everywhere rife. During an excursion, in the end of
+    October, of some ninety miles up the Yang-tze, I had myself full
+    opportunity of observing the prevalence of piracy and the alarm
+    of the country people; and reports came constantly in, on all
+    sides, showing that the reign of lawless violence is rather
+    increasing than diminishing.
+
+    "It is impossible to say how much of China proper the Taepings
+    hold altogether, clear of Ta-tsing authorities or troops. But in
+    proof of their right to be considered a political power, we have
+    the fact that their armies are operating successfully up into
+    Shang-tung in the North, down into Kwang-tung and Kwang-se in the
+    South, and in Sze-chuen in the West, while nothing prevents
+    their penetrating to the sea in the East but the presence of the
+    foreign forces at Shanghae.
+
+    "On the religion of the Taepings little need here be said.
+    Viewed as a piece of contemporary history, the fact of the rise
+    and progress, in this old seat of Confucianism and Buddhism, of
+    the Bible-spreading Taeping Christianity--be its exact character
+    what it may--is one of the most interesting spectacles that the
+    annals of the human race present; and if the Taepings succeed in
+    becoming the rulers of the Chinese people, it will prove one of
+    the most momentous. A foreign official agent, whose nature or
+    the limited extent of whose information permits of his viewing
+    that spectacle with indifference, must surely be adjudged
+    mentally unfitted for the career he has chosen. But except as a
+    deeply interesting piece of contemporary history, we have
+    nothing to do with it. If we aid the Taepings on account of
+    their professed creed, we propagate religion by the sword; if we
+    attack them on account of it, we engage in a religious
+    persecution.
+
+    "One circumstance, which does not directly interest us, remains
+    to be considered; the disposition of the Taepings towards us. On
+    this point, the testimony is continuous, always consistent, and
+    remarkably satisfactory. On three or four occasions, on which
+    foreign war-vessels have, without any previous communication,
+    steamed right up to the river batteries of the Taeping fortified
+    places, they have exercised the right--a right inherent in every
+    belligerent power--of endeavouring to keep off a suspicious and,
+    for their means of defence, formidable force. But so soon as
+    they have been told that it was not the hired foreign steamers
+    of their Ta-tsing enemies, but the Government vessels of neutral
+    foreigners that were before them, they have in every instance at
+    once ceased firing. Their superior officers have fully explained
+    that if foreign neutral vessels would send small unarmed boats
+    in advance, they would not be fired at; and whenever this has
+    been done, they have kept faith. As for the white flag of truce,
+    it is simply absurd to suppose that that purely conventional
+    signal of the Western world can be known to the commander of
+    every Taeping battery. But the Taepings have a complete
+    justification for disregarding it, even if they knew it; they
+    are fighting with an enemy who would not hesitate an instant
+    about sending in his own foreign steamers to open fire or effect
+    a hostile landing, with a white flag or a British ensign flying
+    at each mast-head. In no one of the numerous cases of one or
+    more unarmed foreigners advancing to the Taeping outposts, since
+    I first landed at Nanking in April, 1853, up till the most
+    recent visits of Shanghae traders to Soo-chow, have they been
+    received otherwise than peacefully; while in several cases those
+    who have visited them as prejudiced unfriends have been
+    converted into well-wishers by the friendliness of their
+    reception.
+
+    "They appeared in force before Shanghae six months ago, but I
+    have good reasons for feeling satisfied that they were deluded
+    into so doing by certain foreigners who wished to bring on an
+    irremediable hostility between them and us, and who had held out
+    to them the hope that we should give up the place to them. They
+    fired a few ineffectual shots at the Chinese troops who were
+    mingled with the British on the walls, and who kept discharging
+    their matchlocks. But they did not fire at all where there were
+    only British in front of them, and not one of the foreign
+    soldiers received a wound, though a number of the Taepings were
+    killed by our fire. Lastly, during the half-year that has
+    elapsed since they retired, foreigners have been received at
+    their places, if not with the same hopeful cordiality, as
+    peacefully and as civilly as before.
+
+    "We have a long succession of irrefragable proofs that the
+    Taepings do earnestly desire friendly commercial relations with
+    us. The fact is so well known that inimical foreigners have been
+    constrained to endeavour, with a curiously blind ingenuity, to
+    turn it against them. 'All that is mere pretence,' it has been
+    argued; 'if they felt sure they were strong enough to attack us
+    with advantage, they would do it.' In reply, I ask if it be so,
+    in how far do the Taepings differ in that respect from the
+    Russians, French, and Americans? Is the peaceful and civil
+    reception the English get from these nations the result of pure
+    friendliness or of policy? Would they attack us if they felt
+    sure they could do so with advantage? What are our Channel
+    fleets, our fortifications, and our 150,000 volunteers for?
+
+    "A few years back the aid of a small British army and naval
+    squadron, operating along a portion of the Great River, could
+    perhaps have enabled the Manchoos to suppress this particular
+    Chinese rising against their rule; but now it would require a
+    large fleet of steamers, operating throughout some 1,500 to
+    2,000 miles of the Great River and its larger branches, and some
+    20,000 troops, operating in three or four complete small armies
+    in different parts of the tract of country mentioned above as
+    being more or less in the occupation of Taeping forces, and
+    which extends about 800 to 900 miles from north to south, and
+    1,000 to 1,100 from east to west. It would prove one of the most
+    troublesome and costly wars that England ever engaged in; costly
+    as regarded the direct outlay, and still more costly as regarded
+    the consequences to our trade; for the region in question is
+    that which, practically speaking, produces the whole of our tea
+    and silk exports, and which consumes the larger portion of our
+    manufactured imports; and the effect of our hostilities in it
+    would be to overspread it with anarchy and desolation."
+
+From this despatch it will be seen that every point upon which the
+British Government has based its hostilities against the Ti-pings is
+plainly disproved. The last paragraph may be regarded by some few
+bigoted pro-Imperialists as an exaggeration; but when they glance at the
+present state of China (1865), and see the Ti-pings still victoriously
+disputing the supremacy of the Manchoo, when they look upon the very
+diminished export of silk, and upon the rebellion rampant in every
+province of China, they can hardly dispute that a "large fleet of
+steamers" and 20,000 troops was correctly considered by Mr. Meadows
+necessary to suppress the revolution.
+
+As for the justice of the British intervention, it is hardly necessary
+to speak any further. The belligerent character of the Ti-ping rebellion
+was recognised immediately after its origin, simply because the British
+remained neutral towards a Power carrying on war, and moreover, from the
+fact that English representatives sought out and made guarantees of
+neutrality with the Ti-ping authorities. But, while openly recognising
+the belligerent rights of the revolutionists, the British Government has
+invariably evaded a strict interpretation of its professions, and given
+a tacit support to the Manchoos, thereby making themselves a party to
+the war, and constituting themselves the allies of the latter Power.
+
+The Ti-pings were fully entitled to equal rights with the Imperialists,
+whether upon the high seas, neutral waters, at the treaty ports, or
+elsewhere. They possessed a settled Government at Nankin, a vast
+territory, and _several_ ports; and such being the case, should, and had
+the British authorities acted honourably would, have enjoyed any and
+every privilege given or allowed to the other party in the civil war.
+When the Spanish colonies cast off their allegiance to Spain, when
+Brazil revolted against Portugal, when Texas seceded from Mexico, when
+Greece rebelled against its Turkish rulers, when the Southern States of
+America seceded from the Union, when Santo Domingo rose against Spain,
+when the Neapolitans revolted against their Government, in every one of
+these, and countless other cases, each belligerent as a matter of right
+received equal privileges from neutral Powers.
+
+Had England and other neutral Powers acted according to their own laws,
+they would have been bound to recognise the independence of the
+Ti-pings, for the utter inability of the ousted Manchoo Government to
+recover its authority within a reasonable time was apparent. More than
+this, it was universally admitted that the Tartars, if unassisted by
+foreigners, would be overthrown, and when such contingency became
+certain, England was dragged in to assist them. The excuse about danger
+to British lives and property from the occupation of the treaty ports by
+the insurgents is proved false by the capture of Shanghae in 1853, and
+the capture of Ningpo in 1861. The only other excuse of any moment is
+the "_might_ injure trade" one; but is that to be considered a
+sufficient justification? In all the cases of rebellion just cited,
+England remained neutral; why then has she been made to assume to
+herself, in China _only_, the right to interfere in internecine strife?
+Why not interfere in America for the sake of trade and to prevent
+so-called rebels from collecting duties? As principle has nothing to do
+with the policy pursued in China, why should it elsewhere? Or why may it
+not be boasted that England feared to interfere in America, and
+therefore refrained; but acted differently in China, having no fear.
+
+The _Shanghae Times_, a paper giving its general support to the
+Government, in its issue of March 15, 1862, thus describes the
+initiation of hostilities against the Ti-pings:--
+
+    "We believe that Admiral Hope is the first English officer of
+    the present century who has adopted the unsoldierly practice of
+    making war without having declared war. Having recognised the
+    Taepings as a Power, according to the usage of civilized
+    nations, he ought to have given them the alternative of retreat,
+    submission, or butchery, before commencing the latter. This he
+    did not. But as the Imperialists served him at Taku, he served
+    the Taepings at Ming-hong. Honourable men condemned the conduct
+    of the Imperial general at the Taku, and if the code of honour
+    has not changed since then, it has been _grossly_ violated in
+    the two recent attacks on the Taepings."
+
+We have in a former chapter noticed the false assertion of the British
+minister in China with regard to "all classes of observers" condemning
+the religion of the revolutionists, and his equally unfounded statement
+that the Revds. J. Edkins and Griffith John met with an "ungracious
+reception." The following reports by the Rev. G. John (of the London
+Missionary Society) will not only expose the truthlessness of Mr. Bruce,
+but also multiply proofs as to the Christianity of the Ti-pings, the
+evil policy of the British Government, and the astounding apathy of the
+missionary body at large.
+
+The Rev. Griffith John, in a report to the secretary of his society,
+dated "Shanghae, December 6, 1860," states:--
+
+    "They" (the Ti-pings) "have created a vacuum, not only in the
+    temples, but also in the hearts of the people, which remains to
+    be filled. This is the missionary's work--_a work that might be
+    done immediately, were it not for the unaccountable policy of
+    the representatives of foreign Powers at this port_. My
+    principal object in going has been fully realized.
+
+    "My object was to obtain from the chief an edict of religious
+    toleration. This I have obtained. It gives full permission to
+    missionaries of every persuasion to enter into and live in the
+    insurgents' territory, for the purpose of carrying on missionary
+    work. The phraseology, in some parts, is bombastic, and
+    therefore objectionable; but the simple meaning is full
+    toleration to all Christians, whether Protestant or Catholic. 'I
+    see that the missionaries are sincere and faithful men, and that
+    they do not count suffering with Christ anything; and because of
+    this I esteem them very highly.' Such are the words of the
+    edict. Then comes a command to the chief officers to issue
+    orders to all the (insurgent) brethren to treat the missionaries
+    well. I showed the edict at Su-cheu, and asked the chiefs if
+    they would help me to get a house, a chapel, &c. 'Yes,' said
+    they, 'you come, and it will be all right.' I send you the
+    original of this edict, written by the young prince himself, and
+    bearing the seal of his father, and I intend to furnish you with
+    a translation by the first opportunity. _I firmly believe that
+    God is uprooting idolatry in the land, through the insurgents,
+    and that He will by means of them_, in connection with the
+    foreign missionary, plant Christianity in its stead. Let the
+    prayers of our brethren in England be more fervent than ever in
+    behalf of China. If these men succeed, the days of idolatry are
+    numbered in the land. I am fully convinced that, should they
+    succeed to establish order within the boundary of the Keang-su
+    province, it would be _nominally_ a Christian province before
+    the expiration of twenty years. The same observation will hold
+    good of all the other provinces."
+
+This is the edict referred to by Mr. John:--
+
+    "'EDICT OF RELIGIOUS TOLERATION,' BY THE CHIEF OF THE CHINESE
+    INSURGENTS.[2]
+
+    "'Having received the decree of my Heavenly Father (God), of my
+    Heavenly adopted Father (Christ), and of my Father (the
+    Celestial King), I command all the King's officers, both civil
+    and military, and all the Brethren, to be acquainted with it.
+    The true doctrine of my Father (God), and of my adopted Father
+    (Christ), is the religion of Heaven. The religion of Christ
+    (Protestant religion), and the religion of the Lord of Heaven
+    (Roman Catholic religion), are included in it. The whole world,
+    together with my father and myself, are one family. Those who
+    lovingly and harmoniously observe the regulations of the
+    heavenly religion are permitted to come and visit (us). Now,
+    from the _memorial_ presented to us by my uncles, Kan, Tsan,
+    Chung, and others, I learn that the foreign teacher G. John and
+    his friends, esteeming the Kingdom of Heaven, and reverencing
+    and believing in my Father (God), and my adopted Father
+    (Christ), to whom be thanks for the bestowment upon us of
+    authority, power, and wonders, of which those who are far and
+    near have reverentially heard--have come for the express purpose
+    of seeing the light, of beholding God and Christ, and of
+    requesting permission to spread abroad the true doctrine.
+    Seeing, however, that the present time is a time of war, and
+    that the soldiers are scattered abroad in every direction, I am
+    truly afraid that the missionaries might be injured by following
+    the rabble soldiery, and that thus serious consequence might
+    ensue. Still, I truly perceive that these (missionaries) are
+    sincere and faithful men, and that they count it nothing to
+    suffer with Christ; and because of this I esteem them very
+    highly.
+
+    "'Let the kings inform all the officers and others, that they
+    must all act lovingly and harmoniously towards these men, and by
+    no means engender contention and strife. Let all know, that the
+    Father (God), my adopted Father (Christ), my father and myself,
+    are one family; and let these men (missionaries) be treated
+    exceedingly well.
+
+    "'Respect this.'
+
+    "NOTE.--The Kan-wang told us that the chief is anxious that his
+    son should feel an interest in the propagation of the Gospel,
+    and therefore directed him to write it....
+
+    "The expressions 'to the light,' and 'behold Christ and God,'
+    are explained in the fact that Nanking is the Jerusalem of the
+    Celestial dynasty. I asked the Kan-wang if the above edict opens
+    up the whole of the insurgents' territory--Nanking not
+    excepted--to missionary operations. He replied that it does....
+
+    "Thus, then, the above throws open the whole of the insurgents'
+    territory to missionary work, so far as the insurgents
+    themselves are concerned. Here and there the phraseology is
+    objectionable; still, this point is quite clear: they have done
+    this not in ignorance, but with their eyes quite open to the
+    difference which exists between them and ourselves."
+
+In a letter, dated twelve days later than that already quoted from, Mr.
+John gives this reason for not going to live among the Ti-pings:--
+
+    "When I returned from Nankin I fully intended to go to live in
+    that city, if practicable; but after much thought, _and some
+    consultation with those who are in authority_, I have come to
+    the conclusion that it would be premature to do so just now....
+    The river, I am told on good authority, is to be opened at once,
+    and the ports of Han-kow and Kin-kiang are to become consular
+    ports. Another expedition is about to go up the river, and then
+    it will be determined what is to be done with the insurgents.
+    They may be treated as friends, or, on the other hand, as foes.
+    If not as friends, I AM CONVINCED THAT IT WILL BE OUR FAULT,
+    because they cherish the kindliest feeling towards us, in spite
+    of our conduct towards them when they visited Shanghae."
+
+We will conclude Mr. John's reports with three short extracts; the first
+of which clearly shows what good might have been effected by the British
+missionaries had they performed their duty; the second goes far to
+establish the superiority of the Ti-pings over the Manchoos.
+
+    1. "The insurgents are making rapid strides, and are determined,
+    as you will learn from my journal, to uproot idolatry in the
+    land, _and to plant Christianity in its room_. The former they
+    will do with a strong hand, and the latter will not be left
+    undone, _if the Churches and missionaries are alive to their
+    duty in reference to this great movement_."
+
+    2. "They have doubtless gross defects; but in every
+    respect--religious, political, social, &c.--they are centuries
+    ahead of the Imperialists, and I cannot but wish them God
+    speed."
+
+The third and last extract from Mr. John's reports is taken from one
+dated "February 2, 1861," and fully shadows forth what England has _now_
+been compelled to understand, and what every sensible person fully
+comprehended long since. Mr. John states:--
+
+    "It is fortunate for us that the Tartars have their hands full
+    just now, _as the value of the recent treaty rests solely on the
+    weakness of the existing dynasty_. The Tartars hate us with an
+    insatiable hatred, and would, in spite of the treaty, recommence
+    warlike operations to-morrow had they the power. To break faith
+    with the _barbarian_ is not crime but virtue, according to their
+    creed, if his humiliation and expulsion might thereby be
+    effected. From the Manchoos we have nothing to hope, but
+    everything to fear. They are sworn enemies to Christianity and
+    civilization, and they have set their iron faces determinedly
+    against both. They _can_ do but little at present. The wonderful
+    progress of the insurrection in the South, during the last
+    year, and the repeated defeats and the complete discomfiture of
+    the Tartar hosts in the North, have thoroughly undermined the
+    Manchoo power. It must fall. There is no power in China to
+    uphold it. The Kwang-si insurrection, on the other hand, must
+    triumph, _if foreign Powers do not interfere_. The Manchoos
+    might as well attempt to blow the sun out of the heavens as to
+    quench this flame which their folly and tyranny have kindled....
+
+    "The insurgents themselves are still determinately opposed to
+    idolatry in all its features. At their approach the idols
+    vanish, and the priests of Buddh and Tau disappear. The downfall
+    of idolatry in the land seems to be bound up with their success.
+    Never did China present such a spectacle to the Christian world.
+    Will the Church, _unfaithful to her Head and false to herself_,
+    as the depository of the blessings of light and life for the
+    world, look on with indifference? Shall the four hundred
+    millions of China remain in their state of darkness and death,
+    _because of the worldliness and deadness_ of the people of God?"
+
+To these questions the British Government appears to have returned an
+affirmative answer.
+
+A few extracts from a report of the Rev. W. Muirhead, in harmony with
+the testimonies of other missionaries, both as to the death-blow
+idolatry had received from the victorious arms of the Ti-pings, and the
+general knowledge of Christianity possessed by them, shall close our
+quoted evidence for the present. In the spring of 1861, Mr. Muirhead
+spent a month among the Ti-pings at Nankin, and while there was
+constantly engaged in preaching about the city, and thus describes his
+experience:--
+
+    "Going about sometimes for several hours a day, I have been
+    abundantly encouraged by the number and attention of the
+    audiences. It seems as if there were a foundation to go upon,
+    from the amount of religious knowledge diffused among the
+    people. There is a response, if not in their hearts, at least in
+    their thoughts, to the tidings of mercy. They are made familiar
+    at every step with the name and compassion of the Heavenly
+    Father, _by the unprecedented practice of recording the fact
+    over every door_. When, therefore, the same truths are announced
+    in their hearing by a foreign missionary, _they give a ready
+    assent, and express their cordial approval_. How different is
+    all this from our experience in Shanghae and elsewhere! There we
+    have a hard and strong ground to work upon; ignorance and
+    _opposition_ prevail in abundant measure. Here, on the part
+    both of the military and civilians, there _is_ knowledge, and
+    there _is_ appreciation of the truth to a certain extent, which
+    renders the spiritual enforcement of it a more easy and pleasant
+    duty."
+
+These extracts must naturally make one believe that the "all classes of
+observers," so cunningly invented by Mr. Bruce and his ministerial
+friends, consist of Mr. American Baptist Missionary Holmes.
+
+The Kan-wang, the missionaries' friend, having left the city while Mr.
+Muirhead was there, that event was mentioned in the following
+language:--
+
+    "In prospect of his going out, I had occasion some time ago to
+    allude to his constant dependence on God, and to urge upon him
+    the duty of earnest prayer. But in this I was anticipated by a
+    previous request of his own, when, after describing the trials
+    and difficulties of his situation, he said to me: '_Mr.
+    Muirhead, pray for me!_' He has need of our prayers, and I trust
+    his request will be attended to by many friends at home."
+
+Poor Kan-wang! The only prayers have been those devoutly entertained by
+opium traders and "indemnity" interested people for the destruction of
+him and his confederates.
+
+Of the Ti-ping women Mr. Muirhead states:--
+
+    "While walking along the streets, the number of females that are
+    seen on the way is rather a novelty. They are in general well
+    dressed, and of very respectable appearance. Many are riding on
+    horseback, others are walking, and most of them have large feet.
+    Not a few stop to hear our preaching, and always conduct
+    themselves with perfect propriety. _This is new, as compared
+    with the former course of things, and the whole reminds one
+    partly of home life._ It will be a blessing if the revolution
+    should tend to break up the system of female exclusion, hitherto
+    practised."
+
+We will conclude our extracts from Mr. Muirhead's report with the
+following interesting account of a conversation between himself and a
+young Ti-ping soldier:--
+
+    "And now a word or two, with regard to the character and
+    prospects of the movement. Those engaged in it speak not
+    boastfully, but calmly and confidently, of its success. They
+    acknowledge the difficulties in the way, yet believe in the Lord
+    God that they shall be established. They do not apprehend it
+    will be an easy thing to overcome their enemies; but fighting,
+    as they think, under the banners of the 'Heavenly Father' and
+    'Heavenly Brother,' they contemplate a happy issue as a matter
+    of course.
+
+    "As Kan-wang's followers were assembling in front of his palace,
+    a young man came upstairs. I asked him if he was going out to
+    join the army. He said yes. 'Was he not afraid of being wounded
+    or killed?' 'Oh, no,' he replied, 'the Heavenly Father will
+    befriend me.' 'Well, but suppose you should be killed, what
+    then?' 'Why, my soul will go to heaven.' 'How can you expect to
+    go to heaven? What merit have you to get there?' 'None, none in
+    myself. It is entirely through the merits of the Heavenly
+    Brother that this is to be done.' 'Who is the Heavenly Brother?'
+    'I am not very learned,' he said, 'and request instruction.' I
+    then began to tell him that He was the Son of the Heavenly
+    Father; but before I had finished the sentence, he replied
+    correctly. 'What great work did Christ do?' I asked. The young
+    man gave an explicit statement of the Saviour's work for
+    sinners, of his coming into the world, suffering and dying in
+    the room of sinful man, in order to redeem us from sin and
+    misery. I inquired if he believed all this. 'Assuredly,' was his
+    reply. 'When did you join the dynasty?' 'Last year.' 'Can you
+    read?' 'No.' 'Who instructed you in these things?' 'The
+    Tsan-wang.' 'What does he in the way of instructing his people?'
+    'He has daily service in his palace, and often preaches to them
+    alike at home and when engaged in the field.' 'What book does he
+    use?' 'He has a number belonging to the dynasty.' 'Do you know
+    the New Testament?' 'Yes, but cannot read it.' 'Can you repeat
+    the doxology of the Heavenly Father?' He went over it correctly.
+    It contains in simple language the fundamental tenets of
+    Christianity. 'Are there any special laws or commands connected
+    with the dynasty?' 'There are the ten commandments.' 'Repeat
+    them.' He went over a number of them, till he came to the sixth.
+    'Now,' I said, 'how is this command observed by you, seeing that
+    so much cruelty and wickedness are practised by your brethren
+    all around?' 'Oh,' he replied, 'in so far as fighting in the
+    open field is concerned, that is all fair play and cannot be
+    helped. It is not intended in the command.' 'No,' I remarked,
+    'that is not my meaning; but look at your brethren going
+    privately into the country and robbing and killing the innocent
+    people; what of that?' 'It is very bad, and such will only go to
+    hell.' 'What, notwithstanding their adherence to the dynasty,
+    and fighting under the same banners as yourself?' 'Yes, that is
+    no matter; when the laws of Christ and the Heavenly Father are
+    not attended to, these guilty individuals ought to die and go to
+    hell.' 'But is not this the case with a great number of your
+    adherents?' 'Alas! it is especially among our new recruits,
+    whose hearts are not impressed with the true doctrine.' 'In all
+    the public offices is care taken to instruct the soldiers and
+    civilians connected with them?' 'Yes, every man, woman, and
+    child of reasonable age in the capital, can repeat the doxology
+    of the Heavenly Father.' 'And what about those in the country?'
+    'Those who have short hair are not yet sufficiently taught, but
+    books are being distributed amongst them, in order that they may
+    learn those things."
+
+Can this be called a "blasphemous and immoral" basis of religion? If
+those who so designated it possessed but a tithe of the temporal
+practice and spiritual faith of this illiterate young Ti-ping, they
+would be happier men; but it must be admitted that their sentiments and
+actions hardly induce such a belief.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _Vide_ p. 6, "Further Papers relating to the Rebellion in China,
+1862."
+
+[2] "The original is written by the young prince, in the name of his
+father, on satin, with the vermilion pencil, and stamped with the seal
+of the Taeping-wang, the Celestial king."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+    On board the _Williamette_.--Blockade running.--Arrival at
+    Nankin.--Solemn Thanksgiving.--Domestic Arrangements.--Phillip's
+    Wife.--The Wooing.--The Dowry.--The Wedding.--Trade
+    established.--Imperialist Corruption.--Preparations for
+    leaving.--An Elopement.--The Journey.--The Surprise.--The
+    Repulse.--Arrival at Hang-chow.--Its capture.--The
+    particulars.--Cum-ho.--The Chung-wang.--His mistaken Policy.
+
+
+Thanks to the impish steamer _Williamette_, we escaped any further
+annoyance at the hands of her friends, for, according to agreement, she
+towed us past all the Imperialist positions. Although I had paid rather
+dear for this favour, the danger we had escaped at that atrocious Mud
+Fort, and those troubles we avoided by towing past the unscrupulous
+batteries and piratical squadrons of the enemy, made it well worth more.
+Had we sailed to Nankin, our nights would have been far from pleasant,
+sleep being rendered impossible from the unceasing watching for some
+hostile demonstration, and the excitement attendant on the several
+skirmishes which we must have had with the Manchoos.
+
+The worry and excitement of running the Nankin blockade can only be
+thoroughly appreciated by those who have experienced its perils. The
+Ti-ping adherents certainly found few pleasures to reward them, and
+their lot was very far indeed from being cast in pleasant places. Such
+dangers as myself and many others have endured while assisting the cause
+of these patriots have left an impression which even time cannot
+efface.
+
+Perchance, we are sailing peacefully and slowly along the broad
+Yang-tze, dreaming of home or philosophizing upon the spread of liberty
+and Christianity by our Ti-ping friends, when crash comes a discharge of
+artillery from some Manchoo fort, as the first intimation that we were
+within the meshes of those who would destroy all hope of improving China
+or of realizing our own dreams, with equal indifference. This danger
+passes over, and the wearied have sought for slumber, when those on
+their anxious watch suddenly discover a squadron of the sometime pirate
+_Ti-mungs_ hired to fight the battles of the Manchoo; and at the same
+instant those below are startled by the broadsides fired at their
+devoted vessel. After running the gauntlet of these heavily-armed
+vessels, the sleepers, with rifles by their side and revolvers under
+pillow, are subject to incessant disturbance from the attack of the
+centipede gunboats, as the latter pull from sly corners and creeks, in
+twos, tens, or twenties, and chase the passing ship, eager for the blood
+of those on board, or the pleasure of looting their effects.
+
+Many of the few Europeans who were engaged assisting the Ti-pings were
+captured and barbarously killed by the Imperialists; yet, in spite of
+these dangers, and the certain prospect of a cruel death if unfortunate
+enough to fall into their hands, every man willingly incurred them, with
+a full conviction that the cause was worthy of any risk or sacrifice.
+
+Some have been found daring enough to allege that personal profit was
+the motive which induced so many to incur suffering and danger in
+support of the Ti-pings. The absurdity of such a statement is made clear
+by the fact, that from 1860 to 1863 the principal supply of silk and tea
+was derived by the merchants of China from the Ti-pings, and that it was
+possible to carry on trade with the Imperialists with perfect safety,
+and with as large, if not larger, profit.
+
+The true reason why those engaged in assisting the Ti-pings preferred
+that course, with all its troubles and dangers, is that, having once met
+the revolutionists, the immense superiority of the latter to the
+Manchoos had enlisted their sympathies and active support. Money, of
+course, in many cases had a great deal to do with the transactions of
+those who _traded_ among the Ti-pings; but others, I am certain, were
+solely actuated by disinterested motives. He must, indeed, be a singular
+specimen of a man who could really know and experience the society of
+the Ti-pings, and not become a warm friend to them.
+
+The _Williamette_ was a powerful steamer, and on the evening of the day
+after she had taken us in tow, we had the satisfaction to be cast off
+right in the mouth of the Nankin creek, while the good ship continued on
+her way to Ngan-kin, whither she was bound with munitions of war freshly
+obtained from the British arsenals in China, to be expended in the
+slaughter of those who held England's pledge of strict neutrality.
+
+Upon bringing up in the creek, I landed and paid my friend the Sz-wang a
+visit. He gave me a hearty welcome, and immediately set his servants to
+prepare a regular feast for myself and friend. I could not refuse the
+kind hospitality of my worthy host, even impatient as I was to get into
+the city and see Marie, who, he assured me, was in perfect health and
+happiness, and a vast favourite among the ladies at the Ti-ping capital,
+at the same time astonishing me by saying that Phillip had been married
+since my departure from Nankin.
+
+At last, while the dinner was progressing, and the Sz-wang had for a
+moment been called away by a courier from the city, I left the table,
+and, assisted by his eldest nephew, who was a great friend of mine, I
+mounted one of his best horses and set off for Nankin, leaving my friend
+P. to excuse me and relate our adventures and the intentions of the
+so-called "foreign brethren" at Shanghae towards the Ti-pings; a point
+upon which the Sz-wang always felt the deepest anxiety.
+
+Upon reaching the Chung-wang's palace, I found a large number of chiefs
+assembled in the "Heavenly Hall," and all greatly elated by despatches
+just received from the Commander-in-Chief detailing the capture of the
+seaport Ningpo. Anxious as I naturally felt to meet my betrothed, I was
+yet obliged to join the chiefs in the solemn thanksgiving they were
+about offering to the Great Giver of all victory. Upon this occasion, as
+usual, whether after triumph or defeat, the Ti-pings attributed their
+important success entirely to the will of "The Heavenly Father." Their
+absorbing reliance upon God, because of their belief in the
+righteousness and Christianity of their cause has often startled me by
+its singular devotedness and simplicity. It was not only those who had
+been of the original "Society of the Worshippers of God" in Kwang-si,
+that were so fervent and hopeful, but all _bona fide_ Ti-pings, and even
+many among the latest recruits were equally inspired. It is a well-known
+fact that young boys, of twelve to fifteen years of age, are commonly
+the bravest soldiers and most daring spirits in the ranks of the Ti-ping
+soldiery. Formerly the very women fought by the side of their male
+relatives; at the present time they still undergo the hard dangers of
+the camp. Thus, upon consideration of all the facts bearing upon the
+motive and practice of the Ti-pings, it cannot be difficult to
+understand that some mighty inspiration has affected a large portion of
+the Chinese in a remarkably striking manner. Some term the cause and
+effect evil; others, not so self-conceited and hypercritical, say "it is
+good." By some the great Ti-ping revolution has been considered a
+religious fanaticism, an extensive leaguing together of banditti for the
+sake of plunder; the fact being that the only religious enthusiasm is to
+establish our Bible throughout China, and the only physical action an
+endeavour to liberate that vast empire from what even their worst
+opponents declare a hopelessly corrupt and oppressive Government!
+
+[Illustration:
+Day & Son, (Limited), Lith.
+A VIEW IN THE INNER APARTMENTS OF THE CHUNG WANG'S PALACE]
+
+When the thanksgiving prayers in the "Heavenly Hall" were brought to a
+conclusion, I soon found my way to the inner apartments, and had the
+happiness to find Marie looking, if possible, better and more handsome
+than ever. She was delighted with the kindness of the Ti-ping ladies,
+and particularly noticed their sincere piety and continual study of the
+Holy Scriptures. Before long her inseparable companion, Miss Cum-ho,
+appeared, and considerably amused us by her roundabout inquiries after
+my friend L., who, much to her satisfaction, I stated might be shortly
+expected.
+
+While taking a stroll in the garden, Marie informed me that during my
+absence she had been much annoyed by the importunate attentions of a
+young chief, the son of the Tsan-wang, one of the principal members of
+the Ti-ping Government. In fact, to so unpleasant an extent had his
+sudden passion carried him that, upon two occasions, his emissaries had
+attempted her abduction, the last attempt having taken place only a few
+evenings before my return, and while she was walking in the palace
+grounds alone. The young chief I knew by reputation as a wild and
+unscrupulous character, but his father was a most influential personage;
+therefore, though I might readily have avoided further trouble by
+representing the affair to the authorities, I decided to take Marie with
+me and join the Chung-wang at Hang-chow, rather than excite any bad
+feeling by making a public case when it could be avoided. Ti-ping
+justice was remarkably prompt and severe, and conviction of the chief
+would very likely have led to decapitation. Before putting my plan into
+execution, it was necessary to await the arrival of L. with our lorcha.
+
+In the evening I found Phillip with his wife waiting to see me in the
+old rooms at the back of the Chung-wang's palace. I had ample occasion
+to congratulate him upon his choice, for the lady was by no means
+wanting in personal beauty. She was a really fine girl, taller than the
+generality of Chinese women, with very pretty and regular features,
+light-complexioned and rosy-cheeked, and was quite black-eyed and
+long-haired enough to please the greatest brunette admirer; besides
+which she was fortunate enough to possess nice little feet, not deformed
+according to Imperialist Chinese taste. How Phillip met her, and how she
+became his wife, took place, as he informed me, in the following way:--
+
+A week or two after my departure from Nankin, intelligence was received
+of the capture of the city of Ngan-kin by the Imperialists, and the
+defeat of the Ying-wang, who had been prevented effecting its relief
+through the delay caused by his communication with the British
+expedition up the Yang-tze. Reinforcements having been ordered from
+Nankin to the north bank of the river, so as to co-operate in the
+Ying-wang's retreat, Phillip accompanied them, taking charge of the few
+pieces of artillery they carried.
+
+One day, while with the foremost of the advanced guard, he became
+engaged in an attack upon a fortified hamlet, which was obstinately
+defended by some Manchoo troops, who were assisted by the inhabitants.
+In such cases, of course, the Ti-pings treat the villagers as enemies,
+making prisoners of those who escape the battle, and seizing their
+effects.
+
+While driving the Imperialists out of the palace, Phillip received a
+slight though painful spear-wound in one of his hands, and, upon
+entering a house to obtain some water, he saw his future wife for the
+first time. The house was, apparently, one of the poorest in the
+village, and the young woman, with her aged father and a little
+servant-girl, constituted its only occupants. They were naturally much
+alarmed by the conflict raging about them, and while the timid daughter
+supplied him with a draught of water, her father threw himself at his
+knees, _ketowing_ and imploring protection.
+
+Phillip was considerably impressed by the charms of the celestial
+damsel, and with his brave though tender heart sincerely pitied her
+unprotected state, so he waited until the arrival of the main body of
+the forces; and then, after obtaining from the chief in command a
+protection _chop_, or paper, to affix to the door of the house, and
+thereby make it inviolate, he continued on the march, leaving father and
+daughter showering Chinese blessings upon his foreign head.
+
+My friend had not proceeded very far when he reflected that a great
+proportion of the rear guard (which in this case was a position of no
+moment) was composed of quite new levies, many of whom had been
+Imperialist _braves_, and had only lately been enlisted as Ti-pings, and
+who, probably, still retained the old propensities to excess and plunder
+strong within them. Thinking thus, and, I dare say, with a lively
+remembrance of the daughter's pretty face--her equal not being seen
+every day in China--he determined to ride back and protect the old man's
+house, if necessary, till the last of the force had passed through the
+village. During his return he had met a number of the recruits as
+prisoners for looting houses and robbing country people, the punishment
+for which would almost certainly be decapitation, and upon reaching the
+place he found many were plundering and destroying all they could lay
+hands on.
+
+Phillip had scarcely noticed this when the little girl he had seen at
+the house came running up to him, screaming and holding out her hands,
+and with the blood pouring from a large gash across her cheek.
+
+Fearing the worst, and blaming himself for not having made greater
+haste, he left one of his men to attend to the poor child, and galloped
+up to the house with the rest.
+
+The building was beginning to smoke where some of the marauders had just
+applied the torch, while, right across the threshold of his once happy
+home, the apparently lifeless body of the old man lay before my friend.
+Hearing the noise of voices inside the house, Phillip expecting at each
+step to come across the daughter's corpse, drew his revolver and
+entered. He arrived not a moment too soon, for, upon reaching the inner
+chamber, he found the poor girl struggling in the hands of several
+soldiers. The next instant and his pistol had effectually released her,
+when she rushed fainting and dishevelled to his arms. Carrying her to
+the outer apartment, he laid her on a couch, and then turned his
+attention to the father. The latter still lived, but death was evidently
+fast approaching as his life ebbed away from several ghastly wounds
+inflicted by the heavy knives of the ruthless murderers.
+
+The fire being extinguished by some of his men, Phillip got the poor old
+man moved into the house, and, assisted by the sorrow-stricken daughter,
+did all that was possible to save him. It was, however, soon apparent
+that his end was drawing near; he seemed quite sensible, though for some
+time unable to speak. At last, with a flickering revival before the
+total eclipse of life's lamp, he pointed with one nerveless hand to the
+wainscot, and ejaculated, "Tseen!--che-mo!" (Money!--take away the
+wood!) Upon going to the spot indicated, Phillip found a crevice in the
+panelling, and, using the blade of his sword, he managed to wrench away
+a large piece, exposing a hollow containing a small bundle tied up in
+blue Chinese cloth. While lifting this up he knew by its weight that it
+must contain gold, and when he placed it by the side of the dying man,
+the latter with difficulty managed to say "Gno--show--ne!"
+(I--give--you). Then, calling his daughter, he with a last effort
+stretched forth his arms, and, grasping her hand and that of the
+stranger from the far West, and feebly endeavouring to place them
+together, fell back, and in a little while expired.
+
+After a distressing scene with the bereaved girl, Phillip was compelled
+to order the interment, under a few inches of earth, of her father's
+body. Immediately afterwards it was necessary to set out for the now
+distant army, and when Phillip overtook it his future wife was with him,
+as her fate would have been certain had she remained alone at the
+desolated village, defenceless, with her gold and beauty, before the
+incursions of Imperialist or Ti-ping marauders. There were many Ti-ping
+women accompanying their husbands with the army, so the poor girl had
+some of her own sex to comfort her. The expedition was not long away
+from Nankin, and upon its return to the city, Phillip and the orphan
+were married in the Ti-ping church, thus accomplishing not only what
+they supposed to have been the wish of the dead father, but also what
+accorded with their mutual inclination.
+
+And so it was that my friend Phillip obtained a wife and a fortune with
+her, for that heavy little bundle contained more than sixty gold bars,
+each worth about 300 dollars. Phillip Bosse, or Boze, declared himself
+so satisfied with his wife, his present affairs, and the Ti-pings, that
+he vowed he would never leave them. He kept his word, for he died
+amongst the patriots, and as his relatives in Greece may never otherwise
+hear of his death, I give his name as I knew it; so that should this
+book ever fall into their hands, they may at least have the melancholy
+satisfaction to know where his body rests, and that he died like a
+gallant and noble-hearted man, serving a righteous and a great cause.
+
+A few days after my arrival at Nankin, my friend L. brought our lorcha
+safely into the creek, accompanied by three other vessels of the same
+class, the owners of which had availed themselves of the passes I had
+given them from the Chang-wang. Each craft was deeply laden with rice
+and other provisions. My own junk and lorcha, containing rice belonging
+to the Ti-ping Government, we left in charge of certain officials, and
+my friends all joined me in the city. Soon after the arrival of L.,
+several vessels came in from Shanghae to trade; these were succeeded by
+others, and a regular commerce sprang up and was continued for a year
+or two. In a few months the trade had become so great that it was quite
+common for more than thirty vessels (both foreign and Chinese-owned) to
+arrive in one day. The large supplies received by this line of
+communication were stored in the extensive Nankin granaries, and while
+these were always kept full, the residue was distributed through the
+town and villages of the district, the neighbouring country being much
+impoverished by the continual warfare raging around the Ti-ping capital.
+
+The fraudulent and corrupt revenue institutions of the Manchoo
+Government have long been notorious. The enormous extortion practised
+upon foreign trade until the wars with Great Britain compelled a more
+regular tariff, and the plundering squeeze stations scattered over every
+half-mile of Imperialist territory, each of which pilfer a sum from the
+unfortunate owner of all passing merchandise, be he a foreigner who
+ought to pass clear by virtue of the transit duty clauses of the treaty,
+or a Chinaman who is legitimate prey, have made China a vast system of
+independent official violence and rapacity.
+
+No wonder the naturally astute Chinese appear so particularly cunning
+and deceitful to Europeans! The possession of money is a sure attraction
+for the mandarin vultures; so that beyond the pale of the foreign
+settlements at the treaty ports, throughout the country, every native
+merchant and civilian is bred up to habits of mendacity, and
+particularly to conceal his real income and condition.
+
+The endless ramifications of the Manchoo administrative extend from each
+remote corner of China to the central power; and although every one of
+the myriad feelers sucking away at the substance of the nation (in the
+shape of mandarins, all appointed with merely nominal salary, but given
+_carte blanche_ to obtain emolument after sending an annual stipulated
+sum to the emperor), crams its individual self with spoil, the
+squeezing and contracting of the Manchoo canker feeds the insatiable
+core at Pekin. It is useless to think of curing or mitigating the evil,
+though some have vainly advocated doing so. The only remedy must
+necessarily be a change of dynasty, such as the Ti-pings would certainly
+have effected had they not been wickedly opposed by foreigners. Every
+branch of civil, military, social, political and religious organization
+has become so hopelessly corrupted since the Manchoo era, that any
+attempt to change or improve the deplorable results of their evil rule
+might be carried on _ad infinitum_, only to result in certain failure.
+But one course affords a prospect of cure and a consequent chance of
+happiness for China: that is, a radical change of Government.
+
+Let foreigners be righteous, and permit the native to expel the Tartar;
+and the Chinese, when ruled by Chinese, will become benefited by western
+civilization, and (if the Ti-ping should not become exterminated by
+British intervention) in all probability Christianized.
+
+In striking contrast to the excessively corrupt Imperialist customs, the
+Ti-ping revenue organization was just, regular, and simple. Throughout
+every part of Ti-ping-tien-kwoh but one custom-house was established at
+each town or village where trade was carried on. The rate of tariff has
+always been moderate, and the great advantage of the system consisted in
+being able to clear goods by one payment, upon which a pass would be
+given to take them free of further charge or hindrance to their
+destination. The Ti-ping Government deserved no little credit for the
+simplicity and effectiveness of their Board of Revenue, and it is mainly
+due to that branch of their administration that the valuable silk trade
+_increased_ and continued progressing so favourably during their
+possession of the producing districts.
+
+Not only can all who have traded at Nankin testify to the entire
+superiority of the Ti-ping custom-house, but many silk and tea merchants
+now revelling in England have to thank the admirable regulations and
+forbearance of the revolutionists for their well-lined pockets. Every
+customs establishment in the late Ti-ping territory was composed of a
+superintendent, several deputies, and a very efficient staff of
+surveyors, clerks, and weighers, and at places frequented by Europeans,
+one or more interpreters were always found. Rice and other grain were
+quite free of duty, and that upon dried and preserved provisions was
+very low. All other produce and general merchandise were moderately
+taxed, either by tariff or _ad valorem_. Such were the regulations,
+which were not (like the Imperialist maritime customs) simply binding
+upon foreign goods, but were applicable in an equal degree to the
+property of natives.
+
+Before putting into execution the design I had formed to depart suddenly
+from Nankin, D., an old friend of mine, arrived from Hankow, where he
+was established as the principal partner of a large mercantile firm. He
+brought several vessels to trade with the city, and he came to an
+arrangement by which he was to sail with Captain P., and another
+European as mate, in our lorcha _Anglo Ti-ping_, the latter to convoy
+his junks and our old one. D. was a perfect Chinese linguist, and to him
+I am indebted for much valuable information.
+
+I waited until P., in charge of the lorcha and her consorts, had sailed
+up the river to obtain cargoes of rice, edible oil, bacon, salt fish,
+and other articles of consumption, and then prepared to leave the city.
+
+During a few days I sent Phillip and L. into the country to buy some
+horses, and at last, together with our own, managed to muster fourteen
+strong animals, which were then stabled at a remote part of the city,
+close to the north-east gate. Since the return of my friend and
+companion L., we had successfully concealed his presence from the female
+part of the Chung-wang's household, with one exception, and by this
+_ruse_ he had obtained several interviews with the lady of his
+affections, the (according to his idea) incomparable Cum-ho. The result
+of these meetings soon transpired.
+
+At length the day came, the close of which was settled for our exit from
+Nankin. Six picked men, belonging to an artillery corps we had formed of
+some of the Chung-wang's troops, were selected to accompany myself and
+comrades. The horses were particularly attended to, and our weapons were
+well cleaned and then carefully loaded, for danger had warned us against
+the risk of rusty locks and carelessly charged fire-arms. When all had
+been arranged, L. informed me that he had determined to carry Cum-ho,
+who had agreed to elope with him, to Hang-chow, and so induce her father
+to sanction their marriage. I found it impossible to dissuade him from
+doing so, and he assured me that the lady's mind was equally decided;
+therefore, much as I feared the affair would injure our satisfactory and
+friendly relations with the Chung-wang, I had no choice but to accede.
+Cum-ho, in order to find an opportunity to join us, had paid a visit to
+the Ying-wang's ladies, and as their dwelling was close by, she was only
+accompanied by her own female attendant.
+
+Just when the shadows of evening were cast in long dark lines from the
+tall battlements and high pagodas of the city, we prepared to assemble
+at the appointed rendezvous. Phillip, with the six Ti-ping soldiers, I
+sent on to the stables, while L., with our boy As-sam, waited outside
+the Ying-wang's palace for Miss Cum-ho; and I, taking A-ling, my trusty
+interpreter, joined Marie in the Chung-wang's gardens. As the hour fixed
+upon for a general meet drew near, myself and party, each carrying a
+small quantity of baggage, left the gardens by a small door and
+proceeded to the somewhat distant stables. Upon reaching the rendezvous,
+I found Phillip had brought his wife with him, and also another horse
+for her use. We had not long to wait for L., who, with his fair runaway
+and her maid, arrived soon after myself. The horses were now led forth,
+and we, numbering fifteen persons, having mounted, the word was given to
+spur and away.
+
+Upon reaching the city gate we were detained for a long while by the
+warder, in consequence of the late hour, although I had taken care to
+provide myself with the requisite pass from the proper authority to
+permit my egress or ingress at any time. At last the surly guardians of
+the portal turned out, shuffling their clothes about their backs with a
+style peculiar to the Chinese, who generally sleep quite naked, and have
+a curious way of drawing their arms from the sleeves of their clothing
+when dressed, and shrugging them up next their body. After the
+shuffling, stocking-pulling, and preliminary spitting (a great and
+indispensable habit with Chinamen), had partially subsided, the sleepy
+guards managed to draw back sundry huge wooden bars, to undo any amount
+of rusty locks and bolts, and then the massive doors creaked slowly
+open. While the gates of the city clanged together, we set off at a
+gallop for the road leading south, to reach which we turned westward and
+skirted a considerable part of the walls.
+
+Chinese horses, though small, are wonderfully strong and enduring, and
+it was not till the close of the day after our start that we came to a
+regular halt, and only then because our fair companions were fatigued.
+My literally fair readers need not take umbrage at this appellation, for
+yellow-tinted celestial and dusky Portuguese as they were, their beauty
+was undeniable, and their figures such that many a European dame might
+justly envy. The rough riding through the mountain-passes on the
+southern road from Nankin affected our hardy animals but very little;
+and when our camp was pitched for the night under the shelter of the
+wall of a ruined Buddhist temple, and they were picketed in a
+semi-circle around, they set to work cropping the short grass as
+leisurely as though they had just left the stable. We carried three
+tents with our baggage, and these were pitched; one for the women; one
+for my comrades, A-ling, and our boy; and the other for our six men.
+
+A large fire was lighted, and we had nearly finished the supper served
+up by As-sam, when crash came a volley of musketry among us, directed
+from the crest of a small hill directly fronting and overlooking our
+camp at a distance of some eighty or ninety yards. I had stupidly
+neglected to choose the other side of the wall for our resting-place. Of
+course, we instantly started to our feet and snatched up the arms at
+hand, and while the Ti-pings shortened in the tether of our horses,
+forming a close array of the well-trained, docile animals, fastened
+together head and tail, the rest of our party placed the women directly
+under the shelter of the living rampart. These measures were barely
+effected when a body of more than fifty horsemen dashed round the hill
+and charged upon our position. We had no difficulty in discovering them
+to be Ti-pings, and when they came closer we saw the Tsan-wang's son was
+at their head. Their first volley had fortunately been aimed far too
+high; it may be that, fearing to injure the woman he pursued, the chief
+had done this, trusting to cause an alarm, during which he might dash
+forward and carry off the prize. Our reply to the advancing party was
+not so bloodless as the commencement of their attack. My own comrades,
+and even A-ling and As-sam, were capital marksmen, while the six men had
+been selected for their approved courage and the well-known skill so
+peculiar to Chinese when properly instructed.
+
+Every man of our party was armed with either an Enfield or some other
+rifle (two being Sharp's breech-loaders), and all were able to use them
+with deadly accuracy; therefore, the number of the approaching foe gave
+us but little dread, especially as we saw they were armed only with
+short European-made double-barrelled guns and Chinese matchlocks. We
+waited until they had galloped to within twenty yards, but receiving
+only the war cry, "Tah! Tah!" in reply to our challenge, we then took
+steady aim, and commenced firing upon them by successive volleys from
+each half of our number. The affair was settled in a moment almost. The
+leader and half a dozen of his men, with twice that number of horses,
+were quickly rolling on the turf, for at that short distance the
+difficulty would have been to miss them with our rifles. When their
+charge was entirely repulsed we ceased firing, a dozen men came forward
+on foot and carried off their fallen comrades and chief, and then they
+all slowly disappeared in the direction of Nankin. During their advance
+they had kept up an irregular fire, which, with the exception of grazing
+the other arm of our boy, As-sam (one had been wounded at the Mud Fort),
+and shooting away the ear of one of our horses, did no damage.
+
+Upon the fortunate termination of the skirmish we dispatched the
+remainder of our supper, turned in for the night upon the opposite side
+of the wall, and kept three men on sentry till morning. Upon resuming
+our journey, we soon came to a rich and thickly-populated country, and
+during the next few days, while traversing the silk districts from end
+to end, along the eastern shore of the Ta-hoo lake, _via_ the city of
+Soo-chow, Kia-shing-foo, and the Grand Canal, I particularly noticed the
+vast improvement that had taken place since my first visit to Soo-chow
+some eight months ago. Everywhere around the traces of war (always
+excepting the demolished Buddhist temples) had disappeared before the
+progress of peace and plenty; and although I may be accused of
+exaggeration, I do not hesitate to affirm that the establishment of
+Ti-ping supremacy and administration over these, the most valuable
+districts of China, had restored them to prosperity and happiness in a
+shortness of time hitherto unparalleled in the case of either Chinese or
+any other civil war desolation.
+
+Although during my previous visit I had seen amply sufficient to
+undeceive me as to the wickedly false allegations of Ti-ping
+devastations, &c., still I was hardly prepared for the flourishing state
+in which I found the _settled_ territory of the revolutionists. I knew
+that the export of silk within the current year (1861) had already
+increased to upwards of 20,000 bales more than during the corresponding
+period of last year (when till May the districts were under Imperialist
+rule); but then I imagined the great increase might be due to the wish
+of holders to realize. I found, upon the contrary, that the improvement
+was entirely due to the Ti-ping occupation. In less than two years the
+districts under Ti-ping jurisdiction had produced silk representing a
+sum of not less than L3,000,000 per annum more than previously! At each
+of the many villages and at every peasant's cot, the happy-looking
+people were engaged tending their silkworms for winter, reeling the last
+cocoons, or tilling their fields.
+
+Great as the prosperity of the country seemed, there was something even
+more gratifying and interesting in the changed appearance and
+disposition of the people. All the unfavourable characteristics of the
+Manchoo-oppressed Chinese had vanished, and their natural character was
+manifested in a way which illustrated their candour, hospitality to
+foreigners, and native good temper.
+
+After a twelve days' journey, the later part of the time in large canal
+boats, we arrived within a day's march of Hang-chow. Leaving the water
+route, we disembarked our horses and set forward in the direction of the
+provincial capital, guided by the continual booming of heavy guns. Upon
+reaching the crest of some high ground, the city lay before us in the
+clear frosty air of a fine December morning. But, as we find the case
+every day, the beauty of nature was marred by the passions and strife of
+mankind. The extensive city was in flames in several quarters, and the
+dense columns of smoke shrouded as with a pall the slaughter taking
+place beneath. As we rode forward through the beautiful neighbouring
+country, we were enabled gradually to discern dark masses of troops
+rushing forward against the city amid the constant roar of artillery and
+the rattling crash of smaller arms. It was evident that we had arrived
+at the moment of a grand assault by the Ti-ping forces.
+
+As our soldiers each declared that the Chung-wang's head-quarters were
+to the west of the city, we made a considerable detour in that
+direction. We had not proceeded far when a disorderly crowd came in
+sight, hurrying away from the city. Directly they observed my party, the
+greater number turned off and precipitately fled in another line of
+retreat. As those who stood their ground were making ready with spears
+and gingalls to give us a warm reception, and as we were not out like a
+parcel of knights errant seeking adventure and fighting from pure love,
+we wisely followed those who ran away, and succeeded in catching one of
+the hindermost, to question as to the state of affairs in the city. At
+first the man was terribly frightened, and we could make nothing of him;
+then he became still more alarmed, and we found out all we wished. His
+fear was the usual one accompanying the flight of disorganized
+_undisciplined_ troops, which with Chinese becomes a wild panic; not
+because the men fear death, for no people can meet it with the stolidity
+and callousness with which they will suffer execution and torture, but
+from the simple fact that they are not sufficiently disciplined to know
+how to be killed in an orderly manner on the field of battle. They see a
+chance of escape, and on one taking it the whole follow like a flock of
+sheep.
+
+Having ascertained from our prisoner, who with his friends were all
+Imperialist soldiery from the garrison of Hang-chow, that the Ti-pings
+had just captured the city, we set him at liberty, and then galloped for
+the west gate. On the way we passed many fugitives fleeing in every
+direction. Upon reaching the rear of the Ti-ping lines of
+circumvallation, we found them almost denuded of troops, the few
+remaining being fully occupied in guarding prisoners. We soon found the
+Commander-in-Chief's head-quarters, but no Chung-wang was there. The
+scanty number of soldiers on guard were in a great state of excitement
+about the success of the siege, and we managed to elicit from them that
+the Chung-wang had entered the city with his whole force, and was now
+engaged attacking the Tartar quarter, an _imperium in imperio_, city
+within city, being protected by its own walls, and with a central
+citadel towering above all. Leaving the women in a house protected by
+the main guard, with the remainder of my party I rode towards the city.
+Upon entering by the nearest gate, we found the streets unoccupied,
+except by the bodies of the slain; but the noise of battle guided us to
+the spot where living men were busily engaged increasing the number of
+the dead and dying.
+
+Hang-chow, cut off from all communication with the outside world, every
+line of supply severed by the besiegers, and famine raging among the
+unfortunate garrison and inhabitants, fell to the investing army upon
+the 29th of December, 1861. Early on that day the Chung-wang had
+commenced a grand assault, conducted upon each gate of the city. After a
+fiercely contested fight, the assaulting columns having gained some
+advantages at the south and east gates, the Chinese portion of the
+defenders at those points surrendered, probably induced to take that
+step by the very short rations to which they had been reduced. When the
+gates had been given up, the Ti-ping troops poured into the city with
+such ardour that the Tartar bannermen were quickly driven within their
+inner defence. Hundreds of the miserable citizens of the provincial
+capital were starved to death during the siege, hundreds more, with
+their families, committed suicide. The nature of war in China has
+usually been so merciless, and the conduct of victorious troops at the
+capture of a city so outrageous, that in many cases during the civil
+war, and the wars with Great Britain, the people, probably imbued with a
+dread of these consequences, have committed wholesale suicide when they
+were not in the slightest danger of being molested.
+
+I managed to find the Chung-wang just in time to join the last attack
+upon the inner or Tartar city. The Commander-in-Chief, surrounded by his
+officers, received myself and friends with evident signs of
+satisfaction. His men had just been repulsed by the Manchoo troops, who
+were fighting with the greatest bravery and determination. The Ti-pings
+had eight or nine pieces of artillery turned against the wall of the
+inner city; but these were established in one position, firing point
+blank upon the rampart, so that when the assaulting parties moved
+forward the guns became useless. I instantly advised the Chung-wang to
+move two or three guns away upon each flank, so as to enfilade the
+parapet and protect the advance of his stormers. This was quickly done,
+and upon joining the leaders of the next assault, we had the
+satisfaction to find it successful. The Tartar bannermen retreated to
+the citadel in the centre of their city, fighting to the very last,
+assisted by their women, who fought with them like men, and one of whom
+inflicted a severe spear-wound upon Ling-ho, a Ti-ping general, when he
+would have saved her life. The greater portion of the Chinese troops
+garrisoning Hang-chow were captured, but the Manchoos fell almost to the
+last man. Their loss during the capture of the city was very great, and
+when at length they were driven into their citadel, Luy, their general,
+blew the remnant into the air, the entire Tartar force, men, women, and
+children, perishing in the ruins.
+
+After the capture of Hang-chow, the anti-Ti-pings, who were in the habit
+of howling over Ti-ping atrocities, though oblivious to those of the
+Manchoo, indulged their distorted though vivid imaginations by
+inveighing against such indiscriminate slaughter. It is true that a
+great loss of life occurred, but not a man fell except in battle,
+neither were any non-combatants killed except by starvation or their own
+hands. It is a singular fact that those who have been loudest to exclaim
+against Ti-ping cruelty, have always delighted in Imperialist
+barbarities and success, the words being synonymous.
+
+When the last note of conflict had died away, and the Chung-wang had
+fixed his head-quarters within the city, I broached the subject of his
+daughter's presence and her attachment to my friend. The time was
+propitious, for it was the moment of a great triumph, and I suppose it
+had put the Ti-ping generalissimo into an immensely good and benevolent
+frame of mind, for he simply expressed his intention to take her back to
+Nankin, and settle the affair upon our return to that city. In the
+evening Cum-ho waited upon her father, having taken up her quarters with
+the rest of our feminine fellow travellers in a house close to the large
+building occupied by himself and staff.
+
+On the morning of the first day of the new year, a large body of the
+army was dispatched in the direction of Shanghae, under the command of
+the Shi-wang, with orders to occupy every town and village up to the
+walls of that port, and then to open negotiations with the British and
+other authorities, who had so unjustly assumed to themselves the right
+of holding a Chinese city for the Manchoo against the Chinese patriots.
+During the next few weeks the Chung-wang busied himself establishing the
+different offices of Ti-ping Government in Hang-chow, and completing his
+plans for the occupation and retention of the remainder of the provinces
+of Kiang-su and Che-kiang. At length the Commander-in-Chief, seldom more
+than a month in any city (during his remarkably energetic and rapid
+conduct of the Ti-ping operations), took his departure for Nankin, there
+to mature further tactics as to the mode of prosecuting the war against
+the Manchoo, and also to consult with his king the Tien-wang, and
+receive further commands.
+
+I had ample opportunity to notice the exceeding popularity the
+Chung-wang had attained among the country people, for everywhere we
+passed they turned out to welcome his arrival, and all I questioned
+declared him to be a good and just man, who respected and protected the
+rights of the meanest peasant of the land. Many of the Ti-ping chiefs
+were popular with the civilians, some were disliked, all were considered
+better than the Manchoo, but none were so beloved as the Chung-wang.
+Before the troops had been marched towards Shanghae, a day of
+thanksgiving was held at Hang-chow; and although the motive of the
+Ti-ping is that of justice and Christianity, I could not help thinking
+of the similar practice among Europeans, who never fail to return thanks
+to God for triumph over their weaker brethren, whether their cause be
+righteous or quite the reverse.
+
+On our march to Nankin, the Chung-wang took a route which embraced all
+the principal cities captured during the last year, including Hoo-chow,
+Kar-shing-foo, Soo-chow, Wo-kong, Quin-san, Tat-san, &c., and at each
+thanksgivings were offered up for the late important success. About this
+time the Commander-in-Chief committed his first great error. His mistake
+consisted in breaking up a large proportion of his forces into garrisons
+for the numerous walled cities in Ti-ping possession, and in moving the
+rest of his troops to other quarters.[3] It is true, he had nothing to
+fear from the enemy, all their armies in the field (with the exception
+of those operating against the Ying-wang, on the line of the Yang-tze
+river, above Nankin) having been utterly dispersed; but no preparation
+whatever was made to resist the probable hostility of England and
+France, beyond such defence as the widely separated fortified towns
+might be able to make. This neglect, when the British scheme of
+intervention came into full play, proved fatal to the welfare of
+Ti-pingdom. City after city was captured in detail by British
+_artillery_ and troops; when, had the patriots only concentrated their
+numerous but greatly scattered forces, the result might have proved very
+different. I wearied myself, the Chung-wang, and many other chiefs, by
+continually representing the danger in case of foreign hostility (which
+I felt certain would be the result of Lord Elgin's policy in China), but
+the poor Ti-pings seemed infatuated, and resolutely refused to believe
+that the unbrotherly so-called "foreign brethren" entertained such
+perfectly unprovoked and cruel intentions. Fatally have they been
+undeceived! Deeply responsible have England and France become for the
+consequences!
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[3] This was, however, in accordance with the Tien-wang's orders.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+    Earl Russell's Despatch.--Its Effect.--"Taking the
+    Offensive."--Official Reports.--General Staveley.--Attacks the
+    Ti-pings.--General Ward.--Hope and Ward repulsed.--Che-poo
+    attacked.--Its Capture.--Loot Regulations.--Kah-ding
+    attacked.--Its Capture.--Ti-ping Loss.--Newspaper
+    Comments.--Tsing-poo besieged.--Inside the City.--Ti-ping
+    Losses.--Na-jaor besieged.--Cho-lin besieged.--Ti-ping
+    Bravery.--Cho-lin captured.--The Chung-wang.--Kah-ding
+    evacuated.--Consul Harvey's Despatch.--Despatch
+    reviewed.--Ningpo threatened.--Captain Dew at Ning-po.--His
+    Despatch.--The Reply.--Captain Dew's Rejoinder.--Preparation to
+    attack Ning-po.--Captain Dew's Inconsistency.--His
+    Ultimatum.--Official Despatches.--Ning-po attacked.--Ning-po
+    evacuated.--Newspaper Reports.
+
+
+After hostilities had been commenced by Admiral Hope, and upon hearing
+of the capture of Ningpo by the Ti-pings, Earl Russell endorsed the
+violation of British faith by approving the hostile maintenance of
+Shanghae and the other treaty ports against the Ti-ping belligerents, in
+the following despatch to the Admiralty, dated, "Foreign Office, March
+11, 1862":--
+
+    "I have, therefore, to signify to your Lordships the Queen's
+    commands that Vice-Admiral Hope should be instructed to defend
+    Shanghae, and to protect the other treaty ports not in the hands
+    of the rebels, so far as it is in the power of Her Majesty's
+    _naval forces_ to do so."
+
+Before, however, these instructions were received (they bearing date
+March 11, and occupying at least three months in reaching Mr. Bruce at
+Pekin, and being by him communicated to Admiral Hope at Shanghae), the
+war was carried far into the interior and thoroughly established,
+although, in the first instance, it had been pretended that the
+operations were only undertaken in defence of Shanghae.
+
+Mr. Bruce having stated his opinion by the following passage in a
+despatch, dated March 4, 1862:--"Shanghae is threatened, and its
+supplies cut off, and the insurgents will be emboldened by our
+passiveness and their success at Ningpo to press us still closer. I have
+stated to Sir J. Hope that, in my opinion, we are perfectly justified in
+taking the offensive against the insurgents;"--Lord Russell again
+approves of the disobedience of his former orders, by stating in a
+despatch, dated "Foreign Office, June 2, 1862:--"I have to convey to you
+my approval of the views expressed in your despatch of the 4th of March,
+with regard to the course to be pursued towards the Taepings." This
+sanction for the British authorities in China to take "the offensive"
+was, of course, tantamount to a declaration of war against the
+revolutionists; yet Earl Russell and his co-adjutors preferred working
+in secrecy, the approval of Parliament was not sought, neither did Her
+Majesty's Ministers ever deign to trouble themselves by announcing their
+policy. This, however, can hardly be a matter of surprise, considering
+that they had no _casus belli_ to set forward as a justification--the
+multitude of excuses sent home by those who violated solemn pledges in
+China no more constituting one than a number of petty faults would
+justify hanging a man in England.
+
+Admiral Hope having reported his breach of faith and neutrality by the
+murderous raid upon Kao-kiau, which he termed "certain _moral_ support;"
+and having requested the shadow of the Ministers' countenance and
+support in these words, "I therefore strongly recommend that the French
+and English commanders should be required by yourself and M. Bourboulon
+to free the country from the rebels within a line commencing at Kading
+on the Yang-tze above Woo-sung, through Tsing-poo to Sung-kong on the
+Woo-sung river, and thence across to a walled town opposite on the
+Yang-tze;" he received full approval from Mr. Bruce to continue as he
+had commenced, at his own goodwill and pleasure.
+
+In his despatch, authorizing the very course he had previously stated
+would be more calculated than any other "to lower our national
+reputation," Mr. Bruce, with his usual bad memory and inconsistent
+policy, states of Ti-pingdom and the people "that its sources are
+exhausted; that neither money nor supplies are to be drawn from the
+_deserts_ to which the provinces overrun by them are reduced;"
+completely oblivious of the "85,000 bales" of silk he had declared, only
+a few months previous, were drawn from the producing districts--the
+_deserts_ of his vivid though forgetful imagination.
+
+The report of the Admiral and the reply of the Minister each discuss the
+radius project shortly established against the Ti-ping belligerent only,
+and the further increase and support of Ward's and fresh legions of
+mercenaries. This is the first official mention of those now notorious
+schemes.
+
+When the Kao-kiau massacre, the radius plan, and the organization of
+foreign-disciplined filibustering corps, _a la_ Ward, were reported to
+him, Earl Russell again followed the path already laid out by his
+subordinates in China--a system of policy that could not be defended on
+principle, and still worse in execution.[4] The officials in China
+always acted directly against the spirit and letter of their _public_
+instructions; then reported what they had done, and obtained the
+sanction of the British Government.
+
+Admiral Hope, immediately upon receiving the support of Mr. Bruce,
+gathered together his well-armed sailors and marines, his big guns and
+his little guns, and, assisted by the French Admiral, Protet, and
+Brigadier-general Staveley in command of the British troops, eagerly
+continued "taking the offensive" against the badly-armed Ti-pings. The
+war upon those to whom England was pledged to observe neutrality--a war
+never stated to the British Parliament--and, moreover, a war never even
+declared to the Ti-pings themselves, was rapidly prosecuted. General
+Staveley having assumed chief command of the allied Anglo-Franco-Manchoo
+filibuster operations, did so entirely against the spirit of the orders
+of his Government, for not until some months later did the approval of
+Admiral Hope's conduct (bearing date, "Foreign Office, June 12, 1862")
+reach China, and even these instructions only referred to the _naval
+expeditions_, already authorized by the despatch of March 11, 1862.
+
+Mr. Bruce admits this in a despatch to General Staveley, dated "Pekin,
+April 23, 1862," although at the same time he prompts him to join the
+Admiral's raids. He thus states:--
+
+    "It is clear that, at that date, Her Majesty's Government had
+    not resolved on doing more than aiding in the defence of the
+    treaty ports by means of the naval forces on the station."
+
+Now, it is utterly impossible that Mr. Bruce can have received the
+instructions to _employ_ the naval force so soon as the 23rd of April.
+The first despatch of Lord Russell, authorizing Admiral Hope to defend
+the treaty ports against the Ti-pings bears date March 11, and has
+already been noticed; but even supposing it left England on the same
+day, it could not have reached Pekin when Admiral Hope and General
+Staveley had taken the offensive, and made incessant attacks upon every
+Ti-ping position within some thirty miles of Shanghae. The last
+instructions from Earl Russell were those suppositional ones, dated 7th
+September, 1861:--
+
+    "It _might_ be expedient to defend the treaty ports, _if_ the
+    Chinese Government would consent not to use them."
+
+Referring back to the only definite order of Her Majesty's Government at
+the time of the unparalleled breaches of neutrality, we find it to be
+that bearing date August 8, 1861:--
+
+    "Her Majesty's Government desire to maintain, as they have done
+    hitherto, _neutrality_ between the two contending parties in
+    China."
+
+Thus, it cannot fail to be seen that hostilities were established
+against the Ti-pings, not only in violation of the pledged faith of
+England, but also in direct opposition to the _public_ orders of her
+Government. Eventually the Government sanctioned and authorized a
+continuance of these raids, although they carefully avoided making any
+straightforward announcement of their policy. Their plan was always to
+approve the aggressive action of the officials in China, but never to
+order them publicly. The despatches approving General Staveley's
+unjustifiable attack upon innocent men respectively bear date--"Foreign
+Office, July 7, 1862," and "War Office, July 23." These documents,
+however, which take the odium and responsibility of the massacres from
+the active agents, and place them upon the British nation, could not
+have reached Pekin, and been communicated to the naval and military
+commanders at Shanghae, until late in September. We shall see what
+unauthorized and unnecessary hostilities were perpetrated previous to
+their arrival.
+
+General Staveley, having assumed the principal command of the raiding
+expeditions, finding that the friendly Ti-pings would not come and fight
+him, went to fight them. Upon the 3rd of April a strong force of 2,207
+British and French troops, with naval detachments under command of
+Admirals Hope and Protet, and thirteen pieces of artillery, moved out
+from Shanghae to continue "taking the offensive." The place doomed to
+destruction was a large, and for Chinese warfare, strong, entrenched
+Ti-ping camp at Wong-ka-dza, garrisoned by about 4,000 men. After a hot
+day's march, the whole force, including some hundreds of Imperialists
+dragging the guns, carrying portable bridges, extra loads of ammunition,
+and every requisite appliance of modern warfare, arrived at a deserted
+village within twelve miles from Shanghae, and about two from the
+Ti-ping camp. Here they encamped for the night. Early on the following
+morning the combined forces,[5] taking advantage of the cover afforded
+by a thick mist, moved on the position of the Ti-pings, establishing
+themselves within a few hundred yards of the defences just as the fog
+cleared away. The entrenched camp consisted of some ten or twelve
+stockades, each surrounded by a ditch, yet communicating with the
+others. The Ti-pings, as usual, waited for those they invariably looked
+upon as "foreign brethren" to take the offensive. They had not long to
+wait. Having taken up a position fairly within range of their Enfield
+rifles and artillery, but safely out of range of the useless gingalls
+and matchlocks of the Ti-pings, the "foreign brethren" opened a
+murderous fire upon the line of entrenchments. The devoted defenders
+replied as well they could, without artillery or effective fire-arms,
+and bravely held their stockades for nearly an hour, amid the storm of
+shrapnel-shell, rifle-balls, &c., poured in upon them with terrible
+effect. At length the irresistible foreign artillery drove them from the
+stockades with heavy loss, and played upon their retreating columns with
+deadly accuracy. During the attack and retreat the Ti-pings lost upwards
+of 600 killed and wounded (the wounded falling into the hands of the
+Imperialists were all put to death), while the allies had _one_ man
+killed and another wounded.
+
+Admiral Hope, who grounded his precious _casus belli_ upon the
+_possible_ destruction of supplies _by the Ti-pings_, states in his
+report of this and the following actions:--
+
+    "All these camps, which contained large quantities of rice
+    collected from the surrounding country, were burnt, AND THE
+    GRAIN DESTROYED."
+
+A few days before the attack upon Wong-ka-dza, H.M. gunboat _Flamer_
+attacked and destroyed a fleet of 300 Ti-ping boats, "_deeply laden with
+rice and live stock_." Who, then, proved to be the devastator and
+marauder; the uncivilized Chinese, or the civilized Christian? Yet the
+principal pretence given for attacking the Ti-pings was that they
+_might_ do what Admiral Hope and his colleagues so effectually _did_.
+
+After chasing the fugitives so long as the Enfield would reach them, the
+allied force gave up the pursuit, and retired to the village of Che-poo,
+where they had rested the previous night. Meanwhile, those who escaped
+from this slaughter met with another enemy, in the shape of a strong
+contingent of the filibuster Ward's disciplined Chinese. This ally of
+Admiral Hope, chagrined at having lost this opportunity, determined to
+attack another fortified camp with his own men. The position assigned to
+this respectable person during the first engagement was to cut off and
+kill the Ti-pings as they fled from the fire of the British and French
+artillery. Fortunately for those unoffending people he arrived too late.
+When he did honour his worthy friends with his presence, history telleth
+not whether they were tired, or engaged looting, or making merry; but
+certain it is that they let him make his attack unassisted, except by
+Admiral Hope.
+
+This PAR NOBILE, on valorous deeds intent, heedless alike of mud, heat,
+and fatigue, marched for several miles by intricate pathways, through
+creeks, ditches, and swampy paddy-fields, to the rebel camp near the
+village of Lu-ka-kong; and elated, doubtless, by the Admiral's narration
+of his chivalrous deeds at Wong-ka-dza, and assured by his loss of only
+one man, halted in front of the Ti-ping stockade.
+
+Drawing his mercenary sword, and brushing back the Yankee locks, General
+Ward gave the word to assault in a tone of assured victory. The
+disciplined Chinamen, led by their foreign officers, rushed forward
+bravely enough; but the Ti-pings had not been half destroyed by shot and
+shell; neither at that time had they lost their best troops in conflict
+with the British and French, nor the moral effect of their former
+triumphs. Consequently, after three attempts to storm the stockade, when
+five officers and seventy men were placed _hors de combat_, Admiral Hope
+advanced to call off the men, and was rewarded with a Ti-ping bullet
+lodged in the calf of his leg. Ward, having none of the resistless
+artillery to mow down the patriotic Ti-pings, found them more than a
+match for his men--disciplined, led by foreigners, and well armed as
+they were. A retreat was therefore sounded, and the British Admiral was
+ignominiously carried away upon a litter borne by sundry cursing
+Celestials.
+
+To avenge the glaring insult and audacity of those rebels who had dared
+to deposit a bullet in the calf of a leg of a British Admiral, who was
+doing his utmost to kill them, the next morning the allied forces
+brought their artillery to bear, and without a single casualty succeeded
+in driving the Ti-pings from this and several neighbouring
+entrenchments, killing some 300, and burning and destroying the large
+quantities of grain, as stated by Admiral Hope. Not only in this
+instance, but very many others, the allies acted with far more wanton
+destructiveness than ever the Ti-pings did.
+
+The next attack upon the Ti-pings by the gallant allies came off on the
+17th of April. Upon this occasion the redoubtable Admiral was unable to
+act, in consequence of his injured limb. The place at which the combined
+English, French, and mercenaries gathered fresh (Chinese) laurels, was
+the village of Che-poo, with its defences, situated about 18 miles S.E.
+of Shanghae. The attacking force mustered some 2,500 strong, with 14
+pieces of artillery, the whole commanded by General Staveley and Admiral
+Protet, assisted by Captain Borlase, R.N., and the filibuster Ward.[6]
+These troops were embarked in a flotilla of British and French gunboats,
+and carried up the Shanghae river, to cause as much devastation and
+bloodshed as they had already created elsewhere.
+
+It was a splendid morning, and the landscape seemed beautiful, as the
+troops, after landing in the neighbourhood of Chee-poo, marched forward
+on their mission. Through fields rich with the ungathered crops, which
+it was pretended the Ti-pings might devastate, over seven or eight miles
+of smiling and profusely-cultivated country they wound their way. Upon
+arriving within a mile of the village, they halted for their guns to
+come up, and rested preparatory to the coming attack.
+
+The guns having arrived, at 2 p.m. were in position, and opened a most
+destructive fire at 500 yards, and in half an hour the rebels were in
+full retreat. The poor fellows endeavoured to face the overwhelming hail
+of shot and shell; and, as one official report states, "returned a
+desultory fire, _but without doing any mischief_, while the allies made
+dreadful havoc amongst them." Driven from their works by the
+irresistible artillery, the Ti-pings retreated in three columns in the
+direction of the walled city, Chan-za, when, as the official report
+states, "the Royal artillery and naval guns were brought to bear upon
+the retreating mass with terrible effect." The loss of the Ti-pings, out
+of a total strength of less than 4,000, amounted to more than 600 killed
+and 300 taken prisoners, who were, of course, cruelly executed by the
+Manchoo mandarins; the allied loss was _nil_!
+
+The Ti-pings had not expected any attack upon that day, and when the
+camp was entered, their dinners were found smoking in the cups, while
+half-finished letters were lying on the chiefs' table.
+
+The report published in the _Shanghae Daily Shipping List_ states:--
+
+    "As the houses were _ransacked_, great quantities of valuable
+    jewels, gold, silver, dollars, and costly dresses were found,
+    which was fair (?) _loot_ to the officers and men. One
+    blue-jacket found 1,600 dollars, and several soldiers upwards of
+    500 each, while many picked up gold bangles, earrings, and other
+    ornaments and pearls set with precious stones. _It was a
+    glorious day of looting for everybody_, and we hear that one
+    party, who discovered the Ti-ping treasury chest with several
+    thousand dollars in it, after loading himself to his heart's
+    content, was obliged to give some of them away to lighten his
+    pockets, which were heavier than he could well bear--a marked
+    case of _l'embarras des richesses_. The rebel stud of ponies was
+    well supplied also, and many of the soldiers rode back with
+    their booty."
+
+All this _looting_ and butchery of unresisting men (it would be absurd
+to term the defence of the Ti-pings, resulting in one Englishman
+wounded, but hundreds of themselves killed--a resistance according to
+military _parlance_) was executed, we must particularly remember,
+because their cause, which had for its sole object expulsion of the
+foreign Manchoo and establishment of Christianity, _might_ interfere
+with British commercial interests, and that "temporary one arising out
+of the indemnities!"
+
+The _Shanghae Daily Shipping List_, just quoted from, was the paid
+official organ of the British Government, and when it stated the above,
+it may easily be imagined what the disgraceful scene really was. This
+journal, under a variety of style and title, has been repeatedly quoted
+in the Blue Books upon China, issued by Her Majesty's Government, as the
+opinion of the press in China. Its truthfulness may fairly be estimated
+from the following comparison of a statement which appeared in its
+columns upon the massacre at Wong-ka-dza, and another upon the one at
+Che-poo. Both places are situated in the same tract of country, and only
+a few miles apart. In its detail of the first affair, the official
+organ, speaking of the slaughter of the Ti-pings, terms it:--
+
+    "A just retaliation on those wretches who had made their smiling
+    land _a scene of misery and desolation_."
+
+Reporting the second affair, it states:--
+
+    "_The aspect of the country looked charming_, as the expedition
+    threaded its way among _cultivated fields covered with the green
+    crops_ sown by the industrious inhabitants."
+
+Like all other unscrupulous sources of opposition to the revolutionists,
+the _Shanghae Daily Shipping List_ is sufficiently condemned by its own
+words. It needeth not a partizan to advocate Ti-pingdom; any person not
+blinded by prejudice or dollars, and who will take the trouble to study
+both sides of the question with proverbial English fair-play, cannot
+fail to become favourably interested in the insurgents, simply through
+the rabid diatribes which prove the bigotry of opponents and the
+inadvertent contradictions which prove their falseness.
+
+In order to avoid quarrelling about the plunder, General Staveley and
+the Admirals entered into the following agreement with regard to the
+future freebooting exploits. Immediately after the heavily laden heroes,
+sailors, soldiers, marines, and all had deposited their _loot_ in safe
+quarters, the triumviri, in solemn conclave, assembled upon the 22nd of
+April, and made the following formal regulations:--
+
+    "Previous to the capture of Kah-ding and the other towns from
+    the rebels, proper arrangements shall be made ... to collect
+    whatever may be of value, in order to its fair distribution
+    amongst the troops, to whom the same is to be made known before
+    the commencement of the operations."
+
+Eager to try the merit of their regulated loot hunting, on the 27th of
+April, the allies again set forth to attack the Ti-pings. Upon this
+occasion their looting propensities were indulged in at the town of
+Kah-ding, situate about 30 miles to the N.W. of Shanghae. The allied
+force consisted of nearly 4,000 men, with 30 pieces of artillery,[7]
+assisted by an army of Imperialist _braves_, under the command of Le, a
+Chinese general.
+
+The advance guard of the allies having been arrested by two small
+stockades, defending the water approach to Kah-ding, upon the morning of
+the 29th, the artillery was brought into play and the defenders of the
+outwork driven back upon the city, losing some 50 men during their
+resistance and retreat, the European enemy following in rapid pursuit up
+to the walls of Kah-ding without a single casualty.
+
+The last day of April was spent by the allies in reconnoitering the city
+and landing the heavy guns, which had been brought in boats from
+Shanghae. Before dawn on the morning of May the 1st, the whole of the
+guns were in position, and the troops safely under cover in the ruined
+suburbs, ready to pick off the defenceless Ti-pings with their
+far-reaching rifles. The country traversed during the preceding days is
+thus spoken of in the _China Mail_, a paper bitterly hostile to the
+insurgents:--
+
+    "After marching along a good road, and through _a beautiful
+    country with fine thriving crops_, the troops reached the
+    southern suburb of Kah-ding."
+
+Daylight of the 1st of charming May was ushered in by the roar of a
+large park of foreign artillery. Kah-ding, although a walled town, was
+undefended with cannon, and its garrison of some 5,000 or 6,000 men
+were, for the most part, armed with bamboo spears. The European troops
+having invested three of the city gates, the fourth, the only way of
+retreat for the besieged, was watched by the Imperialist _braves_,
+commissioned to cut up the Ti-pings as they fled from the British and
+French artillery. To the concentrated and terrific fire of thirty pieces
+of large ordnance, the defenders of the city replied with a brisk though
+totally ineffective discharge of gingalls. The storm of iron poured upon
+them soon silenced their fire and drove them from the walls, and with a
+loss of several hundred, they fled from the town, cutting their way
+through the Imperialist troops, who watched their only line of retreat.
+In order to delay the storming of the city, and so afford time for its
+evacuation, a small body of the Ti-ping soldierly nobly remained and
+sacrificed themselves for their comrades. This devoted band, numbering
+about 130, held their post at the south gate, the principal point of
+attack, until the European stormers were on the walls, three little
+2-pound Chinese guns on the gate tower having been worked till the
+parapet, overthrown by the crushing fire of the siege train, fell upon
+and buried the gunners beneath the _debris_.
+
+Driven back by the overwhelming advance of the storming party, the
+heroic few retired to the north gate, through which the garrison had
+made their escape; here to a man they fell, while courageously placing
+themselves between the foe and their retreating comrades. The greater
+number of them were mere boys, and from the richness of their dress,
+evidently of good position among their friends. Three little fellows,
+each armed with a small matchlock, were seen by a friend of mine to rush
+forward directly a large shell would knock down a portion of the parapet
+and fire off their puny weapons at the foe. They were too small to reach
+the loop-holes, and so waited till the 32-pound shot of the besiegers
+made a hole for them to use. To avoid the deadly rifles they never used
+the same hole twice, but nevertheless were all killed, for my friend,
+when passing round the walls, found their bodies lying close together
+and crushed by a mass of fallen stonework.
+
+The _China Mail_, in its account of the assault, states:--
+
+    "The scene was now most picturesque. A shell had set fire to
+    part of the city close at hand; the early morning sun was
+    shining pleasantly upon the fields, _rich with ungathered
+    crops_, and the French band played as the troops scaled the
+    walls."
+
+The loss of the Ti-pings at the capture of Kah-ding was nearly 500
+killed in the city; 2,000 slaughtered while escaping from the murderous
+artillery, by the Manchoo troops under Le, who had the bodies mutilated,
+and offered to produce their ears to General Staveley; and about 1,000
+taken prisoners, who, although captured by the assistance of British
+soldiers, perished in the Manchoo execution shambles.
+
+The stolen property agreement proved very useful at the capture of
+Kan-ding, nearly 200,000 dollars' worth having been seized in that city
+without the loss of a single life to the brave allies.
+
+The _China Mail_, in its issue, "15th May, 1862," although mistakenly
+considering the Ti-ping revenue (obtained from taxation, silk, &c.) as
+"the poor people's property," very rightly condemns the wholesale system
+of brigandage practised by the allies. After referring to the
+"mercenary" and "sordid" nature of the intervention, it states:--
+
+    "There is another matter of regret, and that is, that while we
+    are stigmatizing the rebels as robbers and bandits, we should
+    take their treasures and divide it among ourselves."
+
+Again it continues:--
+
+    "It would be difficult to say which are the more shameless
+    robbers of the two, the Taepings who spoil the people, or the
+    English forces who retake the spoil and share it among
+    themselves, while those originally robbed are famishing in
+    Shanghae. It may well be questioned whether the whole history of
+    warfare can record a parallel example of forgetfulness, utter
+    forgetfulness, of all propriety to this loot-hunting game which
+    Admiral Hope is now engaged in. An expedition against the rebels
+    is now shown to be so harmless to those engaged in it that we
+    may expect to hear of gentlemen giving their wives and sisters a
+    picnic in front of the next town that is besieged, when we have
+    no doubt that much amusement could be had among the engineers
+    and artillery by allowing the girls to point the guns. And this
+    is the sort of warfare in which the heart of the jaded and
+    harassed soldier is to be cheered with _loot_!... There is every
+    reason to believe that England's chivalry is likely to be kept a
+    profound secret from the people of China so long as her affairs
+    are under the present guidance."
+
+Such is the opinion of a journal always hostile to the Ti-pings.
+
+Having loaded their boats with plunder, and placed a garrison of some
+500 European troops in Kah-ding, the British and French warriors
+returned to Shanghae and vain-gloriously displayed their evilly acquired
+riches about the rum-shops of that model settlement, while their worthy
+allies, the _braves_, made a gallant and triumphant entry, with
+trophies of Ti-ping heads, cruelly hacked from the men vanquished by
+British and French artillery. When these heads became unpleasant to
+parade about the foreign settlement, and the _loot_ became exhausted, or
+the allied commanders eager for more, the combined forces were mustered
+together for another desolating raid into a country that would have been
+happy and peaceful but for their wicked interference.
+
+The city of Tsing-poo, situated close upon 32 miles to the west of
+Shanghae, although falsely represented by officialdom as "in the
+neighbourhood," was next selected for sack and pillage.
+
+Starting from Shanghae in British gunboats (which, by the by, always
+returned towing long tiers of loot laden boats) upon the 7th of May, the
+expedition, after being placed in country boats about twenty miles up
+the river, arrived before Tsing-poo on the evening of the second day.
+
+General Staveley was Commander-in-chief, assisted by the French Admiral,
+while the English Admiral, in spite of his wound, was present as an
+admiring non-effective.
+
+The combined force comprised 2,613 British and French troops, with
+nearly forty pieces of artillery; about 1,800 of Ward's filibusters; and
+an Imperialist army of 5,000 to 7,000 men, under their general, Le.[8]
+Tsing-poo was garrisoned by some 4,000 Ti-pings, very few of whom
+escaped.
+
+Before daylight on the 12th of May, the besieging forces, with guns and
+ladders, covering and storming parties, were in position. They moved up
+silently in the dead of night and early morning, and were in their
+places by 4 a.m. Then came a short half-hour of the peculiar suspense
+before battle, while all those valiant British and French well-armed
+troops lay flat on their faces, safely under cover, and breathing not a
+word, for fear the doomed Ti-pings _might_ by a singular piece of good
+fortune manage to hurt some of them. By this time, however, the warm
+summer day was dawning, and the beleaguered garrison, discovering the
+formidable array against them, opened fire with the few small guns they
+possessed, sending their uneven roundshot whizzing over the heads of the
+crouching enemy.
+
+Almost at the same moment the besiegers opened fire from their numerous
+and overwhelming artillery. Armstrong guns, naval 32-pounders, French
+rifled guns and mortars (with one French 68-pounder, rifled piece,
+mounted on board a light draught gunboat) in breaching and enfilading
+batteries, commenced a terrific bombardment of the south gate and wall.
+
+The city, during the night, had been surrounded by the Chinese _braves_;
+no hope of escape presented itself, and the besieged fought as desperate
+men will fight for their lives. Amid the torrent of shells, shrapnel,
+Moorsom, conical, diaphragm, Armstrong, and other scientific engines of
+destruction crashing and continuously exploding among them, they bravely
+stood to their four or five 2-pounders, and resolutely manned their
+walls under the fearful and murderous fire. The poor Ti-pings, in order
+to protect themselves from the irresistible foreign shell, or "twice eye
+shot," as the Cantonese in their _pidgeon_ English term it, had built a
+sort of stockade all round the city wall; this, with the parapet, formed
+a passage, which was covered in with a beamed and tiled roof. Instead of
+affording safety to them, however, this work added to the
+destructiveness of the enemy's fire, though it would have been better
+for the doomed men to have been killed outright by British shot than be
+captured and tortured to death in the execution grounds of the Manchoos.
+A battery of four Armstrong guns enfilading the wall sent almost every
+shell through the roof, to burst between the parapet and stockade,
+thereby inflicting fearful havoc among the crowded defenders.
+
+After about an hour's bombardment, two practicable breaches were
+effected by the besiegers; the English and French storming parties then
+advanced, protected by strong covering parties, who kept up a deadly
+rifle fire on the besieged, while the field-pieces being dragged forward
+enfiladed the parapet and breaches, mowing them down by dozens as they
+courageously crowded behind their broken wall to repel the stormers. The
+two snake flags of the Chief were planted on the summit of the breach,
+while his bravest men surrounding him did their utmost to drive the
+assaulting column back. The carnage at this point was immense; the
+defenders no sooner rushed into view than withering volleys of musketry
+and a storm of grape and canister destroyed them. The principal Ti-ping
+chiefs were killed at the head of their men; still, a smart fire from
+jingalls was kept up till the stormers gained the top of the breach and
+effected a lodgement; and then, it is sufficient to say, the defenders
+were attacked with the British bayonet. Even when driven from the wall,
+several hundred of the Ti-ping soldiery rallied at its foot, and
+fruitlessly sacrificed themselves in attempting to expel the successful
+enemy.
+
+The Ti-pings lost upwards of 1,000 men in their obstinate defence, the
+Allies 2 killed and 10 wounded! About 2,000 were taken prisoners, the
+greater part of whom supplied the Shanghae execution ground, while the
+remnant of the garrison succeeded in cutting their way through the
+hostile lines. Not more than half of the prisoners were fighting men.
+
+Whether the most Christian and civilized allies had not obtained
+sufficient loot, or killed enough fellow-creatures to satisfy them, I am
+unable safely to state, but I opine that in neither particular were they
+satiated. At all events, after sacking Tsing-poo and delivering up their
+unfortunate captives to the tender mercies of the merciless
+Imperialists, General Staveley and his co-adjutors started off in quest
+of further glory, dollars, and Ti-pings. These noble crusaders at
+length came to the fortified village of Na-jaor, where one of the
+_triumviri_ met with his death.
+
+Na-jaor was simply a village, but a wall having been built around it, a
+small outwork erected, and the whole surrounded by dykes and dry
+ditches, with _chevaux de frize_ and pallisades between them, it would
+have been a difficult place to capture without artillery. The outwork
+mounted three small guns, and a few others were divided between the
+usual square flanking defences of a Chinese wall. The garrison of this
+place can scarcely have numbered 1,000, all told.
+
+The Armstrong guns and other artillery of the British and French opened
+fire and shelled the defenders out of the small redoubt, upon the
+afternoon of the 17th of May. While this was going on the garrison of
+the village made a spirited sortie, but, with only an armament of bamboo
+spears and rusty jingalls, were of course driven back with great loss.
+At last the fire of the besieged seemed silenced, while their wall was
+breached and crumbling in every direction. The stormers now rushed
+forward with their usual bravery, sword in hand and bayonet to the
+charge, to assault a Ti-ping post that had been thoroughly shelled for a
+couple of hours, and in which nought but a few frightened fugitives and
+the bodies of the slain were likely to be found. In the case of Na-jaor,
+however, there was more courage required than the attacking force
+imagined, for, instead of finding the walls deserted except by the
+killed and wounded, and the garrison in flight, they were suddenly faced
+by an ambuscade which had been concealed under comparative protection at
+the interior slope of the wall during the bombardment. The British and
+French were rushing forward at the double, their leading files had
+already reached the ditch at the foot of the rampart, when the Ti-pings,
+starting from their cover, remanned the walls and opened a sharp fire
+with jingalls, matchlocks, and the few European-made fire-arms which
+they possessed. Cheering vigorously, or rather yelling, the defenders
+maintained a well-directed fire for some little time, killing the French
+Admiral with a ball through his heart, and wounding about a dozen other
+of the assailants. The allies experienced a momentary check, but the
+whole resistless array of artillery having swept the walls with their
+iron tempest, the storming parties again rushed forward and succeeded in
+establishing themselves upon the walls before the defenders were able to
+re-man them. Then the work of slaughter was continued with the rifle,
+the unwieldy bamboos, with iron spikes at the ends, proving a worse than
+useless defence.
+
+Mercy seems never to have entered into the minds of those Christian
+warriors, who loudly inveighed against the Ti-pings as "bloodthirsty
+monsters," &c., &c.; for when victory crowned their unparalleled feats
+of arms, no effort to save the defenceless and unresisting fugitives was
+ever made, but while those who had thrown down their arms were vainly
+trying to hide or flee from the deadly rifle, or stood blocked in a
+gateway of the tower, the valorous conquerors calmly and easily
+continued to shoot them down so long as they remained within range.
+
+The total loss of the Allies at the capture of Na-jaor was, the French
+Admiral killed, and sixteen men wounded. The Ti-pings left dead at their
+posts, which they had _really_ bravely though fruitlessly striven to
+defend, upwards of 500 men, more than half their whole force. Directly
+the place was fairly in their possession the respectable victors
+dispersed in search of plunder; as one report has it, "looting parties
+were formed, the French looting one half and the English the other."
+
+The ill-gained spoil having been stowed away in the boats, the Allies
+marched on for the next Ti-ping position devoted to destruction, leaving
+a strong detachment in charge of Na-jaor. The place which had now
+attracted the cupidity, love of military _glory_, or some unknown
+sentiment of the Allies, was a small town named Cho-lin, situated about
+six miles from Na-jaor, 26 miles to the S.S.W. of Shanghae, and within
+two miles of the sea.
+
+Having arrived before Cho-lin during the night of May 18, the Allies
+began to establish their powerful batteries, and on the morning of the
+19th opened fire upon the town. The Ti-pings in garrison, some 2,000 or
+3,000 strong, replied to the best of their resources with a few pieces
+of immoveable Chinese artillery, jingalls, and matchlocks. At noon the
+besiegers ceased firing and refreshed themselves with _chow-chow_ and
+brandy. Meanwhile, a Ti-ping chief performed an act of the most daring
+courage with remarkable coolness and audacity. Having observed the
+occupation of the besiegers, this chief, leaving the town by the
+opposite side, made a circuit, and coming upon the rear of the enemy's
+position, calmly rode right through it with a few followers, satisfying
+himself as to their composition and numbers. "Everyone took him for an
+Imperialist and allowed him to pass on. When he got near the town he
+rode for his life, and got to his friends inside the city." So reported
+one of the officers engaged in the attack. Undaunted by the powerful
+artillery and formidable array of the European troops, the Ti-ping chief
+determined to hold and defend his trust against them, even although he
+must have been convinced that he had no effectual means by which he
+could repel or reply to their attack. The day passed on and with it the
+last hope of the beleaguered garrison, who scorned to take advantage of
+the opportunity to evacuate the town and save their lives.
+
+At daylight on the 20th all the Allies' guns, being in position, opened
+fire again, the Armstrong guns and field pieces sweeping the defenders
+from the walls, and the hoarsely-roaring 32's steadily firing to effect
+a breach. Storming, covering, and sharpshooting parties waited around
+the devoted place until the murderous shelling should subdue all
+opposition to their heroic advance. At length, two practicable breaches
+were effected, the enfilading batteries, established on either flank,
+poured their crushing _mitraille_ along the parapet, sweeping away every
+man who dared to show himself, and the assaulting column pushed forward
+to the breaches. The Ti-pings had in this case been able to maintain a
+small number of troops on the wall by means of some ingeniously
+contrived bomb-proofs. A few narrow pits were dug behind the parapet and
+covered in with planks overlaid with earth, under which some hundred or
+two found shelter. When the artillery ceased its fire as the stormers
+mounted the breach, these men made a desperate defence, while the rest
+of the garrison, emerging from their places of concealment, rushed to
+man the walls and assist them. But what could these miserably armed men
+effect against the hundreds of perfectly equipped Europeans pouring over
+their shattered walls? They fell bravely, disputing every inch of
+ground.
+
+The defenders driven from the ramparts or killed, the gallant Allies
+rushed through the small town, _indiscriminately massacring every man,
+woman, and child within its walls_. The Ti-pings had so earnestly
+endeavoured to shut out the besiegers that they had most effectually
+blocked themselves in, and were consequently butchered almost to a man.
+After the massacre was over, an officer of the force, writing to the
+_North China Herald_, stated, "Almost every house we entered contained
+dead and dying men."
+
+The _China Mail_, in its report of the affair, terms it: "A most
+indiscriminate carnage on the part of our Allies at the taking of
+Cho-lin." The _Overland Trade Report_, in its issue of June 10,
+states:--
+
+    "Since the death of Admiral Protet the French troops have been
+    behaving like fiends, killing indiscriminately men, women, and
+    children. Truth demands the confession that British sailors have
+    likewise been guilty of the commission of similar revolting
+    barbarities--not only on the Taepings, but upon the inoffensive
+    helpless country people. It is a most singular circumstance, but
+    no less strange than true, that the Taepings _have never yet
+    committed an act of retaliation_ upon any European who may have
+    fallen into their hands."
+
+Cho-lin captured and the _loot_ safely packed up, the conquerors, who
+only lost _one_ killed and four slightly wounded, proceeded to destroy
+the town itself.
+
+The correspondent of the _North China Herald_, in his report, says:--
+
+    "At two o'clock the order was given to set the city on fire,
+    which was executed with such rapidity that the Sikhs had hardly
+    time to get the ponies out of the town, and most of the last
+    collected had to be abandoned."
+
+The poor horses were admittedly roasted alive; but, when the writer goes
+on to state "a great many dead bodies" were left in the fired city, he
+forgets the wounded and "dying men" whom he found in "almost every
+house," and who no doubt perished in the flames.
+
+With the destruction of Cho-lin the murderous and desolating track of
+the British and French was for a time arrested. Hitherto, without
+exception, they had, in Mohawk Indian style, surprised and captured
+isolated towns and villages. Nothing but the garrisons of these places
+had opposed them. Upon the day of their last exploit, however,
+intelligence reached General Staveley that the Chung-wang, with a large
+army, had taken the field against him, and that Kah-ding was already
+invested, Tsing-poo threatened, and the Imperialist troops everywhere
+flying like chaff before the stormy wind. Hastily returning to Shanghae,
+the authenticity of these reports was at once confirmed by the abject
+state of terror in which the Manchoo authorities were plunged. It
+appeared that, during General Staveley's laurel-gathering exploits,
+nearly the whole available force of Imperialist troops had been
+concentrated upon Kah-ding, and, having moved upon the next Ti-ping
+city, Tat-seang, had been there totally defeated; the fugitives, a few
+hundred out of an army nearly 20,000 strong, having been chased about
+thirty miles, and into the village of Woo-sung under the protection of
+the Allies' artillery.
+
+In consequence of this, and the inability of the Manchoo authorities to
+even garrison the places captured from the patriots by the allied
+forces, General Staveley proceeded to the relief of Kah-ding with a
+strong force of British troops. Upon reaching the village of Na-zain, a
+few miles from the city, they were continually attacked by the Ti-ping
+force investing it. In all these attacks, however, the assailants were
+driven back by rifle and artillery fire with heavy loss, the English
+losing but _one_ Sepoy killed and four wounded. It now appearing that
+the Ti-pings were in the field in force, that the communications of
+Kah-ding were in their hands, and that the towns of Tsing-poo and
+Soon-kong were also invested, General Staveley decided upon evacuating
+Kah-ding; and, pending the arrival of reinforcements, discontinuing his
+raids upon the Ti-ping strongholds.
+
+We must now for a while turn to other quarters, and record the
+performance of another act of the Ti-ping drama. While the allied forces
+were violating their pledges, their orders, and the ordinary laws and
+usages of civilized or Christian men, the Ti-pings at Ningpo, as
+everywhere else, were scrupulously observing all their promises, and
+striving to enter into friendly and commercial relations with
+foreigners.
+
+It will be remembered that the withdrawal of British missionaries from
+Ningpo, upon the capture of that city by the Ti-pings, has already been
+noticed; also Mr. Consul Harvey's sinister reason: "This step will tend
+to simplify considerably our future relations with the Taepings at
+Ningpo." We will now proceed to notice what those "future relations"
+were.
+
+Mr. Consul Harvey having been requested by Mr. Bruce to report upon the
+character of the Ti-pings, and having been prompted even in the _public_
+despatches, forthwith indulged his feelings of hostility against those
+people. It is desirable to notice some of the more salient and
+characteristic features of the despatch of Mr. Harvey as briefly as
+possible.
+
+The despatch containing Mr. Harvey's exposition bears date March 20th,
+1862, some three months after the occupation of Ningpo by the Ti-pings,
+and _after_ hostilities had been established against them by Admiral
+Hope and his friends.
+
+Mr. Harvey states:--
+
+    "_Not one single step_[9] in the direction of a 'good
+    government' has been taken by the Taepings; _not any attempt_
+    made to organize a political body or commercial institutions;
+    _not a vestige, not a trace of anything_ approaching to order,
+    or regularity of action, or consistency of purpose, can be found
+    in any one of their public acts."
+
+In a despatch dated "Ningpo, December 31, 1861," he had stated as
+follows:--
+
+    "They _have_ even established a native custom-house, wherein
+    duties will be levied on the Chinese after ten days' grace....
+    It has been reported to me that the insurgents propose
+    establishing a foreign custom-house at this port, such being, it
+    is said, one of their favourite ideas, and forming part of their
+    programme in the capture of Ningpo."
+
+And again--
+
+    "The Taepings possess a regular embodied force, a draft from
+    which forms the nucleus of the body of men sent upon any special
+    service."
+
+Mr. Harvey, with an extraordinary self-complacent assumption of
+impartiality, proceeds to declare that he "judged of Taepingdom in sober
+sense and dispassionately," yet he concludes the same paragraph by
+stating that at Ningpo "the last three months had produced ruin,
+desolation, and the annihilation of _every_ vital principle in _all_
+that surrounds the presence, or lies under the bane, of the Taepings."
+Again, only a few lines further on, he says:--
+
+    "It is palpable that a party which, after ten years' full trial,
+    is found to produce _nothing_, and to destroy _everything_,
+    cannot pretend to last, or be admitted, even indirectly, into
+    the comity of nations."
+
+
+Now, as Mr. Bruce himself reports that "85,000 bales of silk" were
+obtained from people who "destroy everything," and as the Ti-pings did
+"pretend to last"--so much so, indeed, that British and French
+assistance to the Manchoos was necessary to save them from total
+destruction, Mr. Harvey's "sober sense," to say the least, seems very
+doubtful.
+
+The despatch under review is one of the most extraordinary series of
+contradictory terms ever produced, and really deserves a place in the
+British Museum or some old curiosity shop, as the "sober" creation of a
+person who takes remarkable care to assure his readers that he is
+perfectly "unbiassed." Within half a dozen lines of the last quoted
+passage Mr. Harvey audaciously protests:--"I repeat I have no bias one
+way or the other...." He then proceeds to state:--
+
+    "I have found in official dealings with them" (the Ti-ping
+    chiefs) "_a rough and blunt sort of honesty quite unexpected and
+    surprising_, after years of public intercourse with the Imperial
+    mandarins."
+
+Now, in the very next paragraph he speaks of them as--
+
+    "The naturally suspicious Taepings, who, amongst other
+    peculiarities, _possess a power of concealment and general
+    secresy quite wonderful_ to meet in China."
+
+Mr. Harvey attempts to prove the plundering propensities of the Ti-ping
+soldiery by the following invention:--
+
+    "On questioning decently-dressed Taeping soldiers as to how they
+    liked their profession, the reply has ever been the following:--
+
+    "'Why should I not like it? I help myself to everything I choose
+    to lay hands upon; and if interfered with, I just cut the man's
+    head off who so interferes.'"
+
+By the side of this we will just place Mr. Hewlett's report to Consul
+Harvey of his embassy to the Ti-pings at Yu-yaou, upon their advance to
+Ningpo:--
+
+    "We saw but few dead bodies about, and of those some were their
+    own men _who had been caught plundering and burning_."
+
+Endeavouring to vilify the social _regime_ of the Christian patriots,
+Mr. Harvey trusts to his inventive genius again, and writes:--
+
+    "Your Excellency is doubtless aware that marriage is strictly
+    forbidden amongst the Taepings, and forms, with opium-smoking, a
+    capital offence."
+
+Now, Mr. Harvey makes this false assertion in face of the "Proclamation
+by Tien-wang, establishing a scale according to which the number of
+wives are to be regulated in all ranks," as published in 1862, at page
+45, Blue Book upon "The Rebellion in China," and which commences--
+
+    "Formerly I made a decree as to the canon of marriages...."
+
+This unbiassed official winds up his sober and dispassionate effusion
+with a few equally temperate conclusions. For example--
+
+    "I now, therefore, take the liberty of declaring, once for all
+    (_and for ten years I have firmly adhered to, and been
+    consistent in, this opinion_), that the Taeping rebellion is the
+    greatest delusion as a political or popular movement, and the
+    Taeping doctrines the most gigantic and blasphemous imposition
+    as a creed, or ethics, that the world ever witnessed.... There
+    is nothing in past records so dark or so bad; such abominations
+    committed under the name of religion; such mock-heroic
+    buffoonery; such horrors accompanied by pantaloonery; and so
+    much flimsy web worked in the midst of blood and high tragical
+    events."
+
+If the "ten years" of obstinate adhesion to an opinion formed before
+anything was known of the Ti-pings, is Mr. Harvey's idea of "sober
+sense" and "no bias" (and he declares it is), we can easily believe that
+the "dispassionate" ruminations of so long a period destroyed what
+little reason and religion he may at one time have possessed. His
+partizanship even lays him open to the charge with which he has so
+falsely accused the Ti-pings when stating that their doctrines were "the
+most gigantic and blasphemous imposition," &c.; inasmuch as the Ti-ping
+doctrines are taken from our Bible, are in all essential particulars
+precisely similar to our own, and alone constitute their "creed, or
+ethics."
+
+Mr. Harvey terms himself "a sensible and reasoning Englishman," and
+proceeds to declare the revolution--
+
+    "A sanguinary raid, and an extended brigandage over the country,
+    burning, destroying, _and killing_ EVERYTHING _that has life in
+    it_."
+
+In a surprising manner, after a few sentences, he brings the dead to
+life:--
+
+    "They come, and the helpless inhabitants crouch down and submit.
+    They (the Taepings) go, and the people breathe again and
+    rejoice."
+
+"Tel maitre, tel valet," it is said, and Mr. Harvey seems to have
+likened into Mr. Bruce amazingly. Mr. Bruce has stated, "every locality
+is totally destroyed by the Ti-pings." Mr. Harvey chimes in with the
+above, "killing everything," and "not a vestige" diatribes. Mr. Bruce,
+in a despatch dated "Pekin, April 10, 1862," inclosing Mr. Harvey's
+precious production to Earl Russell, states with regard to the
+Ti-pings:--
+
+    "NO commerce can co-exist with their presence, and NO specific
+    relations are possible with a horde of pirates and brigands, who
+    are allowed to commit every excess, while professing a nominal
+    allegiance to an ignorant and ferocious fanatic."
+
+Again, in a despatch dated "Pekin, April 18, 1862," Mr. Bruce states
+that their presence in any district is "accompanied by the _utter_
+destruction of the materials of trade."
+
+Singularly enough, General Staveley, although chief leader of the
+massacres of Ti-pings, in a despatch to the Secretary of State for War,
+dated "Shanghae, July 3, 1862," entirely and absolutely contradicts the
+imaginary devastations of Mr. Bruce and his Consul by the following
+statement:--
+
+    "Europeans continue to visit the rebel country _for purposes of
+    trade_, and are treated with civility; _large quantities of
+    silk_ have been brought into Shanghae during the last fortnight,
+    _and trade seems in a thriving state_."[10]
+
+
+Mr. Harvey concludes his judgment passed in "sober sense and
+dispassionately" by the following words:--
+
+    "Your Excellency may rest assured that we shall only arrive at a
+    correct appreciation of this movement, and do it thorough
+    justice, when it is treated by us as land piracy on an extensive
+    scale--piracy odious in the eyes of _all_ men--and, as such, to
+    be swept off the face of the earth by _every means_ within the
+    power of the Christian and civilized nations trading with this
+    vast empire."
+
+Such are the avowed sentiments of the man who protests that he has "no
+bias" or prejudice.
+
+Although the occupation of Ningpo by the Ti-pings actually increased the
+export trade, and although even Mr. Consul Harvey admitted that it was
+captured and held with "wonderful moderation;" still, when hostilities
+had become established by Admiral Hope and General Staveley, it was
+impossible either their designs could succeed while Ningpo was in
+Ti-ping possession, or the anomalous policy of holding Shanghae, and not
+Ningpo, be continued. Consequently, both to stop the supplies and
+munitions the Ti-pings obtained at the port, and to follow out the
+hostile policy settled upon, the British authorities determined upon
+driving them out of Ningpo on the first opportunity. As the scrupulous
+good conduct and friendliness of the revolutionists afforded no cause of
+hostility, it became necessary to invent one. How this was effected the
+following account will show.
+
+One day (the 22nd April, 1862), while giving a salute upon the return of
+the General Fang from Nankin, several shots appear to have been fired by
+some Ti-pings in the direction of the foreign settlement. It was
+thereupon _reported_ that these shots had killed a Chinaman or two in
+that location. This, however, seems very doubtful. At all events, the
+affair was immediately taken up by Captain Cragie, of H.M.S. _Ringdove_,
+who wrote to the Chiefs upon the subject, and received a completely
+satisfactory answer, stating--
+
+    "I beg to assure you that, as soon as I have discovered the
+    offenders, I will punish them very severely. I hope, then, that
+    you will think no more about the matter."[11]
+
+Upon the 26th of April Captain R. Dew, with H.M.S. _Encounter_, arrived
+at Ningpo from Shanghae, having been ordered there by Admiral Hope.
+Judging by the conduct of the Admiral at that time, and by the whole
+circumstances of the war upon the Ti-pings, it becomes morally certain
+that Captain Dew was dispatched with the reinforcement to Ningpo on
+purpose to drive them out. The day after his arrival (27th April, dates
+are important), Captain Dew wrote as follows to the Ti-ping generals in
+command of the city:--
+
+
+    "_Encounter_, Ningpo, April 27, 1862.
+
+    "Sir,--We have received from Commander Cragie your communication
+    regarding the _accidental_ discharge of bullets whilst firing a
+    salute ... as well as the communication from General Hwang. Both
+    these are _so satisfactory_, and tend so much to impress on us
+    your wish to maintain friendly relations with the English and
+    French, that we beg to inform you _that we shall not insist on
+    the demolition of the battery at the point_,[12] but we still do
+    that you remove the guns....
+
+    "We again inform you that it is the earnest wish of our Chiefs
+    to remain neutral[13] and on good terms with you at Ningpo. Till
+    the late acts, they had every reason to be satisfied with your
+    conduct, and you may rest assured that no breach of friendly
+    relations shall emanate from our side....
+
+    "(Signed) R. DEW."
+
+As Colonel Sykes, M.P., has very justly observed in his work, "The
+Ti-ping Rebellion in China," incredible as it may appear, the very day
+after the above letter was sent, which condoned all previous offences,
+and which expressed the most earnest wish to remain on friendly terms,
+Captain Dew, in oblivion of his promises, addressed the following letter
+to the Generals:--
+
+
+    "_Encounter_, Ningpo, April 28, 1862.
+
+    "Sir,--" (After mentioning the firing of musket balls during the
+    salute, he continues) "I have been sent here _with a
+    considerable force to demand apology_.... Having consulted with
+    the officers here in command, I have come to the conclusion that
+    the foreign settlement is now being seriously menaced by a large
+    battery in course of construction at a point outside the city
+    wall ... _so I have to request that you will cause it to be
+    immediately pulled down_, and that all guns now mounted on the
+    walls opposite our settlement, be removed as well. I am
+    requested by my Admiral to inform you that it would grieve him
+    much[14] to be obliged, by the hostile acts of your people, to
+    come into collision with them. He will be very sorry to resort
+    to force (?), as he has not the intention or wish to interfere
+    with the Imperialists and yourself at Ningpo, and if the former
+    should attack the city, _we should be entirely neutral, and will
+    not even allow the foreign settlement to harbour the
+    Imperialists_." (After threatening to destroy the battery and
+    capture Ningpo if the guns and fortifications were not removed
+    in "twenty-four hours," Captain Dew concludes with the following
+    passage:)
+
+    "When these, my _reasonable_ (?) demands, have been carried into
+    effect, I beg you will report them...."
+
+    "I have, &c.,
+    "(Signed) R. DEW."
+
+It is to be remembered that Captain Dew had received and accepted the
+"apology" on the 27th, and had replied by stating, "we shall _not_
+insist on the demolition of the battery." The renewal of the demands
+which had been formally abandoned on the previous day convinced the
+Ti-ping generals that Captain Dew was determined to quarrel with them.
+That officer knew perfectly well, as Colonel Sykes has forcibly
+expressed it, "that no human being with an ounce of militant blood in
+his veins would comply with such insulting demands."
+
+The Ti-ping generals, ever forbearing, and always truly earnest in their
+efforts to obtain the goodwill and friendship of the "foreign brethren,"
+made the following admirable reply to Captain Dew's grossly offensive
+despatch, and its readers will find every word truth and sound
+reason:--
+
+    (Precis.)
+
+    "Hwang, General, &c., Pang, General, &c., in official
+    communication with Captain R. Dew, R.N., H.M.S. _Encounter_:--In
+    reply to your letter requesting the removal of the battery and
+    guns, we would remark that ever since the capture of Ningpo,
+    both parties have been on most friendly and intimate terms. No
+    suspicions or dislikes; _we have done everything in our power to
+    protect your trade, and kept good faith in every respect_; have
+    always inquired into complaints made to us of our soldiers, and
+    even beheaded some men who broke into a foreign hong; _have
+    wished to keep a lasting peace with you, and have done all in
+    our power to that end_.
+
+    "The discharge of bullets in firing the salute the other day was
+    _quite accidental_;--have already taken steps towards punishing
+    offenders. With regard to the erection of a fort at the point,
+    _it is a precautionary measure that a proper regard for the
+    lives of our soldiers renders indispensable, and has nothing
+    whatever to do with foreigners_, as has been already stated to
+    Captain Montgomerie. It is now completed, and we cannot assent
+    to its removal; so also we cannot agree to the removal of the
+    guns from the walls. We have continually esteemed good faith and
+    right....
+
+    "With good faith and right feeling as the alpha and omega of
+    one's conduct, each party can afford to put up with one or two
+    trifling matters. With regard to that part of your letter having
+    reference to a probable outbreak of hostilities (we would inform
+    you) that we are not in the least concerned thereat [_lit._, we
+    are not apprehensive, nor do we take offence thereat]; _we could
+    not bear to break the oaths of friendship we have sworn_. We
+    cannot remove the fort or the guns; should you proceed
+    yourselves to move the same, then it is evident that you have
+    the intention of quarrelling with us. You can, if you please,
+    lead on your soldiers against this city; you can, if you please,
+    attack us; _we shall stand quietly on the defensive_ [_lit._, we
+    shall await the battle with hand in the cuff, _i.e._, we shall
+    not strike the first blow].... You still wish to be on friendly
+    terms with us; let, then, these dislikes and suspicions be
+    committed to the deep.... In any large army good or bad are to
+    be found; do not, therefore, let a small matter like this
+    occasion a breach of such a grand principle as amity. Good
+    fellowship would request you to give our argument your very best
+    consideration."
+
+The remainder of the despatch is irrelevant to the subject of the
+correspondence. It was received 29th April, 1862. If the Ti-pings had
+acted rather as angels than men, their rights would not have been
+respected. Captain Dew, neither satisfied by their arguments nor
+conciliated by their tone, addressed to them the following cartel:--
+
+    "_Encounter_, Ningpo, May 2, 1862.
+
+    "SIR,--We have the honour to inform you that your letter of the
+    29th ult., in reply to my demands for the insults offered to the
+    French and English flags, and in which you refuse to comply with
+    those very moderate demands,[15] have been forwarded to our
+    admirals. In the mean time, pending the decision of our chiefs,
+    I have moored the foreign ships two miles down the river, and
+    cut off communication with the city, and am, moreover, ordered
+    by our chiefs, in the event of the following demands not being
+    complied with, to prepare to blockade Ching-hae, and prevent all
+    foreign ships entering the river:--1. _An ample apology._ 2.
+    Removal of all guns from battery and walls opposite our ships.
+    3. That an officer shall be specially appointed, and that proper
+    measures, by means of guards, shall be taken to prevent anybody
+    whatever coming on the wall opposite the ships or into the
+    battery.--I have, &c.,
+
+    "(Signed)      R. DEW."
+
+This repeated attempt of Captain Dew to make the Ti-pings disarm
+themselves, and his attempt to ignore the apology he had already
+accepted in his letter to the chief dated 27th April, must afford
+convincing proof that a premeditated and organized arrangement to
+quarrel with the Ti-pings existed. The generals in command at Ningpo
+gave the following reply to Captain Dew. They declared the battery and
+guns necessary to defend the city against an attack by a fleet from the
+coast, which in fact appeared, commanded by the notorious pirate Apak,
+on the 7th May. They promised to remove all ammunition from the guns and
+to prevent armed men going on the ramparts, but, as Colonel Sykes says
+in his review of the affair, "Had the generals chucked the guns into the
+river there would have been some new demand." In their reply the
+generals state:--
+
+    "In reply to letter of 2nd inst., submitting three demands, we
+    beg to inform you that we have carefully examined its contents,
+    and that we will agree to those demands as far as we are able.
+    In reference to the first, our previous letter _has afforded
+    full explanations on that head_, how that it was the result of
+    an accidental discharge of bullets during the salute.... In
+    reference to the second point, demanding removal of guns, &c.,
+    _our former despatch has already explained that those guns are
+    meant as a precaution against an attack from Ting-hae_, that the
+    multitude of lives in the city that have to be taken care of
+    urgently demands.... We shall on no account fire the guns,
+    unless the imps attack us. Under the circumstances stated by
+    you, we agree to stop up the port-holes of all the guns bearing
+    on Keang-pih-gan, and to remove all the shot and powder from
+    thence, _so as to manifest to you our desire for lasting amity_.
+    Infer from the third point in your letter that you are afraid
+    that, if people are allowed on the wall, there will be some
+    lawless persons who will fire the guns by mistake. Far from
+    allowing anybody whatever to come on the walls, there are most
+    strict orders against allowing any one to go on the walls, not
+    only on those opposite to Keang-pih, but also all round the
+    city.... _We are inordinately desirous of remaining on good
+    terms with you_, and this is our reason for this distinct
+    statement." (Dated 3rd May, 1862.)
+
+Affairs remained in this position till the 7th of May, when Captain Dew
+wrote to Admiral Hope, stating that on the evening of the 5th, Consul
+Harvey received a communication from the late Manchoo Governor of
+Ningpo, to the effect that he was about to attack the city with a strong
+force, and requesting support from the English and French admirals. The
+same evening Captain Dew proceeded down the river, found the Imperialist
+fleet (consisting of the pirate Apak's vessels), and visited the
+Governor; again, on the following morning, Captain Dew visited that
+functionary, and the latter, accompanied by his pirate-admiral Apak,
+returned the visit. While closeted with Captain Dew, they made their
+arrangements for the forthcoming attack on Ningpo, and the former wrote
+to his senior officer:--
+
+    "So I told them that in consequence of the rebels refusing
+    certain demands we had made, I should have no objection to their
+    passing up, _but that they were not to open fire till well clear
+    of our men-of-war_."
+
+Now Captain Dew may flatter himself that this statement has hoodwinked
+the people of England, but unfortunately for his reputation, people
+judge a man by his actions. Instead of these piratical vessels keeping
+"well clear" of his ships, they proceeded to execute their part of the
+programme of attack by keeping _well foul_ of his men-of-war, according
+to previous arrangement.
+
+On May 9th, Consul Harvey reported to Mr. Bruce the movements of the
+Imperialist, or rather pirate fleet, under the notorious Apak, as
+follows:--
+
+    "Their fleet of junks is at the present moment _lying in front
+    of our settlement_, making preparations for an assault on
+    Ningpo."
+
+He then adds:--
+
+    "The Taoutae[16] Chang, with Commander-in-Chief Chin, came to
+    see me this morning (9th) at the Consulate, _in a private
+    manner_, and he informed Captain Dew and myself, that if no
+    unforeseen event happened, the Imperialist attack on Ningpo
+    would take place to-morrow morning _at daylight_."
+
+Now Captain Dew (as the representative of Great Britain) having made the
+following formal declaration in his despatch to the Ti-ping chiefs,
+dated April 28th,
+
+    "That he has not the intention or wish to interfere with the
+    Imperialists and yourself at Ningpo; and if the former should
+    attack the city, _we should be entirely neutral, and will not
+    even allow the foreign settlement to harbour the Imperialists_."
+
+And again, in his despatch dated April 27th:--
+
+    "You may rest assured that no breach of friendly relations shall
+    emanate from our  side"--
+
+He was bound to fulfil his pledges of neutrality. He was perfectly well
+aware that the city could not possibly reply to the fire of the Imperial
+fleet without endangering the men-of-war and foreign settlement. It was
+therefore his duty, as he himself expressed, "not to allow the foreign
+settlement to harbour the Imperialists," or, to have withdrawn the ships
+of war from the line of fire, as Admiral Hope had no "wish to
+interfere."
+
+Yet we find Consul Harvey stating that the pirate lorchas are "lying in
+front of our settlement, making preparations for an assault on Ningpo,"
+and Captain Dew not only authorized this proceeding but declared it a
+_casus belli_ should the Ti-pings venture to return their fire! There
+are, in fact, ample grounds for the statements in some of the China
+newspapers, and in many private letters, that the whole affair was
+arranged between the ex-Governor, the pirate Apak, Captain Dew, and Mr.
+Consul Harvey: and the idea seems strengthened by the fact that Mr.
+Harvey, in his letter to Mr. Bruce, dated May 9, terms the arrival of
+the piratical fleet "an extraordinary but fortunate coincidence, and
+that it was far too good an opportunity to be lost."
+
+Immediately _after_ his second interview with the ex-Governor and the
+pirate, Captain Dew and the French senior officer sent the following
+crafty and equivocal ultimatum to the Ti-ping chiefs, dated May 8th:--
+
+    "This is to inform you, on the part of the English and French
+    senior naval officers, that had you agreed to their demands, and
+    removed your guns from the walls, they should have felt bound in
+    honour to have acted up to their promise, and have prevented an
+    attack on you on the settlement side by Imperial forces, which
+    in countless numbers and heavily-armed ships advance to attack
+    you. We now inform you _that we maintain a perfect neutrality_,
+    BUT IF YOU FIRE THE GUNS OR MUSKETS FROM THE BATTERY OR WALLS
+    OPPOSITE THE SETTLEMENT ON THE ADVANCING IMPERIALISTS (thereby
+    endangering the lives of our men and people in the foreign
+    settlement), WE SHALL THEN FEEL IT OUR DUTY TO RETURN THE FIRE
+    AND BOMBARD THE CITY."
+
+This was equivalent to saying, "If you defend yourselves against the
+Imperialists we shall kill you;" for in firing upon the pirate vessels
+as they advanced from the foreign settlement and amongst the British
+men-of-war, these latter must inevitably have been endangered.
+
+The following extracts from official despatches and other memoranda will
+show how the British squadron joined the fleet of pirates in driving the
+Ti-pings out of Ningpo.
+
+On the 10th of May, Captain Dew wrote to Admiral Hope:--
+
+    "<sc>Sir</sc>,--I found it necessary to capture the city of Ningpo, and
+    drive the rebels out, under the following circumstances:--
+
+    "You are aware, Sir, that the rebel chiefs had been informed
+    that if they again fired, either on our ships or in the
+    _direction_ of the settlement, we should deem it a _casus
+    belli_. This morning at 10 a.m., the _Kestrel_, and French
+    vessels _Etoile_ and _Confucius_ were fired on by the Point
+    battery. I cleared for action in this ship, when a volley of
+    musketry was fired on us from the bastion abreast. The
+    undermentioned vessels, viz., _Encounter_, _Ringdove_,
+    _Kestrel_, and _Hardy_, with the _Etoile_ and _Confucius_,
+    French gunboats, now opened fire, with shell, on the walls and
+    batteries, which was replied to with much spirit from guns and
+    small arms."
+
+The despatch continues to this effect:--At noon the Ti-ping guns were
+silenced and practicable breaches effected. At two o'clock the city was
+stormed, and at five o'clock, all opposition having ceased, the
+ex-governor and his troops landed from their junks. Captain Dew gave
+them charge of the city, and re-embarked his men. We must now find out
+what had become of the ex-governor, his troops, and Apak's fleet during
+this time. Captain Dew carefully avoids stating whether they had made
+the attack _at daylight_, according to arrangement, or left him to play
+the bravo alone, for he does not mention _one word_ about his allies,
+until he hands over the city to them. Consul Harvey, however, in a
+despatch to Mr. Bruce, dated May the 16th, throws some light upon the
+subject; he states:--
+
+    "Shot and shell were poured into this large city with very
+    little intermission for a period of five hours _by the combined
+    fleet_, at the end of which time the walls were scaled, and the
+    Taeping forces were at once completely routed and dispersed."
+
+The only fleet was _eighty_ lorchas of the pirate Apak, the English and
+French aiding by six vessels only, a fact suppressed by Captain Dew.
+
+The final expulsion of the Ti-pings from Ningpo was thus effected:--
+
+Early on the morning of the 10th, the piratical fleet commenced the
+attack upon Ningpo, advancing from the foreign settlement and then
+manoeuvring round and round the British and French gunboats, firing at
+the Ti-pings when _between_ their line of fire and the foreign vessels.
+Captain Dew never attempted to enforce his pretended order for them to
+keep "well clear" of his vessels. For some time the Ti-pings bore this
+attack silently and without reply, doubtless trusting that Captain Dew
+would either move his vessels or make the pirates give them a clear
+berth. This, however, was not done, the intention being to compel the
+Ti-pings to open fire on the attacking fleet, when, as the latter were
+placed directly between the British and French men-of-war and the guns
+of the town, any shot must necessarily pass in the "direction" of those
+vessels, and thereby constitute the false _casus belli_ required, and
+eagerly watched for by Captain Dew with his vessels quite prepared and
+his guns loaded and ready.
+
+At last human nature could bear no more, and the Ti-pings opened a
+musketry fire upon the pirate lorchas, yet still with extraordinary
+forbearance, and such a desire to avoid endangering the foreign ships or
+settlement, that they did not make use of their artillery. It is
+perfectly certain that the Manchoo piratical fleet dared not have
+ventured to make their attack unless fully assured of foreign
+co-operation. That such assistance _was_ guaranteed and arranged has
+scarcely ever been doubted.
+
+Many of the Ti-ping soldiers had been killed by the fire of the pirate
+fleet before they replied with musketry. The very instant they did so,
+the British and French vessels came to the aid of their allies, and
+commenced bombarding the town. It is said that a couple of bullets from
+the volley fired upon a lorcha, which having just delivered her
+broadside was tacking under the stern of the _Kestrel_, struck the
+quarter of the latter vessel. This may have accidentally occurred; but
+it is, however, perfectly certain that the Ti-pings did not fire upon
+the foreign men-of-war, as stated by Captain Dew.
+
+The Ti-pings fought their battery against the overwhelming fire from the
+heavy pivot guns of the smaller vessels and the broadsides from the
+_Encounter_ until every gun was dismounted and the work knocked to
+pieces. When the British and French storming parties carried the walls
+of Ningpo, the defenders offered a determined resistance; but shell and
+Enfield rifles at last overcame it; though not until both the generals
+Hwang and Fang were severely wounded did they evacuate the city, leaving
+about 100 dead within and around the walls. The British loss was only 3
+killed and 23 wounded.
+
+Even Consul Harvey termed the conduct of the Ti-pings when they captured
+Ningpo "wonderfully moderate." What will the British public think of the
+following account of the behaviour of Captain Dew's allies when
+re-established in the city? Contrasting the events which followed the
+Ti-ping seizure of the city with those which occurred on its subsequent
+capture by the British and French, can any question arise as to which
+was the most civilized and merciful? The correspondent of the _China
+Mail_, under date the 22nd May, 1862, states:--
+
+    "The rebels retreated through the west gate--the pirates then
+    entered the city and began the work of destruction, and in a few
+    hours did more damage than the rebels did in the whole of the
+    five months that they had possession.... On _Sunday_ the
+    reinstated Taoutae was busy chopping off the heads of the
+    unlucky rebels that he caught, and otherwise torturing them. I
+    saw some fearful sights; such as a boy with his entrails cut
+    right out, from a great gash across the stomach, carried round
+    the back--a man with all the flesh torn off his ribs, leaving
+    them quite bare--a man whose heart had been torn out and his
+    head cut off; together with others equally revolting.... On
+    Monday the same scenes were enacting.... One of the principal
+    murderers and torturers of the poor fellows found in the city
+    was one A-fook, the _British Consul's_ boy or personal
+    attendant, who was dressed up in silks, and who, stuck upon a
+    pony, paraded the city with attendants, ordering them to execute
+    unfortunates, and issuing orders (which were actually obeyed) to
+    the English soldiers."
+
+Now it can safely be declared that the Ti-pings have _never_ committed
+similar atrocities to the above. They have, it is true, often killed
+large numbers at the capture of obstinately defended towns, but their
+prisoners were never tortured to death as their comrades, captured by
+British troops and then delivered up to the cruel Tartar mandarins, have
+been under the shadow of the Union Jack.
+
+The _China Overland Trade Report_ of October 14, 1862, states:--
+
+    "So much mystery and double-dealing has been practised by the
+    allies to wrest this port from the Taipings, and so little
+    regard for veracity pervades the official despatches regarding
+    their doings, that the truth is most difficult to arrive at, and
+    has certainly never yet been published.... The possession of
+    Ningpo by the Taipings was peculiarly adapted to thwart those
+    schemes for aiding and abetting the Imperial cause, which have
+    so peculiarly characterized the British minister. The Taipings
+    held the province, and it is evident that the possession of a
+    seaport would have enabled them not only to have deprived
+    Shanghae of the greater proportion of the customs duties,[17]
+    but to have diverted the same into their own exchequer. Now Mr.
+    Lay was acting Chinese ambassador in London, and the absorption
+    of these duties would have entirely frustrated the object of his
+    errand[18] and indeed have destroyed the main stay of the
+    Imperial cause. Besides, the possession of Ningpo would have
+    enabled the Taipings to have obtained all the munitions of war
+    which they stood so much in need of. It would have dispelled the
+    _illusion_ of their being inimical to foreign trade.... Admiral
+    Hope ... from some such cogent reasons as are above named, fell
+    into the British minister's views, and clearly resolved on the
+    recapture of the place by fair means or foul. The mode of
+    accomplishing this design reflects _indelible disgrace_ on
+    British prestige....
+
+    "Admiral Hope detached a portion of his fleet to Ningpo under
+    command of Captain Dew, of H.M.S. _Encounter_, clearly to act in
+    concert with this piratical squadron, with which daily
+    communications were established. The day before the Taoutae
+    arrived at Ningpo, the British ships had taken up their
+    stations, and had cleared for action. Captain Dew had opened a
+    correspondence with the Taiping chiefs, the drift of which was a
+    demand that they should remove a certain battery on some absurd
+    pretext, which they refused to do. The night prior to the
+    attack, a council of war was held on board the _Encounter_, and
+    a private note was seen by several Europeans at Ningpo, written
+    by a certain British official, which stated that the city would
+    be attacked the following morning. The pirate fleet arrived
+    accordingly, and proceeding in driblets _between_ the British
+    men-of-war and the city, opened fire. This could not possibly be
+    returned without directing the guns towards the men-of-war. The
+    result is known and need not be repeated."
+
+The _Hong-kong Daily Press_, in a long article upon the capture of
+Ningpo by the Anglo-Franco-Manchoo-piratical fleet, makes precisely
+similar statements to those quoted from the _Overland Trade Report_, and
+commences with the following paragraph:--
+
+    "There never was a falser, more unprovoked, or more
+    unjustifiable act than the taking of Ningpo by the allies from
+    the Taipings. It should, in fairness, be recorded _to the
+    eternal disgrace of Captain_ RODERIC DEW, _of H.M.S.
+    Encounter_."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] Lord Palmerston's Government had one great quality--it manfully
+supported its subordinate officials whether right or wrong; it is at
+least doubtful whether his successors will have courage to pursue the
+same policy.
+
+[5]
+    The forces consisted of:--
+    French, under Rear-Admiral Protet:--
+        Small-arm men and Marines; field-piece party and
+            4 guns                                               410
+    English, under Brigadier General Staveley:--
+        Royal Artillery, 6 guns                            78
+        5th Bombay N. I.                                  440
+        H.M. 99th Regiment                                 56
+        22nd Punjaub N. I.                                519
+      Under Captain Borlase, R.N.:--
+        Field-piece party, 3 guns                          45
+        H.M.S. _Pearl_ small-arm company                   60
+        Axe party                                          16
+      Under Captain Willes, R.N.:--
+        H.M.S. _Imperieuse_ small-arm company             189
+        Marines of Squadron                                94
+                                                          -----1,497
+    Disciplined Chinese of General Ward's legion                 300
+                                                               -----
+                        Total                                  2,207
+
+[6]
+    The force consisted of:--
+    British Naval Division, with 3 howitzers                     350
+    Royal Artillery, with 4 howitzers                             90
+    H.M. 99th Regiment                                            80
+    22nd Punjaub N. I.                                           400
+    5th Bombay N. I.                                             400
+    French Contingent, with 5 rifled guns and 2 field-pieces     700
+    Disciplined Chinese of Ward's legion                         400
+                                                               -----
+                        Total                                  2,420
+
+[7]
+    The allied force consisted of:--
+    British troops, under General Staveley:--
+          Royal Engineers                                         22
+          Royal Artillery, with 7 guns and 6 mortars             100
+          H.M. 31st Regiment                                     552
+          H.M. 99th and 67th Regiments                           280
+          5th Bombay N.I                                         350
+          22nd Punjaub N.I                                       350
+
+    French force, under Admiral Protet:--
+          Algerian Infantry, Chasseurs, Marines, and Seamen, with
+             8 guns                                              900
+
+    British Naval Division, under Captain Borlase, R.N.:--
+          Seamen and Marines, with 9 guns                        330
+    Ward's disciplined Chinese                                 1,000
+                                                               -----
+                        Total                                  3,884
+    Assisted by Imperialist troops under Manchoo General Le    5,000
+
+[8] _See_ Note, p. 509.
+
+[9] Italics are by the Author.
+
+[10] _Vide_ "Further Papers relating to the Rebellion in China," 1863,
+p. 43; Inclosure in No. 27; Brigadier-General Staveley to Sir C. Lewis.
+
+[11] This and all following extracts are taken from the Official
+Correspondence presented to both Houses of Parliament in Blue Book form.
+
+[12] Compare this with the next despatch of Captain Dew's.
+
+[13] These Chiefs were at the time conducting the murderous raids from
+Shanghae, already described.
+
+[14] Did it grieve the philanthropic Admiral "much," I wonder, to
+massacre them in his raids from Shanghae?
+
+[15] We may safely presume that Captain Dew was gibing the chiefs.
+
+[16] Governor of a city.
+
+[17] From these duties the indemnity for the war was being extracted.
+
+[18] The errand was to obtain the notorious Anglo-Chinese flotilla.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+    A Double Wedding.--Its Celebration.--The Honeymoon.--Its
+    Interruption.--Warlike Preparations.--Soong-kong
+    Invested.--General Ching's Despatch.--Tsing-poo
+    Recaptured.--Ti-ping Seventy Excused.--England's
+    Responsibility.--Curious Chinese Custom.--The Chung-wang's
+    Policy.--His Explanation.--The Ti-ping Court of Justice.--How
+    Conducted.--Opium Smoking.--Its Effects.--Evidence
+    thereof.--Forbidden by Ti-ping Law.--Opium Trade.
+
+
+Soon after our return to Nankin, the Chung-wang, having left the Shi,
+Mo, Ting, and other Wangs, in charge of the lately captured Shanghae and
+Hang-chow districts, despatched considerable reinforcements to the
+Ying-wang, on the northern side of the Yang-tze river, and to the
+Ti-ping positions along the southern bank. These troops quickly
+dispersed the Imperialist force supposed to be investing Nankin from the
+hills on the opposite side of the river, and recaptured many towns on
+the southern side.
+
+Meanwhile, at the Ti-ping capital, Marie became my wife, while my friend
+L. received the Chung-wang's youngest daughter in marriage. When
+Cum-ho's father ascertained the state of that young lady's affections,
+he sanctioned her union with L., although his better half made no little
+opposition at first, her ambitious mind being directed to the Mo-wang as
+a suitable son-in-law. This, however, she eventually accomplished by
+giving the chief her next eldest daughter as a wife. We were married
+according to the ritual of the Ti-ping church, but with the addition of
+using a ring, in conformity with the usage of our own. The Kan-wang's
+own chaplain, who was an ordained teacher of the London Missionary
+Society at Hong-kong, performed the ceremony.
+
+Since the arrival of the Kan-wang at Nankin, he had altered the Ti-ping
+marriage service so as to closely resemble that of the English church,
+to which he had been used when principal native instructor and catechist
+of the London Mission. Although by the laws of the state polygamy was
+allowed, the improvements introduced by the Prime Minister, in fact we
+may term them regulations, had almost abolished the custom, so that few
+among the people married more than one wife.
+
+Although L. and myself were married on the same day, and nearly at the
+same time, there was a vast difference between the style of the two
+ceremonies. Marie agreed with me in preferring a quiet solemnization,
+with only a few friends present; but L., taking to wife a chief's
+daughter, was obliged to undergo the usual pomp and festivity.
+
+After my own marriage had been concluded, preparations for that of my
+friend were made in the "Heavenly Hall" of the Chung-wang's palace. The
+Hall was decorated with flowers and a profusion of silken flags and
+streamers. Several large tables in a side chamber were loaded with
+bridal presents from friends, who, with all the household, were
+assembled to witness the ceremony. The Chung, Kan, Foo, and all the
+other Wangs present, wore their state robes and coronets, while the
+dresses of many of the ladies were still more beautiful and dazzling.
+Besides the Kan-wang's chaplain, the principal ecclesiastic in Nankin
+officiated, dressed in a splendid black silk garment broidered with gold
+and silver crosses, both of whom, attended by several priests, took up
+their position before the altar, which was decorated with large garlands
+of flowers.
+
+At last, when everything was ready, the bride, completely enveloped in a
+long white veil, was escorted to the Hall by nine young girls dressed
+in scarlet, and with red flowers in their hair. At the same time L., in
+the full costume of a Ti-ping chief of the "Woo" rank (to which he had
+been raised by the Chung-wang's wish), came to the right side of the
+altar attended by nine young chiefs. After the bridegroom and bride were
+united, the ceremony was concluded by a short service, nearly
+approaching to that of the Sabbath, and then, entering two magnificent
+sedans, they were conveyed to their new home (a house given them by the
+Chung-wang) by a vast and gorgeous cavalcade. The newly-married couple
+now entertained a number of guests to a festive meal in the principal
+hall of their house. Meanwhile, with my wife, I removed from the
+Chung-wang's palace and took up my abode with L., the house being
+divided between us.
+
+During several months, as it is, I presume, with nearly all
+newly-married people, we paid but little attention to the outside world,
+and, with the exception of the periodical arrival and departure of our
+friends D. and Captain P. with the vessels, and the addition of three
+Frenchmen, who had served in the French artillery at Shanghae, to our
+corps of the Chung-wang's army, but little occurred to divert us from
+our honeymoon. In the mean time the Commander-in-Chief was occupied
+making his plans for further operations against the Manchoo, with the
+intention of recapturing the towns and territory that had lately fallen
+into their possession, and making a movement against their capital,
+Pekin. Before, however, these tactics could be put into execution, news
+came from the Shanghae district of the hostilities commenced by the
+British and French, and of the consequent defeat of the Ti-ping local
+forces, and the capture of their cities and villages. Immediately,
+orders were sent recalling the reinforcements despatched to the
+Ying-wang, and the force operating along the southern bank of the
+Yang-tze, while from the garrisons of Nankin and other cities troops
+were concentrated upon Soo-chow.
+
+With natural reluctance I prepared to accompany the Chung-wang on his
+march to the threatened districts, accompanied by my friend, who felt
+how difficult it was to part with his youthful Ti-ping bride. Our
+feelings were not indeed to be envied when, upon a misty, heavily
+raining, and more than usually disagreeable Chinese morning in May,
+between the chilly hours of three and four, we set out on the march for
+Soo-chow. Even Phillip, although his honeymoon had terminated long
+before ours began, appeared to feel as gloomy as myself and L. upon
+parting with our wives.
+
+As we slowly rode through the high city portal, dimly lighted by the
+glare of lanterns and torches, the rain poured down in continuous
+streams, as though it never intended to cease again. Fortunately we had
+the promise of the rainbow, and I imagine the Chinese must have known it
+also, or the whole force might have become panic-stricken with the dread
+of another deluge. Splash, splash went our horses, and tramp, tramp came
+the soldiery, through the mud, the former drooping and the latter
+dripping. The tenacity, consistency, and otherwise sticky properties of
+Chinese mud, are really wonderful, and in wet weather cause the
+pedestrians' feet, to sound like a huge sucker suddenly torn from some
+sympathetic substance. The rain beating in our faces every now and then
+compelled us to close our eyes and risk their being picked out by the
+iron spikes on the ends of the bamboos carried by the surrounding
+spearmen. Every thing and animal presented a miserable and draggled
+appearance. The few trees in the neighbourhood of the city, dimly seen
+in the hazy grey of morning as we passed under their shadows, looked
+more like huge spectres outlined against the foggy background. The very
+houses presented a weird and desolate aspect as they became faintly
+visible through the heavy rain and dense atmosphere.
+
+A march of five days brought our forces to the city of Soo-chow, when
+preparations were immediately made to move the troops to the defence of
+the Ti-ping territory in the vicinity of Shanghae and Ningpo. The
+Tow-wang, with the principal part of his forces, had been recalled from
+the northern side of the Yang-tze, leaving the Ying-wang in command of
+the different positions still held. This contingent, with those from
+Nankin and Soo-chow, the Chung-wang's immediate command, and other
+detachments, composed an army of some 50,000 men. The Commander-in-Chief,
+a few days after his arrival at Soo-chow, moved forward in three columns
+to the threatened quarter. With my company of partly disciplined men and
+a few light pieces of artillery, I accompanied the division attached to
+the Chung-wang himself. Each of the other _corps d'armee_ were
+respectively commanded by the Mo and Tow Wangs.
+
+Marching rapidly upon the places lately captured by the allied
+Anglo-Franco-Manchoo forces, those garrisoned only by Imperialists were
+very quickly retaken. On Kah-ding and other cities held by the
+foreigners with their irresistible artillery, no direct assault was at
+first made. The Chung-wang's tactics were, circulating exaggerated
+rumours that with an immense force he was marching for Shanghae, and by
+continual mock attacks upon Kah-ding, Na-ziang, &c., with men carrying
+numberless flags, to harass the garrisons so as to compel them to
+abandon their positions. These tactics were entirely successful. General
+Staveley, and the other commanders, fearing for the safety of Shanghae
+and the fate of their detachments guarding the lately captured towns,
+evacuated all excepting Soong-kong, which was held in conjunction with
+the filibuster General Ward's disciplined Chinese.
+
+Having recaptured Kah-ding, the Chung-wang established his head-quarters
+at the city of Chang-za, some forty miles north-west of Shanghae, while
+his subordinate generals successively occupied the places evacuated by
+the allies. The brave Ling-ho, with his regiment of Honan guards, made a
+dashing attempt to carry Soong-kong by storm. Just at daylight on the
+morning of May the 30th, this gallant chief, with less than 1,500 men,
+made a desperate attack upon the north-east side of the city. So
+suddenly was the attempt made, that when the garrison had manned the
+walls, the scaling-ladders were actually planted against them. These
+ladders consisted simply of two long bamboos secured together at either
+end about two feet apart, the man to ascend being pushed up by men from
+below with another bamboo, while he assisted himself with the uprights.
+Soong-kong would certainly have been captured but for the circumstance
+of its being held by a strong detachment of the seamen and marines of
+Ward's dear and invaluable friend Admiral Hope, who, at the expense of
+the British tax-payers, instead of attending to his ships, chose to
+scour Chinese territory, hunting for Ti-pings wherever they were to be
+found. The first to man the walls of Soon-kong were the men of H.B.M.S.
+_Centaur_, who opened a heavy fire upon the assaulting column at a few
+yards' distance. In spite of this, Ling-ho led his men up their
+scaling-ladders, and was himself the first upon the wall, the second
+being the French commander of his regiment. Their gallantry, however,
+was unavailing, the deadly Enfield rifles and the showers of grape and
+canister crashing among the Ti-pings within half pistol-range proved
+irresistible. Ling-ho fell mortally wounded while striving with his
+usual surpassing courage to animate his men to follow him, and his brave
+French officer was killed by his side. This settled the action, and
+sorrowfully carrying off their wounded leader, the Ti-pings retired from
+the attack.
+
+During the next few days a part of the Chung-wang's division having
+arrived before the place, Soong-kong was closely invested. On the 2nd of
+June a large Imperialist force was driven out of some strong stockades
+they had erected close to the city, while one of the _Centaur's_ gigs
+and a dozen Chinese gunboats loaded with arms and ammunition were
+captured in a neighbouring creek. Seeing this, the whole British force,
+accompanied by a body of Ward's Chinese, made a powerful sortie, and
+succeeded in recapturing the gig and two or three of the gunboats, the
+rest being carried off by the Ti-pings. During the 3rd, 4th, and 5th of
+June, each day an attempt was made to storm the city, and outside the
+west gate a battery was erected, from which the besiegers opened fire in
+the morning, but upon every occasion it was effectually silenced by the
+superior fire of the British guns on the walls.
+
+The gig's crew and some other Europeans captured in the gunboats were
+not harmed by the Ti-pings, although, had the latter simply followed the
+law of retaliation, they would have met with the fate of the
+unfortunates who were delivered over to the Manchoo execution-grounds,
+after having fallen into the hands of British soldiers during the late
+freebooting raids of Admirals Hope and Protet, and General Staveley.
+
+I cannot do better than give a few extracts from the summons to
+surrender sent into Soong-kong by Ching, the chief in command of the
+besiegers. General Ching, after a preamble setting forth the object of
+the Ti-ping revolution, stated:--
+
+    "Now, having received our king's commands to hold the city of
+    Soo-chow, we had intended to remain there, and give the
+    Heavenly[19] soldiers rest, and not to take your place, not
+    imagining you would league with the foreigners and attack my
+    cities, forcing me to rise up and retake them. _For this
+    causeless misfortune, for this injury to the people, who then is
+    to blame?_ Had you not invaded my territories, I should not have
+    troubled you; _the people would have remained undisturbed._
+    Would not this have been better for both sides?
+
+    "Again, all the officers, both military and civil, all the
+    soldiers, too, and the people, are without exception Chinese;
+    and you eat the bread of the Tsing[20] dynasty, serving a
+    stranger....
+
+    "As for you, O foreign troops, you had best return to your
+    native country, as quickly as may be; _for, being a distinct
+    race_, AND SEEKING TRADE ONLY, _why should you contend with me,
+    or why should I be compelled to overcome you?_... If you are
+    resolved and will fight with me, I fear, indeed, your trade will
+    suffer."
+
+Upon the l0th of June the Mo-wang succeeded in recapturing Tsing-poo,
+the garrison of Ward's Chinese, a British force 600 strong, with six
+guns, evacuating the city _after almost completely destroying it by
+fire_! The filibuster officer (Colonel Forrester) in command of Ward's
+force having, in his hurry, forgotten to carry off some of his loot
+(gathered during the late successful campaign against the Ti-ping
+cities), ran back for it, and was captured by the Mo-wang's men just as
+he was rushing away loaded with sycee and dollars. This man, whom the
+Europeans captured at Soong-kong, as also eleven British seamen taken
+prisoners at the evacuation of Kah-ding by the allies, were all
+liberated by the Ti-pings. In vain I represented to the Chung-wang the
+policy of retaining them as hostages for any of his own chiefs who might
+fall into the hands of the enemy, and most probably be delivered over to
+the reeking execution-shambles at Shanghae and elsewhere. He would not
+retain them, but had them released, so as to exhibit his unalterable
+friendship for Europeans.
+
+I would not willingly screen a single fault upon the part of my Ti-ping
+friends; but, after viewing all events calmly, when many thousand miles
+away from aught that could bias or warp the judgment, I must confess
+that I can scarcely find the slightest grounds for censure upon any
+point.
+
+I had certainly intended to blame the Tow and Mo-wangs for the severity
+of their measures towards the people of those villages, which, upon the
+successful raids of the allied forces, had proved renegade, and had
+given in their allegiance to the Manchoo. But, consideration of the
+primary cause of the destruction of many Ti-ping cities and villages,
+and the subsequent devastation of some that had been left whole by the
+allies, conclusively fixes the guilty responsibility upon the latter, by
+reason of their wanton attack upon the Ti-ping territory. After the
+recapture of some places, people who had been well known as subjects of
+the Tien-wang were found with the shaved head (the badge of the Manchoo)
+and other strong and irrefragable proof of their traitorous conduct;
+many of these were decapitated, and their property confiscated. In like
+manner, some of the villages that had, with Chinese apathy, at once gone
+over to the Imperialists, were burned down, and the people compelled to
+labour as coolies. These measures may appear harsh; but, if events had
+occurred otherwise, and the Imperialists had occupied the position of
+the Ti-pings, fresh evidence would be given that there were prototypes
+of the notorious Yeh in every Manchoo official!
+
+The Shanghae district had been captured by the revolutionists; after
+that event, the people were gradually settling down to the new state of
+affairs, while those who had naturally fled from the shock of war were
+fast returning to their homes and giving in allegiance to the dominant
+power. In fact, so well were the lately disturbed departments recovering
+from the effect of the civil war, that in a short time they would
+certainly have attained the high state of prosperity enjoyed by the silk
+districts, then thoroughly settled under Ti-ping rule. The question as
+to the relative right of each belligerent has nothing to do with the
+present argument. Each party to the civil war had their own causes and
+reasons, and these certainly concerned no one but themselves. The simple
+question is this:--After the Ti-pings had proved their power to
+successfully dispute the Manchoo authority, and had wrested large tracts
+of land from their foreign yoke, who became responsible for again
+carrying the horrors of war, with its attendant misery and desolation,
+into a country which would otherwise have remained happy in its freedom,
+peaceful and nominally Christian? Who other than England?
+
+Upon the suppositional "mights" elsewhere described, Admiral Hope and
+his colleagues captured the cities and villages within a radius of
+thirty miles from Shanghae, burning and destroying (as proved in this
+work by the words of the Admiral himself) everywhere. These places were
+then captured a second time by the Ti-pings, and subsequently recaptured
+by the allies. Now, for the cruelties and devastations inflicted four
+times over by the sword of Asiatic warfare, in the words of the Ti-ping
+general long since in the presence of his God, I ask, "For this
+causeless misfortune, for this injury to the people, who then is to
+blame?"
+
+Plain it is to all who will judge fairly and honourably, that England is
+heavily responsible for the effects of the unprovoked hostilities
+carried by her soldiers and sailors into the Ti-ping dominions. Besides
+the more direct evil consequences of that most evil policy, there were
+others not so well known though closely connected with it. In the first
+place, few people are aware, or trouble themselves to reflect, that the
+wholesale destruction of grain and rice by the allies (as per Admiral
+Hope's despatches) led to the starvation of many thousands of the
+unfortunate country people. The Ti-ping system of Government is one of a
+paternal form (so favorite with the Chinese, but so seldom obtained),
+involving a community of interests upon the part of every subject.
+Consequent upon this, all rice crops and other descriptions of grain
+were gathered regularly into the state granaries, and from thence
+supplied to every person and family in the respective departments of the
+"Land divisions of the Ti-ping dynasty." Consequently, when the whole
+stores of food were destroyed in the districts ravaged by Admiral Hope
+and others, the miserable people had literally nothing to eat; so that,
+although the Ti-ping soldiery were killed in hundreds by the
+irresistible foreign artillery, the non-combatants perished by tens of
+thousands from famine.
+
+Then again: the only means of support for the large Ti-ping armies, the
+Government and administrative machinery, were precisely similar to those
+of other nations; that is to say, from direct and indirect taxation.
+Naturally, therefore, when England maintained the treaty ports against
+the Ti-pings, and when Admiral Hope invaded their territory, many
+valuable sources of revenue were cut off. If a nation, or organized body
+of people, possess neither settled territory nor regular revenue, they
+must plunder their neighbours in order to exist, and by this mode of
+reasoning it is evident that England is responsible for all plundering
+or brigandage committed by the Ti-pings when driven from their
+dominions, and defrauded of their just dues by her intervention. At the
+time, however, to which we have now arrived (summer of 1862), the
+revolutionists had not been expelled from the valuable silk, and a great
+proportion of the tea, districts, the revenue upon the productions of
+which exceeded L2,500,000 sterling per annum. Previous to their
+expulsion from these districts, the Ti-pings only acted as marauders
+when literally compelled to do so in order to save their own lives, and
+when any people in the world would have acted in the same manner. When
+driven back by the raids of Admiral Hope and General Staveley, the
+troops and people, rendered destitute, fell upon the nearest places to
+forage and subsist. Otherwise, the only plundering ever indulged in by
+Ti-ping soldiery was upon the _public_ property of the enemy. Private
+property, except in dire cases of necessity, was always respected: most
+especially were the troops careful to avoid injuring the standing crops
+of grain--a course of conduct which forcibly contrasts with the
+destruction of the cultivated fields of the unfortunate New Zealanders
+by English soldiers, and with the outrages committed by the forces of
+the Emperor of the French in Algeria! Most unjustly the Ti-pings have
+been represented as "hordes of banditti," "ruthless marauders," &c.; but
+these statements may invariably be traced to interested quarters. If a
+few examples of sack and pillage have been selected to blacken the
+character of the Ti-pings, are we to forget the names of Magdeburg,
+Badajos, and Ciudad Rodrigo? Are we not to remember the progress of the
+Federal General, Sheridan, through the Shenandoah Valley, as recorded in
+the columns of the _Times_ of the 30th March, 1865? "Burning houses and
+barns, he passed through the valley, and may boast of a destruction such
+as _no_ Asiatic chief ever surpassed!"
+
+When Admiral Hope ascertained that Soong-kong, the only remaining
+Manchoo place outside the walls of Shanghae, was seriously threatened by
+the Ti-ping forces, he sent up strong reinforcements to it, commanded by
+Captain Borlase, R.N. Upon this, the Chung-wang gave orders to abandon
+the siege; and, after placing strong garrisons in all the recaptured
+cities, returned with the rest of his forces to Nankin. During the march
+from Soo-chow to the capital, I became acquainted with a singular custom
+of the Chinese. We had just passed through a village, when we came upon
+a party of country people carrying a coffin to the burial-place. To the
+great surprise of myself and European comrades, instead of interring the
+corpse or building a grave over it, according to the usual Chinese
+customs, two forked wooden stakes were fixed in the ground, and the
+coffin placed upon them at either end. Upon inquiry, we were informed
+that the dead man had been killed by lightning, and that the common
+practice throughout the country was to dispose of the bodies of those
+who perished in such a manner by placing their coffin on stakes which
+would support them above the ground.
+
+Soon after reaching Nankin, the Chung-wang seriously turned his
+attention towards operating against the Manchoo forces further up the
+Yang-tze, whose successes, though unimportant when compared with the
+great Ti-ping victories in Che-kiang and Kiang-su, were yet becoming
+dangerous to the supremacy of the revolutionists in that part of China.
+When the Commander-in-Chief drew off all his troops from the Shanghae
+district, after having retaken all the places previously captured by the
+allies, he did so under the impression that neither England nor France
+would again make war upon the re-established Ti-ping territories. A man
+so noble-hearted, large-minded, and honourable, could not realize the
+determined hostility entertained against his cause, or credit the
+intention of Admiral Hope and General Staveley to resume active warfare
+upon the arrival of reinforcements from Tien-tsin and India; he
+therefore left garrisons amply sufficient to repel any effort of his
+natural enemies, but neglected the precaution of leaving in the district
+even a single _corps d'armee_, which would have frustrated the future
+triumphs of his unexpected foemen. It was certainly necessary that large
+additions should be made to the Ti-ping forces opposing the progress of
+the Imperialists from the upper waters of the Yang-tze towards the city
+of Nankin; still, this could have been thoroughly accomplished, and a
+field force of at least 50,000 men left in the neighbourhood of Shanghae
+at the same time. Had any such disposition been made, the easy success
+of the allies, during their next campaign, would have been exceedingly
+different; the disasters that subsequently befell the Ti-ping cause
+would never have taken place; while the standard of liberty and
+Christianity would now wave erect and triumphant.
+
+During the interval between our return to Nankin and the commencement of
+further military operations, I was frequently closeted with the Chung,
+Kan, and other chiefs, upon the discussion of political matters. On one
+occasion, at an interview with the Commander-in-Chief, my friend D----
+was present, and translated a certain speech, which was subsequently
+published in some of the Shanghae papers. He asked the Chung-wang "why
+he had ventured within the limits of Consular Ports;" and received this
+reply:--
+
+    "Why? Because foreigners have broken faith with us! The English
+    and Americans stipulated with us to remain strictly neutral in
+    regard to our war with the Manchoos. This agreement was kept on
+    their part by assisting, in every way they could, in the
+    collection of the very 'sinews of war' for the Imperialists;
+    allowing their subjects to enter the Manchoo employ, and at the
+    same time sending a man-of-war to force, at the cannon's mouth,
+    the return, and even punishment of the few foreigners who had
+    joined us! Was _this_ neutrality?
+
+    "This was not all: they actually, with their own Government
+    troops, _invaded_ our territory, and violated the most sacred
+    usages of war, by permitting, or not preventing, the Chinese
+    troops from committing the most atrocious barbarities. It has
+    been told us that, among foreigners, the proof of courage is
+    clemency towards the vanquished. But the torture inflicted
+    lately upon some of your helpless prisoners proves to us the
+    quality of your _neutrality_! Neutrality! Every few days we see
+    several Manchoo steam vessels, laden with munitions of war, all
+    to be expended to our destruction, passing under the very walls
+    of our capital, but flying the American flag! They are called by
+    foreigners the _Koong-foo-tze_ (Confucius), _Kee-me-et_
+    (Williamette), _An-te-lok_ (Antelope), etc. But for that flag we
+    would have sunk them hundreds of times. Is _this_ neutrality? Is
+    it not a most shameful perversion of the American nationality?
+    Is it not a vile trading--a base jobbery in the dignity and
+    honour of a noble people, who have never permitted their
+    officers to _openly_ violate our rights? Would not these great
+    foreign sovereigns blush to see the degradation of their flags,
+    perverted to such ends as private aggrandisement and infamous
+    prostitution?
+
+    "Moreover, as lords of our immense territory, we have a perfect
+    right to levy taxes on goods of natives passing through our
+    dominions; but by acts of gigantic fraud,[21] the foreign
+    consuls have given to native craft papers, and their national
+    flag, simply for a fee--thus robbing us of our revenues, in as
+    far as they _could_! Would any _other_ nation have borne these
+    outrages for years, as we have done, without making reprisal?
+    And we have been accused of relentless barbarity; of burning
+    towns, slaughtering the people, &c. Well, granted. It is the
+    hard necessity of war, which we would avoid if we could; but
+    knowing, as we do, the conduct of Napoleon in Europe, of the
+    British in India, &c., and the Americans in their own country,
+    we think such accusations come with a bad grace from
+    foreigners. The Ming dynasty was founded by a revolution such
+    as is now in progress; and we have never heard of a people who
+    expelled tyrants from their country who did not suffer both
+    offensively and defensively.
+
+    "That the foreign Powers are playing a game to suit their own
+    profit in China, is to us perfectly clear. When, some time ago,
+    we addressed their authorities on this subject (at the Consular
+    Ports), our communications were returned _unopened_. This
+    contemptible insult taught us that you foreigners" [the
+    translation of this part cannot be literally given, by reason of
+    the Chung-wang's use of idiomatic and figurative language, but
+    may best be expressed as follows:--] "thought our cause a
+    sinking one, or intended to make it so; and, like rats on
+    shipboard, you would desert--_not us, but your own professions
+    towards us_. Not long after, our capital was called, in a public
+    print, the 'City of Coolie Kings.' This title, which was meant
+    for a sneer, we thought the highest compliment possible: we are
+    indifferent as to what the Duke of Pa-le-chiau[22] thought of
+    the remark, or the Americans, whose capital might be called by
+    the same name with equal justice. It was easy to judge, from
+    these circumstances, and many others, at what value we could
+    esteem the lofty sentiments of honour, justice, and equity,
+    which foreigners professed towards the Chinese people. 1st. They
+    struck a nearly fatal blow to the Manchoo power; then, in
+    pretence of seeking the real good of the nation, they bolster up
+    the tottering _simulacrum_, and actively carry on operations
+    against us. They reform not one abuse of the Tartar Government,
+    and send for Captain Osborne's fleet![23] Will the most noble
+    Empress of England, the mother of her people, permit her brave
+    soldiers, and noble-minded naval officers, to serve under the
+    most cruel and corrupt Government officials in the world, and
+    furnish them with means to come to the Middle Kingdom, to crush
+    out at the cannon's mouth the last vestige of liberty, and
+    freedom of being governed, while professing our religion, as
+    seems to us most conformable to the sacred book (Bible)? We
+    cannot think so, though her officers have refused to receive our
+    communications!
+
+    "Will not one of you here present make it known to the
+    sovereigns of England and America, that by this conduct we can
+    only judge of them, and that it seems that they desire to
+    exterminate us. Of the French we have nothing to hope; _they_
+    have never professed any friendship for us! They (the French
+    Jesuits) materially assisted the Manchoos in getting possession
+    of the throne, for the sake of propagating a religion which
+    English missionaries have taught us to condemn. But, at least,
+    they have never deceived us by false professions!"
+
+Within two months after our return to Nankin, I became utterly
+prostrated by one of the forms of low fever prevalent in China. My
+illness was long in duration and slow in disappearing, even when
+recovery commenced. During many months I was confined to a sickbed, from
+whence, but for the tender and unremitting attentions of my wife, I
+should never have risen again. In the meanwhile my comrades had all left
+the city, having proceeded with another expedition against the Manchoo.
+
+Shih-ta-kae, the I-wang and brother of the Ti-ping king, had been
+recalled to the capital, and in the month of September, 1862, marched
+forth in command of an army destined to operate along the south bank of
+the Yang-tze. The Chung-wang, with a still larger army, crossed the
+river, and commenced a campaign having for its principal objects the
+recapture of Ngan-king and the capture of Pekin.
+
+While these armies are marching along their several routes, we will
+digress for a little and notice two subjects particularly favourable to
+the moral aspect of the Ti-ping revolution, though one of them has
+excited no little hostility to the great movement.
+
+The justice courts of Ti-pingdom form the theme of our first eulogy.
+These are invariably conducted with the strictest and most simple
+equity. The disgusting scenes, the inseparable concomitants of the
+Manchoo magisterial dwelling, or _yamun_,--such as the torture of
+litigants, criminals, and prisoners,--are entirely abolished. Defendant,
+plaintiff, and witness, are fairly confronted; but under the sway of the
+Tartar despotism either the one or the other is tortured if any party
+chooses to bribe the presiding mandarin; or, if none have the sense and
+means to sooth the majesty of justice with lumps of virgin sycee, the
+_whole_ are tortured by that impartial functionary. The infamous system
+of bribery is entirely unknown in a Ti-ping court of justice; _not one_
+form of torture is permitted by law,[24] and prisoners or litigants are
+afforded every facility to defend themselves consistent with justice. In
+no way can a rich and superior adversary obtain any unfair advantage
+over a poor man, none being convicted or punished but upon the clearest
+and most decisive proof of guilt.
+
+Ti-pingdom is one of the last places in the world likely to please a
+lawyer; plaintiff, defendant, and prisoner having to plead their own
+cases, which are then decided upon according to their respective merits
+by the presiding chief and his assistant officers. All trials are
+conducted more by the dictates of right and justice than the trammels of
+law, so that the glaring injustice frequently caused by European legal
+technicalities and quibbles is seldom committed.
+
+The Ti-pings have one very singular custom in connection with their
+"Judgment Halls." Two large drums are always kept hanging just inside
+the porch of the outer gate, and are at the use of any person who may
+consider himself aggrieved, or may wish to present a complaint, when he
+is at liberty to strike upon the drums and demand justice from the
+chief. A Ti-ping court of justice is generally a very imposing affair.
+The gorgeous dress of the chiefs, their numerous attendants and body
+guard, the many beautiful silken banners around the walls, and
+especially the brilliancy of colour, strongly impress the observer's
+imagination with an idea of what Europe must have been during its
+earlier career, when it delighted in the same barbaric splendour and
+feudal display.
+
+The second subject of our digression is the abolition of opium-smoking
+by the Ti-pings, which is almost the principal cause of the hostility
+the British Government and nearly all merchants who trade in the drug
+have hitherto entertained against the revolutionists. Although the
+arguments to prove the utterly health-destroying and mind-pervading
+effect of opium are many and incontrovertible, we may dispense with them
+and give a few facts to establish the value of the prohibition by the
+Ti-pings. In India, as well as in China, the unfortunate natives are
+thereby utterly destroyed. In a communication forwarded by General
+Alexander to Earl Shaftesbury (then Lord Ashley), from Mr. A. Sym, dated
+the 13th of March, 1840, the following passages occur:--
+
+    "The health and morals of the people suffer from the production
+    of opium. We are demoralizing our own subjects in India; one
+    half of the crime in the opium districts--murders, rapes, and
+    affrays--have their origin in opium-eating.... One opium
+    cultivator demoralizes a whole village. Thus thousands of our
+    fellow-subjects in India are oppressed, and their health and
+    morals destroyed, for the sake of this infernal opium trade. So
+    completely is the production of opium in the hands of the East
+    India Company[25] that not a single poppy can be grown in the
+    extent of their vast territories without either the permission
+    of the Government or an infraction of its laws. The grower of
+    the poppy derives only a bare subsistence for its cultivation,
+    and the difference between 250 rupees and 1,200 to 1,600 rupees
+    a chest goes to the Government, which exchanges the drug for
+    silver at the auction mart."
+
+This sort of thing has been continually on the increase since the above
+statements were written, and the opium trade has now reached an enormous
+extent, being fully equal to if not greater in value than either the
+silk or tea trade. While the price of opium has been steadily maintained
+or increased, that of western manufactures has gradually fallen off to
+one-third the former rates, although the latter trade has not largely
+increased, and that in opium has been more than doubled. The vast amount
+of specie drawn from China in payment of this deleterious drug is
+diverted from a more beneficial and righteous trade in British
+manufactures, or in the cultivation of cotton, which the East Indian
+districts now devoted to the poppy are so well adapted to produce. If
+Lancashire would only look abroad it might see a mode of easily
+increasing the British exports to China, till the eight or nine millions
+annually paid in cash for the produce of China were replaced by them,
+and the abolition of the opium trade had enabled the Chinese to barter
+for English manufactures to a greater extent. The amount of clear profit
+realized by the Indian Government upon the sale of opium is considerably
+upwards of L5,000,000 per annum,[26] being the difference between L25 a
+chest they give for it, and L115 they sell it at. The opium, upon
+reaching China, extracts from that country the vast amount of specie
+above mentioned, which would otherwise be expended on British produce.
+
+Only a few years ago the following evidence was adduced before the
+Select Committee of the House of Commons, on our commercial relations
+with China, by Mr. Montgomery Martin, who was Her Majesty's treasurer in
+India:--
+
+    "I inquired of the Taou-tae of Shanghae what would be the best
+    means of increasing our commerce with China, and his first
+    answer, in the presence of Captain Balfour, was:--'_Cease to
+    send us so much opium, and we shall be able to take your
+    manufactures._'... The true remedy for our deficient trade with
+    China is not to be found in the reduction of L1,000,000 to
+    L2,000,000 sterling of tea duties, but in perfect freedom of
+    intercourse with China; in facilities of access to the interior
+    of that vast country; and in the abolition of the pernicious
+    opium traffic, which absorbs L4,000,000 per annum, which would
+    be devoted to the purchase of British manufactures."
+
+Proofs of the immense injury the opium traffic inflicts upon British
+export trade to China might be multiplied _ad infinitum_. The drug not
+only destroys the moral and physical principles of those who connect
+themselves with it in any way, but it has been the direct cause of every
+war England has had with China. The following statement by Mr. Martin is
+so identical with what I would say myself that I cannot do better than
+quote it with the appreciation it so well deserves. It was adduced
+before the Committee of the House of Commons already referred to:--
+
+    "Minute 3491. In what respect do you think the trade injurious
+    to us in our relations with China?
+
+    "3492. Politically, with reference to our position with the
+    Government of China, had France, or America, or Russia, granted
+    us an island on their coast as a commercial station,[27] had
+    they prohibited the use of opium, believing it to be injurious,
+    we dare not, in that case, have made it a smoking-shop for the
+    empire; and I would not act to the Chinese Government in a
+    different manner than I would act to a Government in Europe.
+    Then, socially speaking, I believe it is the duty of this
+    Government to uphold moral principles and to disseminate
+    religious truth, and she cannot do that with one hand, while on
+    the other she is introducing into China an amount of opium which
+    furnishes 17 grains a day to each of 3,000,000 of people, and
+    which, in the language of Mr. Lay, Her Majesty's late consul at
+    Amoy, 'is ham-stringing the nation.' I think it is desolating
+    China, corrupting its Government, and bringing the fabric of
+    that extraordinary empire to a state of rapid dissolution.
+    Commercially speaking, it is injurious to us, because it
+    prevents the extension of our manufactures in China. Four or
+    five mercantile houses are engaged in the traffic, and derive a
+    large amount of revenue from it; _but the trade of England is
+    materially cramped by the extension of its consumption in China
+    to the extent of at least four million sterling a year_."
+
+Now, this truthful statement was made in the year 1857, since when the
+evils mentioned have increased to more than double their extent at that
+period. We will also examine the opinion of the Chinese themselves with
+regard to the introduction of opium into their country. Kinshan, one of
+the most celebrated of the _literati_ of China, has written on the
+subject, and how correctly all can affirm who know anything of
+opium-smoking in that empire. The following is his statement:--
+
+[Illustration:
+London. Published March 15^{th} 1866 by Day & Son, Limited Lithog^{rs}
+Gate Str. Lincoln's Inn Fields. Day & Son, Limited, Lith.
+INTERIOR OF AN OPIUM SMOKING SALOON.]
+
+    "Opium is a poisonous drug brought from foreign countries. At
+    first the smokers of it merely strive to follow the fashion of
+    the day, but in the sequel the poison takes effect, and the
+    habit becomes fixed. The sleeping smokers are like corpses--lean
+    and haggard as demons; such are the injuries it does to life; it
+    throws whole families into ruin, dissipates every kind of
+    property, and destroys man himself. There cannot be a greater
+    evil than this. 1st. It exhausts the animal spirits; hence the
+    youth who smoke will hasten the termination of their years. 2nd.
+    It wastes the flesh and blood; the faces of the weak who smoke
+    become black and cadaverous. 3rd. It dissipates every kind of
+    property. 4th. It renders the person ill-favoured--mucus flows
+    from his nostrils, and tears from his eyes. 5th. It promotes
+    obscenity. 6th. It discovers secrets. 7th. It violates laws.
+    8th. It attacks the vitals. 9th. It destroys life. When the
+    smoker has pawned everything in his possession, he will pawn his
+    wife and sell his daughters; such are the inevitable
+    consequences."
+
+To every word of the above statement, from my own personal experience, I
+can give the most unqualified assent. The following extract from a
+manifesto addressed by the distinguished Imperial Commissioner Lin to
+the Queen of England, with regard to the _forcible_ introduction of
+opium by British subjects, places the wrongly despised Chinaman in
+pleasing contrast with the opium trafficking European. Commissioner Lin
+said:--
+
+    "That in the ways of Heaven no partiality exists, and no
+    sanction is allowed to the injury of others for the advantage of
+    one's self--that there is not any great diversity (for where is
+    he who does not abhor death and seek life?), these are
+    acknowledged principles. Though not using opium one's self, to
+    venture, nevertheless, on the manufacture and sale of it, and
+    with it to seduce the simple folk of this land, is to seek one's
+    own livelihood by the exposure of others to death--to seek one's
+    own advantage by other men's injury; and such acts are utterly
+    abhorrent to the nature of men, and are utterly opposed to the
+    ways of Heaven."
+
+No wonder the Rev. Dr. Medhurst, one of the most experienced
+missionaries in China, has said: "Opium is demoralizing China, and
+become the greatest barrier to the introduction of Christianity which
+can be conceived of." And to prove this he states that almost the first
+reply of a native, when urged to believe in Christ, is, "Why do
+Christians bring us opium, and bring it directly in defiance of our
+laws? The evil drug has poisoned my son, has ruined my brother, and well
+nigh led me to barter my wife and children. Surely those who import
+such a deleterious substance, and injure me for the sake of gain, cannot
+wish me well or be in possession of a religion better than my own. Go
+first and persuade your own countrymen to relinquish this nefarious
+traffic, _and give me a prescription to correct this vile habit_,[28]
+and then I will listen to your exhortations on the subject of
+Christianity."
+
+Never has there been a viler or more utterly debasing institution upon
+earth than that of the opium-smoking dens in China. "Truly," as the Rev.
+E. B. Squire, formerly a missionary to that empire, once said, "it is an
+engine in Satan's hands, and a powerful one." It is necessary to
+remember that this same engine of wickedness and abomination has been
+systematically, and by the medium of several wars, forced upon China by
+the English nation and the produce of her Indian possessions.
+
+The very day that the monopoly of the China trade by the East India
+Company ceased, the British Government commenced forcing the opium
+traffic, by which means they brought about the first opium war. Although
+the drug destroyed by Commissioner Lin was surrendered up _according to
+agreement_ by H. B. Majesty's representative, Captain Elliot, yet its
+destruction was afterwards perverted into a _casus belli_. From that
+event may be dated a course of policy that all posterity will assuredly
+condemn, terminating as it did in the Chinese Government being compelled
+to legalize this nefarious trade.
+
+Opium has ever been made contraband by the Ti-ping law, its use being
+forbidden under penalty of death, and all cases of infraction being
+strictly visited with the punishment of decapitation. As opium has in
+every case been the primary cause of each war with China, and as it was
+universally known that the success of the Ti-pings would have utterly
+abolished the trade, it is by no means unfair or unreasonable to ascribe
+a great proportion of the hostility the revolutionists have experienced
+(from those bound by every other motive to be their warmest friends) to
+the same cause. It is indisputable that nearly all who became acquainted
+with the Ti-pings during the early part of their career, and even many
+who did not, entertained for them the most friendly feelings; but no
+sooner was it thoroughly understood that they were determined not to
+submit to the introduction of opium, when, in spite of their
+Christianity, &c., a strong party arose against them.
+
+In China it is quite notorious that one of the principal mercantile
+houses (Dent & Co.), after vainly endeavouring to establish an opium
+trade with the Ti-pings at Wuhu (a city some fifty miles above Nankin,
+on the Yang-tze River), by the means of their opium-ship _Nimrod_, which
+was stationed there for six months, and where I have myself seen her,
+did, after the failure of the attempt, become their most signal
+revilers, and use all the interest they possessed against them.
+
+Too many merchants, and, unfortunately, their national representatives
+interested in maintaining the great opium revenue, have, in China, by
+the blind pursuit of profit, sacrificed principle to lucre, heedless of
+the grievous consequences. It is no less unfortunate that many of those
+who are now designated "merchant princes" some years before made their
+capital by opium smuggling; equally deplorable is it that still their
+largest profits result from what by fire and sword has become the
+legalized trade. Such, however, is the case, and principally for this
+reason has it become popular to stifle the birth of freedom and
+Christianity in the opium-ruined Chinese nation.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[19] The title (Tien-ping) of the Ti-ping soldiery.
+
+[20] The Manchoo.
+
+[21] Perfectly true.
+
+[22] The French General in command during the Pekin campaign, who
+received this title from his emperor.
+
+[23] The proceedings to raise the "Vampyre" fleet in England were then
+nearly concluded, and were known to the Ti-pings.
+
+[24] The different methods of legal torture are numerated in the
+Imperialist code by hundreds.
+
+[25] The power has, of course, reverted to the Home Government since the
+Sepoy revolt.
+
+[26] By the last official return (1863-4) the export of opium from India
+to China is given as 42,621 chests, and the gross revenue derived
+therefrom, Rupees, 52,072,358.
+
+[27] Alluding to Hong-Kong.
+
+[28] These very words have frequently been addressed to myself by
+Chinese opium-smokers, and I fancy scarcely any European has been in
+China without having experienced the same.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+    Ti-ping Disasters.--The Vampyre Fleet.--Important Letters.--Mr.
+    Roberts's Case.--Mr. Consul Harvey.--Letters
+    continued.--Misrepresentations.--Anti-Ti-ping Meeting.--The
+    Sherrard Osborne Theory.--The Fleet Afloat.--The "Lay" and
+    "Osborne" Agreement.--The Fleet repudiated.--Pecuniary Loss to
+    England.--A Resume.--General Burgevine.--Lieutenant Ridge.--Act
+    of Piracy.--A Tartar caught.--Exit of the Anglo-Chinese
+    Flotilla.--General Ward's Proceedings.--Progress of the
+    War.--Death of General Ward.--Captain Dew's Disgrace.--How
+    caused.--His Mode of Proceeding.--Its Effect upon
+    Trade.--Operations before Kah-ding.--"Wong-e-poo."--General
+    Burgevine dismissed from his Command.--Major Gordon takes
+    Command.--Sir F. Bruce's Despatches.--His Objections to Gordon's
+    Appointment.--Also to General Brown's Interference.
+
+
+During the absence of the Chung-wang on his campaign to the north, and
+while I was still confined by illness in Nankin, important events
+disastrous to the Ti-ping cause were occurring elsewhere. These events,
+which must be described before continuing my personal narrative,
+consisted of the organization of that extraordinary flotilla known in
+England as the _Anglo-Chinese_, but principally as the _Vampyre_ fleet
+in China; the resumption of hostilities against the Ti-pings by General
+Staveley and his colleagues; and the conversion of Ward's old
+mercenaries into a British contingent, besides the formation of several
+other similar legions both at Shanghae and Ningpo.
+
+The origin of the _Vampyre_ scheme to regenerate China by exterminating
+the Ti-pings, is as yet uncertain, although Mr. Lay (late Inspector
+General of Chinese Customs) in his pamphlet intituled "Our Interests in
+China," thus describes its first practical adoption:--"Threatened by Sir
+F. Bruce, 'that Her Majesty's Government will not go on protecting
+Shanghae for ever,' ... [Blue Book, 1863, pp. 13 and 67], and alarmed by
+the news of the loss of Ningpo, and of the advance of the Ti-pings upon
+Shanghae ... they (the Manchoo Government) saw that they must
+comply,[29] or perish.... The Prince Regent (Kung) accordingly declared
+himself ready to adopt any measure that Sir F. Bruce might advise. What
+was his bidding? 'Get foreign ships and engage foreign officers.'[30]
+'Procure us the ships and the officers,' was the rejoinder."
+
+Accordingly some one whom Mr. Lay terms "my _locum tenens_, Mr. Hart,"
+received from the Manchoo Government "a certain sum of money for
+transmission to England for the purchase of a steam fleet." Meanwhile
+arrangements were made between Mr. Lay and Captain Sherrard Osborne,
+R.N., by which that officer agreed to receive the _elevation_ to a
+Manchoo Admiralship. The British Government suspended the Foreign
+Enlistment Act, ignored the pledges of neutrality, and "at the Court at
+Windsor, the 30th day of August, 1862," passed an "Order in Council
+authorising the enlistment of officers and men, and the equipment and
+fitting-out of vessels of war for the service of the Emperor of China."
+
+Although fearing I may tire my readers, I cannot resist quoting from a
+small book of official letters under my hand in order to prove by most
+conclusive authoritative testimony the _false pretences_ upon which the
+raising of the flotilla and the enlistment of British subjects in the
+service of the barbarous Manchoo despotism was permitted in England. The
+letters have been lent to me by a distinguished Member of Parliament,
+and are written by one of the first Shanghae merchants to his brother, a
+member of the present Government. These letters have, I am informed,
+been submitted to various ministers; therefore, it may be concluded that
+in addition to the despatches of Consul Meadows, &c., the Government had
+ample means of becoming acquainted with the favourable characteristics
+of the unfortunate Ti-pings they have devoted to destruction.
+
+The letter I now propose quoting is written in reference to Earl
+Russell's speech in the debate upon China in the House of Lords on the
+2nd of July, 1862, and commences by stating "Earl Grey's view is far
+sounder than that of the Government." Passing over Earl Russell's
+preamble the letter states:--
+
+    "II. Earl Russell next propounds two questions:--
+
+    "_First._--Will the Ti-pings give us the same advantages which
+    the Government of China is bound to give us?
+
+    "_Second._--Can the Ti-pings form a Government with which
+    foreign Powers can treat?
+
+    "He argues a negative answer to these questions, and I take
+    issue with him on his argument as follows:--
+
+    "_First._--He alludes to the agreement made with the Ti-pings at
+    Nankin by Admiral Hope, restricting them to a limited distance
+    of thirty miles from Shanghae. The arrangement was made about
+    the end of 1860, and was generally understood at the time to be
+    limited to the space of one year. _The agreement was faithfully
+    kept for that time._ When Admiral Hope and Mr. Parkes went to
+    Nankin at the close of 1861,[31] they found the Ti-pings
+    stubborn, and, I believe, the latter would give no further
+    pledge, while Shanghae, under our protection, was made the
+    arsenal, mint, and storehouse of their opponents!... I believe
+    that the Ti-pings acted in good faith, as far as they knew, and
+    that _the accusation is fallacious_.
+
+
+    "Earl Russell, on the assumption of their want of faith,
+    proceeds to say:--'They approached very near to Shanghae. Junks
+    belonging to British owners were seized, the crews were
+    imprisoned, _one_ European was murdered, and every determination
+    was shown to interfere with the British _trade_ at that port.'
+
+    "This is a very sweeping sentence, and to a great extent
+    fallacious.
+
+    "'A. The Ti-pings certainly, early _this_ year, came in strong
+    force close to Shanghae. Their leaders sent in a note
+    immediately to the British and French authorities.... _All
+    negotiation was repudiated by our authorities._'
+
+    "Seeing that Shanghae was the centre, from which, under cover of
+    our flags, safe from harm, the Imperialists organized all their
+    plans, provided all the necessaries of war, and found a ready
+    treasury in the customs' revenue, it is not to be wondered at
+    that the Ti-pings were most anxious to get possession of a place
+    so important to the success of their cause; and it is scarcely
+    reasonable, in this view, to suppose that they ever intended to
+    pledge themselves in perpetuity, to allow such a state of
+    matters to continue.
+
+    "'B. Junks belonging to British owners were seized, and their
+    crews imprisoned.'
+
+    "This is so vague, that it is difficult to know what instances
+    are alluded to. Some boats, British owned, were, during last
+    season, stopped at the passes from the silk districts, in
+    possession of the rebels, _from their attempting to run the pass
+    without paying the usual toll_. I have never heard of any boat
+    being molested which stopped and paid the moderate duty exacted
+    by the _de facto_ power....
+
+    "'C. _One_ European was murdered.'
+
+    "To what case does this allude? Several Europeans have been
+    murdered. A Frenchman, named Salabelle, having imprudently gone
+    up the Yang-tze in a China boat with a lot of dollars, was
+    murdered by pirates in collusion with the boatmen. The Ti-pings
+    had nothing to do with that.
+
+    "Another man, in charge of a silk-boat, was attacked on his way
+    to Shanghae by a band of robbers. He was killed, but the robbers
+    turned out to be Imperial soldiers--not Ti-pings. I have not
+    heard of any European being so murdered by the Ti-pings. On the
+    contrary, both last year and this season, numbers of Europeans
+    have been engaged in the silk and green tea districts in
+    pursuance of their business, and have been perfectly welcome, on
+    paying the duty on their produce....
+
+    "'D. And every determination was shown to interfere with the
+    British trade at that port.'
+
+    "_This, to a person on the spot, is a most extraordinary
+    statement._ Both last year and this season the Ti-pings have had
+    possession of the entire silk district, and a great part of the
+    green tea district. Yet, for the year ending the 30th of June
+    last, we exported 75,000 bales of silk, and fully 50,000 bales
+    have come to market already of the new crop. What sterling money
+    do these 125,000 bales of silk represent? Take them at L80 per
+    bale, you have L10,000,000 sterling, or one-third of the
+    L30,000,000, which Earl Russell correctly states as about the
+    present annual value of the Shanghae trade. The Ti-pings might
+    have cut off nearly all this, had they been so inclined, but
+    they have allowed it all to come to market on payment of a
+    moderate duty. I have not the figures of the green teas by me at
+    this moment, but a very full supply was exported up to 30th June
+    last, a great part of which came from districts in possession of
+    the Ti-pings.
+
+    "Are these facts consistent with Earl Russell's assertions?
+
+    "I think they confute them altogether.... You are trying to
+    patch up a rotten Government, which will only get weaker for all
+    your efforts to mend it. Finally on this head, the Ti-pings have
+    all along professed anxiety to keep on friendly terms with us,
+    till our decided hostility, and harbouring of the Imperialists
+    at Shanghae, has made their wish impracticable. They are not
+    inimical to trade, as the facts above prove. They are not the
+    savages who would murder every European who goes among them on
+    peaceable pursuits, as many who have been among them could
+    prove; and I believe that if we could only give up the
+    unfortunate Imperialism we have espoused, we should find them
+    quite ready to give every facility of trade we have now, and to
+    restore this unlucky province to peace.
+
+    "_Second._ Earl Russell asks:--
+
+    "'Is there any chance, supposing the Ti-pings consented not to
+    annoy us any longer, and we made peace with them, that they
+    could form a regular government?--and upon this point we have
+    most convincing testimony.'
+
+    "Convincing testimony, indeed! Mr. Roberts[32] is the first....
+    Some time back Mr. Roberts went to join his former pupil at
+    Nankin. Whatever faults the chief might have, he was always most
+    kind to his former teacher. The reverend gentleman, however, was
+    alarmed one day, and left the place precipitately, and therefore
+    wrote a recantation of his former belief in Ti-pingdom. He could
+    not have been quite in his senses at the time, for the boy whom
+    he said was murdered before his eyes, was seen alive and well
+    afterwards....
+
+    "His opinion is not worth much.
+
+    "The next authority is Mr. Consul HARVEY of Ningpo."
+
+The writer of the letter deprecates the idea of using this gentleman's
+testimony in a grave debate, especially because it was permitted to
+overrule the opposite evidence adduced by the talented and trustworthy
+Mr. Consul Meadows. It is unnecessary to say more upon this subject than
+notice the fact that Mr. Meadows is a man of honour, of noble mind, and
+possesses a thorough knowledge of Ti-ping and Manchoo; Mr. Harvey
+is--Mr. Harvey!
+
+The letter continues:--
+
+    "On the strength of these valuable witnesses, Earl Russell
+    proceeds to say, 'It must therefore be clear to your lordships
+    that it is quite impossible anything like civil relations can be
+    established with the Ti-pings, or that they can govern the
+    Chinese empire, or conduct relations with foreign countries upon
+    the footing of amity upon which alone peace can be preserved.'
+
+    "Well, if their lordships are content to come to this conclusion
+    on this valuable evidence, they are very likely to find out
+    their mistake in doing so."
+
+After citing proof of the "very great system in their military
+department," the writer of the letter goes on to state with regard to
+the Ti-pings:--
+
+    "If men can thus conduct the details of a military department,
+    is it not probable that they have also the power of conducting
+    the details of a civil department, when the military necessity
+    is past? At Soo-chow, which the Ti-pings have now had for
+    eighteen months, the country people round about are now living
+    quietly enough, and carrying on their usual avocations....
+
+    "With regard to the attack at Ningpo, Earl Russell asserts that
+    the Ti-pings first fired on Captain Dew. The fact was, I
+    believe, that the pirate, 'Apak,' anchored his boats near the
+    English ships, so that in firing at 'Apak,' the shot from the
+    rebel batteries came close to, or over, the foreign ships. An
+    excuse for attack was wanted, this was enough, and the place was
+    taken.
+
+    "The Earl goes on to say, 'It appeared clear from this that
+    there was no chance of our being able to maintain any relations
+    of amity with the Ti-pings; and as they seemed determined to
+    destroy us, all that we could do was to protect our trade and
+    the lives of our merchants.'
+
+    "It is not to be expected that we can be on terms of amity while
+    we make Shanghae the arsenal of the Imperialists, and carry out
+    our intervention on the principle by which it has hitherto been
+    characterized.
+
+    "A most disgraceful affair took place the other day. Nine young
+    gentlemen, members of the Shanghae Mounted Volunteer Corps, went
+    out one afternoon with Captain BORLASE, of H.M. ship _Pearl_,
+    and a party of men, to reconnoitre. They came on a number of
+    Ti-pings, who on seeing the horses, immediately threw away their
+    arms, and ran off half naked. Captain Borlase gave the order to
+    pursue and _to give no quarter_.[33] These young gentlemen
+    accordingly amused themselves that afternoon in cold-blooded
+    murder, and their captain distinguished himself, it is said, by
+    the chivalrous action of killing a man lying badly wounded on
+    the ground. One of the number, a young friend of mine, I am glad
+    to say, refused to obey the order he received. I say that if
+    H.M.'s officers are to be permitted to give such brutal orders,
+    the sooner we cease to talk of Ti-ping cruelties and the
+    savageries of General Butler the better.... A cry has been _got
+    up_ about the cruelties of the Ti-pings, for want of a better
+    war-cry, and our people are taught to illustrate Christianity by
+    the perpetration of cruelties, considering our lights,
+    infinitely more atrocious. The conduct of the Ti-pings,
+    notwithstanding all the provocation they have received, towards
+    foreigners who have had to enter their lines on business,
+    contrasts in their favour with our conduct to them.
+
+    "From Captain Osborne's appointment, I infer that my friend Lay
+    has been entirely Imperialist in the advice he has given the
+    Government.
+
+    "I regret that Osborne should have taken such an appointment,
+    and that Government should have sanctioned it.
+
+    "I regret still more that Palmerston should be making what I
+    consider such a grave mistake on this question, and that is one
+    of the main reasons why I write these letters. Another is that I
+    am convinced our present policy will be detrimental alike to
+    British interests, and to the interests of the Chinese people."
+
+We have seen that Messrs. Jardine and Matheson pronounced the policy of
+their Government "suicidal." We have now noticed the important evidence
+of another of the principal merchants, in whose interest it was alleged
+to be necessary to slaughter the Ti-pings. The British Parliament was
+persuaded by fallacies, and the "Vampyre" fleet was made ready and sent
+to China, while the British people were led into the belief that it was
+organized merely to act against Chinese pirates, the Government organs
+representing the Ti-pings as "attempting to force a way to the sea
+coast, where they hope to take to the amphibious life a Chinaman always
+loves, and prowl at sea or penetrate the inner waters as necessity or
+opportunity may tempt or dictate." This, and innumerable similar
+fabrications, are perfectly astounding by the depth of their untruth and
+the total absence of any foundation. The above-quoted statement is only
+surpassed by another in the same article of the same newspaper:--"It is,
+however, _the people of China_ who have broken the force of the
+Ti-pings, and it is under the dread of their terrible reprisals that the
+Ti-pings are now attempting to force a way to the sea-coast"!!!
+
+This article, so horribly wicked in purpose and so thoroughly false in
+substance, was one of those written upon the grand meeting held at the
+rooms of the Royal Geological Society upon the subject of the
+"Anglo-Chinese flotilla." The leaders of the quasi-regenerating
+expedition here held forth to the scientific gentlemen of the Society,
+their friends, and sundry members of the Government. The speeches they
+made, their arguments, facts, and declared intentions, were equally
+reasonable and trustworthy as the statement in the newspaper article
+eulogising them, and which, by some most extraordinary perversity of
+knowledge, represented the bitter and ruthless warfare prosecuted by
+Admirals Hope and Protet, Generals Staveley and Brown, and others,
+against the Ti-pings, as "_the people of China_ who have broken the
+force of the Ti-pings." Certes, had such been the case, it required an
+astonishing quantity of British shot, shell, artillery, and men, to
+enable the Manchoo Government to occupy any single village or foot of
+land held by the "broken force!" And one can hardly discover the object
+of the flotilla if the "people of China" had already done the only thing
+for which it was being organized; for which Prince Kung was paying, and
+Mr. Lay, Captain Sherrard Osborne, and his men, receiving a goodly share
+of that Manchoo mintage. Five months later, this "broken force" was
+found to be so well able to convert its opponents into a similarly
+unpleasant state, that upon the 9th day of January, 1863, another order
+in counsel was passed, making it "lawful for all military officers in
+Her Majesty's service to enter into the military service of the Emperor
+of China."
+
+To resume the history of the "Vampyre" expedition. At the oratorical
+display of the civil leader and the naval chief, the Chancellor of the
+Exchequer (with a keen eye to the guarantee the flotilla might afford
+for the payment of the indemnities by China) was present to see, to
+hear, to judge, and to wind up in most affecting and impressive style by
+giving the well-paid, and doubtless well-deserving, adventurers his
+blessing.
+
+Mr. Lay, with a surprising theory for a questionable purpose, told the
+meeting that the great cause of the civil war in China was its crowded
+population, "which the productive power of the soil was not sufficient
+to maintain." Emigration of the Ti-pings (when he caught them) was his
+remedy. Now, how that clever, though it is just possible, mistaken
+gentleman, expected to forward the change of habitation with the
+Armstrong and Whitworth guns, and other deadly weapons of exceedingly
+killing power he was carefully providing, is by no means clear, unless,
+indeed, the emigration was to be eternal. Neither is it by any means
+easy to understand that if the production of the soil was not sufficient
+to maintain the natives, the distress could be alleviated by making it
+support, in addition, a large number of very expensive foreign officers
+and men, besides a costly fleet of steamers.
+
+Captain Sherrard Osborne then succeeded the would-be Dictator General of
+China, and with no less extraordinary principles than his civilian
+superior, made the astounding declarations:--1. "That his first duty in
+China would be to bear in mind that he was a member of the Geographical
+Society." 2. "That he was going to China to spread peace, and not to
+shed blood" (with his Armstrongs and &c.s). 3. "That his object was to
+teach the Chinese rather the duty of sparing than the art of killing"
+(singular that such pains were taken to procure the most effective
+armament England could furnish). 4. "And that he hoped to report that
+Nankin was taken without the loss of one life after the assault was
+over."
+
+1. As the _Daily News_ wrote at the time, "Though this may be very
+advantageous for Burlington House, it affords an adequate explanation of
+the way China is to benefit by his vaunted advent. Perhaps, however, it
+may be accepted as a proof of his being a philanthropic adventurer; that
+his first care will be to look after, not the interests of the Chinese
+Government, which pays him 3,000_l._ a year, but those of a society to
+whose funds he is called on to contribute."
+
+4. This naive announcement is a startling one for the "pirate" dodge of
+the gallant captain's friends, and proves that the only motive, which,
+in fact, is admitted by all save a few bigots, was suppression of the
+Ti-ping revolution.
+
+Of Mr. Lay and his fighting-man, the _Daily News_ well said, "As these
+gentlemen seem to have the power of carrying on their scheme for the
+present, they will doubtless do so, but it is a mistake for them to
+depart from the policy of reserve which they have hitherto followed."
+
+In dire alarm and trouble, Prince Kung grasped at the offer of a fleet
+to save the Manchoo dynasty, as a drowning man will clutch at a straw.
+The British Government, wisely thinking that the fleet would guard the
+treaty ports against the Ti-pings, and thereby protect both the payment
+of the indemnity and the opium trade at the expense of the Chinese,
+quickly seized the opportunity it shadowed forth. The justice of their
+conduct is a very different matter, and it would be interesting indeed
+to know by what right the capture of Nankin was undertaken,--a city far
+in the interior of China, the owners of which only entreated the
+friendship of foreigners, while striving to throw off a foreign yoke and
+enjoy the blessing of the Christian faith and self-government.
+
+The worst part of the tale has now to be related. Upon the individual
+authority of Mr. Lay, the flotilla (consisting principally of British
+men-of-war) having struck the English flag, hoisted a green and yellow
+rag, and without commission or any authority to constitute them national
+ships of war, proceeded to the high seas in true pirate fashion. The
+laws of England were unscrupulously violated, her navy indelibly
+disgraced, and all who took share in the expedition perfectly fooled, by
+the _unofficial_ countenance of a Manchoo Prince, and the indecent haste
+of British ministers to comply with his ambiguous request for a fleet,
+in order to gratify their own ulterior motives.
+
+Prince Kung simply authorized Mr. Lay to buy a number of vessels, but
+those ships were despatched from England fully manned and armed, as
+though they had been duly commissioned, which was not, and never became,
+the case. Mr. Lay and Captain Osborne, between them, prepared an
+agreement (that being the authority and regulation upon which the crews
+were engaged, and merely a private understanding, strangely resembled
+the bond of a piratical organization), which, had it been carried into
+execution, would virtually have consigned the destinies and executive of
+China into their hands. These were the salient features of the
+agreement:--
+
+    "4. Osborne undertakes to act upon all orders of the Emperor
+    which may be conveyed direct to Lay; and Osborne engages not to
+    attend to any orders conveyed through any other channel.
+
+    "5. Lay, upon his part, engages to refuse to be the medium of
+    any orders of the reasonableness of which he is not satisfied."
+
+No wonder the Manchoo Government repudiated this pretty arrangement,
+fleet and all, when it arrived in China. There is, however,
+another reason to account for the ignominious failure of the
+"Vampyres,"--ignominious because they had neither right nor
+justification to be placed in the position of mercenaries, or to be
+subjected to dismissal by a barbarous court. The Imperialists were
+willing enough to receive a fleet upon _any_ terms when the success of
+the Ti-ping revolution was certain unless foreigners interfered; but
+when the "Vampyres" did arrive, the dread of the avenging Ti-ping no
+longer existed. By English troops and English officers in command of
+Chinese disciplined legions, the revolutionists had been driven back
+from Shanghae and Ningpo, and were still retreating before the shock of
+foreign arms. Mr. Lay and Captain Osborne came too late. They could not
+become the slaves of the Manchoo, neither could they constitute
+themselves his tyrants, and consequently Prince Kung repudiated all his
+obligations with characteristic treachery.
+
+When the flotilla reached China the Imperial Government endeavoured to
+place it under the command of the provincial authorities, and by this
+determination they effected its dissolution. Captain Osborne refused to
+lower himself into the position occupied by British officers in the
+neighbourhood of Shanghae and Ningpo--that of filibusters, subordinate
+to the _local_ authorities--but the Tartars had the best of the
+argument, for the precedent existed in the terms upon which the military
+had taken service with them; they were therefore justified in applying
+the same reasoning to make the navy of England subservient to their
+inferior officials. Prince Kung and his colleagues were decided upon
+this point and the repudiation of other guarantees; Captain Osborne
+remained equally firm; consequently Mr. Lay lost his lucrative
+appointment as Inspector General of Chinese customs, Captain Osborne did
+not become a Manchoo Admiral, and the naval force of no nationality was
+sold, while the officers and men had to go back to where they came from.
+
+The Chancellor of the Exchequer's magniloquent benediction, in which he
+prophesied of "the day when its leaders would come back rich in
+professional fame, and bringing also with them fresh glory to their
+country," vanished and disappeared in thin air, thanks to the failure of
+the attempt to "spread peace" with rifled artillery. Mr. Lay, since his
+tardy appreciation of the Manchoo, in "Our Interests in China," thus
+describes the state of affairs which led to the failure of his
+regenerating scheme:--
+
+    "When I left China, the Emperor's Government, under the pressure
+    of necessity,[34] and with the beneficial terror established by
+    the allied foray to Pekin in 1860 fresh in their recollection,
+    was in the best of moods, willing to be guided," &c. "What did I
+    find on my return? The face of things was entirely changed.
+    There was the old insolent demeanour, the nonsensical language
+    of exclusion, the open mockery of all treaties, the declared
+    determination to yield nothing that could be evaded. In short,
+    all the ground gained by the treaty of 1858 had been frittered
+    away, and we were thrust back into the position we occupied
+    before the war--one of helpless remonstrance and impotent
+    menace."
+
+A pretty state of affairs truly! Re-established, too, by British
+politicians, who, by supporting the Manchoos, have perpetuated a system
+which the Ti-pings would have altered for ever.
+
+Time has already proved the truth of the above assertion by Mr. Lay;
+time will yet prove the bitter hatred the present dynasty of China
+entertains towards Great Britain, the nation which has frequently
+chastised them, forced them to break their own laws and receive the
+obnoxious opium, humbled them before their people and compelled them to
+eat the fruit of humility, and worse than all, originated the once
+irresistible Ti-ping revolution by the importation of Christianity. They
+would not be men did they forget the blows (not always justifiable) they
+have received; they would not be Manchoo did they forget to revenge
+themselves _when_ able.
+
+Financially considered, this Anglo-Manchoo expedition was rather a
+serious matter for the British Government. The only authentic estimate
+of the expenditure which is at present available shows that the portion
+consequent merely on the return of the flotilla when its services were
+rejected, amounted to 213,000 taels, or L71,000, which was advanced in
+the first instance from the Manchoo customs and subsequently refunded by
+England when receiving the quarterly payment of the Indemnity.
+
+Here is what Captain Osborne says:--
+
+    "Dire necessity made Pekin accept our aid in a form likely to be
+    beneficial to China and England. Reason or argument had nothing
+    to do with it, so far as the mandarins were concerned. Most
+    unexpectedly to them, our authorities repulsed the rebellion,
+    without taking any guarantees from Pekin for future behaviour.
+    The mandarins were at once rampant; they are not such fools as
+    to spend their revenue in maintaining order, if we Englishmen
+    will do it for nothing. The fear of rebellion is past. Lay, I,
+    and the force may return to England."
+
+With regard to the failure of the Osborne, Lay, and Gladstone theory, we
+can only say that it was deserved. Mr. Lay was dismissed from the
+service of the Manchoo, through the "Vampyre" embroglio. The many years
+that he had faithfully and energetically served them were lost sight of
+in the squabble arising from this unparalleled affair. He most likely
+was sincere in his efforts to regenerate Tartars; he has certainly been
+badly treated by them. Lay's motive in undertaking the notorious
+flotilla scheme seems to have been his philanthropical idea (brightened
+by the receipt of L5,000 a year), of regenerating China. Some people say
+he was a puppet in the hands of "taller men" behind, who worked the
+wires. Osborne's acceptance of the command without a commission may be
+ascribed to the erratic notions of that gallant officer, and _his_
+natural philanthropy.
+
+The arrival of the "Vampyre" fleet was hailed with general
+disapprobation upon the part of the foreign community at Shanghae; its
+flight, without spreading peace, with no less satisfaction. During the
+short time the would-be mercenaries--the cream of the British navy, as
+they were loudly proclaimed to be, by ultra-philo-Imperialist papers and
+people--remained at that port, they managed to create no little ill
+feeling against themselves. Although they possessed neither warrant nor
+Imperial authority for their position and action, they nevertheless had
+the audacity to constitute themselves into a sort of police by _land_
+and water. No business could be transacted on shore, no vessel move upon
+the waters of the harbour, or work its cargo, unmolested by their
+inquisition. Vessels were seized, and their crews imprisoned in irons,
+upon the merest suspicion that they might be destined to assist the
+Ti-pings; houses were broken into and searched throughout the British
+and American settlements for supposed Ti-ping refugees, by parties armed
+to the teeth. They took, however, particular care not to venture upon
+the French settlement, as the Gallic authorities had given their own
+police orders to arrest them if they went there; and, if they resisted,
+to shoot them. The whole place was thrown into a regular ferment and
+uproar by their proceedings.
+
+Just previous to the ignominious flight of the "cream of the British
+navy,"--which, by the way, possessed an extraordinary sympathy for
+another sort of cream peculiar to the Shanghae rum mills,--I happened to
+become personally acquainted with some of their piratical outrages,
+while visiting Shanghae for medical advice, and other reasons which will
+transpire by-and-by.
+
+General Burgevine, successor to Ward in command of the disciplined
+Chinese contingent, having been badly treated and cashiered by his
+Manchoo masters, had joined the Ti-pings at Soo-chow. At the time of my
+visit to Shanghae, Burgevine was supposed to be there also; and, using
+this as their pretext, the "Vampyres" made a descent upon the house of
+my friend, Mr. Tarrantt (Editor of the _Friend of China_), where we were
+passing the evening with a social party. The dwelling was situated in a
+compound, also containing the house of the American Marshal; and, while
+walking round the grounds with my friend and another gentleman, we were
+suddenly pounced upon in the dark by a party of "the cream of the
+British navy," hitherto concealed in the shrubbery. At the same moment
+other detachments rushed into the adjoining houses with a zeal and
+alacrity tending to prove what capital burglars they were becoming, and,
+making prisoners of all the men they could find, marched them up to the
+position we had already been conducted to, in the broad colonnade
+extending along the front of the American Marshal's house. It was very
+fortunate neither myself nor any of our company were armed, otherwise,
+from the suspicious and sudden circumstances under which they had made
+their appearance, we might very naturally have mistaken the men who
+sprang upon us for the assassins, or robbers, whom they so strongly
+resembled. The "Vampyres" were commanded by a Lieutenant Ridge, the most
+ungentlemanly and discourteous British officer it has ever fallen to my
+lot to meet.
+
+When our friends were all assembled under the guns of his men, he turned
+to the latter and distinctly gave them this order, at least in
+substance: "Now then, men, allow none of these gentlemen to leave this
+place; _if they attempt to do so, shoot them down_!" This spirited
+British officer then led off a party bristling with rifle, bayonet,
+cutlass, and revolver, himself with sword in hand and a huge "Deane and
+Adams" slung round his neck, and proceeded to tear up the flooring of
+Mr. Tarrantt's printing-office, in order to search for arms destined for
+the dreaded Ti-ping! Of course none were found. The man and his men then
+proceeded to the sanctum of the editor, and ransacked this and the
+adjoining rooms, emptying and breaking open boxes of letters, papers,
+and other editorial correspondence, leaving the whole scattered about
+the floor in a state of inextricable confusion, after their fruitless
+search for some trace of Burgevine or his doings.
+
+When this gallant exploit had been brought to a termination by the fact
+that no private place under lock and key remained to be broken into, the
+leader of the outrage turned his attention to the neighbouring mansion.
+Having rummaged every nook and corner from top to bottom with a
+fruitless result, excepting indeed a spoil of two old muskets, a
+fowling-piece in good order, and another without any barrels, which they
+carried off in triumph, the "Vampyres" released us from the
+unpleasantness of their presence and took themselves off, visibly
+disappointed at their want of success.
+
+Mrs. Pindar, the wife of the American Marshal, told us that Lieutenant
+Ridge had even penetrated into her bed-room and ransacked the drawers of
+her toilet table, &c. That Yankee lady accompanied him during his
+impertinent and unwarrantable intrusion, and assisted him by suggesting
+that he had better explore the chimney pots, have the carpets lifted to
+see whether Burgevine was hidden there, or perhaps he would like to
+search her pockets, &c. The "Vampyre" officer wore a uniform of unknown
+nationality, consisting of simple anchor buttons and a British naval
+badge with the crown cut off! When asked by Mr. Tarrantt for his
+authority, he produced an informal warrant from the British consul,
+which could only have been legally used by a consular constable. When
+this was explained to him, he agreed to the justice of the fact and
+pleaded orders from his commanding officer. He was thereupon asked for
+his commission, and he naively admitted he had none. He was next asked
+upon what authority his commanding officer was acting, and his reply
+was, upon Captain Sherrard Osborne's commission from the Emperor of
+China (this in ludicrously pompous language and manner). He was then
+asked whether he was aware that Captain Osborne did _not_ possess any
+such commission, and confessed that, although he believed the reverse,
+he thought the Commander-in-chief might have gone to Pekin to obtain it!
+The judicial proceedings that would have been instituted against the
+"Vampyres" but for their fortunate retreat from China, would almost
+certainly have found them guilty of unqualified piracy, not only in the
+case I have just described, but in several others equally outrageous.
+
+About this time, and while it was fully expected that the flotilla would
+shortly proceed to attack Nankin, the following squib appeared as an
+advertisement in the _Friend of China_:--
+
+    "WANTED:
+
+    "Several first-class ships, to convey several thousand rebels
+    from Nankin to Labuan.
+
+    "Apply to
+    "LAE, HORSEBORN, & CO."
+
+Many foreign merchant vessels were in the habit of flying long pennants
+from the main truck, a practice indulged in by some of the shipping at
+Shanghae. This proved offensive to the "Vampyre" officers, who chose to
+consider that it was an infringement of their _quasi_ right to the
+man-of-war emblem. They consequently amused themselves by boarding
+sundry easy-going Dutchmen, who, alarmed by their brass-bound appearance
+and peremptory orders to strike the obnoxious pennant, generally
+complied very quietly. Upon one occasion, however, while I was at
+Shanghae, the would-be Tartar martinets caught a Tartar of the implied
+characteristics, if not literal nationality.
+
+An American vessel with a particularly extensive pennant, which it was
+afterwards rumoured had been rigged up on purpose, happened to attract
+the "fe fi fo fum" sense of a "Vampyre" commander. Instantly a cutter
+was despatched with a lieutenant to humble the offending parties. The
+officer proceeded on board and ordered the chief mate to haul down the
+pennant. Mr. Mate immediately sang out, "Cook, bring a bucket of hot
+water aft," but before this could be brought, the "Vampyre" was over the
+gangway "like a streak of greased lightning," as the Yankee mate
+afterwards related to an admiring audience on shore, and shouting with
+might and main to his boat's crew: "Give way, men!" in order to escape
+the warm reception preparing for him.
+
+By such acts the "cream of the British navy" made few friends and many
+enemies, and the lament of few indeed accompanied their ignominious
+departure. During their stay some of the gallant tars deserted and went
+over to the enemy, and I cannot forget a very characteristic fact
+related by a friend of mine who was present. While passing a certain rum
+shop in the "model settlement" of Shanghae, my friend, with several
+companions, became mixed with a crowd of the tars, who were on leave,
+and had just issued from the shop. Willing to see a little of the sort
+of men represented as the _elite_ of the finest navy in the world, my
+friend got into conversation with a warrant officer, although the man
+and his companions had evidently been indulging their creamy
+propensities. The result was that when questioned as to their feelings
+for the service they had engaged in, the leader of the party made this
+exposition of principle: "D'ye see, my hearty, so long as we gets the
+dollars and can make a haul, d---- my toplights if we cares who we
+fights for, the himperor of Chiny or his hinemies the t'other longshore
+Chinymen."
+
+Organized upon principles of wrong and injustice, the Anglo-Chinese
+flotilla came to an unregretted, disreputable, and premature end. In the
+words of the same friend who communicated the above incident we will
+dismiss the subject: "Captain Sherrard Osborne, like Caesar, may exclaim,
+'I came, I saw;' unlike Caesar, 'I did _not_ conquer.' The fleet was
+equipped, set sail, arrived, and--was not wanted."
+
+We must now turn to survey events far more disastrous to the Ti-ping
+cause than the advent of the foreign vessels of war we have just
+finished with, although the fact of their arrival, connected with what
+we are about to notice, helped to produce the misfortunes.
+
+Soon after the Chung-wang had recaptured all the places formerly taken
+by the allies, and had returned to Nankin with the greater proportion of
+his troops, General Staveley, having received the desirable
+reinforcements of British troops from Tien-tsin and Hong-kong, resumed
+hostilities.
+
+Although Admiral Hope had respect enough for the usages of civilized
+nations to invent a _casus belli_ for the raids he first initiated,
+General Staveley proved himself to be above such petty considerations
+when they could be ignored with impunity, and therefore, upon
+commencing a fresh war against the Ti-pings, did not trouble himself to
+pretend that they might, could, would, or should do anything inimical to
+British interests. However much scrupulous people may think that an
+English general should have paid _some_ regard to the rules of civilized
+warfare, the gallant officer in question cannot at all events be charged
+with hypocrisy.
+
+During the month of August, 1862, the filibuster, General Ward, assisted
+by detachments of British and French troops, succeeded in taking several
+fortified villages from the Ti-pings and recapturing the city of
+Tsing-poo; the success of the operations being attributable to the large
+park of artillery always employed. After the fall of Tsing-poo, Ward
+moved off with the principal portion of his force into the Ningpo
+district, and joined a column already operating there. Since the
+atrocious expulsion of the Ti-pings from Ningpo by Captain R. Dew, R.N.,
+and his pirate ally, Apak, the advance of filibustering and piracy had
+made wonderful progress. Several contingents of disciplined Chinese were
+raised, the most important being an officially-authorized British legion
+and a similar French one, both entirely officered by foreigners,
+including English, American, French, and representatives of other
+nations. At first, these organizations consisted of about 1,500 men
+each, besides artillery-men to work the numerous heavy guns they were
+supplied with. In addition to these, and other bodies of foreign
+disciplined and officered mercenaries, Captain Dew devoted the entire
+service of the squadron under his command to their assistance and
+support, perfectly oblivious of the fact that he was a British officer,
+and that the ships prostituted by him to an infamous alliance with
+pirates and freebooters were the property of British tax-payers, who
+maintained them solely for the protection of their own interests.
+
+The British men-of-war, the Manchoo gunboats, the French vessels, the
+American, English, and French drilled filibusters, the Cantonese
+pirates, and Imperialist troops, all leagued themselves together in the
+war to exterminate the unfortunate Ti-pings, and _loot_ their cities. In
+spite of their numbers, their boundless supplies of every munition of
+war, their irresistible shell and artillery, and the co-operation of the
+friendly legions swarming from the grand depot, Shanghae, these
+heterogeneous marauders found the "broken force" able to give them many
+hard knocks and many a severe repulse, although the _Times_ happened to
+think that "the people of China" had somehow converted the Ti-ping
+revolution into a crowd of fugitives running away from their mythical
+"terrible reprisals." This statement might do very well to excite the
+horror of pious people in England ready to believe anything dreadful;
+but the mercenaries banded together against the would-be freemen and
+Christians found that to break the force of the latter many a deadly
+encounter, and many a cunningly contrived Moorsom or shrapnel shell, was
+required. During a period of nearly twelve months, extending from
+August, 1862, to the middle of the summer, 1863, the horrors of Chinese
+warfare fluctuated backwards and forwards over what would otherwise have
+been one of the fairest parts of God's earth. The Ningpo and
+neighbouring districts possess a beauty and variety of scenery, added to
+a surpassing richness of production (tea, silk, cotton, &c.), second to
+none in the world. Yet a few experimental warriors and politicians have
+been permitted to create misery and ruin throughout this smiling land,
+and strew its plains with mouldering skeletons.
+
+The war conducted by Captain Dew and his colleagues raged furiously for
+many months. The cities of Tse-kie, Yu-yaou, Fung-wha, Shou-shing, &c.,
+were each taken, retaken, lost, and won, several times over, by the
+Allies and by their Ti-ping enemies, and were at last finally held by
+the former.
+
+To give any detailed account of the numerous actions fought within the
+Ningpo province would be impossible. With one exception they resembled
+those in the first campaign of Admiral Hope and General Staveley. The
+same great slaughter of the Ti-pings with the deadly artillery, to which
+they could make no reply; the same gallant efforts to repel the
+stormers, who rushed forward after the defenders had been thoroughly
+shelled for many hours; the exception being that few of the cities were
+carried by assault. It is, I believe, due to the fact that a great
+proportion of the Ti-ping soldiery about the Ningpo districts were
+Cantonese, or Kwang-si men, that nearly every attempt to storm the
+cities they held was repulsed. They were ultimately driven out of the
+province, and the cities were, almost without exception, evacuated,
+although the besiegers had been severely repulsed, being rendered
+untenable by the severance of their lines of supply and communication.
+
+There are two important episodes of Captain Dew's war which, from their
+influence upon future events, it is necessary to notice. The first is
+the death of General Ward; the second, the attack upon Shou-shing, in
+consequence of which Captain Dew was reprimanded by his superior officer
+and the British Government, and was thereby compelled to desist from
+actually participating in the further hostilities.
+
+General Ward, whatever his failings might have been, was a brave and
+determined man. He served his Manchoo employers only too well, and at
+the last, by closing a career of peril and fidelity with the sacrifice
+of his life, he sealed all faults with his death, and left those who
+cherished his memory to regret that he had not fallen in a worthier
+cause. While directing the second attack upon the small town of Tse-kie,
+some ten miles inland from Ningpo, on the 21st of September, 1862, Ward,
+the American filibuster, and the first foreigner to take military
+service under the Manchoo, was mortally wounded by a Ti-ping musket
+ball. This adventurer originated the force that finally was the
+principal instrument in driving the Ti-pings from the dominions they had
+established as "Ti-ping tien kwoh." By such apparently insignificant
+means does the Great Ruler of the Universe overthrow the efforts and
+establish the destinies of man! The death of Ward placed _Colonel_
+Burgevine, his immediate subordinate, in command of the force. Burgevine
+could not agree with the mandarins, was badly treated by them, resented
+their treatment, was dismissed from the command, and the old Ward force
+became transformed from a rowdy, filibustering, hired legion, into a
+regular contingent of British mercenaries.
+
+The disgrace of Dew, the Ti-ping slayer, came about in this wise:--The
+city of Shou-shing, distant more than _one hundred miles_ from Ningpo,
+was attacked by an Imperialist army, to which the Anglo-Chinese and
+Franco-Chinese contingents were attached. These forces were defeated
+with severe loss, including their French general, Le Brethon, who was
+killed before the city. A French captain of artillery, by name Tardife,
+succeeded to the command; Captain Dew joined forces with him, and
+together they proceeded to besiege the place, and to avenge the disgrace
+of their former defeat.
+
+Besides several field-pieces landed from the British men-of-war at
+Ningpo and a large park of howitzers and mortars belonging to the
+disciplined forces, Captain Dew provided them with a large 68-pounder
+lent to him for the occasion by General Staveley. Lieutenant Tinling, of
+the _Encounter_, with a party of seamen, had charge of this gun. On
+their march, the allies entered a large town, which the men thoroughly
+pillaged during two days; the consequence being, as it is written by one
+who was present, "that it was only after much trouble they could be got
+to move forward against Shou-shing. When they did so, at least 500 boats
+followed, each soldier having his own private _san-pan_, containing, and
+ready for more, _loot_. Many of the officers were almost as bad as the
+men, drinking and smoking, and taking hardly any care to maintain
+discipline." Here is a pretty description of the doings of those who
+were supposed to be protecting the country people from the "ruthless
+marauders!" The town referred to was not in Ti-ping possession, and all
+the looting was from the unfortunate inhabitants. Facts, that can be
+multiplied _ad infinitum_, exist to prove that the foreign intervention,
+and the manner and details thereof, seriously increased the anarchy,
+desolation, and loss of life, caused by the civil war previous to that
+event. The unavoidable devastations had passed away, peace had become
+established by the supremacy of the Ti-ping, when, alas!
+mercenary-minded Europeans wickedly deluged the peaceful districts with
+the blood of fresh victims, and causelessly maintained and prolonged the
+unmitigated ravages of war.
+
+Upon reaching the devoted city of Shou-shing,--which, in expectation,
+General Tardife had promised his freebooter following the pleasure of
+"forty-eight hours" to loot,--Captain Dew placed his big gun in
+position, and proceeded to make a hole in the wall, by which the
+respectable allies might get at the prizes within. Now it so happened
+that the Ti-pings were determined neither to part with their city, nor
+their private valuables. A great breach was made, a battalion of
+European ruffians, and the nondescript disciplined and Imperialist
+troops, rushed forward to take possession; but the defenders--who, to
+use the language of an eye-witness, "fought with admirable pluck in the
+breach, and exposed themselves freely"--drove them back with a loss of
+half the European brigade of Shanghae _rowdies_, half the officers of
+the disciplined contingents, and many men _hors de combat_. Almost at
+the same moment General Tardife was killed, and Lieutenant Tinling
+mortally wounded.
+
+The death of the last-mentioned gallant young officer, by drawing the
+attention of Admiral Kuper (on the station), and that of Parliament at
+home, to the subject, led to the disapproval of Captain Dew's
+disgraceful proceedings, and his removal from a part of China that he
+had contaminated by his presence. When brought to task for his
+participation in hostilities more than 100 miles from a treaty port, his
+shuffling excuse was "that I had gone to watch the proceedings, and
+prevent, if possible, any false step being taken by the Chinese
+disciplined force, which would at once have imperilled Ningpo." Well, it
+is an old saying that, if the blind lead the blind, both fall into the
+ditch; and this was undoubtedly realized by Captain Dew. The untrue
+statement about "any false step" being certain to imperil Ningpo,
+distant 100 miles, and protected by several strong cities directly on
+the way, is perfectly absurd; the crafty device was to avoid the censure
+he dreaded and deserved by frightening his superiors about the safety of
+Ningpo, which he pretended rested upon his exploits at Shou-shing.
+Admiral Kuper, however, states in a despatch to the Admiralty, "I have
+informed Captain Dew that ... I consider he exceeded his instructions,"
+and the Admiralty declares "that my Lords have desired the Rear-Admiral
+to inform Captain Dew that he exceeded his instructions." No wonder that
+the Chinese papers stated:--
+
+    "How Captain Dew, and all his crew, are allowed to do just what
+    they have a mind to, is more than we can tell. Clearly all the
+    people he slays he murders. He is violating every law, human and
+    divine, to an extent which cannot be overlooked."[35]
+
+It is a well-known fact that vast quantities of _loot_, and a money
+bonus from the Imperial authorities, almost invariably attended the
+capture of every Ti-ping city; and I have under my hand many apparently
+authentic statements in the press, accusing Captain Dew particularly,
+and others generally, of having been induced to carry on hostilities
+against the Ti-pings for "private aggrandisement," and from "far less
+disinterested motives than 'the love of glory.'" As for the effect the
+Dew war had upon trade, the following extract from a communication dated
+"Ningpo, March 28, 1863," and forwarded to H.B.M. Consul by a number of
+influential firms, will show:--"So great a panic exists among the
+natives on account of the lawless proceedings, that our trade is in a
+worse condition than when the rebels were in the neighbourhood!"
+
+Captain Dew attempted to shirk the responsibility of Lieutenant
+Tinling's death at a place where duty did not call him, although his
+commanding officer's orders did, by declaring that he (the Captain) was
+there as an "amateur!" Killing one's fellow man, even when
+conscience-bound by the plea of duty, is bad enough; but roving about,
+seeking whom to destroy, and slaughtering innocent men for pleasure, is
+somewhat different. We have seen that even the Government, which has
+approved every other proceeding, completely repudiated the unpardonable
+conduct of Captain Dew; we therefore say adieu to that officer, trusting
+there are few like him in the British service.
+
+It is now necessary to notice the last of the events referred to at the
+beginning of this chapter. Since the death of the lamented filibuster,
+various members of General Staveley's staff and command had been in a
+perfect state of ferment, intriguing for the command of the Ward force,
+which it was determined should be converted into a British contingent. A
+battalion of Chinese, wearing shoulder-straps with the badge "67,"
+drilled and officered by members of the British regiment of that number,
+and popularly known as Captain "Kingsley's force," was organized and
+raised to a strength of 1,000 men. Other corps, and some of Chinese
+artillery, were formed, while British officers were induced to accept
+various commands pertaining to the Ward force and its head quarters at
+the city of Soong-kong.
+
+After a series of preliminary operations, General Staveley effected the
+recapture of Kah-ding on the 24th of October, 1862. After a desperate
+defence, the Ti-pings were driven from the city with heavy loss.
+According to the safe _modus operandi_ acquired by experience, General
+Staveley shelled the defenders for some hours from 40 pieces of heavy
+artillery and mortars. The besieging army consisted of 5,500 disciplined
+troops, including about 3,000 British and French, and a large
+co-operating force of Imperialist _braves_ and soldiers. The Ti-pings,
+out of a garrison less than 5,000 strong, lost upwards of 1,500 men;
+while the allied loss amounted to 4 killed and 20 wounded. Soon after
+the capture of this city, the Ting-wang from Hang-chow, the Mo-wang from
+Soo-chow, and the Tow-wang from Hoo-chow, each commanding about 5,000
+men, were ordered by the Shi-wang (chief in authority over their
+districts) to attempt its recovery, and also that of Tsing-poo. This
+army was attacked by _General_ Burgevine's force, a column of 500
+British troops, some 10,000 Imperialists, and an artillery detachment
+with 20 guns. The Ti-pings had just intrenched themselves by the light
+field works usual among the Chinese, when they were engaged by the
+enemy. Unable to reply to the murderous artillery of the British and
+disciplined troops, they still held the position, although the shot and
+shell committed fearful havoc in their close ranks. At last, when the
+enemy had become tired of their shell practice, and imagined the
+Ti-pings were sufficiently decimated, a general assault was given. An
+episode in this transaction is worthy of notice.
+
+A division of the attacking army was led by one "Wong-e-poo," a young
+Chinese officer who had been promoted to a captaincy at the request of
+Admiral Hope, who had also presented him with a sword for conspicuous
+bravery during the raids he had lately conducted against the Ti-pings,
+and in which the officer had served as a sergeant of Ward's force. This
+gallant young Chinaman was the first to cross the line of
+intrenchments, and almost instantly fell mortally wounded; he then gave
+the sword to General Burgevine, whom he begged to keep it, and to give
+his young wife a few dollars to keep her from want--this was his last
+request. The Ti-pings, when driven from their slight defences, made a
+stand at a village just in the rear, and were three times brought back
+to the charge by a fine-spirited young chief, who was the Mo-wang's
+brother, and whose gallant bearing and handsome trappings attracted
+universal attention. At the last charge, Vincente, the late _General_
+Ward's _aide-de-camp_, spurred his horse into the Ti-ping ranks. Misled
+by the fact that he had separated himself from the enemy, and believing
+he came over as a friend, the chief unsuspiciously advanced towards him
+and held out his hand; the Manilla-man replied to his friendly gesture
+by shooting him dead, and then, singular to relate, managed to gallop
+back to the enemy in safety.
+
+After two hours' fighting, during which the artillery mowed them down by
+hundreds, the Ti-pings were driven out of the village, and, being then
+hemmed in against a wide creek, which they had only one small pontoon
+bridge to cross by, suffered terribly from the deadly fire of grape and
+canister shot during their retreat. Their loss in this disastrous action
+was 2,300 killed (600 bodies were counted in one portion of the
+intrenchments) and 700 prisoners, the latter being barbarously put to
+death by their captors.
+
+The frightful atrocities perpetrated upon the unfortunate Ti-pings by
+those into whose power they had fallen, even excelled the cruelties of
+the cruel Chinese and still more cruel Tartars. "How the Ti-pings were
+driven out of the Provinces of Kiangnan and Chekiang," from notes kept
+by an officer under Ward, Burgevine, Holland, and Gordon, is a lengthy
+narrative published in the _Friend of China_. The portion contained in
+the columns of that journal of April 25, 1865, describing the engagement
+just noticed, states:--"General Burgevine darkened the victory with a
+foul deed. The poor rebels who had been captured _were cruelly blown
+away from the guns_, to the delight of a few we will not mention, but to
+the disgust of the greater part of the officers." Who, after this, shall
+talk of _Ti-ping_ cruelties? The revolutionists had neither made war
+upon, injured, nor even insulted foreigners; yet the foreign officers,
+supported by the help of British troops, actually massacred their
+unoffending and helpless prisoners of war in cold blood! Perhaps
+_General_ Burgevine thought he was paying a graceful compliment to his
+British allies by imitating their deeds in India. No doubt some
+war-Christians think these latter proceedings exceedingly worthy and
+proper; however, the Ti-pings have never yet reached such a state of
+Christian civilization as to copy them.
+
+The allied loss was 5 killed and 15 wounded, including three Europeans!
+And this may be taken as a fair sample of all the succeeding battles
+with the British, French, and other disciplined and artillery-supplied
+forces. The Ti-pings have always done all that men of flesh and blood
+were capable of doing, but, without artillery to resist or reply to that
+overwhelming arm of the enemy (supplied freely from the British
+arsenals), their bravest and best fell to the iron storm, and the rest
+fled before it.
+
+Very shortly after the above action, _General_ Burgevine became the
+victim of the scheming carried on between the mandarins and those
+British officials who desired to establish the Ward force as an English
+contingent. Having taken a large amount of specie from the house of
+Ta-kee (the banker to the force, and in the service of the Imperial
+Government), which he had been compelled to seize, _nolens volens_, in
+order to satisfy his men, who were in an open state of mutiny for their
+arrears of pay--pay, too, that seems to have been purposely kept lying
+idle at Ta-kee's house, probably with the cunning idea it would act (as
+in reality it did) upon the force, and produce some outbreak that could
+be taken advantage of to disgrace Burgevine and replace him by a
+British officer--he was dismissed from his command and a reward offered
+for his head by the Manchoo governor, or Fu-tai, of the province. The
+excuse given by the Mandarins for this transaction was that Burgevine
+had disobeyed orders, resisted lawful authority, and seized the money.
+Some measure of this is very probably true; but whatever offence had
+been committed by him, the mandarins had themselves been the cause of it
+by their peculation, withholding the wages of the troops, and underhand
+intriguing. Probably the fact that Captain Holland, R.M., was installed
+as Burgevine's successor, may account for the events leading to the
+latter's dismissal.
+
+The Imperialist Mandarins were only too eager to fall into the views of
+those who assisted them; the command of the once despised filibustiers'
+force by Englishmen meant taking all the danger and responsibility of
+repelling the Ti-pings out of their own hands; consequently, availing
+themselves of the subserviency of British officers and authorities, they
+accepted Captain Holland as the commander of their disciplined troops,
+and the services of any others who were willing, and did not feel
+dishonoured by hiring themselves out to support such a cruel and corrupt
+cause. From this moment the active operations by British troops ceased,
+but Ward's old legion became a British contingent, and has continued one
+ever since. Backed up in all their operations against the Ti-pings by
+the presence of British troops to support them in case of reverse, and
+supplied with every munition of war, artillery, ships, &c. they
+required, the various mercenary legions infesting the neighbourhood of
+Shanghae and Ningpo have managed (with the assistance of the ordinary
+Chinese and Manchoo soldiers, who alone outnumbered those of Ti-ping
+tien kwoh) to terminate the allied operations by driving the
+revolutionists from their once happy territory.
+
+Soon after the command of the force had been assumed by Captain
+Holland, it met with the most severe defeat the Ti-pings have ever given
+it, and he resigned the appointment in disgust. The Order in Council
+permitting British officers to take military service with the Emperor of
+China having just reached Shanghae, Major Gordon, R.E., took command of
+the disciplined Chinese, and many other officers joined in the
+questionable service. From this time forth the British Government became
+committed to the success and responsibilities of the force; and for
+every atrocity perpetrated by the Imperialists, and for every life
+destroyed, are equally as much accountable as they were for the previous
+conduct of their own troops. Under such auspices, and with boundless
+supplies of all the material of war, similar necessaries being
+successfully prevented from reaching their antagonists, it is easy to
+appreciate the consequent course of events--continued triumph of the
+Anglo-Franco-Manchoo mercenaries, and repeated defeat of the Ti-pings,
+already much weakened by the loss of many of their best troops, and
+diminished in their prestige from the result of the raids headed by
+Admiral Hope and General Staveley.
+
+The worst feature attending the conversion of the mercenary legions into
+British auxiliaries, is the fact that Sir F. Bruce, the English Minister
+at Pekin, distinctly repudiated any such action; and yet his Government
+saw fit to sanction the arrangement when it was reported to them by
+Generals Staveley and Brown, who seem to have been foremost among the
+Shanghae local advocates of the system. _General_ Burgevine having
+proceeded to the Manchoo court at Pekin, stated his case, and was by
+them reinstated in his former command; receiving, also, the full
+approval of Sir F. Bruce. Upon his return to Shanghae, with an Imperial
+Commissioner to place him in position, the British generals and their
+colleagues in collusion with the Imperial authorities, disregarding the
+direct instructions of Sir F. Bruce, successfully opposed his
+reappointment, and managed to retain Major Gordon in command; by what
+means being best known to themselves.
+
+We will conclude our notice of the establishment of the Anglo-Manchoo
+contingent with a few facts proving the singular, if not sinister,
+circumstance, that Sir F. Bruce, although a virulent enemy of the
+Ti-pings, has always carefully avoided authorizing the employment of
+British officers against the insurgents; and, in fact, has invariably
+disapproved such measures, as well as the movement of British troops to
+support and succour the contingents when in difficulty.
+
+In a despatch to General Staveley, dated "Pekin, March 12, 1863,"[36]
+Sir F. Bruce, referring to the liberty granted to officers to enter the
+Chinese Imperial service, states:--"I should prefer that the military
+men employed by the Chinese Government should _not_ belong to the great
+treaty Powers;" and, with regard to British officers choosing to enter
+what the Press in China has termed "the disgusting service," he
+expresses the opinion that "they will then bear a Chinese, and not a
+British character." How _literally_ this belief has been fulfilled, the
+torture of Ti-ping prisoners captured by the Imperialists, the
+treacherous massacre of the prisoners at Soo-chow, and the great loss of
+life which occurred, after cities were captured, sufficiently prove.
+
+In a despatch dated "April 10,"[37] Sir F. Bruce expresses his wish to
+the same officer that Burgevine should be reinstated to the command of
+the Ward force, and, speaking "of the charges brought against him,"
+states: "I took occasion to examine them at length, and I am perfectly
+satisfied that General Burgevine acted from a regard to the interests
+confided to him, that he was sacrificed to an intrigue of some Chinese
+subordinate officers, and to the jealousy entertained by the Governor
+towards the Chinese drilled force." If the Minister had added the names
+of a few foreigners as being privy to the "intrigue," he would have hit
+upon the whole truth. The Governor was jealous of the force as a Chinese
+one managed by foreigners, and successfully plotted, with no little
+ingenuity and shrewdness, to make it a foreign force officered by
+Englishmen, and countenanced by British authorities, who accepted all
+the responsibility entailed.
+
+Upon the subject of Major Gordon's appointment to the coveted
+generalship of mercenaries, Sir F. Bruce, in a despatch to General
+Brown, dated "June 11," states:[38] "It is not expedient that British
+officers should command Chinese troops in the field against the
+insurgents, beyond the limits of the radius deemed necessary for the
+security of the ports where they are stationed.... I am further of
+opinion that, unless the force be properly constituted, and relieved
+from the necessity of obeying the orders of the local Government, it
+will do no real and permanent good; and that the officer who commands it
+will speedily find himself in a position which is neither compatible
+with his professional reputation, nor what is due to the character of a
+British officer. Under these circumstances, I must _decline_ accepting
+the responsibility of authorizing the employment of British officers
+beyond Shanghae.... I have informed the Chinese Government of my
+objections to the employment of British officers in the field."
+Singularly enough, every word prophesied by Sir F. Bruce came to pass;
+the force became an instrument of evil in the hands of local Mandarins,
+to be used for their individual purposes, and then got rid of; the
+officers found their honour tarnished by complicity in deeds of blood
+and treachery; some were disgusted, but the Commander retained his
+position until he was _compelled_ to break up the force by orders from
+his Government. In a despatch to Earl Russell, dated "October 13," Sir
+F. Bruce declares:[39] "It was reluctantly, and in deference to the
+naval and military authorities, that I consented to our assuming the
+responsibility of defending the thirty-mile radius round Shanghae, and I
+spared no effort to bring about an arrangement of Burgevine's dispute,
+so as to avoid the necessity of having to place an English officer at
+the head of the force destined to operate beyond the radius." Yet
+members of Lord Palmerston's Government have had the hardihood to
+declare that the operations against the Ti-pings _were approved_ by Sir
+F. Bruce.
+
+When Major Gordon's force was in danger, General Brown moved
+detachments of British troops to support him, and to garrison the
+captured towns and hold them against the Ti-pings. Sir F. Bruce, in a
+despatch upon the subject, dated "October 6,"[40] clearly condemns his
+conduct in these words:--"If officers go into the Chinese service, we
+are not entitled to facilitate their operations by moving men, or
+placing garrisons in towns beyond the radius for their support, further
+than we should be if the corps assisted were commanded by a Chinese
+general. We are _not_ entitled to lend them artillery, or men to work
+their guns _on any pretext_!" In the very teeth of these distinct
+instructions, General Brown persisted in every measure they condemn. It
+was the favourite _modus operandi_ over again--the military or naval
+authorities acting in direct violation of orders, the disobedience being
+ultimately endorsed by the Government, and the apparently disobedient
+receiving praise and C.B.'s by way of punishment.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[29] With the schemes of the Bruce, Wade, Lay, &c., politicians.
+
+[30] This is a startling contrast to what Mr. Bruce declared would be
+the "worst" course to pursue.
+
+[31] To completely prove the error of Lord Russell's assumption, and the
+slightness of its foundation, we will read the following extract from "A
+Memorandum, dated October 15, 1862, addressed to Rear-Admiral Kuper, by
+Vice-Admiral Sir J. Hope, on resigning the Command of the Station."
+[Blue Book, June, 1862, to February, 1863, p. 111.]
+
+"_The only question of real importance on which we are at variance with
+the rebels_, arose from their desire to possess themselves of Shanghae,
+and their capture of Ningpo, since retaken.
+
+"On my first visit to Nanking, ... I effected an agreement with them,
+_but limited to the year_, that they should not approach it within 100
+_li_ (thirty miles), _on the whole tolerably_ WELL KEPT _during that
+time_, but which they refused to renew on the occasion of my last
+visit."
+
+[32] Mr. Roberts, an American Baptist missionary already referred to in
+this work, joined the Ti-pings at Nankin about the end of October, 1860.
+Of all missionaries in China he was the least qualified for such a
+position. Intolerant and bigoted to the Baptist dogmas, irritable,
+peevish, inconsistent, and vacillating--a man singularly illiterate,
+without stability of character or pleasantness of manner--his presence
+at Nankin did far more harm than good. His objections to every other
+Church, and to every other denomination of dissent except his own, went
+far to give the Ti-pings a dread of that diversity of doctrine among the
+British and Americans which they had always looked upon with surprise,
+thinking, as they did, that God could not be well served by those who
+were always quarrelling about it. The circumstances attending the advent
+and career of Mr. Roberts among the Ti-pings I have avoided as a
+worthless episode, but, as the facts of his indecorous flight from
+Nankin have been misrepresented, I think it necessary to notice the
+subject. Mr. Roberts accepted temporal rank under the Ti-pings, and by
+his unwise dogmatical obstinacy frequently provoked unpleasant
+discussion. During a dispute with the Kan-wang, who had entertained him
+since his arrival, that chief had particular occasion to chastise a boy
+of the household. Mr. Roberts was so blinded by passion, the idea that
+Europeans would never know the reverse of his statement, or some other
+reason, that, in a paroxysm of rage, he fled from the city, and sought
+refuge on board H.M. gunboat _Renard_, which happened to be lying in the
+port. By some obliquity of vision best known to himself, Mr. Roberts
+mistook the stick used by the Kan-wang for a sword, and declared that
+his boy _had been_ brutally murdered. Not satisfied with this, although
+on the previous night he had retired to rest fully believing the
+surrounding people saints, the very next day, after his quarrel with the
+Kan-wang, he awoke to find them howling sinners. The many years that he
+had praised the Ti-pings as holy men were, by a moment of passion,
+forgotten, and within one day Mr. Roberts not only declared himself to
+have been deceived so long, but, for the act of one man, gave up the
+hundreds of thousands in the Ti-ping cause to fire and sword. We will
+just contrast the different statements of Mr. Roberts, one with the
+other, and then dismiss the subject.
+
+This is an extract from the first, made on board the _Renard_:--
+
+"Kan-wang, moved by his coolie elder brother--literally a coolie at
+Hong-kong--and the devil, without fear of God before his eyes, did on
+Monday, the 13th instant (January, 1862), come into the house in which I
+was living, _and with malice aforethought murder one of my servants with
+a large sword in his own hand, in my presence_, without a moment's
+warning or any just cause. _And after having slain my poor, harmless,
+helpless boy, he jumped on his head most fiend-like, and stamped it with
+his foot._"
+
+Now, at Canton, on the 3rd of April, 1862, when it was generally known
+that the above charge of murder was incorrect, Mr. Roberts retracted
+these words [Blue Book, 1862, p. 5], having reference to the Kan-wang's
+form of baptism:--
+
+"A miserable apostate, (?) polygamist, _and murderer, too_, to wish to
+administer an ordinance held sacred by those who practise it. What a
+sacrilege! But as to that boy, _I have since been told that he evinced
+indications of life after he was dragged out_, by one who saw him. But I
+think it would have been less cruel in Kan-wang to have smoothly cut off
+his head than to send him out even half killed, destitute, and naked, to
+freeze and starve to death. _Whether the boy was killed directly or not,
+I cannot esteem Kan-wang, and his elder brother, who prompted him to the
+wicked deed, less than murderers; and hence, in my judgment, they ought
+both to be treated as such._"
+
+In the pamphlet, "A Letter to the Bishop of Victoria, regarding the
+Religion of the Ti-ping Rebels," the author states, "Of course you now
+know that the story of that person's boy being murdered by the Kan-wang
+is a fabrication. 'The Kan-wang called on me,' said Mr. Roberts, when I
+asked him about the matter, 'and desired me to punish the boy. I told
+him I would first remonstrate with him; and then he, the Kan-wang's
+brother, dissatisfied with my answer, beat him, _as I thought_, to
+death.'"
+
+[33] This affair happened on the 25th of August, was reported to the
+Shanghae _Daily Shipping and Commercial News_ of the next day, and was
+widely known in China. A certain Mr. CHALONER ALABASTER, of the British
+consular service, is mentioned in connection with it.
+
+[34] From the success of the Ti-pings.
+
+[35] _China Overland Trade Report_, February 20, 1863.
+
+[36] Blue Book, China, No. 3, 1864, p. 68.
+
+[37] _Id._, p. 80.
+
+[38] Blue Book, No. 3, 1864, p. 96.
+
+[39] _Id._, p. 162.
+
+[40] Blue Book, No. 3, 1864, p. 163.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+    Personal Narrative continued.--Mr. Lobschied.--His Reception at
+    Nankin.--Press Publications.--Mr. Lobschied leaves
+    Nankin.--Operations before Tait-san.--The Assault.--Act of
+    Bravery.--Route of the Imperialists.--Gordon's Art of
+    War.--Tait-san reinvested.--Siege of Tait-san.--Its
+    Capture.--Manchoo Atrocities.--Treatment of Ti-ping
+    Prisoners.--Mr. Sillar's Statement.--Quin-san
+    captured.--Gordon's Report.--Gordon reinforced.--The Chung-wang
+    recalled.--Critical Position of the Ti-pings.--The Chung-wang's
+    Retreat.--Difficulties encountered.--Reinforcements.--The Scene
+    of Battle.--Its Horrors.--Arrival at Nankin.--The Chung-wang's
+    Army.--General attack.--The Repulse.--The Surprise.--The Night
+    Attack.--The Flight and Pursuit.--Death of Marie.
+
+
+When at last I became convalescent and able to leave my house in Nankin,
+for several reasons I determined to take a trip to Shanghae. My wife
+wished to see her relations there; I was anxious to ascertain the
+political and practical position of affairs; and, besides, there were
+many things to be done toward assisting the Ti-ping cause. The principal
+inducement for the trip was, however, the fact that my friends, D. and
+Captain P., had, upon their last voyage, brought me some letters from
+Chin-kiang (to where they had been forwarded by my agent at Shanghae),
+stating that the Rev. W. Lobschied, a distinguished missionary, was
+anxious to visit the Ti-ping capital. I at once decided to proceed to
+Shanghae and afford him every assistance by placing one of our vessels
+at his service for the journey to and from Nankin.
+
+During the last few months of my illness messengers had continually
+arrived from the head-quarters of the I- and Chung-wang's armies,
+reporting the uninterrupted successes of both. But at the same time
+intelligence was received of the second capture of Kah-ding and
+Tsing-poo, the capture of Fu-shan by the allies, and the treachery of
+the chief in command at the city of Chang-zu, who had accepted the large
+bribes offered by the enemy, and surrendered the city. Orders were
+consequently despatched to the I-wang's victorious army, already beyond
+the Po-yang lake, and that chief detached a considerable portion of it
+to return and protect the threatened districts. This force, at the time
+I left Nankin (early spring of 1863), was already besieging Chang-zu,
+having closely invested the city upon every side.
+
+Having embarked with my wife on board our lorcha, the _Anglo-Ti-ping_,
+we proceeded under sail to Chin-kiang, and then took passage in a
+steamer to Shanghae. A month after our arrival, every motive for the
+visit being accomplished, and the Rev. W. Lobschied having arranged to
+accompany me, we returned to Chin-kiang together, and then, getting on
+board the lorcha, made sail for Nankin. When half-way there I engaged a
+small steamer to tow us up to the forts, in order to oblige the
+missionary, who was averse to the delay the calm weather seemed likely
+to occasion.
+
+In a couple of days we were cast off at our destination, and I proceeded
+on shore with Mr. Lobschied, introducing him to the Sz-wang, who
+received him very kindly, and immediately sent word of his arrival to
+the Government inside the city. The next morning horses and attendants
+were in waiting to escort us to the Kan-wang's presence. Upon reaching
+the palace, Mr. Lobschied met with so warm and friendly a reception from
+the Kan-wang and many other chiefs, that I am quite sure he can never
+cease to remember it with pleasure, and at the same time with regret
+that he has not been more energetic or useful to what he knew full well
+was the cause of Christianity and righteousness. Many of the Ti-pings
+had known him at Canton in former days, when they had studied the
+wondrous truths of Scripture, and some, I believe, had been his own
+converts and pupils. These men were most anxious that he should stay
+among them, and earnestly entreated him to do so; but the Rev. W.
+Lobschied, as he informed me, had to attend to some appointment at
+Canton, and the wishes or whims of a young wife. Thus the last
+opportunity for a teacher of the Gospel to support the cause of
+Christianity in China was thrown away; my trouble lost (not that I cared
+for ought but the fact that it was not used to advantage when every
+opportunity was offered); and the visit of the last missionary who came
+to the Ti-ping capital, rendered utterly fruitless. Something did result
+from the visit in the shape of the following letter:--
+
+    "THE TAEPINGS.
+    "_A Visit to Nanking, and an Interview with the Kan-Wong._
+    "(To the Editor of the _Daily Press_, Hong Kong.)
+
+    "SIR.--The dreadful accounts given of the condition and
+    character of the rebels had long made me anxious to visit their
+    capital, and see for myself how far all that has been said of
+    them be true. There is a brisk trade carried on outside the city
+    of Nanking. The fields within the ancient wall were well
+    cultivated, as well as the country around; and wheat, barley,
+    and large beans, appeared to be there in abundance. The people
+    within the city _were certainly looking better than in any town
+    along the Yang-tse-kiang_. New shops and fine buildings were in
+    course of erection, and the people were in general well dressed.
+    The women moved about performing their daily work as they do
+    here in the South; aged persons were playing with their
+    grandchildren, and wheresoever I came I was treated with respect
+    and kindness. The kings, and particularly Kan-Wong, received me
+    with great kindness, and I felt that I was as safe in Nanking as
+    in any Chinese town I have ever visited. They were anxious to
+    know why England was so hostile against them. 'Have we ever
+    broken faith with foreigners? Have we ever retaliated the enmity
+    of England and France?' said Kan-Wong. 'If they force us to the
+    conclusion that we are to be treated as outlaws, then the day of
+    retribution will come! We are fighting in our own country, and
+    to rid ourselves of a foreign power, and woe to the stranger
+    who falls into our hands after the first shot has been fired
+    against Nanking.[41] We need not then take cities and hold them,
+    or allow foreigners to assist the Imperial imps in surrounding
+    us; we shall then move in one compact body, ravaging the country
+    and destroying trade.[42] We have not as yet sent men into the
+    foreign settlements to burn and destroy, but have strictly
+    prohibited such acts. Who can prevent us from committing such
+    acts, if we choose? And why should we not make the sojourn of
+    foreigners here intolerable, if they come to destroy us who
+    _would_ and _have_ opened to them every port we hold, and tried
+    to be friends with them? We will spare neither Hankow nor any
+    other place held by foreigners, who will then see the difference
+    between forbearance and determined hostility.' They told me that
+    they had _repeatedly_ applied to the foreign consuls, in order
+    to come to some arrangements, but all their communications had
+    been returned _unopened_, and no reply given. I was present at
+    their religious meetings, which are regularly held every morning
+    and evening, but would not join them until I knew what they were
+    doing. They sang a hymn; and having previously placed three cups
+    of tea on the table,[43] they knelt down, one of them[44]
+    reading or saying an appropriate prayer. There was _no worship
+    of Taiping-Wong_. Whilst sitting in the palace, there came
+    frequent orders for books on religious subjects, and, so far as
+    the Chinese care for religion, _these men sang and prayed with a
+    will and with apparent devotion_. As the Imperialists are going
+    to _restrict_ the development of trade on the Yang-tze-Kiang as
+    soon as _Osborn's_ fleet has come out, and as the rebels _are
+    willing to open the whole country to foreigners_, if they will
+    stretch out a friendly hand to them, everybody may judge for
+    himself which party will serve him best. China was conquered by
+    the help of Roman Catholic missionaries, and the Imperial House
+    has for 150 years been under their influence. So long as the
+    Emperors made use of them they prospered; and the moment they
+    expelled them from Pekin, misrule and effeminacy became the
+    order of the day. Sir Frederick Bruce will one day be recalled
+    to give an account of the _ruinous course of policy he has
+    advised his Government to adopt_, and foreign influence will at
+    last prevail in the council of the rebels. But whether that will
+    be upon the ruins of the silk and tea plantations, or upon the
+    graveyards of thousands of British subjects, we shall soon have
+    an opportunity of witnessing. As almost all the officers now in
+    the service of the Imperialists are on half-pay, _and receive
+    besides an enormous salary from the Chinese_, nobody need feel
+    any surprise at the strange doings of men worthy a more
+    honourable death.[45] And if _General_ Gordon does receive 1,200
+    taels per month from the Imperialists, and his half-pay as an
+    officer of the British army, where then is British neutrality?
+    The proclamation of the Queen is dust thrown into the eyes of
+    Europe and America. But more on this subject for the second mail
+    of this month.
+
+    "Yours respectfully,
+    "W. L.
+    "Hong Kong, 10th June, 1863."
+
+The Rev. W. Lobschied, by his departure from Nankin and return to the
+south of China, sacrificed a glorious opportunity of serving the cause
+of the Master whose word he came abroad to teach. Had he installed
+himself at the Ti-ping capital and proclaimed that fact, and then
+reported the favourable points of their sincere Christianity,
+friendliness to foreigners, desire for unrestricted commerce and
+intercourse with Europeans, and general moral and physical superiority,
+in _all_ the particulars for which the Chinese are condemned, he would
+most likely have been the means of arresting the interference of
+England, and purifying the religious errors of the only voluntary native
+worshippers of Jesus in Asia.
+
+Had Mr. Lobschied so acted, every mission society and ordained member of
+the Church of England would necessarily have supported him; this would
+simply have been their duty to God. Popular opinion, when fixed by the
+voice of a well-known divine, speaking the _truth_ from Nankin, and with
+all the authority of his presence among the revolutionists, and
+undoubted personal knowledge of them, would almost certainly have
+compelled the British Government to remain neutral.
+
+Unfortunately Mr. Lobschied had private business which possessed greater
+charms for him than this, although success was certain if the effort
+were made. The Manchoo-Imperialists, unassisted by foreign mercenaries,
+would have fled before the progress of Ti-ping tien kwoh like fine chaff
+before a gale of wind. The ultimate results would have been the sure
+establishment of Christianity, freedom, and modern civilization,
+throughout the vast Chinese empire.
+
+Private affairs overpowered all other considerations, and so, after a
+few days spent at Nankin, I placed the rev. gentleman on board a passing
+steamer and bid him adieu.
+
+Soon after my return to Nankin, reports of disaster to the Ti-ping
+forces in the Shanghae district were received; but previous to noticing
+these I must describe the complete defeat the Anglo-Manchoo legion
+experienced before the city of Tait-san.
+
+Shortly after being placed in command of the drilled force, Captain
+Holland was ordered by the Fu-tai, Le, Governor of the province, to
+advance upon Tait-san and wrest it from the Ti-pings. Burning to
+distinguish himself, and probably not averse to the _bonus_ it is
+believed the Fu-tai offered for the capture of the city, besides the
+prospect of much _loot_, the newly-fledged _general_ led forward his
+men.
+
+This expedition was accompanied by British volunteers, and the British
+officers belonging to the force, besides which General Staveley lent
+several large howitzers, the property of the English nation, to the
+commanding officer. Attached to _General_ Holland, as body-guard, was a
+motley brigade of European mercenaries, consisting of almost every
+nationality. The whole strength of the disciplined division inclusive
+was considerably over 3,000 men, with 22 pieces of heavy artillery,
+field-pieces, and mortars, supported by an army of 10,000 Imperialists.
+The legionaries, and a great proportion of the irregular troops, were
+well armed with English rifles and muskets, well equipped in every way,
+and supplied with abundance of ammunition.
+
+After driving the Ti-pings from several small outworks and tearing from
+a neighbouring village all its "doors, windows, tables, &c.," as one
+account states, the Imperialist forces took up a position under the
+walls of Tait-san. Of course the Ti-ping maligners, who followed upon
+the track of the allies, raven-like croaked forth from the destroyed
+village about the "ruthless devastation" of those "bloodthirsty
+monsters." They should have seen the village, or rather those who have
+been misled by their howling should have done so, _before_ the gallant
+Anglo-Manchoo forces stripped it of furniture and partially pulled down
+the houses. Undoubtedly many who have accused the Ti-pings of wanton
+devastation have unintentionally mistaken the ravages of their own
+friends for that of the people they condemned, though it is hard to
+believe that any one could credit such opinions, when, in every account
+of the Imperialist operations, the destruction of some Ti-ping city,
+village, or store of grain, is prominently set forth.
+
+Rows of stakes had been driven into the creeks by the Ti-pings, and the
+boats carrying the siege train of the enemy were delayed in their
+advance upon Tait-san until they could be pulled up. In spite of
+obstructions and a strong sortie made by the garrison, which was not
+repulsed without a sharp fight, the guns were landed during the night of
+the 13th of February, 1863, and placed in position.
+
+Early on the following morning the garrison received strong
+reinforcements from the Ti-ping army investing Chang-zu, distant less
+than twenty-five miles, which were welcomed with immense cheering.
+Shortly afterwards the besiegers opened fire from their numerous
+artillery.
+
+In about five hours a large and practicable breach was made in the city
+wall, and Captain, or rather _General_, Holland ordered the assault. Now
+it so happened that the defenders had wisely sheltered themselves from
+the deadly artillery fire to which they had only one or two small
+6-pounders to reply, and instead of recklessly exposing themselves in
+the usual Ti-ping style, had remained perfectly silent behind their
+defences.
+
+Led by a party of the body-guard and their European officers, the
+trained troops rushed gallantly forward to storm the city. At this
+moment the defenders suddenly manned the breach, and although fearfully
+thinned by the enfilading artillery fire, kept up a fusillade which told
+with terrible effect upon the dense masses of the enemy. A few crossed
+the moat by their bridges, only however to be shot down, and the whole
+division of stormers wavered and hesitated on the brink. A
+sergeant-major of the disciplined rifle regiment here performed an act
+of bravery that no European could have outdone. Seizing the colours of
+the regiment, Ward's old flag, he rushed to the front with it, and
+calling on the men to advance, stood there alone, a mark for the fire of
+the besieged. It is remarkable that, though six bullets pierced his
+clothes, not one injured him, or even cut his skin.
+
+Unable to advance against the shower of missiles directed from the
+breach and city walls, where even the little boys were stationed with
+heaps of bricks to throw upon them, the Imperialists fell back on their
+guns in confusion. _General_ Holland then ordered the artillery to the
+rear, and a rapid retreat commenced. This, however, they were not
+allowed to effect so easily, for the Ti-pings dragged a 6-pounder into
+the breach, where it was worked by some Europeans, and directed upon the
+men endeavouring to remove the siege guns, with deadly effect. At the
+same time the garrison sallied forth from two gates, while others rushed
+through the breach and attacked the enemy with vigour.
+
+For some time the rifles and 1st regiment of the British contingent,
+together with the European company, fought desperately to save the guns.
+Meanwhile the main Imperialist army was routed with much slaughter, and,
+with all the other regiments of disciplined troops, fled in every
+direction from the field. The troops who so gallantly protected the
+retreat of their comrades, managed also to save all the artillery,
+except two heavy 32-pounders and several light howitzers. Upon these
+guns the Ti-pings incessantly charged, and both sides lost heavily in
+killed and wounded. _General_ Holland had left the field, and it was
+entirely due to _Colonel_ Barclay and _Major_ Cooke, who jointly
+conducted the retreat, and well animated and kept their men together,
+that only a few pieces of artillery, instead of the whole park, were
+captured by the Ti-pings.
+
+Seeing that his men were falling thickly, and that they were in danger
+of being surrounded, Colonel Barclay abandoned the guns and made a
+pretty orderly retreat. The Ti-pings marked those guns for their
+especial prey, and concentrated on them such a hail of shot that no one
+could approach them from the hostile ranks and live. The enemy found
+that it would be impossible even to spike them without a terrible loss
+of life, and so left them uninjured as trophies for the victorious
+garrison of Tait-san.
+
+The day following their defeat only 1,500 of the British contingent
+mustered at their head-quarters, but stragglers shortly came dropping
+in. The same force lost 5 officers killed and 16 wounded. The
+co-operating Imperialist army was totally dispersed, and lost more than
+2,000 men _hors de combat_. The Ti-ping casualties were also very heavy,
+for the men had rushed gallantly into the breach under withering volleys
+from the disciplined and well-armed assailants, and at least 1,000 were
+killed and wounded during the defence and subsequent fighting.
+
+_General_ Holland, upon reaching Shanghae, resigned his command in
+disgust, and was superseded by one Major Gordon, of the Royal Engineers,
+a cold, calculating man, who possessed qualities far more conducive to
+successful operations against the Ti-pings than even brilliant and
+dashing generalship. His tactics were to destroy them from a distance
+by his long-range artillery, which was a thing to be done generally with
+perfect impunity, because the Ti-pings were almost entirely without
+cannon.
+
+The aim of the revolutionists is to get at close quarters with the
+enemy, and wherever they have been able to accomplish this, even the
+disciplined and foreign-officered troops have been beaten. Unfortunately
+they have seldom been able to effect their favourite manoeuvre against
+the latter, the overwhelming artillery and regular volleys of musketry
+sweeping away every attempted formation of the Ti-ping troops long
+before it could be completed.
+
+_General_ Gordon having assumed command of the once despised
+mercenaries, that is to say, despised before the despisers were able to
+handle the loaves and fishes, he very wisely spent several months in
+thoroughly reorganizing his troops and raising his artillery to a
+strength and state of efficiency perfectly irresistible by the Ti-pings.
+During this period, besides the officers of the force, numerous
+drill-instructors were supplied by the British general at Shanghae, so
+that Gordon's, Kingsley's, Cooke's, and other legions, soon became
+formidable both as to numbers, armament, and discipline, _a l'Anglais_.
+
+The first operations directed by Gordon were against Fu-shan and the
+beleaguered city of Chang-zu, the former of which was captured and the
+latter relieved, the Ti-pings losing some 1,200 men; Gordon's force, 2
+killed and 3 wounded! These relative casualties afford a fair sample of
+the usual result of nearly every engagement. The immense loss of life
+upon the Ti-ping side during the years 1862-3-4, and part of the
+present, may easily be imagined, and will be found stated in detail in
+the approximate table at the end of this volume,[46] which has been
+compiled principally from official sources. Gordon, in his own report of
+the operations above referred to, states: "The number of guns was
+terrific, and although after every shot the rebels would fire from one
+or two loop-holes, it was evident they had no chance." The position
+exposed to this "terrific" fire was simply a few open stockades,
+undefended by artillery.
+
+At this time Gordon's force mustered, all told, about 5,000 men;
+Kingsley's, 1,000; Cooke's, 1,500; and the Franco-Manchoo contingents,
+commanded respectively by _Generals_ D'Aguibelle, Giquel, and Bonnefoi,
+from 3,000 to 4,000. Subsequently other legions and artillery corps
+attached to the irregular Imperial troops, about 2,500 in all, were
+formed and commanded by _Colonels_ Bailey, Howard, Rhode, &c., while the
+total force of trained Chinese generally maintained the relative
+strength here given, viz., 14,000.
+
+The disaster to the Ti-pings in the vicinity of Shanghae, the report of
+which, as mentioned before their victory at Tait-san, reached Nankin
+shortly after my return, consisted in their loss of the former city, and
+the still more important one of Quin-san, after a desperate and gallant
+defence at each.
+
+General Brown, Commander-in-Chief of H. B. Majesty's forces in China,
+having, by every description of help and assistance, placed Gordon's
+troops in a state of complete effectiveness, the latter once more moved
+upon the devoted city of Tait-san.
+
+Upon this occasion Gordon was supplied with a heavy siege train,
+including 8-inch howitzers and large mortars, _all belonging to the
+British army_; while General Brown sent a force of 550 men (including
+detachments of Royal Artillery, H. M. 31st regiment, Belooches, and B.
+N. I.) to look after his guns and take care that his _protege_ should
+not suffer a similar defeat to that experienced by _General_ Holland. In
+fact, General Brown maintained a large force at Shanghae for the express
+purpose of assisting the Imperialists, supplying them with artillery and
+men to garrison the cities they captured.
+
+The capture of Tait-san is one of the most desperate encounters on the
+records of the Anglo-Manchoo forces.
+
+In addition to the trained troops, Sing, a Manchoo general, joined in
+the attack with 5,000 to 7,000 men. The strength of the garrison was not
+less than 4,000, including little boys, who, according to the usual
+custom, were stationed with heaps of stones to throw upon the
+assailants.
+
+After shelling the Ti-pings from their outworks, Gordon arrived under
+the walls of Tait-san on the 2nd of May, 1863. In his report to _General
+Brown_, Gordon states:--"About noon fire was opened from two guns, and
+by degrees more guns were brought into action, till at 2 p.m. every gun
+and mortar was in action, _the troops being under cover_. As the
+defences got dilapidated the guns were advanced, and at 4.30 p.m. the
+boats were moved up and the assault commenced. The rebels swarmed to the
+breach, and for ten to twelve minutes a hand-to-hand contest took place,
+canister being fired into the breach from this side of the ditch, and a
+heavy musketry fire kept up."
+
+From this statement we find that after crumbling the ancient city walls
+to dust, and pouring in the tremendous fire of his numerous artillery
+for four hours and a half, his own men being in perfect safety, while
+the unfortunate defenders were torn to pieces by the storm of shot and
+shell to which they could make no reply, _General_ Gordon at last
+ordered the assault. This, however, was gallantly repulsed by the brave
+garrison, who, though almost decimated by the murderous artillery,
+despite the hail of "canister" from enfilading batteries and the "heavy
+musketry fire" poured upon them by the adverse covering parties, rushed
+into the wide-spread ruins of the breach and drove the assailants back
+in a desperate hand-to-hand encounter.
+
+Rallied by their officers, the division of stormers again returned to
+the assault, only, however, to be met with equal determination by the
+Ti-pings, who again successfully repulsed them.
+
+_General_ Gordon now placed his men under cover, inflicting heavy loss
+upon the defenders of the breach by pouring continual discharges of
+grape and canister shot into their dense ranks. For some time this
+artillery practice was resumed; a fresh storming party was then told
+off, and the breach again attacked with much bravery, and again defended
+with equal courage. The trained troops wavered and were nearly driven
+back a third time, but being reinforced by fresh men, rallied, and
+finally carried the breach. This, however, was not effected until the
+commandant of the city had been severely wounded, and a great proportion
+of his officers killed or disabled. The Ti-pings then gave way and
+escaped, carrying off many of their wounded, with their wives and
+children, through the gates at the other side of the town. The snake
+flags of Tsah, the commandant, remained in the breach until the summit
+was in possession of the enemy, when they were carried off in safety.
+
+The Imperialists were assisted by the steamer _Hyson_ in their attack
+upon Tait-san, which vessel caused no little alarm to the garrison by
+steaming along the creeks encircling the city, and throwing heavy shell
+among them, besides seriously menacing their line of retreat. Another
+great help to the besiegers consisted in the presence of the British
+_corps de reserve_, stationed at the village of Wy-con-sin close by, and
+which the Ti-pings fully expected would attack them should the
+disciplined Chinese be defeated.
+
+The loss of the Anglo-Manchoo force upon this occasion was about two
+hundred; the Ti-pings, soldiery and civilians, killed in action, or
+afterwards caught by the Imperialists and cruelly put to death, cannot
+have been less than two thousand.
+
+At Tait-san, as at Kah-ding, Tsing-poo, and every other city wrested
+from the Ti-pings either before or subsequently, the capture was
+followed by the perpetration of most revolting barbarities by the
+Imperial troops and Mandarins, whenever the attention of the British
+officers who assisted them to capture the places was withdrawn.
+_General_ Gordon and the commanding officers of other contingents saved
+some of the Ti-ping prisoners who had been captured; but for the
+destruction of many thousands of innocent men, including country people,
+non-combatant inhabitants of the cities, and women and children, they
+are criminally responsible.
+
+Upon the first capture of Kah-ding by the British forces, when General
+Staveley's _humane_ disposition led him to station the Imperialist
+troops so as to intercept the flight of the garrison from his artillery
+fire, the following scenes were enacted, as appears by a letter from the
+Rev. Mr. Lobschied, published in the _Hong Kong Daily Press_ of June
+28th:--
+
+    "A small gate being the only issue through which the women and
+    children could escape from their _deliverers_, they rushed upon
+    the wall, and threw themselves down a great height, rather than
+    fall into the hands of the combined forces. Those that were
+    immediately killed were lucky enough; for they were saved from
+    the sufferings that awaited the survivors. Whilst looting and
+    killing was going on within the walls, until darkness threw her
+    veil over the scenes of horror, several hundreds of men, women,
+    and children, whose only crime was that of being citizens of
+    Kah-ding when taken by the rebels, were lying outside the city
+    walls with broken limbs, helpless, and parched with thirst. When
+    morning arrived, a few gentlemen passed outside the wall through
+    the narrow gate, in order to take a retrospect of the field of
+    action. What did they see? The Imperialists, having become aware
+    of the large number of sufferers outside the wall, had resorted
+    thither long before the rising of the sun, were just stripping
+    the poor people, and cutting off their heads, which they would
+    take with them as trophies of their victory, when the two
+    gentlemen (one of whom was an officer) happened to disturb
+    them."
+
+The unfortunate people above referred to were a portion of those
+massacred by the troops of the Chinese general Le, the same worthy who,
+when reporting to General Staveley his execution of the duties assigned
+him, offered to produce the left ears of 1,300 rebels.
+
+At Tait-san similar atrocities were committed by the forces of Sing, the
+Manchoo commander. Hundreds of civilians were killed for the sake of
+their heads, and some prisoners were actually taken to the camp of the
+British _corps de reserve_, formed in conjunction with an Imperialist
+one, and there cruelly tortured to death. The execution of seven victims
+in particular is fully attested by Dr. Murtagh,[47] 22nd B. N. I.; other
+"eye-witnesses," including the Bishop of Victoria, have personally
+assured me of their positive knowledge as to this and other atrocities
+more revolting, and upon a more extensive scale, that have been
+inflicted upon Ti-pings captured by means of the British alliance with
+the Manchoo. The following is an extract from a letter published in most
+of the Shanghae papers, and vouched for as being true by Dr. Murtagh:--
+
+    EXTRACT FROM THE "NORTH CHINA HERALD" OF JUNE 13, 1863.
+    _Treatment of Ti-ping Prisoners._
+    (To the Editor of the _Daily Shipping and Commercial News_.)
+
+    "... About 11 o'clock a.m. on the day following the capture of
+    Tait-san (_Sunday_, May 3rd), seven prisoners were brought into
+    the Imperialist camp near Wy-con-sin; being stripped perfectly
+    nude, they were each tied to a stake, and tortured with the most
+    refined cruelty. Arrows appeared to have been forcibly driven
+    into various parts of their bodies, from whence issued copious
+    streams of blood. This mode of torture falling short of
+    satiating the demoniacal spirit of their tormentors, recourse
+    was had to other means. Strips of flesh were cut, or rather
+    hacked (judging from the appearance presented, the instrument
+    seemed too blunt to cut), from different parts of their bodies,
+    which, hanging by a small portion of skin, presented an
+    appearance truly horrible....
+
+    "For hours these wretched beings writhed in agony. About sunset
+    they were led forth more dead than alive by a brutal
+    executioner, who, sword in hand, thirsting to imbrue his hand in
+    blood, seemed the very incarnation of a fiend. Seizing his
+    unfortunate victims, he exultingly dragged them forth, mocking
+    and insulting them, and then, by hewing, hacking, and using a
+    sawing motion, he succeeded eventually in putting an end to
+    their sufferings by partially severing the head from the body.
+    Such are the bare facts, which can, if necessary, be fully
+    substantiated by other eye-witnesses....
+
+    "(Signed) AN EYE-WITNESS."
+
+As further evidence of the atrocities which were committed in these
+fearful times, the following letter will speak emphatically. It was
+written at the time, and addressed to the editor of the _Shanghae
+Recorder_, by Mr. J. C. Sillar, a merchant of high position, by whose
+permission it is now published:--
+
+    "NO MORE MURDERS.
+    "(To the Editor of the _Shanghae Recorder_.)
+
+    "SIR,--A gentleman who was present at the capture of Tsingpo
+    informed me that he held the heads of fourteen women with his
+    own hands while their throats, which had been cut by the English
+    or French soldiers (perhaps both) were being sewn up. There were
+    many more, but he held the heads of fourteen with his own hands.
+
+    "I trust that, in the event of the capture of Kading, steps may
+    be taken to prevent such atrocities either by our own men or the
+    'disciplined Chinese.'
+
+    "Your obedient servant,
+    "J. C. SILLAR.
+    "Shanghae, October 18, 1862."
+
+    "The women stated that their throats had been cut by the English
+    soldiers; but, upon being asked to identify them, pointed to the
+    French.
+
+    "J. C. S."
+
+Placing the Manchoo, Sing, in charge of Tait-san, _General_ Gordon moved
+forward to reconnoitre Quin-san, the next Ti-ping city in the direction
+of Soo-chow, the provincial capital. After establishing a large
+Imperialist army in a stockaded position close to its walls, he returned
+with his own force to Soong-kong, the head-quarters, for the purpose of
+obtaining from General Brown, at Shanghae, further supplies of H. B.
+Majesty's shot and shell, preparatory to bombarding the city. When all
+the necessary munitions of war had been received from the British
+arsenals, Gordon returned to his allies outside the east gate of
+Quin-san.
+
+The garrison, upon the arrival of Gordon's troops, sallied forth upon
+them in strong force, but after a desperate attempt to come to close
+quarters were driven back by the artillery with much loss. Now,
+unfortunately for the Ti-pings, the scientific knowledge of their enemy
+led him to investigate the strategic and defensive position of Quin-san
+with unmistakable perception of its weak points. He quickly discovered
+that the place was so situated as to possess but one line of retreat or
+supply, in consequence of the numerous small lakes, Imperialist
+outposts, and broad creeks in every other direction. Consequently,
+instead of directly attacking the city, Gordon moved his army, supported
+by the steamer _Hyson_ and a large fleet of well-armed gunboats, against
+its only line of communication, a road constructed along the bank of a
+wide creek leading to Soo-chow. This movement was no sooner perceived by
+the garrison of Quin-san, than, finding their position rendered
+perfectly untenable, they commenced to evacuate the city as fast as
+possible. Refugees from Tait-san and the surrounding country had
+increased the number of inhabitants considerably, and, as at many places
+their only line of retreat was but a few feet broad, with deep creeks on
+either side, and continual narrow bridges spanning the numerous canals
+intersecting the country with a perfect maze of water, their escape from
+the city occupied the entire day, and their long thin line stretched for
+miles along this narrow road. The rush of the panic-stricken people was
+so great that the Ti-ping troops became inextricably mingled with and
+confused among them.
+
+A few miles from Quin-san the _Hyson_ and the gunboats came upon the
+fugitives where their line of retreat was intersected by the creek, up
+which the vessels were advancing; their progress, however, was for some
+time arrested by a couple of stockades, into which a few soldiers
+managed to throw themselves, and by an obstruction presented by a strong
+row of stakes driven firmly across the creek. During the delay, the
+_Hyson's_ European officers amused themselves by an incessant fire of
+grape and canister poured among the helpless people seeking to escape
+almost in front of the muzzle of her 32-pounder bow gun. Gordon, in his
+report to General Brown,[48] after noticing the "well-cultivated"
+appearance of the country, states that the _Hyson_ continued this
+murderous work for "over three hours," at the expiration of which time
+he arrived with his troops and drove the defenders from their stockades.
+Immediately upon this, the _Hyson_, as Gordon states, "overhauled the
+rebels and followed them slowly up. The creek was positively jammed up
+with their boats, and at the bridge at Edin the crush was awful." Now,
+how those who directed the fire of shell and _mitraille_ from the
+_Hyson_ managed to avoid injuring the women and children, who
+constituted a great proportion of the people contained in the boats,
+does not appear.
+
+When the unfortunates had been leisurely followed up and ceaselessly
+attacked until they reached the vicinity of Soo-chow, and the protection
+afforded by its garrison, the steamer turned about and slowly ran back.
+The report, continuing from this point, states:--
+
+    "All this time rebel stragglers had been dropping into the
+    Soochow road from all parts, and the _Hyson_ had to _continue
+    her work_ all the way back, sometimes being so close on masses
+    of rebels that she had to resort to some measure to get clear of
+    them, and so adopted the novel expedient of using her steam
+    whistle, which, singular as it may appear, had the desired
+    effect.... Mounted men would try and gallop by the steamer not
+    six yards from her; others positively rode or tried to ride past
+    when she was alongside the road. _The grape and canister must
+    have told fearfully, owing to their numbers._... We had not
+    ceased shelling until 2.30 _a.m._"
+
+At least nine-tenths of the wretched people who thus perished under the
+orders of _General_ Gordon--who, by the way, seems to have become very
+quickly imbued with the "Chinese character" prophesied by the British
+minister at Pekin--were non-combatants. The manner in which British
+officers dealt destruction to their victims during _twenty hours_, with
+absolute impunity to themselves, would be too revolting to be credible,
+but for its plain avowal by Major Gordon, R.E., himself. This almost
+unparalleled proceeding is merely the prototype of many other atrocities
+perpetrated by the Anglo-Manchoo legion and its Imperialist allies.
+During all the operations against the Ti-pings, and all the terrible
+consequences following the fall of their cities, can Major Gordon say
+how many were peaceful inhabitants, whose only fault was the fact that
+they were inmates of a town captured and held by the revolutionists?
+Fully nine-tenths of the Ti-ping killed and wounded, so vain-gloriously,
+were only guilty of submission to the _de facto_ Power; the remainder
+were _bona fide_ Ti-ping soldiers, whose only crime was their endeavour
+to expel the foreign and oppressive dynasty, and to establish the
+Christian faith, the persecution of the first converts to which caused
+their revolution.
+
+Thousands of the people who fled before the ceaseless shelling from the
+_Hyson_ had never seen a steamer before; even the few who had, like all
+Chinese, were greatly awed by the supposed qualities of the "fiery
+dragon ship;" thus, the shrieking of the steam whistle, the dashing
+noise of her paddles, the flaming appearance of her funnel, and the
+fearful effect of her artillery fire, must have thrown them into the
+wildest consternation. Other steam gunboats, similar to the _Hyson_,
+were shortly added to the flotilla attached to Gordon's force, and ever
+afterwards their appearance threw the Ti-pings into confusion, and
+proved more effective than a great army in the field. The dread inspired
+by the steamers was always fatal to every Ti-ping position they
+attacked, and not without cause. They were each protected by iron
+mantlets, proof against musketry fire, which was all they had to resist,
+and carried a heavy bow gun and another at the stern. If the garrison
+of any stockade attempted to resist them, their artillery soon battered
+down the defences or shelled the defenders, and then came a massacre
+similar to that attending the evacuation of Quin-san. The whole country
+between Shanghae and Soo-chow is low, marshy, and cut up by innumerable
+creeks, canals, dykes, and lakes, the only roads being a few narrow
+causeways built along the sides of the principal creeks; therefore,
+whenever the garrison of a stockade was driven out, their only line of
+retreat was along the bank of a creek, up which a steamer could follow
+them for miles, and pour in deadly discharges of grape and canister at a
+distance of only a few feet.
+
+It has been estimated that the Ti-ping loss during the evacuation of
+Quin-san and the subsequent route was not less than 3,000. Gordon's
+force lost 2 killed and 5 drowned!
+
+Having noticed the particulars of the disastrous loss of Tait-san and
+Quin-san, we must now come to the still more unfortunate effect caused
+by the receipt of the intelligence at Nankin, and the further report
+that the ships of the Anglo-Chinese or "Vampyre" flotilla were arriving
+at Shanghae.
+
+These events took place in the month of May, 1863, and immediately the
+Ti-ping Government heard of them, couriers were despatched in hot haste
+after the Chung-wang, recalling his army to the capital. At this time
+the Commander-in-Chief had advanced about four hundred miles in the
+direction of Pekin, having captured many cities from the enemy, and
+completely defeated several large Manchoo armies, one led by the
+Imperialist Prince Sung-wang, or San-ko-lin-sin, as he is known to
+Europeans. Upon receipt of the orders from Nankin, the Chung-wang was
+compelled to forsake all the important advantages he had gained, and
+derive no benefit from the series of victories he had achieved, by
+abandoning every captured position and precipitately returning to the
+capital.
+
+The Ti-ping forces had quite lately reached a fertile part of the
+country, where they were recruiting and gradually recovering from the
+hardships endured throughout the previous march. From the edge of the
+river Yang-tze, in the vicinity where the army first crossed from
+Nankin, throughout a naturally sterile country, for a distance of more
+than three hundred miles, the retreating Imperialists had devastated
+everything far and near, so as to stay the advance of the Ti-pings by
+the deadly medium of famine. Every rice-field, farm, and plantation were
+destroyed and made a desert waste, so that not the smallest article of
+food could be obtained. Fortunately the Chung-wang's commissariat was
+well supplied, so his troops were able to traverse the desolated regions
+without very much suffering, and by quick movements to limit the
+devastation to an extent of three hundred miles.
+
+At the time, however, when the Chung-wang received his orders to return
+to Nankin, the supplies of his army had become well nigh exhausted, and
+the urgent tone of the despatches made an immediate retreat so
+imperative, that no delay to gather in the standing crops or otherwise
+collect a sufficient quantity of provisions was possible.
+
+Besides the fall of Tait-san, Quin-san, &c., and the presence of several
+"Vampyre" ships at Shanghae, where others were momentarily arriving,
+other dangers menaced the Ti-pings; namely, either the destruction of
+their best army by starvation, or the prevention of its retreat to
+Nankin, by the immense fleet of Imperialist gunboats threatening the
+city.
+
+Since the fall of Ngan-king (towards the close of the year 1861), the
+Imperialists had gradually approached along both banks of the river,
+until at last they managed to capture every place up to the walls of
+Nankin. This result was accomplished entirely by the presence of the
+well-equipped and innumerable flotilla of row-galleys, just at the
+period the Ti-ping Government was alarmed by the loss of Tait-san and
+Quin-san. But though the revolutionists were unable to dispute the
+supremacy on the great river, simply because they were entirely
+destitute of war vessels, they held the country within five miles of the
+water for a considerable distance above Nankin on the south bank of the
+Yang-tze.
+
+The army commanded by the Chung-wang consisted principally of veteran
+troops, natives of the south of China, who originally joined the
+movement, and was by far the best in the Ti-ping service. Its strength
+of fighting men was not less than 50,000, while numberless refugees,
+prisoners, coolies, and others, far more than doubled those figures.
+
+From the intelligence conveyed in his despatches, the General knew at
+once that only one course--an instant retreat by forced marches--was
+possible, either to save his army from destruction, or succour the
+hardly-pressed garrisons of the cities of the silk district. Gathering
+all the rice at hand, though it was quite unripe, and foraging
+everything that could be used as food, though a full treasury could have
+supplied them with suitable provisions had such been available in
+sufficient quantity, the army broke ground and commenced its disastrous
+return to Nankin. The supplies soon proved inadequate to last one half
+the distance to be traversed; consequently, this retreat proved more
+terribly destructive to the army than a dozen bad defeats would have
+been. The latter part of the forced marches these starving men had to
+perform led through desert places and low marshy ground; and, to add to
+the horrors of their situation, the Yang-tze having considerably
+overflowed its banks, the low country for a great distance inland was
+completely flooded. Through this, and many a weary mile of bamboo swamp,
+had the exhausted and starving Ti-pings to force their way.
+
+Whenever a piece of firmer ground was reached, it could only be passed
+after defeating the Manchoo troops in occupation, who, well supplied
+with food, clothing, and boats, swarmed around the perishing and
+retreating army in thousands, now that it could be done with impunity.
+As the unfortunate Ti-pings approached nearer and nearer to the bank of
+the river, their sufferings (if possible) became increased. Frequently
+they came to places totally impassable except by swimming, and at such
+they had to cross exposed to the attacks of numerous squadrons of
+Imperialist gunboats, stationed at every available position to cut off
+or harass their retreat. Can anything more dreadful than the state of
+these unhappy patriots be imagined? For nearly a month they had
+subsisted entirely upon the grass of the fields, the green tops of
+bamboo, and the bodies of the dead!--while their march lay through the
+mazes of dense bamboo jungle, and swamps of mud and water--frequently of
+a depth which prevented fording. During the whole of this fearful
+retreat, their rear, front, and flanks were incessantly harassed by the
+attacks of the cowardly and bloodthirsty enemy, who cruelly murdered
+hundreds of exhausted men, whom they were quite unable to withstand in
+fair fight. Thousands perished in this manner, and thousands more were
+horribly suffocated in the morasses, or drowned among the swamps. Who is
+responsible for all this misery and loss of life? It was _caused_
+entirely through British intervention, and the material aid given to the
+Manchoo. At last the leading division of the army made its appearance
+opposite Nankin, and then arose the difficulty of transporting it across
+the river.
+
+During several days preceding the arrival of the remnant of the
+Chung-wang's troops, the enemy had maintained an incessant attack upon
+the batteries and forts commanding the passage of the river, and had
+particularly concentrated their efforts against a large fort on the
+opposite side, the capture of which would have placed the whole north
+bank in their hands, and would also have cut off all retreat. About a
+week previous, the _Anglo-Ti-ping_, with my old craft and three junks,
+had run the Imperial blockade and safely arrived at the Nankin creek,
+each heavily laden with rice and other provisions. My friend D---- had
+caught a passing steamer, and proceeded on to Shanghae upon business.
+P---- remained with the lorcha, and I joined him on board, taking my
+wife with me, as the Sz-wang and principal chiefs in the city had
+requested me to assist in the defence of the river forts. Directly the
+Imperialists became aware of the near approach of the Chung-wang's army,
+they began their attacks upon the fort on the other side of the river.
+This work, Kew-fu-chew, as the Ti-pings named it, was directly opposite
+the batteries (at the entrance of the creek) which extended along the
+edge of the river, on the narrow strip of land forming the outer bank of
+the creek until it turned inland towards the city. These batteries
+mounted a number of heavy guns; though, as nearly all were of Chinese
+make--huge, unwieldy masses of iron, bigger than an English 68, but with
+the bore of only a 4 or 6-pounder--few were moveable or manageable. As a
+rule, until taught by Europeans, the Chinese are wretched artillerists,
+their guns being usually lashed firm in one position, from which they
+can neither be moved by the muzzle radius, nor breech-elevating
+principle; so that, be the object far or near, the guns are fired at the
+same range in every case. Among the many useless guns, the appearance of
+which had far more to do with frightening away the enemy than their
+effectiveness, I at last found five or six that were really
+serviceable--including an English naval 32-pounder, one 18-pounder, a
+large French cannon, and several fine brass Chinese guns. As there
+happened to be nearly thirty European and American trading vessels at
+the port, I managed to raise a corps of about twenty-five volunteers to
+work the artillery. My own lorcha carried two beautiful pivot-guns
+amidships, which proved of no little use during the different actions.
+
+Regularly at daylight every morning the enemy would commence their
+attack upon Kew-fu-chew, and the smaller forts above the Sz-wang's
+position. Their plan of battle was well formed and very picturesque in
+appearance; successive squadrons of gunboats would sail down and engage
+the fort, delivering their fire; and then, filling away before a fair
+wind, returning to their position up the river. These vessels were
+assisted by others co-operating from below the Ti-ping lines; all being
+profusely decorated with gaudy flags, and propelled by numerous oars on
+either side.
+
+The whole scene of battle formed a never-to-be-forgotten spectacle. The
+gallant appearance of the innumerable gunboats tacking down stream, and
+opening fire, one after the other, in regular order; some crossing in
+every direction, and others running back dead before the wind, with
+their broad and prettily-cut lateen sails stretching out on either side
+like a pair of snowy wings; the incessant roar of the cannonade; the
+flash of the guns; the curling smoke, at first dense and impenetrable,
+and then dissolving into thin wreaths, gracefully circling round the
+rigging and the white sails; the steady reply from the flag-covered
+forts, now enveloped in clouds of sulphurous vapour, anon standing forth
+clear and sharply defined against the dark background formed by the
+waving bamboo; the peaceful current of the noble Yang-tze river--here
+narrowed to a point less than 1,800 yards across, though stretching far
+and wide immediately beyond on either side; the grim embattled walls of
+Nankin, towering over the plain a few miles distant; mountains of
+fantastic shape on every side--some near, impending and majestic;
+others, cloud-capped and dimly visible in the distance; the cheer and
+cry of battle mingling with the echo of artillery--all combined,
+produced an effect truly grand and imposing.
+
+At last the garrison of Kew-fu-chew reported that the leading columns of
+the Chung-wang's army were in sight; upon which further reinforcements
+were instantly thrown into all the forts, while every boat was made
+ready for the purpose of transporting the approaching troops across the
+river. Even when they had arrived within sight of their capital, the
+sufferings of the unfortunate people were not completed until they had
+endured much more loss by the assaults of the enemy. Upon the arrival of
+the famished and emaciated troops at the brink of the river, they were
+saluted with one continuous cannonade from the gunboats that now found
+ample opportunities of slaughtering them as they crowded the bank for a
+distance of nearly two miles. With incredible fortitude they maintained
+their position, and did not flinch backward by the least perceptible
+movement; and, in the face of the terrible fire poured into their dense
+masses at point-blank range (mostly from _English_ guns), proceeded to
+the work of embarkation as steadily as their weakened condition would
+permit.
+
+Directly the first detachment appeared on the beach, I sailed over to
+help them with all my vessels, and getting a dozen Europeans on board
+the lorcha, worked her against the enemy with considerable effect. The
+fearful sights that met my gaze upon every part of the shore I shall
+never forget. Very many of the weakest men, totally unable to assist
+themselves further, were left to die within sight of the goal for which
+they had striven so hard and suffered so greatly, their number being so
+large that their comrades were not sufficient to help, or get them over
+the river in the presence of the enemy. The horrible "thud" of the
+cannon shot crashing continuously among the living skeletons, so densely
+packed at places that they were swept off by the river, into which they
+were forced by the pressure from behind; the perfect immobility with
+which they confronted the death hurled upon them from more than a
+thousand gunboats; and the slow effort the exhausted survivors made to
+extricate themselves from the mangled bodies of their stricken comrades,
+were scenes awful to contemplate. It was dreadful to watch day after day
+during the time occupied in getting the remnant of that once splendid
+army across the river, with but little means to succour them, the lanes
+cut through the helpless multitude on the beach by the merciless fire of
+the enemy; all so passively endured. The gaunt, starved forms, and wild
+staring eyes of those who had laid themselves down to die, haunted me
+for many a future night.
+
+Frequently during the passage of the river, some small boat, with its
+scarcely living freight, would be drifted away from the protection of
+the Nankin batteries by the strength of the tide, the overcrowded boat
+being too heavily laden to be moved quickly enough by the weakened arms
+of the rowers. Whenever such an event took place, the mandarin boats
+would dart upon their defenceless prey, and immediately chop off the
+heads of all on board in the most brutal manner, throwing the bodies of
+the victims into the river within sight of their comrades, who were
+totally unable to assist them. In these cases the poor fellows struggled
+and fought against their murderers with the energy of despair, as
+desperately as their enfeebled condition would permit; but this was of
+little avail, for nearly all their fire-arms were rendered useless, the
+powder being saturated with water, while they were far too weak to wield
+other weapons effectively.
+
+I received the Chung-wang on board my vessel, and carried him to the
+Nankin side, when he had seen the greater part of his surviving troops
+safely across the river. My comrade, L----, was with him, also the
+Sardinian officer of the late Ling-ho's regiment; but I never saw my
+brave lieutenant, Phillip Bosse, again: he had fallen at the head of the
+Chung-wang's guards, while gallantly protecting the retreat of the main
+body.
+
+Upon the twelfth day all who could be saved were across the Yang-tze,
+and under the friendly shadow of the Nankin walls, whilst, on the other
+side of the river, none remained but the garrison of the fort and the
+numerous bodies of those who had perished of hunger or had been
+slaughtered by the enemy. At last all seemed laid in the sleep of death,
+until some poor wretch would suddenly crawl to the brink of the desired
+water, and then fall into the swift current either to quench his burning
+thirst or terminate his agony.
+
+Even now the bleached skeletons of many thousands of these unfortunate
+victims to British intervention may be seen in the positions in which
+they fell, waiting for the hand of decay to obliterate the last sad
+trace of their existence.
+
+The Chung-wang's army had formed the best and bravest part of the whole
+Ti-ping forces; in fact, his troops were the _elite_ of the whole
+military organization, being principally composed of veterans who had
+joined the cause from its infancy, and to whom defeat was really
+unknown. A great proportion of the original nucleus of the revolution
+was included in its ranks, consisting of the men from Kwang-tung,
+Kwang-si, and the Miau-tze, who, inspired with the religious enthusiasm
+so conducive to the wonderful success which attended the earlier stages
+of the Ti-ping movement, and imbued with that spirit of chivalry which
+defied all obstacles, dreaded no dangers, and endured cruel torture,
+became the true champions of the great religious and political Chinese
+revolution. Unless Christendom chooses to deny the theory that Asia is
+to be Christianized by a process similar to the manner in which it was
+itself converted from Heathenism, it is impossible to dispute the fact
+that Hung-sui-tshuen and his followers have commenced a work that shall
+never perish nor be forgotten. The very fact that the leaders of the
+Ti-ping movement, from the first day of its existence, forced their
+tenets upon the sage contempt of the literati, the general repugnance of
+the people, and the well-known hatred of the innumerable Manchoo
+employes, proves most convincingly that it was a holy element which
+animated those chiefs and their followers, and which induced them to
+forsake the theories of their ancient and deeply venerated sages, to
+rely upon the help and attributes of an Eternal Judge.
+
+Unfortunately, by the disastrous retreat to Nankin, the Ti-pings lost
+the greater proportion of those adherents whose religious fervour has
+induced me to compare them to the heroes and champions of the early
+Christian Church. There are doubtless those who, from their self-erected
+pinnacle of righteousness, will prove sceptics as to the reality of
+Ti-ping Christianity; but I trust all who have had the patience to
+accompany me through this history will consider that point effectually
+proved in favour of the revolutionists.
+
+The remnant of the Chung-wang's army scarcely amounted to 15,000
+effective men, and from this number reinforcements had to be thrown into
+Nankin, Soo-chow, Chang-chow, Wu-sie, and other cities menaced by the
+enemy; consequently, when the General-in-Chief proceeded to the
+districts invaded by the Anglo-Franco-Manchoo mercenaries in the
+neighbourhood of Soo-chow, he was not accompanied by more than 7,000
+troops; yet with this small force he managed to keep the overwhelming
+numbers of the enemy for some time at bay, to control and reassure many
+garrisons wavering in loyalty, and to protect a great extent of
+frontier. Had his once splendid army been intact and serviceable, the
+Imperialists and their allies would have to tell a very different tale
+to that of the expulsion of the Ti-pings from their former territory.
+
+On the day succeeding the passage of the last surviving troops across
+the river, the enemy seemed determined to vent his wrath at their escape
+by a general attack upon all the fortifications. From early morning the
+assailants had swarmed down in countless gunboats, covering the whole
+expanse of the Yang-tze, and completely hiding the fort of Kew-fu-chew
+from our view by the dense clouds of smoke proceeding from their
+ceaseless bombardment. The adverse flotilla in the neighbourhood of
+Nankin was closely estimated at a strength of 3,000 gunboats of all
+sizes, some carrying only one light gun in the bow, others mounting four
+or five rather heavy cannon.
+
+The Imperialists maintained their attack with much vigour and
+determination until late at night. Throughout the day we were unable to
+do much harm to them, their vessels being nearly always perfectly
+concealed by smoke, so that our guns could only be pointed at chance
+range. The roar from nearly 2,000 pieces of artillery was terrific and
+deafening beyond description. As night closed in we were enabled to make
+much better practice from our batteries by noticing the flashes of the
+enemy's guns, and aiming in the direction indicated. At about 10 p.m.
+our fire proved so effective that the whole fleet relinquished the
+attack and retreated both up and down the river. Owing to the vast
+number of gunboats which were crowded together in the comparatively
+small space between the Nankin batteries and the fort opposite, our fire
+must have inflicted severe loss, yet they persisted in the engagement
+with a courage I have never before or afterwards seen equalled by troops
+of the Manchoo Government.
+
+In spite of this resolute attack, the Ti-pings garrisoning the
+fortifications were singularly indifferent, and laughed to scorn the
+idea that the _Ya-mun-qui_ (Mandarin-palace devils, as they delighted to
+call them) could ever capture any outwork of Nankin. When I remonstrated
+with the old Kung-wang about the negligent guard at night, he replied:
+"I have held these forts for twelve years, and, unless Tien-voo deserts
+me, shall hold them twelve years more, so far as the 'Imps' are
+concerned." That very night, or rather morning, he found occasion to
+regret his overweening confidence.
+
+The lurid glare of battle during the early night, the thunder of
+artillery, the crashing of shot, the fiery track of the arrow-headed
+rockets, followed by the occasional explosion of a gunboat, the whole
+din and prospect of tumult, had died away, and been replaced by the
+deathlike calm of a beautiful summer's night. Dirty, begrimed with
+powder, and fatigued with labour and excitement, my party of European
+volunteers, L---- (who had remained on board our lorcha), Captain P----,
+and myself, took advantage of the quiet interval and retired to rest.
+Unfortunately for us, the deceitful calm proved doubly treacherous.
+
+Tap, tap, went the bamboo signals of the solitary sentinels around the
+forts under whose shadow our vessel rode silently at anchor; tum, tum,
+sounded the drums of the guards ensconced in the little look-out houses
+perched along the walls; and at last these monotonous echoes, sharply
+distinguished from out the surrounding stillness, proved irresistibly
+somniferous; gradually they became fainter and less frequent, and then
+ceased altogether.
+
+How long our sleep lasted I do not know, but suddenly I was aroused by
+the crashing roar of artillery seemingly right alongside our vessel. At
+the same moment I heard my friends start up in the adjoining cabin, and
+together we rushed on deck.
+
+Daylight was just dawning, but it was not required to enlighten the
+scenes taking place around. The water, neighbouring shore, and forts,
+were illuminated by the red glare of war. Above and below on the river;
+outside the batteries; on the broad arm of the Yang-tze, running past
+the Nankin creek and forming Tasohea Island; everywhere, in fact, the
+gunboats of the enemy were upon us in countless numbers; while the vivid
+and repeated flashes of their artillery made the air alive with bright
+coruscations. Early on the morning of June 28, 1863, the Imperialists
+made their daring and partially successful _coup de main_. In dense
+lines, completely covering the broad expanse of the river, they had
+pulled rapidly down stream; running the gauntlet of the stronger forts
+held by the Sze and Kung Wangs, and making the weaker ones just
+beyond the entrance of the Nankin creek the object of their attack. Each
+gunboat maintained a very quick fire of cannon, heavy gingals, rockets,
+fire-arrows, and every description of missile known in China, many of
+which took effect among the light-built houses inside the larger forts.
+On the other hand, the Ti-pings were entirely taken by surprise; the
+guns of the river forts were not loaded, and, being heavy, could not be
+quickly enough worked, or sufficiently depressed to obtain more than a
+couple of rounds before the last division of the enemy had swept past,
+the first having run by, and entered the channel between Tasohea Island
+and the mainland, almost before the alarm was given. The few shots that
+were delivered inflicted great havoc among the closely-packed gunboats
+right under the muzzles of the heavy artillery in the Kung-wang's fort;
+and the yellow waters of the mighty Yang-tze engulphed many a shattered
+man and vessel, while pieces of wreck were strewed upon the surface, and
+swiftly borne away to excite the wonder of distant villagers on the
+banks of the rapid river.
+
+[Illustration:
+DAY & SON (LIMITED) LITH.
+IMPERIALIST ATTACK ON THE RIVER FORTS AT NANKIN]
+
+When off Theodolite Point, hundreds of the war-boats pulled inside the
+island, and made a dash upon the small forts on the mainland, and the
+foreign trading vessels anchored in the channel; while many soldiers,
+landing from others, captured the works on the end of the island,
+killing man, woman, and child, as the affrighted people rushed from
+their houses and attempted to escape. The small forts, being surrounded
+by overwhelming numbers, were quickly taken and then set on fire. Three
+large war-junks defending the mouth of the Nankin creek were also fired
+by the enemy, before their crews were fairly awake or had time to
+deliver a second broadside. At this moment I rushed on deck with my
+comrades. Our lorcha was lying close astern of the last _Ti-mung_, or
+war-junk, and many European craft were at anchor closer to Tasohea
+Island, and nearer to the main river; some of these I saw boarded by
+the Imperialists, who instantly murdered the few Europeans, plundered
+the vessels, and then set them on fire.
+
+I saw at a glance that nothing but instant flight could save our lives,
+if it were not already too late. The gunboats were everywhere around,
+firing away indiscriminately in all directions. Fortunately our old junk
+was fast alongside the lorcha, which was far too heavy to escape from
+smaller craft; so abandoning the latter, containing all our property and
+nearly everything we had in the world, with my wife and friends I went
+on board the lighter vessel. We then cut her adrift and tried to escape
+down the channel. The land on each side being occupied by hostile
+troops, and the upper part of the channel leading into the river being
+crowded with their war-boats, it was the only course open.
+
+At the moment we shoved off and left the _Anglo-Ti-ping_ to her fate,
+several gunboats boarded her from the opposite side, while others poured
+a terrible fire into our old junk, whose decks were covered with
+grape-shot, which had fallen harmless, from the hurried loading of our
+assailants.
+
+While all around seemed a mass of fire and flame, the daylight obscured
+by the dense pall of smoke above, the earth shaken by the ceaseless
+cannonade below, and while the fiery track of rockets, accompanied by
+their hissing sound, and the "wheep" of the shot whistling everywhere
+about, kept up the jubilee of war and destruction, we had drifted with
+the tide a few cables' length away from the lorcha, and made sail to the
+light though freshening breeze that offered our only chance of escape.
+
+A squall of wind was parting the heavy volume of smoke and fire, and
+coming towards us, when a number of gunboats appeared in full chase,
+keeping up a very heavy fire, the crew of the nearest throwing
+stink-pots, with which they managed to ignite our mainsail. I was just
+turning to my dear wife to hurry her below, when a volley of musketry
+was poured in by the troops on board the attacking vessels. I saw my
+faithful friend and companion, L----, fall to the deck, but almost at
+the same moment, struck by a spent ball, I became senseless.
+
+I know not what period may have elapsed, but when at length I was
+restored to consciousness, it was but to realize the exquisite
+bitterness of my loss. Close to where my best and long-proved friend had
+fallen, lay the lifeless form of my well-loved wife, pierced by a flight
+of bullets.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[41] Alluding to _Admiral_ Sherrard Osborne's 'Vampyre' fleet.
+
+[42] Since the loss of Nankin, and all their former cities, through
+British hostility, this has resulted to a certain extent only; for
+still, with wonderful forbearance, the Ti-pings have not begun to ravage
+the country, their moderation in the neighbourhood of Amoy, where they
+now are in force, being well known.
+
+[43] In honour of the Holy Trinity.
+
+[44] The officiating priest.
+
+[45] It is hardly to be understood how dishonourable men are "worthy a
+more honourable death."
+
+[46] Table of Ti-ping loss of life.
+
+[47] _Vide_ pp. 126 and 108, Blue Book on China, No. 3, 1864, for Dr.
+Murtagh's letter, and the attestation by Bishop Boone and the Bishop of
+Victoria of the statements of two other eye-witnesses.
+
+[48] _Vide_ Blue Book on China, No. 3, 1864 p. 111.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+    On the Wong-poo River.--Ningpo Sam.--The _China_.--Her
+    passengers.--The Ta-hoo Lake.--Its Scenery.--The Canals of
+    Central China.--General
+    Burgevine.--Soo-chow.--Deserters.--Burgevine suspected.--The
+    Americo-Ti-ping Legions.--Burgevine's policy.--Colonel
+    Morton.--The Mo-wang.--Arrival of the Chung-wang.--The Loyal and
+    Faithful Auxiliary Legion.--How regulated.--Affair at
+    Wo-kong.--Recruiting.--Plan of Operations.--A _coup de
+    main_.--Arrangement.--Interruptions.--Postponed.
+
+
+Towards the close of a fine October day in 1863, an ordinary Shanghae
+_san-pan_, or passage-boat, might have been seen slowly sculling
+up-stream against the ebbing tide of the Wong-poo river, and carefully
+hugging the bank opposite to the foreign settlements. Besides the hardy
+Chinese owner (working away with a big oar over the stern, and rejoicing
+in the euphonical cognomen "Ningpo Sam"), the boat was occupied by two
+foreigners, seated under the arched mat cover. One seemed to be of
+Anglo-Saxon race; the other, by his dusky skin, long moustache, and
+jet-black hair, a native of the East Indies.
+
+To a close observer there was something suspicious in the management of
+the _san-pan_ and the movements of the people on board. All passing
+craft were carefully avoided, and whenever a European ship on the river,
+or European dwelling on the shore, was approached, down came the outside
+mat from the cover, screening the front of the boat, and completely
+hiding the two passengers inside. If the observer had been near enough,
+he might have been further edified by hearing sundry energetic
+expressions addressed by the irritable foreigners to "Ningpo Sam,"
+whenever that stolid individual did not sheer his boat sufficiently far
+from strange vessels to preserve their incognito.
+
+As the shades of evening fell upon the shipping on the river and the
+trees on the shore, the strength of the tide gradually relaxed, and the
+_san-pan_ proceeded much more rapidly on her course. The see-saw rocking
+from side to side became less vigorous and unpleasant as the arms of the
+sculler were tired, and at last, when a point nearly three miles above
+Shanghae had been reached, "Ningpo Sam" ran his boat into the bank,
+threw down the heavy _yulo_, or oar, and emphatically declared his
+determination not to proceed any further until he had satisfied the
+cravings of his inner man with the _chow-chow_ (to "che fan"--eat
+rice--as he said), bubbling over a little cooking stove in the
+stern-sheets.
+
+The Chinese are an obstinate people; some are essentially mulish, and
+"Ningpo Sam" seemed to be of the latter order; consequently his
+passengers very wisely produced a large hamper, and hauling bottles of
+beer, with a cold fowl, _et caeteras_, from its innermost depths, were
+soon busily engaged eating and drinking. By the time the hamper had been
+repacked night had closed in, but still the boatman's capacious jaws
+went "munch, munch." Meanwhile the dark-hued passenger, having lighted a
+cigar, was taking a fisherman's quarter-deck walk--that is to the extent
+of two steps and overboard--on the small fore-part of the _san-pan_. The
+second traveller reclined on the thwartship seat, and seemed absorbed
+with his own reflections, plainly not of the most happy tenor. He was
+far from being displeased when his companion aroused him by exclaiming:
+
+"Jump up, sir; jump up; the steamer is coming!" and then shouting to the
+Chinaman, still feeding in the stern, "Yulo, yulo, Sam!"
+
+Sam, however, did not seem at all inclined to obey the summons; upon the
+contrary, he jerked the rice into his mouth and handled his chopsticks
+more vigorously than ever, spluttering out at intervals "Hi-ya!--how
+can?--my--wantchee chow-chow--no can yulo--just--now; by-em-by--finish
+chow-chow--can--do."
+
+Upon the termination of this cool reply, the European passenger passed
+to the after-part of the boat, and with the assistance of a stout cane,
+succeeded in making "Ningpo Sam" forsake gorging and resume his oar,
+much to that worthy's disgust, who, for some time, gave vent to his
+outraged feelings by a low-toned muttering of choice Ningpo
+"Billingsgate," which, however, excited not the smallest attention from
+the abused parties, who were intent upon the approaching steamer.
+
+When the steamer had arrived quite near, the Indian produced a bright
+bull's-eye lantern and displayed it for a few moments. This was answered
+by a light shown over the vessel's side, and by the stoppage of her
+engines. The _san-pan_ was then sculled alongside, and her passengers
+taken on board. Directly the baggage had been received, the ship went on
+ahead at full speed, while "Ningpo Sam" and his boat disappeared in the
+distance, his gratified expectations finding vent in the following
+adieu: "Chin-chin, ga-la! _Numbah one_, massa; mi too much thankee you."
+
+Soon the loud protestations of gratitude died away in the distance, and
+the only sound which disturbed the stillness of the cool night air was
+the regular beat of the screw propeller, as the small steamer steadily
+proceeded on her course.
+
+The little steamer was named the _China_, belonged to Messrs. H---- &
+Co., of Shanghae, and was employed in the silk trade. This valuable
+branch of commerce was wholly in the hands of the Ti-pings, and
+unrestricted until their expulsion from the producing districts, when
+the Imperial Manchoo mandarins closed the interior to foreigners, and
+the trading of steamers or other vessels was entirely prohibited.[49]
+
+The passengers who so mysteriously embarked themselves were on their way
+to Soo-chow. One was _General_ Burgevine's _aide-de-camp_, the other
+being myself. Burgevine had quite lately put into execution his plan to
+join the revolutionists, and was established at the large city of
+Soo-chow in command of ninety to one hundred Europeans, and a batallion
+of 1,000 Ti-pings, placed under his orders to be drilled according to
+foreign tactics, and officered by their instructors. Burgevine's _aide_
+was proceeding to join his master. I was anxious to ascertain the
+principles and practical worth of the newly-formed Americo-Ti-ping
+contingent, and also to rejoin the Chung-wang.
+
+The voyage of the _China_ terminated at the town of Nan-zing, situated
+almost in the centre of the silk district; and here she remained while
+the Chinese supercargo went into the country with many thousands of
+dollars to purchase silk; the regions under Ti-ping rule being so safe
+to travel, that all the vast amount of specie (from 8 to 10 millions
+sterling per annum) used during each season was carried about the
+country simply under the protection of the Chinese _shroff_, employed by
+the firm to whom the money belonged.
+
+Having obtained a fine large boat from the Governor of Nan-zing--a most
+friendly and courteous chief--I proceeded with my companion on our way
+to Soo-chow. Although the direct distance was not much over fifty miles,
+in consequence of the capture of Quin-san, and another city named
+Wo-kong, by the enemy, the approaches to Soo-chow from the east and
+south were not available; so that we were obliged to cross the great
+Ta-hoo Lake, and reach the provincial capital by making a considerable
+_detour_ to the west. The Ta-hoo, though so extensive that from its
+centre no land but the highest mountains can be seen, has nowhere more
+than an average depth of twelve feet; and in many parts its waters are
+so encumbered with floating weeds and interwoven stems of tough aquatic
+plants growing from the bottom, that navigation is impossible. The lake,
+similar to every piece of water in China, swarms with fish; thereby
+affording constant employment to numerous congregations of fishermen.
+These men, like their brethren of the sea-coast, clan together, and are
+by no means averse to a little piracy upon a favourable occasion; we
+were consequently compelled to keep a sharp look-out while passing
+through the lake; and, when at anchor during the second night, at least
+fifty miles from land, we were under the necessity of firing into a
+number of boats that bore right down upon us in a very suspicious
+manner. My Indian comrade had three cases of rifles, and one of
+revolvers, which he was taking to Soo-chow for his master's force, and
+of these we had loaded a sufficient number to repel any attack, unless
+made by overwhelming numbers; therefore, when the advancing boats were
+suddenly received by thirty or forty shots fired within as many seconds,
+they quickly "topped their booms" and sheered off.
+
+The scenery of the Ta-hoo is inconceivably grand and varied. Mountains
+rise to a wondrous height; limestone rocks--worn into the most grotesque
+shapes--project into the clear waters of the lake; valleys of great
+beauty intersect the densely wooded hills and jagged sterile mountains;
+while murmuring rivulets sweep past secluded villages, on their journey
+to the broad, though shallow, waters of the lake. One of the most
+beautiful and romantic regions in all China is that extent of country
+situated to the north-east, north, and north-west of the Ta-hoo. Being
+of a mountainous nature, it is termed by the Chinese "Tung-shan," or the
+Eastern Hills. After sailing past the three largest islands on the lake,
+famous for producing the finest silk in the empire, we reached the most
+easterly part of the Tung-ting district. This had long been celebrated
+for the splendour of its mandarin palaces and heathen temples; but, when
+I visited the once-admired locality, its glories had departed, for the
+grand edifices of Tartar magnate and Pagan god were alike levelled with
+the dust; the Ti-ping was the dominant power, and its iconoclasm and
+hatred of the Manchoo had been practically manifested by the destruction
+of the monumental buildings, alike degrading to the patriotism and the
+religion of the nation. The villages and isolated cottages which studded
+the picturesque valleys still remained; and, by their life and
+prosperity, offered a striking contrast to the desolation of palace and
+temple.
+
+[Illustration: London, Published March 15^{th} 1866 by Day & Son,
+Limited Lithog^{rs} Gate Str, Lincoln's Inn Fields.
+Day & Son, Limited, Lith.
+VIEW FROM THE SUMMIT OF A MOUNTAIN IN THE WESTERN TUNG-SHAN DISTRICT ON
+THE NORTHERN SHORE OF THE TA-HOO LAKE, PROVINCE OF KEANG-SU]
+
+Passing on to the Western Tung-shan district, we reached the wildest and
+most imposing region I have seen, either in China or any other part of
+the world. Far removed from the noisy haunts of men, and peopled with
+but a few solitary hamlets, it reposed in its romantic beauty,
+undisturbed save by the voice of Nature, and undefiled by the hand of
+man. Drawing our boat on to a long sandy beach, I wandered through the
+wild and lonely region for some hours with my dark companion, who I
+found could appreciate Nature's beauties more truly than many with a
+whiter skin. I rambled through the silent valleys and almost
+impenetrable forests of the Tung-shan, impressed with the solemn feeling
+that I trod where mortal foot had not fallen before. The landscape was
+most varied in its nature: massive mountains, peaceful valleys; wild and
+desolate cliffs; foaming cataracts, and then the calm and shaded waters
+of the lake; while the waving of the thick forest, the verdant and
+feathery bamboos; the water-lilies stretching wide on the surface of
+the lake; the wild orange-trees, and sweetly-perfumed shrubs and flowers
+blooming around, completed an almost unrivalled picture. After leaving
+this exquisite scenery, and just before entering the creek by which we
+were to reach Soo-chow, we passed underneath a great natural arch of
+rock, projecting some 90 feet into the lake, with a height of nearly
+150, and joined to a second small arch on the outside.
+
+This singular formation of rock lies on the border of the Ta-hoo, about
+forty miles to the north-west of Soo-chow, and is an object particularly
+noticed in the legendary lore of the superstitious natives.
+
+After leaving the lake, our journey lay through a complete network of
+those interminable creeks, lagoons, and canals intersecting the whole of
+south and central China. Some were broad and river-like, spanned by
+handsome, many-arched bridges, the banks covered with fine houses and
+regular pathways; others were narrow, tortuous, almost hidden by rank
+vegetation and long drooping osiers, and crossed by bridges composed of
+a rough slab of granite laid horizontally upon the ends of two upright
+blocks, and elevated scarcely six feet from the water. Wherever we
+passed, the country people complained bitterly of the foreign soldiers
+(meaning Gordon's, D'Aguibelle's, and other mercenary legions) coming to
+fight the Ti-pings; they were all long-haired and happy under the new
+_regime_; they were naturally averse to lose their heads because the
+British Government chose to support the oppressive and merciless
+Manchoo; and many of the finest grain-producing districts having been
+captured by the allied Anglo-Franco-Manchoo forces, together with a
+number of the principal Ti-ping granaries, a vast influx of destitute
+refugees added considerably to the daily increasing distress caused by
+the scarcity and exorbitant price of food.
+
+When at last, after threading miles of creek and canal, I reached
+Soo-chow, I found that I had arrived at the moment of an important
+crisis--no less an event, indeed, than the dissolution of the
+short-lived Americo-Ti-ping contingent. This, however, was a matter of
+no surprise to me, as I had never placed the slightest faith in the
+composition and motives of the force, nor felt the least hope from its
+formation. Burgevine, its originator and commander, like Gordon, the
+uncommissioned _General_ of the Anglo-Manchoo force, was essentially a
+mercenary and filibuster; the only principle of either seems to have
+been an absorbing selfishness and care for personal interest, doubtless
+a very natural sentiment upon the part of the cosmopolitan adventurer,
+but not a trait to be admired in the character of the British officer.
+Such a principle, when supported by the material power of the British
+Government, succeeded very well with those who allied themselves with
+the Manchoo, simply because the latter were treacherous, thoroughly
+mercenary, hated foreigners with a bitter intensity, and would naturally
+enough have suspected any _apparently_ disinterested assistance, as a
+means of rendering any of them liable to distasteful obligations. The
+British authorities took particular care to prevent any mistake with
+regard to their motives, for they always stated that they were solely
+interfering in their own interest, so the Manchoo rejoicingly obtained a
+large revenue from the foreign merchants, and then handed back a portion
+to pay the British indemnity, which has proved the salvation of their
+dynasty, by in a great measure causing the alliance against the Ti-ping.
+
+Upon reaching the west gate of Soo-chow, we were very kindly welcomed by
+the guard, and were furnished with an escort to the commandant's palace.
+The city I found to be strongly garrisoned by veteran troops; new
+flanking stone works were being built against the outer face of the high
+walls; handsome buildings were being erected inside; provisions were
+very plentiful; the soldiery and civilians seemed in high spirits, and
+quite ridiculed the idea of losing their city; in fact, excepting the
+distant report of artillery, Soo-chow had no more the aspect of a
+besieged place than London has at the present moment, neither did its
+capture by the enemy thundering at its defences seem even probable.
+
+When we arrived at the commandant Mo-wang's palace, a number of wounded
+Europeans belonging to Burgevine's contingent were being carried inside.
+These men proved to be the survivors of a series of accidents that had
+occurred two days previously, when the whole force, accompanied by a
+division of Ti-pings under the Chung-wang, and the little steamer
+_Ka-joor_, which Burgevine had seized from the Imperialists and carried
+off to Soo-chow, had attacked a position of the enemy established about
+twenty miles to the east of the city. The expedition was at first
+successful, having turned the flank of the Imperialist stockades and
+captured a flotilla of twenty-six large gunboats; but, almost
+immediately afterwards, by the carelessness--some say drunkenness--of
+the Europeans working the _Ka-joor's_ pivot-gun, her magazine was
+ignited, the explosion blowing the fore part of the vessel to pieces,
+and badly wounding several of the crew.
+
+Soon after this catastrophe, _General_ Burgevine landed a battery from
+the gunboats accompanying him (the principal way of communication being
+by water), and opened fire on the stockades, held by a force of
+disciplined Anglo-Manchoo mercenaries commanded by _Colonel_ Rhode,[50]
+and a number of Imperialist _braves_. The enemy were just being driven
+out of their intrenchments, and a storming party advancing to take them,
+when the largest of the prizes--a gunboat, full of powder, shells, &c.,
+and mounting six cannon, and in which the wounded from the steamer had
+been placed--blew up; the fire from her explosion communicating with
+four more of the captured vessels, they were also blown to pieces,
+killing outright twelve, and dangerously wounding seventeen of the sixty
+or seventy Europeans present. These disasters were caused by the free
+use of the liquors taken from the wreck of the _Ka-joor_--officers and
+men alike indulging, and the whole affair forcibly illustrating the
+_rowdy_, disorderly nature of the Americo-Ti-ping legion. It is stated,
+and not without strong reason, that Burgevine himself was in a state of
+intoxication; still he has this excuse--the pain and debilitating effect
+produced by an old and terrible wound (received in the service of the
+ungrateful Manchoo), rendered the use of stimulants necessary.
+
+After the accidents we have just noticed, the attack upon the
+Imperialist position was abandoned, and the force retired upon Soo-chow,
+carrying off the wounded and the remainder of the prizes.
+
+As the Mo-wang was outside the city, and Burgevine had not returned with
+the wounded men, I proceeded to one of the gates with a party of the
+latter's officers, in order to go to the front of the Ti-ping outworks,
+where it was expected they would be found. When we had arrived at the
+gate, however, we were not allowed to pass by the soldiers on guard.
+This was the first intimation I received that affairs were going wrong
+with the auxiliary force, and that the Ti-pings were suspicious of their
+foreign allies. At night, it appeared, they were not without reason for
+their want of confidence, for, after Burgevine and the Mo-wang had
+returned, _Colonel_ Morton, the second in command of the contingent, was
+reported absent against orders, with all the Europeans outside the city.
+When this fact was ascertained, Burgevine and the officers with him
+seemed certain that the absentees had gone over to the enemy; in fact, I
+soon understood that the intention for the whole force to desert had
+been on the _tapis_ for some little time, only Morton and his companions
+had, however, taken the opportunity to get clear themselves and leave
+their co-adjutors in the lurch.
+
+Previous to this report I had obtained an interview with the Mo-wang,
+and then dined with him. He informed me that the Chung-wang was encamped
+with an army outside the city; he also gave me to understand the nature
+of his suspicions against Burgevine, in all of which I entirely agreed
+with him. After explaining the caution rendered necessary in all
+dealings with foreigners, because of the treachery and bad faith with
+which they had always acted towards the Ti-pings--as particularly
+exemplified by the English breaches of guaranteed neutrality,
+non-observance of the pledge to prevent Manchoo expeditions equipping at
+Shanghae, capture of Ningpo by the British, French, and piratical
+flotilla, &c.--he proceeded to specify his reasons for dissatisfaction
+with the foreign contingent.
+
+In the first place, he spoke about the extraordinary conduct of
+Burgevine himself, who, he declared, had made numerous promises, none of
+which had been fulfilled. That officer had guaranteed to obtain men,
+arms, and co-operation from Shanghae; large sums of money had been
+supplied for the purpose, but the only return had been many cases of
+brandy, brought by him after several visits to that city, and with which
+both officers and men were made incapable. All the money had been
+squandered or mysteriously lost, and not a single musket had been shown
+for the large expenditure. Then it appeared that Burgevine and many of
+his officers continued to wear the uniform of the Ward force, which they
+had only left shortly before joining the Ti-pings; while, to place
+themselves in a still more suspicious position, they made a practice of
+visiting at night their old friends in the hostile lines occupied by
+Gordon's troops. This conduct made the chiefs distrust the loyalty of
+their auxiliaries and fear some organized treachery. Another ground of
+suspicion was the fact that Burgevine kept his men aloof and distinct
+from the people he came to serve, at the same time striving to induce
+the chiefs to sanction his formation of an independent force. This was
+certainly a bad way to gain the confidence of men so often deceived by
+foreigners, so accustomed to community of interests, and so much imbued
+with the religious and patriotic enthusiasm of their cause. Moreover,
+the Ti-ping leaders had quickly penetrated the selfish and mercenary
+motives of their unsatisfactory allies, and naturally felt but little
+faith in their services; neither were they mean enough to desire the
+support of such ignoble assistance, nor pander to it after the style of
+their more unscrupulous antagonists.
+
+Regardless of all principles of honour and chivalry, directly the
+Americo-Ti-ping legionaries found that they could not reckon upon
+external support, large pay, and much booty, they were not a little
+disappointed; having no heart in the service they had suddenly adopted,
+they became discontented and anxious to desert a failing cause for some
+more congenial and _profitable_ employment. _They_ were certainly not
+Quixotic enough to fight for honour, glory, or the freedom and religious
+liberty of a vast empire without some substantial pecuniary recompense.
+
+Out of a strength of 125 Europeans, not more than twenty were of any use
+to the revolutionists; these few comprised men who were able to drill
+and organize a disciplined force, and others who were good artillerists;
+the remainder being sailors and vagrants, totally unacquainted with the
+smell of powder, and not so useful in the field as the worst coolie
+spearmen of the Ti-ping army; these facts were also inimical to the
+existence of the force.
+
+When, added to the circumstances just reviewed, the paroxysms of
+temporary insanity (during an attack of which he wounded one of his best
+officers), or the natural extravagance and obliquity of character of the
+commanding officer himself, and the dissensions among his subordinates,
+are considered, the failure of Burgevine's enterprise is fully accounted
+for.[51]
+
+In the evening, after Morton's absence had been reported, the Mo-wang,
+accompanied by several of his chiefs, proceeded to Burgevine's quarters
+and spent several hours in conversation with him. I was present during
+this interview, and was favourably impressed by the magnanimous and
+friendly temper of the commandant, who, despite the ample provocation he
+had received from the suspicious and unsatisfactory conduct of the
+auxiliaries, declared his intention to supply them with money on the
+succeeding day, and to make any arrangements which would tend to
+harmonize, gratify, or prosper the future welfare of the force. That
+these promises would have been faithfully executed by the Mo-wang,
+Burgevine has himself testified.
+
+After the departure of the commandant, Burgevine, with some of his
+favourite officers, talked over their proposed desertion from the
+Ti-pings, as a long-arranged and premeditated affair, their motive for
+this determination being the fact that their present service did not
+seem likely to prove so easy and advantageous as they had expected. In
+the course of conversation the _General_ personally informed me that his
+intention had been to raise a large body of disciplined and well-armed
+Ti-pings, and then to convert them into an independent force, acting
+upon his private account; that is to say, he joined the revolution with
+the intention of ultimately deserting it, and proceeding upon a career
+of filibusting through China. This wild scheme he also mentioned to
+_General_ Gordon, of the Imperialist mercenaries, proposing that they
+should mutually desert their colours, join forces, and commence a system
+of independent conquest. Whether this and other equally extravagant
+notions were caused by mental derangement, consequent upon the effects
+of his wound and the stimulants he used, or may be attributed to his
+natural character, seems doubtful; but whatever may have been the cause
+of _General_ Burgevine's reckless conduct, it is quite certain that he
+sacrificed a splendid opportunity to insure the success of the Ti-ping
+revolution. Had he at first heartily espoused the movement, and
+unreservedly amalgamated his men with its members, he would infallibly
+have obtained the confidence of the chiefs. He could then have organized
+a disciplined and foreign-officered force far superior in material to
+the Imperialist auxiliary legions, and these latter were the only forces
+of the enemy that the Ti-pings had the slightest occasion to dread.
+
+On the morning of the day succeeding my arrival at Soo-chow,
+intelligence came into the city to the effect that, at about 4.30 a.m.,
+_Colonel_ Morton had deserted with the detachment of Europeans under his
+command, and gone over to the enemy, Morton shooting two soldiers of an
+outlying picket who came to warn him of his vicinity to the Imperialist
+lines. By this act of cowardly treachery, deserting his own colleagues
+and the wounded in the city, he placed them in much jeopardy, and caused
+the Mo-wang to feel very great exasperation, and strongly to suspect
+further treachery from the remainder of the contingent. However, he
+proved himself to be a more noble-minded and merciful man than any of
+the traitors left behind imagined, by offering free passes and boats to
+any and all who might wish to leave the city; at the same time he
+expressed great disgust and contempt at the mean, dastardly conduct of
+Morton and his followers, because he had always made the fact public,
+that any foreigner wishing to leave Soo-chow had simply to express the
+desire, when everything necessary in the way of boats, passes, &c.,
+would be furnished to the confines of the Ti-ping territory.
+
+When the fact of _Colonel_ Morton's desertion became established, I must
+confess that, well as I thought I understood the noble character of the
+Ti-ping chiefs, I feared the remainder of the traitors might meet with
+condign punishment. In consequence, I at once sought an audience with
+the Mo-wang, and having obtained it, requested that he would not wreak
+any vengeance upon Burgevine and his companions. To my surprise,
+although the inferior chiefs and officers were greatly excited about the
+treachery of their foreign allies, the commandant instantly gave me to
+understand that my fear was groundless. "Puh pa! puh pa!" (do not fear,
+do not fear), he said. "These men joined me willingly and with clean
+faces" (_i.e._ honour); "they can leave if they wish to do so, in like
+manner; but if they sneak away to the Imps, they will lose face, and so
+shall I."
+
+Just at this moment Burgevine's interpreter came into the hall and
+informed the Mo-wang that he was commissioned to ask liberty for the
+remainder of the force to depart from the city and return to Shanghae.
+The chief readily professed his compliance with this request, but said
+that he could not definitively settle anything until the arrival of his
+superior, the Chung-wang, whom he expected in the city towards evening
+to consult upon the affair.
+
+Meanwhile, with the exception of a dozen who were old adherents of the
+Ti-ping king, the foreigners were in a great state of ferment, for they
+fully expected the momentary appearance of executioners to cut off their
+heads. Some were drinking _samshoo_ to encourage themselves; others
+proposed fortifying their quarters; while a few of the boldest advocated
+sallying forth and attempting to force their way out of the city. The
+groans of more than twenty wounded men, some horribly burnt by the late
+explosion of the steamer and the gunboats, rendered pathetic an
+otherwise ridiculous scene.
+
+Early in the evening the Chung-wang arrived, escorted by 1,000 men of
+his body-guard, and at once proceeded to a council with the Mo-wang and
+other chiefs. When their deliberations were concluded, I presented
+myself to the Chung-wang, who, together with the Sze, Le, and Foo-wangs
+(they having accompanied him from Nankin), received me with great
+manifestations of pleasure, having all concluded that I had been killed
+at the disastrous loss of the outer Nankin forts. I have hitherto
+forgotten to mention that my faithful interpreter, A-ling, was still
+with me. He also met with a very kind reception from the chiefs, for
+they appreciated his services, and knew that he was warmly attached to
+their cause.
+
+Immediately upon my arrival at Soo-chow, I had determined, if possible,
+to raise another body of Europeans, with whom to form a disciplined
+Ti-ping force, for I saw that the dissolution of Burgevine's legion was
+near at hand. Still, after the irritation the chiefs must have felt at
+the treachery of their present foreign auxiliaries, I could not think
+the time appropriate to submit the subject to them. I was pleasantly
+surprised when, during the course of the evening, the Chung-wang
+proposed that I should undertake the very work I was myself anxious to
+perform. He stated that his confidence had never been placed in
+Burgevine, and he expressed much satisfaction at the prospect of the
+early departure of that leader of mercenaries with his men.
+
+About this period the small steamers attached to _General_ Gordon's
+force were being used with great success in the daily attacks upon the
+Ti-ping stockades outside Soo-chow; consequently, the Chung-wang
+proposed that I should not only endeavour to raise a contingent of
+disciplined troops, but a flotilla of two or three steamers to operate
+with them. He also expressed a great desire to capture Gordon's vessels,
+upon which I told A-ling to obtain a separate commission to cut out any
+of them I might find an opportunity to seize. The Chung-wang made a
+practice never to sleep inside the walls of any beleaguered city, his
+tactics being to relieve them by an army of co-operation under his own
+command. It may be that he pursued such a plan as a safeguard against
+treachery; but whatever the cause, he was always to be found encamped
+outside. As the night advanced, he therefore made ready to leave
+Soo-chow, after passing an edict and signing a special commission
+written for me by his own secretary.[52] As I was well known to four or
+five of the Wangs present, they were much pleased when I accepted the
+authority to raise a new force; and before we separated, they became
+quite enthusiastic about the anticipated results.
+
+The designation of the proposed contingent was decided by the
+Commander-in-Chief to be "the Loyal and Faithful Auxiliary Legion," a
+title closely assimilating to his own, Chung-sin-wang, which may be
+translated as the "Middle Heart Prince," _i.e._ the loyal or faithful
+prince. The terms of organization agreed upon were: the force to be
+commanded by myself, or any European I might see fit to appoint, and
+subject only to the orders of the Chung-wang. The Europeans engaged to
+be solely officers, two hundred in number, each captain of a company to
+receive 200 taels per mensem (nearly L70), others to be paid
+proportionately, and lodging found for all. Myself and principal
+officers to receive no pay, but serve as commissioned volunteers, a
+position which I had always maintained for myself. Two steam gunboats to
+be obtained, similar to the _Hyson_, in the service of the enemy; these
+to be attached to the land force, not to be used for any other purpose.
+The governorship of the first city recaptured from the enemy to be
+placed in my hands, while the revenue of the place would constitute a
+reserve fund for the legion (including pension to disabled men, expenses
+for sick and wounded, &c.), my own head to be pledged for the loyalty of
+the Europeans engaged, each of whom were to become "Ti-ping brethren,"
+and be entitled to every consideration as citizens.[53] The rules of
+European warfare to be strictly those of the legion, and, moreover, to
+be observed by any Ti-ping force acting in conjunction with it. Many
+other regulations were drawn up, but these are some of the principal.
+
+Upon the conclusion of the agreement to raise the Loyal and Faithful
+Auxiliary Legion, the Chung-wang left Soo-chow and proceeded to his
+intrenched camp nine miles distant. On the following day passes and
+boats were provided for Burgevine and the remainder of his men. Among
+the Europeans were twelve who had served in the Ti-ping army some time
+previous to the advent of Burgevine, but had been placed under his
+orders upon his arrival at Soo-chow. These men, and fifteen others, who
+were not quite so mercenary as their fugitive comrades, and felt more
+attachment to the cause, refused to desert their colours, and
+volunteered to remain under command of one _Captain_ Smith, formerly a
+brave non-commissioned officer of the British Marine Artillery. He was
+almost the only unwounded man on board Admiral Hope's flag-ship at the
+disastrous attack on the Peiho forts. The volunteers were all attached
+to the Mo-wang's command, but the Chung-wang promised that, upon the
+formation of the legion, they should, if required, become members, some
+of them being good artillery-men or drill-instructors.
+
+All these arrangements were carefully concealed from every European
+except myself, few of those in Soo-chow being at all trustworthy, and
+the few exceptions not being particularly attractive as objects of
+confidential communication. In consequence of the daily increasing
+strength of the forces besieging Soo-chow, time was precious and not to
+be wasted in commencing my undertaking; I therefore departed from the
+city on the third evening after my arrival, and proceeded to Shanghae as
+fast as possible, going part of the way in company with some of the late
+Americo-Ti-ping legion.
+
+We were enabled to travel by a much shorter route than that by which I
+had reached the city, in consequence of a great victory achieved within
+the last few days by a Ti-ping army before the walled town Wo-kong,
+which freed from the presence of the enemy a more direct road. The
+battle was fought against Imperialists unassisted by foreign artillery
+and disciplined troops, who were, therefore, according to the almost
+infallible rule in such cases, utterly defeated, and Wo-kong would have
+been recaptured in a very short time had not Gordon moved from Soo-chow
+to its defence, when artillery decided the unfair fortune of war against
+the Ti-pings. The force engaged had been brought up from Kar-sing-foo by
+the Chung-wang's orders, and should have formed a junction with another
+body of troops advancing from the city of Hoo-chow-foo, the combined
+forces being destined to operate against the left flank of the Soo-chow
+besiegers, while the Chung-wang himself acted against their right.
+Unfortunately, the impetuosity of the leader of the first division (the
+Yoong-wang) led him to commence hostilities before effecting a junction
+with his allies from Hoo-chow, and, although at first eminently
+successful, his rashness led to his subsequent defeat by Gordon's
+disciplined troops and artillery, and also to the repulse of the second
+division, each corps being compelled to fall back upon the cities from
+which they had advanced, and of which they constituted the garrisons.
+
+The heroic determination with which the Ti-pings disputed the
+irresistible odds the enemy possessed by their artillery may be seen by
+the following extract from "How the Taipings were driven out of the
+Provinces of Kiang-nan and Che-kiang. From Notes kept by an Officer
+under Ward, Burgevine, Holland, and Gordon."
+
+    "The rebels again attempted, from Kar-sing-foo and Ping-bong, to
+    capture Wo-kong. Again, therefore, a detachment was sent down
+    there, and they were driven back, while the artillery made
+    terrible havoc amongst them. But we must give them their due.
+    They fought this day like demons, advancing up to the muzzles of
+    the guns, where they of course met with death."--_Friend of
+    China_, June 27, 1865.
+
+Immediately upon reaching Shanghae I commenced engaging men for my
+force, and within a few days obtained about a dozen. These were all of
+good character and particularly promising for drill-instructors. Among
+them were seven non-commissioned officers, formerly of the French army:
+Major Moreno, of the Sardinian army, who had seen much service in Asia,
+Italy, and the Crimea; a Frenchman named Lavery or Labourais (once first
+sergeant of the 3rd Chasseurs d'Afrique), who had served the Ti-pings
+for more than a year, but had been carried off against his will by the
+deserters under _Colonel_ Morton; and my friend George White, who had
+lately been introduced to me as a Ti-ping well-wisher, though formerly a
+captain in the Franco-Chinese contingent at Ningpo, a service he had
+resigned in disgust. Besides these, I obtained the services of several
+men who had served their time in a British regiment and had received
+their discharges; while many others promised to join me as soon as they
+were able. This, for a beginning, was not so bad; and, to favour my
+object still more, Major Moreno obtained the guarantee of certain
+European ordnance officials to supply me with any quantity of war
+material. Their sudden desire to assist the Ti-pings was caused, I
+believe, entirely through jealousy of the British operations conducted
+by General Brown, _General_ Gordon, &c.; at all events, their aid would
+have proved substantial, for a sample case of French rifles and bayonets
+was escorted through Shanghae by French soldiers, and safely deposited
+with my colleague.
+
+Within two weeks I was enabled to send fourteen good men--all
+soldiers--under the command of Labourais, to Soo-chow, one of the
+number being a bugler of the French regiment stationed at Shanghae.
+Unfortunately, the last seven recruits left just one day too soon,
+thereby causing me no little trouble during the execution of an
+enterprise within twenty-four hours after their departure, and for which
+I was obliged to engage half a dozen strangers, who subsequently proved
+to be of worthless and disreputable character.
+
+Besides A-ling, who held a Ti-ping commission, I was accompanied from
+Soo-chow by two officers who had shaved their heads and assumed the
+Imperialist; their object being to assist me in capturing one of the
+enemy's steamers, if a chance offered, and to pilot us into the Ti-ping
+territory, while their presence would incontestably prove the
+belligerent nature of the act, should we be fortunate enough to cut out
+a vessel. These officers were provided with a special commission for the
+purpose.
+
+On the morning of the day following the departure of the last batch of
+the Loyal and Faithful Auxiliary Legion, an Imperialist war-steamer
+arrived from before Soo-chow, and anchored abreast of a training camp
+some two miles above Shanghae. A-ling had engaged two Canton men,
+members of the Triad Association, one of whom was always kept on the
+watch for such an arrival; consequently the steamer was scarcely
+anchored before I received information to that effect. I at once decided
+to attempt her capture. Major Moreno was to remain at Shanghae, where he
+was acquainted with many French officers who were willing to serve the
+revolutionists, and, as he spoke Hindoostanee perfectly well, he had
+managed to ingratiate himself with native officers of the 22nd B. N. I.
+and Beloochee regiment, some of whom had promised to join him; it was,
+therefore, agreed that he should continue his present work, and await
+the result of the capture of the steamer and the receipt of instructions
+from myself. I decided to take W---- as my comrade and lieutenant during
+the proposed operations. I had soon ascertained the firmness of his
+principles and the sincerity of his attachment to the Ti-ping cause, and
+therefore gave him a document, somewhat similar to my own special
+commission, which I had obtained from the Chung-wang for the purpose of
+duly authorizing whomever I might choose as my deputy and assistant.
+Major Moreno, who had held field rank in several armies, I wished to
+place in supreme military command of the legion (when raised), because
+his education as a soldier was complete, and it would have been
+difficult, if not impossible, to find a man so thoroughly qualified in
+China. Both W---- and Moreno were men of honour--far different from
+Gordon, D'Aguibelle, Cook, and the other mercenaries hired by the
+Manchoo--and willingly, as I did, tendered their gratuitous services in
+the Ti-ping cause. This coincided very agreeably with my intentions, and
+caused me to reflect how superior would have been a force so organized
+to the Imperialist legions constituted upon a basis of blood-money! We
+had sufficient means to live; we would not increase them by taking wages
+to kill our fellow-men, even though the British Government had given an
+example, by authorizing its naval and military officers to fight in the
+ranks of a barbarous Asiatic despot, and to take reward for so doing.
+
+As the Imperialist steamer was under orders to return to the front on
+the same day of her arrival at Shanghae, I had but little time to make
+my plans. One of the Canton men who had joined me was formerly employed
+on board our destined prize. I now sent him off in a boat with the view
+to ascertain the strength of her crew, whether steam was kept up ready
+for a start, how many Europeans were on board, &c. In a short time he
+returned with the favourable announcement that only two foreign officers
+were in charge, the others having gone ashore; also, that two of the
+quartermasters (Manilla-men) were absent, besides some of the Chinese
+soldiers.
+
+My followers were only six in number--W---- and the five Cantonese. It
+was my only chance to seize the vessel. Yet success seemed doubtful; but
+I knew full well that the boldness of a sudden enterprise would prove
+more effective than numbers, and felt sure that a well-managed surprise
+would give us an easy victory. The people of the steamer being at
+Shanghae, in the very heart of the Manchoo power, surrounded and
+protected by their British and French allies, would, I imagined, be too
+much astounded at the sudden attack by Ti-ping partisans to offer much
+resistance.
+
+Myself and comrade were soon ready for the attempt, our baggage being
+confined to a tooth-brush each, our revolvers, and a good-sized piece of
+soap; the Canton men took little besides their formidable short Chinese
+swords, and a supply of those huge double-barrelled pistols in which
+their countrymen delight.
+
+Proceeding to one of the Shanghae wharves, I engaged a boat, embarked
+with my men, and in a moment we were proceeding as fast as possible
+towards the vessel of the enemy.
+
+We started in broad daylight; in fact, but a short time after noon.
+About one o'clock we were close up to the steamer. Sculling against the
+ebb tide, our boat was slowly worked past the enemy, while, having
+observed all that could be seen from outside, I made arrangements to
+board. My plan was to drop alongside the steamer's bow, get on board
+with W----, and then engage the Europeans in conversation, until I
+decided upon the instant for our _coup de main_, which would be
+signalled to A-ling (who was to hold fast the boat and watch every
+movement) by a wave of my arm, who was then to rush on board with the
+other Cantonese. Myself, W----, and one man, were to seize and secure
+the two European officers; the other three, under A-ling's orders, were
+to overpower any resistance from the Chinese soldiers and crew, and then
+cut the vessel adrift; while their leader, who had been brought up as
+an engineer, and understood the duties of one, took charge of the
+engines and set them going ahead at full speed.
+
+Three of our men now hid themselves behind the mat cover of the boat.
+When we got alongside, A-ling and another held fast to the steamer in
+such a position that they could observe the movements of myself and
+W---- in the after part of the vessel. Proceeding from bow to stern, and
+looking fore and aft the deck, we were able to notice that the crew on
+board consisted of twelve or fourteen soldiers, one Manilla-man, six or
+eight Chinese--employed as firemen, &c.--and two Europeans. With my
+comrade I walked right up to the officers of the ship, and engaged in
+conversation with regard to my taking a passage to Quin-san with them.
+Their positions were respectively those of gunner and chief mate. They
+informed me that their trip to Shanghae was for the purpose of obtaining
+stores, and to deliver over to the Manchoo Governor several unfortunate
+Ti-ping chiefs, captured by them on the Ta-hoo Lake. This statement,
+given with a would-be air of conviction as to the glory and heroism of
+their achievement, made me quite determined to attempt the capture of
+the steamer at every risk, rather than lose a chance to prevent future
+acts of such cold-blooded atrocity. The flotilla, with which she had
+acted on the Ta-hoo, was commanded by one Macartney, formerly surgeon of
+Her Majesty's 99th regiment, but who left his honourable profession to
+take service under Li, the Manchoo Governor of the province. This man,
+having made prisoners of the chiefs, set off in the steamer for
+Shanghae, where he quickly sought the presence of his Asiatic master,
+delivering up to him the miserable Ti-pings, who suffered merciless
+torture and a cruel death, while this noble-minded Englishman felt no
+compunction at becoming the recipient of Manchoo patronage. A more
+dastardly act than thus giving over vanquished enemies to certain death
+I never heard of, though it was the ordinary practice of the Europeans
+in Imperialist pay. The case in question decided the fate of the
+steamer, and made the Imps pay dear enough for the satisfaction of
+torturing to death one or two helpless patriots.
+
+The narrators had just finished the history of their gallant exploit
+against unarmed boats, peaceable villages, and powerless captives, when
+I decided to make my attempt. I stood close to the mate, while W---- was
+ready at the side of the gunner; I had just waved my arm to A-ling, and
+turned to seize my man, when, fortunately casting a glance astern, I
+observed two boats making for the steamer, and scarcely fifty yards
+distant. Quickly giving A-ling the signal to retreat, I managed to avoid
+giving any alarm, or even to excite the least suspicion in the minds of
+our two interlocutors, who believed that I intended to proceed up
+country with them as correspondent for a certain paper. The nearest boat
+contained seven Manilla-men, including two quartermasters belonging to
+the vessel, and their friends; the other, the engineer, captain, and
+another European, who was engaged to take command upon reaching the
+lines before Soo-chow. It was, indeed, fortunate that I happened to
+notice the approaching boats before commencing operations; otherwise we
+would certainly have succumbed to numbers within a few minutes. When the
+captain arrived on board, I requested a passage to Quin-san. This was
+arranged, and I then took my departure.
+
+Having ascertained that the steamer would not leave until late at night,
+I fully determined to make another effort to capture her for the
+Ti-pings. I found that it was imperative, however, before making the
+attempt, to have some addition to the number of my followers. Besides
+the complement of four European officers, three Manilla-men
+quartermasters, twenty soldiers, and eight or nine other Chinese, it was
+expected that _General_ Doctor Macartney, with an _aide-de-camp_, and
+the intended future captain, would be present. Consequently, directly
+we reached the shore, W---- and myself proceeded to find a few Europeans
+whom we could engage for the service. Late in the evening we met at my
+house, and found that we could muster five recruits. The character of
+these men was far more than questionable; their social position was
+among the genus _rowdy_. However, we had not time to pick and choose; a
+reinforcement was essential to afford any prospect of a favourable issue
+to our enterprise; the _rowdies_ were therefore engaged on the spot,
+simply to assist in the capture of an Imperialist vessel, for which
+service myself and lieutenant guaranteed to pay them well. We would not
+have had them in our young legion.
+
+[Illustration: A VIEW ON THE JOURNEY TO SOO-CHOW, OF A PORTION OF
+COUNTRY NEAR THE CITY OF WU-SEE, LATELY DESOLATED BY IMPERIALISTS.
+_See_ p. 638.]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[49] In the _Friend of China_, March 10, 1865, and subsequent numbers,
+the following advertisement appears:--
+
+   "The Steamer _Donnington_.--The undersigned" (H. Evans), "_in
+   consequence of the determination of the provincial authorities
+   not to permit the navigation of inner waters for tradal purposes_
+   by vessels of the above class, being thus disappointed in the
+   purpose for which he had her constructed, is desirous of
+   disposing of her."
+
+This direct violation of the last treaty is one effect of the Manchoo
+restoration to power, by British means, in the Kiang-su province.
+
+[50] Now in the service of the Ti-pings.
+
+[51] In the mutual recriminations between the leaders of the force, upon
+their arrival at Shanghae, Captain Jones states (referring to
+Burgevine):--
+
+   "He further accuses us of trying to make out a good case against
+   him, thinking he would never return to Shanghae. To this I
+   answer, that he and I were the instigators of the defection from
+   the Ti-ping cause, for I confess I at once fell into his plans,
+   glad of the opportunity to escape from what appeared likely to
+   turn out _unprofitable_, and having, besides, for some time
+   before lost confidence in his capacity to command."--_Vide_ Blue
+   Book on China, No. 3 (1864), p. 179.
+
+[52] See Frontispiece.
+
+[53] The want of some such clause in Burgevine's arrangements originally
+excited the suspicion of the Ti-ping chiefs.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+    Renewed Attempt.--Its Success.--Narrow Escape.--British
+    Interference.--How explained.--Its Failure.--The _Coup de Main_
+    succeeds.--Groundless Alarm.--Route to Soo-chow.--Its
+    Difficulties.--Generous Conduct.--Arrival at
+    Wu-see.--Prize-Money.--Treachery.--Preparations for an
+    Attack.--Manoeuvering.--The Attack.--Warm Reception.--The Enemy
+    repulsed.--The Result.--Wu-see evacuated.--Return to
+    Shanghae.--Last Interview with the Chung-wang.--Manchoo
+    Cruelty.--Result of British Interference.--Evidence
+    thereof.--Newspaper Extracts.--Further Extracts.--England's
+    Policy.--Its Consequences.--Its Inconsistency.--Her Policy in
+    Japan.--Religious Character of the Ti-pings.--Their
+    Christianity.
+
+
+As the steamer was expected to get under weigh about 1 a.m., I started
+with my men a little before midnight. Upon this occasion the very
+elements seemed to favour our design. The tide ran slack; the moon,
+after shrouding herself within a bank of silvery-edged clouds, retired
+below the horizon to rest; while even the never-setting stars were
+partially hidden by the volume of damp, misty vapour hanging over the
+surface of the river, and almost concealing our two small boats.
+
+In little more than half an hour from the time we left the shore, we
+were right alongside our destined prize. With the exception of a sentry
+at each gangway, everything on board seemed silent and unprepared for an
+attack, although by the symptoms from the funnel and steam-pipe it was
+evident that the engines were in readiness. I decided to attempt cutting
+the vessel out immediately, as it seemed to me that her crew were
+probably turned in, and if so, not a moment should be lost in taking
+advantage of the opportunity, or they might be roused out to get under
+weigh, in which case we would hardly be able to effect the capture
+without loss of life.
+
+Dividing my followers equally between the two boats, one being under my
+lieutenant's charge, and assigning to each man his duty in the attack, I
+gave the word to pull alongside, my own party to board on the starboard
+bow, the others on the port.
+
+Another second and we were grappling at the sides of the steamer, and
+scrambling over her bulwarks, sword or pistol in hand. The Chinese
+sentinels on guard, and a Manilla-man who appeared on deck, were secured
+without either resistance or alarming those below. In fact, the
+Chinamen, directly they perceived the danger, seemed suddenly inspired
+with a strong determination to take no notice, but to be very diligent
+in marching up and down, and carefully employing themselves by intently
+gazing somewhere else. The calmness and attentive inattention with which
+they acted throughout the capture were really charming to behold. They
+betrayed neither surprise, fear, sympathy, _esprit de corps_, nor any
+other feeling. I then placed a guard over the hatches, set a party to
+slip the cable, and sent A-ling into the engine-room to get steam up;
+while, with four Europeans, I proceeded into the cabin and secured the
+officers. These comprised the intended captain, the mate, and the
+gunner, the others being still on shore. They submitted very quietly,
+gave up their arms, and were altogether too much confounded to attempt
+any resistance. Just as the vessel was entirely in our possession and I
+had given the order to go ahead full speed (the cable being slipped),
+the engineer came alongside in a _san-pan_, only to find himself a
+prisoner when he got on board. Directly the capture was accomplished, I
+produced the commission the Chung-wang had given for the purpose, and
+showed it to the senior officer of the steamer, informing him that we
+were Ti-ping partisans, and that we would endeavour to pass himself and
+brother captives from Soo-chow into Gordon's lines as prisoners of war.
+
+Meanwhile, steam had been got up by A-ling, and we were carried along in
+the direction of the Ti-ping territory as fast as possible. During the
+capture, one of the Manilla quartermasters had jumped overboard and swam
+towards the shore. Fearing that this man would raise the alarm and bring
+a swarm of Impish Manchoos down upon us, I was compelled to lose no time
+in making good our escape, otherwise I might have managed to capture
+something more than the one steamer. A few days afterwards I was much
+vexed by ascertaining that I might have taken Macartney prisoner, and
+with him a large sum of sycee destined to pay Gordon's mercenaries. It
+appeared, from the information given by the former officers of the
+steamer, when too late to take advantage of it, that the redoubtable
+_General_ was to come off in a boat with the dollars and be picked up
+abreast of the Fu-tai's camp. If I had known this on the same night, I
+could easily have taken measures to effect his capture. Aggravated by
+the infamous manner in which Macartney carried on hostilities against my
+friends, I would most assuredly have given him up to the Ti-pings, and
+he would have been justly punished for his cruelty to his unfortunate
+prisoners, if they had treated him by the strictest law of retaliation;
+but of this he would have been in little danger, the mad forbearance of
+the Ti-pings causing them to suicidally avoid the only means by which
+they might have saved themselves from slaughter by British means, viz.,
+by proclaiming, and by _executing_ the promise, that if any British help
+were given the Manchoo, either directly or indirectly, they would
+retaliate by destroying the silk and tea trade (totally in their power),
+and by generally making war upon British interests. As for the soundness
+of such policy upon the part of the revolutionists, it could not
+possibly have done them any injury, and it offered the only chance of
+arresting foreign hostility.
+
+Some hours after the capture of the steamer, the Manilla-man, as I
+expected at the time, made his way to the Fu-tai's camp and reported
+the circumstance. The Manchoo official had no sooner received the
+information than he sent off couriers to his very good servants and
+allies, the British authorities. Those devoted personages immediately
+made ready one of their national gunboats, and, placing a number of
+English soldiers on board, despatched her to overhaul and bring back the
+missing vessel to Shanghae.
+
+Naturally enough my readers may be inclined to wonder what business the
+British officials had to interfere with the capture of an Imperialist
+craft by the Ti-pings, they must therefore have an explanation.
+
+All the English admirals, generals, consuls, and others, who were
+fighting upon the side of the Manchoo, chose, with an amazing amount of
+injustice and arrogance, to assume that they and their disreputable
+allies were alone entitled to belligerent rights and privileges. Every
+act of their enemy was very indignantly branded as either atrociously
+piratical or a form of bloodthirsty brigandage. They alone were
+virtuous; they alone had any right to kill, burn, and otherwise destroy!
+In consequence of this very comfortable state of self-conceit, and in
+order to succour the dearly beloved Manchoo, some experimental warrior
+or statesman among the British officials, according to their enlightened
+_ex parte_ diplomacy, did me the honour to designate my humble exploit a
+piratical outrage. This of course justified their praiseworthy efforts
+to capture the scoundrel who dared to differ from their immaculate
+selves, by presuming to prefer and assist the rebels instead of the
+Imperialists. Besides, is not the vile pirate an enemy of all mankind?
+And who would be so oblivious of merit as not to do them reverence when
+they caught him? Unfortunately for their visionary laurels, though
+fortunately for the pirate, they did not succeed in catching him.
+
+Now, as even at the period referred to, the Ti-ping revolution included
+a population and a territory, the former at least equal in number, and
+the latter in extent, to the people and soil of England; and as they
+were not only recognised as a belligerent power, but as constituting the
+Government _de facto_ throughout the large tract of country under their
+control, I cannot understand how the military service of such a Power,
+with an army of several hundred thousand men in the field, and an
+organized administration ruling their possessions, was termed piracy and
+brigandage.
+
+I was not only duly commissioned by the Chung-wang, the proper Ti-ping
+authority, but also acted upon a special commission issued against the
+vessels of the enemy. If, therefore, the capture of the steamer could be
+termed an act of piracy, what should be the language used to express the
+raids and seizure of Ti-ping craft by Admiral Hope, Generals Staveley,
+Brown, Michel, &c.? when it is remembered that they performed such acts
+entirely without authority from their own Government or any one else.
+Some pirates might feel flattered by finding themselves in the same boat
+with such worthy people; but the author of this work begs most
+respectfully to decline the doubtful honour. There is another point
+connected with this employment of defamatory epithets. If I, holding
+authority direct from the Ti-ping Commander-in-Chief (whose acts were
+authorized by his king), were a pirate, then what can have been the
+_status_ of Major Gordon, R.E., the commander of the Anglo-Manchoo
+contingent, who held no commission whatever from Imperial authority, but
+was simply employed by a _local_ Chinese mandarin?
+
+The British gunboat did not overtake my party, though, if she had been
+handled a little smarter, it would have been an easy matter, for we lost
+our way several times among the labyrinth of creeks in the interior. If
+it had not been prevented by the delay from taking wrong courses
+(thereby affording time for the seizure of the vessel to be made known
+to the enemy before Soo-chow), and from the fact that only one of the
+men I had engaged at Shanghae could be depended upon, I should have
+proceeded straight through the Imperialist lines and made an attempt to
+seize one of their two other steamers. However, I was obliged to be
+contented with my single prize. She mounted a capital pivot 32-pounder
+in the bow, a good 12-pounder howitzer in the stern, was well provided
+with the best description of ammunition, and she would probably prove
+very serviceable in the defence of Soo-chow.
+
+In consequence of the impossibility of forcing a passage through the
+enemy's lines, it became necessary to follow some such route as that by
+which I had last reached Soo-chow, however difficult it might be to find
+a channel large enough to carry the steamer so great a distance.
+
+After losing our course for the last time, and very nearly steaming into
+Gordon's head-quarters at Quin-san, we managed to reach the first
+Ti-ping position at San-le-jow. Directly we appeared, or rather,
+directly the funnel became visible above the dense growth of rush and
+bamboo lining the banks of the creek, the garrison of the fort rushed to
+arms and made ready to defend themselves against the supposed and
+dreaded enemy. The terror inspired by the appearance of the small
+steam-vessels acting with the Imperialist mercenaries was at all times
+excessive. From a distance the helpless Ti-pings were generally mowed
+down with perfect impunity, and heavy artillery carried destruction
+throughout their ranks, while the ships, white painted and low in the
+water, were almost invisible, and were able to maintain their advantage
+by retreating or advancing whenever it was desirable, at the same time
+retaining a position from which shrapnel, Moorsom, and other infernally
+destructive, though ingeniously contrived shell, could be thrown with
+deadly accuracy.
+
+It was no wonder that as we suddenly hove in sight, with a volume of
+thick smoke puffing up from our high-pressure engines, the soldiers and
+civilians about San-le-jow were dreadfully alarmed. They were well
+aware that small mercy was ever shown by the "foreign brethren" in
+charge of the irresistible "hoo-lung paou-chwan," for, fighting or
+harmless, they were shot down whenever a gun could be brought to bear,
+and so long as the missiles could be made to reach them. The rowdy
+bravoes of the Imperialist flotilla being unacquainted with the
+principles of military honour, seemed to believe that their sole mission
+was to kill, burn, and destroy; as for extending mercy to those who were
+unable to resist their appliances of modern warfare, or treating the
+vanquished with magnanimity, they never entertained such ideas.
+
+Fortunately for the people we came upon so suddenly, the steamer was
+under Ti-ping colours; therefore, their alarm presented only the most
+ludicrous character, unaccompanied by the tragic and heretofore
+inseparable consequences of such an event. From their isolated cottages
+the poor villagers rushed forth, carrying the most valued of their
+homely effects; men, women, and children ran frantically in the
+direction of the fort; some were laden with agricultural implements (for
+even these were often destroyed by the victorious Imperialists); others
+with household goods; while here and there a few noble labourers were
+observed trudging along with their aged fathers or mothers on their
+backs. Whenever the edge of a canal was reached, without a moment's
+hesitation, the fugitives would plunge right into the water, and give
+cause for merriment by the wild efforts they made to regain dry land,
+often rolling back, and floundering helplessly through the soft mud.
+
+When I perceived the alarm our appearance had created, and that the
+soldiers were making ready to fire upon us with a few heavy gingalls
+mounted on their fort, I stopped our vessel's way and brought up
+alongside the bank, and then going ashore with A-ling, proceeded to the
+fort to satisfy the commandant as to our friendly character. When it was
+made known that we were in the Ti-ping service, the soldiers and people
+loudly professed their gratification. The chief was a bronzed and hardy
+veteran; and although his garrison did not muster nearly 100 men, he was
+quite determined to defend his post to the last, had we proved to be
+enemies. The answer he made when I asked him whether he would not have
+acted with discretion by retreating from the steamer if she had been
+still in Manchoo interest, closely resembled that given by a brave
+Ti-ping officer (who had charge of a most dangerous and exposed position
+near Ningpo) to a friend of mine, when the latter inquired why he did
+not abandon so precarious an outpost, which was nearly surrounded by the
+enemy; he replied, "Puh pa! laou Tien-ping tung shao" (No fear! an old
+Ti-ping soldier knows how to die).
+
+Passing through San-le-jow, we soon reached the small town of Pimbong,
+barely twenty-five miles distant from Soo-chow, and also situated on the
+Grand Canal. At this place we were very kindly received by the chief,
+who, after seeing my commission, supplied me with provisions, coals,
+firewood, and other necessaries. Pimbong was almost the last Ti-ping
+position in the neighbourhood, as immediately beyond came the lines of
+the enemy besieging Soo-chow. Here our pilots ceased to be of service,
+and the chief sent on board a man well acquainted with the country, to
+guide us through the largest creeks. After trying every channel
+branching off from the Grand Canal, and finding them all too small for
+the passage of the steamer, we were compelled to proceed on to
+Kar-sing-foo, a city nearly twenty miles from Pimbong. Had the creeks we
+explored been available, we could have reached Soo-chow by a _detour_ of
+not more than forty miles, but by going to Kar-sing the distance would
+be doubled at least.
+
+After a short run down the splendid Grand Canal, we came to off the
+city, and sent messengers to apprise the governor of our arrival. In a
+little while that functionary, who proved to be the Yoong-wang, visited
+the steamer in great state; he met me with much friendliness, and
+declared himself delighted with the acquisition of the vessel so well
+known and dreaded. Two Europeans were with the chief; they had formerly
+belonged to the Franco-Manchoo contingent; and as my lieutenant had
+known them to be of good character--one had been a captain in the
+force--I expressed my wish that they should join me, and the Yoong-wang
+very kindly consented.
+
+As time was precious for the success of my plans, we only remained a few
+hours at Kar-sing-foo, and then started away with a new pilot on board,
+who was instructed to take us to the largest creeks leading to the
+Ta-hoo Lake, which it would be necessary to cross in order to reach
+Soo-chow.
+
+From Pimbong everywhere we traversed a most beautiful country; and
+although, from the rumours of approaching war, the influx of fugitives,
+and the scarcity of provisions, no little distress was prevalent, the
+people were far more happy, prosperous, and improved than Imperialists
+ever have been, or seem likely to be.
+
+Directly we steamed away from Kar-sing our troubles began. Every creek
+we attempted to navigate proved either too small, or the bridges were
+too narrow and low for the steamer to pass them. After getting, perhaps,
+fifteen miles up a creek, and destroying several bridges by the way, the
+water would suddenly shallow to less than our draught, or the channel
+would narrow to less than our beam; of course, in such cases our only
+plan was to get back stern foremost and try some other canal.
+Fortunately the vessel was built of iron, so that her progress
+overland--for often we were obliged to pass a place not more than four
+feet deep, while the steamer drew five--did no further injury than
+bending or indenting her pliant sides.
+
+At last, after spending a week exploring the principal water
+communication of what seemed in every respect a free and Christian
+country, we approached the sea, and it was only when within fourteen
+miles of Hang-chow that we managed to find an available creek. Even to
+take advantage of it we were compelled to destroy many bridges; and,
+upon several occasions, clear the bottom of the channel, while the work
+of removing stakes and barriers was incessant. Had it not been for the
+willing assistance we received from the Ti-pings, we should never have
+been able to get through.
+
+Eventually, after a passage no one would ever have believed the steamer
+could have effected against so many obstacles, we arrived at the great
+city of Hoo-chow-foo, situated just at the southern end of the Ta-hoo.
+At this place the commandant, Tow-wang, and the Luk-wang--whose nephew,
+the Mo-wang, was commandant of Soo-chow--came out and received us in
+state. Upon leaving them, after having dined with the chiefs in the
+city, I managed to reach the Ta-hoo after knocking down an obstructive
+bridge with a few Moorsom shells. Before proceeding to cross the lake, I
+obtained a dozen good men from the chiefs, and put the paddle-wheels
+(which had become much dilapidated during the passage of the creeks) in
+good repair; for I knew that if _General_ Gordon, of the Manchoo
+mercenary service, had sufficient sense, he could easily intercept me
+with two, or even three, of the steamers attached to his force. However,
+fortunately for me, Gordon did not send his ships until too late; for
+had they overhauled their former consort, she would have fallen an easy
+prize, as I had not more than two or three Europeans and half a dozen
+Chinese on whom I could depend.
+
+As I understood there were only two channels by which Soo-chow could be
+reached from the lake by a vessel drawing so much water as the steamer,
+and as one of these--_via_ the Tung-shan hills and city of Wo-kong--was
+already in Impish hands, I adopted the only remaining course--a creek
+leading from the northern end of the Ta-hoo to the city of Wu-see; from
+whence, to Soo-chow, the Grand Canal afforded an easy passage.
+
+While stopping at a small Ti-ping position on the west side of the lake,
+I was much pleased by witnessing the kind behaviour of the soldiers to a
+number of destitute country people, who had fled from the advance of the
+Imperialists down the Yang-tze-kiang towards Nankin. There were not more
+than 150 soldiers at the station, and from their _own rations_, which
+consisted solely of rice and dried fish, they charitably relieved more
+than 500 starving people. This is no idle assertion, for the whole of my
+confederates were present, and saw the distribution of rice. I went over
+the five gunboats belonging to the troops, and found that their stores
+of food were nearly exhausted. The chief told me that, when all was
+used, he would be obliged to abandon the place, and leave the
+unfortunate people to starve. I supplied him with a couple of bags of
+rice, and then bade him farewell; although I have never seen him since,
+I have not forgotten his praiseworthy conduct. Who has ever seen an
+Imperialist official do the like?
+
+At length we found the creek leading to Wu-see, and on the same
+afternoon arrived at the city, greatly to the delight of the garrison,
+who were much harassed by a formidable flotilla operating against their
+lines of communication. Soon after our arrival, the commandant,
+Saou-wang, returned to the city with his army, having beaten the enemy
+after a sharp fight in the morning. The troops had marched upwards of
+forty miles to and from the battle-field, and directly they came to the
+creek encircling Wu-see, they threw down their arms on the bank, and
+plunged into the cooling water in dense masses, clothes and all; so that
+in a few minutes the surface was literally covered with them.
+
+The Saou-wang having informed me that the Commander-in-Chief was
+encamped at a place named Ma-tang-chiao--on the shore of the Ta-hoo,
+and a place of strategic importance--equidistant from Wu-see and
+Soo-chow, I at once requested him to despatch messengers to inform his
+superior of my arrival. While awaiting their return, the commandant set
+a number of men to work pulling down a very heavy stone bridge, which it
+was necessary to remove before the steamer could be taken into the Grand
+Canal. At this city I saw upwards of 6,000 poor people, who were
+supported by the garrison. They had been driven from their homes by the
+progress of the Anglo-Manchoos in the neighbourhood, and were perfectly
+destitute. Every day one of the principal officers of the city came to
+superintend the distribution of rice, and the ravenous manner in which
+the people struggled for their food was something fearful to
+contemplate, especially when it was considered that such great misery
+was caused entirely by the unjustifiable intervention of my countrymen.
+
+Upon this occasion I had not much time to notice the distress caused by
+the approach of the allied English and Manchoo devastators, messengers
+from the Chung-wang on the following morning bringing orders for me to
+proceed back into the Ta-hoo Lake, and take the steamer to
+Ma-tang-chiao. When I reached this place, the Chung-wang, attended by
+the Sz, Le, and several other Wangs, came on board, and appeared to be
+overjoyed with my successful enterprise and the appearance of the
+steamer. A-ling, the two Ti-ping officers, and the two Cantonese were
+instantly promoted; and the chiefs took off their own pearl ornaments to
+decorate them. The Chung-wang then took me ashore with him, and, upon
+reaching his head-quarters, confirmed my lieutenant's appointment, and
+declared that he would give 20,000 dollars prize-money for the capture
+of the steamer. This I considered amply sufficient for so small a
+service, and I determined to divide it equally among all who had
+assisted at the seizure--including the five rowdies who only came for
+money--besides giving a portion to some of the former crew, who had
+kept to their work and assisted me since the capture.
+
+The encampment was formed around a large straggling village; and the
+people, like those of the neighbouring hamlets, appeared more happy,
+better fed, and less depressed than those of more distant parts of
+Ti-pingdom. This was always the result of the Chung-wang's presence in
+any locality, for he was not only the most able general, but also the
+most talented organizer and pacificator among the chiefs.
+
+At Ma-tang-chiao the Chung-wang was concentrating an army of relief for
+Soo-chow; and, with the object of enabling the steamer to participate in
+the same movement, men were employed to remove several bridges and other
+obstructions on a creek by which she could reach the Grand Canal. This
+work was hardly commenced, when two or three fugitives, shortly followed
+by many others, from the suburbs of Soo-chow, arrived with the
+disastrous intelligence that the city was in the hands of the enemy. How
+it had fallen they could not say, further than by stating that it had
+not been captured by fighting, but by some treachery. The Chung-wang
+seemed much affected by the report, for Soo-chow was not only the most
+important and best fortified city, the most abundantly supplied and
+strongest garrisoned, but the commandant, Mo-wang, was his oldest and
+bravest brother in arms.
+
+Orders were at once given to break camp and march upon Wu-see; and while
+the troops were so engaged, I returned with the steamer to the same
+city. On the following day the bad news became confirmed by the arrival
+of some hundreds of the garrison of Soo-chow. These men stated that the
+second in command, Nar-wang, with several other principal chiefs, had
+assassinated the commandant and then surrendered the city to the enemy.
+A great number of the Mo-wang's men were massacred by the followers of
+the other leaders, who commanded about 20,000 troops, while the
+Cantonese portion of the garrison --some 5,000 strong, and unconnected
+with the treachery--were compelled to fight their way out of the city.
+These latter, having placed their wives and children in the centre,
+proceeded to force the west gate. Unable, however, to effect the narrow
+passage with their helpless families against the incessant attack by
+overwhelming numbers of Imperialist and renegade soldiery, they were
+driven to the horrible extreme of killing their own women and children
+to save them from the worse fate of degradation and torture, if captured
+by the enemy. Scarcely a third of the men succeeded in cutting their way
+through, and of these many were wounded, many were covered with the
+blood of their wives and little ones, while others had become raving
+maniacs.
+
+The Chinese nature, although apparently so apathetic, is yet capable of
+the wildest frenzy of passion; in fact, no people have a more
+paradoxical and anomalous character. It is a well-known fact that
+Chinese non-combatants will commit wholesale suicide upon the approach
+of enemies; but few Europeans would credit the fearful acts which the
+Soo-chow fugitives were driven in desperation to commit, or the frantic
+excitement leading to such deeds, and to the insanity of many of the
+perpetrators. I shall never forget the terrible appearance of the madmen
+stained with the blood of their own dearest relatives, whom they had
+themselves killed. They rushed into Wu-see at an immense speed, passed
+the city, and came to the encampment outside, and then, yelling,
+shouting, and crying, threw themselves, in paroxysms of grief and
+frenzy, on the ground before the Chung-wang. Several attempted to drown
+themselves in a neighbouring creek; and one, a young chief, stabbed
+himself to death before he could be prevented. The unfortunate men were
+at last secured and taken into the city.
+
+With the remnant of the Soo-chow garrison came seven Europeans. These
+men had been sent from the city to join my legion, by order of the
+Chung-wang, and having proceeded to Ma-tang-chiao, when they changed
+their route for Wu-see, they were overtaken by the fugitives, and came
+on with them. These seven men were not a portion of those whom I had
+sent from Shanghae; all the latter (with the exception of the brave
+Labourais, who was killed during a night attack on some stockades by the
+enemy only a few days previously) being within Soo-chow when that city
+was betrayed, and many of them there perishing. Three of the Europeans
+had straggled, and did not arrive for some days. Among the four who
+joined me were _Captain_ Smith, and an engineer (for the steamer) who
+had hitherto been employed casting shell, guns, and executing other
+important work at Soo-chow.
+
+As it was absolutely necessary for the increase and establishment of my
+legion that I should return to Shanghae, I wished to leave as soon as
+the Chung-wang reached Wu-see, particularly as both I and my lieutenant
+were in a very bad state of health, and urgently required medical
+assistance; but the Chung-wang having requested that I would join him in
+an attack upon the Imperialist force threatening Wu-see and
+Chang-chow-foo, I was obliged to defer leaving until after the battle.
+The enemy were intrenched in great strength within fifteen miles of
+Wu-see, and were assisted by a powerful flotilla of gunboats, which gave
+them entire command of the water communications of the city. It was to
+drive away or destroy this fleet that an attack was decided upon.
+
+At last all obstructions in the way of enabling the steamer--now named
+the _Ti-ping_, and flying the Chung-wang's standard--to participate in
+the engagement were removed; and I joined the Commander-in-Chief's
+consultation held before commencing operations on the following morning.
+One thousand men, composing the _elite_ of the Chung-wang's guards, and
+the first division of the Loyal and Faithful Auxiliary Legion, were
+placed under my orders, together with fifteen gunboats, which were to
+co-operate with the steamer. With this force I was ordered to attack
+the hostile flotilla, the Chung-wang himself disposing of his troops so
+as to prevent a junction between the enemy and their vessels. About
+midnight the army marched to take up its position, and at daylight I
+advanced with the steamer and gunboats, the men of my legion
+accompanying me in two divisions, one on each bank of the canal.
+
+The morning was thick and foggy, so that we were enabled to take up a
+position within cannon-range of the enemy without either attracting
+their attention or discerning them ourselves. The place I chose for a
+halt until the fog cleared away was at a large stone bridge, parallel to
+the Grand Canal, up which we were proceeding, and over a creek leading
+direct into a small lake, about a mile and a half distant, on which the
+enemy's flotilla was stationed.
+
+My plan of action was soon formed. I sent the gunboats in advance beyond
+the bridge, with orders to attack the enemy at the entrance of the lake,
+and then to retreat in confusion. By this manoeuvre I hoped to draw the
+hostile gunboats into the creek, when I should be able to attack them
+with the steamer to an advantage. On the creek not more than a dozen
+boats could form abreast and work their guns, but on the lake the whole
+number, estimated at 60 to 70, would be able to open a concentrated fire
+on our advance; and one well-aimed shot could sink the lightly-built
+_Ti-ping_, or pierce her boilers.
+
+Taking on board fifty picked men from the Cantonese musketeers of my
+legion, and making everything ready for action, I had the steamer moved
+close to the side of the bridge, where she lay perfectly concealed.
+
+Towards noon the weather began to clear, and our small squadron
+immediately pulled forward and opened fire on their opponents. The
+Imperialists, encouraged by their great superiority of numbers, soon
+advanced into the creek and gave chase as our gunboats retreated. By
+the time that they had reached half-way to the bridge, however, the day
+became quite clear, and observing our troops spread out in line of
+battle, they gave up any further pursuit.
+
+This was the moment for which I had been waiting. Sending forward my men
+on the shore at a run, I moved the steamer from her hidden position,
+passed under the bridge, and advanced upon the enemy at full speed,
+firing upon them with our 32-pounder, and warmly answered by their stern
+guns as they turned and pulled back to reach the lake, which they
+managed to do before we could close with them. As we approached the
+termination of the creek, we were saluted with a tremendous cannonade.
+The gunboats had formed in three divisions, one directly fronting the
+mouth of the creek, the others upon either flank, so that they were
+enabled to maintain a most powerful cross fire. I counted twenty-two
+vessels in the centre squadron, and twenty in each of the others. They
+were all fully manned with about 30 men in every boat, and each carried
+a bow-gun, from 6 to 18-pounder; a large swivel on either side, and a
+stern gun, a little smaller than that in the fore-part.
+
+Of course, my land force could be of no assistance on the lake, all
+their use being to accompany the steamer on either side of a creek, and
+prevent the enemy's troops closing upon her in such an indefensible
+position. Our fifteen gunboats were armed with such inferior artillery
+that they were altogether unable to cope with the hostile vessels, every
+one of which carried good English guns supplied by the British at
+Shanghae. I therefore ordered them to remain in the creek, but to
+advance and take charge of any boats we might capture.
+
+Directly we emerged from the creek, the enemy gallantly pulled towards
+us, decorated with innumerable flags, maintaining a very heavy fire,
+yelling terrifically, and deafening us with a tremendous beating of
+gongs and blowing of war-horns. Seeing that their only way of retreat
+was by a creek in the rear of their starboard squadron, I immediately
+attacked the centre, because, if successful, we should not only succeed
+in capturing two-thirds of the flotilla, but would render them unable to
+fire upon the steamer through danger of injuring themselves. While
+steaming up to obtain this position--necessarily at slow speed, because
+the lake was very shallow--showers of grape, roundshot, and every
+species of Chinese rocket and missile, came rushing all around and about
+our heads. Fortunately the _mitraille_ was fired too loosely, and the
+solid shot too badly aimed, to cause us much damage, while every
+discharge from our heavy gun, worked by _Captain_ Smith, proved very
+effective among the mass of boats, men, and flags. In a short time the
+central squadron gave way, and the crews, pulling close to the shore,
+began to desert their vessels. The port squadron, in danger of being cut
+off, took to flight and became mingled with the centre. Meanwhile, the
+starboard division pulled up the creek in its rear, and took up a
+position, from which it maintained a sharp fire over the low land,
+nearly every shot passing close to the steamer or striking her. Several
+times I turned away from the discomfited vessels to follow their
+consorts up the creek, but on each occasion, with obstinate courage, the
+enemy rallied, remanned their guns, and stuck to them until our return
+to the attack drove them ashore again.
+
+[Illustration:
+DAY & SON, (LIMITED) LITH.
+NAVAL ENGAGEMENT AND CAPTURE OF IMPERIALIST GUNBOATS AT WU-SEE.]
+
+Thrice did the crews of the gunboats resume the conflict. On their last
+attempt to turn the fortune of the day, they actually advanced upon us,
+loading and firing as fast as they could, keeping up a fearful yelling
+and beating of gongs, and evincing every determination to board. Had
+they only possessed sufficient confidence to persist in this attempt,
+they might easily have succeeded in overpowering us by numbers and
+capturing the steamer. Fortunately, however, directly the heavy
+discharges from our pivot gun--double-shotted with grape and
+canister--and the incessant musketry fire from the small-arm men
+stationed on our upper deck began to take effect upon them, they gave
+way and retreated to the shore. After the last repulse, my squadron of
+gunboats having arrived on the scene of conflict, their crews took
+charge of the deserted vessels of the enemy and began to tow them away.
+
+From their position on the creek, the starboard division of the
+Imperialist flotilla still maintained the action; so, abandoning the two
+others to our allies, we steamed after the still defiant squadron. In a
+few minutes a well-aimed shot from our 32-pounder sunk two of the
+gunboats, and eight others were captured. The remaining ten, after a
+short chase, were abandoned by their men, who escaped ashore, carrying
+with them, however, their small arms. At this moment I perceived that
+the creek was lined on either side by a cunningly-contrived breast-work,
+from behind which the gunboat _braves_ began to fire heavily upon us. At
+the same time large columns of Imperialist troops became visible, as, by
+sheer force of numbers, they pressed back the Chung-wang's divisions,
+and threatened to occupy the bank of the creek by which I had advanced
+the steamer, and which formed the only line of retreat to Wu-see.
+
+Before we could secure the last abandoned gunboats, a large number of
+musket-armed skirmishers were thrown into the intrenchments in our
+immediate vicinity. So heavy and effective became their volleys--every
+bullet striking some part of the steamer, riddling her light upper works
+through and through, and wounding many men, while we could neither reply
+with our heavy guns nor bring a rifle to bear upon the hidden foe--that
+we were compelled to save ourselves by precipitate flight, leaving the
+last captured vessels behind, and hurrying to the other creek at full
+speed, in order to avoid being intercepted by the advancing troops.
+Owing to the gallantry with which my land division held the enemy in
+check, we were able to effect our retreat, carrying off fifty-one
+gunboats as the substantial trophy of our victory, and capturing more
+than fifty of the Sung-wang's[54] flags.
+
+Upon reaching the bridge we were warmly congratulated by the Chung-wang,
+who at once declared he would give 200 dols. prize-money for each
+gunboat, which promise he scrupulously fulfilled. As the enemy continued
+to advance in line of battle, orders were given for a general attack,
+and I was despatched with the steamer to the city of Chang-chow-foo, to
+join in the co-operating movements being executed therefrom. We were too
+late to participate in them, for, upon reaching some outworks, about
+twelve miles from the city, our orders were countermanded, the
+Imperialists being defeated at every point, and the stockades from which
+they had menaced the two cities being in the hands of the Ti-pings.
+
+Our escape from the ambush into which we had fallen while pursuing the
+remnant of the Imperialist flotilla was something miraculous, for,
+although our casualties were only two Chinese killed, three Europeans
+slightly, my interpreter A-ling dangerously, and a dozen Chinese
+wounded, the steamer was pierced about her upper-works with countless
+bullets; so much so, indeed, that it was difficult to understand how
+every person on board had not been killed.
+
+Some days after our victory, a large Imperial force advanced from
+Soo-chow and proceeded to invest Wu-see. Upon one occasion they advanced
+close up to the walls, but were driven back by the shell we threw among
+them from the steamer. As the city was rendered untenable by the loss of
+Soo-chow and other places, the Chung-wang decided to evacuate it and
+retire upon Chang-chow-foo. Before executing this arrangement the
+Commander-in-Chief, in his capacity of Vicegerent to the Ti-ping king,
+TIEN-WANG, commissioned me to promulgate among foreigners the objects of
+the revolution; the wishes and opinions of its leaders; the treatment
+they had received from England; and all subjects relative thereto upon
+which I might be able to write. This event has been the sole origin,
+besides my own feelings in the cause, of the present work--"Tai Ping
+Tien Kwoh."
+
+My arrangements to return to Shanghae were soon made. _Captain_ Smith,
+together with the Ke-wang (one of the Commander-in Chief's high
+officers), I left in command of my legion so far as it was organized,
+including the steamer and captured gunboats. My lieutenant, who was too
+ill to remain on duty, the five rowdies, A-ling and his two Cantonese
+friends, were to accompany me. Those who remained were given their
+prize-money, but I refused to receive the share for the others until we
+should reach the city of Kar-sing-foo, because this place was on the
+limit of the Ti-ping territory in the direction of Shanghae, and I felt
+confident that, if they had time, the rowdies would quarrel over their
+money, and, probably, injure one another. It will be seen that my
+anticipations were not groundless.
+
+Thinking that the horrible Soo-chow treachery and massacre (the chiefs
+and their men who surrendered upon _General_ Gordon's _guarantee of
+conditions_ were put to death by the Manchoo colleague of the British
+officer) would surely occasion the British Government to withdraw its
+help from those whose sanguinary atrocities were not only dishonouring
+them by their participation as allies, but actually making them morally,
+if not materially, responsible; I set out for Shanghae under the
+impression that the Anglo-Manchoo alliance would cease, and the time
+prove favourable for advocating the Ti-ping cause and its claims upon
+all foreign, but especially British, sympathy.
+
+Having taken leave of the noble Chung-wang and his son Maou-lin, I left
+Wu-see with an escort of fifteen gunboats; at the same time the city was
+evacuated, and the Commander-in-Chief started with his troops for
+Chang-chow-foo, carrying with him the four Europeans captured on board
+the steamer, whom he promised to retain as prisoners of mine until the
+return of myself or my lieutenant. It has since been reported that the
+bodies of these four men were found some time afterwards near Wu-see,
+and Major Gordon of the R. E., in his notorious capacity of
+uncommissioned general to Manchoo Governor Le, took upon himself to
+report that the Chung-wang had roasted them to death, his only authority
+being the testimony of a demented "old woman," who declared that
+"Cantonese rebels" had killed them! If the Ti-pings did kill the four
+prisoners, the act was not only the first instance in which they have
+retaliated upon foreigners,[55] but was also the result of Major
+Gordon's treacherous capture of Soo-chow, for I should have sent the men
+over to his lines as exchanged prisoners of war if I had reached that
+city. It is, however, believed by all in China who are acquainted with
+the facts of the case, that the men fell into the hands of the
+Imperialists, and were put to death by them; and this seems to me a very
+likely affair (if they have been killed, for it is by no means certain),
+because the rear of the forces that retreated from Wu-see were closely
+pursued by the troops of Le, Futai. But my strongest reason for
+believing that the Ti-pings had no hand in killing them, if murdered
+they were, is the fact that the Chung-wang was personally pledged (to
+me) to keep them unharmed and properly cared for; and even Major Gordon
+cannot state that this celebrated chief ever broke his word, _or
+sanctioned a violation of his guarantees by associates_. Moreover, I
+particularly gave the Chung-wang to understand that my future services
+would depend very much upon finding my prisoners safe and sound at my
+return; besides, he could not possibly have had any motive to injure
+them, and thereby lose what he expected might prove valuable aid; and
+certainly, to judge by the kind treatment they received within Wu-see,
+he had no intention of doing so.
+
+At my last interview with the Chung-wang I shall never forget the
+speaking expression of his fine eyes, as I shook his hand for the last
+time and stepped back to take my final departure. His look seemed to
+express friendship and gratitude for what I had already done, doubt for
+the future, and a mutely pathetic request, imploring that I, too, would
+not desert him in his hour of need. This well-remembered glance created
+another bond between us which only death can obliterate, and which would
+alone have bound me to help the Chung-wang to the utmost of my ability.
+No wonder he seemed doubtful as to my future course, for the Ti-pings
+had never trusted a foreigner without being deceived, and they never
+experienced anything but insult or unprovoked injury from European
+officials!
+
+From Wu-see to Kar-sing-foo, _via_ the Ta-hoo Lake and Hoo-chow-foo, I
+was accompanied by the Shi-wang, a cousin of the Chung-wang, who had
+received instructions to facilitate my movements and make arrangements
+for my return, besides being commissioned to divert to the city of
+Hoo-chow the reinforcements on their way to Ma-tang-chiao. A few days
+after commencing our journey we fell in with a body of troops belonging
+to the Ting-wang's command at the provincial capital Hang-chow, who were
+proceeding to the appointed rendezvous; but the Shi-wang ordered them to
+Hoo-chow, where they afterwards proved very useful in maintaining
+communications with Nankin along the west shore of the Ta-hoo, _via_
+Chang-chow, Kin-tang, Li-yang, &c.
+
+After the evacuation of Wu-see by the Ti-ping troops, the city, of
+course, fell into Imperialist hands; when the wretches, in their usual
+style, commenced a general massacre of the unfortunate inhabitants, it
+being estimated that 6,000, at least, were put to death, their crime
+being the fact that they were found in a city which had been held by
+rebels! The poor people who had been daily supplied with food from the
+Ti-ping granaries were now starved to death, for charity is a virtue
+unknown to Manchoo mandarins. I was at Wu-see for several weeks, and
+during that period I went over the country for miles in every direction,
+finding everywhere the same frightful results of British
+intervention--in the devastation of the country by the allies, and the
+starvation of the unfortunate Ti-ping country people. During my return
+to Shanghae, every place I saw exhibited more or less misery; a painful
+contrast to the prosperity universally prevailing only a few months
+before, when the power and rule of the Tien-wang was unshaken. Upon
+leaving the Ti-ping territory, or rather upon passing the few strong
+cities they still occupied in proximity to the frontier, the desolation
+of the country was perfectly appalling. Even throughout those portions
+of the silk districts still untouched by the enemy, everything was in a
+state of turmoil, inactivity, and distress. The mulberry-trees and the
+silkworms, which require constant care, were but partially tended; in
+many parts they were neglected altogether; so that these facts, coupled
+to the wholesale massacre of the people by the Imperialists, fully
+account for the great decrease of silk _since_ the Ti-pings have been
+driven from the producing districts.
+
+My readers have already been shown the prosperous condition of the
+country entirely under Ti-ping control during the years 1860-1-2-3. We
+will now notice for the last time the effect of British support of the
+barbarous Manchoo.
+
+The change for the worse may be considered to have fairly commenced
+directly after the capture of the city of Quin-san by the Anglo-Manchoo
+forces. Since that event, entirely caused by British means, death and
+destruction have swept throughout the once free, Christian, and smiling
+land. I have wandered over mile after mile of the once happy Ti-ping
+districts (during the latter part of 1863 and beginning of 1864); I have
+passed through twenty and thirty villages in a day, and, horrible to
+relate, in almost every room of each house have found the unfortunate
+people starved, starving, or barely maintaining the embers of life by a
+fearful state of cannibalism, feeding on the dead bodies lying thick
+around them! I have seen this sight of unparalleled horror in large
+unwalled towns containing many hundred houses, and I frequently found as
+many as fifteen to twenty bodies in one dwelling, the great number being
+occasioned by refugees from places already occupied or threatened by
+Anglo-Imperialists. I have had the fearful consolation of resuscitating
+many of the miserable people for a short time by giving them all the
+rice I could obtain, though I was convinced it would only give them
+strength to undergo the pangs of starvation a second time. Some
+insensate patriots may accuse me of un-English feeling for my
+expressions against the policy of the _present_ British ministry; but
+would not any Englishman feel and write strongly upon witnessing such
+scenes as those I am describing, and which have been solely caused by
+the wicked use of England's strength? I denounce the policy pursued
+against the Ti-pings as being not only egregiously stupid and suicidal
+in theory and practice, but absolutely iniquitous in every result.
+Nothing could work greater harm on living mankind.
+
+From the few poor wretches I found able to speak, in most cases I
+gathered their expression of opinion "that it was through foreign
+soldiers coming to fight the Tien-ping (Ti-ping troops) that their
+distress had been occasioned." Some said that "they had come from places
+taken by the Kwan-ping (Imperialist troops), and reaching where I found
+them, could get nothing to eat, were unable to travel farther, and so
+had lain them down to die." Whenever I came to villages where the people
+were not yet reduced to the last stage of famine, mothers were offering
+their daughters to any one who would take them; but even this was
+unavailing! Although in other parts of China the young women would have
+been taken for evil purposes, in Ti-pingdom the laws strictly prohibited
+everything that was condemned as immoral, so they were left to starve if
+provisions were not supplied from better motives. These fearful scenes
+are so vividly impressed upon my memory that I am sorry I ever had the
+misfortune to witness them.
+
+The desolating sword of Asiatic warfare has been ruthlessly carried into
+provinces for years in the most flourishing condition under Ti-ping
+rule. Hundreds of once happy villages have been obliterated from the
+face of the earth they once adorned, while the decaying skeletons of
+their industrious and inoffensive people are thickly scattered
+throughout the surrounding country, changing into a vast Golgotha and
+desert what would otherwise have remained an earthly paradise.
+
+As many people would probably feel inclined to deny that the
+Anglo-Manchoo forces created the desolation I have described, because it
+has frequently been misrepresented by interested persons that the
+Ti-pings were the devastators, I have selected two or three statements
+which entirely corroborate my own.
+
+The following narrative was given by a gentleman who has comparatively
+lately traversed the silk districts in search of mulberry-trees and
+silkworms, in order to estimate the probable extent of the next silk
+crop, and the causes of the present great fall-off. It appeared in the
+_Friend of China_, Shanghae paper, of January 13, 1865, from which I
+quote:--
+
+    "When Burgevine went to Nankin, that time the country between it
+    and Soo-chow was a garden for loveliness. For eighteen _le_
+    (Chinese miles) along the canal, on either side, the banks were
+    lined with houses--the inhabitants busy as bees, and as thriving
+    as they had reason to expect to be. With the reversion of
+    Soo-chow to the Imperialists, these houses and numerous bridges
+    disappeared. For the whole eighteen _le_ there is not a
+    roof--the country around, as far as the eye can reach, is a
+    desert. The people have fled from the Imperialists as though
+    they dreaded them like wolves and tigers; nor man, nor woman,
+    nor child, nor beast of any description to be seen. Fowls,
+    ducks, pigs, buffaloes--no such thing to be got for love or
+    money.
+
+    "Twenty-seven _le_ from Soo-chow brought me to Soo-za-qua,
+    formerly a custom-house station, now the abode of part of the
+    residue of Gordon's force....
+
+    "The place is an oasis in the desert. For miles after leaving
+    it, indeed, all the way thence to Wu-see, the same barren,
+    weed-overgrown appearance meets the sight. Pheasants,
+    partridges, and a wild deer now and then, gave me plenty of
+    amusement for my fowling-piece. But the number of bleached
+    skeletons, skulls, or partially decayed dead bodies, is awful to
+    look at--to count them would be impossible--they literally cover
+    the ground for miles. As for traffic in boats, there was none;
+    trade is all gone. Wu-see is in ruins. Where they were going I
+    could not make out, perhaps the boatmen themselves did not know
+    beyond their next stage, but the number of soldiers passing up
+    in boats was legion, the contrast between them in their fat,
+    saucy appearance, and that of the meagre, starved-looking
+    wretches in the streets, being very striking. Before reaching
+    Wu-see I passed a camp of from 20,000 to 30,000
+    soldiers--impudent rascals, shouting after me, 'Yang-qui-tsze,
+    Yang-qui-tsze' (Foreign devil),[56] till I was tired of hearing
+    them; beckoning me to come on shore; waving spears and dashing
+    them out to show what they would do if they could. They have
+    evidently no love for Westerns, these Imperial Imps....
+
+    "On to Chang-chow-foo, for 95 _le_, still the same howling
+    desert, not a working soul to be seen. The depth and strength of
+    the weeds now are prodigious. Alack, for my search for
+    mulberry-trees! I could not see one. All are cut down, and if
+    wood at all were seen, it was borne by hungry-looking people,
+    propelled by soldiers who had impressed them into the
+    wood-cutting line. It was for such a state of things as this,
+    was it, that Gordon gave his talents? His reward would be a
+    sorry heart (?), could he only view the misery he has made. They
+    are perfectly rabid after firewood, these same Mandarin
+    soldiers, and cut down green wood and everything they meet. I
+    should say there must be from eight to twelve thousand men at
+    Tan-yang, which I next got to--Loo-tszeur, a village between
+    Chang-chow-foo and it, having disappeared to a brick; not a soul
+    to be seen, though they have established a custom-house station
+    about five _le_ from it.
+
+    "Tan-yang, a small city on the left bank of the canal, is almost
+    entirely deserted. Soldiers presenting here, as at the other
+    places, the same fat, saucy appearance I before noticed, some of
+    them wearing bangles, earrings, and jewels of value, while the
+    people around are clotheless and miserable, and how the poor
+    wretches live at all is a mystery. All that I saw them grubbing
+    at was a species of porridge, consisting of the _husks_ of
+    paddy, a mess one would not give a horse. Oh, the skulls again!
+    From Chang-chow-foo to Tan-yang the ground is literally white,
+    like snow, with skulls and bones. The massacre of the
+    unfortunate Taipings (inoffensive villagers, most likely) must
+    have been awful! Between Chang-chow-foo and Wu-see stands a
+    dilapidated pagoda, said to be 4,000 years old, and I went to
+    look at it. What was my surprise to find it crammed with dead
+    bodies, from which slices had been cut to eat as food!... I went
+    on for 45 _li_ beyond Tan-yang; the farther I went, the country
+    getting worse and worse, if it were possible for there to be a
+    difference when one description of 'bad' does for all, and I
+    began to think that my search for a mulberry-tree, _in what,
+    under the Taipings, was a splendid silk-producing country_, was
+    useless, and I had better turn back."
+
+Here we have the testimony of an impartial mercantile gentleman. Comment
+is needless. We will now turn to the evidence given by two of Gordon's
+own officers, men who were present during the operations against the
+Ti-pings, but who were ultimately honest enough to admit the truth. The
+following extracts are from a letter which appeared in the _Friend of
+China_, April 28, 1864:--
+
+    "TO THE EDITOR OF THE 'FRIEND OF CHINA.'
+
+    "SIR,--I read in the _North China Herald_ a letter from Gordon's
+    head-quarters, in which the writer says that the slaughter among
+    the rebels, after the capture of Hwa-soo, was terrible. Upwards
+    of 9,000 were taken prisoners, and of these it was estimated
+    6,000 were killed or drowned, principally by the Imperialists.
+    Further, that there is no doubt they would have killed ten times
+    that number if they had the chance to do so. Now, Sir, I do hope
+    there will be a stop put to such massacres, though I can but
+    believe that the writer of that article must be, what they call
+    in Australia, a _new chum_, for he cannot know much about the
+    treachery of the Imps, or he would not dwell so much on it. Why,
+    did not the Imperialists take rice, beans, wheat, and all other
+    kinds of grain out of Wu-see, even while those around were
+    starving; and as the old people came up to the gate to go
+    outside the city with their few catties of rice, were they not
+    stopped and their food taken from them, while, if they spoke
+    against it, they were bambooed? There was rice sufficient in
+    Soo-chow and Wu-see to keep the poor in the districts around for
+    many months; why, then, could not the Futai and other Mandarins
+    be made to relieve the poor in the surrounding country?
+
+    "At Chang-chow, again, in place of bambooing the poor when
+    begging for a few grains of that which was taken from them, why
+    were they left to die outside by starvation? I saw this, for I
+    was one of the officers engaged in the capture of Wu-see, and
+    other cities. From Wu-see we advanced towards Chang-chow, where,
+    at first, there were but few poor to be seen. After we had been
+    there a short time, however, there was a great number of them.
+    Why?--_Because the Imperialists had gained so much of the
+    country, and the poor had been robbed by them._ As for the
+    much-lauded Gordon's troops, do they not rob the country people
+    on the march? And if the disciplined troops do this with
+    impunity, what can you think if the non-disciplined do it? I
+    have seen beggars beheaded by these wretches in sheer
+    wantonness.
+
+    "The _Herald's_ correspondent writes within sight of the walls
+    of Chang-chow, and says, the starvation and cannibalism which
+    prevail are unrelieved by the fiends who have been the cause of
+    so much misery! The writer of that article little thinks the
+    Imperialists are the fiends, or he would not have written so. On
+    the other hand, parties who have travelled in the rebel
+    districts have seen the Taepings relieve their poor."
+
+Besides the above letter, the following appears in the issue of the same
+paper on the 31st of January, 1865:--
+
+    "TO THE EDITOR OF THE 'FRIEND OF CHINA.'
+    "Shanghae, 26th January, 1865.
+
+    "SIR,--I see you say in your 'apology' for rebels that the
+    destruction of the city of Quin-san was caused by the Taepings
+    on their evacuation of it. Such was not the case. The idol
+    temples and official quarters were destroyed or ransacked by
+    them; but the destruction of the dwelling-houses of the
+    inhabitants was the work of the Imperialists. I was one of the
+    first in the city after its evacuation by the Taepings, and what
+    I now state I saw with my own eyes. Indeed, it was, as you have
+    stated repeatedly, a practice with the Imperialists to burn all
+    which the Taepings left. Why they did so I can hardly tell,
+    further than that the men were encouraged to do it by their
+    native officers.
+
+    "I am, dear Sir, yours truly,
+    "LATE OF GORDON'S FORCE.
+
+    "P.S.--Ching and Le[57] were the grand devastators, and have to
+    be thanked for the bulk of the misery now so rampant all over
+    the country."
+
+As the Liberal Government has such a _penchant_ for interfering in the
+internal affairs of other nations, why has it not devoted its meddlesome
+talents to killing some one either in Denmark, America, Italy, Poland,
+or Mexico? Cynical people may well say that the Premier and his
+colleagues dared not more than bluster in these cases; that in the
+centre of China, in Japan, Ashantee, New Zealand, &c., they became very
+brave and officious because they could be so with impunity, and that
+such disgraceful, unprofitable, and inconsistent, if not imbecile
+policy, is either the expiring flashes of their administration or the
+greatness of England.
+
+Although it may be perfectly true that the Chancellor of the Exchequer
+and his _confreres_ in office have saved the opium trade and the China
+indemnity (probably also their places in office, by covering the
+expenses of the last China war, which would otherwise have made a
+serious cause of opposition), at the immaterial responsibility of the
+destruction of a few millions of Chinese and the devastation of some
+districts of China three or four times the size of England, of what
+benefit has the meddling policy proved to general commercial or
+mercenary interests? The silk trade, the most valuable with China, has
+fallen off exactly one half at the present date,[58] since the due
+effect of driving the Ti-pings from their dominions has transpired. The
+interior, free and open under the revolutionists, who earnestly desired
+the friendship of Europeans, has now been closed to freedom of trade or
+travel by the very Mandarins who have been reinstated to tyrannize over
+regions their oppression had otherwise lost to them for ever; while the
+old hatred of foreigners, persistent determination to evade treaty
+obligations, and the haughty, exclusive policy of the Manchoo has been
+resumed, since the hypocritical pretence of adopting a more friendly
+line of conduct, in order to obtain foreign assistance, has become no
+longer necessary, by the recoil of the Ti-ping revolt before British
+arms. Besides this, having broken the political power of the only
+movement in China which afforded a prospect of improving, pacifying, or
+Christianizing that vast empire, England has been the means of creating
+a general state of anarchy. The Ti-pings have simply retreated to the
+interior and the sea-coast province of Fu-keen, while in every other
+part of the empire the people, no longer able to look upon the great
+revolution as likely to overthrow the Manchoo, and being more than ever
+oppressed by their foreign rulers, are not only driven to discontent but
+open rebellion. Besides the Ti-ping revolution, there are at the present
+time three or four powerfully organized rebellions. The "Nien-fei," in
+the north; the "Honan Filchers," towards the west; and the so-called
+"Mohammedan rebels," in the central provinces. Elsewhere, the
+innumerable local insurrections have settled into a regular system of
+brigandism, because the discontented have no longer the opportunity or
+confidence to join the diminished forces of Ti-pingdom. These
+circumstances, added to the fact that the Imperialist Mandarins are now
+systematically enforcing at least five times the treaty-legalized
+transit duties upon merchandise, are not only greatly enhancing the
+price of foreign goods to the natives, but, of course, considerably
+limiting their consumption. The only staple article of trade which has
+not at present decreased in quantity is tea. Still the price has become
+higher in China, and the non-diminution of export is due to the fact
+that the Ti-pings evacuated their former tea districts and captured the
+famous Vu-e, or Bohea districts, which they held for some time, without
+much fighting. It would be impossible to say that, since the result of
+British hostilities against the revolutionists has transpired, our
+commerce with China was ever in a more stagnant, unprofitable, and
+generally unsatisfactory condition. So much for the mercenary interests,
+to aid which England has been unscrupulously dragged into a clandestine
+and grossly criminal war!
+
+Bad as the preceding effects of the foreign policy of the Palmerston
+Government undoubtedly are, there is yet another and a far worse
+consequence to be noticed. Before adverting to the most serious fact it
+is as well to epitomize the political action which has created it. It
+has been fondly imagined and fatally supposed by the Liberal ministers
+themselves, that they, _par excellence_, are the enlightened men of
+England, the only framers of philanthropical and progressive measures;
+and, in fact, that their glorious and never-to-be-forgotten
+place-holding is a Government of "peace, retrenchment, and reform." The
+doctrine of non-intervention having even been especially professed, and
+having been carried so far as to make a certain noble lord sacrifice his
+publicly and officially declared determination that "Denmark should not
+stand alone" in the event of certain contingencies, by leaving her to
+stand alone when those contingencies did come to pass, and then framing
+another set of probabilities, about the chivalrous deeds he would
+initiate if the King of Denmark were to be made a prisoner. Doubtless
+the admirers of that noble lord--who once made the astounding and
+statesmanlike discovery that "all children are born innocent,"
+especially those of his constituents, whose chubby "olive branches" were
+also discovered to be the best and most beautiful in England--considered
+their representative a marvellously proper man, and his bragging to
+fight and then retracting a very creditable proceeding, quite in
+accordance with the useful policy of non-intervention: yet, on the other
+hand, there are people who have the obstinacy to review this and similar
+affairs, and deduct therefrom, and observe the fact that in other parts
+of the world a very different policy has been enacted where it could be
+done with impunity, all of which affords sufficient evidence that the
+pretended adoption of a non-interfering policy is neither more nor less
+than an unprincipled truckling to strong powers, and an aggressive
+bullying of the weak.
+
+It is quite certain that, whether the rulers of China be Manchoo or
+Ti-ping, the vast industrial population would still produce tea, silk,
+and other commodities. Now, the professed motive for British intercourse
+with China is commercial--that is to say, to buy the above-mentioned
+articles, and sell the manufactures of the English markets--but not
+political; for meddlesome interference with the internal affairs of
+China would prove disadvantageous to both nations, and would certainly
+be well calculated to bring the Imperial authority into contempt, injure
+the Chinese organizations in an abortive attempt to substitute those for
+which they are not yet qualified, and simply foment the troubles already
+existing, by the natural consequences of injudicious and unnecessary
+meddling.
+
+But the British ministers, who would justify their broken pledges in
+Europe by an appeal to the doctrine of non-intervention, act upon a very
+different system towards China and Japan. They seem to make it their
+business, not only to advance trade in the Celestial Empire, but to
+concern themselves with its private and political disturbances, to judge
+between the Ti-ping and Manchoo, and then to settle the affair by
+destroying the one and bullying the other.
+
+In Japan they have attacked feudal chieftains as though no central
+Government existed in that country; and then, after degrading the
+Imperial authority in the eyes of the people, force has been used to
+compel the opening of ports to trade. Thus have British statesmen
+pursued the best course to increase the animosities already existing, to
+produce general anarchy, and to establish the violation of all
+principles of international law, which they are _compelled_ to observe
+in Europe. The most convincing fact with regard to the folly of
+interfering in China, is, that _until_ such idiotic, or rather wicked
+policy was commenced, the exports were largely on the increase, having
+risen from L9,014,310 in 1859, to L14,186,310 in 1863; while the
+consumption of British imports has decreased up to the same
+period--about which time the operations against the Ti-pings were
+exercising due effect--by more than half a million--L567,646. In 1863,
+the total value of British exports to China was L3,889,927--a sum less
+than the value of the exports to Brazil; yet for this comparatively
+paltry amount an enormous military expenditure has been maintained,
+whilst it is palpable, by the falling off of trade, that the policy has
+signally failed, and the number of persons who have perished through the
+mistake would make at least one life destroyed for every pound sterling.
+
+We now come to the most serious point with regard to the war against the
+Ti-pings. It is well known, and has never been denied, that throughout
+the country, under their control, the Bible was circulated not only with
+freedom, but gratuitously, by the Government established at Nankin.
+Besides this _unparalleled_ practice, the fact that they accepted the
+Word of God in its full integrity is also incontrovertible; and He has
+declared, "My Word shall not return unto me void." Furthermore, it is
+well known by all who have visited the Ti-pings in their cities and
+camps, that (so strict an interpretation have they placed upon the
+Commandments, &c.) they effectually prohibit not only the inveterate
+vices of the Chinese, and their heathen practices, but the evil
+indulgences which find full sway even in the most moral State of Europe.
+Their abolition of opium smoking; prostitution; the hitherto universal
+Chinese slave trade; the degraded Asiatic status of the women; the use
+of torture and bribery in courts of justice; the deformed small feet;
+the tail-wearing slave-badge of the men--these, and other facts proving
+their complete superiority to the hopelessly corrupt state of public and
+private life under the foreign rule of the Manchoo dynasty, we have
+already noticed. Let us ask, whence these great and glorious changes?
+Are they, as Lords Palmerston and Russell, and their correspondents upon
+anti-Ti-ping Chinese affairs, have repeatedly declared (when obliged to
+defend their un-English policy) the conduct of the Ti-pings to be, the
+natural acts of "bloodthirsty marauders," "locusts," "merciless
+brigands," "revolting impostors," "ferocious hordes of banditti," &c.?
+Or are they not rather the blessings bestowed by God upon people who, to
+the utmost of their power, and the sacrifice of their lives, have
+striven to follow His Word and Law? Man may change the public and
+outward forms of existence necessary for the body, but only God can
+alter the private and moral character necessary for the soul. There is a
+doctrine of original and natural sin; therefore it does appear
+presumptuous, if not profane, when people combine together against any
+vast movement in which the hand of God is visible--either in the
+supernatural or the presence of the Bible; especially as they believe
+that Divine interposition is necessary to convert and save the souls of
+all men, and as they have neither political nor national interest in the
+movement to even justify the worldly motives of their interference.
+
+Present ministers[59] and their followers may possibly ridicule the
+idea, in order to justify their policy towards China, that whatever the
+Ti-pings might or might not have been--even setting apart the fact of
+their Christianity--if they have been killed for the sake of British
+commerce (especially the vile opium trade, which they prohibited), every
+bale of silk and chest of tea brought into this land bears with it an
+endless curse; and that these, together with every article of British
+manufacture forced upon China, are defiled with the blood of the victims
+who have been slaughtered to prosper, forsooth! "our commercial
+institutions!" Man cannot serve both God and Mammon. The efforts of the
+British Government to worship the latter have failed most signally; but
+even had they succeeded in creating the most stupendous trade the world
+ever contained, do they believe that a righteous and eternal God has not
+witnessed the _means_, and that He who notes the fall of a small sparrow
+hath not recorded the murder of every human being, during their unholy
+crusade against the unfortunate Ti-pings?
+
+Throughout a vast extent of China the Bible became established; but now,
+through the assistance given by the British Government to the Manchoo,
+the people--even including the little lisping children--have been
+slaughtered, while the idols of Budha are re-erected, dominating for a
+season over the desecrated ashes of _our_ Bible.
+
+Nankin, the Ti-ping capital, has fallen, through British intervention,
+since my arrival in this country; the printing and circulation of the
+Holy Scriptures have therefore ceased, and the Ti-pings have become
+wanderers over the face of the earth they would otherwise have adorned.
+It is idle and unworthy to cavil at this dogma or that article of the
+Ti-ping creed: the revolutionists did their utmost to enter into the
+pale and brotherhood of Christendom. Truly and candidly speaking, the
+nation solely responsible for preventing so glorious a consummation,
+is--England.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[54] The late famous San-ko-lin-sin.
+
+[55] Some people have thought that the four men were executed as a
+retaliation for the murder of the Wangs at Soo-chow, because, naturally
+enough, the Ti-pings considered the Europeans present were responsible
+for the atrocities. The four prisoners were members of Gordon's force,
+and it is just possible that they may have been put to death by some of
+the Soo-chow refugees.
+
+[56] My reader will contrast this with the treatment Europeans received
+when these districts were in Ti-ping possession.
+
+[57] Ching and Le were the principal Imperialist generals; they were
+acting in co-operation with Gordon.
+
+[58] June 1865. See Appendix B.
+
+[59] Palmerston's Government.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+    Kar-sing-foo.--Christmas in Ti-pingdom.--Works of
+    Art.--Dangerous Companions.--Narrow Escape.--Retribution.--Adieu
+    to Ti-pingdom.--Mr. White's Case.--The Neutrality
+    Ordnance.--Order of July 9th, 1864.--Intended Return to
+    England.--Particulars of the Siege of Soo-chow.--Strength of the
+    Garrison.--The Assault Described.--The Nar-wang's
+    Treachery.--Its Cause.--Major Gordon's Report.--The _Friend of
+    China_.--Gordon's Report Continued.--Narrative by an
+    Eye-Witness.--The Soo-chow Tragedy.--Major Gordon.--His
+    Conduct.--Gordon's Letter to Sir F. Bruce.--Analysis
+    thereof.--Newspaper Extract.--Gordon's "Reasons"
+    Refuted.--Analysis Continued.--Gordon's "Personal
+    Consideration."--His Motives explained.--Newspaper
+    Extracts.--Sir F. Bruce's Despatch.--Its Analysis.--Falsity of
+    Gordon's Statements.--How Proved.--Extract from the _Times_.
+
+
+Upon reaching the city of Kar-sing-foo, I was kindly received by the
+governor, Yoong-wang, who gave us all quarters in the Wei-wang's palace.
+This latter chief had gallantly assisted in defeating the Anglo-Manchoo
+forces on their first attack upon Tait-san; he had been promoted for his
+services, and was celebrated as a brave leader; yet, singular to relate,
+he had gone over to the enemy with the city (Haining), to which he had
+been appointed governor only a few days before my arrival.
+
+Previous to the year 1860, treachery was a thing unknown among the
+Ti-pings. The baneful effect of British meddling had not been felt; they
+were successful, therefore the mercenary-minded did not find occasion to
+desert; neither was the number of chiefs so great as since the successes
+of 1860-61, nor the Tien-wang's appointment of them so imprudent.
+Latterly, however, the great extent of country and population included
+within the limits of Ti-pingdom rendered necessary the employment of a
+large number of civil and military officers; unfortunately, the king,
+having much secluded himself from the affairs of state to study
+religious matters, and being influenced by two or three of his
+non-military ministers, did not exercise sufficient care in selecting or
+controlling them. Thus, it came to pass that sometimes not only
+incompetent, but untrustworthy men were placed in high and important
+commands; and many of these new officials were neither animated by the
+patriotism, nor inspired with the religious fervour of the older chiefs.
+Self-aggrandizement was the motive of such men; and although some of
+them were brave soldiers, directly they found British hostility was
+making their cause a failing one, they did not scruple to change sides
+when they could obtain reward for doing so.
+
+At Kar-sing-foo the Shi-wang left me, after having made arrangements for
+my return either to that city or Hoo-chow-foo (where I had left the
+engineer and another man from Soo-chow for the purpose of making shell,
+casting guns, &c.), and then proceeded on his way to other places, in
+order to collect men and money with which to rejoin the Chung-wang at
+Chang-chow-foo.
+
+I found the country under the Yoong-wang's administration in a far
+better state than the desolate regions through which I had passed on my
+journey to his city, because the Imperialists and their allies had not
+yet attacked and ravaged the neighbourhood; although, before I started
+for Shanghae, they made their appearance.
+
+Christmas Day I spent at Kar-sing-foo. The Ti-pings keep the festival
+two days before we do; and, if possible, venerate it still more. I made
+the Yoong-wang a present upon the occasion, and passed the day very
+happily at his palace, where a grand dinner was given to all the chiefs
+in the city, after special services had been held in the Heavenly Hall.
+My friend W---- was present with me, and we mutually declared that we
+had never enjoyed a better Christmas in our lives. Upon the 25th the
+Yoong-wang sent his own cooks, attendants, plate, &c., and spread a
+magnificent dinner at my quarters for all the European and Chinese
+followers I had in the city.
+
+I found much to admire during my stay with the Yoong-wang. He was one of
+the best veteran Ti-ping leaders, and all his officers were stanch,
+trustworthy adherents of the cause. Of one Yu, who was a general of
+brigade, I became the particular friend, and dined with him nearly every
+day. This officer had charge of the artillery, and I gave him all the
+instruction I could in casting shell (which he had just commenced to
+do), making fusees, and sighting his guns. The organization within the
+city was so perfect that everything went like clockwork. Bars and bolts
+were not to be found; for thieves, beggars, or robbers were unknown in
+Kar-sing-foo. I felt a real happiness in living there, and was quite
+sorry when I took my departure. Here I found the most splendid building
+I have ever seen in China. It was a new palace, not quite finished, for
+the Ting-wang, governor-general of the province; and was a standing
+proof of the fact that the Ti-pings (had they been allowed to succeed by
+England) would have restored the arts of China, and especially the
+public works--all of which have fallen into decay since the era of the
+Manchoo. In general outline the palace resembled those I have already
+described as existing at Nankin, but every particle was far more
+beautiful and costly. Neither in China nor elsewhere have I ever seen
+such a magnificent work of complicated stone and wood carving. The
+gorgeous gilding and painting was, of course, in Chinese style; and
+though very effective and varied, too gaudy for European taste. The
+carved work was exquisite; I have stood for hours watching either the
+grotesque or the life-like representations. Many hundreds of sculptors,
+painters, and artisans were employed, at a very high rate of wages, upon
+the building; and I found that some of the former were the most
+celebrated professors of the two arts in China, and had been induced to
+come to Kar-sing from the most distant parts of the empire. From what I
+have seen of China, I do not believe such a building has been commenced
+for many hundred years.
+
+At last the Imperialists came to overthrow all Ti-ping improvement, they
+having succeeded in capturing Pimbong, the nearest town, with the help
+of one Major Baily and a powerful artillery corps, a few days before I
+left the city.
+
+Previous to setting out for Shanghae, I gave the rowdies their share of
+prize-money; and although I fully expected that they might cut each
+other's throats over the coin, I hardly expected the attack they made
+upon myself and lieutenant, whereby our lives were placed in danger. It
+seemed that they were aware that we were taking funds to use at
+Shanghae; and to three of them the temptation to possess themselves of
+the same became irresistible. Upon receiving their prize-money,
+furnished with passes I obtained for them, they set forth from the city;
+but, on reaching the suburbs, the afore-mentioned trio made a halt for
+the purpose of planning our murder, and mustering up courage to commit
+the deed by indulging in a copious supply of that ardent
+spirit--_samshoo_. At length, having cunningly waited until the
+Yoong-wang had gone outside the city with nearly all his men, in the
+direction of Pimbong, they returned upon their murderous mission.
+Fortunately for myself and W----, they went in on the way for another
+dose of _samshoo_, which made one of them helplessly intoxicated, but
+the other two had become brave enough to proceed on their errand without
+him. After obtaining admittance at one of the city gates, they came
+straight to the Yoong-wang's palace, where we were engaged with an
+interpreter and one of the chief's secretaries making up a communication
+I wished to send to the Chung-wang.
+
+A-ling, my own faithful interpreter and companion, was quite
+incapacitated by the injury he had received at Wu-see. Although standing
+directly between him and the enemy's fire when he was struck, the ball
+passed me and inflicted a severe wound on his left shoulder, passing
+round the back and lodging on the right shoulder blade. The poor fellow
+was carried with me to Kar-sing-foo, and suffered much torture from the
+Chinese doctors, who treated him by thrusting long strips of twisted
+paper into the wound, and screwing them round until the ball was
+reached. At last, however, a better doctor was found in the person of
+the Yoong-wang's own medical attendant, who cut down to the ball and
+extracted it, much to the patient's relief. A-ling was not sufficiently
+recovered to accompany me to Shanghae; he therefore remained at
+Kar-sing-foo, and from that day to the present I have never seen him
+again, nor probably ever shall, for I believe he was killed when the
+city subsequently fell into Imperialist hands.
+
+Directly our friends, the rowdies, came into the ante-room in which we
+were seated, they began to insult myself and lieutenant, knowing that
+the Yoong-wang was absent and could not arrest them, and that I could
+not do so either, as my few men were at the Wei-wang's palace in another
+part of the city. As they were no longer under my command, it was
+useless ordering them out of the place; I therefore sent an attendant to
+request the officer left in charge of the city to send a guard to remove
+them.
+
+At this moment the most forward of the two suddenly drew a revolver and
+fired it at W----'s head, immediately afterwards turning towards me.
+Through the smoke I could not see whether my lieutenant had been killed
+or not; but before the scoundrel could shoot me, I had lodged a bullet
+in his carcase. Almost at the same instant I heard another shot
+fired--as it afterwards proved to be, by W----, and saw that my
+assailant was unable to discharge his revolver, though evidently
+tugging at the trigger. The other rowdy was now advancing; and as his
+companion still endeavoured to fire at me, I was compelled to again use
+my own revolver in self-defence. The would-be murderer now fell dead,
+while his cowardly friend ran up presenting his pistol by the barrel,
+and crying, "Don't shoot, don't shoot!"
+
+I really did feel very much inclined to take vengeance upon the fellow,
+and my Cantonese (who now came up) would certainly have put him to
+death, had it not been for my lieutenant's request to leave him
+unharmed. As it was, the wretch seemed nearly frightened out of life,
+and it was singular how such a coward could have mustered up desperation
+enough to attempt murder; evidently, he depended upon the determination
+of his comrade; for, had he been at all resolute, we would assuredly
+have been killed. Upon examining the dead man's revolver, we found that
+although the powder had exploded, the bullet had never left the barrel,
+but had stuck just between it and the revolving chambers, thereby
+disabling the weapon, and probably saving our lives. We accounted for
+this singular circumstance by supposing the pistol must have been loaded
+a long time, and that the powder had consequently lost its strength.
+
+Upon the Yoong-wang's return, I fully intended to give up the surviving
+ruffian to be dealt with according to the law. Again my brave lieutenant
+begged him off, blindly and suicidally, as it afterwards appeared, for
+ultimately he lost his own life through the treacherous act of the
+wretch he spared. The name of the man who was killed was Hart, an
+Englishman; his dastardly companion was an American named William
+Thompson.
+
+I would here give a piece of advice to those who may have the misfortune
+to fall into the disreputable company of Yankee and cosmopolitan rowdies
+abroad. Act with quickness and decision, and you will defeat men who are
+mostly cowards at heart; but if you hesitate or endeavour to temporize,
+you are a dead man; for these murderous wretches will butcher a
+fellow-creature with less compunction than people generally feel at
+killing a fly. I have heard that the man Hart had murdered and robbed
+several Europeans in the silk districts, and I believe his Yankee
+confederate is now serving a long term of imprisonment for highway
+robbery. I engaged the five rowdies in the dark, and it has given me a
+caution against their _genus_ that will never be forgotten.
+
+The Yoong-wang having supplied me with a boat and guide, accompanied by
+W----, I bid adieu to Ti-pingdom and set out for the Imperialist
+territory and Shanghae. Between the outposts of the two belligerents I
+found a considerable tract of country entirely occupied by large bodies
+of banditti, who preyed alike upon Ti-ping or Imperialist. At one place
+we had a very narrow escape from falling into their hands, having to run
+the gauntlet of a large camp along the two banks of a narrow creek,
+which we successfully did amid a storm of bullets, not one, however,
+taking effect. These robbers were the wildest and most ferocious looking
+men I have ever seen, and it was said that they spared neither man,
+woman, nor child. Since my departure from China this sort of brigandage
+has become frequent in the country wrested from the Ti-pings.
+
+At last we reached Shanghae, after running past all the Imperialist
+stations at night, when our small canoe-like boat was not easily
+discerned. We at once placed ourselves under medical attendance, and for
+a few days remained perfectly quiet. Within a week, however, I was
+grieved to hear that my lieutenant had been seized and thrown into
+prison _by the British Consul_ for being in the service of the Ti-pings
+and having captured a Manchoo vessel, the ungrateful blackguard,
+Thompson, having given the information which led to his arrest.
+
+Englishmen should be aware of the gross injustice exercised by their
+authorities in all affairs connected with the Ti-pings, and no more
+striking example is to be found than in the case of Mr. White, who was
+sentenced to three years' imprisonment by the Consular Court for doing
+upon the side of the Ti-pings exactly what Admiral Hope, Generals
+Staveley, Michael, and Brown, and Major Gordon, Captain Stack, Dr.
+Macartney, &c., had done, and were doing, on the side of the Manchoo! He
+was actually condemned upon the ordinance of _neutrality_ of Sir John
+Bowring, the said ordinance being instituted in 1855, at Hong-kong, to
+compel British subjects to observe neutrality towards _both_ parties to
+the Chinese internecine war. This neutrality regulation had long been
+annulled by the acts of the above-mentioned gallant officers on behalf
+of the Manchoo, yet the Englishman who assisted the Ti-pings, and who
+was no more guilty of breaking the law than they were, was condemned by
+this broken and obsolete ordinance, and died (or rather, shall we say,
+was murdered; for confining a man dangerously ill in such a loathsome
+den was nothing else) a few days afterwards in his damp and comfortless
+dungeon! Is this British justice? How long have Englishmen understood
+"neutrality" to mean all help and military assistance to one
+belligerent, but open hostilities towards the other, and punishment of
+its allies? Had England remained neutral, or had she regularly declared
+war against the Ti-pings, there might be some grounds for prosecuting
+those who have assisted the latter; but as neither the one policy nor
+the other has been followed, it is no more right and just to punish
+those who have assisted the Ti-pings, than those who have assisted the
+Manchoo. The whole course of the hostilities against the Ti-pings was
+irregular and illegal, and certainly no one can deny that the British
+officers already referred to have committed a breach of neutrality quite
+as much as Mr. White did, even taking Sir John Bowring's ordinance as
+being in full force. The proof that this argument is correct may be
+gathered from the fact that when Colonel Sykes, M.P., and the Hon. Mr.
+Liddel, M.P., brought forward Mr. White's case in the House of Commons,
+the Government, in order to protect its agents from prosecution, _then_
+passed an Order in Council[60] _condoning the offences_ against
+neutrality of all those who had assisted the Imperialists, but not
+extending the same favour to those who had assisted the Ti-pings. A
+piece of more iniquitous and unfair legislature, or more opposed to
+English feeling, it would be impossible to find. Incredible as it may
+seem, the present state of the law by which British subjects are
+governed in China, viz., Sir John Bowring's ordinance of neutrality, is
+re-established, but _one half is declared null and void_, while the
+other is made executive by the Order in Council above mentioned, which
+acts both retrospectively and anticipatory! So that a law which can only
+exist, or be created, for application towards two belligerents, is here
+made _ex parte_, and exactly the reverse of what its denomination
+implies. The wording of this fraudulent document runs thus:--
+
+    "1. Nothing in the said ordinance, made and passed on the 17th
+    day January, 1855, shall extend or apply, or be deemed to have
+    extended or to have been applicable, to any British subject,
+    who, _at any time heretofore_, may have assisted, _or may
+    hereafter assist_, the Government of the Emperor of China....
+
+    "2. If any subject of Her Majesty ... shall ... levy war, or
+    take part in any operations of war against the Emperor of China
+    ... such person shall be liable to the several penalties
+    mentioned in the said ordinance of the 17th day of January,
+    1855."
+
+It is thus perfectly evident that the ostensible neutrality ordinance is
+literally an alliance with one of the two belligerents. The style and
+title are maintained to satisfy and hoodwink the House of Commons, to
+deceive them into believing that the Government is pursuing a neutral
+policy in China, while the clauses tacked to the old ordinance entirely
+change its every intention, and exclude the least particle of neutrality
+from its meaning.
+
+If Lords Palmerston and Russell are so destitute of allies in Europe
+that they cannot restrain themselves from rushing into alliance with the
+Manchoo Emperor of China (who certainly does not reciprocate their
+extraordinary ebullition of feeling, and who would take infinite delight
+in making mincemeat of his officious friends and all their countrymen),
+why do they not proclaim the stupendous and ever-memorable fact openly?
+Why do they seek the most opposite and roundabout way of effecting their
+object by employing chicanery and double dealing to convert an ordinance
+of neutrality into an importunate treaty of alliance; instead of raising
+themselves from their slough of shuffling and fraudulent means, by
+repudiating the false ordinance and duly announcing the barbarous
+Manchoo despot as their very good ally? Surely the noble lords have not
+been deterred from giving to the world their wonderful act of
+statesmanship, by doubting that the contented British public would
+accept the affair as an agreeable compensation for their questionable
+European policy? Perhaps, however, it is as well that they have
+preserved a discreet reticence, because the Emperor of China is no party
+to the alliance they have thrust upon him, and is particularly liable to
+issue an edict for the extermination of all foreign devils, the noble
+lords included, at any moment that may appear auspicious.
+
+The shameful Order in Council of July 9, 1864, is quite sufficient proof
+that the trial and condemnation of my unfortunate lieutenant was
+illegal; every British officer who committed a breach of neutrality by
+assisting the Imperialists was equally liable to prosecution. If the
+Cabinet Council had not, with oily complacency, justified the acts of
+their military subordinates in China _after_ they were committed to the
+policy (in fact, when the operations resulting from their illegal
+intervention had terminated), and _after_ Mr. White's death, the
+friends of the latter would undoubtedly have obtained heavy
+compensation.
+
+Besides the fact that my medical adviser ordered a change of climate,
+directly I became aware of my lieutenant's fate I determined to take a
+trip to England.
+
+Major Gordon, R.E., had retired with his whole force from active
+co-operation with the Imperialists since the Soo-chow treachery and
+massacre for which he was responsible. I therefore naturally concluded
+that he would not resume the position of tool to the sanguinary,
+faithless Mandarins, who had so completely dishonoured him. As a
+Christian, an Englishman, and a British officer, I did not think it
+possible he could himself wish to continue a participator in deeds of
+revolting barbarity, and I concluded that his Government would
+immediately recall him, and cease all active support of the bloodthirsty
+Manchoo. Although my latter supposition proved correct, the former was
+quite mistaken, as I found after my return to England. In consequence of
+these circumstances, and the fact that at Shanghae I was altogether
+unable to execute any of my projects for the service of the Ti-pings, I
+decided to abandon the sword for the pen, and to fulfil my instructions
+from the Ti-ping authorities by writing the present work, trusting that
+I should serve their cause by appealing to the sympathies of the British
+people, and hoping that foreign hostility would cease, in which case
+their ultimate success would be a certainty.
+
+The emissaries of the Manchoo, and the hirelings of the slaves of the
+Manchoo, were not either intelligent or energetic enough to effect the
+capture of their humble servant, although they amused themselves by
+attempting to do so not only before but after his departure from China,
+by one of the overland mail steamers.
+
+Having brought the history of the Ti-ping revolution and my own
+adventures down to this period, all that now remains to be noticed are
+the events which have transpired since I sailed away from the Chinese
+land. Before, however, proceeding with them, it will be necessary to
+return to the fall of Soo-chow, and resume our chronicle from the
+occurrence of that tragedy.
+
+There is but little doubt that the Ti-pings would have been able to hold
+their own against the enemy, even taking into consideration all the
+foreign support the latter received, had the betrayal of Soo-chow never
+taken place. Although Nankin, as the capital and seat of the Tien-wang's
+Government, occupied the first political place, Soo-chow, in consequence
+of the extraordinary measures taken to strengthen it, and its central
+situation in the Ti-ping dominions, became the principal military
+position. The capital, though surrounded by the highest and most massive
+walls in China, and defended by some commanding fortifications, was
+situated on the extreme verge of the Ti-ping territory, and was the most
+assailable point, while its resources were far inferior to those of
+Soo-chow. Moreover, directly the latter city became invested by the
+Anglo-Manchoo forces, a powerful army was moved within its spacious
+walls, while the Chung-wang, with his own division, co-operated from the
+outside. These troops constituted the only Ti-ping army in the field at
+that time, all the remainder of the forces being employed, according to
+a mistaken defensive policy, in garrisoning the numerous walled cities
+throughout their kingdom--tactics ordered by the Tien-wang in opposition
+to the wishes of the Commander-in-Chief, and which ultimately led to the
+destruction of the greater number of the garrisons in detail, and the
+loss not only of Nankin, but all the former possessions of
+Ti-ping-tien-kwo.
+
+The siege of Soo-chow was prosecuted by an Imperialist army of from
+50,000 to 70,000 men, including _General_ Gordon's and other foreign
+contingents, altogether about 6,000 strong. At least 12,000 of the
+Imperial troops, under General Ching, were well armed with foreign
+muskets and rifles; they were partly disciplined, and constituted a very
+effective force, far superior to the usual class of Chinese soldiers.
+Attached both to the Anglo-Manchoo legions and ordinary troops, were
+many British officers, and, what was still more useful, a very large
+supply of every description of artillery. Three or four heavily armed
+and shallow steamers, together with a great fleet of Mandarin gunboats,
+were possessed by the besiegers. Besides all this array of strength in a
+bad cause, several detachments of _British troops_ were moved up from
+Shanghae, for the ostensible purpose of giving 'moral support' to the
+murderous intentions of the Manchoo, but, in reality, to afford succour
+in case the Ti-pings might defeat their assailants--a contingency far
+from improbable. The troops so fraudulently prostituted (fraudulent,
+because they were solely organized for the interests of the British
+taxpayer and not the Manchoo; prostituted, because yellow gold and
+mercenary motives caused their disgraceful employment) consisted of some
+companies of the Beloochee Regiment, sent to garrison Quin-san (about 14
+miles from Soo-chow), and a force of H. M. 67th Regiment, Royal
+Artillery, and 22nd B. N. I., commanded by Captain Murray, R.A. Not only
+were these troops sent to participate in Manchoo atrocities, but the
+British General (Brown) in command actually took upon himself _to lend_
+the Imperialists every available piece of artillery on the station, as
+though the same were his private property and did not belong to the
+British nation, whose trust he was abusing.
+
+To defend Soo-chow, the Ti-pings had a force of about 40,000 fighting
+men, including some 8,000 attached to the Chung-wang outside the city.
+About one third of these troops were the _elite_ of the service, while
+all the others were brave and veteran soldiers. Besides Mo-wang, who was
+commandant of the city, four or five other Wangs were present; the
+principal among them was the Nar-wang, who commanded more than half the
+troops in garrison, his military power being greater than that of the
+commandant, although he was placed under the orders of the latter.
+
+The Mo and Nar Wangs were the Commander-in-Chief's two principal and
+favourite generals. The former was a Kwang-si man, and had been the
+Chung-wang's companion in arms from the commencement of the revolution;
+the latter chief was a native of Hu-peh, and had joined the Ti-ping
+cause in the year 1854, since which he had been trained to military
+tactics by the Chung-wang. Both leaders were associated together in
+equal rank and command for nearly ten years, and it was always
+understood among the Ti-pings that they were not only bound together by
+the strongest ties of adopted brotherhood and friendship, but that they
+were equally attached to their renowned superior. Yet it will be seen
+that, in spite of the good influences and kindly associations by which
+the three were supposed to be governed, the Nar-wang was a man of evil
+nature, and small, treacherous mind.
+
+After very severe fighting, _General_ Gordon managed to effect the
+capture of all the stockades outside the walls of Soo-chow. This,
+however, was only accomplished after many a disastrous repulse, and a
+great loss of men and officers.
+
+The following account of the last assaults upon the fortifications
+outside the East Gate, which were defended by a few pieces of artillery,
+is copied from "How the Taepings were driven out of the Provinces of
+Kiang-nan and Che-kiang," and will be found to illustrate the bravery
+with which the garrison of Soo-chow struggled against irresistible
+odds:--
+
+    "On 27th November, after Major Gordon had all infantry (except
+    1st Regiment) and artillery assembled at Waiquedong, an order
+    was issued that a night attack should be made on the Low-mun
+    stockade, which formed the key to all other stockades on the
+    east side of Soo-chow.
+
+    "White turbans were served out to all soldiers, so as to be able
+    to distinguish them from the rebels, in case it should come to
+    a hand-to-hand fight. About one o'clock Major Gordon himself,
+    accompanied by Majors Howard and Williams, started with about
+    two companies of men towards the stockade, leaving the remainder
+    of the force behind already fallen in, so as to advance at a
+    given signal. Everything seemed quiet, and in fact all thought
+    the plan would succeed. After Gordon and his followers had been
+    advancing close to the stockade, they found everything quiet,
+    and no signs of the guards being aware of an attack. The
+    remainder of the force, therefore, received orders to advance,
+    while the advance guard had succeeded in climbing inside the
+    breast-work. Scarcely were all troops up to the front and a
+    portion of them crossing to reinforce Major Gordon, when the
+    rebels began to direct a fire of grape, canister, and musketry
+    on the force, which made every one shiver. The Quin-san
+    artillery responded vigorously, and it was a fine spectacle to
+    see fiery rockets and red-hot mortar shells going into the rebel
+    works. But the rebels stood it gallantly, and did not retreat an
+    inch. The whole line of stockade which the rebels held seemed
+    one line of fire, and here Major Gordon perceived that Chinese
+    are not fit to fight at night time, for all the begging and
+    encouraging of the European officers could not make the troops
+    try another attack; they seemed afraid of their own shadows. The
+    only chance left therefore was to try and shell the rebels out
+    of their position, and this was done till dawn of day, when
+    Major Gordon, seeing the rebels still resisting desperately, and
+    receiving thousands of reinforcements from the city, made good
+    his retreat, leaving numbers of killed and wounded on the field.
+    This was one of the most bloody fights the force encountered;
+    and, judging by what the Quin-san force lost this night, the
+    rebels must have lost tremendously. Still, the gallant fellows,
+    encouraged by their brave chiefs, held their position manfully
+    against a fire of about 20 guns, flying on them for about three
+    hours. The loss of the Quin-san force was as follows:--Captains
+    Wylie, 2nd Regt.; Christie, 4th Regt.; and Maule, 2nd Regt.;
+    Lieut. King, 2nd Regt., killed. Major Kirkham severely wounded
+    on the head; Lieut. Miok, 4th Regt., wounded in the shoulder;
+    Major Tapp, wounded in the leg; and several more slightly, with
+    about two hundred men killed and wounded. Major Gordon seeing
+    this night attack frustrated, determined to pay the rebels off
+    for it; and shortly after, on the 28th November, at night, all
+    guns, about 46 in number, were brought in position within about
+    700 yards of this formidable stockade, and the infantry was to
+    fall in near the guns at daylight on 29th of November, to make
+    another attack. The rebels were quite prepared for it, for no
+    sooner did they perceive all the artillery and infantry so near
+    their works, than they hoisted their red flag as a sign that
+    they meant to fight, and not give up this position so easy.
+    Precisely at eight o'clock the signal rocket went up, and at
+    once all guns sent forth their different missiles, some
+    directing their fire on the Low-mun stockade, others directing
+    their fire on the stockades lying to the right and left.
+
+    "The rebels seemed to preserve their ammunition, for but very
+    little fire was encountered at first. The 8-inch mortars were
+    playing havoc in the stockades, for every now and then houses,
+    boats, etc., would be blown up in the air, under the cheers of
+    the Imperialist soldiers, of whom thousands, under command of
+    General Ching, were present, to support Gordon's force. Le Futai
+    himself had taken up a place in rear, in one of the Imperial
+    stockades, so as to witness the spectacle. About eleven o'clock
+    the fire from both sides was furious, even the siege artillery
+    had advanced within about one hundred yards of the rebel works,
+    pouring forth grape at the rebels, who, however, inspirited by
+    their noble leader, the Mo-wang, in person, stood it like
+    European soldiers. The 5th Regiment, under Major Brennon, was
+    now ordered up, to storm the stockade on the extreme right, near
+    the Soo-chow creek, the most favourable point to cross the
+    ditch; but although this brave regiment advanced with cheers,
+    and some of the officers succeeded in crossing and trying to
+    climb up the breast-works, the rebels defended this point
+    desperately, and poured volley after volley of musketry into the
+    ranks, so that after about ten minutes' struggle the 5th
+    Regiment was obliged to retire, having lost several officers and
+    men. This attack having failed, the bombardment was renewed with
+    vigour, and orders given to the 3rd Regiment, under Major
+    Morton, to go to the extreme left, to make feint of attack, so
+    as to draw the attention of the rebels on that side. Gordon here
+    succeeded beautifully, for scarcely had Morton and his regiment
+    begun to engage the rebels on the left, when the Mo-wang, of
+    course anticipating a real attack on that place, ordered his
+    best men to defend it. Scarcely, however, had the Mo-wang's men
+    moved on, than Major Williams, of the 2nd Regiment, made a dash
+    at the place where Brennon had met with defeat, and not waiting
+    for bridges, but swimming the moat, followed by several officers
+    and men, succeeded in getting inside the breast-work, which no
+    sooner had the rebels perceived than the whole fled in confusion
+    into the Low-mun evacuating all the stockades along the east
+    side of the city, and leaving a good number killed and wounded
+    on the field. The stockades were soon occupied by Imperial
+    troops, and thus Gordon's force was within one hundred yards of
+    the city wall. The Quin-san force, however, paid dearly for this
+    victory, their loss being Lieutenant Jones (Artillery),
+    Lieutenant Williams, 5th Regiment; Captain Acgar, 4th Regiment,
+    killed. Captain Shaml'sffel lost both eyes; and several more
+    officers slightly wounded, with about 100 or 150 soldiers killed
+    and wounded. The ground around the stockades was as if it had
+    been ploughed by the shell, and no doubt the rebels deserve
+    credit for having defended the place so long against such
+    enormous artillery."
+
+Previous to the capture of the last outwork (the Low-mun stockade), and
+the day after the Anglo-Manchoos had experienced the severe defeat, in
+attempting to surprise the position at night, the Nar-wang secretly
+sent messengers into the besiegers' camp, and declared his wish to
+betray the city into their hands, requesting their co-operation to
+dispose of the Mo-wang, whose loyalty would be likely to defeat the
+proposed treachery.
+
+The motive for this defection at a time when the Imperialist successes
+had come to a stand-still, and when Gordon himself doubted his ability
+to capture Soo-chow, seems to have been caused by jealousy the Nar-wang
+entertained against his old friend and companion, the commandant of the
+city. Besides this, it is probable that the previous treachery of the
+Americo-Ti-ping, or Burgevine, force had affected the leading traitor
+and his evilly disposed associates, by giving them the idea that they
+might arrange terms with the enemy, by which they would not only be able
+to obtain security for their lives and property (and retire from the now
+ceaseless hostilities, if not desperate straits, to which the Ti-ping
+cause was driven), but also receive substantial rewards from the
+Manchoo.
+
+The Nar-wang's jealousy probably arose from the fact that the Mo-wang
+was placed over him, as governor of Soo-chow and its dependencies. That
+he entertained the most bitter animosity against his former friend and
+comrade is quite certain, for, in order to succeed with his treachery,
+he went to the dastardly extreme of assassinating him.
+
+We have now to notice the death of the gallant and noble Mo-wang, the
+fall of Soo-chow into Manchoo hands, and the various events connected
+therewith. These cannot be more effectually described than in the words
+of Major Gordon, R. E., and in a review of his report by the _Friend of
+China_,--about the oldest and most independent paper in the foreign
+settlements in that country.
+
+    "MEMO. (BY MAJOR GORDON, R.E.) ON THE EVENTS OCCURRING BETWEEN
+    THE 29TH NOVEMBER AND 7TH DECEMBER, 1863." PUBLISHED IN THE
+    "FRIEND OF CHINA," SATURDAY, 12TH DECEMBER, 1863.
+
+    "The morning after the failure of the attack by night on the
+    Low-mun stockades, General Ching came to me, and informed me
+    that Nar-wang, Ling-wang, Kong-wang, and Pe-wang, with
+    thirty-five Tien-chwangs[61] and their followers, had opened
+    negotiations with him for the coming over of their troops; that
+    these men composed their quarter of the garrison, and had
+    possession of four out of the six gates of Soo-chow, viz.,
+    She-mun, Tcha-mun, Tche-mun, and Low-mun; and that he had
+    entertained their views, and had already seen Kong-wang. He said
+    that they would have difficulty in disposing of Mo-wang, who was
+    averse to a surrender; but that, if we resumed our attack on the
+    Low-mun stockades, they would endeavour to shut him out of the
+    city. _I consented to the defection with a good deed of
+    pleasure_,[62] as I considered that, if the rebels fought, we
+    should lose heavily.
+
+    "On the night of the 28th November, Chung-wang arrived in the
+    city from Wusieh, and was present at the combat of the 29th. His
+    arrival made a change in the state of affairs, and the
+    disaffected were unable to carry out their intention of closing
+    the gates on Mo-wang. They, however, sent over three
+    Tien-chwangs on the night of the 30th November, and proposed to
+    remain neutral if we attacked the city, and would trust us not
+    to touch their men or horses; their men to be distinguished by
+    white turbans. These Tien-chwangs told us that Chung-wang, on
+    his return to the city after his defeat, had proposed to vacate
+    Nankin and Soo-chow, and for the whole Taeping force to go down
+    to Kwang-si; and, in fact, give up the cause.[63] The Mo-wang
+    was averse to this, and proposed to remain and fight it out. I
+    have since learned that he was most anxious to see me, and I
+    think to see what could be done. This I learnt from two
+    Frenchmen who came out after his death, of whom more hereafter.
+    The other Wangs did not meet the Chung-wang's views, as they
+    intended coming over. Chung-wang then left the city, and
+    proceeded to Wusieh. General Ching came to me on the 1st
+    December, and asked me if I would like to see Nar-wang. I said
+    no, unless it was necessary, and told Ching at the same time
+    that, if the Futai did not grant the Wangs sufficiently good
+    terms as to induce them to come over, _I thought our attack on
+    the city might be foiled_,[64] as we had lost heavily in
+    officers and men on the attack of 27th and 29th November; and a
+    little hitch with the bridge, which had to be seventy yards
+    long, might cause a repulse. I told Ching on the same day that I
+    could not see the necessity of my seeing Nar-wang. He, however,
+    pressed it, and I consented to meet him at the north gate that
+    evening. I accordingly went, and met Nar-wang in General Ching's
+    boat. His first words were 'that he wanted to obtain help from
+    me.' I answered that I was most happy to help him, and then I
+    told him that this proposal to remain neutral would be of no
+    avail, and that I could not accept it, as I should be only
+    deceiving him and his chief if I did so, inasmuch as, if the
+    city fell by assault, I could not, with an undisciplined force
+    such as the one I command, restrain them from looting every one;
+    and that, therefore, unless they could give a gate, it would be
+    better for them to fight, or else vacate the city. I then told
+    the Nar-wang what I thought of the Taeping prospects, and the
+    little chance of success. I said that I wanted to make the
+    Imperialists and rebels good friends (?); that, since the rise of
+    the rebellion, the Imperialists had much changed; and did not
+    dare, from fear of foreign Governments, to perpetrate cruelties
+    as heretofore (?). He said he would see with General Ching what
+    he could do about the city, and that he had no fear of Mo-wang
+    knowing of his having seen me, or of Chung-wang either; that he
+    had enough troops to keep both in check. I then left, and
+    General Ching told me the next day that Nar-wang had decided to
+    see the other Wangs, and to consult on the course of proceeding.
+    The next day, the 3rd December, General Ching told me that
+    Mo-wang had some idea of Nar-wang's negotiations, and wanted to
+    decapitate him, but that Nar-wang was prepared. Nar-wang also
+    sent out to tell General Ching that the other Wangs agreed to
+    come over, that he personally wanted no command, but merely
+    permission to retire to his home with his property; but that
+    some of the other Wangs wanted to get commands of different
+    sorts. He told me further that Nar-wang had some difficulty in
+    seizing Mo-wang. On the morning of the 4th December, General
+    Ching came to me, and told me that Nar-wang had determined and
+    agreed with him to get Mo-wang on the wall of the city, and to
+    throw him down and hand him over to us as a prisoner. I went to
+    General Ching, and told him I must have Mo-wang given over to
+    me; to which he acceded willingly, and in fact joyfully, as he
+    had known him in former days. I then went to the Futai, who was
+    out, but I saw a very high Civil Mandarin named Pow, who
+    undertook to tell the Futai that Mo-wang must be my prisoner. I
+    told him to tell the Futai that I would secure his not giving
+    any more trouble to China. I had not come back five minutes
+    before General Ching sent me over two Frenchmen, who had just
+    come into the lines. They told me that that afternoon, at 2
+    p.m., all the chiefs had been assembled in Mo-wang's palace, and
+    after a dinner, they had offered up prayers and adjourned to the
+    great court, and having put on their robes, crowns, &c., Mo-wang
+    mounted his throne and began an address, in which he stated
+    their difficulties, and expatiated on the fidelity of the
+    Kwang-si and Canton men. The other Wangs answered him; the
+    discussion got higher and higher, till Kong-wang got up and took
+    off his robe. Mo-wang asked him what he was doing, when
+    Kong-wang drew a dagger and stabbed Mo-wang in the neck.[65] The
+    Mo-wang fell over the table in front of the throne, and the
+    other Wangs seized him, and decapitated him in the entrance.
+    They then mounted their horses and rode off to their troops;
+    Mo-wang's head being sent to General Ching. Mo-wang's men and
+    the other troops looted the palace. There was no fighting in the
+    city till the morning of the 5th, when the Nar-wang's men had
+    some trouble with the Cantonese, and drove them out of the city,
+    killing some 50 or 60 of them. General Ching's men advanced, and
+    with a small body, took charge of the Low-mun, my men being kept
+    fallen in, as they were under stricter discipline than the
+    Imperialist soldiers are. On the night of the 4th December the
+    rebels all shaved their heads. I went to the Futai, and telling
+    him that it would not do to let my men remain idle, proposed to
+    him to march on Wusieh, if he would give the men compensation of
+    two months' pay, as they had received no reward since I had
+    taken the command. He objected to it, and I told him if he could
+    only promise, the matter could be settled well. He still
+    objected, and I then told him I should leave _his service_,[66]
+    and went myself to the city. The Imperialists had some men
+    straying about, but not many. I went straight to Nar-wang's
+    house, and saw him and all the Wangs. I asked him if all was
+    right. He said that everything was satisfactory, and appeared
+    quite secure. He had not seen Ching at the time. I went to
+    Mo-wang's palace, and the body was where it had fallen. I then
+    went out of the city, and arrived in time to see General Ching,
+    who came to me on the part of the Futai to arrange matters. It
+    was now 4 p.m. I told General Ching that I was helpless in the
+    matter. The colonels of regiments and the officers had little
+    authority over them unless they used the harshest means, which
+    they would not do in this question. General Ching offered one
+    month's pay, and the officers refused it. I told Ching that it
+    was not my intention to accept anything; but that I felt that
+    after the length of time the force had been fighting it was only
+    right the men who wished to leave should have the means of doing
+    so. Matters began to look bad, and I at last determined to make
+    the men accept the one month's pay, which I did with difficulty,
+    the men having made an attempt to march down on the Futai. I
+    then, at the _Futai's request_,[67] gave orders for the march to
+    Quin-san. Ching told me at this time that the Futai had written
+    to Pekin, and said that he had extended mercy to the Wangs and
+    the rebels. Next morning, after the troops had left, I started
+    for the city, sending the two steamers to Wu-lung-chiao to meet
+    me, as I expected to be able to retake the _Fire Fly_ easily
+    from information I had received from the letters in Mo-wang's
+    house, and from some Europeans who were with Mo-wang, and who
+    had escaped. I went to the Low-mun, and there learnt that
+    Nar-wang and the other Wangs and chiefs were to come out and see
+    the Futai at 12, noon, and that the city would then be given
+    over. I thought I had better see Nar-wang before I went out, so
+    I called at his palace, and took him aside and asked him if
+    everything was all right, and if he wanted me to do anything. He
+    said no; that everything was proper. I told him I was going to
+    the Tai-hu; and he said, 'Why not wait? I am coming to see you.'
+    I said it was important business, and that unless he
+    particularly wished it, or thought it necessary, I would not
+    stay. He said very good, and I left. He passed me on his way to
+    the Low-mun very soon after on horseback, with all the Wangs,
+    going, as I supposed, to the Futai. I went then to Mo-wang's
+    palace, and then to the east, or Low-mun, to while away the
+    time, till the steamers could get round from Wai-quai-dung to
+    Wu-lung-chow. From the top of the Low-mun I saw a large crowd of
+    people near Ching's stockades, and thought it was the ceremony
+    of submission going on. A few minutes after, perhaps 12.30 p.m.,
+    a large body of Imperial soldiers came up, and passing the gate,
+    rushed cheering into the city, as they generally do into vacated
+    stockades. I thought little of it, more than expressing my
+    disapprobation to some of them. They, however, went on pouring
+    in and firing off their muskets in the air and yelling. Ching
+    then came up, and looked rather pale. I asked him if the
+    interview was over, and if it had been satisfactory. He said
+    that Nar-wang had not been to the Futai at all. I said I had
+    seen him going with the others. He said no; that he could not
+    say for certain; but that he thought he had run away. I said I
+    could not make out what for, as I had just seen Nar-wang, and he
+    said everything was all right. I asked Ching if there was any
+    trouble. He said that Nar-wang had demanded the command of 2,000
+    men, and of half the city of Soo-chow, the division to be a
+    wall, and that the Futai had refused it, and also that he had
+    let some of Chung-wang's men in. _The latter part I knew to be
+    false, but, strange to say, I believed the former portion._ I
+    asked him where Nar-wang could go to. He said that he would not
+    go back to the rebels, but that he would go to some village and
+    settle there I thought the thing so strange that I asked Dr.
+    Macartney, who was by me, to go to Nar-wang's house, and to see
+    him, and tell him not to fear anything.[68] Ching then told me
+    that his men alone would be allowed in, and that there would be
+    no looting; and as I knew before that he had his men in good
+    discipline, I had no fear, and therefore rode round the wall
+    with him. He kept on firing vollies in the air, which I
+    remonstrated at, and could not make out the object. He said it
+    was merely to prevent Kwang-si men from doing anything to his
+    men while they were taking possession of the city. I became
+    uneasy about Nar-wang; and at the south, or Pou-mun, I left
+    General Ching and rode off to Nar-wang's palace. I got there at
+    dark, and found it had been gutted. I was then met by Nar-wang's
+    uncle, who asked me to come to his house. Being only with my
+    interpreter, I had no one to send for General Ching, or for my
+    troops; but the entreaties of this Tien-chwang being so great I
+    agreed to do so, and therefore went with Nar-wang's family to
+    his house. When I got there his men were all fallen in, and the
+    streets barricaded. I wanted to send my interpreter for
+    assistance, but they would not let him go. I therefore remained
+    till 2 a.m., keeping away the Imperial looting parties. At 2
+    a.m. I sent my interpreter and an Imperial soldier, who was with
+    my horse, to get the steamers round to Wai-quai-dung to make the
+    Futai answerable, and also sent for my body guard. After he had
+    started, the man who went with him came back and said he had
+    been beheaded by the Imperialists. I remained till 4 a.m., and
+    then went out to send orders to the steamers myself. _I was
+    taken by the Imperialists and detained an hour._ At last I got
+    to the Low-mun, and sent the body guard to the Nar-wang's house,
+    but it was too late, the Imperialists had entered and gutted it.
+    I then went to the Low-mun, and met there General Ching, to whom
+    I gave my opinion. He was most anxious to excuse himself, but I
+    did not listen to him. At this time I did not know that the
+    Wangs had been beheaded. I then went down to Ching's stockades,
+    and met Major Baily, commanding Ching's artillery there. He said
+    that General Ching was very much put out; that the Futai had
+    ordered him to execute the Wangs, and had given orders to the
+    troops to enter the city, that he had lost face, &c. Baily then
+    told me that he had Nar-wang's son, and brought him to me. I
+    refused any communication with General Ching, Nar-wang's son
+    came to my boat, and, pointing to the other side, said it was
+    there that the Wangs had been executed. I went over, and
+    recognised Kong-wang's, Nar-wang's, Sieh-wang's, and Sung-wang's
+    heads, but the body of Nar-wang was not to be seen, having been
+    buried. I took, at the son's request, Nar-wang's head. _The
+    bodies had been cut down the chest, and the wounds on the head
+    were most horrible, showing the brutality of the executioners._
+    I then was waiting for the steamers, as I had heard that there
+    were some high persons still in custody, and I thought that I
+    could frighten the Futai into giving them up. He, however, heard
+    of my arrival, and went off to the city. _I left him a note
+    telling him my opinion, and then moved off with the steamers to
+    Quin-san._[69] I received, just before leaving, a letter from
+    Futzu-quai, telling me that a chief had come over with 3,000 men
+    to my officer in command; and that he, the officer in command,
+    had received them. I sent orders to him to inform the chief of
+    the treachery, and to let him go with his men and arms, if he
+    liked, or else to bring his troops to Quin-san.
+
+    "This is a brief summary of the late events, _which will prove
+    to the Imperial Government a most fatal blow_. I imagine that
+    the Futai and General Ching arranged this matter, and know that
+    it is viewed by the mass of Mandarins with disgust.
+
+    "Nar-wang's son tells me that Chung-wang was willing to come
+    over; and that all the people in the silk districts are the
+    same; but how to come they know not. Is not this a time for
+    foreign governments to come forward and arrange the terms? The
+    power is in this force, if the authority from Pekin is given to
+    it to act under some _honest_ Chinaman. What is now to be feared
+    is that foreigners will join the rebels, and will thus cause the
+    war to linger on to the extermination of the unfortunate people
+    on whom the burden falls, and to the detriment of trade of
+    every sort. That the rebels really do not possess the qualities
+    of government cannot be doubted. They merely hold cities, and
+    let the villages govern themselves. The head chief may know
+    something of the Christian religion, but I will answer for it
+    that nine-tenths of the rebels have no real ideas on the
+    subject. It is sincerely to be hoped that the Government will
+    interfere at this time.[70]
+
+    "C. E. GORDON, Major Commanding.
+
+    "P.S. Prince F. de Wittgenstein was present at most of the above
+    occurrences, and can vouch for the correctness of the same."
+
+    "'THE FRIEND OF CHINA,' SATURDAY, OCT. 12, 1863.
+
+    "We publish to-day a document which we consider one of the most
+    remarkable that it has been our good or evil fortune to peruse
+    for many a day. Emanating as it does from a man of Gordon's
+    ability and position, we have been much more than disappointed.
+    How we have been so, let our readers judge.
+
+    "The exact position of the major is, it would appear, that of
+    Adjutant of Quin-san, though possessing less power than General
+    Ching, whose faculty of lying seems to have the wonderful power
+    (by attraction we suppose) of giving credence; though the major
+    tells us that he knew the rogue _was_ lying. We give the major's
+    own words, 'the latter part I _knew_ to be _false_; but, strange
+    to say, I believed the former portion.'
+
+    "This General Ching, this cowardly liar, it was who voted as the
+    right-hand man on all occasions concerning the conduct of
+    negotiating with the rebels. The major tells us that the Taeping
+    Wangs had opened negotiations with Ching for the surrender of at
+    least four gates of the city. We suppose this was before the
+    29th of November. On the 4th of December we learn of Ching's
+    being _joyful_ at the prospect of the Mo-wang falling into the
+    hands of Major Gordon, and on the same day we hear of his
+    reception of the unhappy Wang's head.
+
+    "Ching next appears as Envoy of the Futai 'to arrange matters,'
+    we suppose, for the surrender of the city. Here the major slips
+    out of the 'matter' by declaring himself 'helpless,' and this,
+    after he had assured the Nar-wang that he wanted to make the
+    Imperialists and Taepings friends, and only wanted possession of
+    'a gate' to prevent looting everybody.
+
+    "Major Gordon does not tell us _why_, at the 'supreme' moment of
+    the taking of Soo-chow, he was so anxious to get possession of
+    the _Fire Fly_. We beg to call our readers' attention to the
+    following statement:--'I thought I had better see Nar-wang
+    before I went out, so I called at his palace, and took him
+    aside, and asked him if everything was all right, and if he
+    wanted me to do anything. He said no; that everything was
+    proper. I told him I was going to the Tai-hu; and he said, "_Why
+    not_ wait? I am coming to see you at the meeting of the Wangs,"
+    as he _supposed_, at the Futai's.' Why was Major Gordon absent?
+    Why did he not make it his business to see that the assurances
+    which he had given to the Nar-wang were carried out?
+
+    "The major tells us that he got 'uneasy' when he found that
+    Nar-wang's palace had been gutted; however, his remaining till 4
+    o'clock next morning where he was (though why he did not go
+    himself for his body-guard instead of sending his servant he has
+    not told us) hardly seems to prove this assertion; but the
+    affair of his steamers being of so great a consequence, he sends
+    an assistant 'to send orders to them,' when he is taken and
+    detained by the Imperialists for an hour. (General Ching was, of
+    course, busy just at that moment, and Major Gordon's detention
+    was most opportune.) The screaming farce of General Ching's
+    losing face, and Major Gordon's refusal to have anything to do
+    with him, here opportunely follows the tragedy--(one likes to
+    laugh after the heavy business!). The idea of frightening the
+    Futai is nicely got over. The latter gentleman----_goes into the
+    city_, where, of course, he _couldn't_ be frightened! The major
+    takes a steamer and goes off to Quin-san.
+
+    "_Leaving a note_ for the Futai.
+
+    "Our readers have the major's letter before them, and they can
+    judge for themselves whether our analysis be correct or not. Our
+    own opinion is that the major--owing to his recent losses,
+    fearing a repulse if the city of Soo-chow had then been
+    attacked, and finding occasion of taking it himself by
+    treachery, and yet desiring to shield himself from the infamy of
+    such a transaction--would have acted precisely as he declares he
+    _has_ done.
+
+    "Though a considerable reader of history, our recollection does
+    not supply a parallel to the infamous treachery practised upon
+    the unsuspecting Taeping chiefs. The conduct of Pizarro, in
+    Peru, was nothing in comparison. One Inca, and a room full of
+    treasure, is a small affair when compared with the confiding
+    Princes of Soo-chow. Now, we ask all right-minded men to take
+    Major Gordon's statement to Nar-wang, which we quote
+    literally:--'I said that I wanted to make the Imperialists and
+    rebels good friends. That since the rise of the rebellion the
+    Imperialists had been much changed; and did not dare, from fear
+    of the foreign Governments, to perpetrate cruelties as
+    heretofore.' And compare his account of the atrocities committed
+    upon the Princes of Kong, Nar, Seih, and Sung.
+
+    "Our review of these facts is based upon Major Gordon's own
+    statements; and if he does not find means of extrication, we
+    have placed him upon a pinnacle of infamy whence he shall not
+    readily descend. From the moment Major Gordon first became
+    _particeps_ in the affair of the surrender with General Ching
+    (the very ideal of a Manchoo liar), he should have stood between
+    the Manchoo butcher of a Futai and his confiding victims, and,
+    as a true soldier (the soul of honour), yielding his life rather
+    than have exposed himself to the execration of all society as a
+    traitor of the deepest dye.
+
+    "Major Gordon will, no doubt, think us severe upon himself; but
+    we assure him that what we have said is by no means meant as a
+    personal attack. We are simply commenting upon his own statement
+    of what has lately occurred at Soo-chow. It may possibly be true
+    that he has been victimized by the liar, Ching, and the Futai.
+    We are half inclined to think such to be the case, considering
+    his simplicity in telling us, on the authority of the Nar-wang's
+    son, that 'Chung-wang was willing to come over, and that all the
+    people in the silk districts are the same.' He also tells us
+    that the 'rebels do not possess the qualities of government.'
+    That they actually allow 'villages to govern themselves;' and
+    that while the 'head chief _may_ know _something_ of the
+    Christian religion, nine-tenths of the rebels have no real ideas
+    on the subject.'
+
+    "We are rather astonished at Major Gordon's information as to
+    this point. We have been for many years in China. We have seen
+    the way in which the cherished temples and idols of the Manchoos
+    have been treated by the Taepings; and it is rather late in the
+    day to tell us what rebel 'ideas' are on the subject of the
+    Christian religion.
+
+    "In conclusion, Major Gordon hopes for the interference of the
+    'Government.' He means, of course, the _English_ Government. If
+    there were anything wanting to make Major Gordon contemptible in
+    the eyes of all Europe and America, it was this last phrase.
+    What! the English Government interfere to prop up the Manchoos
+    after the statement of what Major Gordon says has occurred at
+    Soo-chow! Major Gordon! We thought you not only an English
+    officer in Chinese employ, but we considered you an honourable
+    subject of our Sovereign, yet it seems you penned this sentence
+    after the atrocious perfidy of Soo-chow--'It is sincerely to be
+    hoped that the Government [English] will interfere at this
+    time.'
+
+    "If he had not added this last sentence we could have pardoned
+    Major Gordon everything. What! the Government of Englishmen to
+    sustain a Government which, by Major Gordon's own showing, is so
+    perfidious that we can make no possible comparison! There is no
+    Englishman in this or any other part of the world who will not
+    blush for Gordon, or the era in which it was found that an
+    Englishman advocated assistance for a Government which has
+    violated every treaty, and even the most sacred obligations
+    recognised among men.
+
+    "As for ourselves, we are not military adventurers, and,
+    perhaps, cannot understand how _any stratagem_ may be fair 'in
+    war as in love,' but we do hereby protest against a violation of
+    a solemn word of honour given. Major Gordon must clear himself,
+    or he will go down to posterity not only 'unhonoured and
+    unsung,' but as a wretch who sold blood to General Ching and the
+    present Futai of Kiang-nan.
+
+    "Major Gordon, in telling us that, or, in fact, asking the
+    question, viz., 'Is this not the time for foreign Governments to
+    come forward and arrange terms?' looks as though he fancied
+    foreign Governments _could_ entertain the idea of an honest
+    Chinaman under authority from Pekin. But in spite of the
+    testimony of the Prince Wittgenstein, or any other potentate, we
+    are inclined to believe that unfortunate Taepingdom has little
+    to learn from Manchoo morality, and still less from mercenary
+    soldiers, whose honour is bought and sold!"
+
+Some people may consider the article last quoted as too severe upon
+Gordon--perhaps they may change their opinion after perusing the
+following extracts from a narrative of a journey to Soo-chow, by the
+sub-editor of the _Friend of China_, soon after the great treachery. I
+prefer giving this authenticated description by an eye-witness, to
+narrating the facts myself, because I did not enter Soo-chow after its
+betrayal, and cannot, therefore, vouch for the subsequent massacre (and
+other disputed points) from my own personal observations, although
+otherwise I have the strongest proof that the reported atrocities were
+perpetrated:--
+
+    "TO SOO-CHOW AND BACK, VIA QUIN-SAN.
+
+    "After leaving Shanghae, our route (or creek) lay through a low,
+    flat country, intersected by canals innumerable in all
+    directions; the richest land in China, stretching away to the
+    very horizon, unbroken to view, except by countless graves,
+    commemorative arches, and heaps of ruins. The weather, though
+    superb, seemed oppressive, from the utter abandonment of the
+    country; not a soul was to be seen as far as the eye could
+    reach, and the endless fields of neglected and fallow ground
+    (once the garden of China) deepened that air of sadness which
+    winter always seems to wear in the country. Though ashore the
+    desolation is complete, not so on the water; Mandarin squeeze
+    stations have sprung up in all directions.
+
+    "At Wong-doo we were actually stopped, and 400 cash demanded
+    from our Louda. Our indignation getting the better of us, we did
+    then and there write our protest against thievery upon the
+    rogue's ribs; and in round, legible characters, too, we did all
+    we could to teach _this_ Manchoo robber that the higher the
+    squeeze, the less commerce, and the less commerce will certainly
+    produce less revenue. When will all Manchoos, Morrill tariff
+    men, &c., learn this lesson?
+
+    "There were, besides, a few wretches fishing by means of
+    cormorants (so often described that I will say nothing about
+    it), making up the sum total of population. At last, Quin-san
+    pagoda became visible; and after a short run over the country
+    (our boat following), we reached the city.
+
+    "Of course, we went to see the 'lion' of the place. He seemed to
+    be in a consumedly bad humour; but, nevertheless, granted us
+    passes for Soo-chow. Dropping metaphor, Major Gordon impressed
+    us as a very young man (say thirty) _without_ an 'old head on
+    his shoulders.' We suppose coolness is a quality which he
+    constantly displays on the field; he certainly displayed it in
+    his own house when we called upon him.
+
+    "On the 18th December, after a run of fifteen miles from
+    Quin-san, we reached the stockades outside the city of Soo-chow.
+    They had evidently been the scene of a fierce encounter.
+    Innumerable shot (solid) in their interiors told the tale of
+    carnage; and numerous unburied corpses were lying about in all
+    directions, in spite of the number which had been disposed of in
+    the creeks. As we drank our tea that evening, we studiously
+    avoided any remark on _this_ subject. Four or five miles more
+    brought us to the lofty walls of Soo-chow. Inside the gate
+    (Lo-mun) an immense stone wall and water-gate (as protecting the
+    outer bastion) will ever stand a monument of Taeping energy. Of
+    course, our first move was to see the 'lion' of Soo-chow, the
+    _in_-famous Futai. The palace of this magnate (the former Ya-mun
+    of the Chung-wang) really 'impressed' us as something worthy of
+    the 'Mings,' in which style it is erected.
+
+    "We have visited hundreds of such structures, but the Soo-chow
+    pagoda is certainly the finest we have ever seen. In ascending
+    we counted 220 steps, and judged the height to be from 150 to
+    170 feet from base to summit. It is nine stories high (as usual,
+    an odd number); but when we reached the top, the view there
+    presented well repaid our trouble. The vast city lay at our
+    feet--the Venice of China--intersected with hundreds of canals,
+    pagodas, and temples (in the tent-like style of the Chinese),
+    relieving the otherwise monotonous view of infinite tiled roofs.
+
+    "In many places the city was obscured by the burning of houses,
+    set on fire by the Imperialist soldiers.
+
+    "On the 19th December, having sent our cards before us, we
+    called upon General Ching. While waiting for his appearance, we
+    had time to examine a magnificent English clock (looted from
+    Mo-wang's palace), which formed the main ornament of the
+    'reception-hall.'
+
+    "Over the dial was a fountain of water (in glass), and under it
+    a pastoral scene, with moving figures of impossible shepherds
+    and shepherdesses, worthy of Arcadia--all moved by the
+    mechanical contrivances provided in the clock itself. At last
+    Ching entered, and at first took us for a second edition of
+    General Brown, for he immediately entered upon a defence of Le
+    Futai. After telling him who we really were, he suddenly became
+    so reserved that we beat a polite retreat (for the fate of the
+    Taeping-wangs had by no means faded from our memory).
+
+    "As it was still noon, we determined on a visit to the residence
+    of Chung-wang's secretary in the neighbourhood.
+
+    "On our arrival we found that the house had not only been
+    looted, but that the valuable furniture it contained had been
+    literally smashed to atoms by the Imperialist soldiery.
+
+    "In the rear we discovered a large hall, over the entrance of
+    which a rebel tablet still remained--'Teen-foo-dong'--'Hall of
+    the Heavenly Father.' But what really astonished us was to find
+    on the walls a complete set of elegant lithograph engravings,
+    which Roman Catholics are accustomed to call the 'stations,' a
+    series of pictures representing the sad journey of Jesus from
+    the house of Pilate to His place of execution.
+
+    "One of the pictures we became possessed of, and we shall ever
+    keep it as the most precious souvenir of our trip to Soo-chow;
+    for we think that the affecting story of Jesus' passion and
+    death was _appreciated_ by these _Missionary-forsaken_ patriots.
+
+    "It certainly shows that a high Taeping official loved to
+    contemplate the various scenes of that awful tragedy (for
+    principle's sake) over which the world, till the end of time,
+    shall weep the bitter tears of violated right and triumphant
+    wrong.
+
+    "_20th Dec._--The day being fine, we determined to have a look
+    at the steamers _Feillong_ and _Sycee_. A smart walk to the
+    Padi-cho gate brought us to the 'fifty-two arched bridge,' where
+    we saw the heavy artillery just outside.
+
+    "We looked with regret upon those splendid 'peace-makers,' that
+    _they_ should have been _loaned_ to the butcher of
+    Soo-chow--that _they_ should be the property of the British
+    Government--were thoughts upon which we need make no comment.
+
+    "Captain Baily in charge, and very creditably too! His
+    hospitality is the last pleasant impression we had of Soo-chow,
+    if we omit the feeling of relief we experienced when once
+    outside of its walls on our way to Shanghae.
+
+    "_21st Dec._--On learning (to our surprise) that the _locale_ of
+    the 'execution ground' was neither more nor less than the
+    court-yard of the '_Shing-s-tah_,' 'twin pagodas,' where the
+    unhappy rebels had paid with the forfeit of their lives for
+    trusting in the word of honour of their unprincipled assailants,
+    we determined on a trip thither. On our arrival, we examined
+    several most ancient tablets of stone, whence we gathered that
+    these pagodas were erected long anterior to the Ming dynasty
+    (_i.e._ reign of Tai Ching, dynasty of Sung); but we will not
+    detain our readers with antiquarian trifles. On entering the
+    court-yard (about half an acre) we found the ground _soaked_
+    with HUMAN BLOOD! the creek forming its drain was still (after
+    twenty days of slaughter) reddish with blood, as the officers
+    of Dr. Macartney's force can testify. The ground for three feet
+    deep stunk with blood (and the best blood of China); though the
+    weather, except at noonday, did not favour the corruption of
+    animal particles, Soo-chow being situated in lat. 31 deg. 23' 25"
+    N., and long. 120 deg. 25' E.; consequently of rather a warm climate
+    even in winter.
+
+    "Our Chinese informants told us that 30,000 rebels had been led
+    to these shambles, and executed. We had proofs enough to know
+    that the number was enormous; we have it on authority of an
+    European _eye-witness_ that this creek was so full of
+    decapitated rebels that the Mandarins employed boatmen to clean
+    it, by pushing the bodies with boat-hooks outside of the city
+    into the principal stream.
+
+    "We quitted the 'execution ground' (travellers will know it by
+    the 'twin towers'), faint at these horrible proofs of _human_
+    butchery which had met our view, and overcome with emotion. Was
+    it for _this_ that Englishmen fought? Was it for this that
+    English guns had been loaned by the representatives of the
+    British people? Was it for _this_ that the 'first nation of the
+    world' and the two _Scotchmen_, Gordon and Dr. Macartney, had
+    fought?
+
+    "Let the spirit of Robert Bruce forbid it! Let the noble sons of
+    Scotia contemn it; and all Christendom, in the name of ...
+    liberty, protest against the unspeakable perfidy, the horrible
+    treachery, and brutal butchery of Soo-chow!
+
+    "_22nd Dec._--Though the experiences of yesterday made us long
+    to leave Soo-chow, we determined to visit the ruins of Mo-wang's
+    palace; though completely burned, it had evidently covered an
+    immense area of several acres; huge bronzes half melted
+    obstructed the passage, and only a solitary drum stood sentinel
+    at the entrance.
+
+    "It was with a melancholy satisfaction that we gazed at the
+    wreck of his palace.
+
+    "Among so many traitors (his brother Wangs) he had been _true_
+    to his flag. He knew what Manchoo honour meant, and his death by
+    the hands of Taeping traitors is his eulogium. If his spirit
+    _can_ visit this world of ours, we must rejoice that the
+    Manchoos have not profited (even in money) by his destruction.
+
+    "If the infamous barbarity of the Futai _can_ be excused; if his
+    atrocious violation of justice and right can be pardoned; if
+    there is any possible Jesuitical ground of justification for his
+    immeasurable atrocities, it is this--he betrayed the betrayers
+    of their own cause: he was a traitor to traitors, and has broken
+    faith with the recreant Wangs.
+
+    "Depressed in spirit, we hurried from the ruins of Mo-wang's
+    palace to our boat, and instantly gave orders to our crew to get
+    under weigh for Shanghae.
+
+    "Hardly had we quitted the gate, when a letter was placed in our
+    hands by a trusty agent from Chung-wang, dated Kia-ching-foo;
+    what were our feelings in perusing it and finding these
+    words:--'You foreigners are like the Manchoos; you have no
+    honour! you have deceived us!' We, as a foreigner, felt all the
+    bitterness herein contained. We, a personal friend of his,
+    blushed for our nationality in being compared to perfidious
+    Manchoos!
+
+    "We candidly avow it, if we thought that the sword was really
+    stronger than the pen, we would have girded it on, and be one
+    more 'witness' to the glorious cause of liberty! We should like
+    to prove to the Taepings that European nations are not _all_
+    unprincipled liars, devoid of every virtue recognised by men,
+    and that sacred volume which teaches a morality of which one
+    would think they were ignorant. So much for our trip to Soo-choo
+    and back.
+
+    "S. E. F. O. C."
+
+The dreadful Soo-chow tragedy may be considered the terminating point of
+that unrighteous period of British policy commencing with the
+organization of the Anglo-Manchoo flotilla; the hiring out of Major
+Gordon and other officers; and the making of those infamous Orders in
+Council authorizing military and naval support of the Manchoo, while it
+has since been declared that an ordinance of neutrality was in force all
+the time! That the terrible result of their policy would have so far
+influenced the supposed Christian and civilized principles of those
+members of Lord Palmerston's Government who originated it, as to make
+them admit their mistake with worthy humility, and seek to rectify the
+wrong already done by an essay towards the much easier path of right, is
+very doubtful. However, the spirit of Englishmen could no longer be
+restrained, and the Government were driven to rescind their former
+Orders in Council (placing the forces of England at the evil disposal of
+the Manchoo) by the unanimous voice of the Parliamentary representatives
+of the people.
+
+Englishmen may thus flatter themselves that they have repudiated the
+atrocities which they had occasioned; but the very fact that their
+mistaken policy entirely caused such deplorable results, makes them
+morally responsible for the same. Still the national complicity _may_ be
+glossed over. The participation of the agents on the spot, and
+especially the principal, Gordon, cannot, by any stretch of imagination,
+be excused.
+
+If Major Gordon had resigned his employment in the service of the local
+servant of the Manchoo Government, he might, by thus immediately
+forsaking his brother generals when he became involved in their deeds of
+blood and treachery, have saved his honour from suspicion and his name
+from everlasting infamy. If he had possessed the least particle of
+self-respect, humanity, or Christian feeling, he could not possibly have
+followed any other course. Incredible as the fact must ever seem to
+right-minded Englishmen, Major Gordon, after craftily passing two months
+at Quin-san, still in command of the Anglo-Manchoo contingent, and still
+receiving his pay from his employer, resumed active service with those
+sanguinary monsters and consummate betrayers, General Ching and the
+Futai Le.
+
+Men judge by actions, but despise words. Gordon has _said_ that his
+disgust was something stupendous at the revolting barbarities
+perpetrated by his friends; yet the sentiment did not make him refuse
+their pay, neither did it prevent his return to participate in fresh
+atrocities within two months, nor shock him sufficiently to stay his
+early reconciliation with the blood-stained wretches who had smeared him
+with the same unfading and polluting mark. Of course, before returning
+to active service, the British officer induced his Manchoo master to
+indite a cunningly worded Chinese despatch, setting forth that he was
+not actually concerned in the massacre of the confiding Soo-chow
+victims. Naturally enough, to retain the services of Major Gordon (and
+the consequent assistance of the British Government), without which they
+would still have been powerless before the Ti-pings, the Manchoos,
+through Futai Le, verbosely declared all that was required. Shortly
+afterwards, besides resuming his employment, the major responded by
+writing an official letter, in which he forgot his former disgust, and
+had the singular audacity not only to exonerate the Futai from blame for
+his unparalleled atrocities, but to request Sir F. Bruce not to make any
+further complaint about the same[71]--events that had seriously stained
+the honour of Great Britain, and which only the most prompt and
+unqualified repudiation, together with entire cessation of further
+countenance and help to the Manchoo, could either erase from her
+scutcheon, or clear her policy from the imputation of complicity.
+
+Unfortunately for the reputation of Major Gordon, since his elevation to
+the position of General of Futai Le's Anglo mercenaries, he had been too
+much accustomed to intrigue and encouragement of treachery to have felt
+a proper indignation at the Soo-chow affair; and it is possible he might
+have had some knowledge of the planned perfidy before it was put into
+execution, and so was not sufficiently horrified to throw up his 1,200
+taels (L400) per month. Gordon's behaviour in the treachery of the
+Burgevine-Ti-ping legion is one specimen, and a very strong one too, of
+the conduct referred to. He induced the Europeans who went over to him
+to desert the Ti-ping cause by his promises of office, bribes, and safe
+conduct to Shanghae for such as were tired of fighting. Some mistaken
+individuals have ascribed this proceeding to the humane disposition of
+the man who condoned the ruthless massacre of his paroled prisoners, who
+assisted as a principal agent in the vast destruction of life and
+desolation of country during the unjustifiable British hostilities
+against the Ti-pings, and who never put himself to the trouble of saving
+the lives of those he assisted to vanquish. It must be a rather lax code
+of military honour which could reflect any _credit_ on Gordon for
+rewarding many of the traitors (mostly low American rowdies), by
+bestowing upon them various commands in his own force; and he--supposed
+to be an English officer and gentleman--with open arms receiving them as
+his messmates and brother officers: even less creditable is the fact
+that he obtained pecuniary reward for those whom he did not make his
+_friends_.
+
+The letter written to Sir F. Bruce by Gordon as a justification for his
+fresh alliance with the Futai Le, appears in the Parliamentary Papers,
+as noticed by the foot-note on the preceding page. This document is so
+important, as showing the character of Gordon's connection with the
+Imperialists, that I quote it in full, and then subject it to a close
+analysis.
+
+    "INCLOSURE 1 in No. 9.
+    "_Major Gordon, R.E., to Sir F. Bruce._
+    "Soo-chow, February 6, 1864.
+
+    "My dear Sir Frederick Bruce,--
+
+    Par. 1.--"_In consequence of the danger which will arise by my
+    delaying inaction with the force any longer in a state of
+    uncertainty, I have arranged with the Footae_ to issue a
+    proclamation (which he will send to you), clearing me of any
+    participation in the late execution of the Wangs, and have
+    determined to act immediately."
+
+    Par. 2.--"The reasons which actuate me are as follows:--_I know
+    of a certainty that Burgevine meditates a return to the rebels;
+    that there are upwards of 300 Europeans ready to join them, of
+    no character; and that the Footae will not accept another
+    British officer if I leave the service_, and therefore the
+    Government may have some foreigner put in, or else the force put
+    under men of Ward's and Burgevine's stamp, of whose action at
+    times we should never feel certain."
+
+    Par. 3.--"_I am aware that I am open to very grave censure for
+    the course I am about to pursue_; but in the absence of advice,
+    _and knowing as I do that the Peking authorities will support
+    the Footae in what he has done, I have made up my mind to run
+    the risk_. If I followed my own desire I should leave now, as I
+    have escaped unscathed and been wonderfully successful. _But the
+    rabble, called the Quin-san force, is a dangerous body_, and it
+    will be my duty to see that it is dissolved as quietly as
+    possible, and that, while in course of dissolution, it should
+    serve to benefit the Imperial Government."
+
+    Par. 4.--"_I do not apprehend the rebellion will last six months
+    longer if I take the field. It may take six years if I leave,
+    and the Government does not support the Imperialists._ I propose
+    to cut through the heart of the rebellion, and to divide it
+    into two parts by the capture of Ye-sing and Liyang."
+
+    Par. 5.--"If the course I am about to pursue meets your
+    approbation, I shall be glad to hear; but, if not, shall expect
+    to be well rebuked. However, _I know that I am not actuated by
+    personal considerations, but merely as I think will be most
+    conducive to the interests of our Government_.
+
+    "The Footae does not want the force to move against Nankin I
+    imagine, as Tseng-kwo-fan has the wish to capture it himself."
+
+    Par. 6.--"_The Footae, if he is to be believed, has some
+    extenuating circumstances in his favour, for his action_; and
+    although I feel deeply on the subject, I think that we can
+    scarcely expect the same discernment that we should from an
+    European governor.
+
+    "This letter will relieve you from any responsibility on this
+    matter, and thanking you very much for your kind letter, which I
+    will answer shortly, I am, &c.,
+
+    (Signed)      "C. G. GORDON."
+
+    Par. 7.--"P.S. _If you would let the matter drop_, and make me
+    responsible for my action in the matter, _I think it would be
+    more conducive to our good relations with the Pekin Government
+    than pressing them to punish or degrade the Footae_.
+
+    "C. G. G."
+
+    NOTE.--The parts of the letter in italics are those subjected to
+    review.
+
+_Analysis of Major Gordon's Letter._
+
+Par. 1. Now, with regard to this first premise, what right had Major
+Gordon to make a prospect of danger to the Imperialists a pretext to
+resume _friendship_ and _alliance_ with the faithless and barbarous
+wretches who had already implicated him in their revolting atrocities?
+Major Gordon's duty as a British officer, specially executing the policy
+of his Government, and leaving it responsible for his conduct, was
+simple and palpable. To avoid the deathless guilt of participation in
+the Soo-chow treachery and massacre, he should have repudiated both.
+What course did he pursue? He wrote and talked a great deal about
+disgust, indignation, horror, &c., but never took any _action_ to fulfil
+his otherwise worthless protestations. By the only part we find he
+really performed and did not merely talk, it appears that he actually
+had the unparalleled audacity, folly, or knavishness, to _arrange_
+terms with the Futai, although any intercourse, arrangement, or
+communication whatever, upon a friendly basis constituted a direct
+condonation and approval of the atrocities which would have made an
+unqualified separation from _all_ interests and future connection
+imperative to any man of honour, humanity, or Christian principle.
+
+Par. 2. The assertion that Gordon _knew for a certainty_ that Burgevine
+intended to rejoin the Ti-pings, is best controverted by the following
+extract from the _Friend of China_, Shanghae newspaper (issue of
+September 29, 1864), which, being one of the principal organs among a
+population of Europeans and Americans, scarcely numbering 2,000 souls,
+may be credited for being well informed upon affairs in their midst;
+moreover, the editor was personally acquainted with Burgevine, and was
+aware, equally with myself, that he entertained no enthusiasm for the
+Ti-ping cause.
+
+The article referred to states:--
+
+    "As for Gordon's assertion to Sir F. Bruce that he knew for a
+    certainty Burgevine meditated a return to the rebels, and that
+    upwards of 300 Europeans--[This estimate is supremely absurd.
+    During the whole time Burgevine was with the Ti-pings, and when
+    everything seemed to favour his enterprise, he could never
+    obtain more than one-third of 300 Europeans]--of no character,
+    intended to join him. This being written in February last, we
+    know for a greater certainty that, at that time, neither did
+    Burgevine meditate anything of the kind, nor were there
+    thirty--the tenth of 300--Europeans in this quarter available
+    for any such game. And though Gordon may have been under an
+    impression that he was writing truth when he made this
+    assertion, his common sense might have told him the thing was as
+    improbable as it has eventually proved incorrect. We say he
+    _may_ have been under an impression that he was writing truth.
+    We may not refrain, however, from saying we doubt it. Why,
+    Gordon knew as well as we did that the rebels never sought the
+    assistance of foreigners, did not care to see them in their
+    ranks, and were always jealous of them. Gordon knew right well,
+    moreover, that when Burgevine left Soo-chow he left the rebel
+    service for ever; that he was sick and disgusted with it; and if
+    ever he meditated anything afterwards, it was operation rather
+    as an independent buccaneer than as a Ti-ping general. The
+    assertion--yarn, wilful lie, or whatever it shall be called--did
+    very well, however, in the place it was intended for, viz.
+    Pekin, a place so far away from the scene of action, that there
+    was no possibility of contravening it at the time."
+
+Besides the facts--incontrovertible to those acquainted with the
+case--in the above refutation of Gordon's "reasons" for his fresh
+blood-alliance with that cold-blooded murderer, the Futai, another
+strong argument may be proved against his veracity:--
+
+1. We may be quite sure that the Ti-pings would never have accepted a
+second time the services of the man who had once betrayed them. From my
+own knowledge of the opinions entertained by the Chung-wang, I am quite
+assured on this point. 2. Then with respect to the probable action of
+Burgevine himself. Having deserted the Ti-ping cause before Soo-chow had
+fallen, and while its prospects were in vastly more favourable condition
+than at the period of Gordon's statement, he would, consequently, never
+be disposed to join when its circumstances had become desperate. 3. As
+for the "300 of no character," mercenaries would certainly not espouse a
+failing movement, which, in fact, had become still more "unprofitable"
+than when the Burgevine-Ti-ping legionaries ran away because, even at
+that time, they found no sufficient inducement to remain. These
+propositions cannot fail to damage the "reasons" given by Gordon,
+because they show that all common sense and reason points to an exactly
+opposite conclusion. Thus we find that logic reverses Gordon's
+"reasons," while facts entirely prove the falseness of his statements.
+The principal argument is the fact that Burgevine _did not_ join the
+Ti-ping, and the mythical "300" were never more heard about.
+
+Par. 3. This paragraph of Gordon's letter seems to contain about the
+most severe condemnation of his "reasons" that it would be possible to
+imagine. He states that "he is open to very grave censure for the
+course he was about to pursue," and that, "knowing the Pekin authorities
+will support the Futai in what he has done," he had made up his mind to
+"run the risk;" that is to say, he knew that the Manchoo Government
+would approve the treachery and massacre in which the Futai had involved
+him; yet such was his obliquity of principle that he actually used as a
+reason to resume the sanguinary alliance the very fact which should have
+made his separation from the Manchoo still more imperative.
+
+With regard to the ungenerous, if not treacherous, manner in which
+Gordon, behind their backs, termed his comrades "the rabble," it is well
+noticed in the quotation from the _Hong-Kong Daily Press_, at the end of
+this analysis.
+
+Par. 4. This section of the letter exhibits a very pretty ebullition of
+overweening self-conceit. If the writer takes the field again, the
+rebellion cannot last "six months;" without that mighty warrior's
+hostility, it would last "six years." Well, Bombastes did take the
+field, but the "rebellion" still flourishes. It will be seen that the
+blower of his own trumpet modestly puffs his value at only twelve times
+that of any other officer who might conduct the operations against the
+Ti-ping.
+
+Par. 5. Concerning this protestation of disinterested motives--"I know
+that I am not actuated by personal considerations"--I beg to refer my
+readers to the concluding paragraph of the analysis, when they will find
+that this statement is no less questionable than others by the same
+author. With regard to Gordon's excessive care of the "interests of our
+Government," and his declaration (in paragraph 2 of the letter), "that
+the Futai will not accept another British officer if I leave the
+service," the article in the _Friend of China_, already quoted,
+continues from where we left off:--"And just as likely to be true was
+the statement that the Futai would not accept another _British_ officer
+if he, Gordon, left the Chinese service. How did Gordon learn that fact,
+or that story? What can there be in _British_ officers that they should
+be so repugnant to the Deputy Viceroy? What Gordon really meant was:--If
+I leave, 'the Government' will not find such a faithful tool in any one
+else as they have found in me."
+
+Par. 6. In this part of the precious letter it is shamelessly declared
+that "the Futai has extenuating circumstances in his favour" for
+breaking faith and cruelly butchering the defenceless prisoners at
+Soo-chow, who solely surrendered upon the terms guaranteed by Gordon
+himself.
+
+Par. 7. This postscript makes a fitting conclusion to the bad principle
+and illogical reasoning of the letter we have reviewed. Gordon has the
+audacity to request that the "matter"--affecting not only his own
+character, for that is immaterial, but the honour of the British army
+and the fair fame of England herself--may be "let drop," and to opine
+that "good relations" should be maintained with the Pekin Government, by
+no longer expressing any indignation at the immeasurable disgrace
+reflected upon England by the revolting barbarities perpetrated by her
+very good Manchoo allies, through the aid, and in the actual presence,
+of British officers.
+
+Before concluding the analysis of Gordon's apology for resuming active
+operations with the Futai, it is necessary to make a few further
+observations. In the first place, it is quite impossible to deduce a
+sufficient cause from the three "reasons" by which he declares himself
+to have been actuated (paragraph No. 2). Even suppose we admit the
+allegations that Burgevine meditated a return to the rebels; that 300
+Europeans were ready to join him; and that the Futai would not have
+accepted another _British_ officer, to what conclusion do they lead us?
+Simply, that _if_ these suppositions became realized, the event might
+prove disastrous to the Manchoo. Now, as Gordon chose to make this his
+excuse for comfortably passing over the Soo-chow affair, and resuming
+active service, it is perfectly clear that (whether he intends to convey
+this meaning or not) he pursued such conduct in the interest of his
+Imperialist friends; and this reduces the three "reasons" into a plea of
+duty to the Manchoo. Moreover, from the independent action claimed
+throughout the letter, the writer does not attempt to justify himself by
+any pretence of duty to his own Government. British officers, and,
+indeed, all their countrymen, may well feel astonished and disgusted at
+the extraordinary reasoning of Gordon, who, though merely the hired
+mercenary of a _local_ Mandarin (Le Futai), and being totally without
+_status_ in the Imperialist service,[72] made his duty to the Manchoo,
+forsooth, a reason for condoning the atrocities in which they had
+already involved him, and justifying his future participation in deeds
+equally abhorrent to every civilized and Christian sentiment.
+
+We now come to the question as to the worth of this plea of duty. Either
+Gordon was the servant of the Manchoo Government or the British
+Government. When the English Commons compelled ministers to revoke the
+Order in Council authorizing the employment of British officers by the
+Manchoo, and to recall all so employed, _in consequence of the Soo-chow
+massacre_, Gordon, eventually, was withdrawn from service with the
+Futai. Now this proves that he was _bona fide_ the servant of the
+British Government, and not only destroys his implied plea of duty to
+the Government of China, but virtually disclaims any countenance or
+indorsement of his act in joining the Futai and resuming active
+operations subsequent to the Soo-chow tragedy. Thus it is palpable
+beyond any manner of doubt that the course Gordon pursued was _entirely_
+according to "personal considerations;" was at his own responsibility;
+and was neither in consonance with duty to his own Government nor that
+of the Manchoo.
+
+There are but three other motives which might be held to account for
+Gordon's conduct. The first would be, duty to his God--but this never
+has been attributed to him, and it would be gross blasphemy to do so;
+the second, philanthropy, has been professed both by himself and
+friends; the third, which is pecuniary, has been more frequently
+ascribed to him. The philanthropical motive will be controverted shortly
+when we come to a case in which it is attributed to him. With one
+exception (the _China Mail_), the whole European press of China lamented
+Gordon's connection with the Futai at Soo-chow; still more indignant
+were the channels of public opinion when they found that he quietly
+ignored the treacherous massacre by remaining at his post; and then
+rumours were not wanting with regard to the mercenary motives believed
+by many people to be the real cause of his return to active service.
+Major Gordon has not only brought himself into evil repute, but also the
+service of which he is so questionable a specimen. Take, for instance,
+the following extract from the _Friend of China_ (issue February 20,
+1864):--"If it be true that Major Gordon has again coalesced with Le
+Futai, he must not blame us if we judge of his motives according to the
+old maxim, 'actions speak louder than words.' It would seem that his
+late rejection of rewards from the hand of Kung was simply because of
+its having been too little for his acceptance, not too vile. His
+retirement to Quin-san was a safe dodge to quiet public opinion in
+regard to the Soo-chow massacre.... We hope that he has stipulated for
+tens of lacs of rupees. Why should a soldier of fortune not make a
+fortune? When the major returns to Scotland, will any of his 'canny'
+countrymen ask impertinent questions as to the source of the 'siller'?
+To be sure, military men who wear Queen Victoria's uniform may hem and
+haw, cough and look doubtful; but we assure the major that if one
+British officer can sell his sword, the others have no right to complain
+about the price.... Dollars cover every defect, and a wealthy soldier
+can afford to buy the respect which he cannot exact. Let the trade of
+murder flourish, as it always has done, and may Major Gordon fully enjoy
+all the wealth that the Manchoos can give, and that mental satisfaction
+which faithful servitude never fails to bring to those of integrity! Is
+not faithfulness bought and sold in 'Vanity Fair,' and should that not
+be looked for in the conduct of a--British soldier?"
+
+If this article were to be literally intended, it would probably
+indicate the principles of Gordon. It appears very unfair to judge him
+by the code of honour, civilized morality, and Christian doctrine, when
+he does not seem either to appreciate such restraints or conform to
+them; therefore it is possible that the press has been too severe when
+condemning acts that, in this case, may, perhaps, be rather virtuous
+than otherwise.
+
+We now bring the analysis of Gordon's "reasons" to a close by the
+following extract from the _Hong-kong Daily Press_ (October, 1864),
+which refers to paragraphs 2, 3, and 5 of the letter, and finishes by
+making a direct accusation of mercenary motives for his coalescence with
+the Futai:--
+
+    "We believe it is well known that had Gordon left, Macartney
+    would have succeeded. Certain it is that Macartney was an
+    applicant for the post when Gordon was nominated, and as he had
+    subsequently completely won the Futai's confidence, there can be
+    little doubt about the matter.
+
+    "It will be seen, therefore, that Gordon's pretexts are shallow
+    subterfuges, which will not stand the test of truth for one
+    moment. He admits he is open to grave censure, but he says,
+    'knowing as I do that the Pekin authorities will support the
+    Futai in what he has done, I have made up my mind to run the
+    risk.' That is a nice process of reasoning, certainly!
+
+    "He then turns round on his comrades--calls them a dangerous
+    rabble, 'which he will make it his duty to see dissolved as
+    quietly as possible, and that while in course of dissolution it
+    should serve to benefit the Imperial Government.'
+
+    "Apart from Gordon's unprincipled conduct with respect to the
+    perfidy of the Futai, and to the murder of the Wangs--conduct
+    which must heap disgrace on his name, and for ever prevent him
+    from looking an honest man in the face again--we doubt whether,
+    in the whole page of history, a parallel is to be found of a
+    victorious fortunate commander turning on his comrades in the
+    disgraceful, and we will add treacherous, manner in which Gordon
+    turns on the Quin-san force in the letter before us. Let the
+    reader remember the number of times Gordon had led the Quin-san
+    force to victory--how splendidly they behaved in the campaign
+    which Gordon was about to lead them through when he thus
+    treacherously denounced them! Whatever they were, they had made
+    him what he was; and bad as they might have been, we doubt
+    whether any one of them ever departed more directly from the
+    code of honour laid down by himself than Gordon did in rejoining
+    the Futai, or even whether any one of them so far betrayed his
+    comrades as Gordon does in the letter before us.
+
+    "A letter from Sir F. Bruce to Earl Russell, dated Pekin, 21st
+    March, encloses a letter from Mr. Hart, the Inspector of
+    Customs, to Sir Frederic, communicating the important fact that,
+    at the interview which Colonel Gordon had had with the Futai at
+    Soo-chow, about the beginning of February, he, Mr. Hart, acted
+    as interpreter between the two. The ostensible reason for Mr.
+    Hart thus acting was to enable the Futai to exculpate himself,
+    which, according to Mr. Hart, he most completely did. Why did
+    not Gordon mention this important circumstance in his letter to
+    Sir Frederic advising His Excellency that he had again taken the
+    field?[73] How came it that Mr. Acting-Consul Markham in his
+    letter to Sir Frederic announcing the reconciliation, was silent
+    on the point? How came it that General Brown was either ignorant
+    of, or suppressed the fact? How did the fact come to be kept so
+    secret from the public? Not a whisper nor a hint of Mr. Hart's
+    presence is to be detected in the despatches of these officers,
+    let alone the complete vindication of the Futai which that
+    gentleman avers was effected at the interview?
+
+    "The answer is plain. Mr. Hart is a man of good repute, of high
+    standing, and is a true and faithful servant. The Mandarins have
+    great faith in him, and his word goes a long way. If they sent
+    him to Gordon with an offer of 50,000 _taels_, the colonel might
+    be assured not only that the money would be placed to his credit
+    in any bank in London he might name, but that the transaction
+    would be kept an inviolable secret.
+
+    "There, reader, you have the clue to Gordon's sacrifice of
+    principle, and Mr. Hart's visit to Soo-chow."
+
+Before narrating the events subsequent to Gordon's return to active
+operations, and bringing the history of the Ti-ping revolution down to a
+close, it is necessary to review a despatch written by Sir F. Bruce, the
+British Minister in China. The document constitutes the only authority,
+or rather the only official approval, Gordon ever received for rejoining
+the Futai. It is necessary to notice the same, because, as it was an
+entirely conditional approval, and the conditions were _never_ observed,
+it naturally became null and void. It is, therefore, our duty to prove
+these facts, and thereby elucidate what might otherwise be held to
+remove the responsibility from Gordon, and, in fact, justify his
+conduct. The following despatch is the one in question, and it will be
+seen that it is the reply to Gordon's letter:--
+
+    "Pekin, March 12, 1864.
+
+    "Sir,--I have received your letter of the 6th of February,
+    stating the reasons that have led to your continuing operations
+    in concert with the Governor of Kiang-soo. I informed the
+    Chinese Government that I did not feel called upon to interfere
+    with the course you have taken, _but that my acquiescence was
+    founded on the passage in their despatch to me, which states_,
+    that in any future operations in which a foreign officer is
+    concerned the rules of warfare as practised among foreign
+    nations are to be observed, and that I should enclose you the
+    extract of that despatch for your guidance, and as containing
+    the arrangements agreed upon for the future. [1.]
+
+    "I have received the strongest assurance that it will be
+    strictly adhered to, and that the Governor Le is to be
+    instructed to that effect. I need not impress upon you how
+    essential it is that there should be no repetition of the
+    occurrence at Soo-chow.
+
+    "I fully appreciate the motives that led you, after the
+    correspondence that has taken place, to resume operations at
+    once, and to expose yourself thereby to hostile criticism. You
+    might have limited yourself to a statement of the reasons which
+    rendered the step expedient, and have thrown upon others the
+    onus of decision before committing yourself to any action.
+
+    "But you appear to have felt, as commander of a Chinese force,
+    and as the only person thoroughly acquainted with its
+    composition and with the dangers to which this force, if
+    indiscreetly handled, might give rise that the decision must be
+    based on your representations, and you therefore assumed its
+    responsibility.
+
+    "This honourable and manly conduct on your part entitles you to
+    a frank expression of my opinion on the subject.
+
+    "I think it due to you to state that my concurrence in the step
+    you have taken is founded in no small measure on my knowledge of
+    the high motives that have guided you while in command of the
+    Chinese force, _of the disinterested conduct you have observed
+    in pecuniary questions_, and of _the influence in favour of
+    humanity you exercised in rescuing Burgevine and his misguided
+    associates from Soo-chow_. [2.]
+
+    "I am aware of the perseverance with which, in the face of
+    serious obstacles and much discouragement, you have steadily
+    pursued the _pacification of the province of Kiang-soo_. _In
+    relieving it_ from being the battle-field of the insurrection,
+    and in restoring to its suffering inhabitants the enjoyment of
+    their homes and the uninterrupted exercise of their industry,
+    you may console yourself with the assurance that you are
+    rendering a service to true humanity as well as to great
+    material interest. [3.]
+
+    "It would be a serious calamity and addition to our
+    embarrassments in China were you compelled to leave your work
+    incomplete, and were a sudden dissolution or dispersion of the
+    Chinese force to lead to the recurrence of that state of danger
+    and anxiety from which, during the last two years, Shanghae has
+    suffered.
+
+    "Her Majesty's Government cannot be expected to garrison
+    Shanghae indefinitely, and tranquillity cannot be relied on
+    until a civil administration suited to Chinese ideas and habits
+    is firmly established in the province, and until the disorderly
+    and brigand elements which form the force of the Taeping
+    insurrection are either put down or so thoroughly repelled from
+    its frontiers as to leave that unfortunate province in peace.
+
+    "To the force under your command we must look for that result,
+    and to its efficiency and discipline your presence is
+    indispensable. In a body so composed a state of inactivity is
+    full of danger, and I approve your not awaiting the result of
+    the inquiry into the Futai's proceedings at Soo-chow, _provided
+    you take care that your efforts in favour of humanity are not in
+    future defeated by the Chinese authorities_.[74] [4.]
+
+    "I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,
+    "FREDERIC W. A. BRUCE.
+
+    "Major Gordon, R.E., &c."
+
+[1.] Now, here we have the _condition_ upon which Sir F. Bruce agreed to
+Gordon's action. Let us see how the condition has been observed. If my
+readers will take the trouble to turn back to the preceding chapter,
+they will find that the capture of Hwa-soo and Wu-see (as corroborated
+by the letter dated "April 28, 1864," from one of Gordon's own officers)
+was followed with a complete violation of Sir F. Bruce's conditional
+"acquiescence" by the wholesale massacre of the unfortunate Ti-pings.
+Furthermore, the following chapter will prove that at every city
+captured by Gordon and the Imperialists "the rules of warfare as
+practised among foreign nations" were _not_ observed, nor even pretended
+to be fulfilled according to the terms of the condition upon which
+Gordon's action was approved: the principal cases referred to will be
+found to be the capture of Kar-sing-foo, Hwa-soo, Chang-chow-foo, and
+Nankin.
+
+[2.] The preceding quotation from the _Hong-kong Daily Press_, and the
+description of Burgevine's hegira in Chapter XXII., sadly differ from
+Sir F. Bruce's "pecuniary" and "influence in favour of humanity"
+theories formed at Pekin upon evidence supplied by Gordon himself.
+Burgevine had actually _left_ Soo-chow before Gordon interfered.
+
+[3.] Readers of this history will at once perceive the falseness of
+these statements, Major Gordon having, in fact, not only _prevented_ the
+"pacification of the province of Kiang-soo" by the Ti-pings, but _made_
+it "the battle-field of insurrection" by his "steadily pursued"
+_invasions_ of the otherwise peaceful and settled Ti-ping territories.
+As for the hypocritical cant about "a service to true humanity," &c., I
+need only refer to the narrative of the journey to Soo-chow by the
+sub-editor of the _Friend of China_; the travels of the silk-merchant
+through the _pacified_ country; the letters from two of Gordon's own
+officers, &c.
+
+[4 and 1.] Combining the first and last paragraphs selected from the
+precious letter for review, we will briefly notice the facts proving in
+what manner Gordon fulfilled the proviso of Sir F. Bruce--"I approve
+your not awaiting the result of the inquiry into the Futai's
+proceedings at Soo-chow, PROVIDED you take care that _your efforts in
+favour of humanity_ are not in future defeated by the Chinese
+authorities." In Chapter XXIII., the letter from one of Gordon's
+officers contains the following statement relative to the capture of the
+village of Hwa-soo, subsequent to the reconciliation between the
+official Manchoo murderer and the British bravo, and also subsequent to
+the establishment of the conditions by Sir F. Bruce's despatch:--"The
+slaughter among the rebels _after_ the capture of Hwa-soo was terrible.
+Upwards of 9,000 were _taken prisoners_, and of _these_ it was estimated
+6,000 were killed or drowned, principally by the Imperialists." Now,
+Gordon himself commanded on this occasion, but he did not "take care"
+that "the rules of warfare as practised among foreign nations should be
+observed." This distinct violation of the British Minister's conditional
+sanction is alone sufficient to illustrate the fact that his _protege's_
+conduct was contrary to his wish or intention, and, also, to withdraw
+his stipulated justification. Moreover, we shall find that, at every
+succeeding capture of a Ti-ping city the same barbarities were
+perpetrated, and the same indifference to his superior's instructions
+exhibited by Gordon, who stuck to his dear Imperialist friends with
+extraordinary devotion and tenacity, considering their sanguinary deeds
+and treacherous nature.
+
+The _Shanghae Recorder_ (a paper supporting the policy of the British
+Government in China, and their very good Manchoo allies), in its issue
+of March 31, 1864, thus narrates the capture of Kar-sing-foo by the
+Imperialist General Ching and Major Baily, one of Gordon's
+subordinates:--"As we expected, the usual horrible and revolting cruelty
+was exercised, after the _surrender_ of Kar-sing-foo, by Ching's troops.
+On entering the city they encountered no resistance, when the
+unfortunates (_all non-combatants_) found remaining were laden with
+loot, obliged to carry it out to the Imperial lines, and forthwith
+beheaded, as payment in full! Truly it is the cold-blooded butcheries
+which disgrace the Imperialist cause, and deaden every feeling except
+unmitigated disgust at their mode of warfare." The city had been
+evacuated by the troops.
+
+The _China Mail_ (describing the capture of the city of Chang-chow-foo)
+by Gordon's Anglo-Manchoo force and an army of his Imperial friends, in
+its issue of May 30, 1864, states:--"The two breaches were carried in a
+rush, and quarter was given _to only a few hundred men_ who had offered
+to surrender some weeks before." The families of the garrison and the
+other inhabitants of this large city numbered many thousand; but all,
+excepting the "few hundred men," were cruelly butchered in cold blood
+during several days.
+
+The _Times_, in its issue of September 28, 1864, in a leading article
+upon the fall of Nankin, states:--"What the cost of human life has been
+on this occasion we cannot yet calculate. It is plain that no mercy was
+extended, and although the treacherous deeds at Soo-chow must have acted
+as a warning to the European officers, the account of the European
+eye-witnesses makes it evident that the carnage was very great."
+According to my own private advices, the _Friend of China_ and other
+journals, the Ti-ping capital was evacuated; therefore, the unfortunates
+butchered by the Imperialists were, probably, the sick, wounded, and
+poor inhabitants who were unable to fly, or had not sufficient
+inducement to do so.
+
+With regard to Gordon's "influence in favour of humanity," can any man
+of ordinary mind understand these results as philanthropical: viz., the
+slaughter of thousands in the field; the cold-blooded massacre of
+thousands of helpless prisoners; and the death of even hundreds of
+thousands by starvation; the destruction of Christianity and free
+circulation of the Bible, as practised among the Ti-pings; and the
+re-establishment of Buddhism? Those who ascribe philanthropical motives
+to Gordon must entertain curious ideas as to the love of mankind, when
+they illustrate it by ravaging Ti-pingdom with fire and sword!
+
+Having now terminated the narrative of Gordon's reconciliation with the
+Futai, the next chapter will describe the subsequent events.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[60] This Order in Council was passed on the 9th July, 1864. See "Copy
+of all Ordinances relating to Neutrality in China," issued in return to
+an address of the House of Commons, dated May 30, 1864. (Colonel Sykes'
+motion.)
+
+[61] Tien-chwangs, colonels of regiments.
+
+[62] Italics are by the Author.
+
+[63] This the Chung-wang proposed, if the Tien-wang would authorise such
+policy. As for his having even thought of "giving up the cause," the
+assertion is equally false and absurd, which subsequent events have
+proved.
+
+[64] Here we have Gordon's reasons for approving the treachery.
+
+[65] It was a follower of the Nar-wang who first attacked the Mo-wang.
+
+[66] It will be seen that Gordon here admits he was not an Imperialist
+officer, but a _local_ Mandarin's.
+
+[67] This sinister statement, when combined with the fact that Gordon
+soon afterwards returned to companionship and active co-operation with
+General Ching and the Futai, regardless of his responsibility for the
+Soo-chow treachery and massacre, certainly affords some ground for the
+belief that the whole tragedy was previously arranged; that Gordon
+retired only while compelled to do so by the unanimous expression of
+indignation among all Europeans (General Brown and other authorities
+included); and that his future course he originally intended to follow
+whenever the universal excitement became somewhat abated, and public
+attention less directed towards himself. Whether this conclusion be
+correct or otherwise, Major Gordon and his Manchoo friends alone can
+say; but in either case the Englishman fully deserves the imputation.
+His first conduct occasioned and made him _particeps_ in the treachery;
+his last act condoned the atrocities at which he had pretended to be
+disgusted.
+
+[68] This statement is quite sufficient to make Gordon entirely
+responsible for every circumstance connected with the surrender of
+Soo-chow. He made all the assurances and guarantees, it appears, but
+never troubled himself to insure their observance, although he had
+complete power to do so.
+
+[69] Here is another extraordinary admission; for, though Gordon's
+honour was pledged to preserve the lives and property of the deceived
+traitors, he very coolly took himself off to Quin-san, without making
+the slightest exertion to save the unfortunate people who had trusted to
+his word as a British officer. Subsequent to this event hundreds and
+thousands of the betrayed garrison were cruelly put to death. Who is
+responsible for the massacre--the Manchoos, who followed their natural
+instincts and barbarous laws, or the British officer, who obtained the
+surrender, guaranteed the terms, and then quietly permitted the
+violation of his pledges?
+
+[70] This concluding paragraph is simply a tissue of mendacity and
+absurdity. Does the dishonoured officer intend to qualify the
+treacherous destruction of _his_ prisoners, by introducing the totally
+irrelevant opinion that they have no Government, or "real ideas" of
+Christianity?
+
+[71] See Inclosure 1 in No. 9, "Return to an Address of the Honourable
+House of Commons," dated July 1, 1864:--for "Copies of Communications
+which have passed between Sir F. Bruce and Colonel Gordon."
+
+[72] See "Our Interests in China," by H. Lay, C.B., late
+Inspector-General of Chinese Customs, pp. 37-41. This _expose_ of
+British policy in China fully proves, together with Blue Book
+information, that Gordon never held any commission from the Emperor of
+China; that neither did he hold any commission from the local
+authorities, but, by serving without, was in reality a "filibuster."
+
+[73] It will be seen that Gordon's letter is dated from Soo-chow.
+
+[74] Italics by the Author.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+    Operations Resumed.--Attack on Kin-tang.--The Battle of the
+    Brickbats.--Ti-ping Success.--Active
+    Operations.--Manoeuvring.--Hang-chow Invested.--Fall of
+    Kar-sing-foo.--Gordon's Proceedings.--Chang-chow-foo.--Narrative
+    of the Siege.--Fall of Chang-chow.--The Foo-wang.--Manchoo
+    Cruelty.--Debate on the Chinese War.--Lord Palmerston's
+    Policy.--Its Errors.--Mr. Cobden's Policy.--Mr. Layard.--His
+    Inaccuracy.--Extracts from the Debate.--Result of Lord
+    Palmerston's Policy.--Fall of Nankin.--"Imperialist"
+    Account.--The Chung-wang's Capture.--Other Reports.--Digest of
+    Events.--The Chung-wang.--His Position in Nankin.--Events in the
+    City.--Newspaper Reports.--Doubts as to the Chung-wang's
+    Fate.--The Retreat from Nankin.--Newspaper Extracts.--The
+    Shi-wang's Proclamations.--Lee Shai-Yin's Address.
+
+
+Late in the month of February, 1864, the Futai's _General_, Gordon,
+resumed operations against the Ti-pings. Upon this occasion it appears
+that he acted entirely on his own responsibility, neither under the
+orders of his hitherto controller, General Brown (commanding H.B.
+Majesty's forces at Shanghae), nor the Futai. Consequently, the campaign
+to be noticed partook more strongly of filibustering than any of the
+preceding raids already described.
+
+The first movement the Anglo-Manchoo force made was directed against the
+walled city of Yih-sing, on the western shore of the Ta-hoo Lake, and
+about forty miles south-west of Wu-see. After a short engagement, the
+usual result of such operations occurred. The garrison, unable to resist
+the overwhelming artillery employed by Gordon, an arm newly replenished
+from the British arsenal at Shanghae before taking the field, was
+driven from the city with much loss; those who managed to escape
+retreating to Li-yang, the nearest walled town. Soon, however, they were
+followed up to this place, but the commandant having received orders to
+retire to another city, it was evacuated upon the appearance of the
+disciplined troops and their irresistible guns.
+
+The appearance of the country lately wrested from the Ti-pings is given
+as follows by one of Gordon's own officers (who was present during all
+operations) in his notes, "How the Taepings were driven out of the
+provinces of Kiang-nan and Che-kiang." Describing the march to Yih-sing,
+he states:--
+
+    "Some commissariat boats also went astray, causing the infantry
+    a few days' hunger, as scarcely any food could be obtained, the
+    country being all deserted and devastated. Seemingly it had not
+    been cultivated easily _after the Taepings lost possession_.
+    Hundreds of dead bodies were strewn along the roads, people who
+    died from starvation; and even the few who were yet alive,
+    watched one of their comrades dying, so as to obtain some food
+    off his dead body."[75]
+
+Sleep calmly and sweetly, ye China-rebel-subduing English politicians,
+and speak authoritatively as to the benefit of your intervention in the
+Chinese civil war, after reading this testimony from the hand of one of
+your mercenary tools! Is there a man so ill-"liberal" as to consider
+Lord Palmerston and colleagues are responsible for the results of their
+policy of interference towards the outlandish Chinamen? What do the
+starving Chinamen above mentioned say?
+
+Their easy successes seem to have made the victorious enemy too
+confident in their own prowess, and less cautious than heretofore.
+Leaving a garrison at Li-yang, and also a considerable portion of his
+artillery, Gordon next advanced upon Kin-tang, a small city to the
+north-west. Elated by his former triumphs, and believing that his
+appearance alone would cause the submission of all Ti-ping cities in the
+district, and place their long-haired people under the barber's razor,
+Gordon expected no resistance at Kin-tang, and was induced to think that
+the place would open its gates to receive him as a sort of "conquering
+hero" whenever he might choose to enter. It will be seen that he became
+the victim of misplaced confidence.
+
+Although, since my departure from China, and since the Ti-pings have
+been driven far inland, all information has been received from Chinese
+sources--false, exaggerated, and figurative--it seems pretty certain
+that the Chung-wang, after parting with me at Wu-see, placed the Shi and
+Foo Wangs in charge of the military position, while he proceeded to
+Nankin in order to confer with his king, the Tien-wang. Chang-chow-foo
+became the head-quarters of the Foo-wang, and it so happened that
+Kin-tang was similarly occupied by the Shi-wang (a general second only
+to the Commander-in-Chief in talent and capability), when Gordon arrived
+before its walls. Both cities were situated on the southern road from
+Nankin, and their retention was absolutely necessary to maintain either
+the communications of the capital, or insure the retreat of the
+garrison, should they be obliged to abandon their charge. In consequence
+of this the Chung-wang divided about 10,000 of the best Ti-ping troops
+between his two lieutenants for the express purpose of holding Kin-tang
+and Chang-chow, while another force was organized to co-operate in the
+field.
+
+The two Wangs had concentrated all their strength at Chang-chow when
+intelligence of Gordon's advance upon Kin-tang reached them. The
+Shi-wang, with a division of several thousand men, by forced marches,
+managed to throw himself into the city just before the enemy appeared.
+
+When the Anglo-Manchoo contingent arrived under the walls on the 20th of
+March, they summoned the place to surrender, but no reply was made, for
+the battlements were silent and deserted, neither soldier nor spear,
+nor sign of living occupation being visible. The gates were all fast
+closed, and although Gordon had been looking forward to enter peaceably,
+and when he had arrived could see neither trace of man nor prospect of
+opposition, something there must have been ominous and suspicious in the
+stillness reigning over the city, for he preferred battering the walls
+down to knocking at the gates and demanding admission. The heavy guns
+were moved up to within a few hundred yards; the boats, containing
+supplies, followed them by the creeks; and batteries were soon thrown
+up, still amidst the same profound and mysterious silence upon the part
+of the garrison. During the bombardment all the noise was on one side;
+nor flag, nor face, nor living thing could be observed about the
+encompassed battlements. After several hours' constant firing, a large
+and practicable breach was effected, and the 1st regiment of
+Anglo-Chinese ordered to storm the silent ramparts. The enemy came
+forward with a loud cheer, bearing with them bamboo bridges to throw
+across the moat, while the stormers were closely supported by portions
+of the 2nd and 5th regiments, who were allowed to enter the city ditch
+in their boats and cross unopposed. The short space between the moat and
+the foot of the breach was soon passed, and the storming column began to
+ascend. At this moment the hitherto invisible garrison appeared and
+broke their previous silence in a manner fatal to the assailants.
+Manning every available position, they threw such incessant showers of
+brickbats that the Imperialists, despite the gallant behaviour of their
+foreign officers, were unable to advance. The Ti-pings then rushed into
+the breach, and charging with their spears, drove them back in
+confusion. Three times the enemy turned to renew the struggle, but on
+each occasion were hurled back with loss, being quite unable to cope
+with the Ti-ping soldiers in a hand-to-hand combat. The breach was now
+played upon by the artillery, and the defenders driven back with great
+loss of life from the canister, grape, and shell. Gordon then ordered
+his Adjutant-General, Kirkham, to bring up fresh companies of the 2nd
+and 5th regiments, and himself to lead them forward to a second assault.
+Scarcely, however, had he given the order, when a jingall ball reached
+him at his almost secure distance and wounded him in the leg. _Colonel_
+Kirkham, with great bravery, led his men into the deadly breach, but
+when half-way up, fell severely wounded. Still, with courage worthy of a
+better cause, his men followed their officers only to be again charged
+by the valiant garrison and completely routed after a desperate conflict
+at close quarters. Again the murderous artillery swept away the
+defenders of the breach, and _Major_ Brown, Gordon's _aide-de-camp_,
+leading forward fresh columns, made a last desperate attempt to storm
+the yawning chasm. Again the disciplined Chinese and their foreign
+officers rushed upon the blood-stained ruins; but with dauntless and
+undiminished courage the Ti-pings again met them--spear to bayonet and
+firelock, and man to man. After a terrible struggle the assailants were
+finally driven off, and retreated upon Li-yang, with _Major_ Brown and
+all their commanding officers _hors-de-combat_. This action has been
+called "the Battle of the Brickbats," such missiles being the principal
+means of defence used by the garrison.
+
+The attack upon Kin-tang was the most severely contested action that the
+Anglo-Manchoo troops had ever fought. Their defeat is to be attributed
+to the fact that they were not assisted by an overwhelming park of
+artillery, which usually did all the fighting. If the Imperialists had
+not been supplied with British guns, men, and munitions of war, _ad
+libitum_, the Ti-pings would have been quite able to manage the
+disciplined legions. Gordon, in this assault, lost fourteen European
+officers and nearly one-seventh of the men engaged. The destruction
+amongst the defenders of Kin-tang must have been equally severe, not
+less than 600 having fallen.
+
+At this period the Ti-pings seem to have made a desperate effort to
+defeat the overwhelming numbers of the enemy encircling them on every
+quarter. At Nankin, Chang-chow-foo, and Kin-tang they managed to defeat
+the Imperialist forces almost on the same day at each place. The
+garrison of the capital having sallied forth in strength, defeated a
+portion of the great beleaguering army under Tseng-kwo-fan (Imperialist
+Commissioner and Governor-General of the two Kiang provinces) with much
+slaughter. Upon reaching Li-yang, after narrowly escaping being
+surrounded by the troops pursuing from Kin-tang, Gordon received
+intelligence the same evening that the garrison of Chang-chow had
+sallied out, completely routing the large investing force commanded by
+the Futai's brother, and following up the success by moving between
+Soo-chow and Shanghae, thereby threatening not only to recapture all the
+country lately wrested from Ti-ping rule, but isolate his division and
+more than counteract its operations by a powerful diversion upon
+Shanghae or Soo-chow.
+
+Leaving a strong detachment to garrison Li-yang, Gordon at once
+proceeded with the remainder of his force, and all the artillery, to
+operate against the Ti-pings from Chang-chow. On the 29th of March he
+came upon them at Hwa-soo, in the neighbourhood of the city of Chang-zu,
+about 35 miles north-east of Soo-chow. On the morning of the 30th,
+finding that the Ti-pings did not number more than 3,000, he ordered
+about 1,500 infantry to attack them, while he followed in the boats with
+the artillery, to give assistance if required. Again, as at Kin-tang,
+the Royal Engineer was completely out-generalled. The Foo and Shi Wangs
+were both consummate strategists, and at irregular warfare, when
+artillery was not employed against them, would easily have foiled Major
+Gordon.
+
+The Ti-pings continually gave way as the disciplined troops advanced;
+but they were manoeuvred so as to draw their pursuers into a position
+from which for a time they were themselves invisible, while a masked
+breast-work, ingeniously stretched across the end of the slight hollow,
+helped to conceal them. Barely had the retreating forces disappeared
+behind their slight intrenchment and the inequalities of the ground,
+when they were doubled back upon each flank so as to almost completely
+envelop the enemy. The Ti-pings were allowed to execute their manoeuvre
+thus easily through the incautious advance of their antagonists, for the
+latter halted in the very hollow to which they had been enticed,
+directly they lost sight of those whom they were pursuing. When next the
+Imperialists saw their opponents, it was in the form of a serried line,
+surrounding them upon every side except a small space in their rear, and
+charging them on front and both flanks. After a feeble resistance,
+during which they lost seven English officers and more than 200 men, the
+ranks of Gordon's force were broken, and the whole mercenary contingent
+fled from the field with precipitation.
+
+According to the published accounts of this engagement, the Ti-pings
+were commanded by the Foo-wang, "numbered about 3,000," and were "badly
+armed." It will thus be seen that, without artillery being brought to
+bear against them, they were quite able to cope hand to hand with the
+disciplined troops, officered by foreigners and well armed with musket
+and bayonet as the latter were, although poorly equipped with a small
+supply of jingalls, a few bad European firearms, and a majority of
+bamboo spears.
+
+During the spring of the year 1864, the Ti-pings struggled with
+desperate bravery against the odds opposed to them; and for some time it
+seemed very doubtful whether they would succeed or not. While Gordon and
+the Imperialist troops were being defeated in the northern districts of
+the Ti-ping territory, the Franco-Manchoo contingent and co-operating
+forces were meeting a similar fate in the south. Late in February the
+Imperialists besieging Hang-chow, the provincial capital of Che-kiang,
+were totally defeated by a sortie of the whole garrison. About the same
+time another large army was routed by a Ti-ping force in the
+neighbourhood of Fo-yang, a city not far from Hang-chow. Having
+recovered from their former repulse and obtained fresh supplies of
+British mercenaries and munitions of war, the Mandarins again proceeded
+to invest the provincial capital. On the 2nd of March the
+Franco-Chinese, commanded by _Generals_ D'Aiguebelle and Schodelana,
+attacked the above city, and after several hours' hard fighting,
+succeeded in capturing three forts on the south side; only, however, to
+be driven out by a desperate charge the Ti-pings made during the
+afternoon, with a loss of fourteen Europeans and more than a hundred
+men. On the 29th of the same month, the besiegers recommenced active
+operations. Supported by a strong body of Imperialists, the
+Franco-Chinese attacked and carried the outworks of the city a second
+time, the garrisons retiring within the walls after some hard fighting.
+The next day fire was opened upon the city from numerous siege
+artillery, and a practicable breach was soon effected. Again the
+Franco-Chinese, or more correctly speaking, Manchoos, led the assault,
+but met with such gallant resistance that they were driven back to their
+supports in confusion. Twice they bravely rallied, and twice they
+endeavoured to storm the breach, rendered impregnable by the brave
+hearts and ready hands defending it, and each time they were repulsed
+with great slaughter. At the close of the day the assault was given up,
+after a heavy loss of life, and a vast expenditure of British shot and
+shell without other result.
+
+Although Hang-chow could not be wrested from the Ti-pings by force of
+arms, a few days later it fell from external influences, having been
+rendered untenable through the capture of Kar-sing-foo by the enemy,
+whereby its supplies and lines of communication were cut off.
+
+About the same time that Gordon commenced his raid upon Yih-sing,
+Li-yang, and Kin-tang, Manchoo General Ching proceeded with a large army
+and an auxiliary force composed of detachments from the English
+contingent, to beleaguer the city of Kar-sing-foo, situated about midway
+between Soo-chow and Hang-chow, on the Grand Canal. Ching was the
+bravest native general engaged against the Ti-pings; he was a renegade
+from their cause, and we all know that such people make the most bitter
+enemies. He had already been defeated before the city, shortly after I
+had left it on my last return to Shanghae. Gordon's subordinate,
+_Colonel_ Bailey, had charge of the large siege train accompanying the
+army, and in a few hours after establishing his batteries, managed to
+effectively breach the walls of the doomed city. On rushed Ching's men
+and their allies, but their efforts were useless, for every assault
+failed; and Ching himself received a wound which, more than a month
+later, proved mortal. Some few days subsequent to this repulse, large
+reinforcements were received by the enemy, fresh breaches were made, and
+the small but devoted garrison was compelled to evacuate the place at
+night, having lost their gallant commander, Yoong-wang, and nearly
+two-thirds of their number. When the Imperialists at last entered, they
+put to the sword all the unfortunate non-combatants who had not fled the
+city,[76] sparing neither man, woman, nor child, during their cruel
+butchery of the unoffending inhabitants. Does Colonel Gordon, R.E., call
+this "observing the rules of warfare as practised among foreign
+nations," according to the proviso of Sir F. Bruce? Does Sir F. Bruce,
+after the massacres at Wu-see, Kar-sing, &c., still term Gordon's
+conduct "a service in favour of humanity"?
+
+After the loss of Kar-sing, Hang-chow was also evacuated, and the two
+garrisons retreated to the large city of Hoo-chow-foo. The fortune of
+war now set strongly against the Christian patriots. With a few
+memorable exceptions, they were everywhere defeated, through the British
+influence so cruelly brought to bear against them, for which they were
+always unprepared, and equally unable to resist.
+
+Having retired to Quin-san (the head-quarters of the Anglo-Manchoo
+contingent), after his defeat at Hwa-soo, Gordon was shortly joined by
+an Imperialist army of 15,000 men. A body of troops, commanded by
+officers of H.B. Majesty's 67th regiment, was also moved from Shanghae
+to support them. The Imperialists and the whole disciplined force,
+together with the latter's large park of artillery, now took the field
+again and moved upon the Foo-wang's position. The Ti-pings were still
+lightly intrenched at the village of Hwa-soo; they had been strongly
+reinforced by the Shi-wang, but were considerably hampered by a large
+number of country people who had fled from the enemy.
+
+On the 11th of April the Imperialists commenced their attack, but,
+warned by former defeats, they entirely depended upon their artillery,
+to which the Ti-pings had not a single gun to reply with. The
+over-matched defenders were at last shelled out of their open
+breast-works with great slaughter, and being outflanked by the
+disciplined and undisciplined enemy, were much cut up during their
+retreat, while a great number were made prisoners and savagely put to
+death, as described in Chapter XXIII. by the letter of an officer
+present, under the eyes of _General_ Gordon. The loss of the Ti-pings on
+this occasion was very heavy. Although the Shi and Foo Wangs succeeded
+in cutting their way through the enemy with their best troops, at least
+8,000 unfortunates, principally country people, were killed.
+
+Following up his success, Gordon pursued the retreating force to
+Chang-chow-foo. Meanwhile troops were being concentrated upon the same
+point from every quarter, so that within a few days the city was
+surrounded by an immense Imperialist army, which was estimated to exceed
+100,000 men. The Shi-wang having proceeded to Kin-tang, the garrison
+commanded by the Foo-wang cannot have consisted of more than 7,000 to
+8,000 effective soldiers, but at least 10,000 civilians, including all
+persons of any standing in the Chang-chow district, and who were Ti-ping
+subjects, or held civil office under the Tien-wang's Government, had
+sought refuge within the city walls, carrying with them their movable
+property and their families, whereby the number of non-combatants was
+more than doubled.
+
+Three times already had the Imperialists been completely routed before
+the city, and the siege raised by the gallant resistance of the
+garrison, although on two occasions the enemy were assisted by
+detachments of foreign artillery and disciplined troops. After much hard
+fighting the defenders were driven from all their outworks and strictly
+confined to the city walls, when the besiegers at once proceeded to
+effect several breaches. The following account of the subsequent efforts
+of Gordon and the Futai to storm the place is partly transcribed from
+the narrative of an officer engaged, and which was published in the
+_Shanghae Recorder_ of May 2, 1864.
+
+The Ti-pings having been driven from all their stockades and
+intrenchments to the west of the city, and these being occupied by a
+strong force of Imperial troops, Gordon moved round opposite the
+south-east angle, and commenced forming his siege batteries, while the
+Imperialists placed their guns on his left, facing the south of the
+city. A combined attack was arranged for the 27th of April, but as the
+Imperialist batteries were ready on the 24th, and the troops who had so
+often been defeated were eager to storm, and averse to relinquish their
+hope of taking the city, the Futai gave orders to open fire, and by
+three o'clock in the afternoon a capital breach was effected. The
+advance was sounded and the stormers pushed on steadily to the city
+ditch, but were there thrown into confusion by some defect in the
+bridges. At last, however, they scrambled across, and advancing through
+the stakes got to the foot of the breach, where they maintained
+themselves for a considerable time; but the defenders, notwithstanding a
+most destructive covering fire from the Imperialist guns and from a
+battery of Gordon's enfilading the _terre plein_, manned the breach and
+wall with great courage, regardless of life, and compelled the
+assailants to fall back with heavy loss. This ended the first day's
+assault.
+
+Gordon's guns having been put in position during the night, and a
+pontoon bridge laid down over the city ditch (the garrison was too weak
+to prevent the same by a sortie, and had not a single cannon to oppose
+its construction), at daybreak he opened fire, while the Imperialists'
+batteries did the same to knock away the barricades thrown up in their
+breach. Bang, bang, went the heavy guns, as quickly followed by the boom
+of bursting shell tearing up ponderous masses of the wall, and burying
+beneath them many of the defenders, while the smaller guns laid along
+the parapet right and left operated with deadly effect wherever the
+garrison appeared, or opened fire with their jingalls or musketry. By
+half-past twelve o'clock the new breach was rendered practicable, and
+the signal was given to the Imperialists to storm at the old one. On
+rushed the 4th Regiment of Anglo-Manchoo mercenaries, bravely led by
+_Colonel_ Howard, and forward came the Ti-pings to the breach,
+determined and daring, to be mowed down in heaps by the terrible
+covering fire of the artillery; but no sooner down than their place was
+filled by their followers rushing with unabated courage to the defence.
+In the words of the officer whose narrative we are making contribute to
+this history:--The edge of the city ditch was gained, and over went the
+4th Regiment's colours, accompanied by Colonel Howard, Captain Cane
+(R.A.), and Lieutenant Stackpole, and up the breach through a shower of
+missiles and fire-balls. Then came that deadly pause, the colours waving
+on the breach, defended by a few brave men. The defenders and assailants
+hesitated. They stood at bay for a moment. The "celestial" nature shrank
+from the dread conflict hand to hand. The officers attempted to break
+the spell: they pushed their men, they pulled them, they beat them with
+their swords, but in vain. The Ti-pings, fighting for life, sooner
+recovered their presence of mind, and every man discharged his missile
+on the heads of the assailants. The colours and their defenders were
+pushed off the wall down the breach, and had to retire over the bridge
+on their column. A murderous fire was poured from every loop-hole, men
+were falling fast, yet the attacking force stood its ground, but
+hesitated to advance to where it would have been comparatively safe,
+being too low for the aim of the besieged. The retire was now sounded,
+and the stormers fell back to cover.
+
+The Ti-pings suffered terribly from the superior arms of their
+assailants, and now that they had succeeded in repulsing them a second
+time, they were swept from the shattered walls by the artillery, which
+still continued to fire on them. At half-past two o'clock in the
+afternoon the enemy were ready at both points of attack for a
+simultaneous movement. Up went their signal rockets, a yell burst from
+the ranks of Gordon's force, which was taken up and carried along the
+Imperialist lines, and on came both storming parties at a rapid pace.
+The 3rd Regiment of the English contingent now made the assault, and
+their colours were borne up the breach by Captain Winstanley (H.M.'s
+67th Regiment), and other officers rallying around them and fighting
+hand to hand with the defenders. The Imperialists crossed their bridges,
+crowded at the foot of the other breach, and waved their flags about,
+but hesitated to mount it. With their bamboo spears, and undiminished
+courage, the brave garrison rushed to meet their well-armed enemy,
+while all who possessed firearms plied them diligently from the walls,
+and others kept up an incessant volley of brickbats from the heaps piled
+ready for use around the rampart, and which formed a principal means of
+defence. Still Gordon's troops maintained their position on the walls,
+and, if possible, began to increase the extent of their lodgment, whilst
+the Ti-pings were falling fast from the musketry of the enemy, which
+they had but small means to answer. At this critical moment the Foo-wang
+headed a last desperate charge in person. Leading forward all his
+unwounded men, this gallant chief inspired them with fresh ardour, while
+the efforts of the assailants began to flag. As one present stated: The
+contest every moment became more close, and was prolonged for at least
+twenty minutes. At length the stormers were driven from the ground they
+had gained, and hurled to the bottom of the breach. Several times they
+struggled to mount again, but every attempt was futile. The rear ranks
+of the enemy being under the fire from the wall, lost heavily in killed
+and wounded, while the front ranks, so desperately opposed, could not
+advance. The order to retire was now given, and the assaulting forces
+were withdrawn to cover, while their artillery again swept the breach
+with canister, shell, and grape, inflicting fearful havoc among the
+dauntless garrison of Chang-chow. During all this time the Imperialists
+had hurried on column after column to assault by their own breach, but
+none were able to effect a lodgment within the well-defended walls of
+the city. Every attack was repulsed with great slaughter upon both
+sides, and at last the bravest of the late General Ching's--he had died
+from the effects of a wound in the head received at Kar-sing--Mandarins
+advanced with his men, but though he passed the sticking point and got
+his colours partly into the breach, yet he too was brought to a stand
+and obliged to retire. The assault was now abandoned, and the besiegers
+carried off their killed and wounded, including 27 European officers,
+400 of the English contingent, and about 1,500 Imperialists.
+
+Although the Ti-pings were victorious, and had succeeded in defeating
+every attack upon the city, their triumph was only purchased by an awful
+sacrifice of life. When the stormers mounted the wall a fearful sight
+was before them. "Far as the eye could see, heaps upon heaps lay dead
+and mangled." During the different assaults at least one half the
+garrison were placed _hors-de-combat_, principally by the murderous fire
+of the enemy's artillery, which they were totally unable to countervail,
+having none to reply with. Chang-chow being completely surrounded by the
+vast Imperialist army, its fall, either by famine or the sword, was
+certain.
+
+Having established fresh batteries at a different part of the city, on
+the 11th of May the enemy succeeded in capturing it. Upon this occasion
+two immense breaches were made, while the incessant artillery fire, and
+the overwhelming rush of the enormously superior assailing force over
+the wide-spread ruins of the wall, quickly overpowered the last gallant
+resistance offered by the remnant of the garrison. A comparison of the
+casualties of the English contingent at each attack affords the best
+proof that the terrible results of the first had almost exterminated the
+defenders. At the first attack the contingent lost 27 officers and 400
+men; at the second, only 2 killed and 5 wounded! When the Imperialists
+poured through the two fresh breaches, the best and bravest of the
+remaining Ti-ping soldiers sacrificed themselves in the futile effort to
+repulse them, while their comrades, although fighting desperately to the
+last, were driven from the walls, and then through the streets of the
+city, still disputing the ground step by step. At last the few survivors
+were brought to bay in the commandant's palace. Throughout all the
+fighting the brave Foo-wang had been foremost in leading and encouraging
+his troops, and now, still unwounded, with several officers and a score
+or two of men, he made a last desperate stand in his own house. One by
+one his few followers--unable to conquer, but determined to die with
+their faces to the foe and their hands raised to the last in defence of
+their noble cause--fell around him, and then for a moment he fought
+alone against a host of assailants. Still he was not killed, for a price
+was fixed upon his capture alive. At length this dauntless chief, whose
+acquaintance I have valued, and whose elegist I am proud though grieved
+to have become, was overpowered by numbers and beaten to the ground,
+though not until many an enemy had fallen under his heavy sword. Even
+when disarmed and helpless in the grasp of the foe, he still struggled
+against a fate that would never have befallen him but for the
+unexpected, irresistible, and unrighteous military interference of
+England. One report of the capture of Chang-chow (_China Mail_, May 30)
+states:--"The chief (Foo-wang) of those who were in command of the city,
+fought in his palace to the last, and required ten men to bind his hands
+and secure him; and, when brought into the presence of the Futai,
+refused submission or to pay any respect to him, saying, 'Ah! were it
+not for the aid of the disciplined troops (under Gordon) he defied all
+the Futai's hosts to take the city from him.'" If the British army,
+arsenals, and navy had been thrown open to supply the young and vigorous
+revolution, instead of _wasting_ their help upon the corrupt and
+hopeless Manchoo, how great would the success and future results have
+been! With all the British assistance the Imperialists have barely been
+able to drive the Ti-pings from their cities and possessions in the
+provinces of Che-kiang and Kiang-nan, much less to suppress the great
+Christian and patriotic movement, or insure its final extinguishment.
+
+The Foo-wang was cruelly put to death by his merciless captors. "The two
+breaches were carried in a rush, and quarter was given _to only a few
+hundred men_;" so says the report above quoted from. How many days the
+triumphant Mandarins were engaged butchering the unfortunate inhabitants
+does not transpire; but, with the exception of the small number
+mentioned, the whole 12,000, besides the garrison, with their families,
+were massacred. Two years' provisions were found in the city, and this
+being stored in the Ti-ping granaries, was the entire produce of the
+district, and was the sole means destined to support the people during
+the ensuing season. The whole supply was seized by the Imperialists; and
+though previous to their success much misery had been caused by the
+general effect of the war, after their capture of the departmental city
+the entire department was starved; such being the usual result of
+Manchoo re-establishment in any locality, and particularly so at
+Chang-chow-foo, as proved by the letter of the first English-contingent
+officer in Chapter XXIII.
+
+We have now noticed four authenticated instances (the captures of
+Wu-see, Kar-sing-foo, Hwa-soo, and Chang-chow-foo), subsequent to
+Gordon's return to service, when the conditions upon which Sir F. Bruce
+gave his approval to that officer's action were violated by the
+wholesale massacre of the vanquished and prisoners. We may, therefore,
+while expressing boundless disgust at Colonel Gordon's persistent
+continuance in the Futai's service after each and every one of these
+atrocities, fairly presume that the astounding assertion as to his
+influence in favour of humanity--in spite of the eulogy by Mr.
+Montgomery Martin at a late "China dinner" in London, wherein he stated
+that the officer in question had done more _for_ the "civil cause" in
+China than all the bishops, merchants, and military put together--is not
+only negatived, but quite reversed.
+
+Soon after the capture of Chang-chow-foo, Colonel Gordon was compelled
+to withdraw from active military operations by the Order in Council,
+prohibiting further aid to the Manchoo. He managed, however, to continue
+acting contrary to the ordinance, by organizing camps of instruction
+and proceeding to Nankin in person, there to advise the besieging forces
+commanded by Tseng-kwo-fan.
+
+About the time the events noticed in this chapter were taking place in
+China, in England the energetic opposition of such men as Lord Naas,
+Colonel Sykes, Hon. Mr. Liddell, Mr. White, Messrs. Bright, Cobden, &c.,
+from their places in the House of Commons, drew attention to the
+subject, and will ever stand as a memorable protest against the criminal
+policy of the Government.
+
+During the second debate of the session on "British relations with
+China" (May 20, 1864), Mr. Baxter, M.P., very happily termed the policy
+of the Government "not a comedy of errors, but a tragedy of errors."
+Lord Palmerston, in this case, defended his policy by a very
+extraordinary argument, which it is singular that his opponents did not
+use to his confusion. Coming out as the advocate of intervention in
+foreign affairs, he stated, as a justification of his war against the
+Ti-pings:--
+
+    "We have interfered in other countries, and with great benefit
+    to those countries.... We interfered in the case of Greece, and
+    established the independence of the Greek state. We interfered
+    in the affairs of Belgium, and established it as an independent
+    state. We interfered in the case of Portugal, and enabled the
+    people of that country to obtain a free and parliamentary
+    constitution. (Hear, hear.) We interfered in the affairs of
+    Spain with equal success, and a similar result.... We interfered
+    in a great measure in those events which led to the Crimean
+    war.... We interfered in the affairs of China; and why? Because
+    our treaty rights _were_ endangered, and our national interests
+    _were_ at stake."
+
+Now, the noble Premier here cites a number of precedent cases;
+unfortunately, however, for his argument and acumen, on each occasion
+referred to, England, as worthily became her, interfered in the cause of
+an oppressed people; whereas, in the present case, he had been the
+active originator of an intervention diametrically the very opposite--a
+military interference _against_ the oppressed natives of China, who were
+striving to liberate _and Christianize_ their unfortunate country. If
+Lord Palmerston had interfered in the spirit of the cases which came so
+glibly to his voluble tongue, he would have interfered to support the
+Ti-pings--not to slaughter them.
+
+After striving to justify his policy by precedents which should have
+entirely reversed it, Lord Palmerston was equally unhappy in his faulty
+explanation of the reasons "why" he interfered in China. As the Hon. Mr.
+Liddell, M.P., well said in his speech after the Premier, "The noble
+Viscount said that the Government interfered because the treaty rights
+were in danger. He wanted to know in what single instance had our treaty
+rights or our trade been in danger? He had asked that question before,
+and he now repeated it. (Hear, hear.) He wished to know any instance in
+which either the property or the life of a British subject had been
+placed in danger?"
+
+Every member of the British Parliament, who questioned the China policy
+of the Government, has asked the same question. It has never been
+answered, because there is really not a single fact on which to base an
+answer. Colonel Sykes, M.P., has frequently defied and challenged the
+Government to cite one act ever committed by the Ti-pings prejudicial to
+British interests, and they have been quite unable to do so; for none
+are upon record.
+
+Those who have been interested enough to wade through the compiled
+portion of this work will, no doubt, at once perceive the truthlessness
+of Lord Palmerston's charge against the Ti-pings, viz., that they
+endangered the treaty rights and national interests of England. No
+particle of truth mingles with the unfounded charge; no tittle of proof
+has ever been produced to justify the undeclared hostilities perpetrated
+against a friendly people which were consequent on it.
+
+Besides this, the venerable Premier was no less unfortunate with each
+proposition he chose to base his arguments upon. To prove the cruelty
+of the Ti-pings, he stated:--
+
+    "A steamer, called the _Firefly_, was carried off, and four or
+    five men, who were upon the vessel, were roasted to death.
+
+    "Colonel Sykes.--'By whom?'
+
+    "Lord Palmerston.--'The Taepings.'
+
+    "Colonel Sykes.-'No, no!'"
+
+Now, by the above extract from the _Standard's_ report of the debate, we
+find that the Prime Minister's vivid imagination positively roasted the
+men whose fate has never yet been ascertained even in China. They are
+referred to in Chapter XXIV. of this work, but whether they are living
+or dead, and, if dead, how they were killed, are questions which have
+never yet been satisfactorily answered; and, from the mystery in which
+the fate of the unfortunate men is involved, probably never will be.
+
+Again, in a feeble effort to vaunt the duration and existence of the
+Manchoo dynasty, and, consequently, to make it appear that the Ti-pings
+were not striving to expel a foreign rule of comparatively modern
+establishment (which has never been entirely acknowledged nor submitted
+to, which has always been rebelled against, and which is still foreign
+to and hated by the Chinese), but, on the contrary, were simply rebels
+against an ancient and legitimate throne, Lord Palmerston made another
+very singular and important _mistake_. He tried to be satirical in
+commenting upon the excellent speech made by Mr. Baxter, M.P., who
+brought on the debate, by stating:--
+
+    "My hon. friend says he has studied the Blue Books, but I
+    apprehend that he has not equally studied the history of China.
+    He talks of the Imperial dynasty as having been recently
+    established over a conquered country; and, if I am not
+    misinformed, I think it has existed for nearly 500 years."
+
+Well, the noble Premier was misinformed, and very much so, too. The
+Manchoo Tartars invaded China A.D. 1644; they had not established
+themselves as its masters before the year 1683. It was, doubtless, very
+funny and gratifying to chaff a troublesome member out of countenance,
+but still there must be some people who expect the Chief Minister of the
+British Government to be pretty accurate in the statements he makes from
+his place in the House of Parliament.
+
+We will now notice a few incidents of the next, and last, debate on
+China; when the late Mr. Cobden, on the evening of May 31, 1864, rose to
+move in the House of Commons:--
+
+    "That, in the opinion of this House, the policy of
+    non-intervention, by force of arms, in the internal political
+    affairs of foreign countries, which we profess to observe in our
+    relations with the states of Europe and America, should be
+    observed in our intercourse with the Empire of China."
+
+Mr. Cobden, after making a truly magnificent and exhaustive speech, was
+replied to by Mr. Layard, the Under Secretary of State for Foreign
+Affairs. Out of the many distinguished Members who followed, only one,
+Mr. Gregson, supported the policy of the Government; and he, by faintest
+praise and three minutes' unmeaning talk, proved but a poor champion, if
+he did not make a worse case for his superiors.
+
+At the termination of the debate, Mr. Cobden withdrew his motion because
+Lord Palmerston distinctly avowed the failure and abandonment of his
+policy of intervention in China, and declared his intention to preserve
+an entirely neutral, defensive attitude in future.
+
+The faithlessness and falsehood induced by the evil course adopted by
+the British Government in persistently endeavouring to carry out Lord
+Palmerston's pertinacious, crotchety, unrighteous policy to force
+British trade upon China (which involved the necessity of crushing the
+Imperial power, and then that of the Ti-ping revolution which would have
+succeeded it, so that, in fact, the British Government could dictate its
+whims without fear of refusal or opposition) were singularly
+exemplified during the debate referred to.
+
+We have seen that in the preceding debate Lord Palmerston plainly and
+frankly declared:--
+
+    "We interfered in the affairs of China; and why?"
+
+Now, Mr. Layard, when replying to Mr. Cobden's speech, stated:--
+
+    "Her Majesty's Government had been accused of supporting the
+    Chinese" (Manchoo) "government against the Taipings. [Cries of
+    hear, hear!] _He had pointed out that such was not the
+    case._"--He then qualified this sentence by saying,--"Beyond our
+    preventing the Taepings entering the treaty ports FOR THE
+    PURPOSE OF DESTROYING THEM, a course which we were compelled to
+    take."
+
+First, Mr. Layard denies the interference declared by Lord Palmerston,
+and then he admits it, attempting to justify the policy by the sweeping
+assertion in capitals. Now, if the ministers were "compelled" to prevent
+the Ti-pings entering the treaty ports, how is it that they were allowed
+to capture and occupy the treaty port of Ningpo? And now, to impugn Mr.
+Layard's veracity, if the Ti-pings endeavoured to enter the treaty ports
+"FOR THE PURPOSE OF DESTROYING THEM," how is it that they held the city
+of Ningpo for many months and did not destroy the least particle of
+property within its walls?
+
+Mr. Layard's fault is a common one, only in an uncommon position. He
+knew that the policy of the Government was wrong, he knew that he was
+wrong himself, and besides occupying the pugnacious position of buffer
+or breakwater to the Foreign Office, he did not like to admit it. Poor
+Mr. Layard's situation must be an unpleasant one sometimes. He has
+unpleasant work to do. Undoubtedly he has an irritable temper and a
+sharp tongue, but it is rather unfortunate that he has a bad memory.
+After stating that her Majesty's Government had not been interfering,
+"such was not the case," beyond preventing the destruction of the
+treaty ports, and affirming, "the hon. gentleman the member for Montrose
+(Mr. Baxter), the other evening, after condemning the policy of the
+Government, concluded by expressing a wish, that the Government would
+continue to defend the treaty ports and protect British interests in
+China. _That was what the Government had been doing all along._" After
+thus expressing himself, Mr. Layard declared, "His hon. friend had
+really condemned a state of things in China _which no longer existed_."
+That is to say, Mr. Layard firstly stated that the hostilities waged
+against the Ti-pings were only to protect British interests; in fact,
+simply a defensive policy; and, secondly, he stated that such policy "no
+longer existed." Therefore, the natural deduction is that the British
+Government ceased to protect British interests at the treaty ports;
+such, however, was not and is not the case. The change that took place
+was the abandonment of the policy "of supporting the Chinese (Manchoo)
+Government against the Taepings," and the cessation of further
+aggressive military and naval operations against them. This was
+satisfactorily proved by the Premier's speech, who sadly contradicted
+his subordinate's defensive theory, as the following extracts from it
+will show:--
+
+    "Now, it is almost unnecessary, I think, for them" (the members
+    who had spoken against his policy) "to have expressed their
+    opinion with regard to the expedition of Captain Osborn, and the
+    employment of Major Gordon and others, because we have stated on
+    former occasions that those Orders in Council under which those
+    officers _were employed_" (by the Manchoo Government; how about
+    Mr. Layard's "such was not the case"?) "have been revoked....
+    Therefore that policy is at an end." (Now the following is a
+    plain avowal of what Mr. Cobden brought his motion against.) "I
+    think that we were perfectly justified in the steps we took,
+    because it is evident that the more we can contribute to the
+    _internal classification_ of China, the more the trade, which
+    everybody agrees is the main and principal object of our going
+    to China, the more that trade would flourish....
+
+    "If, by allowing a British subject _to enter into the service of
+    the Emperor_ _of China_,[77] we have been the means of
+    strengthening the hands of the Chinese Government, and enabling
+    them to put down in any degree or diminish the scope of that
+    rebellion, I say we should have been rendering not only a
+    service to China, but promoting those objects to which alone our
+    intercourse with China ought to be confined.[78] THOSE MEASURES
+    HAVE FAILED, and I am sorry for it."
+
+After this expression of opinion it is by no means surprising to find
+the Premier declaring a little further on, in the same speech: "I say it
+is the duty of this country to endeavour by _all the means_ in her power
+to extend her commerce." Under _these_ circumstances it is not difficult
+to account for the intervention in China, and while Englishmen, who have
+any respect for the principles of right and justice, may regret their
+late lamented statesman did not say, "by all the" righteous or
+legitimate "means in her power," they cannot fail to feel gratified that
+"those measures have failed," even though the originator of the
+measures, their late popular and jaunty minister, was "sorry for it."
+
+Those measures have failed! it is true. They have failed miserably; they
+have failed to work good, but not to do harm. England has derived no
+benefit from them, China has received much evil. The schemes to
+Anglicise the Chinese army, navy, and civil service have failed; the
+efforts to extinguish rebellion against the Manchoo allies of the
+British Government (after the last war had rendered them quite powerless
+and docile _for the time being_) have likewise signally failed, for
+rebellion is more rife than ever: but "those measures" have been
+famously successful in causing an enormous sacrifice of life, in
+injuring the cause of Christianity and civilization, and obstructing its
+progress in China for the present.
+
+The failure of Lord Palmerston's policy came all too late for
+rectifying the evil already perpetrated. Within two months of his public
+announcement that the measures of his administration had failed, Nankin,
+the capital and the political strength of the Ti-pings, fell into the
+hands of the Imperialists. Assisted, as we have described, by the
+powerful, though underhanded, British alliance, the Manchoo forces were
+enabled to capture or isolate every city beyond the capital. When
+Chang-chow-foo was taken by the Englishman Gordon, the neighbouring
+cities of Tan-yang, Kin-tang, &c., became untenable, and were
+consequently evacuated by their garrisons. Under command of
+Le-shih-seen, the Shi-wang (the Chung-wang's cousin, sometimes
+figuratively referred to as his "brother"), were also the troops from
+Hang-chow (capital of Che-kiang), Kar-sing-foo, Yih-shing, Li-yang, and
+many smaller places. Between these forces and Nankin the vast army
+commanded by the Imperialist Le-Futai now intervened, but their
+communication with the great city of Hoo-chow-foo, at the south of the
+Ta-hoo lake, and strongly garrisoned by several wangs, was still intact.
+
+Unable to advance against the superior forces of the enemy, much less to
+reach Nankin and endeavour to rescue it from the besieging army of
+Imperialists under Tseng-kwo-fan, at least 80,000 to 100,000 strong, the
+Shi-wang commenced what seems to have been a preconcerted retreat to the
+south. This occurred during the month of June.
+
+Shortly afterwards, on the 19th of July, 1864, Nankin reverted to
+Manchoo authority. Thus the city which had been the capital of the great
+Ti-ping revolution and the head-quarters of its Government during more
+than eleven years, and which throughout that period had defied the
+strongest efforts of the rulers of the greatest and most populous empire
+in the world, succumbed at last through the unjustifiable hostilities
+and crotchety, bullying, meddlesomeness of the British Government or
+some of its members.
+
+Again, soon after this overwhelming disaster, the Ti-ping forces at
+Hoo-chow-foo, after soundly beating their immediate adversaries,
+evacuated that city, and followed in the rear of the Shi-wang's army, if
+they did not join it during the nearly simultaneous retrograde movement.
+During the months of May, June, July, and August, 1864, the remnants of
+Ti-pingdom continued retreating to the southern provinces.
+
+We must now consider for a moment the loss of Nankin. Of the two other
+events--the retreat of the Shi-wang's army and the retreat from
+Hoo-chow--it is needless to say much, as these fugitives are well known
+to be safe, and at present advantageously disputing the enemy in the
+south of China.
+
+The only records of the fall of the Ti-ping capital are those of
+Imperialist origin, and the lying proclivities of the whole body of
+Manchoo officials are too well known to need comment.
+
+The following particulars are condensed from the Mandarin reports; they
+cannot be depended upon except to a very limited extent, and are,
+therefore, succeeded by a version I have deduced from almost every
+source of European information in China, comprising the Shanghae and
+Hong-kong press, and intelligence gathered for me by friends on the
+spot. Besides this, I have carefully traced the progress of events since
+the fall of Nankin till the present moment, and have found my former
+experience of much value in disentangling contradictory and confused
+statements.
+
+The Imperialist accounts of the capture of Nankin are to the following
+effect:--
+
+On the 17th of August news reached the besieging army that the Tien-wang
+had committed suicide by swallowing gold-leaf. The Imperialists now
+pushed on their works more rapidly than before, and on the 19th of the
+same month, having run an enormous mine under the north-east gate, they
+fired it, and completely destroyed a portion of the wall, about one
+hundred and twenty feet in length. It is also reported that 68,000
+pounds of powder were used in the explosion.
+
+The Imperialists stated that they lost 5,000 killed and wounded in the
+breach, but, as the _North China Market Report_ observed, "for this
+assertion there is not the slightest foundation, as on the day following
+the assault there remained no trace of a struggle." In similar style
+they declared that their losses while storming the Tien-wang's palace
+were immense, but, as the European journals say, "This assertion is in
+like manner utterly false. The gate must have been forced with little or
+no difficulty, or quietly given up, and the very citadel of Taepingdom
+was in the hands of the enemy."
+
+Now, after having poisoned the Ti-ping king with gold-leaf, the enemy
+very curiously burned him to death.
+
+Immediately after the capture of Nankin, Mr. Adkins, H.M. Consul at
+Chin-kiang, proceeded to the city on board M.M.S. _Slaney_, in order, as
+he expresses himself in his despatch to Earl Russell on the subject, "to
+congratulate the Chinese (Manchoo) Commander-in-Chief on the auspicious
+termination of his two years' siege." Well, the commander, or some of
+his followers, told the officious Mr. Adkins that when they made good
+their entrance into the city, "they found that the palace of the
+Tien-wang _had been burnt to the ground_."
+
+What about the "immense loss" of the other version, in which they do
+such heroic deeds to capture the palace?
+
+Mr. Adkins goes on to say "that the impostor (?) and his immediate
+attendants lie buried in its ruins."
+
+The victors also reported that they captured the Chung-wang a few days
+later, and also the Kan-wang when they entered the city, finding him in
+the Tien-wang's palace. Chung-wang, they say, managed to leave the city
+with a number of followers, but was captured three days later by a body
+of cavalry sent in pursuit: this was the account given to Mr. Adkins.
+Another Imperialist version states that the Ti-ping Commander-in-Chief
+was captured by _some villagers_ a few miles from the city, through
+having given up his own white horse (celebrated for great strength and
+fleetness) to his young prince, the Tien-wang's son, and having
+compelled him to mount it and escape when he saw that at least a portion
+of his party must be captured. Certainly this seems very characteristic
+of the Chung-wang's brave, loyal, and generous nature, but then it is
+the only incident in the whole narrative which bears the appearance of
+truth and probability. Besides the above two stories of his capture,
+when the enemy obtained possession of Hoo-chow-foo, they reported that
+they had caught the Chung-wang _there_, and from that place a head,
+stated to be the great rebel general's, was sent over the country as a
+warning to the people.
+
+As for the story of the Kan-wang's capture, there are several
+contradictory and apparently authentic statements: one by a certain
+Patrick Nellis, who personally saw the chief and talked with him at
+Hoo-chow (subsequent to the fall of Nankin), where it seems that he
+proceeded with an escort to communicate the loss or abandonment of the
+capital, and concert measures for the evacuation of Hoo-chow-foo as
+well.[79]
+
+Besides the above reports, others were promulgated by the Mandarins, in
+which they defeated different Ti-ping armies _en route_ for the south,
+killing thousands and tens of thousands of rebels and capturing many
+chiefs, among them the Shi-wang, who, singularly enough, still managed
+to be in command of the Ti-pings near Amoy, until within the last few
+months, when he retired to join other leaders farther inland.
+Confessions were produced which professed to be written by the penitent
+rebel leaders in their dungeons, while awaiting their turn to be
+disembowelled, or "cut into a thousand pieces"--a pleasing prospect, of
+course likely to make the destined victims suddenly feel inspired with
+love and respect for the benevolent Manchoos, whom they had so
+vigorously opposed all their lives! Among these seemingly fabricated
+confessions only one is worthy of any attention, and that is a lengthy
+composition, entitled, "The autographic deposition of Chung-wang, the
+faithful king, at his trial after the capture of Nankin." Were it not
+for the known mendacity of the Mandarins, and their particular addiction
+to forging documents of this sort in order to lessen the prestige of the
+revolution by representing its principal leaders as in their merciless
+power, there would be little doubt but that the one in question was
+genuine. In 1852, previous to the capture of Nankin by the Ti-pings, the
+Imperial authorities concocted an article they named the "Confession of
+Tien-teh," pretending that it was the deposition of the leader of the
+rebellion, whom they falsely declared was their prisoner. It is quite
+probable that the "Chung-wang's deposition" is of similar truthlessness,
+and was made up by some prisoner of note (who may have been pardoned in
+consequence), and the cunning writers attached to the Governor-General
+of the two Kiang, Tseng-kwo-fan. Still it must be admitted that many
+portions of the alleged deposition bear not only the impress of truth
+(in so far as historical events, data, &c., are concerned), but
+expressions closely resembling the well known sentiments of the great
+Ti-ping general; so that if, as we trust, he was not the author, some
+one pretty intimately acquainted with him must have been. However, some
+facts tending to support the theory (for there is no direct proof in any
+case except the Shi-wang's movements subsequent to the fall of Nankin)
+of the Chung-wang's escape, will be given in the course of our
+narrative.
+
+Having noticed the Imperialist reports, it is now necessary to give the
+following digest of the events referred to, and which may be depended
+upon as the only possible version to be derived from the existing and
+attainable sources of information:--
+
+It is known that when the Chung-wang became convinced England was
+determined to persist in prosecuting hostilities against his people, and
+likewise felt their inability to cope with the foreign power, he at once
+decided upon the best military movement under the circumstances--namely,
+an entire abandonment of all accessible possessions, and a retreat into
+the interior, where British hostility could not reach them, and where no
+Manchoo forces could either prevent their operations, restrain their
+consequent reinforcement, or impede their future progress.
+
+Before parting with the Chung-wang, I was myself present at several
+councils when the above plan was discussed, and unanimously agreed to by
+every chief present. But one impediment prevented the Commander-in-Chief
+from acting with his usual brilliancy of conception and wonderfully
+successful rapidity of execution; it was the Tien-wang, who refused even
+to listen to any proposal to abandon his capital.
+
+Different people will view this ruinous obstinacy of the Ti-ping king in
+various ways. Some will look upon it as sheer, downright folly; others,
+as the useless, fanatical sacrifice of a bigot; while some may consider
+that that great, heroic, noble-minded man, having once established the
+capital of his dominions and the centre of his religio-political
+movement at Nankin, did right and gloriously in meeting death rather
+than turning backwards on the grand path. If we ascribe to the Tien-wang
+motives partaking equally of the three traits--nobleness, fanaticism,
+and rashness--we shall probably be pretty near the truth.
+
+At all events, the Tien-wang passionately refused to entertain the only
+plan by which the existence of the Ti-ping power, and the perpetuation
+of his dynasty, seemed possible. All the court officers, cabinet
+ministers, and other high authorities of Nankin, were blindly
+subservient to the will of their king, and equally infatuated with his
+religious and temporal command. Besides, many of those about him were of
+the Hung family, and, being nearly related to their chief, not only
+followed implicitly his wishes, but jealously formed themselves into a
+clique about him, to the prejudice and exclusion of other more capable
+and independent officers. All the fighting Wangs were outside the
+capital, and incessantly engaged with the enemy; few troops were in
+garrison, while many thousands of helpless non-combatants daily
+diminished the stores of the failing granaries; and if the multitudinous
+besieging army, encamped and fortified all round the devoted city, had
+been animated with the slightest particle of courage or military spirit,
+they might easily have captured it many months before it eventually fell
+through starvation, or was evacuated by the troops.
+
+The Chung-wang, after his separation from myself at Wu-see, proceeded
+direct to Nankin _via_ Chang-chow-foo. His only object was to save the
+king and his own family (living with his aged mother, whom he loved with
+excessive filial tenderness), by inducing them to leave the untenable
+city. He, alone, proposed the unpalatable manoeuvre to the Tien-wang,
+whose severe displeasure he had already incurred, being punished in
+various ways--by deprivation of titles, refusal of audience, accusation
+of disloyalty, &c. How the time (December, 1863, to 19th July, 1864) was
+passed, from the arrival of the Chung-wang to the fall of the capital,
+unless the professed "autographic deposition" be true, or the garrison
+really abandoned the city and escaped, will probably never be known to
+history. Either, as the "deposition" states, the whole city petitioned
+against the departure of the renowned commander, or he personally
+elected to remain, rather than desert his king in the hour of death and
+darkness, even though such calamity might have been avoided but for the
+fatal perverseness of the monarch; perhaps both causes operated to
+confine him to useless inactivity within the walls of the doomed
+city--inevitably doomed, and encircled by the numberless siege works of
+the enemy as with a band of impenetrable steel.
+
+How the poor people, fated by the passive stubbornness of their rulers,
+must have gathered together round their great warrior, as men will rally
+about a tower of strength; how the unnumbered thousands of helpless
+non-combatants must have rejoiced at the presence of him whose very name
+was an army, a bulwark to his people, and a terror to the enemy; how
+bitterly must the brave, energetic soldier have grieved and chafed at
+the unnecessarily-incurred annihilation, and growing horrors of the
+siege, which should have been avoided; but, alas! how could one great
+man, without means, save a people, a sacred cause, and a city invested
+by 100,000 savage foemen?
+
+Loyalty and filial duty brought the "faithful prince" to Nankin; the
+same motives bound him there to await destruction, when his presence in
+the field--at the head of his own army, left under command of his
+cousin, the Shi-wang--would have proved invaluable, and would surely
+have placed the Ti-pings in a much better position than they occupied at
+the close of the year 1865.
+
+Nankin fell at last. All that is _positively_ known by Europeans--apart
+from false, garbled, and exaggerated Mandarin sources--may be summed up
+in few words:--Frightful privations were endured before the enemy took
+possession; and when the city was entered by Mr. Consul Adkins, and
+other gentlemen, the streets and houses were literally blocked up with
+the bodies of the dead, by far the greater portion having the appearance
+of death from starvation; and many being very far advanced in
+decomposition, proved that, long before the Imperialists found courage
+enough to blow an opening through the undefended walls, the unfortunate
+people had succumbed to famine faster than the living could bury the
+dead--in fact, it was evident that no such effort could have been
+successful from the numbers who had daily perished.
+
+Mr. Adkins, in his despatch to Earl Russell, places the number of people
+slaughtered by the Imperialists on their entry at 10,000; but other
+visitors state as many as 30,000, which is probably nearer the truth.
+
+It is also certain that many chiefs with their followers left Nankin in
+safety. A successor to the Mo-wang, assassinated at Soo-chow, having
+afterwards appeared at Hong-kong; the Yu and Hsieh Wangs (the latter
+being one of the Tien-wang's brothers, and always attached to the court)
+being heard of in Kiang-si at the head of an army; while the following
+extract from the narrative of one Patrick Nellis, already referred to,
+and which was made on affidavit before the British Consul at Shanghae,
+seems to prove that the Ti-ping prime minister escaped from Nankin, and
+such being the case, undoubtedly there are strong grounds to believe the
+military leaders did likewise. In the evidence sworn to, Nellis, after
+describing an engagement with the Imperialists, states:--
+
+    "On our return to Hoo-chow-foo, Kang-wang arrived from Nankin
+    with an escort. Great ceremonies were shown at his reception; he
+    did not look as if he had suffered any hardship...."
+
+In speaking of the evacuation of the city, Nellis makes the following
+statement:--
+
+    "Kan-wang spoke to me in English very slowly. He asked me what I
+    was. I said, 'an Englishman.' He said he had never met a good
+    foreigner, and asked me if I would go with him to Kiang-si. I
+    said I should be very glad if Tow-wang (Commandant of Hoo-chow)
+    would let me."
+
+This conversation took place more than a month after the fall of Nankin,
+and a few days before the abandonment of Hoo-chow-foo on the 28th
+August, 1864. Upon the strength of such facts the _Friend of China_ has
+steadily maintained that Nankin was abandoned by all but the poorest
+civilians when the Imperialists made their breach and marched through
+without opposition.
+
+Another circumstance damaging to the veracity of the Imperialist
+reports, is a statement (contained in one of the Mandarin's inspired
+"confessions,") purporting to be that of the Tien-wang's son (the heir
+to the throne). The young prince is made to state that his father
+"succumbed to sickness on the 24th of May, 1864;" but of this
+all-important event the "Chung-wang's deposition" makes no mention. Here
+is an inconsistency which at once proves either one or both the
+"confessions" false; because, if the Tien-wang had really died, the
+Chung-wang would have been at liberty to carry out his own views and
+abandon Nankin; whereas his professed "deposition" states that, to the
+day the city fell, he was unable to do so in consequence of the
+Tien-wang's opposition.
+
+The _Friend of China_ also states that a Mr. Butler, of Shanghae,
+actually witnessed the withdrawal of the garrison. Moreover, adding
+together the few spared by the enemy, those slain and those destroyed by
+famine, we should even then scarcely have the number of destitute
+people--labourers, coolies, and friendless non-combatants--who were
+relieved by the Chung-wang alone during the early part of the year 1864,
+when he kept a list of about 80,000 dependent upon his resources and
+charity. In 1863 rations were daily issued to upwards of 400,000 people.
+At the period now referred to, when the Chung-wang shut himself up in
+the beleaguered city, the population, inclusive, was certainly not less
+than a fifth of a million, and, probably, far exceeded that number;
+therefore, even supposing that one-half (which is a large estimate)
+perished, were slain, or made prisoners, during and at the termination
+of the siege, how can we account for the 100,000 remaining, unless we
+believe that they had previously managed to effect their retreat from
+the city?
+
+In the _Friend of China_, August 16, 1864, appears the following:--
+
+    "We are still assured by parties who have means of knowing, that
+    our first story of the evacuation of Nankin by its soldiery,
+    before the Imperialists sprung their mine and rushed in, was the
+    correct story; all those 30,000 massacred individuals told of by
+    the _Recorder_ (but _not_ mentioned at the Asiatic Society with
+    the "flushing of a pheasant") being inoffensive men, women, and
+    children.
+
+    "The Chung-wang, it is said, is not dead. He is at Hoo-chow-foo,
+    while the Tien-wang is still in the body."
+
+The strongest support of the Imperialist statement of the death of the
+Tien-wang, and the capture and subsequent execution of the Chung-wang,
+is the fact that, since the fall of Nankin, nothing whatever has been
+heard of them elsewhere. On the other hand, however, it was supposed
+that one or the other was commanding the forces in the interior, acting
+in Fu-keen in concert with the Shi-wang when he occupied the city of
+Chang-chow, near Amoy, from October, 1864, to May, 1865: and what seems
+to lend force to this supposition is that he appeared to be acting under
+the orders of some superior farther inland; the only chiefs of higher
+rank being the King and his son, the Chung, Kan, I (several years absent
+in Sz-chuen), and Si Wangs--the latter being a young man (son of the
+original Western King) attached to the court at Nankin, and totally
+without authority in military affairs. Upon the whole, it is quite
+possible that the Ti-ping King, his son and heir, Prime Minister, and
+General-in-Chief, may have met with the fate ascribed to them by the
+enemy; still there is no positive proof, and there are good grounds for
+supposing that some, if not all, are yet living and directing the
+Ti-ping movements.
+
+The siege of Hoo-chow-foo by the Imperialists was merely nominal, for,
+up to the abandonment of that city by the Ti-pings, they were never
+allowed within range of its walls, and were compelled to act almost
+entirely on the defensive, so repeated and vigorous were the attacks by
+the garrison and a corps of observation they had encamped outside the
+place on a neighbouring range of hills. Only a few days before the
+evacuation took place, the garrison succeeded in capturing a number of
+Imperialist stockades, several hundred gunboats, and three or four
+thousand men, besides inflicting heavy loss in killed and wounded; the
+Franco-Manchoo disciplined auxiliaries alone losing 6 officers and 800
+men. Very soon after this victory, the evacuation was effected with
+consummate skill, the enemy not discovering that the Ti-pings had flown
+until the day after. The number of troops forming the garrison and
+encampment was very considerable, 50,000 being the lowest estimate;[80]
+their line of retreat was either through the province of Fu-keen or
+Kiang-si, and their destination is even yet unknown, none of the chiefs
+from Hoo-chow having been recognised anywhere since. It is, however,
+pretty certain that they acted in concert with the forces led by the
+Shi-wang, though keeping an inland position, while the latter advanced
+to the sea-board at Amoy.
+
+The _Friend of China_, Sept. 8, 1864, under the heading,--"Another of
+the parties despatched by us a short time ago, to learn the real state
+of affairs about Hoo-chow-foo, has just returned,"--reports as
+follows:--
+
+    "The Chung-wang was in command up to the last.... Hoo-chow was
+    evacuated.... Three days afterwards--we repeat--three days
+    afterwards, Le Futai gallantly marched into the city with a
+    thundering noise; and then what did he? The gates were closed,
+    and then commenced a general sack, and the usual massacre of
+    innocent individuals.... A laughable story is told of the
+    _second_ capture of the Chung-wang here, at Hoo-chow; his
+    head--the veritable caput--with loud clamour of gongs, being
+    sent round to all the villages, that people might behold the
+    head of the arch traitor! Our reporter, wicked sceptic! loudly
+    declares that the head _said to be_ the Chung-wang's, truly sat
+    on the shoulders, a week ago, of a man whose highest grade in
+    life was that of a coolie!"
+
+In the month of October, 1864, the residents of Amoy were suddenly
+surprised to hear that a body of Ti-pings, about 10,000 strong, had
+surprised and captured the city of Chang-chow, barely twenty miles
+inland, and situated on a river emptying itself into the sea at the
+Treaty Port.
+
+From this reappearance of the Ti-pings close to a Treaty Port, we are
+enabled again to obtain some authentic records--many Europeans,
+including the British Consul, having visited them at Chang-chow. One
+English gentleman wrote the following account (which may be relied on as
+authentic) of his experiences to the _Daily Press_, and the same was
+reproduced in _The Overland China Trade Report_, 1st January, 1865:--
+
+    "A VISIT TO CHANG-CHOW.
+    "_To the Editor of the 'Daily Press,' Hong-kong._
+
+    "Sir,--As you appear desirous to obtain information regarding
+    the insurgents in this neighbourhood, I take leave to furnish
+    you with the following result of my personal observations, which
+    were derived in the course of a visit amongst them.
+
+    "The city and suburbs of Chang-chow are still occupied by the
+    Taeping insurgents. About three-fifths of the whole city is
+    burnt, and in the ruins may be seen the dead bodies of the late
+    inhabitants, uninjured except by fire; not a wound could I see
+    on any, which plainly shows, and as the rebels themselves
+    affirm, that the inhabitants set fire to their dwellings
+    themselves, and perished in them; having previously drugged
+    themselves with opium rather than fall into the hands of the
+    insurgents.
+
+    "Those portions of the city unburnt are occupied by the rebels,
+    but there are many streets of Hongs, the doors of which are
+    sealed up, uninhabited, and apparently full of merchandise. The
+    rebels appear to be very numerous; I should estimate them at
+    about 12,000; but they affirm themselves that they number
+    15,000. There are a great number of boys and youths among them,
+    but I saw no women. They are much sunburnt, thin, and haggard in
+    their appearance, and evidently have undergone much hardship
+    before they took this city. I was told by many of them that they
+    underwent extreme privations during their retreat from the
+    north; that food of any kind, at many places, could not be
+    obtained, on account of the country people being extremely
+    hostile, and destroying everything as soon as they heard that
+    the rebels were nearing them. That at several small towns on the
+    borders of the Provinces of Che-kiang and Fokien human flesh
+    was used for food; and that a peasant's body was retailed out at
+    80 cash per catty by the fortunate rebel who had killed him!
+
+    "The chief in command at Chan-chow is Tszle-wang,[81] brother to
+    Chung-wang. He was at Ningpo during its occupation by the
+    insurgents in 1862, and he commanded in the defence of that city
+    when he was attacked and driven out by the British naval force,
+    under Captain Dew. But he says he bears no animosity towards the
+    British on account of it, as he is aware that Captain Dew was
+    subsidized by the Chinese Government to retake Ningpo from the
+    rebels. He professes the profoundest respect for the British
+    nation for their bravery and power; and what he most ardently
+    wishes is to be on friendly terms with her; and all that he
+    requests is for her to act fairly up to her _professed
+    neutrality_ to both contending parties. He says that, should
+    they not succeed in conquering the Imperialists, he would be
+    most happy to see the country under British rule. He promised he
+    would not venture nearer to Amoy than Chang-chow (which is about
+    twenty miles distant), provided the Mandarins at Chau-bay, a
+    town situated on the river, about half way between Amoy and
+    Chau-chow, did not blockade the river, and cut off all native
+    trade and communication with them. That, in case they did, he
+    should be compelled to take Chau-bay. That he should on no
+    account attack Amoy, as he did not wish to have any rupture with
+    foreigners. That he was very sorry the trade of Amoy suffered on
+    account of their occupation of Chau-chow. That he would be only
+    too happy to open trade reciprocally with foreigners; and that
+    he would grant them every privilege and protection. That he was
+    willing to trade with them for any description of European goods
+    and native produce in return. Opium was not interdicted. He has
+    made a law to protect all native farmers and tradespeople, and
+    this has been already felt by the country people who have opened
+    a day market in one of the main streets of the south suburb;
+    and, from daylight to dark, until the gates are shut, every
+    description of native 'Chow-chow' is to be obtained. Tszle-wang
+    told me that the establishing of this market, though doing a
+    great deal of good to both parties, had led to many executions
+    of both rebels and country people--the former on account of
+    taking goods and not paying for them, and natives found in the
+    city setting fire to houses and plundering; who, when caught,
+    are taken before a rebel Mandarin, and, if found guilty,
+    executed; as no rebel, under penalty of death, can take the life
+    of any person, except in action. The rebels appear to be well
+    armed with rifles, revolvers, and muskets. The Imperial soldiers
+    in this respect are not to be compared to them, as their arms
+    consist entirely of native matchlocks, gingalls, and spears,
+    and not one in ten has even a matchlock; and they are a wretched
+    lot of ragged rabble. On the other side, the rebels are very
+    neatly dressed, more cleanly, and are drilled after European
+    tactics. There are some Europeans amongst them, but I had no
+    communication with them. They have entirely routed the
+    Imperialists in every engagement they have had with them; and on
+    the 2nd instant they came down on the Imperial lines 2,500
+    strong, the Imperial troops numbering 11,000; who have advanced
+    to within about five miles of the city, to endeavour to protect
+    the farmers, to gather in the standing crops of rice, which are
+    in great abundance for many miles around the city, and which the
+    rebels have gathered in and secured. The Imperials were encamped
+    on both sides of the Rim, but their greatest force was on the
+    right bank, behind a rugged hill, the inner extremity of which
+    was crossed at right angles by a valley, which could have been
+    easily protected by throwing up a few earthworks and mounting a
+    few guns in them. Their weak point they could not see; and the
+    rebels, taking advantage of the hilly ground in the
+    neighbourhood to advance under cover during daylight, and,
+    coming down the valley at dark, entered the Imperial camp about
+    eleven p.m., without any warning being given. The Imperials were
+    completely panic-struck; and having no retreat but by river,
+    rushed to their boats in such numbers that many of them were
+    swamped, and hundreds of soldiers drowned. Many of them ran and
+    hid themselves wherever they could, and among the latter was the
+    chief Mandarin in command. They offered little or no resistance;
+    and the rebels, after killing 1,000 and taking 450 prisoners,
+    destroying the camp equipage, returned to the city at daylight.
+    Tszle-wang told me that his plan of campaign would be next to
+    take the large and populous town of Tong-wah, and from thence
+    march upon the district city of Chin-chew in the spring. That
+    the amount of the whole rebel force in the province of Fokien
+    under his command fell little short of 50,000 men; and hoping to
+    increase it to 80,000 after the capture of Chin-chew, he should
+    then endeavour to open communication with the British
+    authorities, and arrange to take Foo-chow-foo.
+
+    "Tszle-wang appears to be a man of considerable calibre. He
+    appears, for a Chinaman, to be well up in foreign politics, and
+    conversant on many subjects that you generally find the Chinese
+    most ignorant on. He is affable and engaging in his manner, and
+    appears to treat those about him with kindness. He is thirty-one
+    years of age; short, stout, and well-made; his face is much
+    sunburnt, and complexion, say dark; any person might think he
+    was of Malay origin, as he has both the features and colour of a
+    Malay. That he is some strategist and has considerable military
+    tact must be acknowledged by the manner he took the city of
+    Chang-chow, before a rumour was even circulated of the rebels
+    being anywhere near the place, or intending to capture it; and
+    from the defeats the Imperial force has sustained in every
+    engagement they have had with him, although in numerical
+    strength the Imperial force has always been 3 or 4 to 1. I
+    should like to pay another visit to the insurgents, but all
+    foreigners are interdicted from visiting them, both by the
+    Consuls and Mandarin authorities; in fact, we are now not even
+    allowed to enter the river, which is only a mile and a half, and
+    nearly twenty miles from Chang-chow, on the usual shooting
+    excursions, wild fowl being very plentiful in the river, and
+    which is our only amusement at this season of the year. The
+    whole foreign community feel this to be very hard indeed, and
+    consider it to be very arbitrary on the part of the Consul, as
+    this place is extremely dull--no amusements whatever, our only
+    recreation being in a picnic or shooting excursion up the
+    river--but Mr. Pedder tries to make himself as unpopular as he
+    possibly can, and he has told the Mandarins that they can arrest
+    any foreigner they can find on the river under any circumstances
+    whatever, and the Mandarins have threatened to decapitate any
+    boatmen who may hire their boats to or take foreigners up the
+    river. I also hear that the British Consul some few days ago
+    issued a _warrant_ to search the private dwelling of an English
+    resident here for arms and munitions of war; and, if any were
+    found, to bring him prisoner to the Consulate; but, happily, his
+    suspicions were wrongly placed, as they found nothing of the
+    kind in the gentleman's house whatever. Has a British Consul
+    authority to search a gentleman's private dwelling whenever he
+    may please, and set spies to watch the movements of a person to
+    please the Chinese Mandarins? Really this is cringing or holding
+    the candle to the Celestials, and taking away the liberty of the
+    subject entirely; and if it goes any further, I cannot say how
+    it may end.
+
+    "Your obedient servant,
+    "VERITAS.
+    "Amoy, 14th December, 1864."
+
+In a subsequent letter, describing another visit to Chang-chew, the same
+writer states:--
+
+    "The rebel campaign is about to be carried on with vigour in
+    this quarter; of the 30,000 men collected in Chang-chow, not
+    one-fifth are required to garrison the city. I heard from
+    Tszle-wang myself that he should immediately detach 7,000, under
+    Tsi-wang, to assist in the capture of Tong-san, and another
+    force would be despatched simultaneously to attack Tong-wak and
+    Chin-chew. The rebels (Ti-pings) are in possession of six cities
+    in this part of the province of Fu-keen, and within a few days'
+    march. _The rebels told me that Tien-wang's son was at one of
+    the cities._"
+
+The violation of the Queen's Order in Council (commanding neutrality to
+be observed after the Soo-chow massacre) by the British Consuls in
+China, is well shown by the previous letter of "Veritas." Besides the
+partisan acts therein complained of, six or seven English steamers were
+hired to the Mandarins at Shanghae to carry Imperialist troops to Amoy.
+They did so, and were well paid for the affair; but is this neutrality?
+Moreover, every kind of war material was freely supplied to them, and
+British officers were allowed to command some of the Imperialist troops
+(_Colonel_ Kirkham, formerly with Gordon, and one _Captain_ Macdonald
+being particularly noticed), while all supplies for, or communication
+with, the Ti-pings were forbidden and attempted to be cut off; but,
+notwithstanding, munitions of war, and some Europeans (including
+_Colonel_ Rhode, Gordon's late Adjutant-General, and _Colonel_ Williams,
+who had commanded one of the Anglo-Manchoo regiments) managed to reach
+the revolutionists.
+
+Shortly after the capture of Chang-chew, the Shi-wang issued the
+following proclamations:--
+
+    "NOTIFICATION FROM THE TAIPING CHIEF AT CHANG-CHOW.
+
+    "Notification from His Royal Highness Lee, Shee-king and
+    Protector General, ordering the people to submit willingly and
+    to continue their occupations.
+
+    "Whereas agriculture is the chief of the occupations of mankind,
+    upon which people necessarily subsist, and whereas, since I rule
+    this city I have always informed the people everywhere that they
+    may continue their duties and occupations as usual--be it
+    therefore known that those who submit to this government are
+    called good people. Strict orders have been given to my officers
+    and soldiers not to make any disturbance among the inhabitants,
+    which orders you must have heard.
+
+    "But how is it that at present the fields are left uncultivated
+    and all agricultural business seems to be entirely neglected?
+    The plantations of sugar-cane are nearly ready for harvest, but
+    will spoil if not cut, and the grains and paddy are nearly
+    rotten, the reason of which we cannot comprehend. Probably the
+    raising of arms is the cause of it, of which the people stand in
+    awe, consequently they moved to their countries; or is the cause
+    that at the time of fighting they are afraid that they may be
+    implicated, that on this account they fled to other places? But
+    the benevolent and just army will not destroy the good people;
+    while they exterminate the wicked, they will not punish the
+    innocent.
+
+    "Now two villages on the south and north have already submitted,
+    they are settled as usual. You people should be diligent at all
+    times in trade and agriculture.
+
+    "Further, in the four villages of that place, the sugar-canes
+    may be converted into sugar and the grains be collected: if you
+    do not immediately return and resume your occupations, then how
+    will the people get their subsistence? Furthermore, the people
+    who fled away have not paid their taxes due, being thus ignorant
+    of the plan of seeking peace.
+
+    "I treat others with great liberality, and therefore again and
+    again issue these notifications, intimating to you that all
+    those who have fled away may quietly return to cut the
+    sugar-canes and collect the grains, and those who have not paid
+    their taxes must, with submissive mind, come and pay their
+    taxes. You must not cherish any doubt or hesitation, nor have a
+    different heart, otherwise you will too late repent what you
+    have done. I protect the people as children, and look upon them
+    as wounded; therefore, for more than a month since I have taken
+    possession of the place, I have never allowed a single soldier
+    or officer to go to any village to give trouble. Now all the
+    regulations have been arranged and the laws rectified, and
+    strict orders have also repeatedly been given to the army thus
+    treating you people bountifully and kindly. When the superior is
+    so affectionate, you inferiors should readily come and pay
+    tributes.
+
+    "After this notification has been issued, if those who have not
+    paid their taxes and still insist on their obstinacy by
+    disregarding it, troops will be raised to punish them in order
+    to warn those who are perverse and stubborn, without lenity.
+    Every one of you must obey this command and not disappoint me of
+    my affection to you.
+
+    "LEE-SHAI-YIN,
+    Shee-king, and Protector General of the Celestial Dynasty.
+
+    "Taiping Celestial Kingdom, 14th year, 19th moon, 30th day."
+    --_Daily Press._
+
+    "ADDRESS FROM THE TAIPING CHIEF AT CHANG-CHOW TO THE TREATY
+    POWERS.
+
+    "His Royal Highness Lee-Shai-yin, Shee-king and Imperial
+    Protector General of the Celestial Dynasty, to their
+    Excellencies the Plenipotentiaries of England, France, United
+    States, and the people of their respective countries.
+
+    "Since creation our Chinese Empire was first governed by
+    Shinnung, then by the Emperors Yaw and Shun, who afterwards
+    resigned their throne. Again the Emperors Tang and Mo attained to
+    their throne by force of arms; then Dynasties Chun, Han, Ngai,
+    and Tsiun transmitted their thrones to their respective
+    posterity, and were succeeded by the Dynasties Tang, Sung, Yune,
+    and Ming. It would be a matter of considerable difficulty, when
+    referring to the distant generations, to repeat them all, but as
+    a nation it had hitherto been in amity with all your various
+    nations, no distinct border having been marked out. I was born
+    late, and have not had the fortune to view these good prospects,
+    and to enjoy the administration of the benevolent Government, but
+    I have examined maps of the world, and studied the histories, and
+    I am happy to possess a thorough knowledge of them, and the
+    contents of which are as before me. For a man to guard a place,
+    the watchword is to remember the fact that when the lips are cut
+    off, the teeth will be endangered. To be in amity with adjacent
+    countries, and for one to keep intercourse with neighbouring
+    countries, it is essential not to forget the maxim of one large
+    nation serving another small one. Of the history of China in
+    counting back from the Dynasties of Ming and Yune, there have
+    been innumerable successive revolutions of kingdoms who
+    invariably paid tributes and presented precious stones to each
+    other when due, and who never encroached upon other's territory.
+    But the Tartars were of a different species, remarkable for their
+    ravenous disposition, and for this reason, the central kingdom
+    with the eastern provinces, in order to prevent their invasion,
+    built the great wall. Unfortunately, during the latter part of
+    the Ming Dynasty they were allowed to invade the interior, we
+    became their victim, and have since been disgraced by them for
+    these two centuries or more. Who then with common sense and
+    natural patriotism would not strike his breast and weep? Even
+    your various nations, in a practical point of view, are countries
+    and in relation as lip to teeth, would not fail, I think, to hate
+    them.
+
+    "Long had it been designed to raise the just standard, but in
+    consequence of their being few in China who would support the
+    movement, the design had for a time to be abandoned. Happily our
+    Heavenly Father the Almighty God did not desert the descendants
+    of Han (China), and hated the Tartars, and sent down my Lord who
+    settled at Kinling[82] as a basis of operations for more than ten
+    years, and during that period exterminated thousands and ten
+    thousands of Tartars. My Lord had always been in friendship with
+    the heroes and enterprising men of your various nations who
+    carried on their respective trades as usual. Further, the
+    provinces of Kwang, Cheh, Yu, and others have been opened, and
+    the ministers and people of various nations have travelled and
+    rambled, and trade has been carried on uninterruptedly as usual.
+    Is this not excellent? In obedience to my Lord's command I have
+    been ordered to extirpate and root out the Tartars. Recently I
+    attacked and took Chang-chow, where I encamped my soldiers.
+    Whilst there I was glad to hear that you were close by, and I
+    would ere this have sent a despatch to you, but various
+    difficulties were thrown in the way. I now write this and tell
+    the people of Tai-po-tsz of Cha-chow to present it for your
+    perusal, earnestly hoping that after reading, you will consider
+    the importance of lip-lost-and-teeth-endangered phrase, and
+    perceive the advantage of a large nation serving a small one;
+    that you will support our just movement by combining together to
+    put an end to the Tsing Dynasty, in order that the people may
+    live in happiness, and your various natives enjoy peace. The
+    doctrine of our Heavenly Father, the Almighty God, and of Jesus
+    Christ, teaches us that He is merciful, saving us, answering to
+    prayers and unselfish--all mankind should look to future and
+    believe in Christianity.
+
+    "Therefore, more than ten years before my Lord's accession to
+    the throne, he believed in Christianity, as his conduct would
+    show.
+
+    "He also received the Rev. Mr. Roberts, who preached the Gospel
+    to the Chinese who believed and praised with him to God. We have
+    welcomed your doctors, who cured many Chinese, and healed their
+    diseases. We all feel grateful for their merciful kindness, and
+    are under obligation for their favours. From this you will see
+    that your nations and our Chinese in a universal point of view
+    are as one. But the Tartars believe in Buddism, despise
+    Christianity, and turn a dead ear to its doctrine. It may be
+    argued that belief or disbelief rests with them, and they will
+    afterwards reap the fruit of their conduct. Well, why then do
+    they persecute Christian converts so that their lives are in
+    jeopardy? Therefore my Lord reluctantly took up arms, raised an
+    army, and coped with them. This has been going on for these more
+    than ten years, and through the mercy of our Heavenly Father,
+    the Almighty God, and Jesus Christ, and through the assistance
+    of your various nations, my Lord has taken many cities and
+    provinces, and killed many Tsing devils. Still to conquer and
+    subdue an empire of eighteen provinces, combined with a strong
+    army of Mongols and Chinese, who have ample munitions of war and
+    provisions, must be extremely difficult.
+
+    "Let us learn from the ancients as well as the moderns that to
+    lead an army to battle it is indispensable to have
+    reinforcements; and to establish a kingdom it is essential to
+    get assistance from the neighbouring countries. Your various
+    nations and China are at present like lip to teeth, and similar
+    to a large country serving a small one. Let me ask you that
+    before my Lord settled at Kiang-nan, could you get admittance
+    into the interior? Now you can ride from east to west and from
+    north to south, and the provinces of Hupeh and Ngan-hoin have
+    been opened to trade. If your various nations do not ally with
+    me to exterminate the Tsing Dynasty, and in case our force being
+    unable to cope with the Tartars, as we are deficient in naval
+    power, we shall be conquered, then the result of lip-lost and
+    teeth-endangered will soon follow. Therefore it is desirable
+    that your various nations should embrace this opportunity as
+    presented.
+
+    "If, on the other hand, your various nations, relying on the
+    omnipotence of our Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ, and acting
+    upon the doctrine of Christianity, will come to terms with us
+    for destroying the Tsing Dynasty, if you command your naval
+    armies and attack those places near the water, and whatever
+    cities, districts, ports, and passes you will have taken and
+    conquered by your force, you will be at liberty without the
+    least hinderance on my part to keep them, and whatever treasures
+    and food found therein, you will be at liberty to appropriate
+    them. And so I will attack on land, and whatever cities,
+    districts, and passes I conquer, and whatever treasures and food
+    I find, I will divide, giving one half to you, and all the
+    distant cities, ports, and marts will be surrendered to you.
+
+    "Thus having your naval armies, we can cross the ocean and
+    bestride the rivers without obstacle or hinderance. Our army, I
+    must confess, in its beginning is weak, and food is not
+    plentiful; and unless your various nations lend a hand to assist
+    me, the Tartars will be more ravenous and their ferociousness
+    will be greater, _and if once our army is subdued, they will as
+    a matter of course come upon your various nations_, when, it is
+    clear, you will be precluded from trading and travelling in the
+    provinces of Kiang, Kwang, Cheh, and Yu. I earnestly pray that
+    you will despatch your soldiers and co-operate with me to
+    exterminate the evil posterities, and that we all may obtain
+    advantages. Hoping you will comply with my views is my earnest
+    prayer.
+
+    "The statements I have made, though they are vulgar, I undertake
+    to swear before heaven that I will keep them. Let us write in
+    benevolence to accomplish our undertakings, then we shall make
+    peace with each other, trade with each other from generation to
+    generation, and enjoy together universal peace. Is this not the
+    best plan? The city of Chang has been and is a rich place, at
+    present both the soldiers and inhabitants are happy, trade is
+    flourishing, and treasures are plentiful. I also earnestly
+    request that you will convey merchandise and vessels containing
+    all kinds of foreign cargo, and the caps, powder, &c., which
+    will be sold immediately here. You have no occasion to fear that
+    some of my men will take them without paying for them. I will
+    make up the damages should they do so, and surely I will not
+    break my promise!
+
+    "On the day of this epistle reaching you, you will favour me
+    with a reply.
+
+    "With my best compliments to your gentlemen of your various
+    nations,
+
+    "I am your obedient servant,
+    LEE-SHAI-YIN,
+
+    "Shee-king, and Imperial Protector General of the Celestial
+    Dynasty
+    "Taiping Celestial Kingdom, 14th year, 10th moon, 1st day."
+    --_Daily Press._
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[75] See _Friend of China_, July 11, 1865.
+
+[76] See the account from _Shanghae Recorder_, at the end of the
+preceding chapter.
+
+[77] Referring to Colonel Gordon, Captain Osborn, R.N., and their
+subordinates.
+
+[78] Meaning the noble occupation of buying and selling; and that, too,
+at the point of the bayonet.
+
+[79] _Times_, January 12, 1865. _China Overland Trade Report_, 30th
+November, 1864.
+
+[80] The _Times_, October 26, 1864, in its China intelligence (under
+date, "Shanghae, September 4"), describing the evacuation of Hoo-chow,
+makes the following statement, which is a further proof of the total or
+partial escape of the Nankin garrison:--"The rebel force had been so
+greatly swollen by fugitives _from Nankin_ and other places, that it
+constituted quite a formidable army."
+
+[81] The writer of the letter has evidently made a confusion of the
+name, Le, and title, Shi, of the chief, for the following proclamations
+prove him to be the Shi or Shee Wang.
+
+[82] This must mean Nankin.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+    Results of British Policy.--Its Effect on Trade.--The
+    Inspectorate System.--The Tien-tsin Treaty.--Present State of
+    China.--Rebellion in the Ascendant.--Proposed Remedy.--The
+    Mandarin Policy.--The Extradition Treaty.--The Mo-wang's
+    Case.--Its Injustice.--Its Illegality.--Burgevine's Case.--Our
+    Treatment by the Manchoos.--Russia's Policy in
+    China.--Contrasted with that of England.--Russian
+    Progress.--Statistics.--Acquisition of Territory by Russia.--Her
+    Approach to British India.--Russia's Advantages.--Her Future
+    Policy.--"Peking and the Pekingese."--Its Author's
+    Misstatements.--Misquotations.--Examples thereof.--"Chinese
+    Miscellanies."--Ti-ping Movements.--The Future of the Ti-pings
+    Doubtful.--Latest Movements.--The Kan-wang.--Nien-fie
+    Victories.--Future Prospects.--Finis.
+
+
+Since Whig Ministers took it into their heads to become Manchoo
+Mandarins, the result may soon be told.
+
+The wars have all been undertaken for the purpose either of forcing
+trade--principally, if not wholly, that in opium--upon the Chinese, or
+else to chastise that people for endeavouring to put their own laws
+against opium smuggling into force, from the time of the _fracas_ with
+Commissioner Lin to the lorcha _Arrow_ pretext for the last war.
+
+The results of the late British policy in China are summed up generally
+in the following sectional review:--
+
+1. As for the vaunted treaty of Tien-tsin, _forced_ from unwilling
+Manchoos by the results of the "_Arrow_ war," it has greatly restricted
+trade along the coast of China, closed ports (such as Wan-chew,
+Tai-chew, Lam-quan, Hoc-kau, Chin-chew, &c.), which were virtually open
+to foreign trade, and by confining commerce to a few Treaty Ports,
+played exactly into the hands of the anti-foreign Mandarins. Upon this
+subject a capital article appears, from an old resident of many years'
+standing in China, in the _Overland Trade Report_, September 11, 1865,
+which, as the editor says, "contains the most able exposition of the
+defects of the treaty of Tien-tsin, of the pernicious results of the
+foreign inspectorate, and of the crusade carried on against foreign
+shipping visiting non-treaty ports, that we ever read." The article is
+long, but some of its salient points are to the following effect: Until
+the signing of the treaty of Tien-tsin, the whole coast-line, from
+Canton to Woo-sung, with all its intermediate ports, was virtually open
+to foreign trade! Foreign vessels of all nations were allowed and even
+encouraged by the local authorities to enter any port they chose, and
+were permitted to trade in any article, either native or foreign,
+without hindrance or molestation, provided they paid the lawful duties.
+
+The disadvantages to which British (and all foreign) trade is subjected
+by the treaty of Tien-tsin, and the establishment of the foreign
+inspectorate of Chinese Customs, are these:--
+
+1st. To pay nearly double as much duty on both imports and exports as
+native vessels or junks are charged.
+
+2nd. Heavy tonnage dues are enforced, consisting of 4 mace or 4.10 of a
+tael (6s. 8d.) per ton, every four months, instead of every six months
+as previous to the war; junks paying no tonnage dues!
+
+3rd. Interdicted from carrying or trading in _salt_, one of the
+principal articles of trade in all parts of China and Formosa. Likewise
+saltpetre, sulphur, alum, and some other articles of general commerce,
+on pain of confiscation of vessel. Junks allowed to carry or trade in
+any article either native or foreign!
+
+4th. Interdicted from entering any port on the coast of China, except
+those specified "open port" by the treaty, on pain of _confiscation_ of
+vessels and cargo. Junks free to enter any port or harbour either in
+China or foreign countries. What a contrast of advantages and
+disadvantages! Whereas, before the concoction of the Tien-tsin treaty,
+foreign vessels enjoyed equal privileges with native craft, they have
+since been placed at a discount by the execution of the retrogressive
+measures of that treaty so inimical to British interests. No doubt the
+astute Manchoo statesmen who acted for China during the negotiations
+gained many advantages over the representatives of England. They
+succeeded in obtaining terms which restricted trade, and limited foreign
+intercourse to a few ports; their latest act has been to follow this up
+(now that the dread of the Ti-ping is over and the Ta-ku forts in their
+hands again) by interdicting the employment of foreign vessels to carry
+goods on Chinese account even between treaty ports!
+
+2. The foreign inspectorate of Chinese Maritime Customs was a scheme
+effected by officials of Lord Elgin's embassy to China; its aim was to
+make sure of the indemnity by placing Englishmen in charge of the
+Imperial revenue, and to enable the squeezed Government to suppress
+rebellion by handing it over the remainder. Beautifully has the Pekin
+Cabinet responded by taking advantage of every opportunity to limit the
+rights of Englishmen, and resuming step by step its habits of repellance
+and exclusiveness!
+
+A very significant event has lately taken place, being the elevation of
+Tseng-kwo-fan, leader of the anti-foreign party, and sometime besieger
+of Nankin, to a position of unprecedented magnitude. This Mandarin has
+been appointed to the absolute civil and military control of all the
+officials and troops, whether Tartar or Chinese, in the three provinces
+of Chili, Shangtung, and Honan. Speaking of this appointment, the _China
+Overland Trade Report_, 12th August, 1865, states:--
+
+    "Lest it may be hoped by some that Tseng-kwo-fan is a man
+    adapted to the times, and likely to carry into effect salutary
+    reforms, it should be mentioned that he is the quintessence of
+    a Mandarin in the full acceptation of the term--corrupt and
+    venal to a degree, and perfectly indifferent to the welfare of
+    the country or the people. His anti-foreign tendencies form the
+    leading feature of his political creed, and there is good reason
+    to suppose that Prince Kung fully agrees with him.... The
+    influence he obtains in the empire will be irresistible, and
+    must insure success in whatever line of policy he may feel
+    inclined to pursue."
+
+Tseng-kwo-fan's rank is that of Commander-in-Chief and General Viceroy
+of the empire.
+
+The inspectorate system has placed a set of cosmopolitan mercenaries in
+a position not only to govern but to prey upon the whole foreign trade
+with China. They are ever upon the _qui vive_ to seize and confiscate
+the merchandise of their own countrymen, and have caused the effectual
+closing of every port on the coast of China, except those opened by
+treaty. Property that may be unprotected by every legal right, or may be
+placed (through the owner's ignorance of inspectorate forms) in such a
+position as to incur some of the vexatious penalties attaching to every
+infraction of rules almost daily issued by the European Commissioners of
+Customs, or their Mandarin colleagues, _ad libitum_, is eagerly pounced
+upon and appropriated. In fact, it may safely be said that, instead of
+benefiting foreigners and their trade, the scheme acts directly against
+their interests; that it places a number of European and American
+adventurers in a position to assist the Mandarins in taking every
+advantage of each flaw in the treaty, while at the same time
+constituting a capital shield behind which the still repulsive Manchoos
+can execute their anti-foreign plotting in safety.
+
+3. The hostilities against the Ti-pings were caused through the
+unrighteous policy established by the treaty of Tien-tsin, the foreign
+inspectorate of Customs, the extortion of indemnity for the war, and the
+protection of the vile opium trade. This policy has been a great
+success, in so far as arresting and beating backward the only portion
+of the multitudinous Chinese whose progress afforded a prospect of
+change for the better. It has, with still greater iniquity, warred
+against and prevented the spread of Christianity; destroyed many
+thousands and tens of thousands of those who professed that faith, and
+has stopped the circulation and printing of the Bible in its full
+integrity by the Ti-ping Government, besides having caused the
+re-establishment of idolatry on the ashes of the destroyed Book, and the
+wholesale slaughter of those who only begged for our friendship and
+instruction. Through the wicked intervention of England, the former
+territory of the Ti-pings has been wrested from them, and the bleached
+bones of the victims mark the country thick and close for hundreds of
+miles. The starvation, the horrors, have been fully described; and now
+it is reported from China that many of the solitudes created where once
+happy villages of Ti-pings were found, have become infested with beasts
+of prey--wolves, panthers, and tigers.
+
+As for having effected the slightest improvement in British relations
+with China, made the Manchoo authorities less unfriendly and illiberal,
+or rendered the least service to the general welfare of humanity, the
+past policy of the British Government has proved a lamentable failure.
+
+By unjustifiable meddling, England has thrown China into a state of
+general anarchy. The cruelty and excessive corruption of the Manchoo
+officials throughout the country have always been sufficiently great to
+cause local insurrections and different regular systems of rebellion;
+but it was only to the great Ti-ping revolution (which proved its power
+so superior to that of the Imperial Government as to threaten the rapid
+extermination of the latter, and compel the assistance of England to
+save it) that people could look for success, and eventual pacification
+of the empire. Well, these urgently required results have been prevented
+by the policy in question.
+
+Unable to depend upon the success of the Ti-ping movement, the
+disaffected Chinese have joined other rebellions, and at this day there
+are many desolating the country. In the north, a great amalgamation of
+the Yellow River rebels (an old organization, sometimes under allegiance
+to the Ti-ping king) or Nien-fie, with a force of Ti-pings, and a large
+body of Mohammedan rebels, has taken place. The army of this league is
+estimated at over 300,000 men; in the summer of 1865 they defeated the
+Tartar Generalissimo (of Pekin campaign memory) San-ko-lin-sin, who was
+afterwards killed by some country people with whom he sought a
+refuge--thus showing the state of feeling amongst the population. The
+northern rebels then seriously menaced Pekin itself, and at one time it
+was reported that they had captured the city; lately they seem to have
+moved more to the westward--probably to effect a junction with other
+revolutionists; but it is quite certain that the Imperialists are unable
+to subdue them.
+
+Besides the league, there are two other formidable rebellions raging in
+the north of China--the Mohammedan rebels, who defy the power of the
+Government in Shen-si, Shan-se, Kan-su, and other parts of the empire.
+To the south of these come the "Honan filchers," a horde of more than
+100,000 banditti, who maintain, as they have done for years, an
+independent existence in the Honan Province. Away to the west, the large
+Tartar province of E-li, four times as large as Great Britain, has been
+wrested from the Imperialists by a rising of Mahommedans.
+
+Along the western boundary general anarchy prevails: it would almost
+seem that as Russia advances into central Asia, the Mohammedans were
+moving towards China.
+
+In the great province of Sze-chuan, the Ti-pings under Shih-ta-kae, the
+I-wang, or his successor, are still in power. At Hankow (treaty port) in
+Hu-peh, and at Kew-kiang in Kiang-si, the Imperialist troops lately
+revolted and set up the standard of rebellion. In Ngan-whui serious
+disturbances have arisen. Farther south, in Kwei-chow, Yun-nan, and
+Kwang-si, the Miau-tze, or independent mountaineers, are steadily
+increasing in strength; in fact, every province of China is more or less
+the scene of formidable revolution or local revolt.
+
+The Ti-pings, in strong force, under the Shi-wang and other leaders, are
+making rapid progress on the borders of the provinces of Kwang-tung,
+Kiang-si, and Fu-keen, and the Imperialist troops seem totally unable to
+interfere with them.
+
+Referring to the distracted state of China, the _Overland China Mail_,
+June 29, 1865, truly states that "there must be something in the conduct
+of the Imperial Government, and of the local Mandarins, which provokes a
+strong feeling of resentment against their authority in all parts of the
+empire." Singularly enough, the same journal has always opposed the
+revolutionists who tried to alter a Government the people hate.
+
+The _Times_, in its Chinese intelligence of June 21, 1865, referring to
+the successes of the Nien-fie League, states:--
+
+    "So far as we can at present see, the Nien-fie insurrection is
+    likely to prove quite as formidable as was that of the Taepings.
+    Their leaders have substantial wrongs to avenge, and the people
+    themselves have been subjected to so many hardships at the hands
+    of the local Mandarins that the slightest spark is sufficient to
+    set the whole north of China in a blaze of rebellion."
+
+Those who have advocated interfering against such a movement as that of
+the Ti-pings, and supporting such a dynasty as that of the Manchoos,
+must have very curious reasons to plead for a justification--they have
+generally admitted the necessity for a change of government, and then
+amused themselves by resisting the change when offered.
+
+[Illustration: MAP OF CHINA _Showing the locality of the different
+rebellions in that Empire, the line of retreat taken by the Ti-pings
+from their settled territory, and their present position Spring of the
+year 1866._]
+
+The only policy which could have benefited China would have been, either
+an energetic protectorate established by England, and maintained with
+energy until the evil Government had been thoroughly and radically
+reformed in every branch; or, what would have been far better, the
+Chinese should have been left to themselves and allowed to choose their
+own rulers. If England had simply preserved her honour and remained
+neutral, China would have had a native, progressionist, and powerful
+Government at the present day. That huge empire has lasted more than
+2,000 years, and the only deterioration its constitution has suffered
+has been caused by the Tartar conquest. The resources of China are as
+great, the capacities of her people as vigorous, and the elements of her
+ancient civilization as durable as ever: once let the incubus of Manchoo
+maladministration be removed, that vast and intelligent people will
+rapidly establish a native Government which will inaugurate an era of
+progression and improvement. For some time the usurping dynasty has been
+tottering towards its fall; England would have done well to have avoided
+supporting the decayed and hopelessly corrupt fabric. She has served a
+dying despotism, too far gone to feel even gratitude for her assistance,
+and has repelled a young successor who wished ardently to become of the
+same brotherhood as herself!
+
+4. By her aggressive, meddling policy, England has alarmed the naturally
+suspicious and treacherous Manchoos. Making them feel towards the "outer
+barbarians" the passion of fear as well as hate, has, of course, only
+tended to make them more exclusive and repellant than ever. Every mail
+from China brings successive proof of the fact. Those who receive
+advices from the East cannot fail to notice such passages as the
+following:--
+
+The _Overland China Trade Report_, in its issue September 11, 1865,
+states:--
+
+    "Each succeeding mail takes some instance of Mandarin repellance
+    towards foreigners. There can be no doubt that this feeling is
+    the policy decided on by the Pekin Cabinet.... As bearing upon
+    this point, reference is called to a notification ... issued by
+    the Shanghae authorities, forbidding Chinese to hire foreign
+    vessels.... The hand of Tseng-kwo-fan, the leader of the
+    anti-foreign party, becoming visible in the present foreign
+    policy pursued...."
+
+The article then proceeds to notice the fact that the Mandarin policy of
+preventing the employment of foreign shipping, and encouraging that of
+native craft, simply tends to increase piracy by providing prey; and is
+further reprehensible because the Mandarins will not assist to suppress
+an evil which, were it not for the presence of British men-of-war, would
+destroy their entire maritime commerce. Mr. Hart, the Inspector General
+of Customs, endeavoured to induce the Imperial Government to allow
+Chinese to own vessels constructed after the foreign mode, but the
+hatred of foreign innovation, however beneficial, prevailed, and the
+authorities refused the much-desired boon.
+
+Another instance of Manchoo repellance is the withdrawal of the
+concession formerly granted to foreign vessels to visit the ports of the
+Island of Formosa.
+
+And again: the port of Wan-chew was open to foreign trade before the
+treaty of Tien-tsin, and became a place of much importance. Why it was
+not included in the list of open ports it is difficult to understand.
+The foreign representatives and merchants lately endeavoured to obtain
+the concession of having it opened to foreign trade, and for a time were
+encouraged by Prince Kung to believe that their request would be
+complied with. But since Tseng-kwo-fan has come to the front, the
+concession is rejected, and the idea abandoned.
+
+The notification referred to as prohibiting the employment of foreign
+vessels was issued by Lin, Imperial Commissioner, and acting Viceroy of
+Kiang-su, in which province Shanghae is situated. It seems to have
+proved very effectual, and very injurious to British shipping interest.
+
+The last mail from China brought the _Overland Trade Report_, dated
+"Hong-kong, October 15, 1865." It contains these lines:--"The
+repellance and anti-foreign tendencies of the Mandarins are becoming
+more broadly marked as each month advances."
+
+The _North China Market Report_ states "that the Chinese are rapidly
+learning to disregard the most important of the treaty stipulations." In
+fact, all sources of information are unanimous as to the hostile
+feelings of the Manchoo Government England has done so much to bolster
+up.
+
+Just six months have elapsed since the Colonial Government of Hong-kong
+perverted its powers by giving up an unfortunate refugee from Nankin to
+the sanguinary Imperialist Mandarins. After noticing the facts of the
+case, we will observe how the Manchoos responded to the officious and
+unwarrantable efforts of the Hong-kong rulers to execute the
+exterritoriality clause of the notorious treaty of Tien-tsin, the
+twenty-first article of which stipulates that, "if _criminal_ subjects
+of China shall take refuge in Hong-kong, or on board of British ships
+there, they shall, upon due requisition by the Chinese authorities, be
+searched for; and, _on proof of their guilt_, be delivered up."
+
+Acting upon the above clause, the Canton Mandarins, in the month of
+April, 1865, demanded from the Colonial Government the rendition of a
+certain Chinaman residing at the latter place, on the plea of his having
+been a pirate. The man demanded had been residing in Hong-kong since
+September, 1864, and the following facts transpired during the inquiry
+instituted. He had been a Ti-ping chief, known as the Mo-wang (probably
+a successor to the rank of the assassinated Commandant of Soo-chow);
+and, upon the evacuation of Nankin, had escaped and made his way to
+Hong-kong, with a considerable sum of money. As this became known to
+members of some secret societies established amongst the Chinese there,
+he was subjected to much extortion from people who threatened to
+denounce him to the Mandarins as a rebel unless he satisfied their
+demands. At last the persecution drove him to seek legal advice from
+some English lawyer, who told him that he was perfectly safe on British
+soil. Consequently, he defied his persecutors; and they, doubtless, to
+obtain reward from the Mandarins, fulfilled their threats. The principal
+Manchoo official at Canton, who was certain of promotion should he
+succeed in catching a rebel of such rank, forthwith demanded his
+rendition _as a pirate_.
+
+The man was seized and tried before the magistrates' court, where the
+above evidence was obtained. The proof of his piracy (although
+consisting of the testimony of only _one_ Chinese witness, _sent down
+specially by the Mandarins_) was considered sufficient; and,
+notwithstanding the protest of the counsel retained for the prisoner,
+the magistrate, under the direction of the law officers of the Crown,
+made out the requisite order for his rendition.
+
+The valuable account from which the facts of this case are taken[83]
+states:--
+
+    "On this being communicated to the Mo-wang, he made up his mind
+    to commit suicide, if possible, by jumping overboard on his
+    passage to Canton, knowing, as he did too well, the horrid fate
+    that there awaited him. When _handed over_ to the Chinese
+    officials, he begged to be released from the handcuffs; but one
+    of our civil officials (the man's name should be made public),
+    not in the police, would not permit this; and he was therefore
+    conveyed to Canton in the manacles of the Hong-kong police. On
+    his arrival there he was taken to prison, the next day brought
+    before the Mandarin, where he refused to plead, acknowledging
+    himself a Ti-ping chief: he was taken back to prison, and the
+    next day was executed in the way reserved for _political
+    offenders_, viz., he was tied to a cross, his cheeks then sliced
+    off, then the insides of his arms, thighs, &c., and finally
+    disembowelled while yet alive. This put beyond a doubt the real
+    cause of the demand for this man, and the real offence for which
+    he was wanted."
+
+Now, in this cruel case of rendition the Government of Hong-kong
+committed an act repugnant alike to humanity and the Christian
+principles of their countrymen, and which was not only entirely illegal,
+but grossly unjust.
+
+The Mo-wang was demanded and given up as a pirate. The only evidence
+against him was given by _one_ Chinaman, and tended to prove that the
+chief had once stopped a Chinese vessel, on board of which was the
+witness, endeavouring to run past the Ti-ping Custom House established
+at Nankin. The junk was confiscated by the Ti-ping authorities. Here we
+have the main point of the case. This was the only act charged against
+the Mo-wang. The only question is whether it was piracy. The Colonial
+authorities, true to the Mandarin-worshipping-and-Ti-ping-destroying
+policy, answered in the affirmative. Let us examine their decision.
+
+First. The Ti-pings had been recognised as belligerents; and, moreover,
+as an established power, by repeated acts upon the part of
+representatives of Great Britain (and other countries); how then could
+the seizure of a vessel of the enemy by the Mo-wang--a regularly
+commissioned officer of the Ti-ping Government--be construed into an act
+of piracy? Why, the United States of America would have stronger (though
+none the less unreasonable) grounds to demand from England the rendition
+of every ex-Confederate officer, as a pirate, who might be found within
+her jurisdiction! The decision of the Hong-kong authorities is clearly
+against the rights of the case and the law by which it was tried. But
+what conclusively proves this is the fact that the Mandarins demanded
+the Mo-wang as a pirate, but executed him as a _political offender_, and
+nothing else.
+
+Thus, it cannot fail to be seen that the unfortunate victim was not a
+pirate--the Hong-kong Solons gave him up as one.
+
+Secondly. The extradition treaty with China specially declares
+"_criminal_" offenders as those who may be given up, upon "_proof_ of
+guilt." The Mo-wang was not a criminal, therefore the Hong-kong
+authorities violated the law by giving him up as such.
+
+Thirdly. The treaty of Tien-tsin was not the law of Hong-kong,
+therefore the authorities had no legal right to render up even a
+criminal subject of China--how much less the innocent Mo-wang! As the
+Hong-kong _China Overland Trade Report_, May 30, 1865, truly states, in
+reviewing this atrocious affair:--"It would appear that the local
+authorities have not only read the treaty erroneously, but that they
+have no power whatever to meddle in the matter, no ordinance ever having
+been passed to enable them to take cognizance of offences under the
+Tien-tsin treaty....
+
+"The case of the St. Alban's raiders has elicited the fact that a treaty
+is not a statute, and cannot be adopted by a court of law without a
+statutory enactment. The Ashburton treaty was not the law of Canada,
+because the Government had neglected to legalize it by statute. So the
+Tien-tsin treaty is not the law in Hong-kong, because no ordinance has
+been passed to legalize it."
+
+The above three objections to the rendition of the Mo-wang pretty
+strongly prove that his death was a judicial murder by those who
+unlawfully gave him up to so frightful a doom. Another example of
+British malversation in China, and a further instance of persecution of
+the Ti-pings!
+
+It might at least have been expected when British officials exceeded
+their authority and so misapplied the exterritoriality clause of the
+treaty in order to oblige the Mandarins, that the latter would have
+responded. We will observe how they did so.
+
+Within _one month_ of the rendition of the Mo-wang, the Imperialists in
+the neighbourhood of Amoy captured the mercenary soldier, Burgevine
+(already noticed in these pages), an Englishman named Green, and a
+British East Indian subject, whilst endeavouring to join the Ti-pings at
+Chang-chew. These men had committed no crime, and were caught _before_
+having committed any political offence (any previous episode of
+Burgevine's life constituting another case, which did not concern the
+Englishman, Green). Even if they had succeeded in joining the
+revolutionists, and had afterwards been caught levying war against the
+Imperialists, their only offence would have been a political one, viz.,
+breach of neutrality, punishable by deportation from China or three
+months' imprisonment.
+
+The American Consul at Amoy, hearing of the seizure, demanded, as in
+this case he had a perfect right to do, the rendition of Burgevine,
+according to the terms of the exterritoriality clause of the treaty. The
+Mandarins refused to fulfil their obligations and give up the men. They
+carried them into the interior and murdered them by heavily ironing, and
+then drowning them, afterwards pretending that the three unfortunate
+prisoners had met their death by the capsize of a boat in which they
+were being conveyed across a river!
+
+Thus we see that immediately after a Chinese _political_ offender was
+illegally given up to the Manchoo Government by the authorities of
+Hong-kong, the Mandarins deliberately violated the exterritoriality
+stipulations of the treaty, by refusing to give up the three men whom
+they had seized before offence, on suspicion only, and by cruelly
+putting them to death.
+
+The last mail from China brings intelligence of the murder of three
+Europeans at the treaty port of Chin-kiang. Two (Messrs. Filleul and
+Pickernel) were Englishmen, and old friends of mine; the third, a Mr.
+Lewis, was an American. These men were set upon by Imperialist soldiers
+in the dead of the night, while sleeping, and cruelly murdered, without
+having given any offence, although another European had struck a
+Chinaman on the previous day. The murderers belonged to a disciplined
+contingent, commanded by a Mandarin named Kwo, a force which had been
+raised, officered, and equipped by British means!
+
+Besides the continual violation of the exterritoriality clause of the
+treaty, the Manchoos have lately displayed their growing disregard for
+their obligations and their increasing repugnance to foreigners in a
+variety of illiberal measures. To those which we have already noticed
+may be added the late blunt refusal of the Pekin Cabinet to allow the
+construction of a proposed Russian line of telegraph from Siberia to
+that city.
+
+Another very serious blow to British and Chinese interests has been the
+fruitless mission of Sir M. Stephenson. The Manchoo Government has
+pointedly refused to grant permission for the introduction or
+construction of railways, and the local authorities have obstructively
+prevented the formation of proposed experimental lines at Canton, and
+between Shanghae and Woo-sung, a distance of about fourteen miles.
+
+There is another case in point, which effectually proves the thorough
+impracticability of the Manchoos. A few months ago an enterprising
+Shanghae merchant, Mr. E. A. Reynolds, was public-spirited enough to
+erect a line of telegraph from Shanghae to the sea-coast. He made all
+arrangements, compensated various native landowners, and erected his
+posts, only to find them all chopped down again one fine morning. The
+Mandarins, when appealed to, insulted the British Consul, and refused to
+allow the erection of the telegraph, the alleged reason being that it
+interfered with Fung-shui--the spirit of geomancy, the air, or something
+else.
+
+Shortly before the above outrage, the Mandarins showed their gratitude
+for the assistance England had given them, by closing the whole of the
+silk districts and interior to steam communication or transit by
+foreigners, the same having been free and open under the rule of the
+Ti-pings, who encouraged the employment of steamers.
+
+Many other instances of Manchoo repugnance and hostility could be
+mentioned, but those noticed are sufficient for all purposes, and so we
+will close our review of _some_ of the results of British policy in
+China.
+
+After having examined the conduct of England, it may not be out of place
+to follow with a short sketch of Russian policy, which is daily becoming
+so closely connected with China, whilst the frontier of the great
+Muscovite Power is rapidly extending towards the Chinese and Indian
+empires in one direction, is peacefully established against Chinese
+territory in another, and is gradually annexing to herself vast portions
+of Chinese territory in the north.
+
+Although the Manchoos have always been hostile to British intercourse,
+"there is a system of European policy which they can and do appreciate,"
+as the _Standard_, August 28, 1865, well said. The substance of the
+article referred to so thoroughly expresses what I would say, that I
+cannot refrain from using it:--
+
+The Manchoos comprehend the spirit of Russia, and dwell at peace with
+that empire on her borders. Instead of a great wall, they are divided
+from their powerful neighbour by a wooden paling, and there has not been
+a shot fired between Russia and China, contiguous though they are,
+during the last fifty years. But what has been the course pursued by
+Russia with regard to that which is loosely and inaccurately termed the
+Ti-ping revolt? One of complete neutrality. We, however, from the coast,
+hoisted our flag in the war. We have taken an active and open part,
+declared against a tremendous national movement, and been virtually
+beaten off the Chinese soil and waters. Looking for results, it is
+impossible to find any, except that our name is hated by millions of
+people who desired to live and trade upon friendly terms with us. Our
+representative diplomacy at Pekin is a nullity, and there is every
+chance that, a change of dynasties intervening, we shall have to undo
+our Manchoo statesmanship, and comply with a very different set of
+political necessities in the East. Your Chinese are very intelligent
+fatalists; they rarely quarrel with facts; they are convinced, it may
+be, of the English fighting quality; but they can feel little respect
+for our wisdom when they see us standing in a baffled attitude between
+both their great parties, blundering and bewildered, with an enormous
+trade to foster, with prodigious future interests to foresee, and yet
+with a diplomacy which means neither peace nor war, which binds us to no
+intelligible line of conduct, and which has brought us to a condition
+wherein, through any accident, whether of Imperial or insurrectionary
+success, we may be called upon to defend our rights by force of arms.
+
+It is a fact no less singular than true, that the Russians, in
+contradistinction to all other Europeans, show a strong tendency to
+amalgamate with the higher races of Asia. In consequence of this, her
+rapid progress on the continent referred to partakes of the nature of
+absorption and not of conquest. The policy of Russia seems inseparable
+from continual increase of her already vast dominions. In every
+direction her frontier is determinately advanced, while thousands of
+strange people are submitting to her sway. In Europe she uses force to
+obtain any desirable locality; and although it is true that occasionally
+some obstinate or patriotic chief of Central Asia may dispute her
+advance, such obstructions would seem to form the exception to the
+general progress she is enabled to make rather by conciliation and
+clever seizure than by force of arms.
+
+If people have the audacity to use their eyes, and the unparalleled
+hardihood to discover the extraordinary increase of the Russian empire,
+there is a clique of venerable wiseacres who always think to annihilate
+them by the crushing denunciation, Russophobia! Now, these old
+gentlemen--it is presumed that they are rather decrepit--may call the
+knowledge of modern geography and the continual increase of Russia
+whatever gives them a little innocent amusement; but all the calling in
+the world cannot alter the fact.
+
+There are two questions which particularly concern England: is she
+content to halt on the forward path of nations, while Russia, by
+reclaiming the people of Asia, bids fair to rival her in every duty
+assumed by great civilized Powers? Is the meeting of the frontier lines
+of Russia and India, which, according to the regular increase of the
+Russian possessions in Central Asia, might be calculated almost to the
+day, likely to prove disastrous to British empire in the latter country?
+
+Other European Powers can afford to look on without being interested,
+for only England has so precious a jewel as Hindoostan. The first
+question may be passed over as merely bearing upon the advancement of
+abstract principles, or the propagation of Christian doctrine,
+philanthropy, and civilization; but the second is very different,
+relating as it does exclusively to the material and commercial interests
+of Great Britain. Before explaining how these may be affected by the
+future movements of Russia, or describing the present position of that
+Power in Central Asia, it will not be out of place to give a short
+sketch of Russian progress.
+
+At page 410, vol. ii., "MacGregor's Commercial Statistics," the
+following interesting calculations are given:--
+
+    "Russia contained--
+
+    At the accession of Peter I. in      1689   15,000,000 inhabitants.
+    At the accession of Catherine II. in 1762   25,000,000      "
+    At her death in                      1796   36,000,000      "
+    At the death of Alexander in         1825   58,000,000      "
+
+    "Her acquisitions from Sweden are greater than what remains of
+    that kingdom.
+
+    "Her acquisitions from Poland are nearly equal to the Austrian
+    empire.
+
+    "Her acquisitions from Turkey in Europe are of greater extent
+    than the Prussian dominions, exclusive of the Rhenish provinces.
+
+    "Her acquisitions from Turkey in Asia are nearly equal in
+    dimensions to the whole of the smaller states of Germany.
+
+    "Her acquisitions from Persia are equal in extent to England.
+
+    "Her acquisitions in Tartary have an area not inferior to that
+    of Turkey in Europe, Greece, Italy, and Spain."
+
+The valuable work quoted from was published in the year 1844. It
+proceeds to state:--
+
+    "The acquisitions she has made within the last sixty-four years
+    are equal in extent and importance to the whole empire she had
+    in Europe before that time.
+
+    "The Russian frontier has been advanced towards--
+
+    Berlin, Dresden, Munich, Vienna, and Paris      about 700 miles.
+    Constantinople                                   "    500  "
+    Stockholm                                        "    630  "
+    Teheran                                          "  1,000  "
+
+    "It is to be borne in mind that the Russian tariff _of
+    exclusion_ has been extended to all those acquisitions where
+    formerly British merchandise was freely sent."
+
+To the above may be added the Russian acquisitions in North America,
+which are nearly five times the extent of the British Isles.
+
+Her acquisitions from the Chinese empire, the river Amoor territory in
+Manchuria, are about equal in dimensions to England.
+
+Her acquisitions from independent Tartary since 1844 are more than four
+times greater in extent than the British Isles. The advance of the
+Russian frontier from Orenburg to Samarkand is about 800 miles.
+
+Every mail from India brings intelligence of further Russian progress or
+conquest. The position at which we have placed her is within 200 miles
+of Cabul, and 400 of Jellalabad and Cashmere. Nothing but the mountains
+of Cashmere and Cabul separate the Russians from British India. Foiled
+and driven back by the results of the Crimean war, Russia changed her
+line of aggression from facing directly through Turkey, Persia, and so
+to Hindoostan; but, by concentrating her forces upon and crushing poor
+Circassia (which might have been protected with almost more reason than
+Turkey was), she opened a direct passage to Persia upon the west of the
+Caspian Sea, whilst at the same time other legions were carrying her
+frontier line at a quick march through Tartary to the eastward. The
+command of the Bosphorus would have made the Black Sea a Russian lake,
+and the only assailable flank of a march into Persia would have been
+protected against the great naval Powers. That position has been _par
+force_ abandoned, but Russia has succeeded in obtaining another almost
+equally good. By her extraordinary efforts against Circassia she has at
+length managed to obtain the long-coveted Caucasian Mountains. These, in
+the hands of a comparatively small force, constitute an effectual
+barrier to any foreign offensive movement against her operations on, and
+to the eastward of, the Caspian Sea. Thus it is palpable that no
+European Power could in Europe, upon equal terms, or with a chance of
+success, oppose her designs on the southern and eastern portions of
+Asia. Meanwhile she is steadily possessing herself of the territory yet
+independent on the frontiers of India and Thibet. During the last few
+years she has successfully absorbed Khiva, the territories of the
+Kirghiz and Kalpak Tartars, the provinces of Turkestan, and the
+principal points of Kokan. The great cities of Tashkend and Samarkand
+are in Russian hands, and the last mail from India (December, 1865)
+announces that war has commenced between them and Bokhara--the last
+independent kingdom of Tartary. There is an old Muscovite prediction,
+which declares: "When the Russians shall have conquered Samarkand, and
+shall have returned to the cradle of their Tartar ancestors, there shall
+be but one rule in Asia, and the Mongols and Tartars united shall brave
+the whole world." Certainly this prophecy is in progress; it remains to
+be seen whether it will be accomplished.
+
+The last telegrams report that the Russians are within six miles of
+Bokhara, the capital of the country of that name, and that many
+thousands of workmen are engaged constructing their military roads
+through that kingdom. And where are these roads leading? In a direct
+line for the nearest portion of British India! Perhaps the Russians
+only wish to build summer-houses on the northern slopes of the mountains
+of Cashmere, though it is strange military roads and large bodies of
+troops are required for such a purpose. Perhaps they wish to get on the
+other side of these mountains,--time will show.
+
+Such is the present (December, 1865) position of Russia in Asia; but
+already there are signs indicative of a much farther progress. Already
+the people a little beyond her advancing frontier are in turmoil and
+confusion. Kashgar, Yarkend, and other portions of eastern Thibet,
+together with Cabul, being in anarchy, and waiting for the arrival of
+the pacificating, absorbing invader, whilst the great Mongolian province
+of I-li has thrown off its allegiance to the Emperor of China. Already
+the next nations are breaking up like fallow earth before the resistless
+ploughshare.
+
+The _Bombay Mail_ of December 13th states:--
+
+    "Many reports are current of commotions in the Affghan states
+    and along the Punjaub frontier.... The internal commotions in
+    Cabul continue.... An envoy from Kotan has arrived at
+    Cashmere.... The object of his visit is said to be to offer the
+    Empress of India the allegiance of Kotan, in return for an
+    assurance of protection from the Russians.... The inhabitants of
+    Soket, in the hills north of Jullunder, lately made an attack on
+    Mundi.... The country near Yarkand is reported to be in a state
+    of insurrection. It is conjectured that this manifestation of
+    revolt is an indication of _some greater power having instigated
+    it_, having for its object the creation of universal revolt, and
+    thus breaking the influence of China in these parts.
+
+    "An affray recently took place between the sepoys of the Jeypore
+    Rajah and the Rajah of Khetra, in which several lives were lost.
+    Government have called upon the former chief for explanations.
+
+    "Advices from the north-western frontier indicate the necessity
+    for being more than ever on the alert against the increasing
+    raids by various sects. Letters recently received report that
+    the Wahabee Moulvies at Sittana have been purchasing the favour
+    of the Akhoond of Swat, who was to stir up the tribes to a
+    united effort against the British.
+
+    "It is reported from Peshawur that the Afreedies are very
+    restless, and inclined to give trouble. This tribe occupies the
+    hills all along the western side of the Peshawur Valley, and
+    their territory interposes between the Peshawur and Kohat
+    districts. They can muster some 20,000 fighting men, all of them
+    as good soldiers as can be found on the frontier."
+
+It is quite plain to those who have studied the question, that Russian
+progress towards India and China is seriously affecting the material and
+commercial interests of Great Britain. For some years the Russians have
+successfully competed with British merchants in China. Although their
+trade has been carried on through a vast extent of territory, still the
+import of Russian woollen and other manufactured goods, _via_ Irkoutsk,
+Kiachta, and Mongolia, has been sufficient to suit and satisfy the
+market of Western, Northern, and Central China, besides Mongolia and
+Thibet. Every day increases this commerce, and makes it less expensive.
+Russia brings into the contest with England (whether it be commercial or
+military) overwhelming natural advantages. She is rapidly extending her
+railway and telegraphic lines throughout her Asiatic dominions; and
+these, besides serving to introduce the sciences, arts, and mechanical
+inventions of modern civilization, are being constructed for the
+conveyance of armies to the utmost limits of her empire. It is quite
+possible that, by the time the Russian frontier joins that of India,
+railway communication will be extended to the same point, and afford the
+opportunity of conveying large bodies of troops. Russia undoubtedly has
+a great future in Asia, and it is difficult to see how England can
+ultimately avoid yielding before the natural advantages that will be
+brought into the field against her--for that they will be so employed
+one cannot doubt; unless, indeed, there be some charm by which British
+interests are made sacred to her rival, and certainly the Russians are
+not likely to prefer a barren steppe of Tartary to a rich slice of
+India. As for the principle of the thing, the less said about that the
+better. Considering the manner in which England obtained her dominions
+in Hindoostan, the Russians have quite as much right to take them, if
+they can; and why should we flatter ourselves that they will not try
+when they become our neighbours, when we see them indiscriminately
+seizing all territories which lie in their way?
+
+It may be that we should rather rejoice at the position Russia is taking
+up against India and China; it may be that, even should the result prove
+injurious to us, it will not be felt till something like the lapse of
+another century; but these are grave questions, and it is quite within
+the bounds of probability that another few months may find us either
+defending our Indian possessions, or crushing internal dissension
+created by Russian intrigue amongst our coloured subjects.
+
+It is scarcely to be expected (except in the event of European war) that
+Russia will make any direct attack upon British India, but the very
+contrast of her method of conquest with ours will create disaffection
+amongst the excitable, fanatical, treacherous natives. Why this result
+should ensue is explained by the well-known fact that (probably from the
+admixture of Tartar blood) the Russians can amalgamate with Asiatics,
+while the English cannot. Englishmen may flatter themselves that British
+rule is adored in India, but all the flattery in the world cannot
+obliterate the remembrance of the terrible mutiny, which, considering
+the numbers that joined it who were not sepoys, might more appropriately
+be termed a rebellion. Unless we have thoroughly established our rule in
+the hearts of the people, we may be sure that the vicinity of Russian
+dependencies will cause trouble, because Asiatics will become
+Russianized far sooner than we can Anglicise them, and Russian
+influences are already at work in Affghanistan, if not also in
+Cashmere--whence disturbances were lately reported. In conclusion, on
+this subject, it may fairly be said that Russia is performing a great
+work, no doubt to the benefit of thousands of uncivilized nomades, and
+that her course is very likely to lead her into collision with British
+India. England cannot stop her if she would; but England _might have
+had_ a powerful friend and ally in the shape of a great Asiatic Power if
+she had not destroyed the Ti-pings who would have established it. By the
+wilful, unjustifiable, short-sighted policy of her Government, England
+has lost the glorious opportunity of helping to establish a vast
+Christian empire in Asia--a course the more impolitic because its
+reverse would not only have tended to raise a balance against the
+incessant encroachment of Russia in the East, but to create a strong
+friendly Power on the frontier of her own Indian possessions.
+
+One object for which the author has steadily laboured, and which has had
+no small share in causing the production of this work, is to counteract
+the gross amount of ignorant prejudice which has been excited against
+the Tipings through the medium of false reports in England. Persons
+either individually implicated, or credulous enough to believe the
+interested statements of those who have been concerned in slaughtering
+the Ti-pings, have been gratified at the diffusion of their opinions by
+sundry publications, journals, and magazines--patriotic, very, no doubt,
+but nevertheless either unscrupulous or gullible.
+
+Just to prove the utter worthlessness of the reports referred to, the
+following statements are selected from two new books ("Peking and the
+Pekingese," by Dr. Rennie; "Chinese Miscellanies," by Sir J. F. Davis);
+whilst it is also unhesitatingly affirmed that every similar effusion,
+having for its basis defamation of the Ti-pings, is equally
+untrustworthy, and as easily, if not more so, refuted.
+
+In the Dedication of the former of the two works to Sir F. Bruce, Dr.
+Rennie has sufficient power of imagination to term that official's
+vacillating and inane diplomacy--
+
+    "A policy auguring so _favourably_[84][1] for the future of
+    China."
+
+With a further combination of inaccuracy, adulation, and prejudice, Dr.
+Rennie proceeds to state:--
+
+    "And which, _having been mainly conducive to the extinction of
+    the Taeping rebellion_,[2] has already been attended with
+    results of the highest importance to the _cause of
+    humanity_."[3]
+
+[1] It is for those who peruse this work, and all who have other
+opportunities than such as Dr. Rennie gives to enlighten them, to judge
+whether the "policy" in question has proved "_favourable_" or the
+reverse.
+
+[2] As for the second passage, if Dr. Rennie means that the shuffling,
+spiritless, and vacillating conduct of Sir F. Bruce, marked by total
+want of energy and impartiality, conduced to a certain result, by means
+of having established no policy or principle of statesmanship whatever,
+he is right; but if he means that his patron advocated, advised, or
+countenanced the massacre of Ti-pings, he is labouring under some
+extraordinary delusion, and the words of him he tries to praise, but
+clearly misrepresents, prove it. Not only has the weather-vane of the
+political fancies of Sir F. Bruce never been blown to within many points
+of recommending direct intervention, but on the other hand he has
+_violently_ deprecated any such operation, as may be seen by referring
+to page 280, Chapter X., and many other parts of this work. The
+finishing blow, however, is given to Dr. Rennie's illusory though
+amusing panegyric, and his unfortunate premises are proved to be without
+foundation; by the well-known fact that the "extinction of the Taeping
+rebellion" has neither taken place, nor even seems likely to be, as
+appears by a telegram in the London papers (November 24, 1865), viz.:--
+
+    "Shanghae, October 9, 1865. The Taepings are reported to be
+    again appearing in large bodies."
+
+[3] With regard to Dr. Rennie's rodomontade about "_the cause of
+humanity_," as the Ti-pings are not yet _exterminated_, it is simply
+unmeaning; and all that can be said in its favour is, that it is
+correctly copied from the Blue Book (see p. 738, Chap. XXIV.).
+
+At the 89th page of "Peking and the Pekingese," Dr. Rennie endorses the
+following misrepresentations:--
+
+    "The Taepings who, Mr. Parkes states, endeavour to copy the most
+    objectionable traits in the Imperialist character (?), in
+    addition to which a sort of 'High life below stairs' farce is
+    enacted, embracing the most absurd assumptions of dignity, with
+    general licentiousness, blasphemy, and obscenity...."
+
+Then Dr. Rennie's ire becomes aroused at the thought of such wickedness,
+and the consciousness of moral rectitude filling him with a strange
+_cacoethes scribendi_, he abuses the Ti-ping Wang very cruelly, by
+declaring:--
+
+    "This lunatic monarch (for such he would really seem to be) is
+    waited on only by women, no males being allowed to approach him;
+    bigamy (?), with general immorality, is said to be the prevailing
+    institution of the Court of Nankin."
+
+Now the above statement is no less incorrect than absurd. The Tien-wang
+regularly held council with his ministers and chiefs. The insertion of
+the word "bigamy" suggests motives on the part of the writer, who, we
+may suppose, means polygamy. He not only forgets to blame his
+Imperialist friends for conforming to _the same custom of China_, but he
+must be ignorant of the fact that "bigamy" means the crime of marrying
+more than one woman _only_ in countries where the civil law makes such
+connection illegal. Not satisfied with thus abusing those he had never
+seen, Dr. Rennie proceeds to _mis_quote from Blue Books. He says, at the
+same page:--
+
+    "The following rhapsody has lately appeared, in the form of a
+    proclamation, from the Teen-wang."
+
+He then quotes a decree, issued on the 7th of March, 1861, to establish
+certain regulations in the civil department of the Ti-ping
+Government,--a translation of the same being given at page 44 (Inclosure
+6, in Number 11) of the Blue Book on China, presented to the British
+Parliament, "in pursuance of their address, dated April 8, 1862."
+
+The clause which either Dr. Rennie or his authority has altered, in the
+original and official translation, is as follows:--
+
+    "Thus, in addition to the perfect regulations, we have added six
+    more, making nine altogether. Do not go and turn your backs on
+    the Father, Brother, myself, and my son, who illuminate all
+    places, benevolently harmonizing them for a myriad myriad
+    generations...."
+
+The words "Father--Brother" are, in the Chinese text, _raised_ the usual
+number of spaces above "myself and my son," which at once properly
+represents the Divinity. Any unprejudiced mind would certainly
+understand the sentence as meaning that--"the Father, Brother, Myself,
+and my Son," in our respective spheres, benevolently harmonize all
+things. Dr. Rennie, however, tries to prove the blasphemous nature of
+the Ti-pings in the following manner:--At page 90, first volume of his
+work, he misquotes the clause of the proclamation referred to in this
+way:--
+
+    "Now do not in the least turn away your back upon Ya-ko-chum and
+    Yan (?)--God, Christ, myself, and son--who illuminate all places
+    AS ONE BODY POLITIC, benevolently harmonizing them for ten
+    thousand times ten thousand generations."
+
+Where does Dr. Rennie get the interpolation from? It is a totally
+un-Chinese expression, but a favourite term _with English diplomatists_.
+It appears a clever attempt to alter the sense of the proclamation, and
+brand the Ti-pings with the crime of blasphemy. There are other cases in
+which the author of "Peking and the Pekingese" goes out of his way to
+endorse second-hand opinions inimical to the Ti-pings; but as he does
+not attempt to corroborate them by any mention of his own experience, it
+is unnecessary to further notice such valueless statements; the
+misquotation exposed above, not only evidences how little reliance is
+to be placed on the clique of Ti-ping maligners, but forms a fitting
+conclusion to our acquaintance with a book which would have been more
+valuable had the author refrained from aspersing a political cause of
+which he knows literally nothing.
+
+The misrepresentation contained in "Chinese Miscellanies," though merely
+consisting of one sentence and a foot-note, is important and worthy of
+contradiction, because it is promulgated by Sir J. F. Davis. Speaking,
+in the preface, of the Governments of China and Japan, he states:--
+
+    "With all their faults they are, in their integral
+    characteristics, better than the _mock_ Christian[85] Taepings
+    of China...."
+
+As for the mockery of Christianity, perhaps the readers of "Ti-ping Tien
+Kwoh" may agree with its author in believing that it has been altogether
+upon the part of those who, like Sir J. Davis, have scoffed at, abused,
+and ridiculed the faith of the Ti-pings. Many millions of men do not
+establish a great revolution, and sacrifice their lives for a _mock_
+purpose, whatever Sir J. Davis may think to the contrary. If "it has
+been _plain from the first_" that the Ti-pings were no more like
+Christians than Mahomet was like a Jew, will the clever discoverer
+kindly explain the meaning of the statements of the Bishop of Victoria,
+Revs. Edkins, John, Medhurst, Muirhead, &c., referred to and quoted in
+this work?
+
+All that now remains to be noticed are the movements of the Ti-pings
+since capturing the city of Chang-chew, near Amoy, their present
+circumstances and position.
+
+After holding a large portion of the province of Fu-keen for about eight
+months, on the 16th of May, 1865, the Ti-pings evacuated the city of
+Chang-chew, and moved off to the westward.
+
+This proceeding took both Europeans and Imperialists completely by
+surprise; for, up to the day before the Shi-wang left Chang-chew, his
+outposts were five miles from the city, and the Manchoo forces had not
+ventured to attack them for a long time. The place was also strongly
+fortified and well-provisioned--so much so, indeed, that large stores of
+grain, &c., were left behind,--while the country to the west and south
+was entirely under the control of the Ti-pings.
+
+The explanation of the Shi-wang's sudden movement is due to the fact
+that eleven days afterwards he joined his forces with Hung-jin, the
+Kan-wang, at a distance of eighty or ninety miles inland.
+
+Of course, as usual, frightful accounts of Ti-ping atrocities on the
+march were concocted to harrow the feelings of those simple enough to
+believe them. It is fortunate that trustworthy evidence exists to prove
+that the Ti-pings have not yet become the "horde of banditti" England's
+policy has worked so hard to make them. The Rev. W. McGregor, English
+Presbyterian Missionary at Amoy (about fourteen miles from Chang-chew),
+in a letter dated 10th April, 1865, declares that, whilst conquering
+neighbouring parts of the province by expeditions issuing from
+Chang-chew,[86] "the Ti-pings had been guilty of no wanton destruction
+of property or slaughter of the people." Again, in another letter, dated
+26th May, 1865, after the revolutionists had retreated inland, he
+states:--
+
+    "Of course many stories are being put in circulation about the
+    cruelties of the Taepings when in possession of Chang-chew; but
+    it must be remembered that these come from Mandarin sources, and
+    thence through the foreign custom-house pass into circulation in
+    the foreign community, while a little investigation often shows
+    them to be quite unfounded. For example, it was reported that
+    the Taepings left Chang-chew a perfect shamble, having massacred
+    all the people that were of no use to take with them, and in
+    corroboration of this some of the foreign community were taken
+    up, and shown the city burning in several places, with numbers
+    of dead bodies lying about; but it has to be kept in mind that,
+    before this the Mandarin troops had been some days in the city,
+    and the remembrance of Soo-chow ought to teach Englishmen, at
+    least, how these days would be spent. The Chinese have a
+    technical term for a proclamation issued ordering soldiers to
+    desist from _indiscriminate_ slaughter and plunder, and I
+    casually got the information from my teacher (who has the means
+    of getting all news circulating in the Yamens), that Chang-chew
+    was in the hands of the Imperialists four or five days before
+    this proclamation was issued. The fact is, that, immediately on
+    the Taepings leaving, the people whom they left (they took a
+    large number with them as baggage-bearers, &c.), endeavoured to
+    escape from it as fast as possible; and we have information from
+    some who have escaped that, before the departure of the rebels
+    no slaughter took place. How the Imperialists have acted in
+    Chang-chew and the surrounding villages will be apparent from
+    the single fact that, since they entered the city, the soldiers
+    have been selling women at four dollars each. No evidence has
+    yet been produced that the Taepings have been guilty of such
+    atrocities as are implied in this statement. A short time ago,
+    in consequence of some disturbances in the Tung-au region, a
+    body of soldiers were detached from the Mandarin force, near
+    Chang-chew, who by their own account burnt over twenty villages
+    and massacred over 2,000 women and children, without meeting
+    with any resistance. They ultimately returned, in consequence of
+    the villagers, farther north, forming a combination for mutual
+    protection, and threatening to join the rebels. We have not
+    heard of an instance of the Taepings acting in such a manner."
+
+It is impossible to tell, at present, whether the Ti-pings may become a
+scourge to their country, or whether they will again rise into power and
+importance, and occupy their old position. But the fact must be
+carefully recorded that, in event of the former deplorable contingency,
+it is British interference which has made them what they are, and that
+it must be regarded as the original and responsible cause of all that is
+or may be objectionable. It is now placed beyond doubt that the Kan-wang
+is at the head of a great body of Ti-pings, although it is equally
+certain that other divisions not under his command exist in various
+directions; but, so long as he remains in authority, there need be
+little fear as to the deterioration of the movement. One fact in
+connection with the retreat from Chang-chew speaks volumes. It seems
+that when some missionaries visited the place immediately after the
+Ti-pings had fled, they made the interesting discovery described by Dr.
+Carnegie (medical missionary) in the following words:--
+
+   [87] "Only some two or three of the Christians have been heard of....
+   A native preacher is amongst the missing. An interesting fact,
+   however, remains to be told in connection with the rebels, and it
+   is this:--That whilst they gutted the heathen temples and utterly
+   demolished the many hundreds of idols with which these temples
+   were stored, they respected the Christian places of worship, and
+   in one of the chapels, where there is a scroll bearing these
+   words, 'The pure religion of Jesus,' some of them added
+   underneath, 'MAY IT SPREAD OVER THE WHOLE EARTH!'"
+
+As Colonel Sykes, M.P., truly observes in a letter upon the above
+subject, published in the _Star_, December 28th, 1865:--
+
+    "These two testimonies, standing unscathed in a desolated city,
+    will fall gratingly upon the memories of those who, with British
+    bayonets and British shot and shell, in violation of good faith
+    and in violation of a commanded neutrality, have aided a
+    Government, which has been characterized for its constant
+    perfidy and cruelty, to defeat a national party, in which, as we
+    see, was not only a germ of Christianity, of probable
+    development into a rich harvest, but which party also constantly
+    had manifested a desire to cultivate friendly relations with
+    foreigners, with a view to the introduction of Western science
+    and art, as contra-distinguished from the Imperial Government,
+    which stupidly and doggedly opposes itself to every proposition
+    for the establishment of railways, telegraphs, the steam
+    navigation of internal waters, and other useful objects."
+
+Since the evacuation of Chang-chew, but little information has been
+received regarding the movements and whereabouts of the Ti-pings. From
+the depositions of two foreigners (Mansfield and Baffey), it has been
+ascertained that the Kan-wang is in supreme command, nothing whatever
+being heard of the Tien or Chung Wangs. Besides the force from
+Chang-chew, and the main body with which it effected a junction, another
+division seems to have arrived from the city of Kia-ying-chow, in the
+province of Kiang-si, but it is not stated under what leader. The
+concentration of these troops was probably caused by the orders of the
+Kan-wang, who, it would seem, has since led them northward into
+Kiang-si. Whither they are marching is as yet unknown. It is quite
+possible that their intention is to join the Nien-fie in the northern
+provinces, who have again defeated the Imperialists under Tseng-kwo-fan,
+and seem to be moving in every direction in overwhelming numbers, while
+one body is especially reported as making a diversion to the south-west.
+
+The men, Mansfield and Baffey, were present at the junction of the
+Ti-ping forces. The latter, in his deposition, states: "The Kan-wang is
+about 35 years of age. He is the principal rebel-chief at the present
+moment.... When I left, the rebels were talking of retreating towards
+Kiang-si. They have great confidence in the Kan-wang. The latter is an
+exceedingly clever man, very fond of European ideas, but very
+distrustful of foreigners"--as well he may be.
+
+Between the Nien-fie league in the north and the Ti-pings in the south,
+it seems very probable the Manchoo dynasty will ultimately be
+overthrown. If the Imperialist forces are concentrated in the north, in
+all other quarters insurrection breaks out, and the Ti-pings rapidly
+increase their strength and conquests; and so, upon the other hand, when
+they move against the Ti-pings in the south, the Nien-fie, Mohamedan
+rebels, &c., gain numberless adherents, and capture city after city with
+impunity. Every mail brings some dim tidings of disaster to the Tartar
+cause England has been so wantonly led to support. It is extraordinary
+that while internal dangers are rapidly increasing, the Manchoos should
+be fulfilling their anti-foreign intentions when foreign help alone can
+save them. A late number of the _China Overland Trade Report_, dated
+Hong-kong, 31st December, 1865, states:-
+
+    "Since the late evacuation of the Taku forts much labour and
+    outlay have been expended in strengthening the fortifications;
+    in fact, it is said that when the plan adopted shall be carried
+    out, these forts will be impregnable except to iron-clads. The
+    proceeding is significant when taken in connection with the
+    anti-foreign policy known to be cherished."
+
+Intelligence from China, bearing date February 1st, 1866, announces a
+Ti-ping victory in the province of Fu-keen, the Imperialists losing
+their leader, Kwo-sun-liang. The Ti-pings have also recaptured the
+important city of Kia-ying-chow, which had been evacuated by the third
+division of the army, at present combined under the Kan-wang's command,
+before the junction was effected.
+
+At the same time further victorious progress of the Nien-fie is
+reported, and a large rebel force (supposed to be of that movement) has
+appeared within 30 miles of Hankow, the great commercial city and treaty
+port situated some 700 miles up the river Yang-tze-kiang. It would thus
+seem that a considerable division of the Nien-fie army has been detached
+on a rapid march to the south-west; at the same time the Ti-pings have
+moved to the north-west, and captured Kia-ying-chow, so that it is
+plain, if each force continues its advance, they will shortly meet,
+which is very likely their intention.
+
+What the consequences will be if the Ti-pings are fortunate and wise
+enough to effect a junction with the Nien-fie can scarcely admit of a
+doubt. Without foreign assistance the Imperialists are unable to cope
+with either of the great rebellions, how much less would they be able to
+resist the two combined! It only requires such an amalgamation of the
+two great parties in opposition to the Manchoo rule to cause the native
+population to rise _en masse_. Each mail brings tidings of fresh
+outbreaks in every part of the distracted empire, and it is ominous for
+the present dynasty that the literary class, the highest in China, are
+beginning to raise and lead local insurrection, as was the case in
+December, 1865, at the town of Chin-shan, only 65 miles from Shanghae, a
+part of the country just pacified by British swords!
+
+"The unfortunate have always been deserted and betrayed," and how much
+more by those who have guiltily made them unfortunate in the first
+place! It is therefore easy to understand the nature of the hostility
+which has been excited in England against the Ti-pings--against the only
+section of the people of China whom righteous men can look to as
+affording a prospect of forwarding the true interests and improvement of
+that vast and beautiful and incalculably rich country.
+
+It is bad to go to war at all; it is highly criminal to make war upon an
+unoffending neighbour; and it is enormous guilt to use hostilities for
+the purpose of subduing a free and happy people because they _might_
+interfere with our profits; but in what words can the double crime of
+waging war upon mercenary grounds against the cause of liberty and
+Christianity be expressed? Yet such, unfortunately, is the course which
+England has pursued by taking part against the Ti-pings.
+
+It is true there is yet some hope that the policy of the Cabinet of her
+late lamented statesman, Lord Palmerston, may prove a failure. The
+Chinese Christian patriots have still a chance of successfully defending
+themselves, and they have strong hope, for their chiefs have repeatedly
+said, "The Mings took a hundred years to found their dynasty, and
+possibly so may we, but most assuredly, sooner or later, we shall expel
+the Tartars and succeed, for the Heavenly Father is with us, and who can
+triumph against Him?"
+
+Let Englishmen therefore trust that their rulers will in future observe
+the neutrality they have once more professed, and not again wage an
+unrighteous war without even declaring it, and in violation of their
+official pledges. All men whose minds have a spark of philanthropy,
+civilization, or Christian faith, will wish their Chinese brothers God
+speed.
+
+Let us trust that, phoenix-like, the Ti-pings may rise from the ashes of
+their former glory and yet succeed in their great religio-political
+movement, that they may again print and widely circulate the Holy Bible,
+which, throughout all their former territory, British bayonets and
+Manchoo torches have for a time destroyed, and that England will not
+have to answer for the sin of crushing the first Christian movement in
+modern Asia, and the last apparent opportunity of Christianizing and
+liberating China.
+
+While looking forward hopefully to the future of the Ti-pings, because
+the cause of liberty is theirs, and the cause of the Gospel is theirs
+also, let it be remembered (as applying to the former phase) that a
+great man has said:--
+
+    "For freedom's battle once begun,
+    Bequeathed by bleeding sire to son,
+    Though baffled oft, is ever won."
+
+And let it be remembered (as applying to the latter phase) that the
+Ti-ping movement was originated through acceptation of the Gospel, and
+that to comfort those who are persecuted for Its sake, it is therein
+declared:--
+
+    "We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed; we are
+    perplexed, but not in despair.
+    "Persecuted, but not forsaken; cast down, but not destroyed."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[83] Published in the _Daily News_, August 8, 1865.
+
+[84] The italics are ours.
+
+[85] "It has been plain from the first, that they were no more like
+Christians than Mahomet was like a Jew" (p. iv).
+
+[86] Published in _The English Presbyterian Messenger_, July 1st and
+August 1, 1865.
+
+[87] See p. 13, "Occasional Paper," No. 10, dated July, 1865, issued
+with the Tenth Annual Report of the China Mission at Amoy and Swatow,
+1864-5.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+RELIGIOUS PUBLICATIONS WRITTEN BY THE TIEN-WANG HUNG-SIU-TSHUEN, AND
+USED BY THE TI-PINGS.
+
+
+DECALOGUE.
+THE TEN CELESTIAL COMMANDS WHICH ARE TO BE CONSTANTLY OBSERVED.
+
+
+THE FIRST COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT HONOUR AND WORSHIP THE GREAT GOD.
+
+_Remark._--The great God is the universal Father of all men, in every
+nation under heaven. Every man is produced and nourished by him: every
+man is also protected by him: every man ought, therefore, morning and
+evening, to honour and worship him, with acknowledgments of his
+goodness. It is a common saying, that Heaven produces, nourishes, and
+protects men. Also, that being provided with food we must not deceive
+Heaven. Therefore, whoever does not worship the great God breaks the
+commands of Heaven.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    Imperial Heaven, the Supreme God is the true Spirit (God):
+    Worship him every morning and evening, and you will be taken up;
+    You ought deeply to consider the ten celestial commands,
+    And not by your foolishness obscure the right principles of nature.
+
+
+THE SECOND COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT NOT WORSHIP CORRUPT SPIRITS (GODS).
+
+_Remark._--The great God says, Thou shalt have no other spirits (gods)
+beside me. Therefore all besides the great God are corrupt spirits
+(gods), deceiving and destroying mankind; they must on no account be
+worshipped: whoever worships the whole class of corrupt spirits (gods)
+offends against the commands of Heaven.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    Corrupt devils very easily delude the souls of men.
+    If you perversely believe in them, you will at last go down to hell.
+    We exhort you all, brave people, to awake from your lethargy,
+    And early make your peace with your exalted Heavenly Father.
+
+
+THE THIRD COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT NOT TAKE THE NAME OF THE GREAT GOD IN VAIN.
+
+_Remark._--The name of the great God is Jehovah, which men must not take
+in vain. Whoever takes God's name in vain, and rails against Heaven,
+offends against this command.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    Our exalted Heavenly Father is infinitely honourable;
+    Those who disobey and profane his name, seldom come to a good end.
+    If unacquainted with the true doctrine, you should be on your guard,
+    For those who wantonly blaspheme involve themselves in endless crime.
+
+
+THE FOURTH COMMAND.
+ON THE SEVENTH DAY, THE DAY OF WORSHIP, YOU SHOULD PRAISE THE GREAT GOD
+FOR HIS GOODNESS.
+
+_Remark._--In the beginning the great God made heaven and earth, land
+and sea, men and things, in six days; and having finished his works on
+the seventh day, he called it the day of rest (or Sabbath): therefore
+all the men of the world, who enjoy the blessing of the great God,
+should on every seventh day especially reverence and worship the great
+God, and praise him for his goodness.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    All the happiness enjoyed in the world comes from Heaven;
+    It is therefore reasonable that men should give thanks and sing;
+    At the daily morning and evening meal there should be thanksgiving,
+    But on the seventh day, the worship should be more intense.
+
+
+THE FIFTH COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT HONOUR THY FATHER AND THY MOTHER, THAT THY DAYS MAY BE
+PROLONGED.
+
+_Remark._--Whoever disobeys his parents breaks this command.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    History records that Shun honoured his parents to the end of his days,
+    Causing them to experience the intensest pleasure and delight:
+    August Heaven will abundantly reward all who act thus,
+    And do not disappoint the expectation of the authors of their being.
+
+
+THE SIXTH COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT NOT KILL OR INJURE MEN.
+
+_Remark._--He who kills another kills himself, and he who injures
+another injures himself. Whoever does either of these breaks the above
+command.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    The whole world is one family, and all men are brethren,
+    How can they be permitted to kill and destroy one another?
+    The outward form and the inward principle are both conferred by Heaven:
+    Allow every one, then, to enjoy the ease and comfort which he desires.
+
+
+THE SEVENTH COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT NOT COMMIT ADULTERY OR ANYTHING UNCLEAN.
+
+_Remark._--All the men in the world are brethren, and all the women in
+the world are sisters. Among the sons and daughters of the celestial
+hall the males are on one side and the females on the other, and are not
+allowed to intermix. Should either men or women practise lewdness they
+are considered outcasts, as having offended against one of the chief
+commands of Heaven. The casting of amorous glances, the harbouring of
+lustful imaginations, the smoking of foreign tobacco (opium), or the
+singing of libidinous songs must all be considered as breaches of this
+command.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    Lust and lewdness constitute the chief transgression,
+    Those who practise it become outcasts, and are the objects of pity.
+    If you wish to enjoy the substantial happiness of heaven,
+    It is necessary to deny yourself and earnestly cultivate virtue.
+
+
+THE EIGHTH COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT NOT ROB OR STEAL.
+
+_Remark._--Riches and poverty are determined by the great God; but
+whosoever robs or plunders the property of others transgresses this
+command.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    Rest contented with your station, however poor, and do not steal.
+    Robbery and violence are low and abandoned practices.
+    Those who injure others really injure themselves.
+    Let the noble-minded among you immediately reform.
+
+
+THE NINTH COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT NOT UTTER FALSEHOOD.
+
+_Remark._--All those who tell lies, and indulge in devilish deceits,
+with every kind of coarse and abandoned talk, offend against this
+command.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    Lying discourse and unfounded stories must all be abandoned.
+    Deceitful and wicked words are offences against Heaven.
+    Much talk will, in the end, bring evil on the speakers.
+    It is then much better to be cautious, and regulate one's own mind.
+
+
+THE TENTH COMMAND.
+THOU SHALT NOT CONCEIVE A COVETOUS DESIRE.
+
+_Remark._--When a man looks upon the beauty of another's wife and
+daughters with covetous desires, or when he regards the elegance of
+another man's possessions with covetous desires, or when he engages in
+gambling, he offends against this command.
+
+    _The Hymn says_:--
+
+    In your daily conduct do not harbour covetous desires.
+    When involved in the sea of lust the consequences are very serious.
+    The above injunctions were handed down on Mount Sinai;
+    And to this day the celestial commands retain all their force.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "NOTE.--The expression 'corrupt spirits' in the remarks upon the
+    second commandment, rendered by the translator 'gods,' refers
+    probably to the numerous malevolent spirits whom all uneducated
+    Chinese believe to have power over all things noxious to the
+    human race. The gods of thunder, lightning, wind, &c., are the
+    principal of these, but there are also hundreds of inferior
+    spirits whom poor householders believe to be abroad at night,
+    with power, if they so will, to spread pestilence, disaster, and
+    fire, and who consequently receive daily and nightly offerings
+    of prayer and incense from the timid and trembling poor, who
+    dread the exercise of their malevolence."--(_The Taepings in
+    China._)
+
+
+
+
+THE TRIMETRICAL CLASSIC.
+
+EACH LINE IN THE ORIGINAL CONTAINING THREE WORDS, AND EACH VERSE FOUR
+LINES.
+
+    The Great God
+    Made heaven and earth,
+    Both land and sea,
+    And all things therein.
+
+    In six days
+    He made the whole;
+    Man, the lord of all,
+    Was endowed with glory and honour.
+
+    Every seventh day worship,
+    In acknowledgment of Heaven's favour;
+    Let all under Heaven
+    Keep their hearts in reverence.
+
+    It is said that in former times
+    A foreign nation was commanded
+    To honour God;
+    The nation's name was Israel.
+
+    Their twelve tribes
+    Removed into Egypt;
+    Where God favoured them,
+    And their posterity increased.
+
+    Then a king arose
+    Into whose heart the devil entered;
+    He envied their prosperity,
+    And inflicted pain and misery.
+
+    Ordering the daughters to be preserved,
+    But not allowing the sons to live;
+    Their bondage was severe
+    And very difficult to bear.
+
+    The Great God
+    Viewed them with pity,
+    And commanded Moses
+    To return to his family.
+
+    He commanded Aaron
+    To go and meet Moses;
+    When both addressed the king,
+    And wrought divers miracles.
+
+    The king hardened his heart
+    And would not let them go;
+    Wherefore God was angry
+    And sent lice and locusts.
+
+    He also sent flies,
+    Together with frogs,
+    Which entered their palaces
+    And crept into their ovens.
+
+    When the king still refused,
+    The river was turned into blood!
+    And the water became bitter
+    Throughout all Egypt.
+
+    God sent boils and blains,
+    With pestilence and murrain;
+    He also sent hail,
+    Which was very grievous.
+
+    The king still refusing,
+    He slew their first-born;
+    When the King of Egypt
+    Had no resource,
+
+    But let them go
+    Out of his land;
+    The Great God
+    Upheld and sustained them.
+
+    By day in a cloud,
+    By night in a pillar of fire;
+    The Great God
+    Himself saved them.
+
+    The king hardened his heart,
+    And led his armies in pursuit;
+    But God was angry
+    And displayed his majesty.
+
+    Arrived at the Red Sea,
+    The waters were spread abroad;
+    The people of Israel
+    Were very much afraid.
+
+    The pursuers overtook them,
+    But God stayed their course;
+    He himself fought for them,
+    And the people had no trouble.
+
+    He caused the Red Sea
+    With its waters to divide;
+    To stand up as a wall,
+    That they might pass between.
+
+    The people of Israel
+    Marched with a steady step
+    As though on dry ground,
+    And thus saved their lives.
+
+    The pursuers attempting to cross,
+    Their wheels were taken off,
+    When the waters closed upon them,
+    And they were all drowned.
+
+    The Great God
+    Displayed his power,
+    And the people of Israel
+    Were all preserved.
+
+    When they came to the desert
+    They had nothing to eat;
+    But the Great God
+    Bade them not be afraid.
+
+    He sent down manna,
+    For each man a pint;
+    It was as sweet as honey,
+    And satisfied their appetites.
+
+    The people lusted much,
+    And wished to eat flesh,
+    When quails were sent
+    By the millions of bushels.
+
+    At the Mount Sinai
+    Miracles were displayed,
+    And Moses was commanded
+    To make tables of stone.
+
+    The Great God
+    Gave his celestial commands,
+    Amounting to ten precepts,
+    The breach of which would not be forgiven.
+
+    He himself wrote them,
+    And gave them to Moses;
+    The celestial law
+    Cannot be altered.
+
+    In after ages
+    It was sometimes disobeyed,
+    Through the devil's temptations
+    When men fell into misery.
+
+    But the Great God,
+    Out of pity to mankind,
+    Sent his first-born Son
+    To come down into the world.
+
+    His name is Jesus,
+    The Lord and Saviour of men,
+    Who redeems them from sin
+    By the endurance of extreme misery.
+
+    Upon the cross
+    They nailed his body,
+    Where he shed his precious blood
+    To save all mankind.
+
+    Three days after his death
+    He rose from the dead,
+    And during forty days
+    He discoursed on heavenly things.
+
+    When he was about to ascend,
+    He commanded his disciples
+    To communicate his gospel
+    And proclaim his revealed will.
+
+    Those who believe will be saved
+    And ascend to heaven;
+    But those who do not believe
+    Will be the first to be condemned.
+
+    Throughout the whole world
+    There is only one God,
+    The Great Lord and Ruler
+    Without a second.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    The Chinese in early ages
+    Were regarded by God;
+    Together with the foreign states
+    They walked in one way.
+
+    From the time of Pwan-koo,[88]
+    Down to the three dynasties,[89]
+    They honoured God,
+    As history records.
+
+    T'hang of the Shang dynasty,[90]
+    And Wan of the Chow,[91]
+    Honoured God
+    With the intensest feeling.
+
+    The inscription on T'hang's bathing-tub
+    Inculcated daily renovation of mind;
+    And God commanded him
+    To assume the government of the empire.
+
+    Wan was very respectful
+    And intelligently served God;
+    So that the people who submitted to him
+    Were two out of every three.
+
+    When Tsin obtained the empire[92]
+    He was infatuated with the genii,
+    And the nation has been deluded by the devil
+    For the last two thousand years.
+
+    Suen and Woo of the Han dynasty[93]
+    Both followed this bad example,
+    So that the mad rebellion increased
+    In imitation of Tsin's misrule.
+
+    When Woo arrived at old age,
+    He repented of his folly,
+    And lamented that from his youth up
+    He had always followed the wrong road.
+
+    Ming of the Han dynasty[94]
+    Welcomed the institutions of Buddha,
+    And set up temples and monasteries
+    To the great injury of the country.
+
+    But Hwang of the Sung dynasty
+    Was still more mad and infatuated,
+    For he changed the name of Shang-te (God)
+    Into that of Yuh-hwang (the pearly emperor).[95]
+
+    But the Great God
+    Is the supreme Lord
+    Over all the world,
+    The Great Father in heaven.
+
+    His name is most honourable,
+    To be handed down through distant ages;
+    Who was this Hwuy,
+    That he dared to alter it?
+
+    It was meet that this same Hwuy
+    Should be taken by the Tartars,
+    And together with his son
+    Perish in the northern desert.
+
+    From Hwuy of the Sung dynasty
+    Up to the present day,
+    For these seven hundred years
+    Men have sunk deeper and deeper in error.
+
+    With the doctrine of God
+    They have not been acquainted,
+    While the king of Hades
+    Has deluded them to the utmost.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    The Great God displays
+    Liberality deep as the sea;
+    But the devil has injured man
+    In a most outrageous manner.
+
+    God is therefore displeased
+    And has sent his Son[96]
+    With orders to come down into the world
+    Having first studied the classics.
+
+    In the Ting-yeu year (1837)
+    He was received up into Heaven,
+    Where the affairs of Heaven
+    Were clearly pointed out to him.
+
+    The great God
+    Personally instructed him,
+    Gave him odes and documents,
+    And communicated to him the true doctrine.
+
+    God also gave him a seal,
+    And conferred upon him a sword
+    Connected with authority
+    And majesty irresistible.
+
+    He bade him, together with the elder brother,
+    Namely Jesus,
+    To drive away impish fiends
+    With the co-oporation of angels.
+
+    There was one who looked on with envy,
+    Namely, the king of Hades,
+    Who displayed much malignity
+    And acted like a devilish serpent.
+
+    But the great God,
+    With a high hand,
+    Instructed his Son
+    To subdue this fiend,
+
+    And having conquered him,
+    To show him no favour;
+    And in spite of his envious eye
+    He damped all his courage.
+
+    Having overcome the fiend,
+    He returned to Heaven,
+    Where the great God
+    Gave him great authority.
+
+    The celestial mother was kind
+    And exceedingly gracious,
+    Beautiful and noble in the extreme,
+    Far beyond all compare.
+
+    The celestial elder brother's wife
+    Was virtuous and very considerate,
+    Constantly exhorting the elder brother
+    To do things deliberately.
+
+    The great God,
+    Out of love to mankind,
+    Again commissioned his Son
+    To come down into the world.
+
+    And when he sent him down,
+    He charged him not to be afraid;
+    I am with you, said he,
+    To superintend everything.
+
+    In the Mow-shin year (1848)
+    The Son was troubled and distressed,
+    When the great God
+    Appeared on his behalf.
+
+    Bringing Jesus with him,
+    They both came down into the world,
+    Where he instructed his Son
+    How to sustain the weight of government.
+
+    God has set up his Son
+    To endure for ever,
+    To defeat corrupt machinations
+    And to display majesty and authority.
+
+    Also to judge the world,
+    To divide the righteous from the wicked,
+    And consign them to the misery of hell,
+    Or bestow on them the joys of heaven.
+
+    Heaven manages everything,
+    Heaven sustains the whole;
+    Let all beneath the sky
+    Come and acknowledge the new monarch.
+
+    Little children,
+    Worship God,
+    Keep his commandments,
+    And do not disobey.
+
+    Let your minds be refined,
+    And be not depraved,
+    The great God
+    Constantly surveys you.
+
+    You must refine yourselves well,
+    And not be depraved:
+    Vice willingly practised
+    Is the first step to misery.
+
+    To insure a good end,
+    You must make a good beginning:
+    An error of a hair's breadth
+    May lead to a discrepancy of a thousand li.
+
+    Be careful about little things,
+    And watch the minute springs of action:
+    The great God
+    Is not to be deceived.
+
+    Little children,
+    Arouse your energies:
+    The laws of high heaven
+    Admit not of infraction.
+
+    Upon the good blessings descend,
+    And miseries on the wicked;
+    Those who obey Heaven are preserved,
+    And those who disobey perish.
+
+    The great God
+    Is a spiritual Father;
+    All things whatever
+    Depend on him.
+
+    The great God
+    Is the Father of our spirits:
+    Those who devoutly serve him
+    Will obtain blessings.
+
+    Those who obey the fathers of their flesh
+    Will enjoy longevity;
+    Those who requite their parents
+    Will certainly obtain happiness.
+
+    Do not practise lewdness,
+    Nor any uncleanness;
+    Do not tell lies,
+    Do not kill and slay.
+
+    Do not steal,
+    Do not covet:
+    The great God
+    Will strictly carry out his laws.
+
+    Those who obey Heaven's commands
+    Will enjoy celestial happiness;
+    Those who are grateful for divine favours
+    Will receive divine support.
+
+    Heaven blesses the good
+    And curses the bad:
+    Little children!
+    Maintain correct conduct.
+
+    The correct are men,
+    The corrupt are imps:
+    Little children!
+    Seek to avoid disgrace.
+
+    God loves the upright,
+    And he hates the vicious:
+    Little children!
+    Be careful to avoid error.
+
+    The great God
+    Sees everything;
+    If you wish to enjoy happiness,
+    Refine and correct yourselves.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[88] Pwan-koo, the first man, was, according to Chinese mythology, the
+offspring of Chaos, and the creator of the earth, sun, moon, and stars.
+
+[89] The period of the three dynasties began B.C. 2207, and ended B.C.
+247.
+
+[90] B.C. 1766.
+
+[91] B.C. 1121. Both these emperors (T'hang and Wan) are stated by Du
+Halde to have worshipped Heaven.
+
+[92] B.C. 247.
+
+[93] B.C. 74--A.D. 25.
+
+[94] A.D. 58. The emperor Ming, having heard that the true religion was
+to be found in the west, despatched (A.D. 66) ambassadors into Northern
+India, who, finding the majority of the people in that region to be
+worshippers of Fo, brought back with them several Bonzes in order to
+spread the faith; and thus Buddhism was introduced into China.
+
+[95] This emperor (Hwuy) was a firm believer in the superstitions of the
+Taouists. A.D. 1101--1126.
+
+[96] Hung-siu-tsuen.
+
+
+
+
+ODE FOR YOUTH.
+
+EACH LINE IN THE ORIGINAL CONTAINING FIVE WORDS, AND EACH VERSE FOUR
+LINES.
+
+
+ON THE WORSHIP OF GOD.
+
+    Let the true Spirit, the great God,
+    Be honoured and adored by all nations;
+    Let all the inhabitants of the world
+    Unite in his worship, morning and evening.
+
+    Above and below, look where you may,
+    All things are imbued with the Divine favour.
+    At the beginning, in six days,
+    All things were created, perfect and complete.
+
+    Whether circumcised or uncircumcised,
+    Who is not produced by God?
+    Reverently praise the Divine favour
+    And you will obtain eternal glory.
+
+
+ON REVERENCE FOR JESUS.
+
+    Jesus, his first-born Son,
+    Was in former times sent by God:
+    He willingly gave his life to redeem us from sin;
+    Of a truth his merits are pre-eminent.
+
+    His cross was hard to bear;
+    The sorrowing clouds obscured the sun.
+    The adorable Son, the honoured of heaven,
+    Died for you, the children of men.
+
+    After his resurrection he ascended to heaven;
+    Resplendent in glory, he wields authority supreme.
+    In him we know that we may trust
+    To secure salvation and ascend to Heaven.
+
+
+ON THE HONOUR DUE TO PARENTS.
+
+    As grain is stored against a day of need,
+    So men bring up children to tend their old age;
+    A filial son begets filial children,--
+    The recompense here is truly wonderful.
+
+    Do you ask how this our body
+    Is to attain to length of years?
+    Keep the fifth command, we say,
+    And honour and emolument will descend upon you.
+
+
+ON THE COURT.
+
+    The imperial court is an awe-inspiring spot,
+    Let those about it dread celestial majesty;
+    Life and death emanate from Heaven's son,
+    Let every officer avoid disobedience.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF THE SOVEREIGN.
+
+    When one man presides over the government,
+    All nations become settled and tranquillized:
+    When the sovereign grasps the sceptre of power,
+    Calumny and corruption sink and disappear.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF MINISTERS.
+
+    When the prince is upright, ministers are true;
+    When the sovereign is intelligent, ministers will be honest.
+    E and Chow are models worthy of imitation:
+    They acted uprightly and aided the government.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF FAMILIES.
+
+    The members of one family being intimately related,
+    They should live in joy and harmony;
+    When the feeling of concord unites the whole,
+    Blessings will descend upon them from above.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF A FATHER.
+
+    When the main beam is straight, the joists will be regular;
+    When a father is strict, his duty will be fulfilled:
+    Let him not provoke his children to wrath,
+    And a delightful harmony will pervade the dwelling.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF A MOTHER.
+
+    Ye mothers, beware of partiality,
+    But tenderly instruct your children in virtue;
+    When you are a fit example to your daughters,
+    The happy feeling will reach to the clouds.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF SONS.
+
+    Sons, be patterns to your wives;
+    Consider obedience to parents the chief duty;
+    Do not listen to the tattle of women,
+    And you will not be estranged from your own flesh.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF DAUGHTERS-IN-LAW.
+
+    Ye that are espoused into other families,
+    Be gentle and yielding, and your duty is fulfilled;
+    Do not quarrel with your sisters-in-law,
+    And thereby vex the old father and mother.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF ELDER BROTHERS.
+
+    Elder brothers, instruct your juniors;
+    Remember well your common parentage;
+    Should they commit a trifling fault,
+    Bear with it and treat them indulgently.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF YOUNGER BROTHERS.
+
+    Disparity in years is ordered by Heaven;
+    Duty to seniors consists in respect.
+    When younger brothers obey Heaven's dictates,
+    Happiness and honour will be their portion.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF ELDER SISTERS.
+
+    Elder sisters, instruct your younger sisters,
+    Study improvement and fit yourselves for Heaven.
+    Should you occasionally visit your former homes,
+    Get the little ones around you and tell them what is right.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF YOUNGER SISTERS.
+
+    Girls, obey your elder brothers and sisters,
+    Be obliging and avoid arrogance,
+    Carefully give yourselves to self-improvement,
+    And mind and keep the Ten Commandments.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF HUSBANDS.
+
+    Unbending firmness is natural to the man,
+    Love for a wife should be qualified by prudence;
+    And should the lioness roar,
+    Let not terror fill the mind.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF WIVES.
+
+    Women, be obedient to your three male relatives,
+    And do not disobey your lords:
+    When hens crow in the morning,
+    Sorrow may be expected in the family.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF ELDER BROTHERS' WIVES.
+
+    What is the duty of an elder brother's wife,
+    And what her most appropriate deportment?
+    Let her cheerfully harmonize with younger brothers' wives,
+    And she will never do amiss.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF YOUNGER BROTHERS' WIVES.
+
+    Younger brothers' wives should respect their elder brothers' wives,
+    In humility honouring their elder brothers;
+    In all things yielding to their senior sisters-in-law,
+    Which will result in harmony superior to music.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF THE MALE SEX.
+
+    Let every man have his own partner
+    And maintain the duties of the human relations
+    Firm and unbending; his duties lie from home,
+    But he should avoid such things as cause suspicion.
+
+
+ON THE DUTIES OF THE FEMALE SEX.
+
+    The duty of woman is to maintain chastity;
+    She should shun proximity to the other sex;
+    Sober and decorous, she should keep at home:
+    Thus she can secure happiness and felicity.
+
+
+ON CONTRACTING MARRIAGES.
+
+    Marriages are the result of some relation in a former state
+    The disposal of which rests with Heaven.
+    When contracted, affection should flow in a continued stream,
+    And the association should be uninterrupted.
+
+
+ON MANAGING THE HEART.
+
+    For the purpose of controlling the whole body,
+    God has given to man an intelligent mind;
+    When the heart is correct, it becomes the true regulator
+    To which the senses and members are all obedient.
+
+
+ON MANAGING THE EYES.
+
+    The various corruptions first delude the eye;
+    But if the eye be correct, all evil will be avoided:
+    Let the pupil of the eye be sternly fixed,
+    And the light of the body will shine up to heaven.
+
+
+ON MANAGING THE EAR.
+
+    Whatever sounds assail my ear,
+    Let me listen to all in silence:
+    Deaf to the entrance of evil,
+    Pervious to good, in order to be eminently intelligent.
+
+
+ON MANAGING THE MOUTH.
+
+    The tongue is a prolific source of strife,
+    And a multitude of words leads to mischief;
+    Let me not be defiled by lying and corrupt discourse,
+    Careful and cautious, let reason be my guide.
+
+
+ON MANAGING THE HAND.
+
+    To cut off the hand whereby we are dragged to evil
+    Appears a determination worthy of high praise;
+    The duty of the hand is to manifest respect,
+    But for improper objects move not a finger.
+
+
+ON MANAGING THE FEET.
+
+    Let the feet walk in the path of rectitude,
+    And ever follow it, without treading awry;
+    For the countless by-paths of life
+    Lead only to mischief in the end.
+
+
+THE WAY TO GET TO HEAVEN.
+
+    Honour and disgrace come from a man's self;
+    But men should exert themselves
+    To keep the Ten Commandments,
+    And they will enjoy bliss in Heaven.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+EXPORT OF TEA AND SILK FROM CHINA,
+
+    _Showing the State of the Trade before, during, and after the
+    Occupation of the producing Districts by the Ti-pings._
+
+    [From the following Figures the Effect of their Presence upon
+    Commerce may be judged.]
+
+
+TOTAL EXPORTS during the Five Years immediately preceding the Outbreak
+of the Ti-ping Revolution.
+
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+    |  DATE OF EXPORT.   |     TEA.     | RAW SILK.|
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+    |                    |   Pounds.    |  Bales.  |
+    |  Year   1845-1846  |  57,580,000  |  18,600  |
+    |    "    1846-1847  |  53,360,000  |  19,000  |
+    |    "    1847-1848  |  47,690,000  |  21,377  |
+    |    "    1848-1849  |  47,240,000  |  17,228  |
+    |    "    1849-1850  |  53,960,000  |  16,134  |
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+
+_Remarks._--These returns are quoted by Col. Sykes, M.P., in his
+pamphlet on "The Progress of Trade with China, 1833-1860," and are
+copied from the _Friend of China_, which journal, then established at
+Canton, published a tabular form, showing the total exports (exclusive
+of Ningpo) from all Treaty Ports, 1843 to 1858.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TOTAL EXPORTS during the First Three Years of the Revolution, while the
+Ti-pings were steadily progressing northward.
+
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+    |  DATE OF EXPORT.   |     TEA.     | RAW SILK.|
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+    |                    |   Pounds.    |  Bales.  |
+    |  Year   1850-1851  |  64,020,000  |  22,143  |
+    |    "    1851-1852  |  65,130,000  |  23,040  |
+    |    "    1852-1853  |  72,900,000  |  25,571  |
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+
+_Remarks._--It will be seen that the progress of the rebellion did not
+interfere with trade, which continued steadily increasing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TOTAL EXPORTS from date of Capture of Nankin, and many producing
+Districts, by the Ti-pings, to 1859.
+
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+    |  DATE OF EXPORT.   |     TEA.     | RAW SILK.|
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+    |                    |   Pounds.    |  Bales.  |
+    |  Year   1853-1854  |  77,210,000  |  61,984  |
+    |    "    1854-1855  |  86,500,000  |  51,486  |
+    |    "    1855-1856  |  91,930,000  |  50,489  |
+    |    "    1856-1857  |  61,460,000  |  74,215  |
+    |    "    1857-1858  |  76,740,000  |  60,736  |
+    +--------------------+--------------+----------+
+
+_Remarks._--It will be seen that the exports, although to a certain
+extent coming from, or passing through, Ti-ping territory, continued
+regularly increasing, especially in the case of the silk trade.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TOTAL EXPORTS during the Two Years preceding the Capture, of the entire
+Silk, and about half of the Tea, Districts.
+
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+    | DATE OF EXPORT. |     TEA.    |  RAW SILK. |
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+    |                 |    Pounds.  |   Bales.   |
+    | Year  1858-1859 |  65,789,792 |   81,136   |
+    |  "    1859-1860 |  85,938,493 |   69,137   |
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+
+_Remarks._--These returns are carefully copied from the bi-monthly
+issues of _The China Overland Trade Report_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TOTAL EXPORTS during the entire Occupation of the Silk Districts.
+
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+    | DATE OF EXPORT. |     TEA.    |  RAW SILK. |
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+    |                 |   Pounds.   |   Bales.   |
+    | Year  1860-1861 |  87,220,754 |   88,754   |
+    |  "    1861-1862 | 107,351,649 |   73,322   |
+    |  "    1862-1863 | 118,692,138 |   83,264   |
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+
+_Remarks._--The Ti-pings captured Soo-chow, the capital of the silk
+districts (and shortly after the _whole_ of that valuable country), in
+the month of May, 1860. It will be seen that, instead of injuring the
+silk trade, at the termination of the next business year--season
+1860-61, commencing June 1, 1860, and ending 31st May, 1861--they had
+_increased_ it to 88,754 bales, the greatest number ever exported from
+China in one year; to 73,322, season 1861-62; and 83,264, season
+1862-63; whilst the export of tea, mostly from regions in their
+possession, was raised from 66,000,000 pounds in 1860, to 119,000,000 in
+1863! These figures cover the period of entire occupation of the silk
+districts by the Ti-pings, and their occupation of the tea districts of
+Fy-chow, Taeping-hien, and others in the provinces of Ngan-whui,
+Che-kiang, Kiang-si, and Kiang-su, and extend to the end of May, 1863.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TOTAL EXPORTS _since_ the Ti-pings have been driven from the Silk
+Districts.
+
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+    | DATE OF EXPORT. |     TEA.    |  RAW SILK. |
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+    |                 |   Pounds.   |   Bales.   |
+    | Year  1863-1864 | 119,689,238 |   46,863   |
+    |  "    1864-1865 | 121,236,870 |   41,128   |
+    +-----------------+-------------+------------+
+
+_Remarks._--These returns prove, better than any history or argument,
+who were the devastators of the former Ti-ping territory. While the
+revolutionists held and governed the valuable silk districts, that
+article was produced and exported in larger quantities than had ever
+been known before. After the British had made the producing districts
+the theatre of the war, and finally succeeded in driving the Ti-pings
+out, the supply of silk at once fell to half the export during the
+Ti-ping dominion, and the second year after to still less.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX C.
+
+MEMORANDUM OF TI-PINGS KILLED DURING THE BRITISH HOSTILITIES AGAINST
+THEM.
+
+
++----------------------+----------+---------------+---------+-------------+
+|                      |          |               | Number  |British, or  |
+|     Where Killed.    |   Date.  |By what Forces.| Killed. |Allied,      |
+|                      |          |               |         |Casualties.  |
++----------------------+----------+---------------+---------+-------------+
+|Before Shanghae,      |August,   |British and    |    300  |Nil.         |
+|while striving        |1860.     |French.        |         |             |
+|to peaceably          |          |               |         |             |
+|negotiate.            |          |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Near the city of      |December, |Ward's         |  2,000  |100 killed   |
+|Soong-kong (twenty    |1861.     |disciplined    |         |and          |
+|miles from Shanghae). |          |Contingent     |         |wounded.     |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At the capture of the |21st      |British and    |    150  |1 killed by  |
+|village Kao-kiau.     |February, |French.        |         |a stray shot.|
+|                      |1862.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|During the capture    |1st       |Ditto.         |  1,300  |Nil.         |
+|of stockades at       |March,    |               |         |             |
+|Ming-hong.            |1862.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At capture of         |4th       |Ditto.         |    600  |1 killed,    |
+|Wong-ka-dzu stockades.|April,    |               |         |1 wounded.   |
+|                      |1862.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Capture of the village|5th       |Admiral        |    300  |Nil.         |
+|of Lu-ka-kong.        |April,    |Hope's and     |         |             |
+|                      |1862.     |Ward's forces. |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At the village of     |17th      |British,       |    900  |Nil.         |
+|Che-poo.              |April,    |French,        |         |             |
+|                      |1862.     |and            |         |             |
+|                      |          |Ward's forces. |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At the capture of the |1st       |Allied British,|  3,500  |5 or 6       |
+|city of Kah-ding.     |May,      |French, and    |         |wounded.     |
+|                      |1862.     |Imperialists.  |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At the capture of the |12th      |Ditto.         |  2,500  |2 killed,    |
+|city of Tsing-poo.    |May,      |               |         |10 wounded.  |
+|                      |1862.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At the capture of the |17th      |British and    |    500  |French       |
+|village of Na-joor.   |May,      |French.        |         |admiral      |
+|                      |1862.     |               |         |killed, 16   |
+|                      |          |               |         |men wounded. |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At the capture of the |20th      |Ditto.         |  3,000  |1 killed,    |
+|town of Cho-lin.      |May,      |               |         |4 wounded.   |
+|                      |1862.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|During an engagement  |31st      |British naval  |    300  |1 killed,    |
+|near Kah-ding.        |May,      |& military     |         |4 wounded.   |
+|                      |1862.     |forces         |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Upon the expulsion of |10th      |British,       |    150  |3 killed,    |
+|the Ti-pings from     |May       |French,        |         |23 wounded.  |
+|Ningpo.               |1862.     |and piratical  |         |             |
+|                      |          |flotilla.      |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|During the recapture  |June,     |British,       |  5,000  |About 100,   |
+|of Kah-ding,          |July &    |French,        |         |all told.    |
+|Tsing-poo, Cho-lin,   |August,   |and            |         |             |
+|Chee-poo, &c., by     |1862.     |Imperialists.  |         |             |
+|the Ti-pings.         |          |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|During the operations |August,   |Force under    | 20,000  |About 2,000  |
+|in the Ningpo         |1862,     |Capt. R. Dew,  |         |or 3,000.    |
+|district, leading to  |to the    |R.N.,          |         |             |
+|the capture of        |end of    |Anglo-Manchoo, |         |             |
+|Tse-kie, Yu-yaon,     |1863.     |Franco-Manchoo,|         |             |
+|Fung-wha, Shou-sing,  |          |and Imperialist|         |             |
+|and other cities.     |          |troops.        |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At the second capture |24th      |British,       |  1,500  |4 killed,    |
+|of Kah-ding.          |October,  |French,        |         |20 wounded.  |
+|                      |1862.     |and            |         |             |
+|                      |          |Imperialists.  |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Engagement during     |November, |British, Ward's|  3,000  |5 killed,    |
+|Ti-ping attempt to    |1862      |force, and     |         |15 wounded.  |
+|recapture Kah-ding.   |          |Imperialists   |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|During the repulse of |14th      |Anglo-Manchoo  |  1,000  |2,500 killed |
+|the attack on Tait-san|February, |Contingent     |         |& wounded.   |
+|                      |1863      |and Imperial   |         |             |
+|                      |          |troops.        |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Capture of Fu-shan    |6th April,|Filibuster     |  1,200  |2 killed,    |
+|village, and relief of|1863      |_General_      |         |3 wounded.   |
+|Chang-zu              |          |Gordon's force.|         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Capture of the city of|2nd May,  |British,       |  2,000  |200 _hors de |
+|Tait-san              |1863      |Gordon's       |         |combat_.     |
+|                      |          |and Imperial   |         |             |
+|                      |          |forces.        |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Massacre of Ti-pings  |30th May, |The            |  3,000  |Gordon's     |
+|during their          |1863      |Anglo-Manchoo  |         |force,       |
+|evacuation  of the    |          |disciplined and|         |2 killed and |
+|city of Quin-san.     |          |foreign-       |         |5 drowned;   |
+|                      |          |officered      |         |Imperialist  |
+|                      |          |Contingent, and|         |loss, about  |
+|                      |          |an Imperialist |         |300.         |
+|                      |          |army.          |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|During the retreat of |June,     |Died of        | 40,000  |Loss of      |
+|the Chung-wang's army |1863      |starvation,    |         |Imperialist  |
+|from the northern     |          |made prisoners |         |troops, 2,000|
+|provinces; caused by  |          |and executed by|         |to 3,000.    |
+|the British           |          |Imperialists,  |         |             |
+|hostilities in the    |          |and killed in  |         |             |
+|neighbourhood of      |          |action.        |         |             |
+|Shanghae and Ningpo.  |          |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|At the capture of     |29th      |Anglo-Manchoo  |    150  |1 killed, 15 |
+|Wo-kong city          |July,     |Contingent and |         |wounded.     |
+|                      |1863      |Imperialists   |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Engagements at        |5th, 6th, |Ditto.         |  1,000  |50 to 100.   |
+|Kah-poo.              |& 7th     |               |         |             |
+|                      |Aug.      |               |         |             |
+|                      |1863.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Engagements in the    |October,  |Ditto.         |  3,500  |About 200.   |
+|neighbourhood of      |1863.     |               |         |             |
+|Wo-kong.              |          |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Engagements before    |September,|English,       |  6,000  |About 2,000. |
+|Soo-chow, and capture |October,  |French, and    |         |             |
+|of stockades outside  |November, |other          |         |             |
+|the city.             |and       |disciplined    |         |             |
+|                      |December. |Contingents,   |         |             |
+|                      |          |assisted by a  |         |             |
+|                      |          |Imperialist    |         |             |
+|                      |          |army.          |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|The Soo-chow massacre |3rd       |Imperialists.  | 30,000  |Nil.         |
+|upon capture of the   |December, |               |Estimated|             |
+|city.                 |and       |               |by both  |             |
+|                      |subsequent|               |Imps. &  |             |
+|                      |days.     |               |Ti-Pings |             |
+|                      |          |               |at this  |             |
+|                      |          |               |No.      |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Engagements around    |November &|Ditto.         |  4,000  |5,000.       |
+|Wu-see and            |December. |               |         |             |
+|Chang-chow-foo        |          |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Upon occupation of    |12th      |Contingents and|  6,000  |Nil.         |
+|Wu-see (civilians put |December. |Imperialists   |         |             |
+|to death)             |          |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Capture of Yih-sing.  |3rd or 4th|English        |    500  |About a dozen|
+|                      |March,    |Contingent.    |         | casualties. |
+|                      |1864.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Defeat of Gordon's    |20th      |Ditto.         |    600  |About 150.   |
+|force before Kin-tang.|March,    |               |         |             |
+|                      |1864.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Defeat of Gordon's    |30th      |Ditto.         |    100  |About 207.   |
+|force at Hwa-soo.     |March,    |               |         |             |
+|                      |1864.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Assaults upon         |Jan.,     |English &      |  5,000  |Loss of      |
+|Hang-chow (capital of |Feb.; and |French         |         |Contingents, |
+|Che-kiang), capture of|Mar. 2nd, |Contingents,   |         |600;         |
+|Fo-yang, and other    |and 29th; |and several    |         |Imperialists,|
+|cities in the same    |April and |large          |         |3,000.       |
+|district.             |May, 1864.|Imperialist    |         |             |
+|                      |          |armies.        |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Massacre of           |End of    |Imperialists   |  7,000  |Loss of      |
+|non-combatants after  |March,    |and detachments|         |Imperilists  |
+|capture of            |1864.     |of English     |         |and          |
+|Kar-sing-foo.         |          |Contingent.    |         |detachment   |
+|                      |          |               |         |under _Col._ |
+|                      |          |               |         |Bailey during|
+|                      |          |               |         |the seige    |
+|                      |          |               |         |1,000.       |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Defeat of Ti-pings,   |11th      |Imperialists   |  8,000  |Loss of      |
+|and massacre of       |April,    |and English    |         |Allies, 100. |
+|prisoners, at the     |1864.     |Contingent     |         |             |
+|village of Hwa-soo.   |          |under Gordon.  |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Repulse of Imperialist|24th and  |Ditto.         |  3,500  |427 of       |
+|assaults upon         |25th      |               |         |Contingent,  |
+|Chang-chow-foo        |April,    |               |         |1,500        |
+|                      |1864.     |               |         |Imperialists.|
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Capture of Chang-chow,|11th May, |Ditto.         |About    |7 of         |
+|massacre of garrison  |1864.     |               | 20,000  |Contingent,  |
+|and inhabitants.      |          |               |         |300          |
+|                      |          |               |         |Imperialists.|
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|During the capture of |May to    |Principally    |About    |2,000 or     |
+|Tan-yang, Kin-tang,   |September,|Imperialists,  | 10,000  |3,000.       |
+|Ly-hong, and all other|1864      |assisted by all|         |             |
+|Ti-ping towns, besides|          |foreign        |         |             |
+|the districts in which|          |Contingents    |         |             |
+|they are situated,    |          |except         |         |             |
+|subsequent to the fall|          |Gordon's.      |         |             |
+|of Chang-chow-foo.    |          |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|During the siege of   |Ditto.    |Imperialists   | 70,000  | Nil.        |
+|Nankin about 70,000   |          |advised by     |         |             |
+|people perished from  |          |Gordon,        |         |             |
+|famine within its     |          |assisted by    |         |             |
+|walls.                |          |French         |         |             |
+|                      |          |officers.      |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Killed during the     |Ditto.    |Ditto.         | 10,000  |5,000 to     |
+|siege.                |          |               |         |10,000.      |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Massacred after the   |18th &    |    ..  ..     | 30,000  |Very small.  |
+|capture of the city.  |19th July,|               |         |             |
+|                      |and       |               |         |             |
+|                      |subsequent|               |         |             |
+|                      |days.     |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|Killed during the     |January to|Imperialists   | 15,000  |9,000 to     |
+|siege and fall of     |September,|and French     |         |10,000.      |
+|Hoo-chow-foo.         |1864.     |Contingents.   |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|A rough estimate of   |August,   |Imperialists,  | 50,000  |Much less.   |
+|the number of people  |1860, to  |English, &     |         |             |
+|killed during all the |September,|French.        |         |             |
+|actions not recorded, |1864.     |               |         |             |
+|captures of villages, |          |               |         |             |
+|skirmishes, &c., which|          |               |         |             |
+|were innumerable.     |          |               |         |             |
+|                      |          |               |         |             |
+|To the above may be   |  ..  ..  |    ..  ..     |2,500,000|             |
+|added _at least_      |          |               |         |             |
+|2,000,000 to 3,000,000|          |               |         |             |
+|people who perished   |          |               |         |             |
+|from the terrible     |          |               |         |             |
+|famine occasioned,    |          |               |         |             |
+|during the years 1863 |          |               |         |             |
+|and 4, by the allied  |          |               |         |             |
+|operations, whilst the|          |               |         |             |
+|Ti-pings were being   |          |               |         |             |
+|driven from their     |          |               |         |             |
+|territories, and the  |          |               |         |             |
+|whole country so      |          |               |         |             |
+|utterly desolated as  |          |               |         |             |
+|to be covered with the|          |               |         |             |
+|bodies of the starved |          |               |         |             |
+|and dying.            |          |               |         |             |
++----------------------+----------+---------------+---------+-------------+
+|    TOTAL NUMBER OF TI-PINGS KILLED AND          |2,872,550|             |
+|    DESTROYED BY THE BRITISH INTERVENTION        |         |             |
++-------------------------------------------------+---------+-------------+
+
+
+
+
+    COX AND WYMAN,
+    ORIENTAL, CLASSICAL, AND GENERAL PRINTERS,
+    GREAT QUEEN STREET, LONDON, W.C.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+Obvious punctuation errors repaired.
+
+Inconsistent transcription and hyphenation of Chinese names have not
+been changed.
+
+Hyphen removed: blood[-]thirsty (p. 704). gold[-]leaf (p. 769),
+gun[-]boat(s) (pp. 513, 706, 778), out[-]work (p. 510), pic[-]nic (p.
+512), re[-]cature/ed/ing (pp. 582, 583, 590, 820), re[-]manned (p. 516),
+re[-]taken (p. 584), round[-]about (p. 479), treaty port (p. 445),
+under[-]weigh (p. 426).
+
+Hyphen added: artillery[-]men (p. 452), breast[-]work (p. 749, 752),
+co[-]adjutor (p. 453), eye[-]witnesses (p. 741), half[-]way (p. 599),
+loop[-]hole (p. 608).
+
+Manilla-man/men used consistently instead of two words (pp. 653, 655,
+656) or one word (p. 591).
+
+The following variants appear and have not been changed: firearms and
+fire-arms, _li_ and _le_ (although _li_ is the more usual romanization
+of the Chinese measure of distance).
+
+P. 443: "griped" changed to "gripped" (had barely gripped me).
+
+P. 457: "poperty" changed to "property" (the letting of their property).
+
+P. 460: "adminstrator" changed to "administrator" (neither a general nor
+an administrator).
+
+P. 472: "and" added (between himself and a young Ti-ping soldier).
+
+P. 477: "prefered" changed to "preferred" (the Ti-pings preferred that
+course).
+
+PP. 484, 494: "Great Britian" changed to "Great Britain".
+
+P. 488: "detaind" changed to "detained" (we were detained for a long
+while).
+
+P. 508: "inadvertant" changed to "inadvertent" (inadvertent
+contradictions).
+
+P. 513: extra "a" removed (desolating raid into a country).
+
+P. 521: "infested" changed to "invested" (Soon-kong were also invested).
+
+P. 549: "administratve" changed to "administrative" (the Government and
+administrative machinery).
+
+P. 553: "simulocrum" changed to "simulacrum" (bolster up the tottering
+_simulacrum_).
+
+P. 557: "5,20,72,358" changed to "52,072,358".
+
+P. 565: Enumerated item "D" changed to "B".
+
+P. 571: "oratical" changed to "oratorical" (At the oratorical display).
+
+P. 571: "allevated" changed to "alleviated" (the distress could be
+alleviated).
+
+PP. 580, 582, 601: "Sherard" changed to "Sherrard" (Captain Sherrard
+Osborne).
+
+P. 605: "fusilade" changed to "fusillade" (kept up a fusillade).
+
+P. 608: "Subsquently" changed to "Subsequently" (Subsquently other
+legions).
+
+P. 613: "fourteeen" changed to "fourteen" (heads of fourteen women).
+
+P. 640: "Europeons" changed to "Europeans" (the Europeans working).
+
+PP. 655, 656, 660, 701: "Marcartney" changed to "Macartney" on the
+assumption that the person mentioned is Sir Halliday Macartney, KCMG,
+MD.
+
+P. 658: "Manoeuvring" changed to "Manoeuvering" in contents.
+
+P. 670: "become" changed to "became" (the bad news became confirmed).
+
+P. 689: "threefrom" changed to "therefrom" (and deduct threrefrom).
+
+P. 689: "agressive" changed to "aggressive" (aggressive bullying of the
+weak).
+
+P. 697: "Major Bailey" changed to "Major Baily".
+
+P. 705: "occurence" changed to "occurrence" (the occurrence of that
+tragedy).
+
+P. 709: "began" changed to "begun" (for scarcely had Morton and his
+regiment begun to engage).
+
+P. 713: "compensataion" changed to "compensation" (he would give the men
+compensation).
+
+P. 727: "knowng" changed to "knowing" (knowing as I do).
+
+P. 749: "deperate" changed to "desperate" (with desperate bravery).
+
+P. 799: "belligerants" changed to "belligerents" (had been recognised as
+belligerents).
+
+P. 805: added "in" (At the death of Alexander in).
+
+P. 806: "Mauchuria" changed to "Manchuria".
+
+P. 807: "territors" changed to "territories" (the territories of the
+Kirghiz).
+
+P. 828: "somtimes" changed to "sometimes" (It was sometimes disobeyed).
+
+P. 841 (last entry in table): "Imperilaists" changed to "Imperialists".
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh, by Lin-Le
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TI-PING TIEN-KWOH ***
+
+***** This file should be named 39735.txt or 39735.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/7/3/39735/
+
+Produced by Moti Ben-Ari and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive.)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
+  www.gutenberg.org/license.
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809
+North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email
+contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the
+Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit:  www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
diff --git a/39735.zip b/39735.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce1deda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39735.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0470301
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #39735 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/39735)